semran1/fw_valid-tokenized · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 282 520k	input_ids sequencelengths 67 124k	attention_mask sequencelengths 67 124k	length int64 67 124k
Michael Dirda: "Five Propositions About Poetry" - In a very general sense, poets tend to use language in two ways: the artful or the natural. Either they transmute their thoughts through metaphor, striking imagery, or unusual syntax into something rich and strange; or they pack their meaning into what Wordsworth famously called the language really used by men (and women). On the one hand, Wallace Stevens, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and Jorie Graham; on the other, William Carlos Williams, Archilochos, and Billy Collins. Most poets opt for flash and filigree—after all, "O, for a beaker full of the warm South, / Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene" (Keats) sounds like poetry. It takes real confidence, and sure judgment, to set down words as simple and deeply moving as "Pray, undo this button" (Shakespeare). - Where a "Complete Poems" is a monument, a "Selected Poems" is an invitation, a sometimes needed icebreaker for shy new readers. In other words, most of us. Just as expository prose generally aims to ingratiate, emphasizing clarity and communication, so a lot of poetry blithely ignores the ordinary courtesies: It is simply there, true to itself. Let me be fanciful: If you picture good prose as a smooth politician deftly reaching out to the crowd and welcoming everyone into the party, then poetry is Clint Eastwood, serape flapping in the wind, standing quietly alone on a dusty street, pure coiled energy. He's not glad-handling anybody. - To read a volume of poetry is to enter the world of the mesmerist. In a serious artist's collected poems, the single constant is usually his or her distinctive, increasingly hypnotic voice. Without relying on plot, dramatic action, or a cast of characters, lyric poets, especially, must entrance us with their words until we cannot choose by hear. Eager for more, we turn page after page because we find ourselves in thrall to a particular diction. - Nearly everyone can come up with a good explanation for why they don't keep up with contemporary poetry, but the main one is simply that reading strange and unfamiliar poems sounds a lot like schoolwork. The language often seems so... high-pitched and bizarre or just plain hard to understand. In fact, the best way to enjoy contemporary verse is simply to read it as though you were dipping into a magazine, listening to a news report, overhearing a conversation. Don't make it a big deal, simply thrill to the words or story. As the critic Marvin Mudrick once proclaimed: "You don't read for understanding, you read for excitement. Understanding is a product of excitement." Later on, you can return to the poems that speak most strongly to you and make them a part of your life. - Memorize the poems you love most. As Anthony Burgess wrote: "The dragging out from memory of lines from Volpone or The Vanity of Human Wishes with the twelfth glass is the true literary experience. I mean that. Verse is for learning by heart, and that is what a literary education should mostly consist of." When I was a teenager, I used to walk to high school. To pass those tedious twenty or thirty minutes I decided to memorize favourite lines and stanzas from Oscar Williams' anthology, Immortal Poems of the English Language. "With rue my heart is laden... I met a traveller from an antique land... We'd rather have the iceberg than the ship...The waste remains, the waste remains and kills...That dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea...Our revels now are ended." In all my life no time has ever been better spent. Labels: Writing About Poetry	[ 13256, 360, 1447, 64, 25, 366, 20029, 1041, 1930, 1756, 7994, 7695, 11973, 1, 198, 12, 554, 257, 845, 2276, 2565, 11, 39939, 4327, 284, 779, 3303, 287, 734, 2842, 25, 262, 1242, 913, 393, 262, 3288, 13, 15467, 484, 21595, 1133, 511, 6066, 832, 23094, 11, 8871, 19506, 11, 393, 8468, 15582, 656, 1223, 5527, 290, 6283, 26, 393, 484, 2353, 511, 3616, 656, 644, 9678, 30567, 20524, 1444, 262, 3303, 1107, 973, 416, 1450, 357, 392, 1466, 737, 1550, 262, 530, 1021, 11, 17161, 20019, 11, 41459, 1869, 1636, 21183, 11, 290, 449, 19257, 11520, 26, 319, 262, 584, 11, 3977, 17409, 6484, 11, 5579, 346, 5374, 418, 11, 290, 15890, 14006, 13, 4042, 39939, 2172, 329, 7644, 290, 1226, 41233, 960, 8499, 477, 11, 366, 46, 11, 329, 257, 307, 3110, 1336, 286, 262, 5814, 2520, 11, 1220, 6462, 286, 262, 2081, 11, 262, 37854, 913, 33812, 420, 25924, 1, 357, 8896, 1381, 8, 5238, 588, 19518, 13, 632, 2753, 1103, 6628, 11, 290, 1654, 8492, 11, 284, 900, 866, 2456, 355, 2829, 290, 7744, 3867, 355, 366, 47, 2433, 11, 23981, 428, 4936, 1, 357, 2484, 20946, 737, 198, 12, 6350, 257, 366, 20988, 7695, 5232, 1, 318, 257, 17757, 11, 257, 366, 4653, 12609, 7695, 5232, 1, 318, 281, 17023, 11, 257, 3360, 2622, 4771, 25766, 329, 15800, 649, 7183, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 749, 286, 514, 13, 2329, 355, 1033, 13264, 27149, 4143, 12031, 284, 5347, 81, 7246, 378, 11, 36360, 16287, 290, 6946, 11, 523, 257, 1256, 286, 19518, 698, 31470, 306, 24245, 262, 8850, 2184, 274, 444, 25, 632, 318, 2391, 612, 11, 2081, 284, 2346, 13, 3914, 502, 307, 39980, 4135, 25, 1002, 345, 4286, 922, 27149, 355, 257, 7209, 14971, 46208, 306, 8978, 503, 284, 262, 4315, 290, 22516, 2506, 656, 262, 2151, 11, 788, 19518, 318, 21549, 3687, 3822, 11, 1055, 1758, 781, 5912, 287, 262, 2344, 11, 5055, 12703, 3436, 319, 257, 36972, 4675, 11, 5899, 763, 3902, 2568, 13, 679, 338, 407, 9675, 12, 4993, 1359, 9599, 13, 198, 12, 1675, 1100, 257, 6115, 286, 19518, 318, 284, 3802, 262, 995, 286, 262, 46814, 396, 13, 554, 257, 2726, 6802, 338, 7723, 31888, 11, 262, 2060, 6937, 318, 3221, 465, 393, 607, 18778, 11, 6481, 36580, 291, 3809, 13, 9170, 17965, 319, 7110, 11, 10092, 2223, 11, 393, 257, 3350, 286, 3435, 11, 43086, 39939, 11, 2592, 11, 1276, 10384, 514, 351, 511, 2456, 1566, 356, 2314, 3853, 416, 3285, 13, 412, 3536, 329, 517, 11, 356, 1210, 2443, 706, 2443, 780, 356, 1064, 6731, 287, 5636, 439, 284, 257, 1948, 48589, 13, 198, 12, 21233, 2506, 460, 1282, 510, 351, 257, 922, 7468, 329, 1521, 484, 836, 470, 1394, 510, 351, 11811, 19518, 11, 475, 262, 1388, 530, 318, 2391, 326, 3555, 6283, 290, 22594, 31888, 5238, 257, 1256, 588, 1524, 1818, 13, 383, 3303, 1690, 2331, 523, 986, 1029, 12, 79, 10981, 290, 13699, 393, 655, 8631, 1327, 284, 1833, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 262, 1266, 835, 284, 2883, 11811, 18527, 318, 2391, 284, 1100, 340, 355, 996, 345, 547, 43144, 656, 257, 7093, 11, 8680, 284, 257, 1705, 989, 11, 34789, 1723, 257, 5273, 13, 2094, 470, 787, 340, 257, 1263, 1730, 11, 2391, 28576, 284, 262, 2456, 393, 1621, 13, 1081, 262, 4014, 35105, 32878, 5557, 1752, 25546, 25, 366, 1639, 836, 470, 1100, 329, 4547, 11, 345, 1100, 329, 14067, 13, 28491, 318, 257, 1720, 286, 14067, 526, 11450, 319, 11, 345, 460, 1441, 284, 262, 31888, 326, 2740, 749, 7634, 284, 345, 290, 787, 606, 257, 636, 286, 534, 1204, 13, 198, 12, 41157, 1096, 262, 31888, 345, 1842, 749, 13, 1081, 9953, 46744, 2630, 25, 366, 464, 25046, 503, 422, 4088, 286, 3951, 422, 4709, 79, 505, 393, 383, 46584, 286, 5524, 370, 5614, 351, 262, 665, 44659, 5405, 318, 262, 2081, 16716, 1998, 13, 314, 1612, 326, 13, 38641, 318, 329, 4673, 416, 2612, 11, 290, 326, 318, 644, 257, 16716, 3707, 815, 4632, 3473, 286, 526, 1649, 314, 373, 257, 15287, 11, 314, 973, 284, 2513, 284, 1029, 1524, 13, 1675, 1208, 883, 32460, 8208, 393, 12277, 2431, 314, 3066, 284, 16181, 1096, 12507, 3951, 290, 336, 35410, 292, 422, 15694, 6484, 6, 43469, 11, 32888, 7695, 5232, 286, 262, 3594, 15417, 13, 366, 3152, 374, 518, 616, 2612, 318, 9717, 268, 986, 314, 1138, 257, 49130, 422, 281, 38504, 1956, 986, 775, 1549, 2138, 423, 262, 34849, 621, 262, 4074, 986, 464, 7030, 3793, 11, 262, 7030, 3793, 290, 12847, 986, 2504, 44136, 12, 45910, 11, 326, 308, 506, 12, 13165, 12061, 5417, 986, 5122, 9890, 82, 783, 389, 4444, 526, 554, 477, 616, 1204, 645, 640, 468, 1683, 587, 1365, 3377, 13, 198, 17822, 1424, 25, 22183, 7994, 7695, 11973, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	796
QFK - Quest for Knowledge What is QFK ? QFK is the Game Based Mobile Learning (GBML) Platform. It enables development and playing of mobile educational games. Games can be played via multimedia mobile devices (mobile phones, smart phones) or regular internet browser from the desktop computer, using WWW technologies only. Players may use additional multimedia devices, such as digital cameras, PDA's, or GPS devices. QFK was developed within the eMapps.com (Motivating Active Participation of Primary Schoolchildren in Digital Online Technologies for Creative Opportunities through Multimedia) 6th Framework Program STREP project. What Are Mobile Educational Games ? Games are based on the previously prepared game scripts called Game Matrixes. These are basically game stories (narrative), plots, challenges and belonging multimedia objects that form the game in the platform. There are no technical obstacles to implement any kind of Game Matrix in the platform. Each game consists of multiple missions (layers). Each mission consists of multiple tasks that need to be completed by the teams of players. Games are played outside, in the real environment, on different locations and in real time by several teams of players. Each team is divided into two parts: Game Base (part of the team on the desktop computer) and Avatars (part of the team on the field). Each game is run by the Game Master who gives additional clues, misguides teams and tracks progress. Communication among players and game master is performed via integrated chat. Players submit their results as text answers, uploaded files (pictures, video, audio...), solved puzzles or set of geographical coordinates. Games are played by pupils of elementary or secondary schools. Game Masters are usually their teachers. Games cover topics from different curricula fields. Game stories are interesting, appealing and represent the modern approach to learning. Why Mobile Educational Games? Games, played in the QFK platform differ from regular computer games which usually define aims, rules or missions and are played in the pure virtual world. Mobile educational games take the players outside of their classrooms, involve real world and real people, blurred with alternate reality that can be defined in the game story. Using modern multimedia devices enable infinite possiblities of communication, social netorking and creation of multimedia content. Players learn through performance. This requires active participation and discovery, analysis, interpretation, problem solving, and physical activity. The educational value of the experience is not just the game itself, but creative coupling of educational media with effective pedagogy to engage students in meaningful practices. Mobile Clients: Nokia N70+, Nokia N90+, Sony Ericsson P1; OS Symbian s60+; Opera Web kit Desktop clients: PC with internet access, Browser (FF2+, IE 6.0+) Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana Marko Papić, M. Sc.	[ 48, 26236, 532, 6785, 329, 20414, 198, 2061, 318, 1195, 26236, 5633, 198, 48, 26236, 318, 262, 3776, 13403, 12173, 18252, 357, 4579, 5805, 8, 19193, 13, 632, 13536, 2478, 290, 2712, 286, 5175, 9856, 1830, 13, 198, 24474, 460, 307, 2826, 2884, 40162, 5175, 4410, 357, 24896, 9512, 11, 4451, 9512, 8, 393, 3218, 5230, 6444, 422, 262, 11364, 3644, 11, 1262, 13505, 54, 8514, 691, 13, 13094, 743, 779, 3224, 40162, 4410, 11, 884, 355, 4875, 9073, 11, 350, 5631, 338, 11, 393, 15472, 4410, 13, 198, 48, 26236, 373, 4166, 1626, 262, 304, 44, 18211, 13, 785, 357, 47733, 39438, 14199, 34408, 286, 21087, 3961, 17197, 287, 10231, 7467, 21852, 329, 17404, 24922, 871, 832, 7854, 20626, 8, 718, 400, 25161, 6118, 3563, 35316, 1628, 13, 198, 2061, 4231, 12173, 30038, 5776, 5633, 198, 24474, 389, 1912, 319, 262, 4271, 5597, 983, 14750, 1444, 3776, 24936, 274, 13, 2312, 389, 6209, 983, 3923, 357, 77, 3258, 876, 828, 21528, 11, 6459, 290, 16686, 40162, 5563, 326, 1296, 262, 983, 287, 262, 3859, 13, 1318, 389, 645, 6276, 17648, 284, 3494, 597, 1611, 286, 3776, 24936, 287, 262, 3859, 13, 198, 10871, 983, 10874, 286, 3294, 10566, 357, 75, 6962, 737, 5501, 4365, 10874, 286, 3294, 8861, 326, 761, 284, 307, 5668, 416, 262, 3466, 286, 1938, 13, 198, 24474, 389, 2826, 2354, 11, 287, 262, 1103, 2858, 11, 319, 1180, 7064, 290, 287, 1103, 640, 416, 1811, 3466, 286, 1938, 13, 5501, 1074, 318, 9086, 656, 734, 3354, 25, 3776, 7308, 357, 3911, 286, 262, 1074, 319, 262, 11364, 3644, 8, 290, 5184, 40193, 357, 3911, 286, 262, 1074, 319, 262, 2214, 737, 5501, 983, 318, 1057, 416, 262, 3776, 5599, 508, 3607, 3224, 20195, 11, 2984, 5162, 1460, 3466, 290, 8339, 4371, 13, 26117, 1871, 1938, 290, 983, 4958, 318, 6157, 2884, 11521, 8537, 13, 13094, 9199, 511, 2482, 355, 2420, 7429, 11, 19144, 3696, 357, 18847, 942, 11, 2008, 11, 6597, 986, 828, 16019, 24367, 393, 900, 286, 27465, 22715, 13, 198, 24474, 389, 2826, 416, 25613, 286, 19823, 393, 9233, 4266, 13, 3776, 15812, 389, 3221, 511, 7799, 13, 5776, 3002, 10233, 422, 1180, 18363, 4712, 7032, 13, 3776, 3923, 389, 3499, 11, 16403, 290, 2380, 262, 3660, 3164, 284, 4673, 13, 198, 5195, 12173, 30038, 5776, 30, 198, 24474, 11, 2826, 287, 262, 1195, 26236, 3859, 13238, 422, 3218, 3644, 1830, 543, 3221, 8160, 12031, 11, 3173, 393, 10566, 290, 389, 2826, 287, 262, 5899, 7166, 995, 13, 12173, 9856, 1830, 1011, 262, 1938, 2354, 286, 511, 32579, 11, 6211, 1103, 995, 290, 1103, 661, 11, 38258, 351, 13527, 3950, 326, 460, 307, 5447, 287, 262, 983, 1621, 13, 8554, 3660, 40162, 4410, 7139, 15541, 1184, 10506, 871, 286, 6946, 11, 1919, 2010, 967, 278, 290, 6282, 286, 40162, 2695, 13, 13094, 2193, 832, 2854, 13, 770, 4433, 4075, 10270, 290, 9412, 11, 198, 20930, 11, 10794, 11, 1917, 18120, 11, 290, 3518, 3842, 13, 383, 9856, 1988, 286, 262, 1998, 318, 407, 655, 262, 983, 2346, 11, 475, 7325, 40204, 286, 9856, 2056, 351, 4050, 7190, 363, 9868, 284, 8209, 2444, 287, 11570, 6593, 13, 198, 17066, 1012, 2334, 25, 26182, 399, 2154, 28200, 26182, 399, 3829, 28200, 10184, 7651, 16528, 350, 16, 26, 7294, 41327, 666, 264, 1899, 10, 26, 26049, 5313, 6220, 198, 36881, 7534, 25, 4217, 351, 5230, 1895, 11, 34270, 357, 5777, 17, 28200, 28157, 718, 13, 15, 28988, 198, 47522, 10672, 286, 40224, 14044, 198, 21009, 286, 406, 73, 549, 75, 73, 2271, 198, 9704, 78, 14185, 72, 38325, 11, 337, 13, 1446, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	598
5 Written Questions 5 Multiple Choice Questions - v. to judge or estimate the worth,importance,or valuate of something again. - n. homogeneous liquid mixture. - v. brake-up or bring to an end. - adj. incapable of occurring. - adj. not patient. 5 True/False Questions impolite → not polite consult → v. reveal in private companion → adj. not patient. preparation → v. the act of preparing something (as food) by the application of heat previous → n. care taken beforehand.	[ 20, 22503, 20396, 198, 20, 20401, 18502, 20396, 198, 12, 410, 13, 284, 5052, 393, 8636, 262, 2861, 11, 11748, 590, 11, 273, 1188, 4985, 286, 1223, 757, 13, 198, 12, 299, 13, 3488, 32269, 8122, 11710, 13, 198, 12, 410, 13, 20439, 12, 929, 393, 2222, 284, 281, 886, 13, 198, 12, 9224, 13, 23402, 286, 14963, 13, 198, 12, 9224, 13, 407, 5827, 13, 198, 20, 6407, 14, 25101, 20396, 198, 11011, 349, 578, 15168, 407, 23507, 198, 5936, 586, 15168, 410, 13, 7766, 287, 2839, 198, 34390, 295, 15168, 9224, 13, 407, 5827, 13, 198, 3866, 1845, 341, 15168, 410, 13, 262, 719, 286, 10629, 1223, 357, 292, 2057, 8, 416, 262, 3586, 286, 4894, 198, 3866, 1442, 15168, 299, 13, 1337, 2077, 27091, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	129
Fifth Grade, Lesson 1: Biodiversity The more diverse an ecosystem is, the more interdependence of species exists within that system. The complex relationships among diverse species are difficult to identify. As species disappear or become extinct we begin to see the vital links that exist among species. Essential levels of biodiversity vary among biomes and bioregions. Could an ocelot live where you live? Step 1 -- Connect (The Concept to Prior Knowledge) Students will observe the biodiversity in their backyard by connecting the adaptations of the animals in their neighborhood to the climate and habitats in which they live in. - Access to schoolyard or nearby park - Paper, pencils - Take students out into the school grounds and look for signs of life. - Search for insects, birds, animal tracks, scat, feathers, nests, different types of trees, grasses, soil types, etc. - Make a class list that shows all findings in the schoolyard and post it as a visual in the classroom. - Make headings to organize groupings: insects, plants, mammals, birds, etc. - Discuss the Web of Life concept. Draw lines that connect one thing to another. Step 2 -- Literature/Discuss (Give Expert Information Book; Ask Questions) Students will learn about the biodiversity of the rainforest and compare and contrast with that of their own schoolyard findings. - Book: The Great Kapok Tree by Lynne Cherry - Biodiversity list from Step 1 - 1 piece of long string or rope - Read The Great Kapok Tree by Lynne Cherry. Discuss the different perspectives voiced throughout the book. Activity: The Web of Life - Have students stand in a large circle. - Each student should choose one of the items from the classroom biodiversity list, making sure everyone represents a different living thing. - Use a string or a rope to represent the links between each person. - One person starts by saying the name they chose and, as a class, decide how they are connected to another organism in the circle. - The rope is then passed to that organism. - The goal is to finish with a web that is connected to everyone. - This game demonstrates the intricate web of life. - Debrief in order for students to see how everything in their backyard, as in the rainforest, is ultimately connected in some way or another to their specific environment. Step 3A -- Practice (Math and Learning Centers) Students will come up with their own web of life example. - Access to natural area (i.e., yard, park, etc.) - Each student will look for an animal or insect in their own backyard or the schoolyard. - Students will make observations based on the behavior of that animal or insect. - Students will come up with their own web of life example based on the observations made and research on the behavior, food and habitat of that organism. - Students will make observations that support the theory that all organisms are connected: behavior, food, habitat, etc. Step 3B -- Create (Performance Tasks Related to Standard Indicators) Students will demonstrate through writing how all living things interact with their environment in order to survive. - Paper, pencils Students will synthesize their observations of an organism and create a story that parallels The Great Kapok Tree. Using their observations as a framework, they will write their own stories to explain who depends on what for survival and why these interactions are unique to their environment. Step 4 -- Present (Edit Work/Students Present Projects) Students will practice their oral reading skills. - Story from Step 3B Each student will read their story to the class. The Rainforest Alliance curriculum is unique in that it teaches science, math, language arts and social studies essentials while addressing the United States National Standards for Learning. These are the standards addressed in the fifth grade lessons. Standard 3: Evaluation Strategies Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate and appreciate texts. Standard 1: Reading for Perspective Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves and of the cultures of the US and the world. Standard 4: Communication Skills Students adjust their use of spoken, written and visual language to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. Standard 7: Evaluating Data Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. Students develop an understanding of the structure and function in living systems, populations and ecosystems, and diversity and adaptations of organisms. Standard 1: Grades 3 - 5 Students understand the need for measuring with standard units and that measurements are approximations and how differences in units affect precision. Standard 5: Technology Research Tools Students use technology to locate, evaluate and collect information from a variety of sources. Standard 4: Technology Communication Tools Students use a variety of media and formats to communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences. Standard 5: Environment and Society Students should understand how human actions modify the physical environment. Standard 6: Personal and Social Perspectives Students develop an understanding of populations, resources and environments. Fifth and Sixth Grade Resources - Fifth Grade Curriculum - Sixth Grade Curriculum - El Salvador Slideshow [PDF] - El Salvador Slideshow Script [PDF] - Coffee Slideshow [PDF] - Alex Goes Exploring in El Imposible [PDF] - Alex Explora El Imposible [PDF] - Alex Explora o Parque Nacional O Impossível [PDF] - Life in San Miguelito [PDF] - La Vida en San Miguelito [PDF] - A Vida em São Miguelito [PDF] - Ocelot [PDF] - Great Curassow [PDF] - King Vulture [PDF] - Ruby-Throated Hummingbird [PDF] - Blue-Crowned Motmot [PDF] - Coffee [PDF] Teacher Summary: El Imposible National Park, El Salvador [PDF]	[ 44403, 400, 22653, 11, 12892, 261, 352, 25, 347, 2101, 1608, 198, 464, 517, 10084, 281, 13187, 318, 11, 262, 517, 987, 67, 15091, 286, 4693, 7160, 1626, 326, 1080, 13, 383, 3716, 6958, 1871, 10084, 4693, 389, 2408, 284, 5911, 13, 1081, 4693, 10921, 393, 1716, 28881, 356, 2221, 284, 766, 262, 9204, 6117, 326, 2152, 1871, 4693, 13, 36294, 2974, 286, 37589, 7565, 1871, 3182, 2586, 290, 3182, 382, 70, 507, 13, 198, 23722, 281, 267, 5276, 313, 2107, 810, 345, 2107, 30, 198, 8600, 352, 1377, 8113, 357, 464, 26097, 284, 14481, 20414, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 12414, 262, 37589, 287, 511, 24296, 416, 14320, 262, 35030, 286, 262, 4695, 287, 511, 6232, 284, 262, 4258, 290, 35308, 287, 543, 484, 2107, 287, 13, 198, 12, 8798, 284, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 393, 6716, 3952, 198, 12, 14962, 11, 21613, 82, 198, 12, 7214, 2444, 503, 656, 262, 1524, 9384, 290, 804, 329, 5895, 286, 1204, 13, 198, 12, 11140, 329, 19435, 11, 10087, 11, 5044, 8339, 11, 629, 265, 11, 27400, 11, 44382, 11, 1180, 3858, 286, 7150, 11, 8701, 274, 11, 9260, 3858, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 12, 6889, 257, 1398, 1351, 326, 2523, 477, 6373, 287, 262, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 290, 1281, 340, 355, 257, 5874, 287, 262, 15806, 13, 198, 12, 6889, 1182, 654, 284, 16481, 1448, 654, 25, 19435, 11, 6134, 11, 23426, 11, 10087, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 12, 36691, 262, 5313, 286, 5155, 3721, 13, 15315, 3951, 326, 2018, 530, 1517, 284, 1194, 13, 198, 8600, 362, 1377, 33818, 14, 48873, 357, 23318, 25516, 6188, 4897, 26, 16981, 20396, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 2193, 546, 262, 37589, 286, 262, 6290, 29623, 290, 8996, 290, 6273, 351, 326, 286, 511, 898, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 6373, 13, 198, 12, 4897, 25, 383, 3878, 27344, 482, 12200, 416, 10350, 710, 23165, 198, 12, 347, 2101, 1608, 1351, 422, 5012, 352, 198, 12, 352, 3704, 286, 890, 4731, 393, 17182, 198, 12, 4149, 383, 3878, 27344, 482, 12200, 416, 10350, 710, 23165, 13, 36691, 262, 1180, 22582, 21346, 3690, 262, 1492, 13, 198, 16516, 25, 383, 5313, 286, 5155, 198, 12, 8192, 2444, 1302, 287, 257, 1588, 9197, 13, 198, 12, 5501, 3710, 815, 3853, 530, 286, 262, 3709, 422, 262, 15806, 37589, 1351, 11, 1642, 1654, 2506, 6870, 257, 1180, 2877, 1517, 13, 198, 12, 5765, 257, 4731, 393, 257, 17182, 284, 2380, 262, 6117, 1022, 1123, 1048, 13, 198, 12, 1881, 1048, 4940, 416, 2282, 262, 1438, 484, 7690, 290, 11, 355, 257, 1398, 11, 5409, 703, 484, 389, 5884, 284, 1194, 26433, 287, 262, 9197, 13, 198, 12, 383, 17182, 318, 788, 3804, 284, 326, 26433, 13, 198, 12, 383, 3061, 318, 284, 5461, 351, 257, 3992, 326, 318, 5884, 284, 2506, 13, 198, 12, 770, 983, 15687, 262, 28746, 3992, 286, 1204, 13, 198, 12, 8965, 3796, 287, 1502, 329, 2444, 284, 766, 703, 2279, 287, 511, 24296, 11, 355, 287, 262, 6290, 29623, 11, 318, 6165, 5884, 287, 617, 835, 393, 1194, 284, 511, 2176, 2858, 13, 198, 8600, 513, 32, 1377, 19939, 357, 37372, 290, 18252, 22223, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 1282, 510, 351, 511, 898, 3992, 286, 1204, 1672, 13, 198, 12, 8798, 284, 3288, 1989, 357, 72, 13, 68, 1539, 12699, 11, 3952, 11, 3503, 2014, 198, 12, 5501, 3710, 481, 804, 329, 281, 5044, 393, 12833, 287, 511, 898, 24296, 393, 262, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 13, 198, 12, 14882, 481, 787, 13050, 1912, 319, 262, 4069, 286, 326, 5044, 393, 12833, 13, 198, 12, 14882, 481, 1282, 510, 351, 511, 898, 3992, 286, 1204, 1672, 1912, 319, 262, 13050, 925, 290, 2267, 319, 262, 4069, 11, 2057, 290, 20018, 286, 326, 26433, 13, 198, 12, 14882, 481, 787, 13050, 326, 1104, 262, 4583, 326, 477, 20296, 389, 5884, 25, 4069, 11, 2057, 11, 20018, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 8600, 513, 33, 1377, 13610, 357, 32273, 309, 6791, 19809, 284, 8997, 1423, 44549, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 10176, 832, 3597, 703, 477, 2877, 1243, 9427, 351, 511, 2858, 287, 1502, 284, 7866, 13, 198, 12, 14962, 11, 21613, 82, 198, 28239, 481, 24983, 1096, 511, 13050, 286, 281, 26433, 290, 2251, 257, 1621, 326, 30614, 383, 3878, 27344, 482, 12200, 13, 8554, 511, 13050, 355, 257, 9355, 11, 484, 481, 3551, 511, 898, 3923, 284, 4727, 508, 8338, 319, 644, 329, 9441, 290, 1521, 777, 12213, 389, 3748, 284, 511, 2858, 13, 198, 8600, 604, 1377, 21662, 357, 18378, 5521, 14, 28239, 21662, 29898, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 3357, 511, 12886, 3555, 4678, 13, 198, 12, 8362, 422, 5012, 513, 33, 198, 10871, 3710, 481, 1100, 511, 1621, 284, 262, 1398, 13, 198, 464, 10301, 29623, 10302, 20583, 318, 3748, 287, 326, 340, 17324, 3783, 11, 10688, 11, 3303, 10848, 290, 1919, 3640, 41954, 981, 13593, 262, 1578, 1829, 2351, 20130, 329, 18252, 13, 2312, 389, 262, 5423, 9469, 287, 262, 8150, 9559, 11658, 13, 198, 23615, 513, 25, 34959, 40996, 198, 28239, 4174, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 10064, 284, 24772, 11, 6179, 11, 13446, 290, 9144, 13399, 13, 198, 23615, 352, 25, 11725, 329, 42051, 198, 28239, 1100, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 3601, 290, 1729, 12, 4798, 13399, 284, 1382, 281, 4547, 286, 13399, 11, 286, 2405, 290, 286, 262, 13817, 286, 262, 1294, 290, 262, 995, 13, 198, 23615, 604, 25, 26117, 20389, 198, 28239, 4532, 511, 779, 286, 9635, 11, 3194, 290, 5874, 3303, 284, 10996, 6840, 351, 257, 4996, 286, 15579, 290, 329, 1180, 4959, 13, 198, 23615, 767, 25, 26439, 11927, 6060, 198, 28239, 3189, 2267, 319, 2428, 290, 5353, 416, 15453, 4213, 290, 2683, 11, 290, 416, 24380, 2761, 13, 198, 28239, 1205, 281, 4547, 286, 262, 4645, 290, 2163, 287, 2877, 3341, 11, 9684, 290, 30020, 11, 290, 9573, 290, 35030, 286, 20296, 13, 198, 23615, 352, 25, 1902, 2367, 513, 532, 642, 198, 28239, 1833, 262, 761, 329, 15964, 351, 3210, 4991, 290, 326, 13871, 389, 5561, 320, 602, 290, 703, 5400, 287, 4991, 2689, 15440, 13, 198, 23615, 642, 25, 8987, 4992, 20003, 198, 28239, 779, 3037, 284, 17276, 11, 13446, 290, 2824, 1321, 422, 257, 4996, 286, 4237, 13, 198, 23615, 604, 25, 8987, 26117, 20003, 198, 28239, 779, 257, 4996, 286, 2056, 290, 17519, 284, 10996, 1321, 290, 4213, 6840, 284, 3294, 15579, 13, 198, 23615, 642, 25, 9344, 290, 7023, 198, 28239, 815, 1833, 703, 1692, 4028, 13096, 262, 3518, 2858, 13, 198, 23615, 718, 25, 15644, 290, 5483, 29845, 1083, 198, 28239, 1205, 281, 4547, 286, 9684, 11, 4133, 290, 12493, 13, 198, 44403, 400, 290, 28980, 22653, 13864, 198, 12, 19383, 22653, 4424, 1173, 14452, 198, 12, 28980, 22653, 4424, 1173, 14452, 198, 12, 2574, 26482, 3454, 42286, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 2574, 26482, 3454, 42286, 12327, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 19443, 3454, 42286, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4422, 31914, 5905, 3255, 287, 2574, 1846, 1930, 856, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4422, 5905, 5799, 2574, 1846, 1930, 856, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4422, 5905, 5799, 267, 2547, 4188, 399, 330, 1538, 440, 9855, 793, 8836, 626, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 5155, 287, 2986, 29825, 10094, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4689, 569, 3755, 551, 2986, 29825, 10094, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 317, 569, 3755, 795, 311, 28749, 29825, 10094, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 440, 5276, 313, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 3878, 4424, 562, 322, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 2677, 569, 6456, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 10888, 12, 817, 305, 515, 11054, 2229, 16944, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4518, 12, 34, 2053, 276, 6543, 27926, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 19443, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 6767, 3493, 21293, 25, 2574, 1846, 1930, 856, 2351, 3250, 11, 2574, 26482, 685, 20456, 60, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,294
Can Microsoft Save the World? Microsoft Research teams with top scientists to tackle the world's most pressing problems -- and it could turn conventional computing on its head in the process. Three years ago, William Henry Gates III ordered Microsoft Research to launch a Science division. Money was one motive -- by staking out a position in the growing field of scientific computing, future profits were insured. Fortunately Microsoft Research doesn't have to turn every dollar and man-hour into marketable products. The Science group has the wonderful freedom to work on the big problems: global warming, disease, the future of medicine, the origin of the universe and the creation of life -- those sorts of things. Leading this charge is Stephen Emmott, director of the Microsoft Research European Science Program, an Englishman with some 20 years of experience in science and computing, including a stint at Bell Labs. Emmott's main goal is to blend computer science and traditional science, and in the process transform both. "We are at a profoundly important point in time where computer science and computing have the potential to completely revolutionize the sciences," Emmott says. Microsoft doesn't plan to do this all alone. Today 14 Microsoft researchers are working with some 40 scientists around the world. Those numbers are rapidly expanding. "Within 12 months, there'll be 30 Microsoft Research Cambridge scientists collaborating with around 80 to 100 scientists worldwide to build new software tools for addressing important scientific challenges," Emmott These efforts were given legs during the 2020 Science conference, where some 30 scientists, hailing from nations from Japan to Germany and representing universities such as Stanford and companies like GlaxoSmithKline Inc., gathered. The group produced an 82-page oversized glossy book, "Towards 2020 Science," outlining their goals, technologies and plans. The conference also set the stage for research projects, now ongoing, that match Microsoft researchers with their scientific counterparts. "The real benefits come from bringing together people from Microsoft Research -- whether they're computer scientists or computational biologists or computational climatologists or oceanographers -- with people in the wider science community, to do the kinds of things that neither of us could do on our own," Emmott Understanding Life Bit by Bit One of the more interesting Microsoft projects is "Simulating Biological Systems in the Stochastic Pi Calculus." The idea is to create a more scaleable way to track "the behavior of biological systems." One approach is to build a so-called Stochastic Pi Machine, a project driven by Andrew Phillips of Microsoft Research. So what does stochastic mean? Well, a stochastic process is one in which there is a certain amount of randomness. This means that computers and scientists can gather data and analyze the process, but, due to its random nature, cannot make accurate predictions about it. The Stochastic Pi Machine is designed to simulate and model the workings of biological systems. Using stochastic pi calculus, biological models can be built step by step, where models of small systems are ultimately built into a model of staggering complexity -- the type of complexity that matches the reality of biological systems themselves. One peek at the Science 2020 work and you'd swear it was tailor made for The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Not the case. While so many of the goals are identical, they are two entirely separate "Bill has clearly had input into the overall European scientific program. He launched it last year and has provided input on numerous occasions. With The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation there is no formal link with what we're doing. However, some of the work that we are doing clearly has an implication for the areas that the foundation is working in," says Stephen Emmott, director of the Microsoft Research European Nevertheless, Gates' foundation is privately funding projects that could just as easily be paid for by Microsoft Research. While Microsoft Research obsesses over the human genome, the Gates Foundation has earmarked $2.5 billion to fight malaria by building a genetic map of the disease. The foundation is also working with GlaxoSmithKline, a Microsoft Research partner, to test a new vaccine. Beating meningitis is another item on the Gates Foundation's agenda. The foundation, along with the Serum Institute of India, is working on an inexpensive vaccine that works across all age levels and prevents the disease from being passed from person to person. --D.B. Interestingly enough, computers are built much the same way. They start off simple, but through more and more memory, networks, grids etc., increase in complexity in an additive way. One of the biggest 2020 goals is fighting disease, a goal shared by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has no formal relationship with Microsoft "It is remarkable to think that it's 2006 and it's not known even how a cell works -- let alone how a human works. As a consequence, it's not well understood how to treat disease," Emmott says. "Once we get to a stage where we have the tools for understanding fundamental biological processes, it is only a short step to building the tools and the languages to model how disease occurs in those biological systems -- i.e. when something goes wrong or when the system is invaded by a virus." Emmott believes that such an approach could "completely revolutionize how we think of treating disease and how we can identify and discover entirely novel therapies for treating diseases, whether they are third-world diseases such as malaria or first-world diseases such as cancer and obesity." Projects are on the way. "We're just getting underway on a project with my team in Cambridge and one of the world's leading mathematical biologists at Imperial College in London to build a global pandemic modeling system to predict when outbreaks of diseases will occur -- global outbreaks of diseases from Avian flu to malaria. This will be a powerful tool for agencies such as the World Health Organization, for scientific researchers around the world to be able to use to do their own modeling [and] for medical research councils, as well as for interventionist types of organizations like the United Nations," Climate and the environment are key factors in understanding and predicting many diseases. "There's a tremendously important relationship between environmental conditions and outbreaks of third-world diseases, but the relationship is not well understood," he says. "Being able to more effectively model and understand, say, climate change and increases in, or changes in, third-world diseases will be tremendously valuable eventually for agencies and foundations such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation." The future of science, and in particular fighting disease, lies in miniaturization. Take molecular computers. These tiny devices, while small enough to fit into a cell, are smart enough to understand inputs, such as whether a cell is diseased, and take actions -- for instance, releasing just the right amount of a cancer drug. In fact, one of the biggest benefits of molecular machines is supporting smart drugs, which can be released or held back based on their surroundings. Sensor networks are another example of tiny yet powerful tools. Here, massive networks of sensors can be placed -- say, around a mountain -- that collect information on weather, plant life and trends, and help scientists understand the health of the mountain's ecosystem. Through wireless networks, this data can be amassed and scrutinized. AND SCIENCE: A SHORT COURSE This field, also called computational biology, applies math, statistics and computer science to the understanding of biology, in particular the behavior of biological systems (see Systems Machine Learning: Here software learns from experience. One technique is Bayesian, a machine learning approach applied Molecular Computer: A computer small enough to fit into a cell. By detecting its surroundings and making decisions, these computers could support smart drugs. Smart Drugs: Drugs that can adapt to their surroundings -- for instance, releasing their contents if disease is detected. Stochastic: A Stochastic process is "fuzzy." You can collect the data and understand certain trends, but you can't predict precisely what will happen based on past experience. The stock market, especially given the last five years, is a prime example. Systems Biology: The attempt to understand how biological components work together. Similar to molecular computers, small, intelligent, adaptable systems could support new artificial immune systems. "Virtual human immune systems should be able to compute the results of host-pathogen interaction, including solutions to the pattern recognition problem of discriminating between self and non-self," wrote Soren Brunak, a member of the 2020 Science Group, in "Towards 2020 Science." The goal? To "compute a specific vaccine design tailored to individuals with different tissue types in the best possible way," Brunak Computational Biology, Energy & Global Warming World health is one area where the pairing of computer science and traditional science holds tremendous promise. Future energy is another. New energy sources are important for two reasons: We are running out of fossil fuels, and these fuels, most believe, contribute to global warming. Science, in particular computational biology, could help. With this style of biology, scientists can build new tools for understanding biological processes. We could "understand how one of the world's efficient energy converters performs at such a level. There's something like 1.6 kilowatts of energy [from the sun] that falls onto every square meter of the planet every hour. The most efficient converter of that energy from the sun into its own energy for a different purpose -- for growth -- is a plant," Emmott says. "It isn't terribly well understood how they make such efficient use of the sun's energy. That's because we don't even know how a cell works, whether it's a cell in a plant or a cell in a human." If we fully understood how plants convert energy, we could perhaps "help energy companies and energy scientists mimic that process to build entirely novel technological solutions for new sources of energy that are currently unimaginable today. That's a decade or so away but it's worth pursuing," Emmott believes. Every year, humans crank out three times the amount of carbon dioxide that nature's "carbon sinks" absorb. If this keeps up, many scientists believe the planet will be forever changed by global warming, perhaps even doomed. While this problem is not on the top of the Microsoft agenda, Emmott's group does hope to help. "Our research efforts around climatology and earth life support systems, of which climate is an important one, are based around working with climatologists, oceanographers and ecologists, and building new computational tools that scientists urgently need," Emmott says. "Climatologists are not short of data, so building tools to create yet more data is not urgently needed. What they do urgently need are software tools to model and couple the physical aspects of climate change, atmospheric and oceanographic type of effects, with the biotic -- produced or caused by living organisms -- elements of determining climates and climate change. That [includes] the organisms that live in the ocean that are carbon sinks, oxygen producers, regulators of the carbon cycles and regulators of climate, and also the biotic aspects such as forests -- terrestrial sources of carbon sinks and oxygen producers. It is currently largely unknown how the two interact -- the physical and biotic components. It is largely unknown what the impact is of the biotic components. It's an incredibly important component but just one that's not understood," Science Gives Back Microsoft is also working with The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and has already helped craft an online astronomy catalog. Physicists and astronomers for centuries have tried to unravel the mysteries of the universe -- yet after all this work our picture is far from complete. "Understanding the universe is a large-scale data-acquisition and data-analysis problem. That is one [area] where the standard software tools that Microsoft currently produces, from Web services to database technologies to better acquire, share and analyze large scale data in the science community, can help the science community understand origins of the universe and how the universe works," While science pushes the envelope of computing, computing and Microsoft also "Science is where the real action is going to be for computer science over the next decade. By being at the cutting edge of the intersection of science and computer science, Microsoft will gain remarkable insight as to the key things the company needs to do on the broad business and personal computing challenges and opportunities a decade later. They can think of what's happening at the intersection of science and computing as being like Formula One. BMW and Ferrari do Formula One because the technology they need to develop to compete in Formula One ends up in any standard family car a decade later -- and its gives them remarkable insights into technical engineering," Emmott says. The 2020 Roadmap is more specific. It argues that by 2015, the work done to build new scientific software frameworks will "radicalize" business computing. And beyond 2020, we should look for "novel, biologically inspired computing architectures and paradigms," according to the roadmap.	[ 6090, 5413, 12793, 262, 2159, 30, 198, 15905, 4992, 3466, 351, 1353, 5519, 284, 9761, 262, 995, 338, 749, 12273, 2761, 1377, 290, 340, 714, 1210, 10224, 14492, 319, 663, 1182, 287, 262, 1429, 13, 198, 12510, 812, 2084, 11, 3977, 8616, 15953, 6711, 6149, 5413, 4992, 284, 4219, 198, 64, 5800, 7297, 13, 12911, 373, 530, 20289, 1377, 416, 336, 868, 503, 257, 2292, 287, 262, 198, 25167, 2214, 286, 5654, 14492, 11, 2003, 10177, 547, 31977, 13, 20525, 198, 15905, 4992, 1595, 470, 423, 284, 1210, 790, 8872, 290, 582, 12, 9769, 656, 1910, 540, 198, 29498, 13, 383, 5800, 1448, 468, 262, 7932, 4925, 284, 670, 319, 262, 1263, 2761, 25, 198, 20541, 9917, 11, 4369, 11, 262, 2003, 286, 9007, 11, 262, 8159, 286, 262, 6881, 198, 392, 262, 6282, 286, 1204, 1377, 883, 10524, 286, 1243, 13, 198, 20451, 278, 428, 3877, 318, 7970, 2295, 76, 1252, 11, 3437, 286, 262, 5413, 4992, 3427, 198, 26959, 6118, 11, 281, 3594, 805, 351, 617, 1160, 812, 286, 1998, 287, 3783, 290, 198, 785, 48074, 11, 1390, 257, 22966, 379, 7459, 23500, 13, 198, 36, 3020, 1252, 338, 1388, 3061, 318, 284, 13516, 3644, 3783, 290, 4569, 3783, 11, 290, 198, 259, 262, 1429, 6121, 1111, 13, 366, 1135, 389, 379, 257, 27377, 1593, 966, 198, 259, 640, 810, 3644, 3783, 290, 14492, 423, 262, 2785, 284, 3190, 198, 32243, 1096, 262, 19838, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 1139, 13, 198, 15905, 1595, 470, 1410, 284, 466, 428, 477, 3436, 13, 6288, 1478, 5413, 4837, 198, 533, 1762, 351, 617, 2319, 5519, 1088, 262, 995, 13, 5845, 3146, 389, 8902, 198, 11201, 27225, 13, 366, 22005, 1105, 1933, 11, 612, 1183, 307, 1542, 5413, 4992, 14457, 198, 25346, 1023, 38152, 351, 1088, 4019, 284, 1802, 5519, 8688, 284, 1382, 198, 3605, 3788, 4899, 329, 13593, 1593, 5654, 6459, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 198, 4711, 4040, 547, 1813, 7405, 1141, 262, 12131, 5800, 4495, 11, 810, 617, 198, 1270, 5519, 11, 387, 4386, 422, 7027, 422, 2869, 284, 4486, 290, 10200, 11155, 198, 10508, 355, 13863, 290, 2706, 588, 2671, 897, 78, 17919, 42, 1370, 3457, 1539, 9272, 13, 383, 1448, 198, 32783, 281, 9415, 12, 7700, 40931, 40551, 1492, 11, 366, 51, 322, 1371, 12131, 5800, 553, 198, 448, 21310, 511, 4661, 11, 8514, 290, 3352, 13, 198, 464, 4495, 635, 900, 262, 3800, 329, 2267, 4493, 11, 783, 7044, 11, 326, 198, 15699, 5413, 4837, 351, 511, 5654, 16054, 13, 198, 1, 464, 1103, 4034, 1282, 422, 6079, 1978, 661, 422, 5413, 4992, 198, 438, 1771, 484, 821, 3644, 5519, 393, 31350, 43149, 393, 31350, 198, 565, 320, 265, 9251, 393, 9151, 34063, 1377, 351, 661, 287, 262, 10595, 3783, 2055, 11, 198, 1462, 466, 262, 6982, 286, 1243, 326, 6159, 286, 514, 714, 466, 319, 674, 898, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 198, 43467, 5155, 4722, 416, 4722, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 517, 3499, 5413, 4493, 318, 366, 8890, 8306, 32827, 198, 11964, 82, 287, 262, 520, 5374, 3477, 13993, 2199, 17576, 526, 383, 2126, 318, 284, 2251, 257, 517, 5046, 540, 198, 1014, 284, 2610, 366, 1169, 4069, 286, 10685, 3341, 526, 1881, 3164, 318, 198, 1462, 1382, 257, 523, 12, 7174, 520, 5374, 3477, 13993, 10850, 11, 257, 1628, 7986, 416, 6858, 17630, 198, 1659, 5413, 4992, 13, 198, 2396, 644, 857, 3995, 354, 3477, 1612, 30, 3894, 11, 257, 3995, 354, 3477, 1429, 318, 530, 287, 543, 612, 198, 271, 257, 1728, 2033, 286, 4738, 1108, 13, 770, 1724, 326, 9061, 290, 5519, 198, 5171, 6431, 1366, 290, 16602, 262, 1429, 11, 475, 11, 2233, 284, 663, 4738, 3450, 11, 2314, 198, 15883, 7187, 16277, 546, 340, 13, 198, 464, 520, 5374, 3477, 13993, 10850, 318, 3562, 284, 29308, 290, 2746, 262, 35084, 286, 198, 8482, 2770, 3341, 13, 8554, 3995, 354, 3477, 31028, 41443, 11, 10685, 4981, 460, 307, 3170, 198, 9662, 416, 2239, 11, 810, 4981, 286, 1402, 3341, 389, 6165, 3170, 656, 257, 2746, 198, 1659, 23508, 13357, 1377, 262, 2099, 286, 13357, 326, 7466, 262, 3950, 198, 1659, 10685, 3341, 2405, 13, 198, 3198, 27185, 379, 262, 198, 26959, 12131, 670, 290, 345, 1549, 21192, 340, 373, 35280, 925, 329, 383, 198, 17798, 1222, 5616, 22261, 15953, 5693, 13, 1892, 262, 1339, 13, 2893, 523, 198, 21834, 286, 262, 4661, 389, 10411, 11, 484, 389, 734, 5000, 4553, 198, 1, 17798, 468, 4084, 550, 5128, 656, 262, 4045, 3427, 198, 41355, 1430, 13, 679, 5611, 340, 938, 614, 290, 468, 2810, 198, 15414, 319, 6409, 12432, 13, 2080, 383, 3941, 1222, 5616, 22261, 15953, 198, 21077, 341, 612, 318, 645, 8766, 2792, 351, 644, 356, 821, 1804, 13, 198, 4864, 11, 617, 286, 262, 670, 326, 356, 389, 1804, 4084, 468, 281, 198, 23928, 3299, 329, 262, 3006, 326, 262, 8489, 318, 1762, 287, 553, 198, 82, 592, 7970, 2295, 76, 1252, 11, 3437, 286, 262, 5413, 4992, 3427, 198, 29011, 11, 15953, 6, 8489, 318, 17092, 4918, 4493, 198, 5562, 714, 655, 355, 3538, 307, 3432, 329, 416, 5413, 4992, 13, 198, 3633, 5413, 4992, 24961, 274, 625, 262, 1692, 19270, 11, 262, 198, 38, 689, 5693, 468, 1027, 23505, 720, 17, 13, 20, 2997, 284, 1907, 33917, 198, 1525, 2615, 257, 8513, 3975, 286, 262, 4369, 13, 383, 8489, 318, 198, 14508, 1762, 351, 2671, 897, 78, 17919, 42, 1370, 11, 257, 5413, 4992, 5212, 11, 198, 1462, 1332, 257, 649, 12319, 13, 198, 3856, 803, 1450, 278, 11815, 318, 1194, 2378, 319, 262, 15953, 5693, 338, 198, 363, 7438, 13, 383, 8489, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 2930, 388, 5136, 286, 198, 21569, 11, 318, 1762, 319, 281, 24475, 12319, 326, 2499, 1973, 198, 439, 2479, 2974, 290, 15174, 262, 4369, 422, 852, 3804, 198, 6738, 1048, 284, 1048, 13, 1377, 35, 13, 33, 13, 198, 33092, 1576, 11, 9061, 389, 3170, 881, 262, 976, 835, 13, 1119, 923, 572, 198, 36439, 11, 475, 832, 517, 290, 517, 4088, 11, 7686, 11, 50000, 3503, 1539, 2620, 287, 198, 41887, 414, 287, 281, 38298, 835, 13, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 4094, 12131, 4661, 318, 4330, 4369, 11, 257, 3061, 4888, 416, 262, 3941, 198, 5, 5616, 22261, 15953, 5693, 11, 543, 468, 645, 8766, 2776, 351, 5413, 198, 1, 1026, 318, 11004, 284, 892, 326, 340, 338, 4793, 290, 340, 338, 407, 1900, 772, 703, 198, 64, 2685, 2499, 1377, 1309, 3436, 703, 257, 1692, 2499, 13, 1081, 257, 12921, 11, 340, 338, 407, 880, 198, 4625, 6501, 703, 284, 2190, 4369, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 1139, 13, 366, 7454, 356, 651, 284, 257, 3800, 198, 3003, 356, 423, 262, 4899, 329, 4547, 7531, 10685, 7767, 11, 198, 270, 318, 691, 257, 1790, 2239, 284, 2615, 262, 4899, 290, 262, 8950, 284, 2746, 703, 198, 67, 786, 589, 8833, 287, 883, 10685, 3341, 1377, 1312, 13, 68, 13, 618, 1223, 2925, 2642, 198, 273, 618, 262, 1080, 318, 26466, 416, 257, 9471, 526, 198, 36, 3020, 1252, 5804, 326, 884, 281, 3164, 714, 366, 46699, 5854, 1096, 198, 4919, 356, 892, 286, 13622, 4369, 290, 703, 356, 460, 5911, 290, 7073, 5000, 198, 3919, 626, 29596, 329, 13622, 10040, 11, 1771, 484, 389, 2368, 12, 6894, 10040, 198, 10508, 355, 33917, 393, 717, 12, 6894, 10040, 884, 355, 4890, 290, 13825, 526, 198, 16775, 82, 389, 319, 262, 835, 13, 366, 1135, 821, 655, 1972, 17715, 319, 257, 1628, 351, 198, 1820, 1074, 287, 14457, 290, 530, 286, 262, 995, 338, 3756, 18069, 43149, 198, 265, 11773, 5535, 287, 3576, 284, 1382, 257, 3298, 19798, 5314, 21128, 1080, 284, 198, 79, 17407, 618, 35198, 286, 10040, 481, 3051, 1377, 3298, 35198, 286, 10040, 198, 6738, 5184, 666, 6562, 284, 33917, 13, 770, 481, 307, 257, 3665, 2891, 329, 5942, 884, 355, 198, 1169, 2159, 3893, 12275, 11, 329, 5654, 4837, 1088, 262, 995, 284, 198, 1350, 1498, 284, 779, 284, 466, 511, 898, 21128, 685, 392, 60, 329, 3315, 2267, 27174, 11, 198, 292, 880, 355, 329, 9572, 396, 3858, 286, 5745, 588, 262, 1578, 7973, 553, 198, 37649, 290, 262, 2858, 389, 1994, 5087, 287, 4547, 290, 25539, 198, 21834, 10040, 13, 366, 1858, 338, 257, 34355, 1593, 2776, 1022, 6142, 198, 17561, 1756, 290, 35198, 286, 2368, 12, 6894, 10040, 11, 475, 262, 2776, 318, 407, 198, 4053, 7247, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 366, 18357, 1498, 284, 517, 6840, 2746, 290, 198, 4625, 1481, 11, 910, 11, 4258, 1487, 290, 5732, 287, 11, 393, 2458, 287, 11, 2368, 12, 6894, 198, 67, 786, 1386, 481, 307, 34355, 8119, 4191, 329, 5942, 290, 19369, 198, 10508, 355, 262, 3941, 1222, 5616, 22261, 15953, 5693, 526, 198, 464, 2003, 286, 3783, 11, 290, 287, 1948, 4330, 4369, 11, 7363, 287, 9927, 2541, 1634, 13, 198, 12322, 18955, 9061, 13, 2312, 7009, 4410, 11, 981, 1402, 1576, 284, 4197, 656, 198, 64, 2685, 11, 389, 4451, 1576, 284, 1833, 17311, 11, 884, 355, 1771, 257, 2685, 318, 3591, 839, 11, 198, 392, 1011, 4028, 1377, 329, 4554, 11, 13011, 655, 262, 826, 2033, 286, 257, 4890, 198, 30349, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 530, 286, 262, 4094, 4034, 286, 18955, 8217, 318, 6493, 198, 27004, 5010, 11, 543, 460, 307, 2716, 393, 2714, 736, 1912, 319, 511, 21334, 13, 198, 47864, 7686, 389, 1194, 1672, 286, 7009, 1865, 3665, 4899, 13, 3423, 11, 4858, 198, 3262, 5225, 286, 15736, 460, 307, 4624, 1377, 910, 11, 1088, 257, 8598, 1377, 326, 2824, 198, 17018, 319, 6193, 11, 4618, 1204, 290, 11257, 11, 290, 1037, 5519, 1833, 198, 1169, 1535, 286, 262, 8598, 338, 13187, 13, 9561, 12521, 7686, 11, 428, 1366, 198, 5171, 307, 39025, 290, 30441, 1143, 13, 198, 6981, 6374, 42589, 25, 317, 6006, 9863, 37384, 5188, 198, 1212, 2214, 11, 635, 1444, 31350, 17219, 11, 8991, 10688, 11, 198, 14269, 3969, 290, 3644, 3783, 284, 262, 4547, 286, 17219, 11, 198, 259, 1948, 262, 4069, 286, 10685, 3341, 357, 3826, 11998, 198, 37573, 18252, 25, 3423, 3788, 22974, 422, 1998, 13, 198, 3198, 8173, 318, 4696, 35610, 11, 257, 4572, 4673, 3164, 5625, 198, 44, 2305, 10440, 13851, 25, 317, 3644, 1402, 1576, 284, 4197, 198, 20424, 257, 2685, 13, 2750, 31521, 663, 21334, 290, 1642, 5370, 11, 198, 27218, 9061, 714, 1104, 4451, 5010, 13, 198, 25610, 26722, 25, 26722, 326, 460, 6068, 284, 511, 21334, 198, 438, 329, 4554, 11, 13011, 511, 10154, 611, 4369, 318, 12326, 13, 198, 1273, 5374, 3477, 25, 317, 520, 5374, 3477, 1429, 318, 366, 69, 4715, 88, 526, 198, 1639, 460, 2824, 262, 1366, 290, 1833, 1728, 11257, 11, 475, 198, 5832, 460, 470, 4331, 10582, 644, 481, 1645, 1912, 319, 1613, 198, 23100, 1240, 13, 383, 4283, 1910, 11, 2592, 1813, 262, 938, 1936, 198, 19002, 11, 318, 257, 6994, 1672, 13, 198, 11964, 82, 24698, 25, 383, 2230, 284, 1833, 703, 10685, 198, 5589, 3906, 670, 1978, 13, 198, 18925, 284, 18955, 9061, 11, 1402, 11, 12661, 11, 6068, 540, 3341, 714, 198, 11284, 649, 11666, 10900, 3341, 13, 366, 37725, 1692, 10900, 3341, 815, 198, 1350, 1498, 284, 24061, 262, 2482, 286, 2583, 12, 6978, 6644, 10375, 11, 1390, 8136, 198, 1462, 262, 3912, 9465, 1917, 286, 48212, 1022, 2116, 290, 1729, 12, 944, 553, 198, 42910, 311, 29578, 15700, 461, 11, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 12131, 5800, 4912, 11, 287, 366, 51, 322, 1371, 12131, 198, 26959, 526, 383, 3061, 30, 1675, 366, 5589, 1133, 257, 2176, 12319, 1486, 27571, 198, 1462, 3925, 351, 1180, 10712, 3858, 287, 262, 1266, 1744, 835, 553, 15700, 461, 198, 5377, 1996, 864, 24698, 11, 6682, 1222, 8060, 370, 18052, 198, 10603, 1535, 318, 530, 1989, 810, 262, 27356, 286, 3644, 3783, 290, 4569, 198, 16801, 6622, 12465, 6991, 13, 10898, 2568, 318, 1194, 13, 968, 2568, 4237, 198, 533, 1593, 329, 734, 3840, 25, 775, 389, 2491, 503, 286, 12584, 18017, 11, 290, 777, 198, 20942, 1424, 11, 749, 1975, 11, 8676, 284, 3298, 9917, 13, 5800, 11, 287, 1948, 31350, 198, 43592, 11, 714, 1037, 13, 2080, 428, 3918, 286, 17219, 11, 5519, 460, 1382, 649, 4899, 198, 1640, 4547, 10685, 7767, 13, 775, 714, 366, 4625, 1481, 703, 530, 286, 198, 1169, 995, 338, 6942, 2568, 6718, 1010, 17706, 379, 884, 257, 1241, 13, 1318, 338, 1223, 198, 2339, 352, 13, 21, 8769, 322, 30353, 286, 2568, 685, 6738, 262, 4252, 60, 326, 8953, 4291, 790, 6616, 16430, 198, 1659, 262, 5440, 790, 1711, 13, 383, 749, 6942, 38394, 286, 326, 2568, 422, 262, 198, 19155, 656, 663, 898, 2568, 329, 257, 1180, 4007, 1377, 329, 3349, 1377, 318, 257, 4618, 553, 198, 36, 3020, 1252, 1139, 13, 366, 1026, 2125, 470, 22121, 880, 7247, 703, 484, 787, 884, 6942, 198, 1904, 286, 262, 4252, 338, 2568, 13, 1320, 338, 780, 356, 836, 470, 772, 760, 703, 257, 2685, 2499, 11, 198, 25356, 340, 338, 257, 2685, 287, 257, 4618, 393, 257, 2685, 287, 257, 1692, 526, 198, 1532, 356, 3938, 7247, 703, 6134, 10385, 2568, 11, 356, 714, 3737, 366, 16794, 198, 22554, 2706, 290, 2568, 5519, 26332, 326, 1429, 284, 1382, 5000, 198, 3919, 626, 14614, 8136, 329, 649, 4237, 286, 2568, 326, 389, 3058, 44446, 198, 40838, 13, 1320, 338, 257, 5707, 393, 523, 1497, 475, 340, 338, 2861, 15461, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 5804, 13, 198, 6109, 614, 11, 5384, 30425, 503, 1115, 1661, 262, 2033, 286, 6588, 17556, 326, 198, 21353, 338, 366, 29255, 38614, 1, 17565, 13, 1002, 428, 7622, 510, 11, 867, 5519, 198, 6667, 12311, 262, 5440, 481, 307, 8097, 3421, 416, 3298, 9917, 11, 3737, 772, 24312, 13, 198, 3633, 428, 1917, 318, 407, 319, 262, 1353, 286, 262, 5413, 8666, 11, 2295, 76, 1252, 338, 1448, 198, 22437, 2911, 284, 1037, 13, 366, 5122, 2267, 4040, 1088, 5424, 265, 1435, 290, 4534, 1204, 198, 11284, 3341, 11, 286, 543, 4258, 318, 281, 1593, 530, 11, 389, 1912, 1088, 1762, 198, 4480, 5424, 265, 9251, 11, 9151, 34063, 290, 9940, 9251, 11, 290, 2615, 649, 31350, 198, 31391, 326, 5519, 37788, 761, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 1139, 13, 198, 1, 34, 2475, 265, 9251, 389, 407, 1790, 286, 1366, 11, 523, 2615, 4899, 284, 2251, 1865, 198, 3549, 1366, 318, 407, 37788, 2622, 13, 1867, 484, 466, 37788, 761, 389, 3788, 4899, 198, 1462, 2746, 290, 3155, 262, 3518, 7612, 286, 4258, 1487, 11, 20938, 290, 198, 78, 5829, 6826, 2099, 286, 3048, 11, 351, 262, 3182, 6210, 1377, 4635, 393, 4073, 416, 2877, 198, 45165, 1377, 4847, 286, 13213, 45225, 290, 4258, 1487, 13, 1320, 685, 42813, 60, 198, 1169, 20296, 326, 2107, 287, 262, 9151, 326, 389, 6588, 38614, 11, 11863, 11408, 11, 198, 2301, 24325, 286, 262, 6588, 16006, 290, 17199, 286, 4258, 11, 290, 635, 262, 3182, 6210, 198, 292, 38046, 884, 355, 17039, 1377, 35609, 4237, 286, 6588, 38614, 290, 11863, 11408, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 3058, 5688, 6439, 703, 262, 734, 9427, 1377, 262, 3518, 290, 3182, 6210, 198, 5589, 3906, 13, 632, 318, 5688, 6439, 644, 262, 2928, 318, 286, 262, 3182, 6210, 6805, 13, 198, 1026, 338, 281, 8131, 1593, 7515, 475, 655, 530, 326, 338, 407, 7247, 553, 198, 26959, 402, 1083, 5157, 198, 15905, 318, 635, 1762, 351, 383, 43066, 10231, 5274, 13084, 11, 290, 468, 1541, 198, 2978, 9124, 5977, 281, 2691, 37145, 18388, 13, 8687, 291, 1023, 290, 33162, 329, 10675, 198, 14150, 3088, 284, 30282, 262, 26045, 286, 262, 6881, 1377, 1865, 706, 477, 428, 670, 198, 454, 4286, 318, 1290, 422, 1844, 13, 198, 1, 43467, 262, 6881, 318, 257, 1588, 12, 9888, 1366, 12, 43561, 10027, 290, 1366, 12, 20930, 198, 45573, 13, 1320, 318, 530, 685, 20337, 60, 810, 262, 3210, 3788, 4899, 326, 5413, 198, 41745, 11073, 11, 422, 5313, 2594, 284, 6831, 8514, 284, 1365, 12831, 11, 198, 20077, 290, 16602, 1588, 5046, 1366, 287, 262, 3783, 2055, 11, 460, 1037, 262, 3783, 198, 28158, 1833, 15587, 286, 262, 6881, 290, 703, 262, 6881, 2499, 553, 198, 3633, 3783, 20070, 262, 22878, 286, 14492, 11, 14492, 290, 5413, 635, 198, 1, 26959, 318, 810, 262, 1103, 2223, 318, 1016, 284, 307, 329, 3644, 3783, 198, 2502, 262, 1306, 5707, 13, 2750, 852, 379, 262, 7720, 5743, 286, 262, 16246, 286, 3783, 198, 392, 3644, 3783, 11, 5413, 481, 4461, 11004, 11281, 355, 284, 262, 1994, 1243, 198, 1169, 1664, 2476, 284, 466, 319, 262, 3154, 1597, 290, 2614, 14492, 6459, 198, 392, 6443, 257, 5707, 1568, 13, 1119, 460, 892, 286, 644, 338, 5836, 379, 262, 198, 3849, 5458, 286, 3783, 290, 14492, 355, 852, 588, 19639, 1881, 13, 19339, 290, 23502, 198, 4598, 19639, 1881, 780, 262, 3037, 484, 761, 284, 1205, 284, 9320, 287, 19639, 198, 3198, 5645, 510, 287, 597, 3210, 1641, 1097, 257, 5707, 1568, 1377, 290, 663, 3607, 606, 198, 2787, 45543, 17218, 656, 6276, 8705, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 1139, 13, 198, 464, 12131, 5567, 8899, 318, 517, 2176, 13, 632, 11673, 326, 416, 1853, 11, 262, 670, 1760, 284, 198, 11249, 649, 5654, 3788, 29251, 481, 366, 42325, 1096, 1, 1597, 198, 785, 48074, 13, 843, 3675, 12131, 11, 356, 815, 804, 329, 366, 3919, 626, 11, 44479, 7867, 198, 785, 48074, 45619, 290, 11497, 328, 907, 553, 1864, 284, 262, 40332, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,870
A partial vocabulary of the Yinikurtira Aboriginal people Petkovic, J. (2007) A partial vocabulary of the Yinikurtira Aboriginal people. IM: Interactive Media (3). \|PDF - Published Version \| Download (236kB) \| Preview *Open access, no subscription required The Yinikurtira people of the North West region of Australia are generally thought to have been a sub-group of the Talandji language speakers, although the exact nature of their connection is somewhat uncertain.1 The Talandji language is reasonably well documented and still has a few living speakers.2 In contrast, the Yinikurtiri language is classified as extinct. 3 Discovering early Yinikurtira wordlists could potentially give us a productive comparison with the known Talandji language as well as a window into the once vibrant Yinikurtira culture. \|Publication Type:\|\|Journal Article\| \|Murdoch Affiliation:\|\|National Academy of Screen and Sound\| School of Media, Communication and Culture \|Publisher:\|\|National Academy of Screen and Sound\| \|Copyright:\|\|2009 Murdoch University\| \|Item Control Page\|	[ 32, 13027, 25818, 286, 262, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 26432, 661, 198, 25803, 74, 17215, 11, 449, 13, 357, 12726, 8, 317, 13027, 25818, 286, 262, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 26432, 661, 13, 8959, 25, 21365, 6343, 357, 18, 737, 198, 91, 20456, 532, 26372, 10628, 930, 198, 10002, 357, 24940, 38841, 8, 930, 22217, 198, 9, 11505, 1895, 11, 645, 14569, 2672, 198, 464, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 661, 286, 262, 2258, 2688, 3814, 286, 4505, 389, 4143, 1807, 284, 423, 587, 257, 850, 12, 8094, 286, 262, 7193, 392, 7285, 3303, 11636, 11, 3584, 262, 2748, 3450, 286, 511, 4637, 318, 6454, 8627, 13, 16, 383, 7193, 392, 7285, 3303, 318, 13025, 880, 12395, 290, 991, 468, 257, 1178, 2877, 11636, 13, 17, 554, 6273, 11, 262, 37201, 1134, 3325, 14783, 3303, 318, 10090, 355, 28881, 13, 513, 29704, 278, 1903, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 1573, 20713, 714, 6196, 1577, 514, 257, 12973, 7208, 351, 262, 1900, 7193, 392, 7285, 3303, 355, 880, 355, 257, 4324, 656, 262, 1752, 21266, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 3968, 13, 198, 91, 15202, 341, 5994, 25, 15886, 25296, 10172, 91, 198, 91, 44, 2799, 5374, 6708, 15547, 25, 15886, 16186, 8581, 286, 15216, 290, 9506, 91, 198, 26130, 286, 6343, 11, 26117, 290, 17346, 198, 91, 46471, 25, 15886, 16186, 8581, 286, 15216, 290, 9506, 91, 198, 91, 15269, 25, 15886, 10531, 30370, 2059, 91, 198, 91, 7449, 6779, 7873, 91, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	240
Understanding racism today requires that one understand the subtleties of the language of those who perpetuate it. Please contribute to the glossary in the comments section. I will add confirmed, relevant and accurate tropes to the glossary. Please read the entire article first. Please note the difference between individual uses of prejudiced language and institutional racism. I encourage readers who have not yet already, to investigate this subject, which I’ll inevitably be posting on. The following post addresses use of racially prejudiced language and ideas in the context of institutional racism. As a result of the abolition of slavery, then later desegregation and the Civil Rights Movement, and finally the combination of contemporary cultural pressures and demographic shifts, the language of racial prejudice and bigoted assumptions has changed dramatically, especially over the last 50 or so years. Words that start with N are no longer the haute couture of racists and privilege-denying whites. Although the old words are cropping up in specific places which guarantee anonymity and/or acceptance, the use of subtlety, context, subjective subtext and nuance have taken the place of open slurs and language. Here we’ll take a look at some of these words and tropes, their context, and their meaning. Many of these words are not new to the racist vocabulary, though many of the old words have taken on new aspects or are used in different contexts. This will be a modified open-source project, the only restriction being that the author has discretion over the final product. Please put suggestions in the comments below. All Black Panthers are New Black Panthers- trope. A problem of assumptions and lack of disambiguation. Used by people who have never read a factually correct book or article about the Black Panther Party(BPP). This trope occurs because users are not aware that the BPP were Black marxist revolutionaries, whereas the New Black Panther Party(NBPP), which is not an actual descendant organization of the BPP, is a Black Nationalist organization. A way for whites to trumpet their ignorance of Black history. See Hoodlums, Hooligans, Thugs. Fear of a Black Planet ensues. Associated with the old-school trope, They All Look The Same To Me. Animal(s)- label. Used in context to describe a person of color. This becomes a trope and is multiplied by the factors of age group, gender/sex, and socioeconomic disposition. Multipliers therefore include Mob, Teen Mob, Welfare Queen and “young people” in Scare Quotes. Barbarians- label. Used ambiguously to refer to people of color, especially in regard to growing demographic shifts in the U.S.: “Our socioculture[sic] is raising barbarians in greater numbers with each passing decade.” (Quoted from a typical comment at the Blaze, regarding a story about a white girl and some cops who were attacked by teenagers–most of whom were evidently POCs.) Diversity- word/trope. Used to denote the idea that mixing of the races in culture and relationships is inherently bad. Users of this trope commonly cite any news event that they think proves their racism to be correct. Usually users have an obsession with this trope. As in: “This is what happens when Obama introduces diversity into western civilization.” (Apocryphal) Entitlements aka “Entitlement Mentality”- word/trope. The brazen assumption that POCs are lazy and self-entitled. Also negates the fact that many persons who at one time receive social aid are the very people who at another time subsidized it in the first place. A blatant announcement of assumptions created by racial prejudice. See Welfare, Welfare Queens. Fear of a Black Planet- trope. The hysterical fear of living in a society where whites are a minority and Blacks are a majority. Feral youth- label/trope. This trope refers to poor people of color living in inner cities. It is often used interchangeably with Hoodlums, Hood Rats and similar tropes. Hoodlums, Hooligans, Thugs- labels/tropes. These words/tropes are commonly used ambiguously to refer to the spectre or threat of Black power. Users commonly make correlation fallacies while reading news reports from sites that only present negative information about non-conservative people of color, such as the Blaze and WorldNutDaily. They then ascribe hoodlum status to urban youth of color; though the trope extends regardless of age. Hood Rats- label/word/trope. Used ambiguously, this trope enables users to insult Black people two-fold: because not all supposed “hood rats” are non-white, this trope is not only meant to target Black folks but also targets Black culture’s influence on female-bodied white teens/children. Inner City Youths- trope. This label enables white conservatives to bash people of color with its degree of ambiguity, which is very thin considering the common knowledge that inner urban areas most often have a higher population of people of color. See also Animal(s), Zoo, Hoodlums, Hooligans, Thugs. Leave the Cities- trope. Also known among POCs as “white flight”, this trope is used by racist whites to denote the fact that urban areas often have higher concentrations of POCs, leaving white conservatives and supremacists to urge each other to “flee the cities!” Mob- word/label. Used to describe more than two people who are persons of color. Frequently levied at teenagers. Used to describe a plethora of situations, such as people in urban areas, or gatherings of Black people. Extenuating circumstances may mean that this term will be applied to whites who are not conservative, such as Occupy Wall Street. Never applied to right-wing groups in these circumstances. Obama is Kenyan (or Marxist, Muslim, Communist, et al.)- trope. With the radical reaction by conservative whites to the election of a Black person to the presidency of the U.S., this trope was bound to occur. It is a testament to the rabid fear of Blacks in power. Fear of a Black Planet ensues. Political Correctness (PC) is Bad- trope. Used by conservative white people who themselves use politically correct language to employ subtle racism/bigotry. An error of projection, as no one has benefited more from PC language than white racists/bigots who use PC in the home or at work, but not in their minds, in private conversation or anonymously on the internet. PC allows bigots to socially function while still clinging to a bigoted mindset. Prepare Yourself, aka Prepare for the Coming Racial Wars- trope. This trope comes in many forms and is favored especially by survivalist types, but is widespread among white conservatives. Its pathology is twofold: a desire by white conservatives to have an excuse to let their hair down and engage in open acts of violence against persons of color, and the overwhelming paranoia that is experienced by individuals who get their news sources from outlets that provide only negative pieces about persons of color. Also known as Fear of a Black Planet, Be Ready, The Shit Will Hit The Fan, When The Shit Hits The Fan, etc. “Scare Quotes”- trope. The use of quotations to denote the un-humanity of the subject. Also used in tandem to make suggestions about violence and other retribution. Examples are, “If these ‘kids’ want to act like animals, let’s put them to ‘sleep’ like animals.” (Actual quote from comments in this article.) “They” a.k.a. “They Have More Power These Days”- label/trope. Used ambiguously, always careful not to use an outright slur. “They” is used by some whites to refer to the Otherness of people of color. It is a form of lack of self awareness, in which one does not realize that they are referring to Black people or other people of color as a monolithic group. This trope has many variants, including Them, These People, Those People, There Are People Out There and more. Attached to old-school They All Look The Same To Me tropes. Welfare, Welfare Queens- labels/tropes. Also an old-school favorite, this trope has never died but only become stronger with Republican attacks on social programs. Also referred to as Entitlements, this trope is a result of the conservative white perception that social programs threaten their white privilege, and the fear that this may result in upward social mobility for people of color. “Young People”- label/trope. Often in scare quotes which signify young persons who are also persons of color, thereby inferring that they are not human at all. Zoo- word/trope. An especially vicious trope, this one regards urban areas as the “zoo” or the slightly more old-school “Jungle.” Meant to infer that people in urban/inner urban areas, which are often populated heavily by people of color, are lesser human beings. See Animal.	[ 43467, 10713, 1909, 4433, 326, 530, 1833, 262, 13284, 1616, 444, 286, 262, 3303, 286, 883, 508, 43874, 340, 13, 198, 5492, 8676, 284, 262, 21194, 560, 287, 262, 3651, 2665, 13, 314, 481, 751, 4999, 11, 5981, 290, 7187, 43275, 284, 262, 21194, 560, 13, 4222, 1100, 262, 2104, 2708, 717, 13, 198, 5492, 3465, 262, 3580, 1022, 1981, 3544, 286, 14696, 3711, 3303, 290, 15855, 10713, 13, 314, 7898, 7183, 508, 423, 407, 1865, 1541, 11, 284, 9161, 428, 2426, 11, 543, 314, 447, 247, 297, 16857, 307, 10754, 319, 13, 383, 1708, 1281, 9405, 779, 286, 28824, 14696, 3711, 3303, 290, 4213, 287, 262, 4732, 286, 15855, 10713, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 30480, 286, 13503, 11, 788, 1568, 748, 1533, 43068, 290, 262, 7511, 6923, 15477, 11, 290, 3443, 262, 6087, 286, 11811, 6467, 18895, 290, 16728, 15381, 11, 262, 3303, 286, 8425, 20226, 290, 1263, 5191, 14895, 468, 3421, 12034, 11, 2592, 625, 262, 938, 2026, 393, 523, 812, 13, 23087, 326, 923, 351, 399, 389, 645, 2392, 262, 387, 1133, 42304, 495, 286, 40681, 290, 11941, 12, 6559, 1112, 13216, 13, 4900, 262, 1468, 2456, 389, 6763, 2105, 510, 287, 2176, 4113, 543, 9149, 18685, 290, 14, 273, 13427, 11, 262, 779, 286, 11800, 774, 11, 4732, 11, 19088, 850, 5239, 290, 47128, 423, 2077, 262, 1295, 286, 1280, 44981, 290, 3303, 13, 3423, 356, 447, 247, 297, 1011, 257, 804, 379, 617, 286, 777, 2456, 290, 43275, 11, 511, 4732, 11, 290, 511, 3616, 13, 4650, 286, 777, 2456, 389, 407, 649, 284, 262, 9811, 25818, 11, 996, 867, 286, 262, 1468, 2456, 423, 2077, 319, 649, 7612, 393, 389, 973, 287, 1180, 26307, 13, 198, 1212, 481, 307, 257, 9518, 1280, 12, 10459, 1628, 11, 262, 691, 17504, 852, 326, 262, 1772, 468, 14130, 625, 262, 2457, 1720, 13, 4222, 1234, 11776, 287, 262, 3651, 2174, 13, 198, 3237, 2619, 17782, 389, 968, 2619, 17782, 12, 32463, 13, 317, 1917, 286, 14895, 290, 3092, 286, 595, 4131, 328, 2288, 13, 16718, 416, 661, 508, 423, 1239, 1100, 257, 1109, 935, 3376, 1492, 393, 2708, 546, 262, 2619, 30364, 3615, 7, 33, 10246, 737, 770, 32463, 8833, 780, 2985, 389, 407, 3910, 326, 262, 347, 10246, 547, 2619, 1667, 87, 396, 44347, 11, 9472, 262, 968, 2619, 30364, 3615, 7, 32819, 10246, 828, 543, 318, 407, 281, 4036, 45923, 4009, 286, 262, 347, 10246, 11, 318, 257, 2619, 2351, 396, 4009, 13, 317, 835, 329, 13216, 284, 40334, 511, 17010, 286, 2619, 2106, 13, 4091, 17233, 75, 5700, 11, 367, 970, 34090, 11, 536, 10339, 13, 16132, 286, 257, 2619, 11397, 3140, 947, 13, 10575, 351, 262, 1468, 12, 14347, 32463, 11, 1119, 1439, 6803, 383, 16766, 1675, 2185, 13, 198, 40002, 7, 82, 13219, 6167, 13, 16718, 287, 4732, 284, 6901, 257, 1048, 286, 3124, 13, 770, 4329, 257, 32463, 290, 318, 33096, 416, 262, 5087, 286, 2479, 1448, 11, 5279, 14, 8044, 11, 290, 34406, 24665, 13, 15237, 489, 3183, 4361, 2291, 16540, 11, 21432, 16540, 11, 32404, 7542, 290, 564, 250, 35465, 661, 447, 251, 287, 47605, 2264, 6421, 13, 198, 10374, 5657, 1547, 12, 6167, 13, 16718, 18203, 24987, 284, 3522, 284, 661, 286, 3124, 11, 2592, 287, 2754, 284, 3957, 16728, 15381, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 11207, 564, 250, 5122, 1307, 72, 420, 6456, 58, 21383, 60, 318, 8620, 24837, 1547, 287, 3744, 3146, 351, 1123, 6427, 5707, 13, 447, 251, 357, 4507, 5191, 422, 257, 7226, 2912, 379, 262, 33965, 11, 5115, 257, 1621, 546, 257, 2330, 2576, 290, 617, 14073, 508, 547, 7384, 416, 17366, 1906, 1712, 286, 4150, 547, 27450, 350, 4503, 82, 2014, 198, 35, 1608, 12, 1573, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 16718, 284, 42685, 262, 2126, 326, 17090, 286, 262, 9558, 287, 3968, 290, 6958, 318, 20108, 2089, 13, 18987, 286, 428, 32463, 8811, 21729, 597, 1705, 1785, 326, 484, 892, 17021, 511, 10713, 284, 307, 3376, 13, 19672, 2985, 423, 281, 22286, 351, 428, 32463, 13, 1081, 287, 25, 564, 250, 1212, 318, 644, 4325, 618, 2486, 20718, 9573, 656, 8830, 14355, 13, 447, 251, 357, 25189, 48103, 27451, 8, 198, 14539, 2578, 902, 22430, 564, 250, 14539, 270, 1732, 31879, 1483, 447, 251, 12, 1573, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 383, 40033, 13196, 326, 350, 4503, 82, 389, 16931, 290, 2116, 12, 298, 7803, 13, 4418, 2469, 689, 262, 1109, 326, 867, 6506, 508, 379, 530, 640, 3328, 1919, 6133, 389, 262, 845, 661, 508, 379, 1194, 640, 37317, 340, 287, 262, 717, 1295, 13, 317, 29000, 8009, 286, 14895, 2727, 416, 8425, 20226, 13, 4091, 32404, 11, 32404, 14045, 13, 198, 37798, 286, 257, 2619, 11397, 12, 32463, 13, 383, 46759, 3252, 286, 2877, 287, 257, 3592, 810, 13216, 389, 257, 9137, 290, 27875, 389, 257, 3741, 13, 198, 37, 1691, 6205, 12, 6167, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 770, 32463, 10229, 284, 3595, 661, 286, 3124, 2877, 287, 8434, 4736, 13, 632, 318, 1690, 973, 26478, 1346, 351, 17233, 75, 5700, 11, 17233, 44164, 290, 2092, 43275, 13, 198, 39, 702, 75, 5700, 11, 367, 970, 34090, 11, 536, 10339, 12, 14722, 14, 48385, 274, 13, 2312, 2456, 14, 48385, 274, 389, 8811, 973, 18203, 24987, 284, 3522, 284, 262, 5444, 260, 393, 2372, 286, 2619, 1176, 13, 18987, 8811, 787, 16096, 2121, 13433, 981, 3555, 1705, 3136, 422, 5043, 326, 691, 1944, 4633, 1321, 546, 1729, 12, 43218, 661, 286, 3124, 11, 884, 355, 262, 33965, 290, 2159, 49004, 28545, 13, 1119, 788, 10570, 4892, 14263, 75, 388, 3722, 284, 7876, 6205, 286, 3124, 26, 996, 262, 32463, 14582, 7692, 286, 2479, 13, 198, 39, 702, 44164, 12, 6167, 14, 4775, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 16718, 18203, 24987, 11, 428, 32463, 13536, 2985, 284, 13277, 2619, 661, 734, 12, 11379, 25, 780, 407, 477, 4385, 564, 250, 2894, 13623, 447, 251, 389, 1729, 12, 11186, 11, 428, 32463, 318, 407, 691, 4001, 284, 2496, 2619, 7974, 475, 635, 6670, 2619, 3968, 447, 247, 82, 4588, 319, 4048, 12, 45190, 2330, 15508, 14, 17197, 13, 198, 818, 1008, 2254, 921, 9998, 12, 32463, 13, 770, 6167, 13536, 2330, 12471, 284, 27334, 661, 286, 3124, 351, 663, 4922, 286, 33985, 11, 543, 318, 845, 7888, 6402, 262, 2219, 3725, 326, 8434, 7876, 3006, 749, 1690, 423, 257, 2440, 3265, 286, 661, 286, 3124, 13, 4091, 635, 13792, 7, 82, 828, 21980, 11, 17233, 75, 5700, 11, 367, 970, 34090, 11, 536, 10339, 13, 198, 35087, 262, 20830, 12, 32463, 13, 4418, 1900, 1871, 350, 4503, 82, 355, 564, 250, 11186, 5474, 447, 251, 11, 428, 32463, 318, 973, 416, 9811, 13216, 284, 42685, 262, 1109, 326, 7876, 3006, 1690, 423, 2440, 14587, 286, 350, 4503, 82, 11, 4305, 2330, 12471, 290, 37084, 284, 14960, 1123, 584, 284, 564, 250, 69, 7197, 262, 4736, 0, 447, 251, 198, 44702, 12, 1573, 14, 18242, 13, 16718, 284, 6901, 517, 621, 734, 661, 508, 389, 6506, 286, 3124, 13, 22192, 1473, 43383, 379, 17366, 13, 16718, 284, 6901, 257, 35146, 286, 7445, 11, 884, 355, 661, 287, 7876, 3006, 11, 393, 37134, 286, 2619, 661, 13, 5683, 268, 11927, 5917, 743, 1612, 326, 428, 3381, 481, 307, 5625, 284, 13216, 508, 389, 407, 5940, 11, 884, 355, 25551, 5007, 3530, 13, 7236, 5625, 284, 826, 12, 5469, 2628, 287, 777, 5917, 13, 198, 15948, 318, 47214, 357, 273, 26305, 11, 3765, 11, 14884, 11, 2123, 435, 2014, 12, 32463, 13, 2080, 262, 7702, 6317, 416, 5940, 13216, 284, 262, 3071, 286, 257, 2619, 1048, 284, 262, 12112, 286, 262, 471, 13, 50, 1539, 428, 32463, 373, 5421, 284, 3051, 13, 632, 318, 257, 29210, 284, 262, 49666, 3252, 286, 27875, 287, 1176, 13, 16132, 286, 257, 2619, 11397, 3140, 947, 13, 198, 35443, 22941, 1108, 357, 5662, 8, 318, 7772, 12, 32463, 13, 16718, 416, 5940, 2330, 661, 508, 2405, 779, 11889, 3376, 3303, 284, 1873, 11800, 10713, 14, 14261, 313, 563, 13, 1052, 4049, 286, 20128, 11, 355, 645, 530, 468, 25050, 517, 422, 4217, 3303, 621, 2330, 40681, 14, 14261, 1747, 508, 779, 4217, 287, 262, 1363, 393, 379, 670, 11, 475, 407, 287, 511, 9017, 11, 287, 2839, 5273, 393, 35373, 319, 262, 5230, 13, 4217, 3578, 1263, 1747, 284, 18118, 2163, 981, 991, 40137, 284, 257, 1263, 5191, 20527, 13, 198, 37534, 533, 42132, 11, 22430, 43426, 329, 262, 21808, 42318, 6176, 12, 32463, 13, 770, 32463, 2058, 287, 867, 5107, 290, 318, 19344, 2592, 416, 9441, 396, 3858, 11, 475, 318, 10095, 1871, 2330, 12471, 13, 6363, 40572, 318, 734, 11379, 25, 257, 6227, 416, 2330, 12471, 284, 423, 281, 12226, 284, 1309, 511, 4190, 866, 290, 8209, 287, 1280, 6529, 286, 3685, 1028, 6506, 286, 3124, 11, 290, 262, 9721, 34370, 326, 318, 5924, 416, 3925, 508, 651, 511, 1705, 4237, 422, 12527, 326, 2148, 691, 4633, 5207, 546, 6506, 286, 3124, 13, 4418, 1900, 355, 16132, 286, 257, 2619, 11397, 11, 1355, 23432, 11, 383, 41356, 2561, 7286, 383, 13836, 11, 1649, 383, 41356, 28626, 383, 13836, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 447, 250, 3351, 533, 2264, 6421, 447, 251, 12, 32463, 13, 383, 779, 286, 50056, 284, 42685, 262, 555, 12, 10734, 414, 286, 262, 2426, 13, 4418, 973, 287, 32969, 284, 787, 11776, 546, 3685, 290, 584, 40788, 13, 21066, 389, 11, 564, 250, 1532, 777, 564, 246, 45235, 447, 247, 765, 284, 719, 588, 4695, 11, 1309, 447, 247, 82, 1234, 606, 284, 564, 246, 42832, 447, 247, 588, 4695, 13, 447, 251, 357, 6398, 723, 9577, 422, 3651, 287, 428, 2708, 2014, 198, 447, 250, 2990, 447, 251, 257, 13, 74, 13, 64, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 8192, 3125, 4333, 2312, 12579, 447, 251, 12, 6167, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 16718, 18203, 24987, 11, 1464, 8161, 407, 284, 779, 281, 15828, 40066, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 447, 251, 318, 973, 416, 617, 13216, 284, 3522, 284, 262, 3819, 1108, 286, 661, 286, 3124, 13, 632, 318, 257, 1296, 286, 3092, 286, 2116, 9359, 11, 287, 543, 530, 857, 407, 6537, 326, 484, 389, 9759, 284, 2619, 661, 393, 584, 661, 286, 3124, 355, 257, 937, 30764, 1448, 13, 770, 32463, 468, 867, 17670, 11, 1390, 26460, 11, 2312, 4380, 11, 5845, 4380, 11, 1318, 4231, 4380, 3806, 1318, 290, 517, 13, 3460, 2317, 284, 1468, 12, 14347, 1119, 1439, 6803, 383, 16766, 1675, 2185, 43275, 13, 198, 54, 27122, 11, 32404, 14045, 12, 14722, 14, 48385, 274, 13, 4418, 281, 1468, 12, 14347, 4004, 11, 428, 32463, 468, 1239, 3724, 475, 691, 1716, 7387, 351, 3415, 3434, 319, 1919, 4056, 13, 4418, 6412, 284, 355, 7232, 2578, 902, 11, 428, 32463, 318, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 5940, 2330, 11202, 326, 1919, 4056, 16180, 511, 2330, 11941, 11, 290, 262, 3252, 326, 428, 743, 1255, 287, 18644, 1919, 15873, 329, 661, 286, 3124, 13, 198, 447, 250, 20917, 4380, 447, 251, 12, 6167, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 18023, 287, 19437, 13386, 543, 44078, 1862, 6506, 508, 389, 635, 6506, 286, 3124, 11, 12839, 13249, 1806, 326, 484, 389, 407, 1692, 379, 477, 13, 198, 57, 2238, 12, 1573, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 1052, 2592, 17686, 32463, 11, 428, 530, 13957, 7876, 3006, 355, 262, 564, 250, 89, 2238, 447, 251, 393, 262, 4622, 517, 1468, 12, 14347, 564, 250, 41, 13687, 13, 447, 251, 2185, 415, 284, 13249, 326, 661, 287, 7876, 14, 5083, 7876, 3006, 11, 543, 389, 1690, 22331, 7272, 416, 661, 286, 3124, 11, 389, 14494, 1692, 9791, 13, 4091, 13792, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,913
Nahuatl, known as “Mexicano” by many of its speakers, is the most widely spoken indigenous language in Mexico. It was the lingua franca of the Aztec empire and is currently one of Mexico’s official languages. It belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family, which spread from the United States Southwest to Central America. In fact, it is theorized that Nicaragua’s etymology comes from the Nahuatl words “Nican ca Anahuac,” which roughly translates to “here is Anahauc” denoting the geographical limits of the Aztec empire. There are currently several regional varieties of Nahuatl, including one still spoken in El Salvador. All in all, today the language boasts over 1.5 million native speakers. Nahuatl is an agglutinative language and is rich in morphology. Its classical form was highly metaphorical and poetic in style. Some of the literary treasures studied in depth by scholars are the poems of Nezahualcoyotl (“coyote in fast”) and the Huehuetlahtolli (literally “the ancient word”), which is an ancient collection of sayings, exhortations, and the traditional wisdom of the culture which helped preserve and pass down family values and ideals to generations—until the Spanish invasion. The good news is that despite the imposition of Spanish and trends showing a slight decline in the number of Nahuatl monolinguals, there has recently been a growing interest in Nahuatl. Aided by a movement of cultural revival, specifically in many areas of the United States, Nahuatl’s resilience is in part due to the cultural consciousness and commitment of the new generation of Mexicans. Sergio Avila (@NAHUALYOLOTL) is part of that generation who are working to keep the language alive. Using social media he strives to preserve the language and teach the rich history and culture of his ancestors. He has primarily been using his Twitter account, which has more than 1,000 followers to post a Nahuatl “Word of the Day” as a way to teach and to interact with other up and coming learners of this indigenous language. He also is an administrator of the Nahuatl Facebook Page. Here is a short interview with Sergio conducted in the Nahuatl language: Rising Voices: Tell us about yourself. Notoca Sergio, ompa Mexihco Tenochtitlan nichanti. Ce pohualli ihuan chicoace xihuitl nicpia. Nitlacuilo ihuan ompa “Twitter” ihuan “Facebook” nitemachtia nochin cemilhuitl in Nahuatlahtolli. RV: How long have you been studying Nahuatl? How did you become interested in the language and how did you learn it? Ome xihuitl nahuatlahtolli onicmomaxtic. Ihcuac onimomatic ¿Tleica in mexihcatlaca titlahtoah caxtillantlahtolli intla tehuan ahmo caxtillantlaca?. Ompa “Tepeticpac Tlahtolcalli, ce telpochcalli. RV: How do you use social media for language preservation? What kind of response are you seeing from your followers on Twitter and Facebook? Nochin cemilhuitl ce nahuatlahtolli nitlacuiloa ompa “twitter” ihuan “facebook”. In tlacah quinpactiah notequiuh miec, inon nechpactia miec. In tlacah nechtlacuiloa “pahpaquiliztli” ihuan “miec tlazohcamati”. RV: Give us an example or two of a “Nahuatl Word of the Day” (#palabranahuatl) 1. Nahualyolotl: Corazón de Nahual (Nahual es el ser que se reboza bajo la piel de otro, así como parte de nuestra alma fuera de nuestro cuerpo, parecido a un “animal totémico” propio) #palabranahuatl 2. Chicahualiztli: Fuerza (física) #palabranahuatl 2. Chicahualiztli: Strength (physical) RV: In your opinion, what is the future of the Nahuatl language? Nicneltoca intla cachi tlacah in nahualthtolli quimatizque (tlen inon notequiuh), yehuan quiihtazque iquetzalcayo ihuan in nahuatlhtolli nochipa nemiz.	[ 45, 12196, 25864, 11, 1900, 355, 564, 250, 24670, 291, 5733, 447, 251, 416, 867, 286, 663, 11636, 11, 318, 262, 749, 6768, 9635, 17673, 3303, 287, 5828, 13, 632, 373, 262, 18459, 6413, 1216, 42124, 286, 262, 7578, 36281, 13735, 290, 318, 3058, 530, 286, 5828, 447, 247, 82, 1743, 8950, 13, 632, 14448, 284, 262, 471, 1462, 12, 26903, 660, 5171, 3303, 1641, 11, 543, 4104, 422, 262, 1578, 1829, 24320, 284, 5694, 2253, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 340, 318, 18765, 1143, 326, 38252, 447, 247, 82, 304, 43408, 2058, 422, 262, 399, 12196, 25864, 2456, 564, 250, 45, 7490, 1275, 1052, 12196, 330, 11, 447, 251, 543, 7323, 23677, 284, 564, 250, 1456, 318, 1052, 993, 14272, 447, 251, 2853, 10720, 262, 27465, 7095, 286, 262, 7578, 36281, 13735, 13, 1318, 389, 3058, 1811, 7915, 20328, 286, 399, 12196, 25864, 11, 1390, 530, 991, 9635, 287, 2574, 26482, 13, 1439, 287, 477, 11, 1909, 262, 3303, 22103, 625, 352, 13, 20, 1510, 6868, 11636, 13, 198, 45, 12196, 25864, 318, 281, 4194, 75, 315, 259, 876, 3303, 290, 318, 5527, 287, 46320, 13, 6363, 15993, 1296, 373, 4047, 13738, 12409, 290, 38273, 287, 3918, 13, 2773, 286, 262, 16716, 29561, 9713, 287, 6795, 416, 9123, 389, 262, 31888, 286, 3169, 89, 993, 723, 66, 726, 313, 75, 357, 447, 250, 66, 726, 1258, 287, 3049, 447, 251, 8, 290, 262, 31788, 13415, 316, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 357, 43819, 564, 250, 1169, 6156, 1573, 447, 251, 828, 543, 318, 281, 6156, 4947, 286, 910, 654, 11, 21847, 419, 602, 11, 290, 262, 4569, 11501, 286, 262, 3968, 543, 4193, 12201, 290, 1208, 866, 1641, 3815, 290, 22247, 284, 10439, 960, 28446, 262, 7897, 11796, 13, 198, 464, 922, 1705, 318, 326, 3805, 262, 38091, 286, 7897, 290, 11257, 4478, 257, 3731, 7794, 287, 262, 1271, 286, 399, 12196, 25864, 937, 40949, 723, 82, 11, 612, 468, 2904, 587, 257, 3957, 1393, 287, 399, 12196, 25864, 13, 317, 1384, 416, 257, 3356, 286, 6467, 26624, 11, 5734, 287, 867, 3006, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 399, 12196, 25864, 447, 247, 82, 31307, 318, 287, 636, 2233, 284, 262, 6467, 10510, 290, 7901, 286, 262, 649, 5270, 286, 36783, 13, 198, 50, 6422, 952, 317, 2991, 64, 4275, 4535, 39, 25620, 56, 3535, 2394, 43, 8, 318, 636, 286, 326, 5270, 508, 389, 1762, 284, 1394, 262, 3303, 6776, 13, 8554, 1919, 2056, 339, 37873, 284, 12201, 262, 3303, 290, 4545, 262, 5527, 2106, 290, 3968, 286, 465, 18668, 13, 679, 468, 7525, 587, 1262, 465, 3009, 1848, 11, 543, 468, 517, 621, 352, 11, 830, 10569, 284, 1281, 257, 399, 12196, 25864, 564, 250, 26449, 286, 262, 3596, 447, 251, 355, 257, 835, 284, 4545, 290, 284, 9427, 351, 584, 510, 290, 2406, 46184, 286, 428, 17673, 3303, 13, 679, 635, 318, 281, 18382, 286, 262, 399, 12196, 25864, 3203, 7873, 13, 3423, 318, 257, 1790, 2720, 351, 36759, 5952, 287, 262, 399, 12196, 25864, 3303, 25, 198, 49, 1710, 40440, 25, 14026, 514, 546, 3511, 13, 198, 3673, 11216, 36759, 11, 267, 3149, 64, 4413, 4449, 1073, 9368, 5374, 83, 270, 9620, 299, 488, 17096, 13, 20101, 745, 13415, 36546, 1312, 71, 7258, 442, 3713, 558, 2124, 4449, 5013, 75, 9200, 79, 544, 13, 24282, 75, 330, 84, 18526, 1312, 71, 7258, 267, 3149, 64, 564, 250, 14254, 447, 251, 1312, 71, 7258, 564, 250, 12025, 447, 251, 299, 9186, 19725, 544, 645, 24658, 269, 368, 346, 71, 5013, 75, 287, 399, 12196, 265, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 13, 198, 49, 53, 25, 1374, 890, 423, 345, 587, 11065, 399, 12196, 25864, 30, 1374, 750, 345, 1716, 4609, 287, 262, 3303, 290, 703, 750, 345, 2193, 340, 30, 198, 46, 1326, 2124, 4449, 5013, 75, 299, 12196, 265, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 319, 291, 76, 6086, 742, 291, 13, 314, 71, 27399, 330, 319, 320, 13730, 1587, 123, 51, 293, 3970, 287, 502, 87, 4449, 9246, 75, 22260, 5259, 9271, 1462, 993, 1275, 742, 359, 415, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 493, 5031, 573, 71, 7258, 29042, 5908, 1275, 742, 359, 415, 75, 22260, 30, 13, 198, 46, 3149, 64, 564, 250, 51, 538, 5139, 33587, 309, 9271, 83, 349, 13345, 72, 11, 2906, 13632, 79, 5374, 13345, 72, 13, 198, 49, 53, 25, 1374, 466, 345, 779, 1919, 2056, 329, 3303, 22459, 30, 1867, 1611, 286, 2882, 389, 345, 4379, 422, 534, 10569, 319, 3009, 290, 3203, 30, 198, 2949, 24658, 269, 368, 346, 71, 5013, 75, 2906, 299, 12196, 265, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 13759, 75, 330, 84, 346, 12162, 267, 3149, 64, 564, 250, 6956, 447, 251, 1312, 71, 7258, 564, 250, 19024, 447, 251, 13, 554, 256, 75, 330, 993, 627, 259, 79, 529, 9520, 3465, 421, 72, 7456, 285, 494, 66, 11, 287, 261, 497, 354, 79, 529, 544, 285, 494, 66, 13, 554, 256, 75, 330, 993, 497, 21474, 75, 330, 84, 346, 12162, 564, 250, 79, 993, 8957, 421, 346, 528, 83, 4528, 447, 251, 1312, 71, 7258, 564, 250, 44871, 66, 256, 75, 1031, 1219, 20991, 7246, 447, 251, 13, 198, 49, 53, 25, 13786, 514, 281, 1672, 393, 734, 286, 257, 564, 250, 45, 12196, 25864, 9678, 286, 262, 3596, 447, 251, 17426, 18596, 397, 2596, 12196, 25864, 8, 198, 16, 13, 35201, 723, 88, 349, 313, 75, 25, 2744, 1031, 18840, 390, 35201, 723, 357, 45, 993, 723, 1658, 1288, 1055, 8358, 384, 302, 2127, 4496, 275, 34944, 8591, 279, 8207, 390, 267, 23528, 11, 355, 8836, 401, 78, 636, 68, 390, 14364, 395, 430, 435, 2611, 14035, 8607, 390, 14364, 47692, 269, 15573, 7501, 11, 279, 533, 66, 17305, 257, 555, 564, 250, 41607, 2006, 2634, 76, 3713, 447, 251, 2632, 952, 8, 1303, 18596, 397, 2596, 12196, 25864, 198, 17, 13, 48854, 993, 723, 528, 83, 4528, 25, 13333, 263, 4496, 357, 69, 41200, 3970, 8, 1303, 18596, 397, 2596, 12196, 25864, 198, 17, 13, 48854, 993, 723, 528, 83, 4528, 25, 14646, 357, 42854, 8, 198, 49, 53, 25, 554, 534, 4459, 11, 644, 318, 262, 2003, 286, 262, 399, 12196, 25864, 3303, 30, 198, 30403, 77, 2120, 11216, 493, 5031, 269, 14299, 256, 75, 330, 993, 287, 299, 993, 723, 400, 83, 692, 72, 627, 320, 265, 528, 4188, 357, 83, 11925, 287, 261, 3465, 421, 72, 7456, 828, 9838, 71, 7258, 627, 4178, 4352, 1031, 4188, 1312, 21108, 89, 282, 66, 323, 78, 1312, 71, 7258, 287, 299, 12196, 25864, 4352, 692, 72, 645, 35902, 64, 36945, 528, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,087
Hand hygiene is recognised world wide as one of the most effective hygiene practices to reduce infection. Find out more on the SA Health website. The South Australian Infection Control Service also works with clinicians and the public to prevent infections associated with health care An A-Z list is provided on the Parenting and Child Health website and covers everything you need to know about: - amoebic meningitis - the common cold Some infectious diseases are notifiable. In South Australia this means that the doctor and laboratory diagnosing this disease are required to report it by law, under the Public and Environmental Health Act 1987. To notify the Communicable Disease Control Branch phone the South Australian Government Department of Health on 8226 7177. Notification will ensure that steps are taken, where necessary, to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. On this site Medical centres and clinics Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health You’ve got what? - SA Health	[ 12885, 33306, 318, 20915, 995, 3094, 355, 530, 286, 262, 749, 4050, 33306, 6593, 284, 4646, 10280, 13, 9938, 503, 517, 198, 261, 262, 14719, 3893, 3052, 13, 198, 464, 2520, 6638, 26065, 295, 6779, 4809, 635, 2499, 351, 41883, 290, 262, 1171, 284, 2948, 16079, 3917, 351, 1535, 1337, 198, 2025, 317, 12, 57, 1351, 198, 271, 2810, 319, 262, 16774, 278, 290, 5932, 3893, 3052, 290, 8698, 2279, 345, 761, 284, 760, 546, 25, 198, 12, 716, 78, 1765, 291, 1450, 278, 11815, 198, 12, 262, 2219, 4692, 198, 4366, 25246, 10040, 389, 407, 16823, 13, 554, 2520, 4505, 428, 1724, 326, 262, 6253, 290, 14010, 6689, 2752, 428, 4369, 389, 2672, 284, 989, 340, 416, 1099, 11, 739, 262, 5094, 290, 13272, 3893, 2191, 12923, 13, 198, 2514, 19361, 262, 4440, 18424, 17344, 6779, 20551, 3072, 262, 2520, 6638, 5070, 2732, 286, 3893, 319, 807, 24909, 767, 22413, 13, 198, 3673, 2649, 481, 4155, 326, 4831, 389, 2077, 11, 810, 3306, 11, 284, 2948, 262, 4104, 286, 281, 25246, 4369, 13, 198, 2202, 428, 2524, 198, 37158, 19788, 290, 21434, 198, 32, 2865, 328, 1292, 290, 27663, 41407, 5451, 263, 1535, 198, 1639, 447, 247, 303, 1392, 644, 30, 532, 14719, 3893, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	206
Fled from Syria with 300 Catholic companions to Italy due to Monophysite persecution of Severus in 514. Ordained in Rome, Italy. Preacher in Umbria, Italy. Founded a monastery at Spoleto, Italy. Bishop of Spoleto for 20 years. When he arrived to assume his see, the people rejected him as a foreigner, but the city gates miraculously opened on their own to let him in, and the people realized that God wanted him there. He later resigned to found the abbey of Farfa in the Sabine hills near Rome. A renowned peacemaker, Lawrence had the gift of healing blindness, both physical and spiritual, which led to the title Illuminator. - “Saint Lawrence the Illuminator”. Saints.SQPN.com. 2 February 2010. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-lawrence-the-illuminator/>	[ 37, 992, 422, 4392, 351, 5867, 7835, 19429, 284, 8031, 2233, 284, 2892, 39665, 578, 22839, 286, 41343, 287, 642, 1415, 13, 14230, 1328, 287, 10598, 11, 8031, 13, 3771, 3493, 287, 35716, 7496, 11, 8031, 13, 4062, 276, 257, 38139, 379, 1338, 2305, 1462, 11, 8031, 13, 16559, 286, 1338, 2305, 1462, 329, 1160, 812, 13, 1649, 339, 5284, 284, 7048, 465, 766, 11, 262, 661, 8606, 683, 355, 257, 44897, 11, 475, 262, 1748, 17435, 30352, 18117, 4721, 319, 511, 898, 284, 1309, 683, 287, 11, 290, 262, 661, 6939, 326, 1793, 2227, 683, 612, 13, 679, 1568, 16542, 284, 1043, 262, 450, 23454, 286, 6755, 13331, 287, 262, 9910, 500, 18639, 1474, 10598, 13, 317, 22140, 41961, 32174, 11, 13914, 550, 262, 6979, 286, 11516, 37673, 11, 1111, 3518, 290, 8557, 11, 543, 2957, 284, 262, 3670, 5821, 7230, 1352, 13, 198, 12, 564, 250, 48615, 13914, 262, 5821, 7230, 1352, 447, 251, 13, 13048, 13, 50, 48, 13137, 13, 785, 13, 362, 3945, 3050, 13, 5313, 13, 2608, 1737, 2211, 13, 1279, 4023, 1378, 82, 6003, 13, 31166, 21999, 13, 785, 14, 82, 2913, 12, 6270, 6784, 12, 1169, 12, 359, 7230, 1352, 15913, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	199
Part 4 of Doug Sovern’s KCBS Cover Story series on online high school classes. \| Part 1 \| Part 2 \| Part 3 ALAMEDA (KCBS) – Tens of thousands of California high school students make up for failed classes by taking them again online with results that educators and students alike acknowledge demonstrates the need to re-think remote education. “I think it should be changed so you learn from it, but I don’t think it should be taken away because it does help people get their credits back,” said Brittany McGovern, an Alameda High School student who had a frustrating experience trying to re-take failed math and social studies classes. McGovern described being surrounded by so many unfocused students that she just stopped going to the computer center to finish her Geometry and Ethnic Studies make-ups. Her experience captures the challenge inherent in tailoring online education to the Facebook and YouTube generation of digital natives who grew up on the Internet, said Sally Murphy, senior director of undergraduate studies at Cal State East Bay. “The online environment for a lot of high school students is a social environment. It’s not a work environment. Students who see the computer as a playground are less likely to take it seriously,” she said. The result is students who get through classes without remembering what they were supposed to learn, Murphy said. Two-thirds of the incoming freshmen at Cal State University campuses need to take remedial classes because their high schools gave them a diploma, but not an adequate education. Critics say too many high schools feel pressured to raise graduation rates and let students make up classes by taking poorly supervised online courses. When properly supervised though, former Alameda principal Mike Cooper believes, cyber high can work by keeping kids who might otherwise drop out from going over the edge academically. “I really think there’s a place for it, but to call it learning and to call it a rigorous curriculum is, I don’t think, truthful,” Cooper said. “It needs to be watched and monitored and make sure that there’s actual learning going on, they’re not just giving credits away.” The boom in online learning can be attributed in part to how little it costs districts that according to Murphy, the Cal State East Bay administrator, now need to refocus on making sure kids actually learn and not just pass. “That means a smaller classroom. That means more teacher time. It means that we need to give more money to K-12 education,” she said. Cheryl Foster, principal at Raoul Wallenberg High School in San Francisco, said educators everywhere understand that many California kids are going off to college unprepared. “We are working on it,” Foster said, adding that no district had solved the problem. Cyber High and other online education services were not intended to replace face-to-face learning, said Dr. Michael Mueller, state director of Cyber High. Mueller said the California PASS Program was always envisioned as a second-chance to keep kids from dropping out of school. “I don’t think we’re designed to be the high school experience. We’re just designed to help out in those little areas that kids need that extra push to get them over the graduation finish line,” he said. (Copyright 2013 by CBS San Francisco. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)	[ 7841, 604, 286, 15115, 1406, 933, 447, 247, 82, 509, 22923, 17546, 8362, 2168, 319, 2691, 1029, 1524, 6097, 13, 930, 2142, 352, 930, 2142, 362, 930, 2142, 513, 198, 1847, 2390, 1961, 32, 357, 42, 22923, 8, 784, 40280, 286, 4138, 286, 3442, 1029, 1524, 2444, 787, 510, 329, 4054, 6097, 416, 2263, 606, 757, 2691, 351, 2482, 326, 30770, 290, 2444, 12936, 12127, 15687, 262, 761, 284, 302, 12, 14925, 6569, 3707, 13, 198, 447, 250, 40, 892, 340, 815, 307, 3421, 523, 345, 2193, 422, 340, 11, 475, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 892, 340, 815, 307, 2077, 1497, 780, 340, 857, 1037, 661, 651, 511, 10824, 736, 11, 447, 251, 531, 48773, 1982, 29168, 11, 281, 978, 49637, 3334, 3961, 3710, 508, 550, 257, 16655, 1998, 2111, 284, 302, 12, 20657, 4054, 10688, 290, 1919, 3640, 6097, 13, 198, 9742, 29168, 3417, 852, 11191, 416, 523, 867, 28312, 2444, 326, 673, 655, 5025, 1016, 284, 262, 3644, 3641, 284, 5461, 607, 2269, 15748, 290, 48021, 10422, 787, 12, 4739, 13, 198, 9360, 1998, 23007, 262, 4427, 11519, 287, 7894, 3255, 2691, 3707, 284, 262, 3203, 290, 7444, 5270, 286, 4875, 30962, 508, 6348, 510, 319, 262, 4455, 11, 531, 25737, 14424, 11, 4664, 3437, 286, 22952, 3640, 379, 2199, 1812, 3687, 4696, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 2691, 2858, 329, 257, 1256, 286, 1029, 1524, 2444, 318, 257, 1919, 2858, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 407, 257, 670, 2858, 13, 14882, 508, 766, 262, 3644, 355, 257, 24817, 389, 1342, 1884, 284, 1011, 340, 6411, 11, 447, 251, 673, 531, 13, 198, 464, 1255, 318, 2444, 508, 651, 832, 6097, 1231, 24865, 644, 484, 547, 4385, 284, 2193, 11, 14424, 531, 13, 198, 7571, 12, 17936, 286, 262, 15619, 45208, 379, 2199, 1812, 2059, 23003, 761, 284, 1011, 20100, 498, 6097, 780, 511, 1029, 4266, 2921, 606, 257, 41220, 11, 475, 407, 281, 12872, 3707, 13, 198, 36623, 910, 1165, 867, 1029, 4266, 1254, 32098, 284, 5298, 21571, 3965, 290, 1309, 2444, 787, 510, 6097, 416, 2263, 13455, 28679, 2691, 10902, 13, 198, 2215, 6105, 28679, 996, 11, 1966, 978, 49637, 10033, 4995, 10382, 5804, 11, 10075, 1029, 460, 670, 416, 5291, 3988, 508, 1244, 4306, 4268, 503, 422, 1016, 625, 262, 5743, 15574, 1146, 13, 198, 447, 250, 40, 1107, 892, 612, 447, 247, 82, 257, 1295, 329, 340, 11, 475, 284, 869, 340, 4673, 290, 284, 869, 340, 257, 22888, 20583, 318, 11, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 892, 11, 42278, 11, 447, 251, 10382, 531, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1026, 2476, 284, 307, 7342, 290, 20738, 290, 787, 1654, 326, 612, 447, 247, 82, 4036, 4673, 1016, 319, 11, 484, 447, 247, 260, 407, 655, 3501, 10824, 1497, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 14166, 287, 2691, 4673, 460, 307, 14183, 287, 636, 284, 703, 1310, 340, 3484, 12815, 326, 1864, 284, 14424, 11, 262, 2199, 1812, 3687, 4696, 18382, 11, 783, 761, 284, 1006, 10901, 319, 1642, 1654, 3988, 1682, 2193, 290, 407, 655, 1208, 13, 198, 447, 250, 2504, 1724, 257, 4833, 15806, 13, 1320, 1724, 517, 4701, 640, 13, 632, 1724, 326, 356, 761, 284, 1577, 517, 1637, 284, 509, 12, 1065, 3707, 11, 447, 251, 673, 531, 13, 198, 34, 372, 2645, 18489, 11, 10033, 379, 7567, 2852, 5007, 23140, 3334, 3961, 287, 2986, 6033, 11, 531, 30770, 8347, 1833, 326, 867, 3442, 3988, 389, 1016, 572, 284, 4152, 45102, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1135, 389, 1762, 319, 340, 11, 447, 251, 18489, 531, 11, 4375, 326, 645, 4783, 550, 16019, 262, 1917, 13, 198, 20418, 527, 3334, 290, 584, 2691, 3707, 2594, 547, 407, 5292, 284, 6330, 1986, 12, 1462, 12, 2550, 4673, 11, 531, 1583, 13, 3899, 17768, 11, 1181, 3437, 286, 15101, 3334, 13, 198, 44, 16466, 531, 262, 3442, 41752, 6118, 373, 1464, 32295, 355, 257, 1218, 12, 39486, 284, 1394, 3988, 422, 12047, 503, 286, 1524, 13, 198, 447, 250, 40, 836, 447, 247, 83, 892, 356, 447, 247, 260, 3562, 284, 307, 262, 1029, 1524, 1998, 13, 775, 447, 247, 260, 655, 3562, 284, 1037, 503, 287, 883, 1310, 3006, 326, 3988, 761, 326, 3131, 4574, 284, 651, 606, 625, 262, 21571, 5461, 1627, 11, 447, 251, 339, 531, 13, 198, 7, 15269, 2211, 416, 11133, 2986, 6033, 13, 1439, 6923, 33876, 13, 770, 2587, 743, 407, 307, 3199, 11, 7025, 11, 30101, 11, 393, 38913, 2014, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	734
Alana Potter, lead author of the WASHCost working paper on “Assessing hygiene cost-effectiveness“, explains the importance of changing hygiene behaviours so that improved water and sanitation can lead to the expected health benefits. She has been reviewing indicators, tools and methods that sector institutions are using to monitor and measure hygiene behaviour change and identified three key hygiene behaviours common to all of these tools. Simply put, these are hand washing, using a toilet (i.e. separation of faeces from users) and safe management of household water. These are crucial for health benefits to be derived from improved water and should be remembered on World Water Day. Interview and video by Nicolas Dickinson, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre March 21, 2012 Source: IRC / WASHCost, 21 Mar 2012	[ 2348, 2271, 14179, 11, 1085, 1772, 286, 262, 370, 11211, 13729, 1762, 3348, 319, 564, 250, 8021, 27289, 33306, 1575, 12, 10760, 6517, 447, 250, 11, 6688, 262, 6817, 286, 5609, 33306, 38975, 523, 326, 6596, 1660, 290, 39958, 460, 1085, 284, 262, 2938, 1535, 4034, 13, 1375, 468, 587, 17217, 21337, 11, 4899, 290, 5050, 326, 6567, 6712, 389, 1262, 284, 5671, 290, 3953, 33306, 9172, 1487, 290, 5174, 1115, 1994, 33306, 38975, 2219, 284, 477, 286, 777, 4899, 13, 17973, 1234, 11, 777, 389, 1021, 20518, 11, 1262, 257, 16146, 357, 72, 13, 68, 13, 14139, 286, 24685, 721, 274, 422, 2985, 8, 290, 3338, 4542, 286, 6641, 1660, 13, 2312, 389, 8780, 329, 1535, 4034, 284, 307, 10944, 422, 6596, 1660, 290, 815, 307, 12086, 319, 2159, 5638, 3596, 13, 198, 39945, 290, 2008, 416, 29737, 47485, 11, 30039, 4037, 5638, 290, 2986, 3780, 9072, 198, 16192, 2310, 11, 2321, 198, 7416, 25, 30039, 1220, 370, 11211, 13729, 11, 2310, 1526, 2321, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	166
School cafeterias across the country are serving up delicious and different menu items that are nutritious too. Whether it's Spicy Stir Fry, Chicken Curry Salad, or Cuban Style Roast Pork, international recipes helps school districts to meet nutrition standards in a fun way. It also helps students to understand and appreciate different cultures. To provide students a wider range of vegetables, Wayzata Public Schools in MN offers a Spicy Lemon Chicken Stir Fry dish full of veggies like broccoli, carrot strips, green beans, crisp water chestnuts, onions and julienned red bell pepper. Highline School District, WA (featured in the video) below provides kids with fun, educational activities that match the cultures represented on the lunch menu to promote cultural awareness among students. Interested in ethnic menu options? Check out the whole story and learn more about new ethnic school menus at: http://www.traytalk.org/ethnic-foods-spicing-up-school-menus/ Tray Talk is not Mealtalk!Do you know that Tray Talk and Mealtalk are different programs? Mealtalk is USDA's listserv and Tray Talk (www.traytalk.org) is SNA's website for parents to help them understand the facts about school meals and learn about school nutrition success stories from around the country. © 2000 - 2013 School Nutrition Association, All Rights Reserved	[ 26130, 19945, 2357, 4448, 1973, 262, 1499, 389, 7351, 510, 12625, 290, 1180, 6859, 3709, 326, 389, 48102, 1165, 13, 198, 15354, 340, 338, 1338, 4611, 33689, 25305, 11, 16405, 20920, 42706, 11, 393, 18147, 17738, 5564, 459, 44062, 11, 3230, 14296, 5419, 1524, 12815, 284, 1826, 16633, 5423, 287, 257, 1257, 835, 13, 632, 635, 5419, 2444, 284, 1833, 290, 9144, 1180, 13817, 13, 198, 2514, 2148, 2444, 257, 10595, 2837, 286, 13701, 11, 6378, 89, 1045, 5094, 20357, 287, 29060, 4394, 257, 1338, 4611, 27252, 16405, 33689, 25305, 9433, 1336, 286, 39425, 588, 44653, 11, 40562, 22670, 11, 4077, 16567, 11, 23453, 1660, 7721, 31381, 11, 24681, 290, 474, 32176, 1697, 276, 2266, 8966, 13385, 13, 198, 11922, 1370, 3961, 5665, 11, 16400, 357, 69, 20980, 287, 262, 2008, 8, 2174, 3769, 3988, 351, 1257, 11, 9856, 4568, 326, 2872, 262, 13817, 7997, 319, 262, 9965, 6859, 284, 7719, 6467, 9359, 1871, 2444, 13, 198, 48860, 287, 9450, 6859, 3689, 30, 6822, 503, 262, 2187, 1621, 290, 2193, 517, 546, 649, 9450, 1524, 26798, 379, 25, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 2213, 323, 16620, 13, 2398, 14, 38546, 12, 19425, 82, 12, 2777, 6345, 12, 929, 12, 14347, 12, 3653, 385, 14, 198, 51, 2433, 12167, 318, 407, 2185, 2501, 971, 0, 5211, 345, 760, 326, 34575, 12167, 290, 2185, 2501, 971, 389, 1180, 4056, 30, 2185, 2501, 971, 318, 29986, 338, 8341, 712, 290, 34575, 12167, 357, 2503, 13, 2213, 323, 16620, 13, 2398, 8, 318, 311, 4535, 338, 3052, 329, 3397, 284, 1037, 606, 1833, 262, 6419, 546, 1524, 13840, 290, 2193, 546, 1524, 16633, 1943, 3923, 422, 1088, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 16224, 4751, 532, 2211, 3961, 23285, 5396, 11, 1439, 6923, 33876, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	288
North Berwick High School's Health Web. The pages on this site contain a range of interesting tasks designed to help pupils increase their understanding of health and wellbeing. are used by a variety of subjects across the school to enhance work in the classroom and at home. our Bodyzone for a wide range of tasks to help you learn how your body works. You will also discover what you should and should not do to take proper care of your body. After all, it's the only one you've got! Our school Health Web includes a number of Health Challenges on A4 worksheets. They cover important matters of health and wellbeing and capture the interest of pupils by the use of quiz-based exercises in a variety of styles. Click below to try some out: above to open the file. If your browser is Google Chrome you may need to right click and use 'Save link as' to download Health care is very important in Britain. But how much do you know about health care and the National Health Service? Your teacher may display the Health Alphabet above on a Alternatively, you can click on the image to open up the sheet on this computer. The answers are listed at Are you easily you touch a wasp? Even a dead one? The feeling of disgust plays an important role in keeping us healthy. Find out how by completing an online BBC experiment. Click the picture and follow the instructions carefully.	[ 14157, 4312, 16239, 3334, 3961, 338, 3893, 5313, 13, 198, 464, 5468, 319, 198, 5661, 2524, 3994, 257, 2837, 286, 3499, 8861, 3562, 198, 1462, 1037, 25613, 2620, 511, 4547, 286, 1535, 290, 40013, 13, 198, 533, 973, 416, 257, 4996, 286, 7481, 1973, 262, 1524, 284, 9494, 670, 287, 262, 15806, 290, 379, 1363, 13, 198, 454, 12290, 11340, 329, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 8861, 284, 1037, 345, 2193, 703, 198, 14108, 1767, 2499, 13, 198, 1639, 481, 635, 7073, 644, 345, 815, 290, 815, 407, 466, 198, 1462, 1011, 1774, 1337, 286, 534, 1767, 13, 198, 3260, 477, 11, 340, 338, 198, 1169, 691, 530, 345, 1053, 1392, 0, 198, 5122, 1524, 3893, 5313, 3407, 198, 64, 1271, 286, 3893, 44495, 319, 317, 19, 2499, 258, 1039, 13, 198, 2990, 3002, 1593, 6067, 286, 1535, 290, 40013, 290, 198, 27144, 495, 262, 1393, 286, 25613, 416, 262, 779, 286, 38964, 12, 3106, 198, 1069, 2798, 2696, 287, 257, 4996, 286, 12186, 13, 6914, 198, 35993, 284, 1949, 617, 503, 25, 198, 29370, 284, 1280, 262, 2393, 13, 1002, 534, 6444, 318, 3012, 13282, 198, 5832, 743, 761, 284, 826, 198, 12976, 290, 779, 705, 16928, 2792, 355, 6, 284, 4321, 198, 18081, 1337, 318, 845, 1593, 287, 5491, 13, 198, 1537, 703, 881, 466, 345, 760, 546, 1535, 1337, 290, 262, 198, 16186, 3893, 4809, 30, 198, 7120, 4701, 743, 3359, 262, 3893, 45695, 2029, 319, 257, 198, 44163, 11, 345, 460, 3904, 319, 262, 2939, 284, 1280, 510, 262, 198, 21760, 319, 428, 3644, 13, 383, 7429, 389, 5610, 379, 198, 8491, 345, 3538, 198, 5832, 3638, 257, 373, 79, 30, 3412, 257, 2636, 530, 30, 198, 464, 4203, 286, 16234, 5341, 281, 1593, 2597, 287, 198, 19934, 514, 5448, 13, 9938, 503, 703, 416, 14339, 281, 198, 25119, 7823, 6306, 13, 6914, 262, 4286, 290, 198, 27780, 262, 7729, 7773, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	316
Unless you're a detective, a thief or a strangely nosy person, you wouldn't take your neighbor's trash and dump it in your kitchen, let alone consume it. On the other hand, if you were dying of scurvy, those limes they threw away after last night's margarita party might look surprisingly appetizing. Accepting a transplant of someone else's stool, however carefully tested, might sound just as extreme, but -- thanks in part to its effectiveness in treating the intractable bug Clostridium difficile -- fecal microbiota transplantation might just be the next big thing in medicine [sources: Grady; Hudson; Mayo Clinic]. C. difficile, an emerging epidemic in hospitals and nursing homes, primarily affects older patients during long stays in care facilities. Like opportunistic weeds, the bacteria move into areas of the gut decimated by the very antibiotics intended to oust infections (antibiotics don't distinguish bacterial friend from foe). Once in the gut, C. difficile cranks out toxins that damage the intestinal lining, causing symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening colon inflammation. To make matters worse, C. difficile has grown increasingly virulent and antibiotic-resistant in recent years [sources: Grady; Hudson; Mayo Clinic]. Sending bacteria to fight bacteria makes good sense. Far from being a mere batch of bugs, many bacteria and other microbes are not only our friends, they are part of us. Our bodies contain nine to 10 times as many microbial cells as human ones; we each play host to 100 trillion bacteria. It's all part of a microbiome, an ecosystem of microbial communities that perform all kinds of useful work, from enabling digestion to aiding our immune systems [sources: Khoruts; Zimmer; Zimmer]. The recognition of microbial contributions to health has given rise to the growing field of medical ecology, which approaches the body's microbiome as a garden to be nurtured and, if necessary, weeded. Fecal transplantation extends this philosophy to "organically mulching" the gut garden: Stool from a healthy donor contains beneficial gut microorganisms, aka flora, 60-80 percent of which will take up residence in the recipient's gut, replacing those destroyed by antibiotics and infections, and overthrowing harmful communities like C. difficile [sources: Borody; Hudson]. Driving the need for such novel techniques are the ever-increasing numbers of people, particularly the elderly, who die each year from gastrointestinal infections. In the U.S. such deaths more than doubled from 1999 to 2007, rising from 7,000 to more than 17,000 a year [source: CDC]. Eighty-three percent of those fatalities occurred among patients over 65, two-thirds of whom died from C. difficile infections [source: CDC]. Fecal microbiota transplantation might sound outlandish or even a bit disgusting, but it restocks the body with some of the many microbes it needs to recover, live and thrive.	[ 28042, 345, 821, 257, 20775, 11, 257, 25906, 393, 257, 29381, 43630, 88, 1048, 11, 345, 3636, 470, 1011, 534, 4780, 338, 13913, 290, 10285, 340, 287, 534, 9592, 11, 1309, 3436, 15000, 340, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 611, 345, 547, 9950, 286, 629, 333, 7670, 11, 883, 300, 999, 484, 9617, 1497, 706, 938, 1755, 338, 6145, 283, 5350, 2151, 1244, 804, 12362, 16422, 2890, 13, 198, 38855, 278, 257, 23319, 286, 2130, 2073, 338, 38753, 11, 2158, 7773, 6789, 11, 1244, 2128, 655, 355, 3257, 11, 475, 1377, 5176, 287, 636, 284, 663, 13530, 287, 13622, 262, 493, 974, 540, 5434, 1012, 455, 6058, 1505, 814, 291, 576, 1377, 27685, 282, 42784, 23319, 341, 1244, 655, 307, 262, 1306, 1263, 1517, 287, 9007, 685, 82, 2203, 25, 1902, 4597, 26, 19995, 26, 32987, 26690, 4083, 198, 34, 13, 814, 291, 576, 11, 281, 11823, 18195, 287, 11301, 290, 19167, 5682, 11, 7525, 10975, 4697, 3871, 1141, 890, 14768, 287, 1337, 7291, 13, 4525, 2755, 2569, 36708, 11, 262, 11492, 1445, 656, 3006, 286, 262, 12500, 875, 15655, 416, 262, 845, 22392, 5292, 284, 50151, 16079, 357, 415, 571, 18296, 836, 470, 15714, 23462, 1545, 422, 22156, 737, 4874, 287, 262, 12500, 11, 327, 13, 814, 291, 576, 1067, 2283, 503, 31930, 326, 2465, 262, 32031, 20883, 11, 6666, 7460, 12897, 422, 36004, 284, 1204, 12, 26159, 7633, 20881, 13, 1675, 787, 6067, 4785, 11, 327, 13, 814, 291, 576, 468, 7334, 6481, 5709, 15288, 290, 29883, 12, 26128, 287, 2274, 812, 685, 82, 2203, 25, 1902, 4597, 26, 19995, 26, 32987, 26690, 4083, 198, 50, 1571, 11492, 284, 1907, 11492, 1838, 922, 2565, 13, 6755, 422, 852, 257, 5019, 15458, 286, 11316, 11, 867, 11492, 290, 584, 33712, 389, 407, 691, 674, 2460, 11, 484, 389, 636, 286, 514, 13, 3954, 5920, 3994, 5193, 284, 838, 1661, 355, 867, 36603, 4778, 355, 1692, 3392, 26, 356, 1123, 711, 2583, 284, 1802, 12989, 11492, 13, 632, 338, 477, 636, 286, 257, 48465, 11, 281, 13187, 286, 36603, 5348, 326, 1620, 477, 6982, 286, 4465, 670, 11, 422, 15882, 44639, 284, 37221, 674, 10900, 3341, 685, 82, 2203, 25, 5311, 273, 5500, 26, 18926, 26, 18926, 4083, 198, 464, 9465, 286, 36603, 9284, 284, 1535, 468, 1813, 4485, 284, 262, 3957, 2214, 286, 3315, 36517, 11, 543, 10581, 262, 1767, 338, 48465, 355, 257, 11376, 284, 307, 23868, 1522, 290, 11, 611, 3306, 11, 356, 15395, 13, 376, 721, 282, 23319, 341, 14582, 428, 8876, 284, 366, 9971, 1146, 35971, 10813, 1, 262, 12500, 11376, 25, 520, 970, 422, 257, 5448, 17052, 4909, 13205, 12500, 4580, 45165, 11, 22430, 48037, 11, 3126, 12, 1795, 1411, 286, 543, 481, 1011, 510, 11566, 287, 262, 17800, 338, 12500, 11, 13586, 883, 6572, 416, 22392, 290, 16079, 11, 290, 34514, 11577, 13568, 5348, 588, 327, 13, 814, 291, 576, 685, 82, 2203, 25, 12182, 1118, 26, 19995, 4083, 198, 20564, 1075, 262, 761, 329, 884, 5337, 7605, 389, 262, 1683, 12, 42647, 3146, 286, 661, 11, 3573, 262, 13830, 11, 508, 4656, 1123, 614, 422, 40887, 16079, 13, 554, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 884, 7040, 517, 621, 15229, 422, 7358, 284, 4343, 11, 7396, 422, 767, 11, 830, 284, 517, 621, 1596, 11, 830, 257, 614, 685, 10459, 25, 20434, 4083, 412, 14400, 12, 15542, 1411, 286, 883, 30091, 5091, 1871, 3871, 625, 6135, 11, 734, 12, 17936, 286, 4150, 3724, 422, 327, 13, 814, 291, 576, 16079, 685, 10459, 25, 20434, 4083, 198, 37, 721, 282, 42784, 23319, 341, 1244, 2128, 47284, 393, 772, 257, 1643, 23374, 11, 475, 340, 1334, 3320, 262, 1767, 351, 617, 286, 262, 867, 33712, 340, 2476, 284, 8551, 11, 2107, 290, 22191, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	621
Download chapter 3: 'Basic SOA Using REST' This chapter is excerpted from the book titled, SOA Using Java Web Services, authored by Mark Hansen, published by Prentice Hall Professional, May, 2007, ISBN 0130449687, Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. For more information please visit: www.prenhallprofessional.com 3.1.1 What Is REST?REST-style services (i.e., RESTful services) adhere to a set of constraints and architectural principles that include the following: - RESTful services are stateless. As Fielding writes in Section 5.1.3 of his thesis, "each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server." - RESTful services have a uniform interface. This constraint is usually taken to mean that the only allowed operations are the HTTP operations: GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE. - REST-based architectures are built from resources (pieces of information) that are uniquely identified by URIs. For example, in a RESTful purchasing system, each purchase order has a unique URI. - REST components manipulate resources by exchanging representations of the resources. For example, a purchase order resource can be represented by an XML document. Within a RESTful purchasing system, a purchase order might be updated by posting an XML document containing the changed purchase order to its URI. These are the basic principles behind REST. However, when people talk about the benefits of RESTful systems today, they usually are not strictly applying these principles. For example, among REST advocates, keeping shopping cart data on the server and maintaining a session related to the shopping process that is using the cart is acceptable.2 In fact, the XML/HTTP Binding provided by JAX-WS for implementing RESTful services provides for session management capabilities using cookies, URL rewriting, and SSL session IDs. More significant deviations from Fielding's definition of REST involve getting around the "uniform interface" constraint by embedding verbs and parameters inside URLs. The Amazom.com REST interface, for example, includes verbs in query strings and doesn't have unique URIs for each resource. Systems like this, although labeled as RESTful, are really starting to look very much like RPC using XML over HTTP without SOAP. For the purposes of this book, I am not going to wade into a debate on what is or isn't RESTful. I simply define RESTful Web Services in contrast to SOAP Web Services. Table 3–1 illustrates the principal differences. a. Some would argue that XML Schema could be used as an interface definition for RESTful services. Not only is that approach possible, but it is used in many practical cases. However, it is not a complete interface solution because many, if not most, RESTful services incorporate HTTP parameters (e.g., URL query strings) in addition to XML as part of their invocation interface. Chapter 9 looks at the Yahoo! Shopping RESTful interface, which uses HTTP parameters in this manner. This is consistent with common usage in the REST versus SOAP debates. REST uses simple XML over HTTP without a WSDL interface definition. 3.1.2 Topics Covered in This ChapterIn addition to introducing RESTful Web Services, this chapter introduces and reviews some basic techniques for integrating Enterprise Information Systems (EISs) using XML, XSLT, HTTP, and Java. For each example, I demonstrate how to implement it with and without JWS. The versions of the examples without JWS use basic Java HTTP and XML techniques. Both approaches are provided to give you a sense of what is really happening, under the covers, when a Web service is consumed or deployed using JWS. This should give you a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying JWS and when to use them. For simple Web services, often it is easier to work with the basic Java tools than to pull out all the power of JWS. On the other hand, you will see from these examples how things can quickly get complicated and require the power of the JWS technologies. Since one focus of this book is on SOA-style development for the enterprise, many of the examples deal with EIS—the basic infrastructure of most corporate computing environments. This chapter describes - Structuring EIS Records as XML documents - Getting EIS records from a REST service (with and without JWS) - Posting EIS records to a REST service (with and without JWS) - Basic SOA-style integration of REST services using XSLT for data transformation - Deploying a REST service to be used for getting EIS records—in other words, an HTTP GET service (with and without JWS) - Deploying a REST service to be used for posting EIS records—in other words, an HTTP POST service (with and without JWS) 3.2 XML Documents and Schema for EIS RecordsThe first step toward implementing an SOA component that consumes or provides EIS records involves formatting the EIS records that need to be exchanged as XML documents. This process is formalized by creating an XML Schema to represent the structure of an XML document for a particular EIS record. This section introduces some simple examples that are used throughout this chapter to illustrate the role of XML and XML Schema in SOA-style applications development based on Web Services. Understanding these examples requires a basic knowledge of XML and XML Schema. If you are new to XML, you should get an introductory text such as Beginning XML by David Hunter et al. [Hunter]. For the necessary background on XML Schema, I suggest Definitive XML Schema by Priscilla Walmsley [Walmsley]. Alternatively, if you know basic XML, but need to brush up on XML Schema, you can probably find all you need to know for this book by reading through the W3C's "XML Schema Part 0: Primer" [XSD Part 0]. To illustrate how XML is used, I employ an example based on the fictitious XYZ Corporation. The example illustrates real SOA challenges faced by many companies. XYZ Corporation has an Order Management System (OMS) that needs to be integrated with a Customer Service System (CSS). The OMS should be thought of as an EIS, such as SAP, for taking customer orders and tracking them through delivery. The CSS should be thought of as an EIS, such as Oracle's Siebel Customer Relationship Management Applications, that is used by customer service employees as a tool for handling customer inquiries. XYZ Corporation would like to build an SOA application bridging the OMS and the CSS. Every time a new order is entered in the OMS (or an existing order is updated), the new SOA application should transfer that information to the CSS and add it to the relevant customer's history log. The purpose of this SOA application is to ensure that customer service representatives have fast access, through the CSS, to basic customer order information. If customer service representatives need access to more detailed order information from the OMS, the CSS will contain the keys within the customer history log (updated via the SOA application) to query the OMS and access that detailed information. Figure 3–1 illustrates what an OMS order record looks like as it might appear on a user interface. Visit the Prentice Hall Professional website for a detailed description and to learn how to purchase this title. This was first published in May 2007	[ 10002, 6843, 513, 25, 705, 26416, 12809, 32, 8554, 30617, 6, 198, 1212, 6843, 318, 20911, 276, 422, 262, 1492, 11946, 11, 12809, 32, 8554, 7349, 5313, 6168, 11, 33941, 416, 2940, 27667, 11, 3199, 416, 350, 20098, 4789, 18612, 11, 1737, 11, 4343, 11, 32429, 5534, 1270, 31911, 39925, 11, 15069, 4343, 31074, 7868, 11, 3457, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 3387, 3187, 25, 7324, 13, 79, 918, 18323, 33163, 13, 785, 198, 18, 13, 16, 13, 16, 1867, 1148, 30617, 30, 49, 6465, 12, 7635, 2594, 357, 72, 13, 68, 1539, 30617, 913, 2594, 8, 26325, 284, 257, 900, 286, 17778, 290, 27070, 7811, 326, 2291, 262, 1708, 25, 198, 12, 30617, 913, 2594, 389, 1181, 1203, 13, 1081, 7663, 278, 6797, 287, 7275, 642, 13, 16, 13, 18, 286, 465, 21554, 11, 366, 27379, 2581, 422, 5456, 284, 4382, 1276, 3994, 477, 262, 1321, 3306, 284, 1833, 262, 2581, 11, 290, 2314, 1011, 4621, 286, 597, 8574, 4732, 319, 262, 4382, 526, 198, 12, 30617, 913, 2594, 423, 257, 8187, 7071, 13, 770, 32315, 318, 3221, 2077, 284, 1612, 326, 262, 691, 3142, 4560, 389, 262, 14626, 4560, 25, 17151, 11, 24582, 11, 350, 3843, 11, 290, 5550, 2538, 9328, 13, 198, 12, 30617, 12, 3106, 45619, 389, 3170, 422, 4133, 357, 34154, 286, 1321, 8, 326, 389, 24139, 5174, 416, 37902, 3792, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 287, 257, 30617, 913, 14080, 1080, 11, 1123, 5001, 1502, 468, 257, 3748, 43975, 13, 198, 12, 30617, 6805, 18510, 4133, 416, 39167, 24612, 286, 262, 4133, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 5001, 1502, 8271, 460, 307, 7997, 416, 281, 23735, 3188, 13, 12511, 257, 30617, 913, 14080, 1080, 11, 257, 5001, 1502, 1244, 307, 6153, 416, 10754, 281, 23735, 3188, 7268, 262, 3421, 5001, 1502, 284, 663, 43975, 13, 198, 4711, 389, 262, 4096, 7811, 2157, 30617, 13, 2102, 11, 618, 661, 1561, 546, 262, 4034, 286, 30617, 913, 3341, 1909, 11, 484, 3221, 389, 407, 14084, 11524, 777, 7811, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 1871, 30617, 11009, 11, 5291, 9735, 6383, 1366, 319, 262, 4382, 290, 10941, 257, 6246, 3519, 284, 262, 9735, 1429, 326, 318, 1262, 262, 6383, 318, 10909, 13, 17, 554, 1109, 11, 262, 23735, 14, 40717, 38904, 2810, 416, 449, 25922, 12, 19416, 329, 15427, 30617, 913, 2594, 3769, 329, 6246, 4542, 9889, 1262, 14746, 11, 10289, 49614, 11, 290, 25952, 6246, 32373, 13, 198, 5167, 2383, 47060, 422, 7663, 278, 338, 6770, 286, 30617, 6211, 1972, 1088, 262, 366, 403, 6933, 7071, 1, 32315, 416, 11525, 12083, 41781, 290, 10007, 2641, 32336, 13, 383, 1703, 1031, 296, 13, 785, 30617, 7071, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 3407, 41781, 287, 12405, 13042, 290, 1595, 470, 423, 3748, 37902, 3792, 329, 1123, 8271, 13, 11998, 588, 428, 11, 3584, 15494, 355, 30617, 913, 11, 389, 1107, 3599, 284, 804, 845, 881, 588, 39400, 1262, 23735, 625, 14626, 1231, 12809, 2969, 13, 198, 1890, 262, 4959, 286, 428, 1492, 11, 314, 716, 407, 1016, 284, 266, 671, 656, 257, 4384, 319, 644, 318, 393, 2125, 470, 30617, 913, 13, 314, 2391, 8160, 30617, 913, 5313, 6168, 287, 6273, 284, 12809, 2969, 5313, 6168, 13, 8655, 513, 1906, 16, 21290, 262, 10033, 5400, 13, 198, 64, 13, 2773, 561, 7267, 326, 23735, 10011, 2611, 714, 307, 973, 355, 281, 7071, 6770, 329, 30617, 913, 2594, 13, 1892, 691, 318, 326, 3164, 1744, 11, 475, 340, 318, 973, 287, 867, 8472, 2663, 13, 2102, 11, 340, 318, 407, 257, 1844, 7071, 4610, 780, 867, 11, 611, 407, 749, 11, 30617, 913, 2594, 19330, 14626, 10007, 357, 68, 13, 70, 1539, 10289, 12405, 13042, 8, 287, 3090, 284, 23735, 355, 636, 286, 511, 43219, 7071, 13, 7006, 860, 3073, 379, 262, 16551, 0, 39109, 30617, 913, 7071, 11, 543, 3544, 14626, 10007, 287, 428, 5642, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 6414, 351, 2219, 8748, 287, 262, 30617, 9051, 12809, 2969, 15389, 13, 30617, 3544, 2829, 23735, 625, 14626, 1231, 257, 370, 10305, 43, 7071, 6770, 13, 198, 18, 13, 16, 13, 17, 34440, 327, 2557, 287, 770, 7006, 818, 3090, 284, 16118, 30617, 913, 5313, 6168, 11, 428, 6843, 20718, 290, 8088, 617, 4096, 7605, 329, 32029, 14973, 6188, 11998, 357, 36, 1797, 82, 8, 1262, 23735, 11, 1395, 8634, 51, 11, 14626, 11, 290, 7349, 13, 1114, 1123, 1672, 11, 314, 10176, 703, 284, 3494, 340, 351, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 13, 383, 6300, 286, 262, 6096, 1231, 449, 19416, 779, 4096, 7349, 14626, 290, 23735, 7605, 13, 5747, 10581, 389, 2810, 284, 1577, 345, 257, 2565, 286, 644, 318, 1107, 5836, 11, 739, 262, 8698, 11, 618, 257, 5313, 2139, 318, 13529, 393, 12380, 1262, 449, 19416, 13, 770, 815, 1577, 345, 257, 1365, 4547, 286, 262, 11701, 10238, 449, 19416, 290, 618, 284, 779, 606, 13, 1114, 2829, 5313, 2594, 11, 1690, 340, 318, 4577, 284, 670, 351, 262, 4096, 7349, 4899, 621, 284, 2834, 503, 477, 262, 1176, 286, 449, 19416, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 345, 481, 766, 422, 777, 6096, 703, 1243, 460, 2952, 651, 8253, 290, 2421, 262, 1176, 286, 262, 449, 19416, 8514, 13, 198, 6385, 530, 2962, 286, 428, 1492, 318, 319, 12809, 32, 12, 7635, 2478, 329, 262, 13953, 11, 867, 286, 262, 6096, 1730, 351, 412, 1797, 960, 1169, 4096, 6884, 286, 749, 6355, 14492, 12493, 13, 770, 6843, 8477, 198, 12, 32112, 870, 412, 1797, 13407, 355, 23735, 4963, 198, 12, 18067, 412, 1797, 4406, 422, 257, 30617, 2139, 357, 4480, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 8, 198, 12, 2947, 278, 412, 1797, 4406, 284, 257, 30617, 2139, 357, 4480, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 8, 198, 12, 14392, 12809, 32, 12, 7635, 11812, 286, 30617, 2594, 1262, 1395, 8634, 51, 329, 1366, 13389, 198, 12, 34706, 278, 257, 30617, 2139, 284, 307, 973, 329, 1972, 412, 1797, 4406, 960, 259, 584, 2456, 11, 281, 14626, 17151, 2139, 357, 4480, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 8, 198, 12, 34706, 278, 257, 30617, 2139, 284, 307, 973, 329, 10754, 412, 1797, 4406, 960, 259, 584, 2456, 11, 281, 14626, 24582, 2139, 357, 4480, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 8, 198, 18, 13, 17, 23735, 33267, 290, 10011, 2611, 329, 412, 1797, 13407, 464, 717, 2239, 3812, 15427, 281, 12809, 32, 7515, 326, 37225, 393, 3769, 412, 1797, 4406, 9018, 33313, 262, 412, 1797, 4406, 326, 761, 284, 307, 22112, 355, 23735, 4963, 13, 770, 1429, 318, 8766, 1143, 416, 4441, 281, 23735, 10011, 2611, 284, 2380, 262, 4645, 286, 281, 23735, 3188, 329, 257, 1948, 412, 1797, 1700, 13, 770, 2665, 20718, 617, 2829, 6096, 326, 389, 973, 3690, 428, 6843, 284, 19418, 262, 2597, 286, 23735, 290, 23735, 10011, 2611, 287, 12809, 32, 12, 7635, 5479, 2478, 1912, 319, 5313, 6168, 13, 28491, 777, 6096, 4433, 257, 4096, 3725, 286, 23735, 290, 23735, 10011, 2611, 13, 1002, 345, 389, 649, 284, 23735, 11, 345, 815, 651, 281, 33982, 2420, 884, 355, 25976, 23735, 416, 3271, 9055, 2123, 435, 13, 685, 38803, 4083, 1114, 262, 3306, 4469, 319, 23735, 10011, 2611, 11, 314, 1950, 46634, 23735, 10011, 2611, 416, 1736, 2304, 5049, 6445, 907, 1636, 685, 21902, 907, 1636, 4083, 25929, 11, 611, 345, 760, 4096, 23735, 11, 475, 761, 284, 14093, 510, 319, 23735, 10011, 2611, 11, 345, 460, 2192, 1064, 477, 345, 761, 284, 760, 329, 428, 1492, 416, 3555, 832, 262, 370, 18, 34, 338, 366, 55, 5805, 10011, 2611, 2142, 657, 25, 11460, 263, 1, 685, 55, 10305, 2142, 657, 4083, 198, 2514, 19418, 703, 23735, 318, 973, 11, 314, 1873, 281, 1672, 1912, 319, 262, 46718, 41420, 57, 10501, 13, 383, 1672, 21290, 1103, 12809, 32, 6459, 7452, 416, 867, 2706, 13, 41420, 57, 10501, 468, 281, 8284, 8549, 4482, 357, 2662, 50, 8, 326, 2476, 284, 307, 11521, 351, 257, 22092, 4809, 4482, 357, 49155, 737, 383, 440, 5653, 815, 307, 1807, 286, 355, 281, 412, 1797, 11, 884, 355, 48323, 11, 329, 2263, 6491, 6266, 290, 9646, 606, 832, 7585, 13, 383, 17391, 815, 307, 1807, 286, 355, 281, 412, 1797, 11, 884, 355, 18650, 338, 48931, 6667, 22092, 39771, 8549, 26622, 11, 326, 318, 973, 416, 6491, 2139, 4409, 355, 257, 2891, 329, 9041, 6491, 23538, 13, 198, 34278, 57, 10501, 561, 588, 284, 1382, 281, 12809, 32, 3586, 38265, 2667, 262, 440, 5653, 290, 262, 17391, 13, 3887, 640, 257, 649, 1502, 318, 5982, 287, 262, 440, 5653, 357, 273, 281, 4683, 1502, 318, 6153, 828, 262, 649, 12809, 32, 3586, 815, 4351, 326, 1321, 284, 262, 17391, 290, 751, 340, 284, 262, 5981, 6491, 338, 2106, 2604, 13, 383, 4007, 286, 428, 12809, 32, 3586, 318, 284, 4155, 326, 6491, 2139, 10826, 423, 3049, 1895, 11, 832, 262, 17391, 11, 284, 4096, 6491, 1502, 1321, 13, 1002, 6491, 2139, 10826, 761, 1895, 284, 517, 6496, 1502, 1321, 422, 262, 440, 5653, 11, 262, 17391, 481, 3994, 262, 8251, 1626, 262, 6491, 2106, 2604, 357, 43162, 2884, 262, 12809, 32, 3586, 8, 284, 12405, 262, 440, 5653, 290, 1895, 326, 6496, 1321, 13, 198, 11337, 513, 1906, 16, 21290, 644, 281, 440, 5653, 1502, 1700, 3073, 588, 355, 340, 1244, 1656, 319, 257, 2836, 7071, 13, 198, 31141, 262, 350, 20098, 4789, 198, 49138, 3052, 329, 257, 6496, 6764, 290, 284, 2193, 703, 284, 5001, 428, 3670, 13, 198, 1212, 373, 717, 3199, 287, 1737, 4343, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,551
Flowering Plants Prevent Inbreeding “Humans have mechanisms to prevent inbreeding that are in part cultural. But a plant can’t just get up and move to the next town to find a suitable, unrelated mate. Some other system must be at work,” says Teh-hui Kao, professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at Penn State and lead researcher of a team that has discovered a large suite of genes in the petunia plant that acts to prevent it from breeding with itself or its close relatives and promotes breeding with unrelated individuals. Kao began to unravel the mystery of what he calls a “non-self recognition system” in the mid-1980s by studying the genetic sequence of petunias. Petunias and many common garden plants are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs, and these reproductive organs are located in close proximity within the flower. This floral anatomy makes it easy for a plant’s pollen to land on itself, resulting in self-fertilization and genetically inferior, inbred offspring. To prevent self-fertilization, many flowering plants, including the petunia, have evolved a strategy called self-incompatibility, or the ability to recognize self and non-self components within the male and female reproductive organs. The Importance of Bees “We are losing more than a third of our colonies each winter, but beekeepers are a stubborn, industrious bunch. We split hives, rebound as much as we can each summer, and then just eat our losses. So even these big loss numbers understate the problem,” says beekeeper for 50 years, David Hackenberg, who owns the Buffy Bee honey farm outside Tampa, Fla. “What folks need to understand is that the beekeeping industry, which is responsible for a third of the food we eat, is at a critical threshold.” Increasing Fruit and Veggie Consumption: Now is the Time “Now that the president has signed First Lady Michelle Obama’s child nutrition bill into law, and with debate beginning in early 2011 on the next farm bill, now is the time for strong, vocal support in favor of aligning education and agricultural policy with food and nutrition policy … The need to create a nexus between education, agricultural and nutrition policy has never been greater. Farm and food policy should be linked more strongly with national health and nutrition goals. Data released by the Produce for Better Health Foundation warns that in order to close the fruit and vegetable consumption gap, the United States Department of Agriculture needs to close its spending gap. Fruits and vegetables should account for 40 percent of a recommended daily diet, yet only 20 percent of what USDA spends on food initiatives is on fruits and vegetables. To put the USDA’s spending priorities in perspective, current subsidy allocations are: Meat: 54.7 percent Dairy (non-butter): 11.4 percent Fruits and vegetables: 9.8 percent As Congress moves towards considering the reauthorization of the 2012 farm bill, questions about the cost of the bill amidst growing calls for fiscal constraint will likely dominate the debate. What is important to remember is the status quo: Without realigning our spending priorities, America will continue to pay $56 billion a year for diet-related chronic diseases specifically due to low fruit and vegetable consumption. Both in human terms and in financial terms, poor nutrition is costing us dearly.”—from an article by Elizabeth Pivonka, president and CEO of the Produce for Better Health Foundation, in the Sun Senital Corn Growers Push Ethanol Last year, South Dakota passed an Ethanol Blender Pump Incentive Grant Program—a program that reimburses fueling stations up to $10,000 per pump to install alternative fueling infrastructure—and it’s been a huge success according to state officials. Which prompted Gale Lush from the American Corn Growers Foundation to ask, “If they can do it in South Dakota, why not here in Nebraska and across the country? And, why not use more than $15 billion in Foreign Tax Credit to do it? If you could take some of these subsidies from the oil companies that are producing oil overseas—that $15 billion, for instance—and channel them back here domestically we could start building our infrastructure here,” Lush says. And he said the best way to do that is by financing blender pumps. Nebraska may be the second largest producer of ethanol in the country, but there are only about five pumps in the state. “South Dakota is a good model. They’ve had these blender pumps for years. They’re using the recovery act that was passed last year to help finance them. Our state could do the same thing if they want to,” says Lush, adding that the first step in building an ethanol infrastructure is extending the ethanol tax credit for several more years. Chinese Seed Industry BoomingChina has now become the second largest seed market in the world after the United States, according to information shared at the Third International Conference on Seed Health and Agricultural Development. With improved varieties covering 95 percent of agricultural production and a 40 percent rate of contribution to increasing agricultural output, the farming industry has become a fundamental and strategic industry that promotes agricultural development, ensures stable security in the national cereal supply and efficient delivery of key agricultural products. Chief economist from the Ministry of Agriculture and press spokesman of the ministry, Chen Mengshan, said China will endeavor to: - highlight the overall development of the industry by forming a complete industrial chain - form a new seed industry by connecting all industry links - insist on maintaining a combination of market competition and policy to fully deploy the initiative of enterprises, and strengthen policy guidance and project inputs - improve industrial capacity and ensure the capacity of seed production and supply, and security in the stock of seeds for agricultural production	[ 7414, 789, 278, 39269, 31572, 554, 49705, 198, 447, 250, 32661, 504, 423, 11701, 284, 2948, 287, 49705, 326, 389, 287, 636, 6467, 13, 887, 257, 4618, 460, 447, 247, 83, 655, 651, 510, 290, 1445, 284, 262, 1306, 3240, 284, 1064, 257, 11080, 11, 19938, 16133, 13, 2773, 584, 1080, 1276, 307, 379, 670, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 1665, 71, 12, 71, 9019, 509, 5488, 11, 6240, 286, 3182, 37074, 290, 18955, 17219, 379, 6595, 1812, 290, 1085, 13453, 286, 257, 1074, 326, 468, 5071, 257, 1588, 18389, 286, 10812, 287, 262, 4273, 39934, 4618, 326, 6529, 284, 2948, 340, 422, 18954, 351, 2346, 393, 663, 1969, 12772, 290, 21068, 18954, 351, 19938, 3925, 13, 198, 42, 5488, 2540, 284, 30282, 262, 10715, 286, 644, 339, 3848, 257, 564, 250, 13159, 12, 944, 9465, 1080, 447, 251, 287, 262, 3095, 12, 23664, 82, 416, 11065, 262, 8513, 8379, 286, 4273, 403, 4448, 13, 4767, 403, 4448, 290, 867, 2219, 11376, 6134, 389, 607, 76, 6570, 305, 5266, 291, 11, 25566, 1111, 4257, 290, 4048, 18391, 16613, 11, 290, 777, 18391, 16613, 389, 5140, 287, 1969, 20387, 1626, 262, 15061, 13, 770, 38838, 33449, 1838, 340, 2562, 329, 257, 4618, 447, 247, 82, 40362, 284, 1956, 319, 2346, 11, 7186, 287, 2116, 12, 69, 861, 346, 1634, 290, 20807, 18536, 11, 287, 36074, 20791, 13, 1675, 2948, 2116, 12, 69, 861, 346, 1634, 11, 867, 48573, 6134, 11, 1390, 262, 4273, 39934, 11, 423, 12572, 257, 4811, 1444, 2116, 12, 259, 5589, 25901, 11, 393, 262, 2694, 284, 7564, 2116, 290, 1729, 12, 944, 6805, 1626, 262, 4257, 290, 4048, 18391, 16613, 13, 198, 464, 17267, 590, 286, 46698, 198, 447, 250, 1135, 389, 6078, 517, 621, 257, 2368, 286, 674, 20848, 1123, 7374, 11, 475, 20697, 24952, 389, 257, 24444, 11, 2226, 32527, 7684, 13, 775, 6626, 289, 1083, 11, 23623, 355, 881, 355, 356, 460, 1123, 3931, 11, 290, 788, 655, 4483, 674, 9089, 13, 1406, 772, 777, 1263, 2994, 3146, 739, 5219, 262, 1917, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 20697, 13884, 329, 2026, 812, 11, 3271, 18281, 23140, 11, 508, 12216, 262, 27438, 24719, 12498, 5318, 2354, 15528, 11, 22026, 13, 564, 250, 2061, 7974, 761, 284, 1833, 318, 326, 262, 20697, 19934, 2831, 11, 543, 318, 4497, 329, 257, 2368, 286, 262, 2057, 356, 4483, 11, 318, 379, 257, 4688, 11387, 13, 447, 251, 198, 15562, 2313, 22826, 290, 8016, 23571, 42158, 25, 2735, 318, 262, 3862, 198, 447, 250, 3844, 326, 262, 1893, 468, 4488, 3274, 11182, 16738, 2486, 447, 247, 82, 1200, 16633, 2855, 656, 1099, 11, 290, 351, 4384, 3726, 287, 1903, 2813, 319, 262, 1306, 5318, 2855, 11, 783, 318, 262, 640, 329, 1913, 11, 12435, 1104, 287, 2661, 286, 10548, 278, 3707, 290, 14240, 2450, 351, 2057, 290, 16633, 2450, 3926, 383, 761, 284, 2251, 257, 45770, 1022, 3707, 11, 14240, 290, 16633, 2450, 468, 1239, 587, 3744, 13, 11272, 290, 2057, 2450, 815, 307, 6692, 517, 7634, 351, 2260, 1535, 290, 16633, 4661, 13, 6060, 2716, 416, 262, 21522, 344, 329, 11625, 3893, 5693, 22145, 326, 287, 1502, 284, 1969, 262, 8234, 290, 20236, 7327, 7625, 11, 262, 1578, 1829, 2732, 286, 19717, 2476, 284, 1969, 663, 4581, 7625, 13, 376, 50187, 290, 13701, 815, 1848, 329, 2319, 1411, 286, 257, 7151, 4445, 5496, 11, 1865, 691, 1160, 1411, 286, 644, 29986, 16887, 319, 2057, 15446, 318, 319, 15921, 290, 13701, 13, 1675, 1234, 262, 29986, 447, 247, 82, 4581, 15369, 287, 6650, 11, 1459, 28646, 49157, 389, 25, 198, 35620, 25, 7175, 13, 22, 1411, 198, 35, 13021, 357, 13159, 12, 4360, 353, 2599, 1367, 13, 19, 1411, 198, 37, 50187, 290, 13701, 25, 860, 13, 23, 1411, 198, 1722, 3162, 6100, 3371, 6402, 262, 302, 9800, 1634, 286, 262, 2321, 5318, 2855, 11, 2683, 546, 262, 1575, 286, 262, 2855, 31095, 3957, 3848, 329, 9068, 32315, 481, 1884, 17863, 262, 4384, 13, 1867, 318, 1593, 284, 3505, 318, 262, 3722, 18658, 25, 9170, 1103, 38944, 674, 4581, 15369, 11, 2253, 481, 2555, 284, 1414, 720, 3980, 2997, 257, 614, 329, 5496, 12, 5363, 10726, 10040, 5734, 2233, 284, 1877, 8234, 290, 20236, 7327, 13, 5747, 287, 1692, 2846, 290, 287, 3176, 2846, 11, 3595, 16633, 318, 25894, 514, 46379, 13, 447, 251, 960, 6738, 281, 2708, 416, 10674, 350, 452, 261, 4914, 11, 1893, 290, 6123, 286, 262, 21522, 344, 329, 11625, 3893, 5693, 11, 287, 262, 3825, 2311, 1287, 198, 41389, 26936, 364, 23691, 9956, 22012, 198, 5956, 614, 11, 2520, 13336, 3804, 281, 9956, 22012, 1086, 2194, 23220, 554, 1087, 425, 12181, 6118, 960, 64, 1430, 326, 46496, 46998, 43881, 8985, 510, 284, 720, 940, 11, 830, 583, 8901, 284, 2721, 5559, 43881, 6884, 960, 392, 340, 447, 247, 82, 587, 257, 3236, 1943, 1864, 284, 1181, 2828, 13, 9022, 12053, 36483, 406, 1530, 422, 262, 1605, 11424, 26936, 364, 5693, 284, 1265, 11, 564, 250, 1532, 484, 460, 466, 340, 287, 2520, 13336, 11, 1521, 407, 994, 287, 18329, 290, 1973, 262, 1499, 30, 843, 11, 1521, 407, 779, 517, 621, 720, 1314, 2997, 287, 8708, 9241, 10504, 284, 466, 340, 30, 1002, 345, 714, 1011, 617, 286, 777, 16230, 422, 262, 3056, 2706, 326, 389, 9194, 3056, 11292, 960, 5562, 720, 1314, 2997, 11, 329, 4554, 960, 392, 6518, 606, 736, 994, 42127, 356, 714, 923, 2615, 674, 6884, 994, 11, 447, 251, 406, 1530, 1139, 13, 843, 339, 531, 262, 1266, 835, 284, 466, 326, 318, 416, 15435, 40047, 29019, 13, 18329, 743, 307, 262, 1218, 4387, 9920, 286, 28829, 287, 262, 1499, 11, 475, 612, 389, 691, 546, 1936, 29019, 287, 262, 1181, 13, 564, 250, 14942, 13336, 318, 257, 922, 2746, 13, 1119, 447, 247, 303, 550, 777, 40047, 29019, 329, 812, 13, 1119, 447, 247, 260, 1262, 262, 7628, 719, 326, 373, 3804, 938, 614, 284, 1037, 9604, 606, 13, 3954, 1181, 714, 466, 262, 976, 1517, 611, 484, 765, 284, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 406, 1530, 11, 4375, 326, 262, 717, 2239, 287, 2615, 281, 28829, 6884, 318, 16610, 262, 28829, 1687, 3884, 329, 1811, 517, 812, 13, 198, 23604, 23262, 17420, 3248, 3383, 14581, 468, 783, 1716, 262, 1218, 4387, 9403, 1910, 287, 262, 995, 706, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 1864, 284, 1321, 4888, 379, 262, 10467, 4037, 8785, 319, 23262, 3893, 290, 36694, 7712, 13, 2080, 6596, 20328, 9505, 6957, 1411, 286, 14240, 3227, 290, 257, 2319, 1411, 2494, 286, 10156, 284, 3649, 14240, 5072, 11, 262, 16035, 2831, 468, 1716, 257, 7531, 290, 10039, 2831, 326, 21068, 14240, 2478, 11, 19047, 8245, 2324, 287, 262, 2260, 33158, 5127, 290, 6942, 7585, 286, 1994, 14240, 3186, 13, 5953, 17646, 422, 262, 9475, 286, 19717, 290, 1803, 6523, 286, 262, 11957, 11, 12555, 41272, 1477, 272, 11, 531, 2807, 481, 28251, 284, 25, 198, 12, 7238, 262, 4045, 2478, 286, 262, 2831, 416, 14583, 257, 1844, 7593, 6333, 198, 12, 1296, 257, 649, 9403, 2831, 416, 14320, 477, 2831, 6117, 198, 12, 16361, 319, 10941, 257, 6087, 286, 1910, 5449, 290, 2450, 284, 3938, 6061, 262, 10219, 286, 23941, 11, 290, 12160, 2450, 11154, 290, 1628, 17311, 198, 12, 2987, 7593, 5339, 290, 4155, 262, 5339, 286, 9403, 3227, 290, 5127, 11, 290, 2324, 287, 262, 4283, 286, 11904, 329, 14240, 3227, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,214
Augusta Christine Fells was born on February 29, 1892, in Green Cove Springs, Florida. She began making sculptures as a child, using the natural clay abundant in her area. She liked to sculpt animals and other small figures, but her father didn't approve of it, and did whatever he could to stop her. He was a Methodist minister and believed it was a sin to make "graven images." Savage once said that her father "almost whipped all the art out of me." "From the time I can first recall the rain falling on the red clay in Florida. I wanted to make things. When my brothers and sisters were making mud pies, I would be making ducks and chickens with the mud."But when he found a statue she sculpted of the Virgin Mary, he changed his mind. She entered some of her pieces into county fairs and won a number of honors. When she could not create a successful career as a sculptor in Florida, she moved to New York City, where she was able to study at the Cooper Union, which offered free tuition, and eventually even gave her a scholarship for her living expenses. While she was at Cooper Union, she applied for a program to study sculpture abroad in France, but was denied solely because of her race. Instead of taking it lightly, she raised a fuss, wrote letters to the media, bringing attention to the racists practices of the program. The program still refused to accept her, but her life was changed, and she became quite active in the civil rights fight. And she became better acquainted with the movers and shakes in the movement. She was even commissioned to sculpt busts of famous civil rights leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. And she did eventually travel to Paris on the Julius Rosenwald Fellowship, while enabled her study for one year. When she returned to Harlem, she was very active in the art scene, taught classes in the community, and in 1932 established the Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts. A few years later, she became the first director of the Harlem Community Arts Center -- which is considered to be the forerunner of similar community arts centers around the country. Her work is lovely and quite evocative. Of all the pieces I've seen, though, this one is my favorite.	[ 17908, 64, 26088, 376, 19187, 373, 4642, 319, 3945, 2808, 11, 1248, 5892, 11, 287, 3469, 39534, 18334, 11, 4744, 13, 1375, 2540, 1642, 42645, 355, 257, 1200, 11, 1262, 262, 3288, 21558, 23263, 287, 607, 1989, 13, 1375, 8288, 284, 14747, 4695, 290, 584, 1402, 5538, 11, 475, 607, 2988, 1422, 470, 14762, 286, 340, 11, 290, 750, 4232, 339, 714, 284, 2245, 607, 13, 679, 373, 257, 38029, 5342, 290, 4762, 340, 373, 257, 7813, 284, 787, 366, 46784, 574, 4263, 526, 22287, 1752, 531, 326, 607, 2988, 366, 28177, 30712, 477, 262, 1242, 503, 286, 502, 526, 198, 1, 4863, 262, 640, 314, 460, 717, 10014, 262, 6290, 7463, 319, 262, 2266, 21558, 287, 4744, 13, 314, 2227, 284, 787, 1243, 13, 1649, 616, 9397, 290, 15153, 547, 1642, 17492, 47199, 11, 314, 561, 307, 1642, 39694, 290, 25972, 351, 262, 17492, 526, 1537, 618, 339, 1043, 257, 15207, 673, 14747, 276, 286, 262, 5283, 5335, 11, 339, 3421, 465, 2000, 13, 1375, 5982, 617, 286, 607, 5207, 656, 7968, 3148, 82, 290, 1839, 257, 1271, 286, 25279, 13, 1649, 673, 714, 407, 2251, 257, 4388, 3451, 355, 257, 14747, 273, 287, 4744, 11, 673, 3888, 284, 968, 1971, 2254, 11, 810, 673, 373, 1498, 284, 2050, 379, 262, 10382, 4479, 11, 543, 4438, 1479, 18385, 11, 290, 4191, 772, 2921, 607, 257, 18652, 329, 607, 2877, 9307, 13, 198, 3633, 673, 373, 379, 10382, 4479, 11, 673, 5625, 329, 257, 1430, 284, 2050, 26924, 10522, 287, 4881, 11, 475, 373, 6699, 9944, 780, 286, 607, 3234, 13, 5455, 286, 2263, 340, 15376, 11, 673, 4376, 257, 34297, 11, 2630, 7475, 284, 262, 2056, 11, 6079, 3241, 284, 262, 40681, 6593, 286, 262, 1430, 13, 383, 1430, 991, 6520, 284, 2453, 607, 11, 475, 607, 1204, 373, 3421, 11, 290, 673, 2627, 2407, 4075, 287, 262, 3026, 2489, 1907, 13, 843, 673, 2627, 1365, 36620, 351, 262, 6941, 690, 290, 29959, 287, 262, 3356, 13, 1375, 373, 772, 20462, 284, 14747, 13076, 82, 286, 5863, 3026, 2489, 2766, 588, 370, 13, 36, 13, 33, 13, 10343, 3248, 271, 290, 17068, 7164, 3304, 13, 198, 1870, 673, 750, 4191, 3067, 284, 6342, 319, 262, 32834, 15564, 21667, 36293, 11, 981, 9343, 607, 2050, 329, 530, 614, 13, 1649, 673, 4504, 284, 39735, 11, 673, 373, 845, 4075, 287, 262, 1242, 3715, 11, 7817, 6097, 287, 262, 2055, 11, 290, 287, 32471, 4920, 262, 22287, 11733, 286, 11536, 290, 15745, 82, 13, 317, 1178, 812, 1568, 11, 673, 2627, 262, 717, 3437, 286, 262, 39735, 8108, 11536, 3337, 1377, 543, 318, 3177, 284, 307, 262, 1674, 16737, 286, 2092, 2055, 10848, 10399, 1088, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 9360, 670, 318, 14081, 290, 2407, 819, 23466, 13, 3226, 477, 262, 5207, 314, 1053, 1775, 11, 996, 11, 428, 530, 318, 616, 4004, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	474
SIECUS' international policy and advocacy efforts have focused on monitoring, reporting, and taking actions on the activities of the opposition; ensuring the evidence-based HIV-prevention strategies are implemented; and equipping advocates wit the tools, skills, and critical information tot secure and protect sexual and reproductive health education programs, services, and rights. As we update our site, please visit back regularly to see updated news and resources. Mexico City Ministerial Declaration – “Educating to Prevent”/ Declaración Ministerial de la Ciudad de México –“Prevenir con educación” The Mexico City Ministerial Declaration – “Educating to Prevent,” is a strategic tool to strengthen HIV prevention efforts in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by ensuring access to quality, comprehensive sexuality education and sexual and reproductive health services. The Declarationseeks to foster equity among all people and to combat discrimination, including that based on an individual’s HIV status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. The needs of most-at-risk individuals are not forgotten and figure prominently in the goals of the Declaration. Please find below four fact sheets in a series on the Ministerial Declaration created by SIECUS for the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Afrontando la homofobia en las escuelas: Cómo partes interesadas clave pueden garantizar escuelas seguras e inclusivas (PDF) UNESCO’s International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education Released The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recently released the International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education: An evidence-informed approach for schools, teachers and health educators. We wanted to bring your attention to this two-part document which provides a framework to develop and implement comprehensive sexuality education to ensure that young people have access to evidence-based, medically-accurate, and age-appropriate information to make safe and healthy decisions. Read More... Safe and inclusive school environments in the prevention of HIV/STI, violence and mental health problems SIECUS staff participated in an Experts Consultation convened by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Safe and inclusive school environments in the prevention of HIV/STI, violence and mental health problems in Mexico City, September 3-4, 2009. It was attended by experts in the promotion of sexual health and comprehensive sexuality education; educators, researchers, and policy makers with experience in addressing bullying, harassment, violence, and abuse in schools. Read More...	[ 11584, 2943, 2937, 6, 3230, 2450, 290, 15364, 4040, 423, 5670, 319, 9904, 11, 6447, 11, 290, 2263, 4028, 319, 262, 4568, 286, 262, 5471, 26, 13359, 262, 2370, 12, 3106, 10498, 12, 3866, 4018, 10064, 389, 9177, 26, 290, 1602, 4501, 11009, 20868, 262, 4899, 11, 4678, 11, 290, 4688, 1321, 2006, 5713, 290, 1805, 3206, 290, 18391, 1535, 3707, 4056, 11, 2594, 11, 290, 2489, 13, 1081, 356, 4296, 674, 2524, 11, 3387, 3187, 736, 7987, 284, 766, 6153, 1705, 290, 4133, 13, 198, 33006, 2254, 4139, 498, 24720, 784, 564, 250, 33380, 803, 284, 31572, 447, 251, 14, 16691, 283, 32009, 18840, 4139, 498, 390, 8591, 37685, 463, 324, 390, 43579, 87, 3713, 784, 447, 250, 6719, 574, 343, 369, 2711, 32009, 18840, 447, 251, 198, 464, 5828, 2254, 4139, 498, 24720, 784, 564, 250, 33380, 803, 284, 31572, 11, 447, 251, 318, 257, 10039, 2891, 284, 12160, 10498, 14196, 4040, 287, 9133, 2253, 290, 262, 18020, 357, 43, 2246, 8, 416, 13359, 1895, 284, 3081, 11, 9815, 16641, 3707, 290, 3206, 290, 18391, 1535, 2594, 13, 383, 24720, 325, 2573, 284, 17016, 13598, 1871, 477, 661, 290, 284, 5249, 8839, 11, 1390, 326, 1912, 319, 281, 1981, 447, 247, 82, 10498, 3722, 11, 3206, 12852, 11, 393, 5279, 5369, 13, 383, 2476, 286, 749, 12, 265, 12, 19121, 3925, 389, 407, 11564, 290, 3785, 31015, 287, 262, 4661, 286, 262, 24720, 13, 4222, 1064, 2174, 1440, 1109, 15747, 287, 257, 2168, 319, 262, 4139, 498, 24720, 2727, 416, 25861, 2943, 2937, 329, 262, 5961, 1605, 3893, 12275, 357, 4537, 32298, 737, 198, 32, 8534, 25440, 8591, 3488, 1659, 30665, 551, 39990, 3671, 2731, 292, 25, 327, 10205, 5908, 636, 274, 493, 68, 411, 38768, 537, 1015, 279, 1739, 268, 308, 4741, 528, 283, 3671, 2731, 292, 384, 70, 17786, 304, 287, 2527, 38630, 357, 20456, 8, 198, 4944, 43311, 447, 247, 82, 4037, 20671, 37026, 590, 319, 19536, 414, 7868, 28728, 198, 464, 1578, 7973, 30038, 11, 22060, 290, 23897, 12275, 357, 4944, 43311, 8, 2904, 2716, 262, 4037, 20671, 37026, 590, 319, 19536, 414, 7868, 25, 1052, 2370, 12, 35698, 3164, 329, 4266, 11, 7799, 290, 1535, 30770, 13, 775, 2227, 284, 2222, 534, 3241, 284, 428, 734, 12, 3911, 3188, 543, 3769, 257, 9355, 284, 1205, 290, 3494, 9815, 16641, 3707, 284, 4155, 326, 1862, 661, 423, 1895, 284, 2370, 12, 3106, 11, 35031, 12, 4134, 15537, 11, 290, 2479, 12, 13335, 1321, 284, 787, 3338, 290, 5448, 5370, 13, 4149, 3125, 986, 198, 31511, 290, 19889, 1524, 12493, 287, 262, 14196, 286, 10498, 14, 2257, 40, 11, 3685, 290, 5110, 1535, 2761, 198, 11584, 2943, 2937, 3085, 14888, 287, 281, 36095, 21651, 341, 39828, 416, 262, 5961, 1605, 3893, 12275, 357, 4537, 32298, 8, 19978, 290, 19889, 1524, 12493, 287, 262, 14196, 286, 10498, 14, 2257, 40, 11, 3685, 290, 5110, 1535, 2761, 287, 5828, 2254, 11, 2693, 513, 12, 19, 11, 3717, 13, 632, 373, 9141, 416, 6154, 287, 262, 12148, 286, 3206, 1535, 290, 9815, 16641, 3707, 26, 30770, 11, 4837, 11, 290, 2450, 14429, 351, 1998, 287, 13593, 20714, 11, 10556, 11, 3685, 11, 290, 5076, 287, 4266, 13, 4149, 3125, 986, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	533
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cream (also called milkfat, milk fat, and butterfat) is the fatty part of regular milk. Skimmed milk (or skim milk) is milk sold with some or nearly all of the fat removed. Cream is usually used in coffee to make it lighter in taste. Dairy products made from cream [change] Things named after cream [change] \|The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: cream.\| \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cream\|	[ 4863, 15312, 11, 262, 1479, 45352, 198, 34, 1476, 357, 14508, 1444, 7545, 17359, 11, 7545, 3735, 11, 290, 9215, 17359, 8, 318, 262, 19251, 636, 286, 3218, 7545, 13, 3661, 320, 1150, 7545, 357, 273, 39080, 7545, 8, 318, 7545, 2702, 351, 617, 393, 3016, 477, 286, 262, 3735, 4615, 13, 19979, 318, 3221, 973, 287, 6891, 284, 787, 340, 14871, 287, 6938, 13, 198, 35, 13021, 3186, 925, 422, 8566, 685, 3803, 60, 198, 22248, 3706, 706, 8566, 685, 3803, 60, 198, 91, 464, 17427, 3594, 11145, 5378, 560, 468, 257, 6770, 329, 25, 8566, 13, 91, 198, 91, 33010, 20626, 13815, 468, 2056, 3519, 284, 25, 19979, 91, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	112
March is National Women’s History Month By SMW Staff March is National Women’s History Month, a time to recognize the important contributions made by women. One region in the U.S. is highlighting Women’s History Month by encouraging people to visit specific sites to learn more. The Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area is a 180-mile long, 75-mile wide swath of land that stretches from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello in Charlottesville, Virginia, and contains a rich collection of sites that chronicle important contributions women have made throughout history. Here are a few suggestions that will help you decide to Take the Journey™. While most envision men and boys marching the battlefield in Gettysburg, PA, many of the town’s heroes are actually women. After the epic battle in 1863, women were often the only ones to tend to the wounded and take charge in cleaning up the town. One such woman is Elizabeth Thorn. Elizabeth who was six months pregnant and the mother of three children, dug over one hundred graves in the rocky soil in the extreme July heat. Today, a statue of Elizabeth Thorn stands outside the cemetery gatehouse as part of the Gettysburg Civil War Women’s Memorial. Continuing down Route 15, visitors should stop by the National Shrine of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton in Emmitsburg, MD. This site promotes the life and legacy of the Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton, the first native-born saint from the United States. Seton, who lived, worked, died, and is now buried here, founded the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s. Her enduring legacy now includes hundreds of schools, social service centers, and hospitals throughout the world. She was canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1975 in St. Peter’s Square. Near Sharpsburg, Maryland, a monument stands at Antietam National Battlefield to Clara Barton, one of the most honored women in American History. Known as the “Angel of the Battlefield,” Barton brought supplies and nursing aid to the wounded at several Civil War battle sites. She later founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and led it for the next 23 years. First Ladies also left their mark within the region. Jackie Kennedy’s style and grace epitomized Loudoun County’s horse country and its capital, Middleburg. In the early 1960s, the Kennedy’s used Middleburg as an escape from Washington by leasing, and then building, their own country retreat. In the 1990s, Jackie Kennedy Onassis often returned to spend foxhunting weekends in the Middleburg countryside, which was filled with happy memories from her time as First Lady. Today, visitors can see memorabilia at the Red Fox Inn and other establishments the First Lady patronized, and the town’s public pavilion and garden are dedicated to Jackie. In Spotsylvania County, the Spotsylvania Museum has a special exhibit at the Spotsylvania Towne Center about the Battle of Chancellorsville, which commemorates its sesquicentennial in May. The exhibit features the Hawkins Girls, who were at home at the time of General Stonewall Jackson’s Flank attack across their property. The exhibit will be on display through May 2. Edna Lewis, born in Freetown, Virginia, inspired a generation of young African American chefs and ensured traditional Southern foods and preparations would live forever. Before her culinary journey began, Lewis found work as a seamstress and copied Christian Dior dresses for Dorcas Avedon. She made a dress for Marilyn Monroe and became well known for her African-inspired dresses. Eventually, Lewis opened up Café Nicholson, a restaurant located in Manhattan’s East Side. She became a local legend and cooked for many celebrities such as Marlon Brando, Marlene Dietrich, Tennessee Williams, Greta Garbo, Howard Hughes, Salvador Dali, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Truman Capote. And finally, visitors should also make a point to stop at Ash Lawn-Highland in Charlottesville, Virginia. This home of President James Monroe, and his wife Elizabeth Kortright Monroe, served as the official residence of the former first family from 1799 to 1823. Here, they regularly welcomed friends, neighbors, dignitaries, and other visitors with warm hospitality. There are many other historic sites pertaining to notable women within the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area. Maps, suggested itineraries, and other travel resources are available at www.hallowedground.org.	[ 16192, 318, 2351, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 7443, 16061, 198, 3886, 9447, 54, 9983, 198, 16192, 318, 2351, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 7443, 16061, 11, 257, 640, 284, 7564, 262, 1593, 9284, 925, 416, 1466, 13, 1881, 3814, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 318, 21292, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 7443, 16061, 416, 12577, 661, 284, 3187, 2176, 5043, 284, 2193, 517, 13, 198, 464, 15120, 9561, 4789, 6972, 13706, 2351, 18518, 9498, 318, 257, 11546, 12, 18085, 890, 11, 5441, 12, 18085, 3094, 50176, 286, 1956, 326, 23687, 422, 7136, 30359, 11, 9589, 11, 284, 5658, 15375, 447, 247, 82, 5575, 501, 18798, 287, 24756, 11, 6025, 11, 290, 4909, 257, 5527, 4947, 286, 5043, 326, 16199, 1548, 1593, 9284, 1466, 423, 925, 3690, 2106, 13, 3423, 389, 257, 1178, 11776, 326, 481, 1037, 345, 5409, 284, 7214, 262, 15120, 8151, 13, 198, 3633, 749, 21786, 1450, 290, 6510, 26409, 262, 13480, 287, 7136, 30359, 11, 8147, 11, 867, 286, 262, 3240, 447, 247, 82, 10281, 389, 1682, 1466, 13, 2293, 262, 12191, 3344, 287, 47072, 11, 1466, 547, 1690, 262, 691, 3392, 284, 4327, 284, 262, 10657, 290, 1011, 3877, 287, 12724, 510, 262, 3240, 13, 1881, 884, 2415, 318, 10674, 31422, 13, 10674, 508, 373, 2237, 1933, 10423, 290, 262, 2802, 286, 1115, 1751, 11, 18735, 625, 530, 3470, 30055, 287, 262, 26898, 9260, 287, 262, 3257, 2901, 4894, 13, 6288, 11, 257, 15207, 286, 10674, 31422, 6296, 2354, 262, 27316, 8946, 4803, 355, 636, 286, 262, 7136, 30359, 7511, 1810, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 14861, 13, 198, 17875, 4250, 866, 18956, 1315, 11, 9692, 815, 2245, 416, 262, 2351, 30682, 286, 9281, 10674, 5506, 5345, 261, 287, 2295, 24883, 7423, 11, 10670, 13, 770, 2524, 21068, 262, 1204, 290, 10655, 286, 262, 10674, 5506, 4696, 1636, 5345, 261, 11, 262, 717, 6868, 12, 6286, 32292, 422, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 5345, 261, 11, 508, 5615, 11, 3111, 11, 3724, 11, 290, 318, 783, 11694, 994, 11, 9393, 262, 25318, 286, 37575, 286, 520, 13, 7212, 447, 247, 82, 13, 2332, 24056, 10655, 783, 3407, 5179, 286, 4266, 11, 1919, 2139, 10399, 11, 290, 11301, 3690, 262, 995, 13, 1375, 373, 18061, 1143, 416, 13258, 3362, 13889, 287, 15231, 287, 520, 13, 5613, 447, 247, 82, 9276, 13, 198, 40640, 15465, 862, 7423, 11, 10769, 11, 257, 17757, 6296, 379, 3738, 1155, 321, 2351, 30193, 284, 27443, 32342, 11, 530, 286, 262, 749, 21014, 1466, 287, 1605, 7443, 13, 29454, 355, 262, 564, 250, 33246, 286, 262, 30193, 11, 447, 251, 32342, 3181, 9416, 290, 19167, 6133, 284, 262, 10657, 379, 1811, 7511, 1810, 3344, 5043, 13, 1375, 1568, 9393, 262, 1605, 2297, 6372, 287, 1248, 6659, 290, 2957, 340, 329, 262, 1306, 2242, 812, 13, 198, 5962, 37401, 635, 1364, 511, 1317, 1626, 262, 3814, 13, 24766, 10401, 447, 247, 82, 3918, 290, 11542, 21240, 296, 1143, 41520, 977, 3418, 447, 247, 82, 8223, 1499, 290, 663, 3139, 11, 6046, 7423, 13, 554, 262, 1903, 9507, 82, 11, 262, 10401, 447, 247, 82, 973, 6046, 7423, 355, 281, 6654, 422, 2669, 416, 42150, 11, 290, 788, 2615, 11, 511, 898, 1499, 13703, 13, 554, 262, 6303, 82, 11, 24766, 10401, 1550, 20297, 1690, 4504, 284, 4341, 21831, 20088, 889, 21511, 287, 262, 6046, 7423, 25708, 11, 543, 373, 5901, 351, 3772, 9846, 422, 607, 640, 355, 3274, 11182, 13, 6288, 11, 9692, 460, 766, 16181, 48249, 379, 262, 2297, 5426, 10849, 290, 584, 33228, 262, 3274, 11182, 19686, 1143, 11, 290, 262, 3240, 447, 247, 82, 1171, 45549, 29935, 290, 11376, 389, 7256, 284, 24766, 13, 198, 818, 1338, 1747, 2645, 85, 5411, 3418, 11, 262, 1338, 1747, 2645, 85, 5411, 9594, 468, 257, 2041, 15866, 379, 262, 1338, 1747, 2645, 85, 5411, 8329, 68, 3337, 546, 262, 5838, 286, 11809, 297, 669, 4244, 11, 543, 28723, 689, 663, 264, 274, 421, 36712, 27779, 287, 1737, 13, 383, 15866, 3033, 262, 32534, 12002, 11, 508, 547, 379, 1363, 379, 262, 640, 286, 3611, 520, 44181, 439, 6612, 447, 247, 82, 1610, 962, 1368, 1973, 511, 3119, 13, 383, 15866, 481, 307, 319, 3359, 832, 1737, 362, 13, 198, 7407, 2616, 10174, 11, 4642, 287, 376, 2871, 593, 11, 6025, 11, 7867, 257, 5270, 286, 1862, 5510, 1605, 36236, 290, 30169, 4569, 8050, 9013, 290, 21518, 561, 2107, 8097, 13, 7413, 607, 35956, 7002, 2540, 11, 10174, 1043, 670, 355, 257, 15787, 41494, 290, 18984, 4302, 360, 1504, 27309, 329, 12528, 34004, 317, 1079, 261, 13, 1375, 925, 257, 6576, 329, 40769, 26249, 290, 2627, 880, 1900, 329, 607, 5510, 12, 24194, 27309, 13, 16178, 11, 10174, 4721, 510, 42151, 40365, 11, 257, 7072, 5140, 287, 13458, 447, 247, 82, 3687, 12075, 13, 1375, 2627, 257, 1957, 8177, 290, 15847, 329, 867, 21305, 884, 355, 1526, 14995, 13512, 78, 11, 1526, 29466, 16292, 7527, 11, 11287, 6484, 11, 35877, 64, 7164, 2127, 11, 8442, 19712, 11, 26482, 360, 7344, 11, 45566, 19297, 11, 290, 33027, 4476, 1258, 13, 198, 1870, 3443, 11, 9692, 815, 635, 787, 257, 966, 284, 2245, 379, 7844, 46007, 12, 11922, 1044, 287, 24756, 11, 6025, 13, 770, 1363, 286, 1992, 3700, 26249, 11, 290, 465, 3656, 10674, 509, 419, 3506, 26249, 11, 4983, 355, 262, 1743, 11566, 286, 262, 1966, 717, 1641, 422, 1596, 2079, 284, 1248, 1954, 13, 3423, 11, 484, 7987, 15846, 2460, 11, 12020, 11, 13469, 270, 3166, 11, 290, 584, 9692, 351, 5814, 33362, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 584, 9566, 5043, 27113, 284, 12411, 1466, 1626, 262, 15120, 9561, 4789, 6972, 13706, 2351, 18518, 9498, 13, 20347, 11, 5220, 45142, 3166, 11, 290, 584, 3067, 4133, 389, 1695, 379, 7324, 13, 18323, 6972, 2833, 13, 2398, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	951
Matter in the corona and solar wind is derived from the outer convective zone (OCZ) of the Sun. Isotopic abundances of the less volatile elements in the solar atmosphere are probably very similar to terrestrial, lunar and meteoritic abundances. From such elements it is possible to infer the amount of isotopic fractionation under varying conditions in the solar wind source region. For many species, the solar wind provides the only source of information, which is important for many cosmochemical and astrophysical applications. Knowledge of the isotopic composition of the OCZ will yield information on the early solar nebula and the history of the solar system. The CELIAS solar wind mass spectrometer (MTOF, Mass Time-of-Flight sensor) has unprecedented mass resolution for solar wind composition studies, and has already measured rare elements and isotopes that were previously not resolvable from more abundant neighboring species, or were not previously observable at all. The MTOF sensor is routinely measuring isotopic abundance variations for several elements (neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, argon, calcium, iron, and nickel), some of which have never been previously observed in either the solar wind, solar energetic particles, or spectroscopically. Among the new solar wind isotopes are those of silicon, sulfur, calcium, chromium, iron, and nickel. Other isotopes are being measured with a much finer temporal resolution than previously available (on the order of minutes/hours instead of months/years). Previously, neon and argon solar wind isotopic measurements were available only from foil measurements collected during the Apollo lunar landings - clearly a limited data set! The first magnesium isotope measurements have been reported by MTOF's sister sensor WIND/SMS/MASS. This image shows isotopes of Chromium, Iron, and Nickel.	[ 44, 1436, 287, 262, 1162, 4450, 290, 6591, 2344, 318, 10944, 422, 262, 12076, 24748, 14070, 6516, 357, 4503, 57, 8, 286, 262, 3825, 13, 1148, 313, 16603, 12467, 1817, 286, 262, 1342, 22750, 4847, 287, 262, 6591, 8137, 389, 2192, 845, 2092, 284, 35609, 11, 25572, 290, 19999, 16233, 12467, 1817, 13, 3574, 884, 4847, 340, 318, 1744, 284, 13249, 262, 2033, 286, 31624, 16603, 13390, 341, 739, 15874, 3403, 287, 262, 6591, 2344, 2723, 3814, 13, 1114, 867, 4693, 11, 262, 6591, 2344, 3769, 262, 691, 2723, 286, 1321, 11, 543, 318, 1593, 329, 867, 8615, 76, 32864, 290, 48782, 15380, 5479, 13, 20414, 286, 262, 31624, 16603, 11742, 286, 262, 24775, 57, 481, 7800, 1321, 319, 262, 1903, 6591, 45508, 4712, 290, 262, 2106, 286, 262, 6591, 1080, 13, 383, 327, 3698, 43429, 6591, 2344, 2347, 5444, 398, 2357, 357, 44, 10468, 37, 11, 5674, 3862, 12, 1659, 12, 43069, 12694, 8, 468, 13029, 2347, 6323, 329, 6591, 2344, 11742, 3640, 11, 290, 468, 1541, 8630, 4071, 4847, 290, 31624, 13920, 326, 547, 4271, 407, 581, 349, 23765, 422, 517, 23263, 19651, 4693, 11, 393, 547, 407, 4271, 42550, 379, 477, 13, 383, 337, 10468, 37, 12694, 318, 16231, 15964, 31624, 16603, 20038, 13991, 329, 1811, 4847, 357, 710, 261, 11, 33525, 11, 29867, 11, 37402, 11, 1822, 261, 11, 19700, 11, 6953, 11, 290, 30666, 828, 617, 286, 543, 423, 1239, 587, 4271, 6515, 287, 2035, 262, 6591, 2344, 11, 6591, 26758, 13166, 11, 393, 5444, 45943, 404, 1146, 13, 9754, 262, 649, 6591, 2344, 31624, 13920, 389, 883, 286, 29867, 11, 37402, 11, 19700, 11, 15358, 1505, 11, 6953, 11, 290, 30666, 13, 3819, 31624, 13920, 389, 852, 8630, 351, 257, 881, 38575, 21964, 6323, 621, 4271, 1695, 357, 261, 262, 1502, 286, 2431, 14, 24425, 2427, 286, 1933, 14, 19002, 737, 29875, 11, 25988, 290, 1822, 261, 6591, 2344, 31624, 16603, 13871, 547, 1695, 691, 422, 25501, 13871, 7723, 1141, 262, 17508, 25572, 1956, 654, 532, 4084, 257, 3614, 1366, 900, 0, 383, 717, 33525, 31624, 3008, 13871, 423, 587, 2098, 416, 337, 10468, 37, 338, 6621, 12694, 370, 12115, 14, 50, 5653, 14, 44, 10705, 13, 770, 2939, 2523, 31624, 13920, 286, 18255, 1505, 11, 7931, 11, 290, 38398, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	378
Marine science students at Tates Creek High School are raising largemouth bass and growing vegetables without soil in a new three-level aquaponics station, which recycles water in a sustainable food-production model. In the simple setup, water from the fish barrel trickles into the grow beds, which routinely drain so the roots get some air and the plants aren’t overly saturated. The water then is pumped back into the barrel of bass. “Throughout generations, it’s been done. It’s the whole idea of being sustainable and increasing your output with low input,” said teacher Diana Mullins. “In this closed system, the plants are taking less time to grow, so you’ve got a faster turnaround. In six months, the fish will be about plate-size.” The project is a collaboration with FoodChain, a local nonprofit run by Becca Self. “The great thing is the fish and the plants have a symbiotic relationship. The fish waste is used by the plants as food, and they filter the water so it’s clean to go back to the fish,” Self said. “It uses less than 10 percent of the water that conventional agriculture uses, so it’s a really environmentally friendly way of producing food.”	[ 7676, 500, 3783, 2444, 379, 309, 689, 13509, 3334, 3961, 389, 8620, 2552, 46880, 12702, 290, 3957, 13701, 1231, 9260, 287, 257, 649, 1115, 12, 5715, 14839, 9184, 873, 4429, 11, 543, 15092, 5427, 1660, 287, 257, 13347, 2057, 12, 25493, 2746, 13, 198, 818, 262, 2829, 9058, 11, 1660, 422, 262, 5916, 9036, 6908, 829, 656, 262, 1663, 20237, 11, 543, 16231, 14782, 523, 262, 11135, 651, 617, 1633, 290, 262, 6134, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 17698, 24725, 13, 383, 1660, 788, 318, 29104, 736, 656, 262, 9036, 286, 12702, 13, 198, 447, 250, 26797, 10439, 11, 340, 447, 247, 82, 587, 1760, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 262, 2187, 2126, 286, 852, 13347, 290, 3649, 534, 5072, 351, 1877, 5128, 11, 447, 251, 531, 4701, 25752, 19574, 1040, 13, 564, 250, 818, 428, 4838, 1080, 11, 262, 6134, 389, 2263, 1342, 640, 284, 1663, 11, 523, 345, 447, 247, 303, 1392, 257, 5443, 34217, 13, 554, 2237, 1933, 11, 262, 5916, 481, 307, 546, 7480, 12, 7857, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 1628, 318, 257, 12438, 351, 7318, 35491, 11, 257, 1957, 15346, 1057, 416, 1355, 13227, 12189, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 1049, 1517, 318, 262, 5916, 290, 262, 6134, 423, 257, 5307, 16357, 2776, 13, 383, 5916, 7030, 318, 973, 416, 262, 6134, 355, 2057, 11, 290, 484, 8106, 262, 1660, 523, 340, 447, 247, 82, 3424, 284, 467, 736, 284, 262, 5916, 11, 447, 251, 12189, 531, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 3544, 1342, 621, 838, 1411, 286, 262, 1660, 326, 10224, 14510, 3544, 11, 523, 340, 447, 247, 82, 257, 1107, 34132, 8030, 835, 286, 9194, 2057, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	276
The Origins of Intel's New Transistor, and Its Future A Q&A with Chenming Hu, coinventor of both the FinFET and its likely competitor Photo: Peg Skorpinski 9 May 2011—Last Wednesday, Intel announced a big change to the electronic switches at the heart of its CPUs. Going forward, the firm will be using three-dimensional transistors to take the place of long-used planar devices. The new transistors—dubbed "tri-gates"—are a variation on the FinFET, a transistor design that substitutes the flat channel through which electrons flow with a 3-D ridge, or fin. Popping the channel out of plane and draping the gate—which switches the transistor on and off—over it will allow Intel to shrink the smallest features in its transistors from 32 nanometers to 22 nm while cutting power consumption in half. This feat would be impossible to do with the transistor design the company had been using. How did this 3-D design win its way into production? We asked the coinventor of the FinFET, IEEE Fellow Chenming Hu, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, how the new transistors got their start, why we need them now, and where they will go from here. IEEE Spectrum: We’ve been shrinking two-dimensional, or planar, transistors just fine for 50 years. Why are we seeing a switch to three-dimensional FinFETs? Chenming Hu: I’ll distill the problem with planar transistors to a single point. It all stems from the fact that it is very difficult to turn off a transistor when it’s very small. In other words, you can’t stop the current flowing through the transistor when you don’t want the current to flow. I’ll use an analogy to explain this. There is a garden hose lying on a soggy lawn, and you want to stop the water from flowing into this lawn. If there’s a long hose, you can call your friends to come in and put 10 pairs of hands down, and you can stop the water. Now imagine you shorten the hose so you cannot even put one palm on it to stop it. Now you shorten it even more, so you can only put one finger on it. It’s impossible to stop. In the past 10 years, people have dealt with this garden hose problem in various ways, and one way has been to sacrifice power. For 250-nm transistors, the power-supply voltage was 2.5 volts; for 180 nm, it was 1.8 V; for 130 nm, it was 1.3 V. The pattern was very regular until 90 nm, but it reached a limit. Instead of 0.9 V, you know what the industry used? 1.2 V. Even at 45 nm, the industry still used 0.9 V instead of 0.45 V. IEEE Spectrum: So current is leaking even when the transistors are off. To get around that problem, you have to use a higher voltage to make the difference between on and off more obvious? Chenming Hu: Exactly. What’s the consequence of that? Power is proportional to the square of the voltage. So if you use twice as high a voltage as the historical trend, your cellphone will consume four times the power. The pain is just too big to keep going that way. We thought planar technology would run out of steam sometime after 25 nm, and it did. IEEE Spectrum: How do FinFETs help fix the leaky garden hose problem? Chenming Hu: Remember, the hose is on a soggy, soft lawn. So what if instead of pressing your finger on this garden hose, you pinch your fingers on the two sides of the garden hose? That’s the analogy. The weak point, the soggy lawn, is the silicon substrate. So you really have to do something on both sides so you’re pinching against something firm, and that’s what the FinFET is doing. We should pinch the channel [where electrons flow] on two sides and on top. The more pinching sides, the better. Pinching the hose will allow us to use a much, much shorter hose. That’s extremely important. Making things small is really the key of making the electronics cheaper, faster, and lower power. IEEE Spectrum: The idea for FinFETs has been around for a while. How did it all get started? Chenming Hu: DARPA [the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency] sent out a request for proposals in 1996 for ideas to develop electronic switches beyond 25 nm. At the time, the industry was using 250-nm transistors, and the general view was that transistors could not be scaled below 100 nm. But my students and I had already been thinking about how to get transistors to scale to 25 nm and beyond. There was a quick meeting probably lasting only five minutes between myself and two colleagues—Professor Tsu-Jae King Liu and Professor Jeff Bokor. The meeting was short because we already knew what to do. I was on a flight to a conference in Japan, and I had about 10 hours, so I just wrote down the technical proposal in longhand. I proposed two structures that we’d been thinking about for a while. One was FinFETs, and the other is what we call an ultrathin-body silicon-on-insulator (UTB SOI). We got the contract in 1997, and that gave us the resources to demonstrate FinFETs experimentally. A young graduate student named Xuejue "Cathy" Huang made the working device, and the team of three professors and 11 students and visiting researchers published it in 1999. IEEE Spectrum: How did the industry react to the FinFET paper? Chenming Hu: It was an instant hit. I remember Cathy and I were invited to Intel Santa Clara just a couple of months after the publication, and in that same year, 2000, I was invited to Intel Oregon twice. At the time, people were asking me how long it would take for the idea to get into production. I said about 10 years, so I guess I was off by one. IEEE Spectrum: Was the attention that you got unusual for a new transistor design? Chenming Hu: Extremely unusual. We contributed two things: We figured out a way to make the transistor manufacturable, and we showed how this thing could bring us to 25 nm and to 10 nm. We even figured out how to use the FinFET to solve the two top problems plaguing MOSFETs today—random variations of impurity atoms and variations in gate length (roughly the distance from the source to the drain). So we anticipated a lot of emerging problems and showed that FinFETs can solve them. That was really the first time that the industry believed there was life [after 25 nm]. IEEE Spectrum: What have been the challenges in getting FinFETs to market? Chenming Hu: In production, there are two areas: One is getting the manufacturing variation controlled well. When you add a fin, then you have to make sure the fin’s height and width are uniform. Probably a bigger limitation is the interaction between the transistor and the circuit design. Intel has the benefit of being a vertically integrated company where the designers and technologists work under the same roof. IEEE Spectrum: What about the other design you proposed to DARPA, the UTB SOI? How does that design work, and how has it been progressing? Chenming Hu: SOI has a layer of insulator with a thin layer of silicon on top. Instead of a thick regular round hose, UTB is like a thin, flat hose—one of those compact garden hoses that’s easy to roll because it’s almost like tape. You can pinch with one finger from the top, because the hose is very thin, so you don’t have to push down much. IBM has been making SOI processors for years, and even today it uses about 40-nm-thick silicon. To get to 20-nm transistor size, you have to use very thin, say, 5-nm silicon. When we proposed this, nobody in the world could provide SOI substrates with such thin and uniform silicon film. Five nanometers is very thin; it’s only about 15 silicon atoms or so in thickness. But the amazing thing is, two years ago, an SOI substrate company called Soitec announced that they can make such a thin film, and they have given samples to many companies, including IBM. IEEE Spectrum: FinFET transistors are the first to market, but could UTB SOI transistors ultimately win out? Chenming Hu: Starting in 2002, both FinFET and UTB SOI were listed in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). That’s an industry consensus of what’s needed to keep the industry going. They are the only two that are listed as the likely successors of the planar MOSFET. I think there’s room for both, at least in the short term. UTBs need less manufacturing and design development work than FinFETs, because UTBs rely on something that the semiconductor manufacturers do not have to make. But the UTB wafers cost extra money—several hundred dollars more—so it’s going to add to the cost. There may be savings in device fabrication cost, which is difficult to estimate. I think some companies, clearly Intel and some larger companies, will go with FinFETs, and some smaller companies will go with UTBs. Once both are in production, then people will be able to compare the benefits side by side very easily—the economics as well as the performance. IEEE Spectrum: Does one offer a clear advantage over the other? Chenming Hu: Staying with the hose analogy, when you have a big thick hose, you can carry more current, so it’s good for high speed. So that’s why I think the large companies that can make the investment in FinFETs will probably do it, because FinFETs are versatile. For the companies that need to have a quick way to get beyond 22 nm, I think UTB is a viable technology, especially for those companies that already have experience with the SOI. The shortcoming, of course, is the flat hose—with such thin silicon, less current goes through, which translates to lower speed. IEEE Spectrum: Some industry leaders have been quoted as saying FinFETs won’t be as good for low-power applications as UTBs. Chenming Hu: I think FinFETs are good for low power as well, but it does take more investment to bring them to production. I think a healthy competition will ensue. The fact is, the two technologies could coexist for a while, which is a good thing for the industry and certainly a very good thing for consumers.	[ 464, 24079, 286, 8180, 338, 968, 3602, 32380, 11, 290, 6363, 10898, 198, 32, 1195, 5, 32, 351, 12555, 2229, 11256, 11, 10752, 1151, 273, 286, 1111, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 290, 663, 1884, 20319, 198, 6191, 25, 31084, 3661, 16300, 21141, 198, 24, 1737, 2813, 960, 5956, 3583, 11, 8180, 3414, 257, 1263, 1487, 284, 262, 7914, 18225, 379, 262, 2612, 286, 663, 32340, 13, 19219, 2651, 11, 262, 4081, 481, 307, 1262, 1115, 12, 19577, 1007, 46334, 284, 1011, 262, 1295, 286, 890, 12, 1484, 1410, 283, 4410, 13, 198, 464, 649, 1007, 46334, 960, 67, 549, 3077, 366, 28461, 12, 70, 689, 15327, 533, 257, 12291, 319, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 11, 257, 49176, 1486, 326, 44234, 262, 6228, 6518, 832, 543, 28722, 5202, 351, 257, 513, 12, 35, 32525, 11, 393, 957, 13, 7695, 2105, 262, 6518, 503, 286, 6614, 290, 288, 2416, 278, 262, 8946, 960, 4758, 18225, 262, 49176, 319, 290, 572, 960, 2502, 340, 481, 1249, 8180, 284, 22085, 262, 18197, 3033, 287, 663, 1007, 46334, 422, 3933, 15709, 40077, 284, 2534, 28642, 981, 7720, 1176, 7327, 287, 2063, 13, 770, 2218, 561, 307, 5340, 284, 466, 351, 262, 49176, 1486, 262, 1664, 550, 587, 1262, 13, 198, 2437, 750, 428, 513, 12, 35, 1486, 1592, 663, 835, 656, 3227, 30, 775, 1965, 262, 10752, 1151, 273, 286, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 11, 40552, 29764, 12555, 2229, 11256, 11, 257, 6240, 3165, 17506, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 3442, 11, 14727, 11, 703, 262, 649, 1007, 46334, 1392, 511, 923, 11, 1521, 356, 761, 606, 783, 11, 290, 810, 484, 481, 467, 422, 994, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 775, 447, 247, 303, 587, 27382, 734, 12, 19577, 11, 393, 1410, 283, 11, 1007, 46334, 655, 3734, 329, 2026, 812, 13, 4162, 389, 356, 4379, 257, 5078, 284, 1115, 12, 19577, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 314, 447, 247, 297, 1233, 359, 262, 1917, 351, 1410, 283, 1007, 46334, 284, 257, 2060, 966, 13, 632, 477, 21552, 422, 262, 1109, 326, 340, 318, 845, 2408, 284, 1210, 572, 257, 49176, 618, 340, 447, 247, 82, 845, 1402, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 2245, 262, 1459, 17609, 832, 262, 49176, 618, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 765, 262, 1459, 284, 5202, 13, 198, 40, 447, 247, 297, 779, 281, 23970, 284, 4727, 428, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 11376, 31489, 9105, 319, 257, 264, 519, 1360, 21133, 11, 290, 345, 765, 284, 2245, 262, 1660, 422, 17609, 656, 428, 21133, 13, 1002, 612, 447, 247, 82, 257, 890, 31489, 11, 345, 460, 869, 534, 2460, 284, 1282, 287, 290, 1234, 838, 14729, 286, 2832, 866, 11, 290, 345, 460, 2245, 262, 1660, 13, 2735, 5967, 345, 45381, 262, 31489, 523, 345, 2314, 772, 1234, 530, 18057, 319, 340, 284, 2245, 340, 13, 2735, 345, 45381, 340, 772, 517, 11, 523, 345, 460, 691, 1234, 530, 7660, 319, 340, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 5340, 284, 2245, 13, 198, 818, 262, 1613, 838, 812, 11, 661, 423, 11829, 351, 428, 11376, 31489, 1917, 287, 2972, 2842, 11, 290, 530, 835, 468, 587, 284, 11728, 1176, 13, 1114, 8646, 12, 21533, 1007, 46334, 11, 262, 1176, 12, 18608, 306, 15004, 373, 362, 13, 20, 46297, 26, 329, 11546, 28642, 11, 340, 373, 352, 13, 23, 569, 26, 329, 11323, 28642, 11, 340, 373, 352, 13, 18, 569, 13, 383, 3912, 373, 845, 3218, 1566, 4101, 28642, 11, 475, 340, 4251, 257, 4179, 13, 5455, 286, 657, 13, 24, 569, 11, 345, 760, 644, 262, 2831, 973, 30, 352, 13, 17, 569, 13, 3412, 379, 4153, 28642, 11, 262, 2831, 991, 973, 657, 13, 24, 569, 2427, 286, 657, 13, 2231, 569, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1406, 1459, 318, 25243, 772, 618, 262, 1007, 46334, 389, 572, 13, 1675, 651, 1088, 326, 1917, 11, 345, 423, 284, 779, 257, 2440, 15004, 284, 787, 262, 3580, 1022, 319, 290, 572, 517, 3489, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 36819, 13, 1867, 447, 247, 82, 262, 12921, 286, 326, 30, 4333, 318, 27111, 284, 262, 6616, 286, 262, 15004, 13, 1406, 611, 345, 779, 5403, 355, 1029, 257, 15004, 355, 262, 6754, 5182, 11, 534, 26346, 481, 15000, 1440, 1661, 262, 1176, 13, 383, 2356, 318, 655, 1165, 1263, 284, 1394, 1016, 326, 835, 13, 775, 1807, 1410, 283, 3037, 561, 1057, 503, 286, 13324, 17291, 706, 1679, 28642, 11, 290, 340, 750, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1374, 466, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 1037, 4259, 262, 13044, 88, 11376, 31489, 1917, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 11436, 11, 262, 31489, 318, 319, 257, 264, 519, 1360, 11, 2705, 21133, 13, 1406, 644, 611, 2427, 286, 12273, 534, 7660, 319, 428, 11376, 31489, 11, 345, 25394, 534, 9353, 319, 262, 734, 5389, 286, 262, 11376, 31489, 30, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 262, 23970, 13, 383, 4939, 966, 11, 262, 264, 519, 1360, 21133, 11, 318, 262, 29867, 32305, 13, 1406, 345, 1107, 423, 284, 466, 1223, 319, 1111, 5389, 523, 345, 447, 247, 260, 6757, 10813, 1028, 1223, 4081, 11, 290, 326, 447, 247, 82, 644, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 318, 1804, 13, 775, 815, 25394, 262, 6518, 685, 3003, 28722, 5202, 60, 319, 734, 5389, 290, 319, 1353, 13, 383, 517, 6757, 10813, 5389, 11, 262, 1365, 13, 198, 47, 8589, 278, 262, 31489, 481, 1249, 514, 284, 779, 257, 881, 11, 881, 12238, 31489, 13, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 4457, 1593, 13, 16427, 1243, 1402, 318, 1107, 262, 1994, 286, 1642, 262, 17075, 11721, 11, 5443, 11, 290, 2793, 1176, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 383, 2126, 329, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 468, 587, 1088, 329, 257, 981, 13, 1374, 750, 340, 477, 651, 2067, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 41649, 4537, 685, 1169, 5947, 13435, 4992, 29898, 7732, 60, 1908, 503, 257, 2581, 329, 11628, 287, 8235, 329, 4213, 284, 1205, 7914, 18225, 3675, 1679, 28642, 13, 1629, 262, 640, 11, 262, 2831, 373, 1262, 8646, 12, 21533, 1007, 46334, 11, 290, 262, 2276, 1570, 373, 326, 1007, 46334, 714, 407, 307, 27464, 2174, 1802, 28642, 13, 887, 616, 2444, 290, 314, 550, 1541, 587, 3612, 546, 703, 284, 651, 1007, 46334, 284, 5046, 284, 1679, 28642, 290, 3675, 13, 198, 1858, 373, 257, 2068, 3249, 2192, 15727, 691, 1936, 2431, 1022, 3589, 290, 734, 7810, 960, 25031, 23459, 12, 41, 3609, 2677, 18258, 290, 8129, 5502, 47390, 273, 13, 383, 3249, 373, 1790, 780, 356, 1541, 2993, 644, 284, 466, 13, 198, 40, 373, 319, 257, 5474, 284, 257, 4495, 287, 2869, 11, 290, 314, 550, 546, 838, 2250, 11, 523, 314, 655, 2630, 866, 262, 6276, 6961, 287, 300, 19757, 392, 13, 314, 5150, 734, 8573, 326, 356, 447, 247, 67, 587, 3612, 546, 329, 257, 981, 13, 1881, 373, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 11, 290, 262, 584, 318, 644, 356, 869, 281, 23212, 776, 259, 12, 2618, 29867, 12, 261, 12, 1040, 8927, 357, 3843, 33, 12809, 40, 737, 198, 1135, 1392, 262, 2775, 287, 8309, 11, 290, 326, 2921, 514, 262, 4133, 284, 10176, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 6306, 453, 13, 317, 1862, 10428, 3710, 3706, 47298, 73, 518, 366, 34, 10036, 1, 31663, 925, 262, 1762, 3335, 11, 290, 262, 1074, 286, 1115, 20339, 290, 1367, 2444, 290, 10013, 4837, 3199, 340, 287, 7358, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1374, 750, 262, 2831, 6324, 284, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 3348, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 632, 373, 281, 9113, 2277, 13, 314, 3505, 40636, 290, 314, 547, 9392, 284, 8180, 8909, 27443, 655, 257, 3155, 286, 1933, 706, 262, 9207, 11, 290, 287, 326, 976, 614, 11, 4751, 11, 314, 373, 9392, 284, 8180, 8819, 5403, 13, 1629, 262, 640, 11, 661, 547, 4737, 502, 703, 890, 340, 561, 1011, 329, 262, 2126, 284, 651, 656, 3227, 13, 314, 531, 546, 838, 812, 11, 523, 314, 4724, 314, 373, 572, 416, 530, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 8920, 262, 3241, 326, 345, 1392, 8468, 329, 257, 649, 49176, 1486, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 18111, 306, 8468, 13, 775, 8639, 734, 1243, 25, 775, 11638, 503, 257, 835, 284, 787, 262, 49176, 4011, 11970, 11, 290, 356, 3751, 703, 428, 1517, 714, 2222, 514, 284, 1679, 28642, 290, 284, 838, 28642, 13, 775, 772, 11638, 503, 703, 284, 779, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 284, 8494, 262, 734, 1353, 2761, 19640, 4250, 337, 2640, 37, 2767, 82, 1909, 960, 25120, 13991, 286, 848, 1684, 23235, 290, 13991, 287, 8946, 4129, 357, 740, 306, 262, 5253, 422, 262, 2723, 284, 262, 14782, 737, 1406, 356, 14486, 257, 1256, 286, 11823, 2761, 290, 3751, 326, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 460, 8494, 606, 13, 1320, 373, 1107, 262, 717, 640, 326, 262, 2831, 4762, 612, 373, 1204, 685, 8499, 1679, 28642, 4083, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1867, 423, 587, 262, 6459, 287, 1972, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 284, 1910, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 554, 3227, 11, 612, 389, 734, 3006, 25, 1881, 318, 1972, 262, 9138, 12291, 6856, 880, 13, 1649, 345, 751, 257, 957, 11, 788, 345, 423, 284, 787, 1654, 262, 957, 447, 247, 82, 6001, 290, 9647, 389, 8187, 13, 18578, 257, 5749, 17385, 318, 262, 10375, 1022, 262, 49176, 290, 262, 10349, 1486, 13, 8180, 468, 262, 4414, 286, 852, 257, 31677, 11521, 1664, 810, 262, 15441, 290, 1579, 9251, 670, 739, 262, 976, 9753, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1867, 546, 262, 584, 1486, 345, 5150, 284, 41649, 4537, 11, 262, 19255, 33, 12809, 40, 30, 1374, 857, 326, 1486, 670, 11, 290, 703, 468, 340, 587, 37335, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 12809, 40, 468, 257, 7679, 286, 1035, 8927, 351, 257, 7888, 7679, 286, 29867, 319, 1353, 13, 5455, 286, 257, 6546, 3218, 2835, 31489, 11, 19255, 33, 318, 588, 257, 7888, 11, 6228, 31489, 960, 505, 286, 883, 16001, 11376, 289, 4629, 326, 447, 247, 82, 2562, 284, 4836, 780, 340, 447, 247, 82, 2048, 588, 9154, 13, 921, 460, 25394, 351, 530, 7660, 422, 262, 1353, 11, 780, 262, 31489, 318, 845, 7888, 11, 523, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 284, 4574, 866, 881, 13, 198, 9865, 44, 468, 587, 1642, 12809, 40, 20399, 329, 812, 11, 290, 772, 1909, 340, 3544, 546, 2319, 12, 21533, 12, 400, 624, 29867, 13, 1675, 651, 284, 1160, 12, 21533, 49176, 2546, 11, 345, 423, 284, 779, 845, 7888, 11, 910, 11, 642, 12, 21533, 29867, 13, 1649, 356, 5150, 428, 11, 8168, 287, 262, 995, 714, 2148, 12809, 40, 47294, 689, 351, 884, 7888, 290, 8187, 29867, 2646, 13, 10579, 15709, 40077, 318, 845, 7888, 26, 340, 447, 247, 82, 691, 546, 1315, 29867, 23235, 393, 523, 287, 20735, 13, 887, 262, 4998, 1517, 318, 11, 734, 812, 2084, 11, 281, 12809, 40, 32305, 1664, 1444, 1406, 578, 66, 3414, 326, 484, 460, 787, 884, 257, 7888, 2646, 11, 290, 484, 423, 1813, 8405, 284, 867, 2706, 11, 1390, 19764, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 4463, 37, 2767, 1007, 46334, 389, 262, 717, 284, 1910, 11, 475, 714, 19255, 33, 12809, 40, 1007, 46334, 6165, 1592, 503, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 17962, 287, 6244, 11, 1111, 4463, 37, 2767, 290, 19255, 33, 12809, 40, 547, 5610, 287, 262, 4037, 8987, 5567, 8899, 329, 311, 5314, 12920, 669, 357, 2043, 6998, 737, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 281, 2831, 11529, 286, 644, 447, 247, 82, 2622, 284, 1394, 262, 2831, 1016, 13, 1119, 389, 262, 691, 734, 326, 389, 5610, 355, 262, 1884, 41491, 286, 262, 1410, 283, 337, 2640, 37, 2767, 13, 198, 40, 892, 612, 447, 247, 82, 2119, 329, 1111, 11, 379, 1551, 287, 262, 1790, 3381, 13, 19255, 37000, 761, 1342, 9138, 290, 1486, 2478, 670, 621, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 11, 780, 19255, 37000, 8814, 319, 1223, 326, 262, 39290, 40990, 11372, 466, 407, 423, 284, 787, 13, 887, 262, 19255, 33, 266, 1878, 364, 1575, 3131, 1637, 960, 28116, 282, 3470, 5054, 517, 960, 568, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1016, 284, 751, 284, 262, 1575, 13, 1318, 743, 307, 10653, 287, 3335, 38876, 1575, 11, 543, 318, 2408, 284, 8636, 13, 198, 40, 892, 617, 2706, 11, 4084, 8180, 290, 617, 4025, 2706, 11, 481, 467, 351, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 11, 290, 617, 4833, 2706, 481, 467, 351, 19255, 37000, 13, 4874, 1111, 389, 287, 3227, 11, 788, 661, 481, 307, 1498, 284, 8996, 262, 4034, 1735, 416, 1735, 845, 3538, 960, 1169, 12446, 355, 880, 355, 262, 2854, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 8314, 530, 2897, 257, 1598, 4621, 625, 262, 584, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 520, 8369, 351, 262, 31489, 23970, 11, 618, 345, 423, 257, 1263, 6546, 31489, 11, 345, 460, 3283, 517, 1459, 11, 523, 340, 447, 247, 82, 922, 329, 1029, 2866, 13, 1406, 326, 447, 247, 82, 1521, 314, 892, 262, 1588, 2706, 326, 460, 787, 262, 4896, 287, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 481, 2192, 466, 340, 11, 780, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 389, 21362, 13, 1114, 262, 2706, 326, 761, 284, 423, 257, 2068, 835, 284, 651, 3675, 2534, 28642, 11, 314, 892, 19255, 33, 318, 257, 13971, 3037, 11, 2592, 329, 883, 2706, 326, 1541, 423, 1998, 351, 262, 12809, 40, 13, 383, 1790, 4976, 11, 286, 1781, 11, 318, 262, 6228, 31489, 960, 4480, 884, 7888, 29867, 11, 1342, 1459, 2925, 832, 11, 543, 23677, 284, 2793, 2866, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 2773, 2831, 2766, 423, 587, 10947, 355, 2282, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 1839, 447, 247, 83, 307, 355, 922, 329, 1877, 12, 6477, 5479, 355, 19255, 37000, 13, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 314, 892, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 389, 922, 329, 1877, 1176, 355, 880, 11, 475, 340, 857, 1011, 517, 4896, 284, 2222, 606, 284, 3227, 13, 314, 892, 257, 5448, 5449, 481, 3140, 518, 13, 383, 1109, 318, 11, 262, 734, 8514, 714, 763, 38476, 329, 257, 981, 11, 543, 318, 257, 922, 1517, 329, 262, 2831, 290, 3729, 257, 845, 922, 1517, 329, 7008, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,362
Ten Lessons from Wal-Mart Going Green - 2011 July-August The company once derided as the “bully of Bentonville” is now serious about green, having concluded that the clean, green, and least wasteful way of doing business is also the most profitable way of doing business. And what works for the world’s biggest company can work for anyone. So here are 10 lessons from Wal-Mart’s journey to the green side —five that apply to anyone, five aimed specifically at businesses. - Carbon = energy = money. Carbon comes from using energy. Energy costs money, which means cutting carbon saves the planet and saves you money. So do what Wal-Mart does: use energy-efficient lighting. Plant shade trees near your house or business. Insulate your attic and, if you have a flat roof, paint it white. Clean the filters in your refrigerator, heater, and AC. Small businesses that followed Wal-Mart’s advice have had their energy bills drop 20 to 60 percent by taking just those steps. - Waste = Money. If Wal-Mart stores in California can cut their waste by 81 percent, anything’s possible. So cut out the disposable water bottles, and use the tap and a glass. Make your own coffee instead of using all those disposable latte cups. Consider bulk foods (they’re cheaper) and products with a longer shelf life, such as organic milk, because a shocking third of our food ends up spoiled and in the trash. Compost. Recycle. Donate. Wal-Mart does all of this — and makes a cool $100 million a year from stuff it used to pay to have hauled to the landfill. - Make sustainability about health. Let’s be honest: we all say we want to be greener, but when it comes to voting with our time and our wallets, not so much. So when Wal-Mart wants to sell green, it emphasizes how sustainable choices are often healthy choices: organic baby food and clothes, for instance, are pesticide-free and therefore healthier for babies. And that does influence consumer behavior. - Start with quick wins. Wal-Mart caught sustainability fever by reducing the packaging on a single toy — and finding it simultaneously saved a forest and $2.5 million. What can a smaller business or household do? Switching out light bulbs will garner visible savings, as will washing in cold water. Or plant a vegetable garden nurtured with your own compost — the single most sustainable thing anyone can do. - listen to the kids. Wal-Mart is adopting sustainable business practices for two reasons: The fi rst is because, right now, sustainability boosts profi ts. The second has to do with the customers of tomorrow — our kids. Today’s Wal-Mart shoppers are not particularly motivated to buy green. But their kids are. - For Businesses: Sustainability starts at the top. no matter the size of the company, CEOs have to make sustainability their priority — and make their direct reports do the same. No one else can. - Everything is fair game. For a top-down sustainability mandate to succeed, it must “infect” thinking throughout a business. it can’t be the job of a separate sustainability team but rather the consideration of every department and line worker, from buyers to truck drivers to warehouse foremen. - Race to the top, not the bottom: Keeping the company at the point where emissions, waste, toxins, and sprawl are legal is a race to the bottom. New thinking about the environment perceives it as an opportunity to use sustainability for competitive advantage, a tool to make a business leaner, cleaner, and less wasteful, beyond anything that regulations require — a race to the top. - Burst the bubble, embrace the critics: When secretive, insular Wal-Mart decided to throw open its doors to critics, inviting environmentalists and activists inside the infamous “Bentonville Bubble,” organizations like the environmental Defense Fund, Conservation international, and the natural resources Defense Council were happy to lend their expertise for free. - Don’t wait for the market, lead it: Wal-Mart decided to get out in front of consumer demand on sustainability and found that it served the bottom line anyway — it pays to be green. But today’s sustainability eff orts mean the company will be ready when consumer demand does catch up.	[ 24893, 46885, 422, 6445, 12, 13143, 19219, 3469, 198, 12, 2813, 2901, 12, 17908, 198, 464, 1664, 1752, 4587, 1384, 355, 262, 564, 250, 65, 2132, 286, 20421, 261, 4244, 447, 251, 318, 783, 2726, 546, 4077, 11, 1719, 8391, 326, 262, 3424, 11, 4077, 11, 290, 1551, 45393, 835, 286, 1804, 1597, 318, 635, 262, 749, 17967, 835, 286, 1804, 1597, 13, 843, 644, 2499, 329, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 4094, 1664, 460, 670, 329, 2687, 13, 1406, 994, 389, 838, 11658, 422, 6445, 12, 13143, 447, 247, 82, 7002, 284, 262, 4077, 1735, 851, 13261, 326, 4174, 284, 2687, 11, 1936, 8998, 5734, 379, 5692, 13, 198, 12, 23699, 796, 2568, 796, 1637, 13, 23699, 2058, 422, 1262, 2568, 13, 6682, 3484, 1637, 11, 543, 1724, 7720, 6588, 16031, 262, 5440, 290, 16031, 345, 1637, 13, 1406, 466, 644, 6445, 12, 13143, 857, 25, 779, 2568, 12, 16814, 12019, 13, 16561, 17979, 7150, 1474, 534, 2156, 393, 1597, 13, 7088, 5039, 534, 46113, 290, 11, 611, 345, 423, 257, 6228, 9753, 11, 7521, 340, 2330, 13, 5985, 262, 16628, 287, 534, 30500, 11, 39844, 11, 290, 7125, 13, 10452, 5692, 326, 3940, 6445, 12, 13143, 447, 247, 82, 5608, 423, 550, 511, 2568, 9024, 4268, 1160, 284, 3126, 1411, 416, 2263, 655, 883, 4831, 13, 198, 12, 35304, 796, 12911, 13, 1002, 6445, 12, 13143, 7000, 287, 3442, 460, 2005, 511, 7030, 416, 9773, 1411, 11, 1997, 447, 247, 82, 1744, 13, 1406, 2005, 503, 262, 32445, 1660, 14096, 11, 290, 779, 262, 9814, 290, 257, 5405, 13, 6889, 534, 898, 6891, 2427, 286, 1262, 477, 883, 32445, 3042, 660, 14180, 13, 12642, 11963, 9013, 357, 9930, 447, 247, 260, 11721, 8, 290, 3186, 351, 257, 2392, 18316, 1204, 11, 884, 355, 10469, 7545, 11, 780, 257, 14702, 2368, 286, 674, 2057, 5645, 510, 34781, 290, 287, 262, 13913, 13, 3082, 455, 13, 3311, 39297, 13, 2094, 378, 13, 6445, 12, 13143, 857, 477, 286, 428, 851, 290, 1838, 257, 3608, 720, 3064, 1510, 257, 614, 422, 3404, 340, 973, 284, 1414, 284, 423, 43423, 284, 262, 47712, 13, 198, 12, 6889, 26809, 546, 1535, 13, 3914, 447, 247, 82, 307, 5508, 25, 356, 477, 910, 356, 765, 284, 307, 10536, 877, 11, 475, 618, 340, 2058, 284, 6709, 351, 674, 640, 290, 674, 29608, 11, 407, 523, 881, 13, 1406, 618, 6445, 12, 13143, 3382, 284, 3677, 4077, 11, 340, 31648, 703, 13347, 7747, 389, 1690, 5448, 7747, 25, 10469, 5156, 2057, 290, 8242, 11, 329, 4554, 11, 389, 36466, 12, 5787, 290, 4361, 22841, 329, 11903, 13, 843, 326, 857, 4588, 7172, 4069, 13, 198, 12, 7253, 351, 2068, 7864, 13, 6445, 12, 13143, 4978, 26809, 17372, 416, 8868, 262, 16846, 319, 257, 2060, 13373, 851, 290, 4917, 340, 11640, 7448, 257, 8222, 290, 720, 17, 13, 20, 1510, 13, 1867, 460, 257, 4833, 1597, 393, 6641, 466, 30, 14645, 278, 503, 1657, 34122, 481, 34679, 7424, 10653, 11, 355, 481, 20518, 287, 4692, 1660, 13, 1471, 4618, 257, 20236, 11376, 23868, 1522, 351, 534, 898, 36541, 851, 262, 2060, 749, 13347, 1517, 2687, 460, 466, 13, 198, 12, 6004, 284, 262, 3988, 13, 6445, 12, 13143, 318, 22868, 13347, 1597, 6593, 329, 734, 3840, 25, 383, 25912, 374, 301, 318, 780, 11, 826, 783, 11, 26809, 31822, 1534, 72, 40379, 13, 383, 1218, 468, 284, 466, 351, 262, 4297, 286, 9439, 851, 674, 3988, 13, 6288, 447, 247, 82, 6445, 12, 13143, 30303, 389, 407, 3573, 13338, 284, 2822, 4077, 13, 887, 511, 3988, 389, 13, 198, 12, 1114, 7320, 274, 25, 311, 19542, 1799, 4940, 379, 262, 1353, 13, 645, 2300, 262, 2546, 286, 262, 1664, 11, 32938, 423, 284, 787, 26809, 511, 8475, 851, 290, 787, 511, 1277, 3136, 466, 262, 976, 13, 1400, 530, 2073, 460, 13, 198, 12, 11391, 318, 3148, 983, 13, 1114, 257, 1353, 12, 2902, 26809, 14598, 284, 6758, 11, 340, 1276, 564, 250, 27816, 447, 251, 3612, 3690, 257, 1597, 13, 340, 460, 447, 247, 83, 307, 262, 1693, 286, 257, 4553, 26809, 1074, 475, 2138, 262, 9110, 286, 790, 5011, 290, 1627, 8383, 11, 422, 14456, 284, 7779, 6643, 284, 20933, 1674, 3653, 13, 198, 12, 12588, 284, 262, 1353, 11, 407, 262, 4220, 25, 33311, 262, 1664, 379, 262, 966, 810, 8971, 11, 7030, 11, 31930, 11, 290, 599, 13132, 389, 2742, 318, 257, 3234, 284, 262, 4220, 13, 968, 3612, 546, 262, 2858, 36974, 1083, 340, 355, 281, 3663, 284, 779, 26809, 329, 7606, 4621, 11, 257, 2891, 284, 787, 257, 1597, 10904, 263, 11, 21723, 11, 290, 1342, 45393, 11, 3675, 1997, 326, 6647, 2421, 851, 257, 3234, 284, 262, 1353, 13, 198, 12, 30635, 262, 14310, 11, 12553, 262, 9188, 25, 1649, 32654, 11, 1035, 934, 6445, 12, 13143, 3066, 284, 3714, 1280, 663, 8215, 284, 9188, 11, 23310, 40586, 290, 7941, 2641, 262, 16526, 564, 250, 33, 26673, 4244, 33691, 11, 447, 251, 5745, 588, 262, 6142, 5947, 7557, 11, 23702, 3230, 11, 290, 262, 3288, 4133, 5947, 4281, 547, 3772, 284, 22096, 511, 13572, 329, 1479, 13, 198, 12, 2094, 447, 247, 83, 4043, 329, 262, 1910, 11, 1085, 340, 25, 6445, 12, 13143, 3066, 284, 651, 503, 287, 2166, 286, 7172, 3512, 319, 26809, 290, 1043, 326, 340, 4983, 262, 4220, 1627, 6949, 851, 340, 13831, 284, 307, 4077, 13, 887, 1909, 447, 247, 82, 26809, 914, 393, 912, 1612, 262, 1664, 481, 307, 3492, 618, 7172, 3512, 857, 4929, 510, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	915
After God dramatically delivered Israel from slavery in Egypt, He brought them to Mount Sinai. There, He joined them to Himself in a sacred covenant. Among all the varied instructions He gave them there, how was beauty included? Exod. 25:1–9.1 The first half of the book of Exodus details the miraculous deliverance of Israel from Egypt. The second half of the book deals with issues that include beauty. The divine instructions of Exodus 25:1–9 are followed by Exodus 25:10–31:11, with God’s “blueprints” for the portable tent sanctuary, its furnishings, and the priestly vestments. FromExodus 35:1 to the end of the book (Exod. 40:38) are found God’s detailed descriptions, along with the record of the precise accomplishment of them. This record includes extensive details of artistry. This collection of details is tedious reading to many modern Christians. But it pleased God not only to present these many instructions to the newly-freed slaves but also to include them in Scripture. There are almost fifty chapters in the first five books of the Bible that record God’s precise directives regarding a beautiful sanctuary. He provides not only the architectural blueprints but also the exact directions for the furnishings. It is significant that on Mount Sinai God gave not only the Decalogue, His instructions for obedience within the covenant, but also specific directions of how to fashion a lavish structure involving almost every type of artistic skill. God was architect of it all, even inspiring the artisans to craft the minute details of decoration. Nothing was left to human devising. There are more chapters regarding the plans for, and consequent building of, this sanctuary and its furnishings than for any other subject in the first five books of Moses. If the earthly sanctuary was only a “shadow” of the heavenly, we can hardly begin to imagine the kind of beauty that must exist in the real sanctuary, the one that God Himself made. Why do you think it was important for the sanctuary to be so beautiful? Perhaps to give the people a sense of awe before the power and grandeur of God? Maybe to help them sense their own need before such grandeur? How can understanding the glory of the sanctuary better help us grasp the character of God in contrast to our own earthliness and sinfulness?	[ 3260, 1793, 12034, 6793, 2692, 422, 13503, 287, 6365, 11, 679, 3181, 606, 284, 5628, 33745, 13, 1318, 11, 679, 5399, 606, 284, 31657, 287, 257, 13626, 28173, 13, 9754, 477, 262, 15641, 7729, 679, 2921, 606, 612, 11, 703, 373, 8737, 3017, 30, 1475, 375, 13, 1679, 25, 16, 1906, 24, 13, 16, 198, 464, 717, 2063, 286, 262, 1492, 286, 38557, 3307, 262, 40336, 5203, 590, 286, 2692, 422, 6365, 13, 383, 1218, 2063, 286, 262, 1492, 7529, 351, 2428, 326, 2291, 8737, 13, 383, 11871, 7729, 286, 38557, 1679, 25, 16, 1906, 24, 389, 3940, 416, 38557, 1679, 25, 940, 1906, 3132, 25, 1157, 11, 351, 1793, 447, 247, 82, 564, 250, 17585, 17190, 447, 251, 329, 262, 17726, 11105, 24050, 11, 663, 34076, 654, 11, 290, 262, 11503, 306, 19750, 902, 13, 3574, 3109, 21878, 3439, 25, 16, 284, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1492, 357, 3109, 375, 13, 2319, 25, 2548, 8, 389, 1043, 1793, 447, 247, 82, 6496, 16969, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 1700, 286, 262, 7141, 29340, 286, 606, 13, 770, 1700, 3407, 7667, 3307, 286, 1242, 4592, 13, 198, 1212, 4947, 286, 3307, 318, 32460, 3555, 284, 867, 3660, 9316, 13, 887, 340, 10607, 1793, 407, 691, 284, 1944, 777, 867, 7729, 284, 262, 8308, 12, 69, 15977, 13384, 475, 635, 284, 2291, 606, 287, 25595, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 2048, 15334, 15754, 287, 262, 717, 1936, 3835, 286, 262, 9111, 326, 1700, 1793, 447, 247, 82, 7141, 34819, 5115, 257, 4950, 24050, 13, 679, 3769, 407, 691, 262, 27070, 4171, 17190, 475, 635, 262, 2748, 11678, 329, 262, 34076, 654, 13, 632, 318, 2383, 326, 319, 5628, 33745, 1793, 2921, 407, 691, 262, 4280, 30326, 11, 2399, 7729, 329, 28777, 1626, 262, 28173, 11, 475, 635, 2176, 11678, 286, 703, 284, 6977, 257, 38957, 4645, 7411, 2048, 790, 2099, 286, 17290, 5032, 13, 198, 13482, 373, 7068, 286, 340, 477, 11, 772, 20886, 262, 1242, 26100, 284, 5977, 262, 5664, 3307, 286, 42050, 13, 10528, 373, 1364, 284, 1692, 1614, 1710, 13, 1318, 389, 517, 15754, 5115, 262, 3352, 329, 11, 290, 4937, 298, 2615, 286, 11, 428, 24050, 290, 663, 34076, 654, 621, 329, 597, 584, 2426, 287, 262, 717, 1936, 3835, 286, 19010, 13, 198, 1532, 262, 39892, 24050, 373, 691, 257, 564, 250, 19106, 447, 251, 286, 262, 32271, 11, 356, 460, 8941, 2221, 284, 5967, 262, 1611, 286, 8737, 326, 1276, 2152, 287, 262, 1103, 24050, 11, 262, 530, 326, 1793, 31657, 925, 13, 198, 5195, 466, 345, 892, 340, 373, 1593, 329, 262, 24050, 284, 307, 523, 4950, 30, 8673, 284, 1577, 262, 661, 257, 2565, 286, 25030, 878, 262, 1176, 290, 4490, 23365, 286, 1793, 30, 6674, 284, 1037, 606, 2565, 511, 898, 761, 878, 884, 4490, 23365, 30, 1374, 460, 4547, 262, 13476, 286, 262, 24050, 1365, 1037, 514, 13180, 262, 2095, 286, 1793, 287, 6273, 284, 674, 898, 4534, 26061, 290, 7813, 15538, 30, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	491
In Python, for a binary file, I can write this: buf_size=1024*64 # this is an important size... with open(file, "rb") as f: while True: data=f.read(buf_size) if not data: break # deal with the data.... With a text file that I want to read line-by-line, I can write this: with open(file, "r") as file: for line in file: # deal with each line.... Which is shorthand for: with open(file, "r") as file: for line in iter(file.readline, ""): # deal with each line.... This idiom is documented in PEP 234 but I have failed to locate a similar idiom for binary files. I have tried this: >>> with open('dups.txt','rb') as f: ... for chunk in iter(f.read,''): ... i+=1 >>> i 1 # 30 MB file, i==1 means read in one go... I tried putting iter(f.read(buf_size),'') but that is a syntax error because of the parens after the callable in iter(). I know I could write a function, but is there way with the default idiom of for chunk in file: where I can use a buffer size versus a line oriented? Thanks for putting up with the Python newbie trying to write his first non-trivial and idiomatic Python script.	[ 818, 11361, 11, 329, 257, 13934, 2393, 11, 314, 460, 3551, 428, 25, 198, 29325, 62, 7857, 28, 35500, 9, 2414, 1303, 428, 318, 281, 1593, 2546, 986, 351, 1280, 7, 7753, 11, 366, 26145, 4943, 355, 277, 25, 981, 6407, 25, 1366, 28, 69, 13, 961, 7, 29325, 62, 7857, 8, 611, 407, 1366, 25, 2270, 1303, 1730, 351, 262, 1366, 1106, 198, 3152, 257, 2420, 2393, 326, 314, 765, 284, 1100, 1627, 12, 1525, 12, 1370, 11, 314, 460, 3551, 428, 25, 198, 4480, 1280, 7, 7753, 11, 366, 81, 4943, 355, 2393, 25, 329, 1627, 287, 2393, 25, 1303, 1730, 351, 1123, 1627, 1106, 198, 13828, 318, 45883, 329, 25, 198, 4480, 1280, 7, 7753, 11, 366, 81, 4943, 355, 2393, 25, 329, 1627, 287, 11629, 7, 7753, 13, 961, 1370, 11, 13538, 2599, 1303, 1730, 351, 1123, 1627, 1106, 198, 1212, 4686, 29005, 318, 12395, 287, 350, 8905, 34323, 475, 314, 423, 4054, 284, 17276, 257, 2092, 4686, 29005, 329, 13934, 3696, 13, 198, 40, 423, 3088, 428, 25, 198, 33409, 351, 1280, 10786, 646, 862, 13, 14116, 41707, 26145, 11537, 355, 277, 25, 2644, 329, 16058, 287, 11629, 7, 69, 13, 961, 14004, 2599, 2644, 1312, 47932, 16, 13163, 1312, 352, 1303, 1542, 10771, 2393, 11, 1312, 855, 16, 1724, 1100, 287, 530, 467, 986, 198, 40, 3088, 5137, 198, 2676, 7, 69, 13, 961, 7, 29325, 62, 7857, 828, 7061, 8, 475, 326, 318, 257, 15582, 4049, 780, 286, 262, 279, 5757, 82, 706, 262, 869, 540, 287, 11629, 22446, 198, 40, 760, 314, 714, 3551, 257, 2163, 11, 475, 318, 612, 835, 351, 262, 4277, 4686, 29005, 286, 198, 1640, 16058, 287, 2393, 25, 810, 314, 460, 779, 257, 11876, 2546, 9051, 257, 1627, 25921, 30, 198, 9690, 329, 5137, 510, 351, 262, 11361, 649, 12590, 2111, 284, 3551, 465, 717, 1729, 12, 83, 15104, 498, 290, 46205, 13730, 11361, 4226, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	320
Update: If you’re reading these words the peak of the Quadrantid Meteor Shower has passed. But if you missed it, you can check out this slideshow or check out the video embedded below the jump. Earlier: If you didn’t see any fireworks on New Year’s Eve, you might want to look to the skies tonight (well, technically very early tomorrow). That’s when the Quadrantid Meteor Shower will reach its peek visibility for the year. Between 3 a.m. and sunrise Thursday morning, as many as 120 meteors an hour fall to earth in the shower. That could make for quite a show, but there’s a problem for people who want to watch in Texas. Actually, there are two of them. Many parts of the state are expecting cloudy weather. That alone could be a Quandrantid killer for a lot of stargazers, specifically those in Central and East Texas. And even if you’re under clear skies tonight, the moon could get between you and the shooting stars. It will be in a bright gibbous phase, and all that light could overpower the view of weaker meteors. For those who are not likely to catch the show outdoors there is one final option, and it doesn’t involve stepping into the cold winter air. NASA will be live streaming a video of the shower from a camera mounted at its Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. It’s set to begin streaming at approximately 5 p.m. Central Time. If you still want to check the showers the old fashioned way, NASA has a few simple tips. To view Quadrantids, go outside and allow your eyes 30-45 minutes to adjust to the dark. Look straight up, allowing your eyes to take in as much of the sky as possible. It couldn’t get much more simple than that.	[ 10260, 25, 1002, 345, 447, 247, 260, 3555, 777, 2456, 262, 9103, 286, 262, 20648, 5250, 312, 25582, 911, 789, 468, 3804, 13, 887, 611, 345, 6825, 340, 11, 345, 460, 2198, 503, 428, 48828, 393, 2198, 503, 262, 2008, 14553, 2174, 262, 4391, 13, 198, 13689, 25, 1002, 345, 1422, 447, 247, 83, 766, 597, 26056, 319, 968, 6280, 447, 247, 82, 12882, 11, 345, 1244, 765, 284, 804, 284, 262, 24091, 9975, 357, 4053, 11, 14497, 845, 1903, 9439, 737, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 618, 262, 20648, 5250, 312, 25582, 911, 789, 481, 3151, 663, 27185, 20742, 329, 262, 614, 13, 198, 25262, 513, 257, 13, 76, 13, 290, 40048, 3635, 3329, 11, 355, 867, 355, 7982, 47091, 669, 281, 1711, 2121, 284, 4534, 287, 262, 14643, 13, 1320, 714, 787, 329, 2407, 257, 905, 11, 475, 612, 447, 247, 82, 257, 1917, 329, 661, 508, 765, 284, 2342, 287, 3936, 13, 18689, 11, 612, 389, 734, 286, 606, 13, 198, 7085, 3354, 286, 262, 1181, 389, 12451, 40026, 6193, 13, 1320, 3436, 714, 307, 257, 2264, 392, 5250, 312, 11868, 329, 257, 1256, 286, 336, 853, 1031, 364, 11, 5734, 883, 287, 5694, 290, 3687, 3936, 13, 843, 772, 611, 345, 447, 247, 260, 739, 1598, 24091, 9975, 11, 262, 8824, 714, 651, 1022, 345, 290, 262, 4395, 5788, 13, 632, 481, 307, 287, 257, 6016, 46795, 65, 516, 7108, 11, 290, 477, 326, 1657, 714, 42905, 262, 1570, 286, 17642, 47091, 669, 13, 198, 1890, 883, 508, 389, 407, 1884, 284, 4929, 262, 905, 24349, 612, 318, 530, 2457, 3038, 11, 290, 340, 1595, 447, 247, 83, 6211, 17413, 656, 262, 4692, 7374, 1633, 13, 198, 29998, 481, 307, 2107, 11305, 257, 2008, 286, 262, 14643, 422, 257, 4676, 12623, 379, 663, 13606, 4687, 13365, 3337, 287, 31926, 4244, 11, 9266, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 900, 284, 2221, 11305, 379, 6702, 642, 279, 13, 76, 13, 5694, 3862, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 991, 765, 284, 2198, 262, 32290, 262, 1468, 35458, 835, 11, 8884, 468, 257, 1178, 2829, 9040, 13, 198, 2514, 1570, 20648, 5250, 2340, 11, 467, 2354, 290, 1249, 534, 2951, 1542, 12, 2231, 2431, 284, 4532, 284, 262, 3223, 13, 6803, 3892, 510, 11, 5086, 534, 2951, 284, 1011, 287, 355, 881, 286, 262, 6766, 355, 1744, 13, 198, 1026, 3521, 447, 247, 83, 651, 881, 517, 2829, 621, 326, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	400
\|Evolution of plants ferns The oldest Four very old plants Parka Myriapods Crock Hey (Seed) ferns Scorpion Lepidodendron Sigillaria Calamites Wood of Calamites Cordaites The leaf of Neuropteris Little animals Graissessac Psaronius Permian of Lodève Bayreuth Yorkshire Gymnosperm wood Tree fern Tempskya Palm wood Hardwood Manosque Links Eight fossils A concise report of the development of the flora I. Silurian and Devonian Carboniferous and Early Permian III. Permian - Early Cretaceous IV. Cretaceous - present \| The oldest fossils of land plants visible with the naked eye are about 425 million years old. They are miniscule plants from the Mid-Silurian of Ireland en are called Cooksonia. Cooksonia plants had dichotomously divided little stems with small knobs at the end. These knobs were sporangia and they were filled with spores. During about 20 or 30 millions of years these were the most common plants. They became extinct at the end of the Early Devonian. In the photo on the left my finest specimen of Cooksonia. It comes from South Wales and measures 3.5 cm. Click on the photos for enlargement. Click here for more information Recently microscopic remains have been found in Oman indicating that land plants existed already 475 million years ago. Probably land plants have developed from green algae living in the sea. \| During the Early Devonian, from about 410 million years ago, more variation came into the flora. New groups of plants came into existence, but still the plants were small (up to 50 cm). Flowers developed only 250 millions of years later. Leaves didn't exist either, except for the scalelike leaves, like those of the clubmosses (click the photo on the right). Several plants had spines (click photo on the left). These were not for defending the plant, for animal life on the land was still minimal and the land animals were very small (millipedes, collembolans, trigonotarbids ('spiders'), very small crustaceans, etc.). Probably the function of the spines was to enlarge the green surface and so to enhance the assimilation. Furthermore the spines could have given more hold to the plants in forming small bushes of plants of the same species, hanging more or less on each other. All plants of that period were cryptogams (plants with spores), like at present the mosses, the ferns, the clubmosses and the horsetails. But they are so different from the living plants, that in nearly all cases it is impossible to identify to which group of recent plants they belong. All those ancient plants have become extinct. Relatively little is known about these primitive plants, because only a small number of complete and well preserved plants have been found. In most cases the plants have been transported by rivers before they ended up in the mud and could fossilize. Therefore the plants were mostly cut to small pieces before getting fossil. There are only a limited number of places where plants from the Silurian, the Lower and Middle Devonian have been well preserved. \| A huge source of information on the oldest land plants is the so called Rhynie chert. About 400 million years ago there was a kind of Yellowstone Park near the place where Rhynie is now situated (click on the photo on the left). There were erupting vulcanos and geysers belching boiling water, saturated with silicium. That is how a complete silicified marsh came into existence with exceptionally well preserved plants, even showing their cell structure. Many animals have also been found in the chert. The photo on the right shows a stem of the plant Rhynia (1.3 mm in diameter). Click here for a more extensive description of the Rhynie chert. \|During the Middle Devonian the plants became taller and little trees arose, sized up to a couple of meters. Recently a trunk with attached crown has been discovered in the State of New York. This tree is called Eospermatopteris and it could be sized up to 8 m. It lived in the late Middle Devonian. Read more about this subject. From the Late Devonian, Archaeopteris (don't confuse it with the ancient bird Archaeopterix) is the most well-known tree. It was possibly a predecessor of the conifers and this tree could reach a height of 18 m. The drawing on the left is a reconstruction from the fine website Devonian Times. Especially in Belgium quite a number of plants from the Upper Devonian are found. An example is Rhacophyton, occurring in the region of Liège (click photo on the right), which could very well be a precursor of the ferns. It lacks still leaves, but it has small hooks at the end of the branches. \|At the end of the Devonian the first plants with seeds came into being. The oldest seed plant of Europe has been found in Belgium and it is has got its name after the village of Moresnet: Moresnetia (click photo on the left). This plant has primitive seeds: they are not yet entirely enveloped, like modern seeds. Recently a precursor of this plant has been discovered in Belgium with still more primitive 'seeds'. Click here for the original paper. The seed plants have become more ande more important in the course of the hundreds of million years. It appeared to be a successful formula because nowadays by far most plants are seed plants. The free-sporing plants have been pushed into the background. Click here for a more extensive description of the early land plants.	[ 91, 15200, 2122, 286, 6134, 198, 69, 1142, 82, 383, 13325, 198, 15137, 845, 1468, 6134, 3250, 64, 2011, 380, 499, 12978, 9325, 694, 14690, 357, 50, 2308, 8, 277, 1142, 82, 48821, 42957, 312, 375, 437, 1313, 21984, 359, 10312, 2199, 321, 2737, 198, 22911, 286, 2199, 321, 2737, 21119, 64, 2737, 383, 12835, 286, 13782, 42104, 271, 7703, 4695, 7037, 747, 408, 330, 33610, 8045, 3754, 2448, 76, 666, 286, 45238, 14064, 303, 198, 15262, 260, 1071, 31157, 31187, 39369, 16321, 4898, 12200, 277, 1142, 5825, 862, 2584, 64, 18358, 4898, 6912, 3822, 1869, 418, 4188, 21691, 18087, 34066, 198, 32, 35327, 989, 286, 262, 2478, 286, 262, 48037, 198, 40, 13, 4243, 333, 666, 290, 6245, 27625, 198, 9914, 4189, 7087, 516, 290, 12556, 2448, 76, 666, 198, 10855, 13, 2448, 76, 666, 532, 12556, 327, 1186, 37797, 198, 3824, 13, 327, 1186, 37797, 532, 1944, 198, 91, 383, 13325, 34066, 286, 1956, 6134, 7424, 351, 262, 12105, 4151, 389, 198, 10755, 36959, 1510, 812, 1468, 13, 1119, 389, 949, 2304, 2261, 6134, 422, 262, 198, 22622, 12, 15086, 333, 666, 286, 7517, 551, 389, 1444, 198, 28937, 1559, 544, 13, 8261, 1559, 544, 6134, 550, 36638, 43125, 3481, 9086, 198, 31629, 21552, 351, 1402, 638, 8158, 379, 262, 886, 13, 2312, 638, 8158, 547, 35810, 648, 544, 198, 392, 484, 547, 5901, 351, 47306, 13, 5856, 546, 1160, 393, 1542, 5242, 286, 812, 198, 27218, 547, 262, 749, 2219, 6134, 13, 1119, 2627, 28881, 379, 262, 886, 286, 262, 198, 20457, 6245, 27625, 13, 554, 262, 4590, 319, 262, 1364, 616, 18822, 31674, 286, 198, 28937, 1559, 544, 13, 632, 2058, 422, 2520, 11769, 290, 5260, 513, 13, 20, 12067, 13, 6914, 198, 261, 262, 5205, 329, 26537, 972, 13, 6914, 198, 1456, 329, 517, 1321, 198, 24661, 41858, 3793, 423, 587, 1043, 287, 41782, 12739, 326, 1956, 6134, 11196, 1541, 45881, 1510, 812, 2084, 13, 18578, 1956, 6134, 423, 4166, 422, 4077, 33773, 2877, 287, 262, 5417, 13, 198, 91, 5856, 262, 12556, 6245, 27625, 11, 422, 546, 198, 33289, 1510, 812, 2084, 11, 517, 12291, 1625, 656, 262, 48037, 13, 968, 2628, 286, 198, 489, 1187, 1625, 656, 6224, 11, 475, 991, 262, 6134, 547, 1402, 357, 929, 284, 2026, 12067, 737, 198, 7414, 3618, 4166, 691, 8646, 5242, 286, 812, 1568, 13, 46597, 1422, 470, 2152, 2035, 11, 198, 16341, 329, 262, 16578, 417, 522, 5667, 11, 588, 883, 286, 262, 3430, 76, 793, 274, 357, 12976, 198, 1169, 4590, 319, 262, 826, 737, 198, 14945, 6134, 550, 599, 1127, 357, 12976, 4590, 319, 262, 1364, 737, 2312, 547, 407, 329, 11749, 262, 4618, 11, 329, 5044, 1204, 319, 262, 1956, 373, 991, 10926, 290, 262, 1956, 4695, 547, 845, 1402, 357, 17805, 541, 37507, 11, 6367, 23650, 504, 11, 5192, 261, 313, 38039, 2340, 19203, 2777, 4157, 33809, 845, 1402, 20048, 558, 504, 11, 3503, 15729, 18578, 262, 2163, 286, 262, 599, 1127, 373, 284, 27475, 262, 4077, 4417, 290, 523, 284, 9494, 262, 840, 42963, 13, 11399, 262, 599, 1127, 714, 423, 1813, 517, 1745, 284, 262, 6134, 287, 14583, 1402, 37413, 286, 6134, 286, 262, 976, 4693, 11, 10938, 517, 393, 1342, 319, 1123, 584, 13, 198, 3237, 6134, 286, 326, 2278, 547, 8194, 519, 4105, 357, 489, 1187, 351, 47306, 828, 588, 198, 265, 1944, 262, 42853, 274, 11, 262, 277, 1142, 82, 11, 262, 3430, 76, 793, 274, 290, 262, 45334, 316, 1768, 13, 887, 198, 9930, 389, 523, 1180, 422, 262, 2877, 6134, 11, 326, 287, 3016, 477, 2663, 340, 198, 271, 5340, 284, 5911, 284, 543, 1448, 286, 2274, 6134, 484, 5594, 13, 1439, 198, 25591, 6156, 6134, 423, 1716, 28881, 13, 198, 6892, 9404, 1310, 318, 1900, 546, 777, 20049, 6134, 11, 780, 691, 257, 1402, 1271, 286, 1844, 290, 880, 17232, 6134, 423, 587, 1043, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 262, 6134, 423, 587, 18665, 416, 18180, 878, 484, 4444, 510, 287, 262, 17492, 290, 714, 12584, 1096, 13, 8447, 262, 6134, 547, 4632, 2005, 284, 1402, 5207, 878, 1972, 12584, 13, 1318, 389, 691, 257, 3614, 1271, 286, 4113, 810, 6134, 422, 262, 4243, 333, 666, 11, 262, 16048, 290, 6046, 6245, 27625, 423, 587, 880, 17232, 13, 198, 91, 317, 3236, 2723, 286, 1321, 319, 262, 13325, 1956, 6134, 318, 262, 523, 198, 7174, 10323, 2047, 494, 21382, 83, 13, 198, 8585, 7337, 1510, 812, 2084, 612, 373, 257, 1611, 286, 47257, 3250, 1474, 262, 1295, 810, 10323, 2047, 494, 318, 783, 22765, 357, 12976, 319, 262, 4590, 319, 262, 1364, 737, 1318, 547, 17866, 278, 24477, 5171, 418, 290, 4903, 893, 364, 894, 10813, 24372, 1660, 11, 24725, 351, 3313, 291, 1505, 13, 1320, 318, 703, 257, 1844, 3313, 291, 1431, 22397, 1625, 656, 6224, 351, 24822, 880, 17232, 6134, 11, 772, 4478, 511, 2685, 4645, 13, 4650, 4695, 423, 635, 587, 1043, 287, 262, 21382, 83, 13, 383, 4590, 319, 262, 826, 2523, 257, 10717, 286, 262, 4618, 10323, 2047, 544, 357, 16, 13, 18, 8085, 287, 14753, 737, 6914, 994, 329, 257, 517, 7667, 6764, 286, 262, 10323, 2047, 494, 21382, 83, 13, 198, 91, 7191, 262, 6046, 6245, 27625, 262, 6134, 2627, 25242, 290, 1310, 7150, 198, 283, 577, 11, 19943, 510, 284, 257, 3155, 286, 10700, 13, 23413, 257, 21427, 351, 7223, 12389, 198, 10134, 587, 5071, 287, 262, 1812, 286, 968, 1971, 13, 770, 5509, 318, 1444, 198, 36, 418, 525, 6759, 32563, 271, 290, 340, 714, 307, 19943, 510, 284, 807, 285, 13, 632, 5615, 287, 262, 198, 17660, 6046, 6245, 27625, 13, 4149, 198, 3549, 546, 428, 2426, 13, 198, 4863, 262, 18319, 6245, 27625, 11, 32187, 32563, 271, 357, 9099, 470, 27531, 340, 351, 262, 6156, 6512, 32187, 32563, 844, 8, 318, 262, 749, 880, 12, 4002, 5509, 13, 632, 373, 5457, 257, 18476, 286, 262, 369, 361, 364, 290, 428, 5509, 714, 3151, 257, 6001, 286, 1248, 285, 13, 383, 8263, 319, 262, 1364, 318, 257, 25056, 422, 262, 3734, 3052, 6245, 27625, 3782, 13, 198, 48464, 287, 15664, 2407, 257, 1271, 286, 6134, 422, 262, 20390, 6245, 27625, 389, 1043, 13, 1052, 1672, 318, 10323, 330, 16982, 1122, 11, 14963, 287, 262, 3814, 286, 7455, 14064, 469, 357, 12976, 4590, 319, 262, 826, 828, 543, 714, 845, 880, 307, 257, 34826, 286, 262, 277, 1142, 82, 13, 632, 16523, 991, 5667, 11, 475, 340, 468, 1402, 26569, 379, 262, 886, 286, 262, 13737, 13, 198, 91, 2953, 262, 886, 286, 262, 6245, 27625, 262, 717, 6134, 351, 11904, 1625, 656, 198, 11873, 13, 383, 13325, 9403, 4618, 286, 2031, 468, 587, 1043, 287, 15664, 290, 340, 318, 198, 10134, 1392, 663, 1438, 706, 262, 7404, 286, 337, 2850, 3262, 25, 337, 2850, 3262, 544, 357, 12976, 198, 23074, 319, 262, 1364, 737, 770, 4618, 468, 20049, 11904, 25, 484, 389, 407, 1865, 198, 298, 557, 306, 16441, 276, 11, 588, 3660, 11904, 13, 23413, 257, 34826, 286, 428, 4618, 198, 10134, 587, 5071, 287, 15664, 351, 991, 517, 20049, 705, 325, 5379, 4458, 6914, 198, 1456, 329, 262, 2656, 3348, 13, 198, 464, 9403, 6134, 423, 1716, 517, 290, 68, 517, 1593, 287, 262, 1781, 286, 262, 5179, 286, 1510, 812, 13, 632, 4120, 284, 307, 257, 4388, 10451, 780, 26760, 416, 1290, 749, 6134, 389, 9403, 6134, 13, 383, 1479, 12, 82, 1819, 278, 6134, 423, 587, 7121, 656, 262, 4469, 13, 6914, 994, 329, 257, 517, 7667, 6764, 286, 262, 1903, 1956, 6134, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,245
Steeped in historical significance. And pretty to look at, too.. History As most would guess by the name alone, the Old Courthouse has moved on from its once pivotal role as the federal court in the city of St. Louis to being a charming historical landmark. Just two blocks from the Gateway Arch, the Courthouse has long provided a picturesque focus to the city's landscape, though its 150-year-plus history makes it much more than just eye candy. Inside the building, you can tour two restored courtrooms and several galleries dedicated to the rich history of St. Louis. Judgments Built in 1828, the Old Courthouse played host to some of the most important cases of the 19th century. The first two trials in the Dred Scott case took place here in 1847 and 1850, pivotal events that set the stage for the Civil War. A plaque on the west side of the courthouse commemorates the Dred Scott decisions and their importance. Also, in the 1870s, Virginia Minor sued for her right to vote in this courthouse.	[ 7447, 538, 276, 287, 6754, 12085, 13, 843, 2495, 284, 804, 379, 11, 1165, 492, 7443, 1081, 749, 561, 4724, 416, 262, 1438, 3436, 11, 262, 5706, 2734, 23931, 468, 3888, 319, 422, 663, 1752, 28992, 2597, 355, 262, 2717, 2184, 287, 262, 1748, 286, 520, 13, 5593, 284, 852, 257, 23332, 6754, 20533, 13, 2329, 734, 7021, 422, 262, 29916, 5579, 11, 262, 2734, 23931, 468, 890, 2810, 257, 5986, 4188, 2962, 284, 262, 1748, 338, 10747, 11, 996, 663, 6640, 12, 1941, 12, 9541, 2106, 1838, 340, 881, 517, 621, 655, 4151, 18550, 13, 14384, 262, 2615, 11, 345, 460, 4205, 734, 15032, 2184, 9649, 290, 1811, 38462, 7256, 284, 262, 5527, 2106, 286, 520, 13, 5593, 13, 198, 26141, 11726, 28477, 287, 1248, 2078, 11, 262, 5706, 2734, 23931, 2826, 2583, 284, 617, 286, 262, 749, 1593, 2663, 286, 262, 678, 400, 4289, 13, 383, 717, 734, 9867, 287, 262, 360, 445, 4746, 1339, 1718, 1295, 994, 287, 1248, 2857, 290, 35745, 11, 28992, 2995, 326, 900, 262, 3800, 329, 262, 7511, 1810, 13, 317, 35127, 319, 262, 7421, 1735, 286, 262, 33625, 28723, 689, 262, 360, 445, 4746, 5370, 290, 511, 6817, 13, 4418, 11, 287, 262, 37667, 82, 11, 6025, 15367, 16334, 329, 607, 826, 284, 3015, 287, 428, 33625, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	217
New study details lethal impacts of a fungicide commonly used on golf courses around the world By Summit Voice SUMMIT COUNTY — Despite the lessons learned from the effects of DDT, people continue to use chemicals in the same organochlorine family, to the detriment of natural ecosystems. Now, University of South Florida researchers have shown that one of the world’s most common fungicides is lethal to a wide variety of freshwater organisms and essentially crashes ecosystems from the bottom up. Biologists Taegan McMahon and Jason Rohr tested the effects of Chlorothalonil, a common fungicides used pervasively on food crops and golf courses. Even at levels below those deemed safe by the EPA, the chemical killed amphibians, snails, zooplankton, algae, and aquatic plants The loss of these herbivores and plants freed the algae from predation and competition, which eventually resulted in algal blooms that were similar to the effects of eutrophication. “Some species were able to recover from the chemical assault, but the ecosystem was fundamentally changed after its exposure to chlorothalonil,” Rohr said. The four-week study was conducted in a series of 300-gallon tanks used to mimic pond conditions. It follows a 2011 laboratory study conducted by McMahon and Rohr that found that ecologically-relevant concentrations of chlorothalonil killed four species of amphibians. “Although our new study is the only reported community- and ecosystem-level experiment on chlorothalonil, our results are consistent with several direct toxicity studies conducted in the laboratory and with observations in the field,” McMahon said. Chlorothalonil kills molds and fungus by disrupting cellular respiration, an essential process for most multicellular organisms on the planet. Like the infamous DDT, chlorothalonil is a member of the organochlorine chemical family. “In addition, to reducing biodiversity and altering ecosystem functions, chlorothalonil reduced the decomposition of waste, an important service that freshwater ecosystems provide to humans,” McMahon added. “Interest in the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions stems at least partly from the concern that anthropogenically-driven declines in biodiversity will reduce or alter the benefits offered by ecosystems,” Rohr said. “Surprisingly, however, this is one of the first studies to actually manipulate an anthropogenic factor and link it to changes in ecosystem functions mediated by declines in biodiversity.” “This is important because many species in ecosystems might contribute little to ecosystem functions or are functionally redundant with other species, and thus declines in biodiversity do not always affect the functions and services of ecosystems,” Rohr said. McMahon and Rohr encourage further research on effects of anthropogenic factors on ecosystem functions in systems with complex food webs and the re-evaluation of the safety of chlorothalonil.	[ 3791, 2050, 3307, 17769, 12751, 286, 257, 31317, 5285, 8811, 973, 319, 13126, 10902, 1088, 262, 995, 198, 3886, 20014, 15282, 198, 50, 5883, 36393, 41012, 851, 7945, 262, 11658, 4499, 422, 262, 3048, 286, 20084, 51, 11, 661, 2555, 284, 779, 12910, 287, 262, 976, 1618, 5374, 4685, 500, 1641, 11, 284, 262, 42959, 286, 3288, 30020, 13, 198, 3844, 11, 2059, 286, 2520, 4744, 4837, 423, 3402, 326, 530, 286, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 749, 2219, 31317, 16751, 318, 17769, 284, 257, 3094, 4996, 286, 40941, 20296, 290, 6986, 17616, 30020, 422, 262, 4220, 510, 13, 198, 23286, 9251, 309, 3609, 1030, 33984, 290, 8982, 32694, 81, 6789, 262, 3048, 286, 609, 4685, 849, 40755, 346, 11, 257, 2219, 31317, 16751, 973, 583, 11017, 2280, 319, 2057, 14450, 290, 13126, 10902, 13, 3412, 379, 2974, 2174, 883, 10762, 3338, 416, 262, 10193, 11, 262, 5931, 2923, 38255, 1547, 11, 3013, 1768, 11, 1976, 11224, 75, 962, 1122, 11, 33773, 11, 290, 37115, 6134, 383, 2994, 286, 777, 21047, 452, 2850, 290, 6134, 13459, 262, 33773, 422, 2747, 341, 290, 5449, 11, 543, 4191, 8724, 287, 435, 13528, 24924, 3150, 326, 547, 2092, 284, 262, 3048, 286, 304, 315, 10051, 3299, 13, 198, 447, 250, 4366, 4693, 547, 1498, 284, 8551, 422, 262, 5931, 4641, 11, 475, 262, 13187, 373, 17640, 3421, 706, 663, 7111, 284, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 11, 447, 251, 32694, 81, 531, 13, 198, 464, 1440, 12, 10464, 2050, 373, 5952, 287, 257, 2168, 286, 5867, 12, 39580, 261, 11657, 973, 284, 26332, 16723, 3403, 13, 632, 5679, 257, 2813, 14010, 2050, 5952, 416, 33984, 290, 32694, 81, 326, 1043, 326, 9940, 13437, 12, 49659, 14587, 286, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 2923, 1440, 4693, 286, 38255, 1547, 13, 198, 447, 250, 7003, 674, 649, 2050, 318, 262, 691, 2098, 2055, 12, 290, 13187, 12, 5715, 6306, 319, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 11, 674, 2482, 389, 6414, 351, 1811, 1277, 28152, 3640, 5952, 287, 262, 14010, 290, 351, 13050, 287, 262, 2214, 11, 447, 251, 33984, 531, 13, 198, 1925, 4685, 849, 40755, 346, 12847, 285, 10119, 290, 39526, 416, 37915, 19824, 1217, 15297, 11, 281, 6393, 1429, 329, 749, 1963, 501, 32771, 20296, 319, 262, 5440, 13, 4525, 262, 16526, 20084, 51, 11, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 318, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 1618, 5374, 4685, 500, 5931, 1641, 13, 198, 447, 250, 818, 3090, 11, 284, 8868, 37589, 290, 29057, 13187, 5499, 11, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 5322, 262, 26969, 9150, 286, 7030, 11, 281, 1593, 2139, 326, 40941, 30020, 2148, 284, 5384, 11, 447, 251, 33984, 2087, 13, 198, 447, 250, 19302, 287, 262, 2776, 1022, 37589, 290, 13187, 5499, 21552, 379, 1551, 11476, 422, 262, 2328, 326, 17911, 6644, 1146, 12, 15808, 24459, 287, 37589, 481, 4646, 393, 8343, 262, 4034, 4438, 416, 30020, 11, 447, 251, 32694, 81, 531, 13, 564, 250, 14214, 20859, 11, 2158, 11, 428, 318, 530, 286, 262, 717, 3640, 284, 1682, 18510, 281, 17911, 15147, 5766, 290, 2792, 340, 284, 2458, 287, 13187, 5499, 36631, 416, 24459, 287, 37589, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 1212, 318, 1593, 780, 867, 4693, 287, 30020, 1244, 8676, 1310, 284, 13187, 5499, 393, 389, 48410, 30806, 351, 584, 4693, 11, 290, 4145, 24459, 287, 37589, 466, 407, 1464, 2689, 262, 5499, 290, 2594, 286, 30020, 11, 447, 251, 32694, 81, 531, 13, 198, 9742, 44, 30491, 290, 32694, 81, 7898, 2252, 2267, 319, 3048, 286, 17911, 15147, 5087, 319, 13187, 5499, 287, 3341, 351, 3716, 2057, 2639, 290, 262, 302, 12, 18206, 2288, 286, 262, 3747, 286, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	604
The 1st Octet already specify the network class (1-127: A, 128-191: B, 192-223: C etc.). A, B, or C implies the number of octets for network (respectively, 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, 255.255.255.0), which automatically tells you how many hosts is allowed for each class of While this was historically true. This hasn't been true for years. Years ago 188.8.131.52/8 was given out in pieces to various ISPs. (I believe this was mostly to cable providers.) Even when it was true for network assignments, netmasks were necessary for internal networks to simplify routing. Efficient routing of a network like 10.0.0.0/8 requires subdivision into smaller networks. This may be a simple scheme using /16 and /8 subdivisions, but is more likely to be classless subdivision. Larger subnets make more efficient use of address space (over 99% of a /24 is available for devices, while only 50% of a /30 is available. The local network is routed directly from the device, while other addresses are passed through a router. Hosts with multiple interfaces may be connected to networks of different sizes. For sub-nets without multi-homed hosts a /24 contains more addresses than is required. Most routers I have worked with have 24, 48, or 96 ports and can be supported with /27, /26, or /25 sub-nets. This allows some extra addresses for DCHP and/or multi-homing. Organizations may standardize on allocating sub-nets of /24 or /23 for routing. Since a IPv4 address already gives the information of the network and and host, why do we >still need a subnet mask? Many devices use a default netmask of /24 which in many cases matches the size of the local subnet (localnet) assigned to the router. This is equally applicable to classes A, B, and C. Unless the subnet size matches the default subnet a netmask is required. If addresses are specified using CIDR format, the netmask and network can be calculated from the address. If not the network can be calculated from the address and netmask. It is not possible to reliably calculate the netmask from the address and network. Providing a gateway (router) address for a subnet allows the default route to be configured allowing routing to addresses outside the subnet.	[ 464, 352, 301, 2556, 316, 1541, 11986, 262, 3127, 1398, 357, 16, 12, 16799, 25, 317, 11, 13108, 12, 26492, 25, 347, 11, 198, 17477, 12, 22047, 25, 327, 3503, 15729, 317, 11, 347, 11, 393, 327, 15565, 262, 1271, 286, 19318, 1039, 329, 3127, 198, 7, 15008, 2280, 11, 14280, 13, 15, 13, 15, 13, 15, 11, 14280, 13, 13381, 13, 15, 13, 15, 11, 14280, 13, 13381, 13, 13381, 13, 15, 828, 543, 198, 2306, 296, 4142, 4952, 345, 703, 867, 11453, 318, 3142, 329, 1123, 1398, 286, 198, 3633, 428, 373, 15074, 2081, 13, 770, 5818, 470, 587, 2081, 329, 812, 13, 13212, 2084, 27778, 13, 23, 13, 22042, 13, 4309, 14, 23, 373, 1813, 503, 287, 5207, 284, 2972, 28677, 13, 357, 40, 1975, 428, 373, 4632, 284, 7862, 9549, 2014, 198, 6104, 618, 340, 373, 2081, 329, 3127, 25815, 11, 2010, 5356, 591, 547, 3306, 329, 5387, 7686, 284, 30276, 28166, 13, 412, 5632, 28166, 286, 257, 3127, 588, 838, 13, 15, 13, 15, 13, 15, 14, 23, 4433, 29648, 656, 4833, 7686, 13, 770, 743, 307, 257, 2829, 7791, 1262, 1220, 1433, 290, 1220, 23, 45944, 3279, 11, 475, 318, 517, 1884, 284, 307, 1398, 1203, 29648, 13, 406, 32270, 850, 45938, 787, 517, 6942, 779, 286, 2209, 2272, 357, 2502, 7388, 4, 286, 257, 1220, 1731, 318, 1695, 329, 4410, 11, 981, 691, 2026, 4, 286, 257, 1220, 1270, 318, 1695, 13, 198, 464, 1957, 3127, 318, 42101, 3264, 422, 262, 3335, 11, 981, 584, 9405, 389, 3804, 832, 257, 20264, 13, 14504, 82, 351, 3294, 20314, 743, 307, 5884, 284, 7686, 286, 1180, 10620, 13, 198, 1890, 850, 12, 45938, 1231, 5021, 12, 71, 12657, 11453, 257, 1220, 1731, 4909, 517, 9405, 621, 318, 2672, 13, 4042, 41144, 314, 423, 3111, 351, 423, 1987, 11, 4764, 11, 393, 9907, 14090, 290, 460, 307, 4855, 351, 1220, 1983, 11, 1220, 2075, 11, 393, 1220, 1495, 850, 12, 45938, 13, 770, 3578, 617, 3131, 9405, 329, 360, 3398, 47, 290, 14, 273, 5021, 12, 71, 3383, 13, 41846, 743, 3210, 1096, 319, 477, 27123, 850, 12, 45938, 286, 1220, 1731, 393, 1220, 1954, 329, 28166, 13, 198, 6385, 257, 25961, 19, 2209, 1541, 3607, 262, 1321, 286, 262, 3127, 290, 290, 2583, 11, 1521, 466, 356, 1875, 24219, 761, 257, 850, 3262, 9335, 30, 198, 7085, 4410, 779, 257, 4277, 2010, 27932, 286, 1220, 1731, 543, 287, 867, 2663, 7466, 262, 2546, 286, 262, 1957, 850, 3262, 357, 12001, 3262, 8, 8686, 284, 262, 20264, 13, 770, 318, 8603, 9723, 284, 6097, 317, 11, 347, 11, 290, 327, 13, 17486, 262, 850, 3262, 2546, 7466, 262, 4277, 850, 3262, 257, 2010, 27932, 318, 2672, 13, 198, 1532, 9405, 389, 7368, 1262, 327, 2389, 49, 5794, 11, 262, 2010, 27932, 290, 3127, 460, 307, 10488, 422, 262, 2209, 13, 1002, 407, 262, 3127, 460, 307, 10488, 422, 262, 2209, 290, 2010, 27932, 13, 632, 318, 407, 1744, 284, 26995, 15284, 262, 2010, 27932, 422, 262, 2209, 290, 3127, 13, 198, 15946, 2530, 257, 24308, 357, 472, 353, 8, 2209, 329, 257, 850, 3262, 3578, 262, 4277, 6339, 284, 307, 17839, 5086, 28166, 284, 9405, 2354, 262, 850, 3262, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	535
Select the product you need help with - Internet Explorer - Windows Phone - More products Detailed Explanation of FAT Boot Sector Article ID: 140418 - View products that this article applies to. This article was previously published under Q140418 Understanding the content and function of a file system "boot sector" can be helpful when troubleshooting boot failures or disk corruption. From time to time, usually due to hardware failure or virus infection, a boot sector may become corrupted. If the partition is the active primary partition, or a partition containing operating system files, this can prevent the system from starting. Otherwise, it may simply prevent access to data on the drive. Usually, if you suspect disk corruption, it is best to use commercial anti- virus or disk recovery software. In some cases, however, detailed knowledge of the boot sector can come in handy. This article explains the various fields of a FAT boot sector. Using the following information, it may be possible to manually repair a damaged FAT boot sector. In order to attempt such a repair, disk editing tools capable of editing raw disk sectors are required. This article does not discuss specific tools which can be used to perform such a repair operations. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the following information, different operating systems, including future versions of Microsoft operating systems, may use different data structures. Therefore you should make use of the following information at your own risk. Background and TerminologyIn this document, a "file system boot sector" is the first physical sector on a logical volume. A logical volume might be a primary partition, a logical drive in an extended partition, or a composite of two or more partitions, as is the case with mirrors, stripe sets, and volume sets. On floppy disks, the boot sector is the first sector on the disk. In the case of hard drives, the first sector is referred to as the "Master Boot Record" or "MBR." This MBR is different from a file system boot sector and contains a partition table, which describes the layout of logical partitions on that hard drive. The file system boot sector would be the first sector in one of those partitions. The Boot ProcessThe boot process of 80x86-based personal computers (as opposed to RISC- based systems) makes direct use of a file system boot sector for executing instructions. The initial boot process can be summarized as follows: In the case of FAT volumes which have Windows NT installed, the FAT boot sector is responsible for identifying the location of the file "NTLDR" on the volume, loading it into memory, and transferring control to it. Inside the FAT Boot SectorBecause the MBR transfers CPU execution to the boot sector, the first few bytes of the FAT boot sector must be valid executable instructions for an 80x86 CPU. In practice these first instructions constitute a "jump" instruction and occupy the first 3 bytes of the boot sector. This jump serves to skip over the next several bytes which are not "executable." Following the jump instruction is an 8 byte "OEM ID". This is typically a string of characters that identifies the operating system that formatted the volume. Following the OEM ID is a structure known as the BIOS Parameter Block, or "BPB." Taken as a whole, the BPB provides enough information for the executable portion of the boot sector to be able to locate the NTLDR file. Because the BPB always starts at the same offset, standard parameters are always in a known location. Because the first instruction in the boot sector is a jump, the BPB can be extended in the future, provided new information is appended to the end. In such a case, the jump instruction would only need a minor adjustment. Also, the actual executable code can be fairly generic. All the variability associated with running on disks of different sizes and geometries is encapsulated in the BPB. The BPB is stored in a packed (that is, unaligned) format. The following table lists the byte offset of each field in the BPB. A description of each field follows the table. Bytes Per Sector: This is the size of a hardware sector and for most disks in use in the United States, the value of this field will be 512. Field Offset Length ----- ------ ------ Bytes Per Sector 11 2 Sectors Per Cluster 13 1 Reserved Sectors 14 2 FATs 16 1 Root Entries 17 2 Small Sectors 19 2 Media Descriptor 21 1 Sectors Per FAT 22 2 Sectors Per Track 24 2 Heads 26 2 Hidden Sectors 28 4 Large Sectors 32 4 Sectors Per Cluster: Because FAT is limited in the number of clusters (or "allocation units") that it can track, large volumes are supported by increasing the number of sectors per cluster. The cluster factor for a FAT volume is entirely dependent on the size of the volume. Valid values for this field are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128. Query in the Microsoft Knowledge Base for the term "Default Cluster Size" for more information on this subject. Reserved Sectors: This represents the number of sectors preceding the start of the first FAT, including the boot sector itself. It should always have a value of at least 1. FATs: This is the number of copies of the FAT table stored on the disk. Typically, the value of this field is 2. Root Entries: This is the total number of file name entries that can be stored in the root directory of the volume. On a typical hard drive, the value of this field is 512. Note, however, that one entry is always used as a Volume Label, and that files with long file names will use up multiple entries per file. This means the largest number of files in the root directory is typically 511, but that you will run out of entries before that if long file names are used. Small Sectors: This field is used to store the number of sectors on the disk if the size of the volume is small enough. For larger volumes, this field has a value of 0, and we refer instead to the "Large Sectors" value which comes later. Media Descriptor: This byte provides information about the media being used. The following table lists some of the recognized media descriptor values and their associated media. Note that the media descriptor byte may be associated with more than one disk capacity. Sectors Per FAT: This is the number of sectors occupied by each of the FATs on the volume. Given this information, together with the number of FATs and reserved sectors listed above, we can compute where the root directory begins. Given the number of entries in the root directory, we can also compute where the user data area of the disk begins. Byte Capacity Media Size and Type F0 2.88 MB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 36-sector F0 1.44 MB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 18-sector F9 720 KB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 9-sector F9 1.2 MB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 15-sector FD 360 KB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 9-sector FF 320 KB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 8-sector FC 180 KB 5.25-inch, 1-sided, 9-sector FE 160 KB 5.25-inch, 1-sided, 8-sector F8 ----- Fixed disk Sectors Per Track and Heads: These values are a part of the apparent disk geometry in use when the disk was formatted. Hidden Sectors: This is the number of sectors on the physical disk preceding the start of the volume. (that is, before the boot sector itself) It is used during the boot sequence in order to calculate the absolute offset to the root directory and data areas. Large Sectors: If the Small Sectors field is zero, this field contains the total number of sectors used by the FAT volume. Some additional fields follow the standard BIOS Parameter Block and constitute an "extended BIOS Parameter Block." The next fields are: Physical Drive Number: This is related to the BIOS physical drive number. Floppy drives are numbered starting with 0x00 for the A: drive, while physical hard disks are numbered starting with 0x80. Typically, you would set this value prior to issuing an INT 13 BIOS call in order to specify the device to access. The on-disk value stored in this field is typically 0x00 for floppies and 0x80 for hard disks, regardless of how many physical disk drives exist, because the value is only relevant if the device is a boot device. Field Offset Length ----- ------ ------ Physical Drive Number 36 1 Current Head 37 1 Signature 38 1 ID 39 4 Volume Label 43 11 System ID 54 8 Current Head: This is another field typically used when doing INT13 BIOS calls. The value would originally have been used to store the track on which the boot record was located, but the value stored on disk is not currently used as such. Therefore, Windows NT uses this field to store two flags: ID: The ID is a random serial number assigned at format time in order to aid in distinguishing one disk from another. Volume Label: This field was used to store the volume label, but the volume label is now stored as a special file in the root directory. System ID: This field is either "FAT12" or "FAT16," depending on the format of the disk. On a bootable volume, the area following the Extended BIOS Parameter Block is typically executable boot code. This code is responsible for performing whatever actions are necessary to continue the boot-strap process. On Windows NT systems, this boot code will identify the location of the NTLDR file, load it into memory, and transfer execution to that file. Even on a non-bootable floppy disk, there is executable code in this area. The code necessary to print the familiar message, "Non-system disk or disk error" is found on most standard, MS-DOS formatted floppy disks that were not formatted with the "system" option. Finally, the last two bytes in any boot sector always have the hexidecimal values: 0x55 0xAA. TroubleshootingIf you suspect that a FAT boot sector is corrupt, you can check several of the fields listed above to see whether the values listed there make sense. For example, BytesPerSector will be 512 in the vast majority of cases. You would also expect to see text strings in the executable code section of the boot sector that are appropriate for the operating system that formatted the disk. Typical text strings on FAT volumes formatted by MS-DOS include: "Invalid system disk."; "Disk I/O error."; "Replace the disk, and then press any key"; "Non-System disk or disk error"; "Replace and press any key when ready."; and "Disk Boot failure." Text strings on FAT volumes formatted by Windows NT include: "BOOT: Couldn't find NTLDR."; "I/O error reading disk."; and "Please insert another disk." You should not regard this list as being all-inclusive. If you find other messages in the boot sector, this does not necessarily indicate that there is a problem with the boot sector. Different versions of MS-DOS and Windows NT will sometimes have slightly different message strings in their boot sectors. On the other hand, if you find no text whatsoever, or if the text is clearly not related to MS-DOS or Windows NT, you should consider the possibility that your boot sector may have been infected by a virus or that some other form of data corruption may have taken place. To recover from a boot sector that has been infected by a virus, it is usually best to use a commercial anti-virus program. Many viruses will do much more than just write data to the boot sector, so manual repair of the boot sector is not recommended, as it may not completely eliminate the virus and in some cases, may do more harm than good. If you suspect that the boot sector was damaged for some other reason, it is usually best to use commercial disk recovery tools. While it may be possible to recover from boot sector damage without resorting to reformatting the drive by manually modifying the fields described above, manual editing of boot sectors should only be attempted as a last resort and cannot be guaranteed to work in situations where other disk structures may also have been damaged. Article ID: 140418 - Last Review: December 6, 2003 - Revision: 3.0	[ 17563, 262, 1720, 345, 761, 1037, 351, 198, 12, 4455, 19142, 198, 12, 3964, 14484, 198, 12, 3125, 3186, 198, 32080, 50125, 341, 286, 47200, 18892, 25892, 198, 14906, 4522, 25, 1478, 3023, 1507, 532, 3582, 3186, 326, 428, 2708, 8991, 284, 13, 198, 1212, 2708, 373, 4271, 3199, 739, 1195, 1415, 3023, 1507, 198, 43467, 262, 2695, 290, 2163, 286, 257, 2393, 1080, 366, 18769, 6567, 1, 460, 307, 7613, 618, 14979, 35486, 6297, 15536, 393, 11898, 9253, 13, 198, 4863, 640, 284, 640, 11, 3221, 2233, 284, 6890, 5287, 393, 9471, 10280, 11, 257, 6297, 6567, 743, 1716, 26940, 13, 1002, 262, 18398, 318, 262, 4075, 4165, 18398, 11, 393, 257, 18398, 7268, 5361, 1080, 3696, 11, 428, 460, 2948, 262, 1080, 422, 3599, 13, 15323, 11, 340, 743, 2391, 2948, 1895, 284, 1366, 319, 262, 3708, 13, 198, 37887, 11, 611, 345, 4099, 11898, 9253, 11, 340, 318, 1266, 284, 779, 5068, 3098, 12, 9471, 393, 11898, 7628, 3788, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 11, 2158, 11, 6496, 3725, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 460, 1282, 287, 15728, 13, 198, 1212, 2708, 6688, 262, 2972, 7032, 286, 257, 47200, 6297, 6567, 13, 8554, 262, 1708, 1321, 11, 340, 743, 307, 1744, 284, 14500, 9185, 257, 9694, 47200, 6297, 6567, 13, 554, 1502, 284, 2230, 884, 257, 9185, 11, 11898, 12857, 4899, 6007, 286, 12857, 8246, 11898, 16020, 389, 2672, 13, 770, 2708, 857, 407, 2112, 2176, 4899, 543, 460, 307, 973, 284, 1620, 884, 257, 9185, 4560, 13, 198, 3633, 790, 3626, 468, 587, 925, 284, 4155, 262, 9922, 286, 262, 1708, 1321, 11, 1180, 5361, 3341, 11, 1390, 2003, 6300, 286, 5413, 5361, 3341, 11, 743, 779, 1180, 1366, 8573, 13, 8447, 345, 815, 787, 779, 286, 262, 1708, 1321, 379, 534, 898, 2526, 13, 198, 21756, 290, 15527, 1435, 818, 428, 3188, 11, 257, 366, 7753, 1080, 6297, 6567, 1, 318, 262, 717, 3518, 6567, 319, 257, 12219, 6115, 13, 317, 12219, 6115, 1244, 307, 257, 4165, 18398, 11, 257, 12219, 3708, 287, 281, 7083, 18398, 11, 393, 257, 24185, 286, 734, 393, 517, 43869, 11, 355, 318, 262, 1339, 351, 22353, 11, 39858, 5621, 11, 290, 6115, 5621, 13, 198, 2202, 49415, 32505, 11, 262, 6297, 6567, 318, 262, 717, 6567, 319, 262, 11898, 13, 554, 262, 1339, 286, 1327, 10182, 11, 262, 717, 6567, 318, 6412, 284, 355, 262, 366, 18254, 18892, 13266, 1, 393, 366, 10744, 49, 526, 770, 10771, 49, 318, 1180, 422, 257, 2393, 1080, 6297, 6567, 290, 4909, 257, 18398, 3084, 11, 543, 8477, 262, 12461, 286, 12219, 43869, 319, 326, 1327, 3708, 13, 383, 2393, 1080, 6297, 6567, 561, 307, 262, 717, 6567, 287, 530, 286, 883, 43869, 13, 198, 464, 18892, 10854, 464, 6297, 1429, 286, 4019, 87, 4521, 12, 3106, 2614, 9061, 357, 292, 6886, 284, 371, 37719, 12, 1912, 3341, 8, 1838, 1277, 779, 286, 257, 2393, 1080, 6297, 6567, 329, 23710, 7729, 13, 383, 4238, 6297, 1429, 460, 307, 31880, 355, 5679, 25, 198, 818, 262, 1339, 286, 47200, 15343, 543, 423, 3964, 24563, 6589, 11, 262, 47200, 6297, 6567, 318, 4497, 329, 13720, 262, 4067, 286, 262, 2393, 366, 11251, 43, 7707, 1, 319, 262, 6115, 11, 11046, 340, 656, 4088, 11, 290, 26140, 1630, 284, 340, 13, 198, 24441, 262, 47200, 18892, 25892, 8128, 262, 10771, 49, 16395, 9135, 9706, 284, 262, 6297, 6567, 11, 262, 717, 1178, 9881, 286, 262, 47200, 6297, 6567, 1276, 307, 4938, 28883, 7729, 329, 281, 4019, 87, 4521, 9135, 13, 554, 3357, 777, 717, 7729, 15613, 257, 366, 43327, 1, 12064, 290, 22265, 262, 717, 513, 9881, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 13, 770, 4391, 9179, 284, 14267, 625, 262, 1306, 1811, 9881, 543, 389, 407, 366, 18558, 18187, 526, 198, 14291, 262, 4391, 12064, 318, 281, 807, 18022, 366, 46, 3620, 4522, 1911, 770, 318, 6032, 257, 4731, 286, 3435, 326, 21079, 262, 5361, 1080, 326, 39559, 262, 6115, 13, 198, 14291, 262, 29671, 4522, 318, 257, 4645, 1900, 355, 262, 27553, 25139, 2357, 9726, 11, 393, 366, 20866, 33, 526, 30222, 355, 257, 2187, 11, 262, 20997, 33, 3769, 1576, 1321, 329, 262, 28883, 6903, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 284, 307, 1498, 284, 17276, 262, 399, 14990, 7707, 2393, 13, 4362, 262, 20997, 33, 1464, 4940, 379, 262, 976, 11677, 11, 3210, 10007, 389, 1464, 287, 257, 1900, 4067, 13, 4362, 262, 717, 12064, 287, 262, 6297, 6567, 318, 257, 4391, 11, 262, 20997, 33, 460, 307, 7083, 287, 262, 2003, 11, 2810, 649, 1321, 318, 598, 1631, 284, 262, 886, 13, 554, 884, 257, 1339, 11, 262, 4391, 12064, 561, 691, 761, 257, 4159, 15068, 13, 4418, 11, 262, 4036, 28883, 2438, 460, 307, 6547, 14276, 13, 1439, 262, 25364, 3917, 351, 2491, 319, 32505, 286, 1180, 10620, 290, 4903, 908, 1678, 318, 32652, 4817, 287, 262, 20997, 33, 13, 198, 464, 20997, 33, 318, 8574, 287, 257, 11856, 357, 5562, 318, 11, 555, 41634, 8, 5794, 13, 383, 1708, 3084, 8341, 262, 18022, 11677, 286, 1123, 2214, 287, 262, 20997, 33, 13, 317, 6764, 286, 1123, 2214, 5679, 262, 3084, 13, 198, 45992, 2448, 25892, 25, 770, 318, 262, 2546, 286, 257, 6890, 6567, 290, 329, 749, 32505, 287, 779, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 262, 1988, 286, 428, 2214, 481, 307, 22243, 13, 198, 15878, 3242, 2617, 22313, 37404, 40103, 40103, 2750, 4879, 2448, 25892, 1367, 362, 24062, 669, 2448, 38279, 1511, 352, 33876, 24062, 669, 1478, 362, 47200, 82, 1467, 352, 20410, 7232, 1678, 1596, 362, 10452, 24062, 669, 678, 362, 6343, 2935, 6519, 273, 2310, 352, 24062, 669, 2448, 47200, 2534, 362, 24062, 669, 2448, 17762, 1987, 362, 34838, 2608, 362, 20458, 24062, 669, 2579, 604, 13601, 24062, 669, 3933, 604, 198, 50, 478, 669, 2448, 38279, 25, 4362, 47200, 318, 3614, 287, 262, 1271, 286, 23163, 357, 273, 366, 439, 5040, 4991, 4943, 326, 340, 460, 2610, 11, 1588, 15343, 389, 4855, 416, 3649, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 583, 13946, 13, 383, 13946, 5766, 329, 257, 47200, 6115, 318, 5000, 10795, 319, 262, 2546, 286, 262, 6115, 13, 48951, 3815, 329, 428, 2214, 389, 352, 11, 362, 11, 604, 11, 807, 11, 1467, 11, 3933, 11, 5598, 11, 290, 13108, 13, 43301, 287, 262, 5413, 20414, 7308, 329, 262, 3381, 366, 19463, 38279, 12849, 1, 329, 517, 1321, 319, 428, 2426, 13, 198, 4965, 8520, 24062, 669, 25, 770, 6870, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 18148, 262, 923, 286, 262, 717, 47200, 11, 1390, 262, 6297, 6567, 2346, 13, 632, 815, 1464, 423, 257, 1988, 286, 379, 1551, 352, 13, 198, 37, 1404, 82, 25, 770, 318, 262, 1271, 286, 9088, 286, 262, 47200, 3084, 8574, 319, 262, 11898, 13, 27095, 11, 262, 1988, 286, 428, 2214, 318, 362, 13, 198, 30016, 7232, 1678, 25, 770, 318, 262, 2472, 1271, 286, 2393, 1438, 12784, 326, 460, 307, 8574, 287, 262, 6808, 8619, 286, 262, 6115, 13, 1550, 257, 7226, 1327, 3708, 11, 262, 1988, 286, 428, 2214, 318, 22243, 13, 5740, 11, 2158, 11, 326, 530, 5726, 318, 1464, 973, 355, 257, 14701, 36052, 11, 290, 326, 3696, 351, 890, 2393, 3891, 481, 779, 510, 3294, 12784, 583, 2393, 13, 770, 1724, 262, 4387, 1271, 286, 3696, 287, 262, 6808, 8619, 318, 6032, 642, 1157, 11, 475, 326, 345, 481, 1057, 503, 286, 12784, 878, 326, 611, 890, 2393, 3891, 389, 973, 13, 198, 18712, 24062, 669, 25, 770, 2214, 318, 973, 284, 3650, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 319, 262, 11898, 611, 262, 2546, 286, 262, 6115, 318, 1402, 1576, 13, 1114, 4025, 15343, 11, 428, 2214, 468, 257, 1988, 286, 657, 11, 290, 356, 3522, 2427, 284, 262, 366, 21968, 24062, 669, 1, 1988, 543, 2058, 1568, 13, 198, 13152, 2935, 6519, 273, 25, 770, 18022, 3769, 1321, 546, 262, 2056, 852, 973, 13, 383, 1708, 3084, 8341, 617, 286, 262, 8018, 2056, 43087, 3815, 290, 511, 3917, 2056, 13, 5740, 326, 262, 2056, 43087, 18022, 743, 307, 3917, 351, 517, 621, 530, 11898, 5339, 13, 198, 50, 478, 669, 2448, 47200, 25, 770, 318, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 12030, 416, 1123, 286, 262, 47200, 82, 319, 262, 6115, 13, 11259, 428, 1321, 11, 1978, 351, 262, 1271, 286, 47200, 82, 290, 10395, 16020, 5610, 2029, 11, 356, 460, 24061, 810, 262, 6808, 8619, 6140, 13, 11259, 262, 1271, 286, 12784, 287, 262, 6808, 8619, 11, 356, 460, 635, 24061, 810, 262, 2836, 1366, 1989, 286, 262, 11898, 6140, 13, 198, 40778, 29765, 6343, 12849, 290, 5994, 376, 15, 362, 13, 3459, 10771, 513, 13, 20, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 4570, 12, 34914, 376, 15, 352, 13, 2598, 10771, 513, 13, 20, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 1248, 12, 34914, 376, 24, 26250, 14204, 513, 13, 20, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 860, 12, 34914, 376, 24, 352, 13, 17, 10771, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 1315, 12, 34914, 30002, 11470, 14204, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 860, 12, 34914, 18402, 20959, 14204, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 807, 12, 34914, 10029, 11546, 14204, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 352, 12, 22339, 11, 860, 12, 34914, 18630, 13454, 14204, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 352, 12, 22339, 11, 807, 12, 34914, 376, 23, 37404, 10832, 11898, 198, 50, 478, 669, 2448, 17762, 290, 34838, 25, 2312, 3815, 389, 257, 636, 286, 262, 4156, 11898, 22939, 287, 779, 618, 262, 11898, 373, 39559, 13, 198, 41691, 24062, 669, 25, 770, 318, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 319, 262, 3518, 11898, 18148, 262, 923, 286, 262, 6115, 13, 357, 5562, 318, 11, 878, 262, 6297, 6567, 2346, 8, 632, 318, 973, 1141, 262, 6297, 8379, 287, 1502, 284, 15284, 262, 4112, 11677, 284, 262, 6808, 8619, 290, 1366, 3006, 13, 198, 21968, 24062, 669, 25, 1002, 262, 10452, 24062, 669, 2214, 318, 6632, 11, 428, 2214, 4909, 262, 2472, 1271, 286, 16020, 973, 416, 262, 47200, 6115, 13, 198, 4366, 3224, 7032, 1061, 262, 3210, 27553, 25139, 2357, 9726, 290, 15613, 281, 366, 2302, 1631, 27553, 25139, 2357, 9726, 526, 383, 1306, 7032, 389, 25, 198, 31611, 9974, 7913, 25, 770, 318, 3519, 284, 262, 27553, 3518, 3708, 1271, 13, 1610, 26696, 10182, 389, 25840, 3599, 351, 657, 87, 405, 329, 262, 317, 25, 3708, 11, 981, 3518, 1327, 32505, 389, 25840, 3599, 351, 657, 87, 1795, 13, 27095, 11, 345, 561, 900, 428, 1988, 3161, 284, 19089, 281, 17828, 1511, 27553, 869, 287, 1502, 284, 11986, 262, 3335, 284, 1895, 13, 383, 319, 12, 39531, 1988, 8574, 287, 428, 2214, 318, 6032, 657, 87, 405, 329, 5530, 381, 444, 290, 657, 87, 1795, 329, 1327, 32505, 11, 7692, 286, 703, 867, 3518, 11898, 10182, 2152, 11, 780, 262, 1988, 318, 691, 5981, 611, 262, 3335, 318, 257, 6297, 3335, 13, 198, 15878, 3242, 2617, 22313, 37404, 40103, 40103, 16331, 9974, 7913, 4570, 352, 9236, 7123, 5214, 352, 34894, 4353, 352, 4522, 5014, 604, 14701, 36052, 5946, 1367, 4482, 4522, 7175, 807, 198, 11297, 7123, 25, 770, 318, 1194, 2214, 6032, 973, 618, 1804, 17828, 1485, 27553, 3848, 13, 383, 1988, 561, 6198, 423, 587, 973, 284, 3650, 262, 2610, 319, 543, 262, 6297, 1700, 373, 5140, 11, 475, 262, 1988, 8574, 319, 11898, 318, 407, 3058, 973, 355, 884, 13, 8447, 11, 3964, 24563, 3544, 428, 2214, 284, 3650, 734, 9701, 25, 198, 2389, 25, 383, 4522, 318, 257, 4738, 11389, 1271, 8686, 379, 5794, 640, 287, 1502, 284, 6133, 287, 38607, 530, 11898, 422, 1194, 13, 198, 31715, 36052, 25, 770, 2214, 373, 973, 284, 3650, 262, 6115, 6167, 11, 475, 262, 6115, 6167, 318, 783, 8574, 355, 257, 2041, 2393, 287, 262, 6808, 8619, 13, 198, 11964, 4522, 25, 770, 2214, 318, 2035, 366, 37, 1404, 1065, 1, 393, 366, 37, 1404, 1433, 553, 6906, 319, 262, 5794, 286, 262, 11898, 13, 198, 2202, 257, 6297, 540, 6115, 11, 262, 1989, 1708, 262, 24204, 27553, 25139, 2357, 9726, 318, 6032, 28883, 6297, 2438, 13, 770, 2438, 318, 4497, 329, 9489, 4232, 4028, 389, 3306, 284, 2555, 262, 6297, 12, 26418, 1429, 13, 1550, 3964, 24563, 3341, 11, 428, 6297, 2438, 481, 5911, 262, 4067, 286, 262, 399, 14990, 7707, 2393, 11, 3440, 340, 656, 4088, 11, 290, 4351, 9706, 284, 326, 2393, 13, 3412, 319, 257, 1729, 12, 18769, 540, 49415, 11898, 11, 612, 318, 28883, 2438, 287, 428, 1989, 13, 383, 2438, 3306, 284, 3601, 262, 5385, 3275, 11, 366, 15419, 12, 10057, 11898, 393, 11898, 4049, 1, 318, 1043, 319, 749, 3210, 11, 6579, 12, 35178, 39559, 49415, 32505, 326, 547, 407, 39559, 351, 262, 366, 10057, 1, 3038, 13, 198, 11158, 11, 262, 938, 734, 9881, 287, 597, 6297, 6567, 1464, 423, 262, 17910, 485, 66, 4402, 3815, 25, 657, 87, 2816, 657, 87, 3838, 13, 198, 51, 472, 7689, 35486, 1532, 345, 4099, 326, 257, 47200, 6297, 6567, 318, 10622, 11, 345, 460, 2198, 1811, 286, 262, 7032, 5610, 2029, 284, 766, 1771, 262, 3815, 5610, 612, 787, 2565, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 2750, 4879, 5990, 50, 9250, 481, 307, 22243, 287, 262, 5909, 3741, 286, 2663, 13, 921, 561, 635, 1607, 284, 766, 2420, 13042, 287, 262, 28883, 2438, 2665, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 326, 389, 5035, 329, 262, 5361, 1080, 326, 39559, 262, 11898, 13, 198, 31467, 605, 2420, 13042, 319, 47200, 15343, 39559, 416, 6579, 12, 35178, 2291, 25, 366, 44651, 1080, 11898, 526, 26, 366, 40961, 314, 14, 46, 4049, 526, 26, 366, 3041, 5372, 262, 11898, 11, 290, 788, 1803, 597, 1994, 8172, 366, 15419, 12, 11964, 11898, 393, 11898, 4049, 8172, 366, 3041, 5372, 290, 1803, 597, 1994, 618, 3492, 526, 26, 290, 366, 40961, 18892, 5287, 526, 8255, 13042, 319, 47200, 15343, 39559, 416, 3964, 24563, 2291, 25, 366, 8202, 2394, 25, 10347, 77, 470, 1064, 399, 14990, 7707, 526, 26, 366, 40, 14, 46, 4049, 3555, 11898, 526, 26, 290, 366, 5492, 7550, 1194, 11898, 526, 921, 815, 407, 2754, 428, 1351, 355, 852, 477, 12, 259, 5731, 13, 1002, 345, 1064, 584, 6218, 287, 262, 6297, 6567, 11, 428, 857, 407, 6646, 7603, 326, 612, 318, 257, 1917, 351, 262, 6297, 6567, 13, 20615, 6300, 286, 6579, 12, 35178, 290, 3964, 24563, 481, 3360, 423, 4622, 1180, 3275, 13042, 287, 511, 6297, 16020, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 611, 345, 1064, 645, 2420, 16014, 11, 393, 611, 262, 2420, 318, 4084, 407, 3519, 284, 6579, 12, 35178, 393, 3964, 24563, 11, 345, 815, 2074, 262, 5885, 326, 534, 6297, 6567, 743, 423, 587, 14112, 416, 257, 9471, 393, 326, 617, 584, 1296, 286, 1366, 9253, 743, 423, 2077, 1295, 13, 198, 2514, 8551, 422, 257, 6297, 6567, 326, 468, 587, 14112, 416, 257, 9471, 11, 340, 318, 3221, 1266, 284, 779, 257, 5068, 3098, 12, 85, 19397, 1430, 13, 4650, 20547, 481, 466, 881, 517, 621, 655, 3551, 1366, 284, 262, 6297, 6567, 11, 523, 10107, 9185, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 318, 407, 7151, 11, 355, 340, 743, 407, 3190, 11005, 262, 9471, 290, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 743, 466, 517, 4419, 621, 922, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 4099, 326, 262, 6297, 6567, 373, 9694, 329, 617, 584, 1738, 11, 340, 318, 3221, 1266, 284, 779, 5068, 11898, 7628, 4899, 13, 2893, 340, 743, 307, 1744, 284, 8551, 422, 6297, 6567, 2465, 1231, 12600, 278, 284, 4975, 265, 889, 262, 3708, 416, 14500, 30620, 262, 7032, 3417, 2029, 11, 10107, 12857, 286, 6297, 16020, 815, 691, 307, 7482, 355, 257, 938, 12600, 290, 2314, 307, 11462, 284, 670, 287, 7445, 810, 584, 11898, 8573, 743, 635, 423, 587, 9694, 13, 198, 14906, 4522, 25, 1478, 3023, 1507, 532, 4586, 6602, 25, 3426, 718, 11, 5816, 532, 46604, 25, 513, 13, 15, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,619
'Global Warming is real' declares new scientific work from an independent group of researchers called the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature Study. The research team is at least partially funded by the Koch Brothers who fund several climate denial groups. The team was setup to identify flaws in the climate science of global average temperature trends, but has confirmed the analysis undertaken by NASA, NOAA and the Hadley Centre that about 1 degree Celsius of global warming has occurred since 1950. The study confirmed that "We are seeing substantial global warming" and subtantially eliminated arguments that heat island effects, temperature station quality, and the risk of data selection bias had more than a very modest or marginal impact on the trend for increasing global average temperatures. Related Commentary: Nature Different method, same result: global warming is real \| Climate Progress Hot Dog Bites Skeptical Man: Koch-Funded Berkeley Temperature Study Does “Confirm the Reality of Global Warming” Four research papers have been released for public discussion with a view for them all to be submitted for peer review and eventually published. The research team was lead by Professor Richard Muller, a physicist at the University of California at Berkeley and included Saul Perlmutter who was recently announced as a winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics (for his work in cosmology). Muller criticised the global temperature trend during 2004 in an article in Technology Review, alledging that the "hockey stick" of global temperatures was broken. "Our biggest surprise was that the new results agreed so closely with the warming values published previously by other teams in the U.S. and the U.K.,” Muller said. “This confirms that these studies were done carefully and that potential biases identified by climate change skeptics did not seriously affect their conclusions." The study ruled out of contention the urban heat island effect and poor station quality in terms of bias in the results by NASA, NOAA and the Hadley Centre. Robert Rohde, lead scientist for Berkeley Earth, noted that "the Berkeley Earth analysis is the first study to address the issue of data selection bias, by using nearly all of the available data, which includes about 5 times as many station locations as were reviewed by prior groups." In a related study published this week - Effects of Urban Surfaces and White Roofs on Global and Regional Climate - Stanford University researchers have quantified the contribution of the heat islands on a global basis for the first time, showing that the contribution to global warming from urban heat islands is very modest compared with what greenhouse gas emissions contribute. The study also ran a simulation for the geoengineering solution of painting roofs white in urban areas to enhance local cooling. The cooling effect does work, but it also marginally increases warming on a global scale. Professor Jacobson advised it was better to Install solar panels to combat Global Warming rather than paint roofs white. On the urban heat island effect the BEST study reported "The urban heat island effect is locally large and real, but does not contribute significantly to the average land temperature rise. That’s because the urban regions of the Earth amount to less than 1% of the land area". On temperature sites the BEST study detailed "About 1/3 of temperature sites around the world reported global cooling over the past 70 years (including much of the United States and northern Europe). But 2/3 of the sites show warming. Individual temperature histories reported from a single location are frequently noisy and/or unreliable, and it is always necessary to compare and combine many records to understand the true pattern of global warming." "The large number of sites reporting cooling might help explain some of the skepticism of global warming,” Rohde commented. “Global warming is too slow for humans to feel directly, and if your local weather man tells you that temperatures are the same or cooler than they were a hundred years ago it is easy to believe him." The research looked in some depth into the allegations by Anthony Watts that temperature results were skewed in the US due to "poor" station data. The research identified that these stations showed the same pattern of global warming as stations ranked “OK”. "Absolute temperatures of poor stations may be higher and less accurate, but the overall global warming trend is the same, and the Berkeley Earth analysis concludes that there is not any undue bias from including poor stations in the survey." The website explains in depth the methodology of the research and also publishes full datasets which required combining data from different sites and formats and building from scratch a statistical analysis of the data. While the research identifies that the same degree of global warming is ocurring as other well known analyses, it hasn't made an independent assessment of how much of the observed warming is due to human actions according to Richard Muller. Scientists from Australian and the UK have commented on the release of these papers. Several commented that the papers need to undergo the peer review process. “I think it would be very unwise to comment until the peer review process has completed. If we have learned anything over the last couple of years it is surely that ensuring the rigour of the science is paramount - however good the "scoop" might seem." said Professor Chris Rapley, Professor of Climate Science at UCL Professor Neville Nicholls from the School of Geography and Environmental Science at Monash University, Melbourne said "Only those most desperate to dismiss global warming have tried to blame urbanization for the observed warming. But I guess it is always good to have yet another group confirm decades of work by climate scientists. Perhaps this will finally put to rest the furphy that the warming is caused by urbanization. I won't hold my breath though. I guess those spreading misinformation about warming will just move on to another one of their furphies." Professor Dave Griggs, CEO of ClimateWorks Australia and Director of the Monash Sustainability Institute, Melbourne said that: "The paper confirms previous work that the observed warming of the Earth since the beginning of the 20th Century cannot be attributed to the urban heat island (UHI) effect." "This comes as no surprise to climate scientists who take great care to take account of this effect in their work. It also confirms findings from other studies using very different methods. For example, looking at temperature trends on windy days and calm days also show no difference contrary to what you would expect from the urban heat island as the heat would build up more on calm days. So, hopefully this paper will help to put this urban (heat island) myth to bed." said Dave Griggs. Professor Simon Tett, Head of Global Change Research Institute School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, said: "Earlier analysis, including that from the [Hadley] Climatic Research Unit, using a restricted set of temperature records, to avoid urban warming, show large scale warming. Comparison of that data with climate models leads to the conclusion that anthropogenic drivers are responsible for the late 20th century warming. The BEST study, assuming its results are similar after peer review, would not change that view." Bob Ward, Policy and Communications Director, Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics (LSE), said: "This new study confirms what we already knew. The warming of the land areas of the Earth since the 19th century cannot be explained by the impact of cities growing to engulf rural weather stations. So-called 'sceptics' should now drop their thoroughly discredited claims that the increase in global average temperature could be attributed to the impact of growing cities, which create an urban heat island effect. This claim was always dubious as oceans also show the same level of warming as land areas." "The warming of the Earth is unequivocal and, as every major scientific organisation in the world has pointed out, the overwhelming evidence indicates that this warming is being driven by the unarguable increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere." "More broadly this study also proves once again how false it was for 'sceptics' to allege that the e-mails hacked from the University of East Anglia proved that the Climatic Research Unit's land temperature record had been doctored. Several independent inquiries, and now this study, have shown that allegation to be entirely untrue. It is now time for an apology from all those, including US Presidential hopeful Rick Perry, who have made false claims that the evidence for global warming has been faked by climate scientists." concluded Bob Ward. - Berkeley Earth Summary of Findings, 20 October, 2011 - Cooling the Warming Debate - Berkeley Earth Releases Global Land Warming Analysis (PDF) - Australian Science Media Centre, 21 October 2011 - RAPID REACTION: New data on climate change from the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature (BEST) project – experts respond - Image - Decadal Land-Surface Average Temperature from Berkeley Earth	[ 6, 22289, 370, 18052, 318, 1103, 6, 24183, 649, 5654, 670, 422, 281, 4795, 1448, 286, 4837, 1444, 262, 14727, 3668, 20321, 34467, 12481, 13, 383, 2267, 1074, 318, 379, 1551, 12387, 10588, 416, 262, 17009, 16055, 508, 1814, 1811, 4258, 14425, 2628, 13, 383, 1074, 373, 9058, 284, 5911, 17978, 287, 262, 4258, 3783, 286, 3298, 2811, 5951, 11257, 11, 475, 468, 4999, 262, 3781, 21846, 416, 8884, 11, 36184, 290, 262, 11161, 1636, 9072, 326, 546, 352, 4922, 34186, 286, 3298, 9917, 468, 5091, 1201, 11445, 13, 198, 464, 2050, 4999, 326, 366, 1135, 389, 4379, 8904, 3298, 9917, 1, 290, 13284, 415, 1927, 15254, 7159, 326, 4894, 7022, 3048, 11, 5951, 4429, 3081, 11, 290, 262, 2526, 286, 1366, 6356, 10690, 550, 517, 621, 257, 845, 12949, 393, 14461, 2928, 319, 262, 5182, 329, 3649, 3298, 2811, 10101, 13, 198, 9819, 45465, 25, 10362, 20615, 2446, 11, 976, 1255, 25, 3298, 9917, 318, 1103, 930, 13963, 18387, 6964, 8532, 347, 2737, 19460, 457, 605, 1869, 25, 17009, 12, 24553, 276, 14727, 34467, 12481, 8314, 564, 250, 18546, 2533, 262, 22520, 286, 8060, 370, 18052, 447, 251, 198, 15137, 2267, 9473, 423, 587, 2716, 329, 1171, 5114, 351, 257, 1570, 329, 606, 477, 284, 307, 8948, 329, 12720, 2423, 290, 4191, 3199, 13, 383, 2267, 1074, 373, 1085, 416, 8129, 6219, 47508, 11, 257, 33013, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 3442, 379, 14727, 290, 3017, 31603, 24316, 76, 10381, 508, 373, 2904, 3414, 355, 257, 8464, 286, 262, 2813, 20715, 15895, 287, 23123, 357, 1640, 465, 670, 287, 8615, 29126, 737, 47508, 23894, 262, 3298, 5951, 5182, 1141, 5472, 287, 281, 2708, 287, 8987, 6602, 11, 477, 276, 2667, 326, 262, 366, 71, 8337, 4859, 1, 286, 3298, 10101, 373, 5445, 13, 198, 1, 5122, 4094, 5975, 373, 326, 262, 649, 2482, 4987, 523, 7173, 351, 262, 9917, 3815, 3199, 4271, 416, 584, 3466, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 290, 262, 471, 13, 42, 1539, 447, 251, 47508, 531, 13, 564, 250, 1212, 19623, 326, 777, 3640, 547, 1760, 7773, 290, 326, 2785, 29275, 5174, 416, 4258, 1487, 37972, 750, 407, 6411, 2689, 511, 13242, 526, 198, 464, 2050, 8879, 503, 286, 22627, 262, 7876, 4894, 7022, 1245, 290, 3595, 4429, 3081, 287, 2846, 286, 10690, 287, 262, 2482, 416, 8884, 11, 36184, 290, 262, 11161, 1636, 9072, 13, 5199, 32694, 2934, 11, 1085, 11444, 329, 14727, 3668, 11, 4367, 326, 366, 1169, 14727, 3668, 3781, 318, 262, 717, 2050, 284, 2209, 262, 2071, 286, 1366, 6356, 10690, 11, 416, 1262, 3016, 477, 286, 262, 1695, 1366, 11, 543, 3407, 546, 642, 1661, 355, 867, 4429, 7064, 355, 547, 11765, 416, 3161, 2628, 526, 198, 818, 257, 3519, 2050, 3199, 428, 1285, 532, 17417, 286, 14665, 4198, 32186, 290, 2635, 35271, 82, 319, 8060, 290, 15994, 13963, 532, 13863, 2059, 4837, 423, 5554, 1431, 262, 10156, 286, 262, 4894, 14807, 319, 257, 3298, 4308, 329, 262, 717, 640, 11, 4478, 326, 262, 10156, 284, 3298, 9917, 422, 7876, 4894, 14807, 318, 845, 12949, 3688, 351, 644, 16325, 3623, 8971, 8676, 13, 383, 2050, 635, 4966, 257, 18640, 329, 262, 40087, 40321, 4610, 286, 12036, 42251, 2330, 287, 7876, 3006, 284, 9494, 1957, 15134, 13, 383, 15134, 1245, 857, 670, 11, 475, 340, 635, 44108, 5732, 9917, 319, 257, 3298, 5046, 13, 8129, 12806, 1559, 13030, 340, 373, 1365, 284, 15545, 6591, 13043, 284, 5249, 8060, 370, 18052, 2138, 621, 7521, 42251, 2330, 13, 198, 2202, 262, 7876, 4894, 7022, 1245, 262, 38502, 2050, 2098, 366, 464, 7876, 4894, 7022, 1245, 318, 15726, 1588, 290, 1103, 11, 475, 857, 407, 8676, 5566, 284, 262, 2811, 1956, 5951, 4485, 13, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 780, 262, 7876, 7652, 286, 262, 3668, 2033, 284, 1342, 621, 352, 4, 286, 262, 1956, 1989, 1911, 198, 2202, 5951, 5043, 262, 38502, 2050, 6496, 366, 8585, 352, 14, 18, 286, 5951, 5043, 1088, 262, 995, 2098, 3298, 15134, 625, 262, 1613, 4317, 812, 357, 8201, 881, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 290, 7840, 2031, 737, 887, 362, 14, 18, 286, 262, 5043, 905, 9917, 13, 18629, 5951, 25985, 2098, 422, 257, 2060, 4067, 389, 6777, 31210, 290, 14, 273, 29954, 11, 290, 340, 318, 1464, 3306, 284, 8996, 290, 12082, 867, 4406, 284, 1833, 262, 2081, 3912, 286, 3298, 9917, 526, 198, 1, 464, 1588, 1271, 286, 5043, 6447, 15134, 1244, 1037, 4727, 617, 286, 262, 25858, 286, 3298, 9917, 11, 447, 251, 32694, 2934, 16476, 13, 564, 250, 22289, 9917, 318, 1165, 3105, 329, 5384, 284, 1254, 3264, 11, 290, 611, 534, 1957, 6193, 582, 4952, 345, 326, 10101, 389, 262, 976, 393, 19346, 621, 484, 547, 257, 3470, 812, 2084, 340, 318, 2562, 284, 1975, 683, 526, 198, 464, 2267, 3114, 287, 617, 6795, 656, 262, 7636, 416, 9953, 27555, 326, 5951, 2482, 547, 37543, 287, 262, 1294, 2233, 284, 366, 36672, 1, 4429, 1366, 13, 383, 2267, 5174, 326, 777, 8985, 3751, 262, 976, 3912, 286, 3298, 9917, 355, 8985, 10307, 564, 250, 11380, 447, 251, 13, 366, 24849, 3552, 10101, 286, 3595, 8985, 743, 307, 2440, 290, 1342, 7187, 11, 475, 262, 4045, 3298, 9917, 5182, 318, 262, 976, 11, 290, 262, 14727, 3668, 3781, 18978, 326, 612, 318, 407, 597, 38826, 10690, 422, 1390, 3595, 8985, 287, 262, 5526, 526, 198, 464, 3052, 6688, 287, 6795, 262, 20411, 286, 262, 2267, 290, 635, 34134, 1336, 40522, 543, 2672, 19771, 1366, 422, 1180, 5043, 290, 17519, 290, 2615, 422, 12692, 257, 13905, 3781, 286, 262, 1366, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 2267, 21079, 326, 262, 976, 4922, 286, 3298, 9917, 318, 267, 66, 14924, 355, 584, 880, 1900, 13523, 11, 340, 5818, 470, 925, 281, 4795, 8922, 286, 703, 881, 286, 262, 6515, 9917, 318, 2233, 284, 1692, 4028, 1864, 284, 6219, 47508, 13, 198, 29193, 422, 6638, 290, 262, 3482, 423, 16476, 319, 262, 2650, 286, 777, 9473, 13, 12168, 16476, 326, 262, 9473, 761, 284, 17777, 262, 12720, 2423, 1429, 13, 564, 250, 40, 892, 340, 561, 307, 845, 555, 3083, 284, 2912, 1566, 262, 12720, 2423, 1429, 468, 5668, 13, 1002, 356, 423, 4499, 1997, 625, 262, 938, 3155, 286, 812, 340, 318, 10403, 326, 13359, 262, 7805, 454, 286, 262, 3783, 318, 37352, 532, 2158, 922, 262, 366, 82, 1073, 404, 1, 1244, 1283, 526, 531, 8129, 5180, 12281, 1636, 11, 8129, 286, 13963, 5800, 379, 471, 5097, 198, 25031, 35840, 12760, 33421, 422, 262, 3961, 286, 2269, 4867, 290, 13272, 5800, 379, 2892, 1077, 2059, 11, 14819, 531, 366, 10049, 883, 749, 12111, 284, 6735, 3298, 9917, 423, 3088, 284, 8138, 7876, 1634, 329, 262, 6515, 9917, 13, 887, 314, 4724, 340, 318, 1464, 922, 284, 423, 1865, 1194, 1448, 6216, 4647, 286, 670, 416, 4258, 5519, 13, 8673, 428, 481, 3443, 1234, 284, 1334, 262, 9230, 6883, 326, 262, 9917, 318, 4073, 416, 7876, 1634, 13, 314, 1839, 470, 1745, 616, 8033, 996, 13, 314, 4724, 883, 14342, 32805, 546, 9917, 481, 655, 1445, 319, 284, 1194, 530, 286, 511, 9230, 19380, 526, 198, 25031, 9935, 1902, 20340, 11, 6123, 286, 13963, 23044, 4505, 290, 5890, 286, 262, 2892, 1077, 311, 19542, 1799, 5136, 11, 14819, 531, 326, 25, 366, 464, 3348, 19623, 2180, 670, 326, 262, 6515, 9917, 286, 262, 3668, 1201, 262, 3726, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 13641, 2314, 307, 14183, 284, 262, 7876, 4894, 7022, 357, 52, 25374, 8, 1245, 526, 198, 1, 1212, 2058, 355, 645, 5975, 284, 4258, 5519, 508, 1011, 1049, 1337, 284, 1011, 1848, 286, 428, 1245, 287, 511, 670, 13, 632, 635, 19623, 6373, 422, 584, 3640, 1262, 845, 1180, 5050, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 2045, 379, 5951, 11257, 319, 2344, 88, 1528, 290, 9480, 1528, 635, 905, 645, 3580, 10388, 284, 644, 345, 561, 1607, 422, 262, 7876, 4894, 7022, 355, 262, 4894, 561, 1382, 510, 517, 319, 9480, 1528, 13, 1406, 11, 11481, 428, 3348, 481, 1037, 284, 1234, 428, 7876, 357, 25080, 7022, 8, 7918, 284, 3996, 526, 531, 9935, 1902, 20340, 13, 198, 25031, 11288, 309, 3087, 11, 7123, 286, 8060, 9794, 4992, 5136, 3961, 286, 2269, 418, 979, 3007, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 23475, 11, 531, 25, 198, 1, 13689, 3781, 11, 1390, 326, 422, 262, 685, 25383, 1636, 60, 28573, 1512, 4992, 11801, 11, 1262, 257, 10770, 900, 286, 5951, 4406, 11, 284, 3368, 7876, 9917, 11, 905, 1588, 5046, 9917, 13, 34420, 286, 326, 1366, 351, 4258, 4981, 5983, 284, 262, 7664, 326, 17911, 15147, 6643, 389, 4497, 329, 262, 2739, 1160, 400, 4289, 9917, 13, 383, 38502, 2050, 11, 13148, 663, 2482, 389, 2092, 706, 12720, 2423, 11, 561, 407, 1487, 326, 1570, 526, 198, 18861, 12150, 11, 7820, 290, 14620, 5890, 11, 17113, 400, 321, 5136, 329, 13963, 9794, 290, 262, 9344, 379, 262, 3576, 3961, 286, 18963, 357, 43, 5188, 828, 531, 25, 198, 1, 1212, 649, 2050, 19623, 644, 356, 1541, 2993, 13, 383, 9917, 286, 262, 1956, 3006, 286, 262, 3668, 1201, 262, 678, 400, 4289, 2314, 307, 4893, 416, 262, 2928, 286, 4736, 3957, 284, 30443, 10016, 6193, 8985, 13, 1406, 12, 7174, 705, 82, 984, 873, 6, 815, 783, 4268, 511, 13770, 41882, 3667, 326, 262, 2620, 287, 3298, 2811, 5951, 714, 307, 14183, 284, 262, 2928, 286, 3957, 4736, 11, 543, 2251, 281, 7876, 4894, 7022, 1245, 13, 770, 1624, 373, 1464, 25292, 355, 23744, 635, 905, 262, 976, 1241, 286, 9917, 355, 1956, 3006, 526, 198, 1, 464, 9917, 286, 262, 3668, 318, 33923, 4374, 290, 11, 355, 790, 1688, 5654, 12684, 287, 262, 995, 468, 6235, 503, 11, 262, 9721, 2370, 9217, 326, 428, 9917, 318, 852, 7986, 416, 262, 555, 853, 7153, 2620, 287, 16325, 3623, 14587, 287, 262, 8137, 526, 198, 1, 5167, 18633, 428, 2050, 635, 17021, 1752, 757, 703, 3991, 340, 373, 329, 705, 82, 984, 873, 6, 284, 33831, 326, 262, 304, 12, 26165, 19957, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 3687, 2895, 24660, 8302, 326, 262, 28573, 1512, 4992, 11801, 338, 1956, 5951, 1700, 550, 587, 10412, 1850, 13, 12168, 4795, 23538, 11, 290, 783, 428, 2050, 11, 423, 3402, 326, 24389, 284, 307, 5000, 35212, 13, 632, 318, 783, 640, 329, 281, 17029, 422, 477, 883, 11, 1390, 1294, 17471, 17836, 8759, 14105, 11, 508, 423, 925, 3991, 3667, 326, 262, 2370, 329, 3298, 9917, 468, 587, 49184, 416, 4258, 5519, 526, 8391, 5811, 12150, 13, 198, 12, 14727, 3668, 21293, 286, 9938, 654, 11, 1160, 3267, 11, 2813, 532, 15226, 278, 262, 370, 18052, 41029, 532, 198, 24814, 13490, 3668, 48691, 8060, 6379, 370, 18052, 14691, 357, 20456, 8, 198, 12, 6638, 5800, 6343, 9072, 11, 2310, 3267, 2813, 532, 371, 2969, 2389, 4526, 44710, 25, 968, 1366, 319, 4258, 1487, 422, 262, 14727, 3668, 20321, 34467, 357, 33, 6465, 8, 1628, 784, 6154, 3031, 198, 12, 7412, 532, 4280, 31682, 6379, 12, 14214, 2550, 13475, 34467, 422, 14727, 3668, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,806
STEM \| News Google Gives 15,000 Raspberry Pi Computer Boards to UK Students The Raspberry Pi Model B computer board The Raspberry Pi Foundation has received a grant from Google Giving to provide students in the United Kingdom with 15,000 Raspberry Pi Model B computer boards for learning to program. The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a charitable organization in the UK that develops the credit-card sized ARM processor-based computer boards. Students can connect an SD memory card, keyboard, mouse, and display, and then install Linux and learn to program the devices. The Raspberry Pi Foundation, Google, and six UK educational partners will work together to identify the students who will receive the Raspberry Pi devices. The educational partners are CoderDojo, Code Club, Computing at School, Generating Genius, Teach First, and OCR. The Raspberry Pi Foundation already offers a free Raspberry Pi Education Manual from Computing at School, which guides students through the process of learning to program the devices using the Scratch and Python programming languages, as well as how to use the Linux command line interface. As part of the Google Giving program, OCR will be creating 15,000 free teaching and learning packs to accompany the devices. "This is a brilliant way for us to find kids all over the country whose aptitude for computing can now be explored properly," wrote a Raspberry Pi Foundation representative in a blog post. "We believe that access to tools is a fundamental necessity in finding out who you are and what you're good at. We want those tools to be within everybody's grasp, right from the start." The Raspberry Pi devices are available in two models. The grant from Google will provide students with the higher-end Model B devices, which include 512 MB of RAM, two USB ports, and an Ethernet port. The Model A devices include 256 MB of RAM, one USB port, and no Eithernet port. Further information about the Raspberry Pi computer boards can be found on the Raspberry Pi Foundation's site. Leila Meyer is a technology writer based in British Columbia. She can be reached at [email protected].	[ 25361, 930, 3000, 198, 11708, 402, 1083, 1315, 11, 830, 24244, 13993, 13851, 48606, 284, 3482, 14882, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 9104, 347, 3644, 3096, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 5693, 468, 2722, 257, 7264, 422, 3012, 35603, 284, 2148, 2444, 287, 262, 1578, 7526, 351, 1315, 11, 830, 24244, 13993, 9104, 347, 3644, 11490, 329, 4673, 284, 1430, 13, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 5693, 318, 257, 21803, 4009, 287, 262, 3482, 326, 21126, 262, 3884, 12, 9517, 19943, 20359, 12649, 12, 3106, 3644, 11490, 13, 14882, 460, 2018, 281, 9834, 4088, 2657, 11, 10586, 11, 10211, 11, 290, 3359, 11, 290, 788, 2721, 7020, 290, 2193, 284, 1430, 262, 4410, 13, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 5693, 11, 3012, 11, 290, 2237, 3482, 9856, 4887, 481, 670, 1978, 284, 5911, 262, 2444, 508, 481, 3328, 262, 24244, 13993, 4410, 13, 383, 9856, 4887, 389, 327, 12342, 5211, 7639, 11, 6127, 6289, 11, 38589, 379, 3961, 11, 2980, 803, 32562, 11, 42015, 3274, 11, 290, 440, 9419, 13, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 5693, 1541, 4394, 257, 1479, 24244, 13993, 7868, 17969, 422, 38589, 379, 3961, 11, 543, 17555, 2444, 832, 262, 1429, 286, 4673, 284, 1430, 262, 4410, 1262, 262, 1446, 36722, 290, 11361, 8300, 8950, 11, 355, 880, 355, 703, 284, 779, 262, 7020, 3141, 1627, 7071, 13, 1081, 636, 286, 262, 3012, 35603, 1430, 11, 440, 9419, 481, 307, 4441, 1315, 11, 830, 1479, 7743, 290, 4673, 15186, 284, 13873, 262, 4410, 13, 198, 1, 1212, 318, 257, 10457, 835, 329, 514, 284, 1064, 3988, 477, 625, 262, 1499, 3025, 15409, 3984, 329, 14492, 460, 783, 307, 18782, 6105, 553, 2630, 257, 24244, 13993, 5693, 8852, 287, 257, 4130, 1281, 13, 366, 1135, 1975, 326, 1895, 284, 4899, 318, 257, 7531, 14564, 287, 4917, 503, 508, 345, 389, 290, 644, 345, 821, 922, 379, 13, 775, 765, 883, 4899, 284, 307, 1626, 7288, 338, 13180, 11, 826, 422, 262, 923, 526, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 4410, 389, 1695, 287, 734, 4981, 13, 383, 7264, 422, 3012, 481, 2148, 2444, 351, 262, 2440, 12, 437, 9104, 347, 4410, 11, 543, 2291, 22243, 10771, 286, 13931, 11, 734, 8450, 14090, 11, 290, 281, 31903, 2493, 13, 383, 9104, 317, 4410, 2291, 17759, 10771, 286, 13931, 11, 530, 8450, 2493, 11, 290, 645, 15467, 3262, 2493, 13, 198, 13518, 1321, 546, 262, 24244, 13993, 3644, 11490, 460, 307, 1043, 319, 262, 24244, 13993, 5693, 338, 2524, 13, 198, 3123, 10102, 23975, 318, 257, 3037, 6260, 1912, 287, 3517, 9309, 13, 1375, 460, 307, 4251, 379, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	433
Explanation: Please wait while one of the largest mobile machines in the world crosses the road. The machine pictured above is a bucket-wheel excavator used in modern surface mining. Machines like this have given humanity the ability to mine minerals and change the face of planet Earth in new and dramatic ways. Some open pit mines, for example, are visible from orbit. The largest excavators are over 200 meters long and 100 meters high, now dwarfing the huge NASA Crawler that transports space shuttles to the launch pads. Bucket-wheel excavators can dig a hole the length of a football field to over 25 meters deep in a single day. They may take a while to cross a road, though, with a top speed under one kilometer per hour.	[ 3109, 11578, 341, 25, 4222, 4043, 981, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 5175, 8217, 287, 262, 995, 24234, 262, 2975, 13, 383, 4572, 17915, 2029, 318, 257, 19236, 12, 22001, 22659, 1352, 973, 287, 3660, 4417, 9691, 13, 31182, 588, 428, 423, 1813, 9265, 262, 2694, 284, 6164, 21622, 290, 1487, 262, 1986, 286, 5440, 3668, 287, 649, 290, 10092, 2842, 13, 2773, 1280, 6028, 18446, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 389, 7424, 422, 13066, 13, 383, 4387, 22659, 2024, 389, 625, 939, 10700, 890, 290, 1802, 10700, 1029, 11, 783, 24603, 278, 262, 3236, 8884, 20177, 1754, 326, 45245, 2272, 4423, 83, 829, 284, 262, 4219, 21226, 13, 48353, 12, 22001, 22659, 2024, 460, 3100, 257, 7604, 262, 4129, 286, 257, 4346, 2214, 284, 625, 1679, 10700, 2769, 287, 257, 2060, 1110, 13, 1119, 743, 1011, 257, 981, 284, 3272, 257, 2975, 11, 996, 11, 351, 257, 1353, 2866, 739, 530, 11866, 263, 583, 1711, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	156
New feat for Colombia’s urban innovator: slum escalators MEDELLIN, Colombia — The upper reaches of a mountainside slum called Comuna 13 are so steep that streets give way to staircases. To get home, many residents here used to climb the equivalent of a 28-story building. But last year, Medellin officials installed a $7 million outdoor escalator — the first ever designed for a slum. The ride to the top now takes five minutes. “It’s a relief because we no longer have to climb all those steps on foot,” said Jose Ivan Taborda, 69, who has lived in Comuna 13 all his life. “The escalator is comfortable, especially for older people.” Rising above tin-roofed shanties with laundry hanging from clotheslines, the escalator, which has a bright orange roof, seems a little out of place. Many slum residents had never before ridden an escalator so city officials organized field trips to shopping malls so they could practice. But rather than an extravagance, the electric staircase is part of a broader plan to reduce crime and improve living conditions in Medellin, the hometown of the late drug kingpin Pablo Escobar and the former murder capital of the world. While police work is important, a major part of the strategy is to install public transportation and link these systems to newly built parks, libraries and community centers that encourage people to reclaim their neighborhoods from drug-dealing gangs. Comuna 13 and other slums were founded by people displaced by Colombia’s guerrilla war. Many relocated to Medellin, which sits in a river valley, and built illegal settlements high on the mountaintops overlooking the city center. Isolated and ignored by politicians, many slum residents became gunmen for the Medellin cartel or joined guerrilla or paramilitary units that later controlled the neighborhoods. “This displaced population didn’t feel like they were part of the city,” said Laura Isaza, a consultant for ACI Medellin, an organization focused on bringing foreign investment to the city. “These people used to say: ‘I live in this neighborhood and I don’t live in Medellin.’ So, one of our first steps was to try to gain their confidence and to make them feel that they are part of our city.” One of the main projects integrating Medellin is a network of cable cars that opened in 2004. The aerial trams carry people from the mountaintop slums to the subway system, giving them access to the rest of the city. Unlike exhaust-spewing buses, the system is quiet — and efficient. Reaching downtown via cable cars and the subway now takes 45 minutes rather than two-and-a-half hours. The gondolas move 20,000 people a day. They’re so popular they’ve inspired similar cable car networks in the mountainside ghettos of Rio de Janeiro and Caracas. While the view high above the slums is impressive, some cable car passengers opt to read during the ride. They can check out books from a handsome new library and community center, designed by Bogota architect Giancarlo Mazzanti, that sits next to one of the cable car stations in the Santo Domingo slum. Several subway stations house smaller libraries carrying everything from self-help manuals to James Joyce’s “Ulysses.” “We are trying to promote reading among the commuters,” said Ana Maria Rosario, the librarian at one of the subway stations. “Like they say, if you can’t bring Mohamed to the mountain, bring the mountain to Mohamed.” Many of these experiments were cited last month when Medellin was named — along with New York and Tel Aviv — as one of the world’s most innovative cities in a competition sponsored by The Wall Street Journal, Citi, and the Washington-based Urban Land Institute. The winner, which will be chosen by the public through an online poll will be announced in January. Medellin was selected for its “progress and potential” and was also cited for cutting CO2 emissions by 175,000 tons annually and for reducing crime. Although the annual murder rate remains high, it has been cut in half over the last decade and now stands at about 50 homicides per 100,000 people. That’s well below New Orleans’ rate of more than 70, but still over three times that of Miami. In lauding the innovation displayed by Medellin and the other finalists, Anita Kramer of the Urban Land Institute said the reforms “reflect remarkable forward-thinking decisions on the part of municipal leadership. Taken together, they provide models for the world.” But not everyone is convinced. John Hernandez, a holistic healer who lives in Comuna 13, says the flashy new projects have distracted people’s attention from lingering issues. He says gangs still control the city slums where they sell drugs and extort businesses. City officials, he said, “are sweeping those problems under the rug.” Indeed, when a reporter showed up to visit the escalator, city officials at first hesitated at providing a tour of the area due to recent gang shootouts. But at the same time, there are clear signs of progress. Tourists now come to slums to ride the escalator and cable cars. Property values in Comuna 13 and other barrios are on the rise. What’s more, Colombian and foreign investors have shown new interest in Medellin. Over the past five years, Hewlett-Packard, Kimberly Clark and Unisys have all opened production and research centers in Medellin. Though much work remains, Isaza of ACI Medellin says she believes the city has turned a corner. “We still have a pretty difficult city and we are still struggling against violence in our city.” Isaza said. “But conflict in Medellin has changed … We don’t have this huge war we had before. This is a conflict that could only be ended through real opportunities for the people.”	[ 3791, 2218, 329, 21291, 447, 247, 82, 7876, 6237, 1352, 25, 1017, 388, 12221, 2024, 198, 30733, 23304, 1268, 11, 21291, 851, 383, 6727, 12229, 286, 257, 12269, 485, 1017, 388, 1444, 955, 9613, 1511, 389, 523, 14559, 326, 6483, 1577, 835, 284, 18761, 33964, 13, 1675, 651, 1363, 11, 867, 5085, 994, 973, 284, 12080, 262, 7548, 286, 257, 2579, 12, 13571, 2615, 13, 198, 1537, 938, 614, 11, 2019, 695, 259, 2828, 6589, 257, 720, 22, 1510, 15162, 12221, 1352, 851, 262, 717, 1683, 3562, 329, 257, 1017, 388, 13, 383, 6594, 284, 262, 1353, 783, 2753, 1936, 2431, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 257, 8259, 780, 356, 645, 2392, 423, 284, 12080, 477, 883, 4831, 319, 2366, 11, 447, 251, 531, 5264, 21798, 16904, 585, 64, 11, 8644, 11, 508, 468, 5615, 287, 955, 9613, 1511, 477, 465, 1204, 13, 564, 250, 464, 12221, 1352, 318, 6792, 11, 2592, 329, 4697, 661, 13, 447, 251, 198, 49, 1710, 2029, 19783, 12, 305, 1659, 276, 427, 415, 444, 351, 25724, 10938, 422, 8242, 6615, 11, 262, 12221, 1352, 11, 543, 468, 257, 6016, 10912, 9753, 11, 2331, 257, 1310, 503, 286, 1295, 13, 4650, 1017, 388, 5085, 550, 1239, 878, 46715, 281, 12221, 1352, 523, 1748, 2828, 8389, 2214, 13229, 284, 9735, 43890, 523, 484, 714, 3357, 13, 198, 1537, 2138, 621, 281, 36827, 590, 11, 262, 5186, 27656, 318, 636, 286, 257, 11622, 1410, 284, 4646, 4065, 290, 2987, 2877, 3403, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 11, 262, 20994, 286, 262, 2739, 2563, 5822, 11635, 33185, 16319, 30973, 290, 262, 1966, 5123, 3139, 286, 262, 995, 13, 198, 3633, 1644, 670, 318, 1593, 11, 257, 1688, 636, 286, 262, 4811, 318, 284, 2721, 1171, 9358, 290, 2792, 777, 3341, 284, 8308, 3170, 14860, 11, 12782, 290, 2055, 10399, 326, 7898, 661, 284, 28232, 511, 14287, 422, 2563, 12, 67, 26919, 22561, 13, 198, 5377, 9613, 1511, 290, 584, 1017, 5700, 547, 9393, 416, 661, 20085, 416, 21291, 447, 247, 82, 42049, 1175, 13, 4650, 34233, 284, 2019, 695, 259, 11, 543, 10718, 287, 257, 7850, 19272, 11, 290, 3170, 5293, 18573, 1029, 319, 262, 3817, 2913, 2840, 34603, 262, 1748, 3641, 13, 1148, 50027, 290, 9514, 416, 7602, 11, 867, 1017, 388, 5085, 2627, 35141, 329, 262, 2019, 695, 259, 34430, 393, 5399, 42049, 393, 43542, 4991, 326, 1568, 6856, 262, 14287, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1212, 20085, 3265, 1422, 447, 247, 83, 1254, 588, 484, 547, 636, 286, 262, 1748, 11, 447, 251, 531, 16753, 1148, 7056, 11, 257, 17028, 329, 7125, 40, 2019, 695, 259, 11, 281, 4009, 5670, 319, 6079, 3215, 4896, 284, 262, 1748, 13, 564, 250, 4711, 661, 973, 284, 910, 25, 564, 246, 40, 2107, 287, 428, 6232, 290, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 2107, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 13, 447, 247, 1406, 11, 530, 286, 674, 717, 4831, 373, 284, 1949, 284, 4461, 511, 6628, 290, 284, 787, 606, 1254, 326, 484, 389, 636, 286, 674, 1748, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 1388, 4493, 32029, 2019, 695, 259, 318, 257, 3127, 286, 7862, 5006, 326, 4721, 287, 5472, 13, 383, 17789, 491, 4105, 3283, 661, 422, 262, 3817, 2913, 404, 1017, 5700, 284, 262, 19612, 1080, 11, 3501, 606, 1895, 284, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 1748, 13, 198, 18521, 12142, 12, 2777, 413, 278, 16893, 11, 262, 1080, 318, 5897, 851, 290, 6942, 13, 797, 8103, 9436, 2884, 7862, 5006, 290, 262, 19612, 783, 2753, 4153, 2431, 2138, 621, 734, 12, 392, 12, 64, 12, 13959, 2250, 13, 383, 308, 623, 12456, 1445, 1160, 11, 830, 661, 257, 1110, 13, 1119, 447, 247, 260, 523, 2968, 484, 447, 247, 303, 7867, 2092, 7862, 1097, 7686, 287, 262, 12269, 485, 308, 17442, 418, 286, 15338, 390, 42799, 290, 1879, 40263, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 1570, 1029, 2029, 262, 1017, 5700, 318, 8036, 11, 617, 7862, 1097, 10405, 2172, 284, 1100, 1141, 262, 6594, 13, 1119, 460, 2198, 503, 3835, 422, 257, 22665, 649, 5888, 290, 2055, 3641, 11, 3562, 416, 21555, 4265, 7068, 30851, 7718, 5439, 337, 8101, 17096, 11, 326, 10718, 1306, 284, 530, 286, 262, 7862, 1097, 8985, 287, 262, 10844, 78, 360, 3383, 78, 1017, 388, 13, 12168, 19612, 8985, 2156, 4833, 12782, 6872, 2279, 422, 2116, 12, 16794, 41371, 284, 3700, 25936, 447, 247, 82, 564, 250, 52, 35670, 274, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 1135, 389, 2111, 284, 7719, 3555, 1871, 262, 36799, 11, 447, 251, 531, 17639, 14200, 10018, 4982, 11, 262, 300, 35808, 379, 530, 286, 262, 19612, 8985, 13, 564, 250, 7594, 484, 910, 11, 611, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 2222, 27469, 284, 262, 8598, 11, 2222, 262, 8598, 284, 27469, 13, 447, 251, 198, 7085, 286, 777, 10256, 547, 9181, 938, 1227, 618, 2019, 695, 259, 373, 3706, 851, 1863, 351, 968, 1971, 290, 12088, 28890, 851, 355, 530, 286, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 749, 13097, 4736, 287, 257, 5449, 15901, 416, 383, 5007, 3530, 4913, 11, 327, 8846, 11, 290, 262, 2669, 12, 3106, 14665, 6379, 5136, 13, 383, 8464, 11, 543, 481, 307, 7147, 416, 262, 1171, 832, 281, 2691, 3278, 481, 307, 3414, 287, 3269, 13, 198, 9921, 695, 259, 373, 6163, 329, 663, 564, 250, 33723, 290, 2785, 447, 251, 290, 373, 635, 9181, 329, 7720, 7375, 17, 8971, 416, 19038, 11, 830, 10860, 13844, 290, 329, 8868, 4065, 13, 4900, 262, 5079, 5123, 2494, 3793, 1029, 11, 340, 468, 587, 2005, 287, 2063, 625, 262, 938, 5707, 290, 783, 6296, 379, 546, 2026, 33025, 583, 1802, 11, 830, 661, 13, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 880, 2174, 968, 12255, 447, 247, 2494, 286, 517, 621, 4317, 11, 475, 991, 625, 1115, 1661, 326, 286, 8437, 13, 198, 818, 28907, 278, 262, 11044, 9066, 416, 2019, 695, 259, 290, 262, 584, 43736, 11, 38992, 41454, 286, 262, 14665, 6379, 5136, 531, 262, 12506, 564, 250, 35051, 11004, 2651, 12, 28973, 5370, 319, 262, 636, 286, 13474, 5531, 13, 30222, 1978, 11, 484, 2148, 4981, 329, 262, 995, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1537, 407, 2506, 318, 9431, 13, 198, 7554, 24687, 11, 257, 42923, 44325, 508, 3160, 287, 955, 9613, 1511, 11, 1139, 262, 43115, 649, 4493, 423, 22943, 661, 447, 247, 82, 3241, 422, 28528, 2428, 13, 679, 1139, 22561, 991, 1630, 262, 1748, 1017, 5700, 810, 484, 3677, 5010, 290, 1070, 419, 5692, 13, 2254, 2828, 11, 339, 531, 11, 564, 250, 533, 18404, 883, 2761, 739, 262, 14477, 13, 447, 251, 198, 17854, 11, 618, 257, 9095, 3751, 510, 284, 3187, 262, 12221, 1352, 11, 1748, 2828, 379, 717, 41723, 379, 4955, 257, 4205, 286, 262, 1989, 2233, 284, 2274, 7706, 2686, 5269, 13, 887, 379, 262, 976, 640, 11, 612, 389, 1598, 5895, 286, 4371, 13, 198, 39152, 1023, 783, 1282, 284, 1017, 5700, 284, 6594, 262, 12221, 1352, 290, 7862, 5006, 13, 14161, 3815, 287, 955, 9613, 1511, 290, 584, 2318, 380, 418, 389, 319, 262, 4485, 13, 1867, 447, 247, 82, 517, 11, 40351, 290, 3215, 7713, 423, 3402, 649, 1393, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 13, 198, 5886, 262, 1613, 1936, 812, 11, 30446, 15503, 12, 11869, 446, 11, 48685, 11264, 290, 791, 271, 893, 423, 477, 4721, 3227, 290, 2267, 10399, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 13, 7486, 881, 670, 3793, 11, 1148, 7056, 286, 7125, 40, 2019, 695, 259, 1139, 673, 5804, 262, 1748, 468, 2900, 257, 5228, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1135, 991, 423, 257, 2495, 2408, 1748, 290, 356, 389, 991, 9648, 1028, 3685, 287, 674, 1748, 13, 447, 251, 1148, 7056, 531, 13, 564, 250, 1537, 5358, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 468, 3421, 3926, 775, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 428, 3236, 1175, 356, 550, 878, 13, 770, 318, 257, 5358, 326, 714, 691, 307, 4444, 832, 1103, 6443, 329, 262, 661, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,303
Project Part I: Definition This week’s scenario: You are an employee of Cereals Incorporated, a large manufacturer of breakfast food products. Your supervisor, Madison County, approaches you because she knows you recently took a course on gamification, which she has heard will revolutionize marketing. She tells you that Cereals Inc. is about to release a new line of ready-to-eat breakfast pastries, and she wants to know whether to use gamification as part of the marketing strategy. The breakfast pastries will be aimed at the 18-35 age bracket. Surveys show members of this demographic often skip breakfast because they don’t want to eat the typical cereals of their youth, and they are too active to cook their own breakfasts. Market research indicates that the pastries are likely to appeal more to women than men by a 65%-35% ratio. Cereals Inc. has a 35% share of the overall breakfast food market, but only a 10% share of the fragmented ready-to-eat segment. Provide as many reasons as you can why gamification could be a useful technique to apply to the situation your manager has presented to you. Explain why these reasons address the specific scenario provided. At this stage, focus on the problem rather than the solution. In other words, describe the goals of the project, not the particular game elements or other techniques you plan to use. We strongly encourage you to watch this week’s lecture segments before attempting this assignment. In this paper I will show how Cereals Inc. can use gamification to: a) Increase the overall market and its market share in the ready-to-eat breakfast pastries segment. b) Identify customers’ needs. The theoretical framework is based on Nicole Lazzaro’s Altered States in Why We Play Games: Four Keys to More Emotion Without Story, hereafter mentioned as “FourKeys” and the “Dynamics” aspect in The Pyramid of Gamification Elements. Hereafter mentioned as “ThePyramid”. Please note that I sometime use the word player as a synonym for customers. 1. How gamification can increase the market/market share by forming customers habit. In this case the demographic target group often skips breakfast. By associating eating breakfast pastries with the right emotion one might increase the number of times the player eats breakfast and thereby increases the overall market and Cereals Inc. market share. One aspect of FourKeys regarding emotions is that many “Players treasure the enjoyment from their internal experiences in reaction to the visceral, behavior, cognitive, and social properties” (page7) In the light of the “ThePyramid”one may argue that a well made gamification structure which focuses on generating emotion through behavioral components like the change of eating habits, can help form a habit that addresses the problem of the target group skipping breakfast. 2. How gamification can identify customers needs. By letting the individual player give and receive feedback on what is important for them, Cereals Inc. can gain valuable consumer insights. FourKeys has identified that some players focus on “Being better at something that matters” (page5). By using “ThePyramid” progression aspect to show the player journey and the making of meaningful choices (eating healthy breakfast) a gamified breakfast could include a daily feedback from the player to Cereals Inc.	[ 16775, 2142, 314, 25, 30396, 198, 1212, 1285, 447, 247, 82, 8883, 25, 198, 1639, 389, 281, 6538, 286, 26532, 874, 3457, 40132, 11, 257, 1588, 11554, 286, 12607, 2057, 3186, 13, 3406, 21277, 11, 14909, 3418, 11, 10581, 345, 780, 673, 4206, 345, 2904, 1718, 257, 1781, 319, 9106, 2649, 11, 543, 673, 468, 2982, 481, 5854, 1096, 7124, 13, 198, 3347, 4952, 345, 326, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 318, 546, 284, 2650, 257, 649, 1627, 286, 3492, 12, 1462, 12, 4098, 12607, 1613, 1678, 11, 290, 673, 3382, 284, 760, 1771, 284, 779, 9106, 2649, 355, 636, 286, 262, 7124, 4811, 13, 383, 12607, 1613, 1678, 481, 307, 8998, 379, 262, 1248, 12, 2327, 2479, 19096, 13, 28095, 893, 905, 1866, 286, 428, 16728, 1690, 14267, 12607, 780, 484, 836, 447, 247, 83, 765, 284, 4483, 262, 7226, 6736, 874, 286, 511, 6205, 11, 290, 484, 389, 1165, 4075, 284, 4255, 511, 898, 2270, 69, 5773, 13, 5991, 2267, 9217, 326, 262, 1613, 1678, 389, 1884, 284, 5198, 517, 284, 1466, 621, 1450, 416, 257, 6135, 33963, 2327, 4, 8064, 13, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 468, 257, 3439, 4, 2648, 286, 262, 4045, 12607, 2057, 1910, 11, 475, 691, 257, 838, 4, 2648, 286, 262, 41630, 3492, 12, 1462, 12, 4098, 10618, 13, 198, 15946, 485, 355, 867, 3840, 355, 345, 460, 1521, 9106, 2649, 714, 307, 257, 4465, 8173, 284, 4174, 284, 262, 3074, 534, 4706, 468, 5545, 284, 345, 13, 48605, 1521, 777, 3840, 2209, 262, 2176, 8883, 2810, 13, 1629, 428, 3800, 11, 2962, 319, 262, 1917, 2138, 621, 262, 4610, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 6901, 262, 4661, 286, 262, 1628, 11, 407, 262, 1948, 983, 4847, 393, 584, 7605, 345, 1410, 284, 779, 13, 775, 7634, 7898, 345, 284, 2342, 428, 1285, 447, 247, 82, 19143, 17894, 878, 9361, 428, 16237, 13, 198, 818, 428, 3348, 314, 481, 905, 703, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 460, 779, 9106, 2649, 284, 25, 198, 64, 8, 25285, 262, 4045, 1910, 290, 663, 1910, 2648, 287, 262, 3492, 12, 1462, 12, 4098, 12607, 1613, 1678, 10618, 13, 198, 65, 8, 11440, 1958, 4297, 447, 247, 2476, 13, 198, 464, 16200, 9355, 318, 1912, 319, 25176, 406, 8101, 12022, 447, 247, 82, 978, 4400, 1829, 287, 4162, 775, 3811, 5776, 25, 6675, 26363, 284, 3125, 2295, 9650, 9170, 8362, 11, 49912, 4750, 355, 564, 250, 15137, 40729, 447, 251, 290, 262, 564, 250, 35, 4989, 873, 447, 251, 4843, 287, 383, 41450, 286, 14014, 2649, 26632, 13, 3423, 8499, 4750, 355, 564, 250, 464, 20519, 20255, 447, 251, 13, 198, 5492, 3465, 326, 314, 17291, 779, 262, 1573, 2137, 355, 257, 6171, 5177, 329, 4297, 13, 198, 16, 13, 1374, 9106, 2649, 460, 2620, 262, 1910, 14, 10728, 2648, 416, 14583, 4297, 7947, 13, 198, 818, 428, 1339, 262, 16728, 2496, 1448, 1690, 1341, 2419, 12607, 13, 2750, 2570, 803, 6600, 12607, 1613, 1678, 351, 262, 826, 9942, 530, 1244, 2620, 262, 1271, 286, 1661, 262, 2137, 25365, 12607, 290, 12839, 5732, 262, 4045, 1910, 290, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 1910, 2648, 13, 198, 3198, 4843, 286, 6675, 40729, 5115, 10825, 318, 326, 867, 564, 250, 24860, 14068, 262, 23334, 422, 511, 5387, 6461, 287, 6317, 284, 262, 38259, 11, 4069, 11, 10870, 11, 290, 1919, 6608, 447, 251, 357, 7700, 22, 8, 198, 818, 262, 1657, 286, 262, 564, 250, 464, 20519, 20255, 447, 251, 505, 743, 7267, 326, 257, 880, 925, 9106, 2649, 4645, 543, 13692, 319, 15453, 9942, 832, 17211, 6805, 588, 262, 1487, 286, 6600, 13870, 11, 460, 1037, 1296, 257, 7947, 326, 9405, 262, 1917, 286, 262, 2496, 1448, 31017, 12607, 13, 198, 17, 13, 1374, 9106, 2649, 460, 5911, 4297, 2476, 13, 198, 3886, 9616, 262, 1981, 2137, 1577, 290, 3328, 7538, 319, 644, 318, 1593, 329, 606, 11, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 460, 4461, 8119, 7172, 17218, 13, 198, 15137, 40729, 468, 5174, 326, 617, 1938, 2962, 319, 564, 250, 18357, 1365, 379, 1223, 326, 6067, 447, 251, 357, 7700, 20, 737, 2750, 1262, 564, 250, 464, 20519, 20255, 447, 251, 17085, 4843, 284, 905, 262, 2137, 7002, 290, 262, 1642, 286, 11570, 7747, 357, 30041, 5448, 12607, 8, 257, 9106, 1431, 12607, 714, 2291, 257, 4445, 7538, 422, 262, 2137, 284, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	716
Probability and Statistics: Combinations Word Problems Submit your word problem: Many students learning probability and statistics find combinations difficult. They feel overwhelmed with combinations homework, tests and projects. And it is not always easy to find combinations tutor who is both good and affordable. Now finding combinations help is easy. For your combinations homework, combinations tests, combinations projects, and combinations tutoring needs, TuLyn is a one-stop solution. You can master hundreds of math topics by using TuLyn. At TuLyn, we have over 2000 math video tutorial clips including combinations videos , combinations practice word problems , combinations questions and answers , and combinations worksheets Our combinations videos replace text-based tutorials and give you better step-by-step explanations of combinations. Watch each video repeatedly until you understand how to approach combinations problems and how to solve them. - Hundreds of video tutorials on combinations make it easy for you to better understand the concept. How to do better on combinations: TuLyn makes combinations easy. Probability and Statistics: Combinations WordProblems A mall has 12 clothing stores A mall has 12 clothing stores, 9 shoe stores and 5 electrical stores. In how many ways can a person shopping at this mall go to 5 clothing ... A jar of marbles contains 6 yellow and 8 red marbles A jar of marbles contains 6 yellow and 8 red marbles. Three marbles are selected at random. a) How many different groups of three marbles are possible? b) How many groups of three marbles will contain only red ... John wants to paint four rooms John wants to paint four rooms in his house, each a different color and he may choose from seven different colors of ... Steve and Joe were discussing Steve and Joe were discussing how many different five-card combinations of standard playing cards have exactly two ...	[ 2964, 65, 1799, 290, 14370, 25, 14336, 7352, 9678, 32093, 198, 45135, 534, 1573, 1917, 25, 198, 7085, 2444, 4673, 12867, 290, 7869, 1064, 17790, 2408, 13, 1119, 1254, 20974, 351, 17790, 26131, 11, 5254, 290, 4493, 13, 843, 340, 318, 407, 1464, 2562, 284, 1064, 17790, 48680, 508, 318, 1111, 922, 290, 10935, 13, 2735, 4917, 17790, 1037, 198, 271, 2562, 13, 1114, 534, 17790, 26131, 11, 17790, 5254, 11, 17790, 4493, 11, 290, 17790, 9732, 3255, 2476, 11, 16749, 37207, 318, 257, 530, 12, 11338, 4610, 13, 921, 460, 4958, 5179, 286, 10688, 10233, 416, 1262, 16749, 37207, 13, 198, 2953, 16749, 37207, 11, 356, 423, 625, 4751, 10688, 2008, 11808, 19166, 1390, 17790, 5861, 198, 11, 17790, 3357, 1573, 2761, 198, 11, 17790, 2683, 290, 7429, 198, 11, 290, 17790, 2499, 258, 1039, 198, 5122, 17790, 5861, 198, 33491, 2420, 12, 3106, 27992, 290, 1577, 345, 1365, 2239, 12, 1525, 12, 9662, 18681, 286, 17790, 13, 6305, 1123, 2008, 7830, 1566, 345, 1833, 703, 284, 3164, 17790, 2761, 290, 703, 284, 8494, 606, 13, 198, 12, 32636, 286, 2008, 27992, 319, 17790, 787, 340, 2562, 329, 345, 284, 1365, 1833, 262, 3721, 13, 198, 2437, 284, 466, 1365, 319, 17790, 25, 16749, 37207, 1838, 17790, 2562, 13, 198, 2964, 65, 1799, 290, 14370, 25, 14336, 7352, 9678, 2964, 22143, 198, 32, 17374, 468, 1105, 9528, 7000, 198, 32, 17374, 468, 1105, 9528, 7000, 11, 860, 17292, 7000, 290, 642, 12278, 7000, 13, 554, 703, 867, 2842, 460, 257, 1048, 9735, 379, 428, 17374, 467, 284, 642, 9528, 2644, 198, 32, 17379, 286, 1667, 7689, 4909, 718, 7872, 290, 807, 2266, 1667, 7689, 198, 32, 17379, 286, 1667, 7689, 4909, 718, 7872, 290, 807, 2266, 1667, 7689, 13, 7683, 1667, 7689, 389, 6163, 379, 4738, 13, 198, 64, 8, 1374, 867, 1180, 2628, 286, 1115, 1667, 7689, 389, 1744, 30, 198, 65, 8, 1374, 867, 2628, 286, 1115, 1667, 7689, 481, 3994, 691, 2266, 2644, 198, 7554, 3382, 284, 7521, 1440, 9519, 198, 7554, 3382, 284, 7521, 1440, 9519, 287, 465, 2156, 11, 1123, 257, 1180, 3124, 290, 339, 743, 3853, 422, 3598, 1180, 7577, 286, 2644, 198, 19206, 290, 5689, 547, 11142, 198, 19206, 290, 5689, 547, 11142, 703, 867, 1180, 1936, 12, 9517, 17790, 286, 3210, 2712, 4116, 423, 3446, 734, 2644, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	387
Light glowing from a "super-Earth" planet beyond our solar system has been detected by Nasa’s Spitzer Telescope. Until now, scientists have never been able to detect infrared light emanating from 55 Cancri E, a super-hot extrasolar planet twice the size and eight times the mass of our own. 55 Cancri E is one of five exoplanets orbiting a bright star named 55 Cancri in a solar system lying in the constellation of Cancer (The Crab). Previously, Spitzer and other telescopes were able to study the planet by observing how the light from 55 Cancri changed as the planet passed in front of the star. In the new study, Spitzer instead measured how much infrared light came from the planet itself – revealing some of the planet’s major features. At 41-light years from Earth, the giant planet is considered uninhabitable. The giant planet is tidally locked, so one side always faces the star. The telescope found that the sun-facing side is extremely hot, indicating the planet probably does not have a substantial atmosphere to carry the sun's heat to the unlit side. [Related content: Amazing Nasa footage shows how the Earth looks from space] On its sun-facing side, the surface has a temperature of 1,727 Celsius – or 3,140 degrees Fahrenheit – That’s hot enough to melt silver or aluminium. The new findings are consistent with a previous theory that 55 Cancri E is a water world: A rocky core surrounded by a layer of water in a "supercritical" state where it is both liquid and gas, and topped by a blanket of steam. Bill Danchi, Spitzer programme scientist at NASA, said: “Spitzer has amazed us yet again. The spacecraft is pioneering the study of atmospheres of distant planets and paving the way for NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope to apply a similar technique on potentially habitable planets.” Michael Werner, who also works on the Spitzer project, added: “When we conceived of Spitzer more than 40 years ago, exoplanets hadn't even been discovered. Because Spitzer was built very well, it's been able to adapt to this new field and make historic advances such as this.” The planet was first discovered in 2004 and the new findings are published in the current issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters.	[ 15047, 21377, 422, 257, 366, 16668, 12, 22840, 1, 5440, 3675, 674, 6591, 1080, 468, 587, 12326, 416, 48673, 447, 247, 82, 1338, 10557, 36789, 13, 198, 18273, 783, 11, 5519, 423, 1239, 587, 1498, 284, 4886, 30624, 1657, 49085, 422, 5996, 327, 1192, 380, 412, 11, 257, 2208, 12, 8940, 33849, 6192, 5440, 5403, 262, 2546, 290, 3624, 1661, 262, 2347, 286, 674, 898, 13, 198, 2816, 327, 1192, 380, 412, 318, 530, 286, 1936, 409, 46853, 1039, 40462, 257, 6016, 3491, 3706, 5996, 327, 1192, 380, 287, 257, 6591, 1080, 9105, 287, 262, 38712, 286, 15523, 357, 464, 32379, 737, 198, 36837, 11, 1338, 10557, 290, 584, 42067, 547, 1498, 284, 2050, 262, 5440, 416, 21769, 703, 262, 1657, 422, 5996, 327, 1192, 380, 3421, 355, 262, 5440, 3804, 287, 2166, 286, 262, 3491, 13, 198, 818, 262, 649, 2050, 11, 1338, 10557, 2427, 8630, 703, 881, 30624, 1657, 1625, 422, 262, 5440, 2346, 784, 13477, 617, 286, 262, 5440, 447, 247, 82, 1688, 3033, 13, 198, 2953, 6073, 12, 2971, 812, 422, 3668, 11, 262, 6175, 5440, 318, 3177, 26329, 5976, 4674, 13, 198, 464, 6175, 5440, 318, 29770, 453, 8970, 11, 523, 530, 1735, 1464, 6698, 262, 3491, 13, 383, 24344, 1043, 326, 262, 4252, 12, 29532, 1735, 318, 4457, 3024, 11, 12739, 262, 5440, 2192, 857, 407, 423, 257, 8904, 8137, 284, 3283, 262, 4252, 338, 4894, 284, 262, 9642, 270, 1735, 13, 198, 58, 9819, 2695, 25, 23181, 48673, 9640, 2523, 703, 262, 3668, 3073, 422, 2272, 60, 198, 2202, 663, 4252, 12, 29532, 1735, 11, 262, 4417, 468, 257, 5951, 286, 352, 11, 47760, 34186, 784, 393, 513, 11, 15187, 7370, 35935, 784, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 3024, 1576, 284, 16867, 8465, 393, 40412, 13, 198, 464, 649, 6373, 389, 6414, 351, 257, 2180, 4583, 326, 5996, 327, 1192, 380, 412, 318, 257, 1660, 995, 25, 317, 26898, 4755, 11191, 416, 257, 7679, 286, 1660, 287, 257, 366, 16668, 34666, 1, 1181, 810, 340, 318, 1111, 8122, 290, 3623, 11, 290, 20633, 416, 257, 18447, 286, 13324, 13, 198, 17798, 360, 3702, 72, 11, 1338, 10557, 11383, 11444, 379, 8884, 11, 531, 25, 564, 250, 4561, 10557, 468, 24562, 514, 1865, 757, 13, 383, 16807, 318, 36304, 262, 2050, 286, 6904, 19079, 286, 12899, 14705, 290, 47711, 262, 835, 329, 8884, 338, 7865, 3700, 25130, 4687, 36789, 284, 4174, 257, 2092, 8173, 319, 6196, 49055, 14705, 13, 447, 251, 198, 13256, 48642, 11, 508, 635, 2499, 319, 262, 1338, 10557, 1628, 11, 2087, 25, 564, 250, 2215, 356, 21581, 286, 1338, 10557, 517, 621, 2319, 812, 2084, 11, 409, 46853, 1039, 8020, 470, 772, 587, 5071, 13, 4362, 1338, 10557, 373, 3170, 845, 880, 11, 340, 338, 587, 1498, 284, 6068, 284, 428, 649, 2214, 290, 787, 9566, 14901, 884, 355, 428, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 5440, 373, 717, 5071, 287, 5472, 290, 262, 649, 6373, 389, 3199, 287, 262, 1459, 2071, 286, 8304, 10051, 15380, 4913, 24501, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	498
Places - Franklin, “Canaday-I-O” The major recurring theme in these folksongs from Maine and Maritime Canada is the flow of cultural products and people within the area of New Hampshire, Maine, and eastern Canada. But while this cultural and demographic exchange helped define the region, it did not mean there was no rivalry or animosity between states, provinces, or nations. Within the woods song-making tradition was a subset of satirical songs that ranged from poking fun at individuals and places to utterly scandalizing them, and this was very much alive in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. In some labor traditions, this type of song served as a form of protest, but among lumbermen this was not usually the case. What purpose did they serve? Some scholars suggest they served as a means of control over bosses, preventing them from being hard-driving skinflints. The argument suggests that as a boss, if someone “songed” you, then other men would know not to go to work for you and business would collapse. Yet, so many satirical songs were written that if this were the case, then no one would have been able to find men willing to work in the woods. It was more likely that this was primarily a way of blowing off steam after a hard day, week, or winter in the woods. “Canaday-I-O” is thus an interesting case in point, as it takes this latter point to its extreme. The song did not merely mock an individual or a single lumber outfit; rather, it attacked the entire Canadian lumbering industry. Scholars generally attribute the song to Ephraim Braley, a Maine woodsman, and point to 1854 as its probable date of origin. Of course, Canada was not yet an independent nation, and the song cites “Three Rivers” (or, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec) as the launching point for the woods crew, thus the song may be more specifically criticizing Quebec alone and not all of Canada. “Canaday-I-O” was based on an English sea song called “Canada-I-O,” and ultimately an even older love song called “Caledonia.” From Maine, the song carried westward, morphing into complaints about woods work in Pennsylvania and Michigan, and eventually a gripe song about skinning buffalo called “The Buffalo Skinners,” which was found in Texas. In this song, a “preacher of the gospel” convinces some Mainers to travel to Quebec for a winter. This was not, however, a man of the cloth recruiting loggers. According to Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, this was a slang term for an agent who hired men to work in the woods. The version of the song heard here is slightly shorter than versions collected elsewhere, such as the one printed in Eckstorm and Smyth’s Minstrelsy of Maine. These forgotten verses do not change the story, they just make the winter in Canada seem slightly less disastrous. Come all ye jolly lumbermen, and listen to my song, But do not get discouraged, the length it is not long, Concerning of some lumbermen, who did agree to go And spend one pleasant winter up in Canaday-I-O. It happened late one season in the fall of fifty-three, That a preacher of the gospel one morning came to me; Says he: “My jolly fellow, how would you like to go And spend one pleasant winter up in Canaday-I-O?” To him I quickly made reply, and unto him did say: “In going out to Canaday depends upon the pay. If you will pay good wages, my passage to and fro, Then I think I’ll go along with you to Canaday-I-O.” “Yes, we will pay good wages, and will pay your passage out, Provided you sign papers that you will stay the route; But if you do get homesick, and swear that home you’ll go, We never can your passage pay from Canaday-I-O.” It was by his gift of flattery he enlisted quite a train, Some twenty-five or thirty, both well and able men; We had a pleasant journey o’er the road we had to go ‘Til we landed at Three Rivers, up in Canaday-I-O. But there our joys were ended, and our sorrows did begin; Fields, Phillips, and Norcross they then came marching in; They scattered us all directions, some where I do not know, Among those jabbering Frenchmen up in Canaday-I-O. After we had suffered there some eight or ten long weeks We arrived at headquarters, up among the lakes; We thought we’d find a paradise, at least they told us so, God grant there may is no worse a hell than Canaday-I-O! To describe what we have suffered here is beyond the art of man, But to give a fair description I will do the best I can; Our food the dogs would snarl at, our beds were on the snow, We suffered worse than murderers up in Canaday-I-O. But now our lumbering is over and we are returning home, To greet our wives and sweethearts and never more to roam, To greet our friends and neighbors; we tell them not to go To that gosh darn forsaken place called Canaday-I-O. Sources: For “Canaday-I-O” see Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy and Mary Winslow Smyth. Minstrelsy of Maine: Folk-Songs and Ballads of the Woods and the Coast. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1927, 21-25; Gray, Ronald Palmer. Songs and Ballads of the Maine Lumberjacks with Other Songs from Maine. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1924, 37-40; Linscott, Eloise Hubbard. Folk Songs of Old New England. New York: MacMillan Co., 1939, 181-83; Fowke, Edith. Lumbering Songs from the Northern Woods. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970, 28-29; & Fowke, Edith Fulton and Richard Johnston. Folk Songs of Canada. Waterloo, Ontario: Waterloo Music Company, 1954, 68-69. For “Canada-I-O” see Leach, MacEdward. Folk Ballads and Songs of the Lower Labrador Coast. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1965, 230-31; Huntington, E. G. Sam Henry’s Songs of the People. Revised, with additions and indexes by Lani Herrmann. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990, 333-34. Also see Laws. G. Malcolm. Native American Balladry. Philadelphia: The American Folklore Society, 1964, 155 (C17); & discussion in Ives, Edward D. Larry Gorman: The Man Who Made the Songs. Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions, 1993, 170, 181.	[ 3646, 2114, 532, 14021, 11, 564, 250, 6090, 43593, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 198, 464, 1688, 24824, 7505, 287, 777, 7974, 28079, 422, 15080, 290, 45411, 3340, 318, 262, 5202, 286, 6467, 3186, 290, 661, 1626, 262, 1989, 286, 968, 13910, 11, 15080, 11, 290, 10183, 3340, 13, 887, 981, 428, 6467, 290, 16728, 5163, 4193, 8160, 262, 3814, 11, 340, 750, 407, 1612, 612, 373, 645, 26390, 393, 49212, 1022, 2585, 11, 17812, 11, 393, 7027, 13, 12511, 262, 16479, 3496, 12, 8601, 6761, 373, 257, 24637, 286, 40557, 7259, 326, 17929, 422, 39048, 1257, 379, 3925, 290, 4113, 284, 15950, 10731, 2890, 606, 11, 290, 428, 373, 845, 881, 6776, 287, 262, 38131, 1578, 1829, 290, 10183, 3340, 13, 554, 617, 4827, 15421, 11, 428, 2099, 286, 3496, 4983, 355, 257, 1296, 286, 5402, 11, 475, 1871, 34840, 3653, 428, 373, 407, 3221, 262, 1339, 13, 1867, 4007, 750, 484, 4691, 30, 2773, 9123, 1950, 484, 4983, 355, 257, 1724, 286, 1630, 625, 17317, 11, 12174, 606, 422, 852, 1327, 12, 24255, 4168, 2704, 29503, 13, 383, 4578, 5644, 326, 355, 257, 6478, 11, 611, 2130, 564, 250, 34050, 276, 447, 251, 345, 11, 788, 584, 1450, 561, 760, 407, 284, 467, 284, 670, 329, 345, 290, 1597, 561, 9807, 13, 6430, 11, 523, 867, 40557, 7259, 547, 3194, 326, 611, 428, 547, 262, 1339, 11, 788, 645, 530, 561, 423, 587, 1498, 284, 1064, 1450, 4684, 284, 670, 287, 262, 16479, 13, 632, 373, 517, 1884, 326, 428, 373, 7525, 257, 835, 286, 19280, 572, 13324, 706, 257, 1327, 1110, 11, 1285, 11, 393, 7374, 287, 262, 16479, 13, 198, 447, 250, 6090, 43593, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 318, 4145, 281, 3499, 1339, 287, 966, 11, 355, 340, 2753, 428, 6846, 966, 284, 663, 3257, 13, 383, 3496, 750, 407, 6974, 15290, 281, 1981, 393, 257, 2060, 34840, 16313, 26, 2138, 11, 340, 7384, 262, 2104, 5398, 34840, 278, 2831, 13, 26381, 4143, 11688, 262, 3496, 284, 412, 746, 430, 320, 1709, 16730, 11, 257, 15080, 16479, 805, 11, 290, 966, 284, 1248, 4051, 355, 663, 17939, 3128, 286, 8159, 13, 3226, 1781, 11, 3340, 373, 407, 1865, 281, 4795, 3277, 11, 290, 262, 3496, 23474, 564, 250, 12510, 18280, 447, 251, 357, 273, 11, 8498, 271, 12, 49, 452, 494, 411, 11, 14778, 8, 355, 262, 13925, 966, 329, 262, 16479, 5462, 11, 4145, 262, 3496, 743, 307, 517, 5734, 26816, 14778, 3436, 290, 407, 477, 286, 3340, 13, 564, 250, 6090, 43593, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 373, 1912, 319, 281, 3594, 5417, 3496, 1444, 564, 250, 17940, 12, 40, 12, 46, 11, 447, 251, 290, 6165, 281, 772, 4697, 1842, 3496, 1444, 564, 250, 34, 3021, 11339, 13, 447, 251, 3574, 15080, 11, 262, 3496, 5281, 7421, 904, 11, 38837, 722, 656, 9687, 546, 16479, 670, 287, 9589, 290, 7055, 11, 290, 4191, 257, 11120, 431, 3496, 546, 4168, 768, 45019, 1444, 564, 250, 464, 14905, 17847, 2741, 11, 447, 251, 543, 373, 1043, 287, 3936, 13, 554, 428, 3496, 11, 257, 564, 250, 3866, 3493, 286, 262, 21443, 447, 251, 9120, 728, 617, 8774, 364, 284, 3067, 284, 14778, 329, 257, 7374, 13, 770, 373, 407, 11, 2158, 11, 257, 582, 286, 262, 16270, 16517, 2604, 5355, 13, 4784, 284, 376, 42883, 27583, 45232, 12135, 11, 428, 373, 257, 39306, 3381, 329, 281, 5797, 508, 9657, 1450, 284, 670, 287, 262, 16479, 13, 383, 2196, 286, 262, 3496, 2982, 994, 318, 4622, 12238, 621, 6300, 7723, 8057, 11, 884, 355, 262, 530, 10398, 287, 45232, 12135, 290, 45083, 400, 447, 247, 82, 1855, 301, 2411, 1837, 286, 15080, 13, 2312, 11564, 24752, 466, 407, 1487, 262, 1621, 11, 484, 655, 787, 262, 7374, 287, 3340, 1283, 4622, 1342, 20756, 13, 198, 16773, 477, 9838, 474, 5098, 34840, 3653, 11, 290, 6004, 284, 616, 3496, 11, 198, 1537, 466, 407, 651, 30170, 11, 262, 4129, 340, 318, 407, 890, 11, 198, 3103, 41981, 286, 617, 34840, 3653, 11, 508, 750, 4236, 284, 467, 198, 1870, 4341, 530, 15497, 7374, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 1026, 3022, 2739, 530, 1622, 287, 262, 2121, 286, 15334, 12, 15542, 11, 198, 2504, 257, 39797, 286, 262, 21443, 530, 3329, 1625, 284, 502, 26, 198, 50, 592, 339, 25, 564, 250, 3666, 474, 5098, 5891, 11, 703, 561, 345, 588, 284, 467, 198, 1870, 4341, 530, 15497, 7374, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 30, 447, 251, 198, 2514, 683, 314, 2952, 925, 10971, 11, 290, 12722, 683, 750, 910, 25, 198, 447, 250, 818, 1016, 503, 284, 2294, 323, 8338, 2402, 262, 1414, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 481, 1414, 922, 9400, 11, 616, 10066, 284, 290, 8400, 11, 198, 6423, 314, 892, 314, 447, 247, 297, 467, 1863, 351, 345, 284, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 5297, 11, 356, 481, 1414, 922, 9400, 11, 290, 481, 1414, 534, 10066, 503, 11, 198, 15946, 1384, 345, 1051, 9473, 326, 345, 481, 2652, 262, 6339, 26, 198, 1537, 611, 345, 466, 651, 5682, 624, 11, 290, 21192, 326, 1363, 345, 447, 247, 297, 467, 11, 198, 1135, 1239, 460, 534, 10066, 1414, 422, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1026, 373, 416, 465, 6979, 286, 781, 16296, 339, 30166, 2407, 257, 4512, 11, 198, 4366, 8208, 12, 13261, 393, 12277, 11, 1111, 880, 290, 1498, 1450, 26, 198, 1135, 550, 257, 15497, 7002, 267, 447, 247, 263, 262, 2975, 356, 550, 284, 467, 198, 447, 246, 51, 346, 356, 11406, 379, 7683, 18280, 11, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 1537, 612, 674, 8716, 82, 547, 4444, 11, 290, 674, 24140, 82, 750, 2221, 26, 198, 15878, 82, 11, 17630, 11, 290, 5414, 19692, 484, 788, 1625, 26409, 287, 26, 198, 2990, 16830, 514, 477, 11678, 11, 617, 810, 314, 466, 407, 760, 11, 198, 14311, 883, 33896, 527, 278, 4141, 3653, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 3260, 356, 550, 6989, 612, 617, 3624, 393, 3478, 890, 2745, 198, 1135, 5284, 379, 10043, 11, 510, 1871, 262, 24768, 26, 198, 1135, 1807, 356, 447, 247, 67, 1064, 257, 31354, 11, 379, 1551, 484, 1297, 514, 523, 11, 198, 13482, 7264, 612, 743, 318, 645, 4785, 257, 5968, 621, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 0, 198, 2514, 6901, 644, 356, 423, 6989, 994, 318, 3675, 262, 1242, 286, 582, 11, 198, 1537, 284, 1577, 257, 3148, 6764, 314, 481, 466, 262, 1266, 314, 460, 26, 198, 5122, 2057, 262, 6844, 561, 3013, 7063, 379, 11, 674, 20237, 547, 319, 262, 6729, 11, 198, 1135, 6989, 4785, 621, 38313, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 1537, 783, 674, 34840, 278, 318, 625, 290, 356, 389, 8024, 1363, 11, 198, 2514, 12589, 674, 17743, 290, 6029, 258, 5889, 290, 1239, 517, 284, 35563, 11, 198, 2514, 12589, 674, 2460, 290, 12020, 26, 356, 1560, 606, 407, 284, 467, 198, 2514, 326, 308, 3768, 39189, 46931, 1685, 1295, 1444, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 21188, 25, 1114, 564, 250, 6090, 43593, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 766, 45232, 12135, 11, 376, 42883, 27583, 290, 5335, 24423, 9319, 45083, 400, 13, 1855, 301, 2411, 1837, 286, 15080, 25, 36111, 12, 50, 28079, 290, 6932, 5643, 286, 262, 16483, 290, 262, 8545, 13, 6182, 290, 968, 1971, 25, 367, 619, 1122, 337, 733, 2815, 5834, 11, 36565, 11, 2310, 12, 1495, 26, 12723, 11, 14430, 18918, 13, 31772, 290, 6932, 5643, 286, 262, 15080, 406, 4494, 73, 4595, 351, 3819, 31772, 422, 15080, 13, 14457, 25, 11131, 2059, 4332, 11, 37547, 11, 5214, 12, 1821, 26, 406, 1040, 14612, 11, 2574, 25678, 34342, 13, 36111, 31772, 286, 5706, 968, 4492, 13, 968, 1971, 25, 4100, 22603, 272, 1766, 1539, 24414, 11, 30110, 12, 5999, 26, 376, 322, 365, 11, 1717, 342, 13, 406, 4494, 278, 31772, 422, 262, 8342, 16483, 13, 9533, 25, 2059, 286, 3936, 4332, 11, 8069, 11, 2579, 12, 1959, 26, 1222, 376, 322, 365, 11, 1717, 342, 44373, 290, 6219, 28972, 13, 36111, 31772, 286, 3340, 13, 36782, 11, 10553, 25, 36782, 7849, 5834, 11, 24718, 11, 8257, 12, 3388, 13, 1114, 564, 250, 17940, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 766, 1004, 620, 11, 4100, 43982, 13, 36111, 6932, 5643, 290, 31772, 286, 262, 16048, 45246, 8545, 13, 14074, 25, 2351, 9594, 286, 3340, 11, 17672, 11, 18395, 12, 3132, 26, 40644, 11, 412, 13, 402, 13, 3409, 8616, 447, 247, 82, 31772, 286, 262, 4380, 13, 31492, 11, 351, 19885, 290, 39199, 416, 406, 3216, 2332, 81, 9038, 13, 21891, 25, 2059, 286, 7859, 4332, 11, 6303, 11, 23460, 12, 2682, 13, 4418, 766, 21153, 13, 402, 13, 20002, 13, 12547, 1605, 6932, 324, 563, 13, 8857, 25, 383, 1605, 36111, 31131, 7023, 11, 17575, 11, 20708, 357, 34, 1558, 1776, 1222, 5114, 287, 314, 1158, 11, 10443, 360, 13, 13633, 402, 26183, 25, 383, 1869, 5338, 14446, 262, 31772, 13, 18669, 713, 261, 11, 41354, 25, 46317, 15016, 1717, 1756, 11, 9656, 11, 16677, 11, 30110, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,531
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has a well established role in the Convention process in communicating scientific information to the Convention through its regular assessment reports and its wide range of special reports and technical papers. Although it does not carry out its own research, it plays a key role in assessing the information from worldwide climate research in peer-reviewed literature, journals, books and other sources. It also has an important function in identifying priority needs for further research activities. Research on climate and issues connected with climate change is carried out nationally, regionally and internationally. Internationally, climate-related research is coordinated by a variety of international programmes and organizations; some of the major ones being the International Council for Science (ICSU), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), DIVERSITAS. In addition, a number of regional networks promote and support climate-relevant research activities, including activities to enhance research capacity in the regions, such as the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) and the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN). The UNFCCC secretariat works in close collaboration with a variety of international and regional research programmes and organizations active in climate change-related research and facilitates dialogue and communication on the research needs and priorities expressed by Parties of the Convention to the scientific community. In addition, Parties regularly report on their national and cooperative research activities and their contributions to climate science, as well as emerging research needs and priorities, in their	[ 464, 4225, 31353, 18810, 319, 13963, 9794, 357, 4061, 4093, 8, 468, 257, 880, 4920, 2597, 287, 262, 11680, 198, 14681, 287, 22889, 5654, 1321, 284, 262, 11680, 832, 663, 3218, 8922, 198, 48922, 290, 663, 3094, 2837, 286, 2041, 3136, 290, 6276, 9473, 13, 4900, 340, 857, 407, 3283, 503, 198, 896, 898, 2267, 11, 340, 5341, 257, 1994, 2597, 287, 24171, 262, 1321, 422, 8688, 4258, 2267, 287, 198, 33350, 12, 32974, 9285, 11, 22790, 11, 3835, 290, 584, 4237, 13, 632, 635, 468, 281, 1593, 2163, 287, 198, 738, 4035, 8475, 2476, 329, 2252, 2267, 4568, 13, 198, 25104, 319, 4258, 290, 2428, 5884, 351, 4258, 1487, 318, 5281, 503, 18845, 11, 3814, 453, 198, 392, 19765, 13, 2445, 15208, 11, 4258, 12, 5363, 2267, 318, 22080, 416, 257, 4996, 286, 198, 45609, 23698, 290, 5745, 26, 617, 286, 262, 1688, 3392, 852, 262, 4037, 4281, 198, 1640, 5800, 357, 2149, 12564, 828, 262, 2159, 13963, 4992, 35232, 357, 54, 9419, 47, 828, 262, 4037, 198, 10082, 22829, 1906, 23286, 22829, 35232, 357, 3528, 20866, 828, 262, 4037, 5524, 41265, 35232, 319, 8060, 198, 47213, 9794, 357, 40, 39, 6322, 828, 360, 30194, 2043, 1921, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 257, 1271, 286, 7915, 7686, 7719, 290, 198, 11284, 4258, 12, 49659, 2267, 4568, 11, 1390, 4568, 284, 9494, 2267, 5339, 287, 198, 1169, 7652, 11, 884, 355, 262, 4225, 12, 7437, 5136, 329, 8060, 9794, 4992, 357, 3539, 40, 8, 290, 262, 198, 38555, 12, 22933, 7311, 329, 8060, 9794, 4992, 357, 2969, 45, 737, 198, 464, 4725, 37, 46361, 3200, 21621, 2499, 287, 1969, 12438, 351, 257, 4996, 286, 3230, 290, 7915, 198, 34033, 23698, 290, 5745, 4075, 287, 4258, 1487, 12, 5363, 2267, 290, 42699, 198, 38969, 5119, 290, 6946, 319, 262, 2267, 2476, 290, 15369, 6241, 416, 32024, 286, 262, 198, 3103, 4018, 284, 262, 5654, 2055, 13, 198, 818, 3090, 11, 32024, 7987, 989, 319, 511, 2260, 290, 22849, 2267, 4568, 290, 511, 198, 3642, 2455, 507, 284, 4258, 3783, 11, 355, 880, 355, 11823, 2267, 2476, 290, 15369, 11, 287, 511, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	350
SOME SAY the custom of bobbing for apples dates all the way back to pre-Christian Ireland and the pagan festival of Samhain, though there's little documentary evidence to support this. Apple bobbing also been popularly associated with Pomona, the ancient Roman goddess of fruits, trees, and gardens in whose honor a festival was supposedly held each year on November first. But that, too, stands on shaky historical ground, apparently, as some question whether such a festival ever actually existed. We can say with more certainty that the game of apple bobbing goes back at least a few hundred years, that it originated in the British Isles (Ireland and Scotland in particular), and that it originally had something to do with fortune telling. British author W. H. Davenport Adams, who attributed belief in the prognosticative power of apples to "old Celtic fairy lore," described the game as follows in his 1902 book, Curiosities of Superstition: [The apples] are thrown into a tub of water, and you endeavour to catch one in your mouth as they bob round and round in provoking fashion. When you have caught one, you peel it carefully, and pass the long strip of peel thrice, sunwise, round your head; after which you throw it over your shoulder, and it falls to the ground in the shape of the initial letter of your true love's name. Other Halloween divination games traditionally played in various parts of Great Britain included "snap apple" similar to bobbing for apples except the fruit is hung from the ceiling on strings and naming nutshells after prospective love interests and placing them near a fire to see which would burn steadily indicating true love and which would crack or pop and fly off the hearth revealing a passing fancy. Accordingly, Halloween used to be known as "Snap-Apple Night" or "Nutcrack Night" in places where these customs were observed. • Traditional Halloween Divination Games from Ireland - StartPage.ie • Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History - by Lesley Pratt Bannatyne	[ 50, 13649, 45687, 262, 2183, 286, 29202, 4623, 329, 22514, 9667, 477, 262, 835, 736, 284, 662, 12, 20298, 7517, 290, 262, 36164, 10876, 286, 3409, 71, 391, 11, 996, 612, 338, 1310, 11648, 2370, 284, 1104, 428, 13, 4196, 29202, 4623, 635, 587, 2968, 306, 3917, 351, 25505, 4450, 11, 262, 6156, 7993, 22215, 286, 15921, 11, 7150, 11, 290, 25476, 287, 3025, 7522, 257, 10876, 373, 13519, 2714, 1123, 614, 319, 3389, 717, 13, 887, 326, 11, 1165, 11, 6296, 319, 35335, 6754, 2323, 11, 5729, 11, 355, 617, 1808, 1771, 884, 257, 10876, 1683, 1682, 11196, 13, 198, 1135, 460, 910, 351, 517, 18979, 326, 262, 983, 286, 17180, 29202, 4623, 2925, 736, 379, 1551, 257, 1178, 3470, 812, 11, 326, 340, 20973, 287, 262, 3517, 36217, 357, 49752, 290, 8838, 287, 1948, 828, 290, 326, 340, 6198, 550, 1223, 284, 466, 351, 15807, 5149, 13, 3517, 1772, 370, 13, 367, 13, 360, 4005, 634, 12620, 11, 508, 14183, 4901, 287, 262, 1172, 43758, 876, 1176, 286, 22514, 284, 366, 727, 27986, 25607, 24044, 553, 3417, 262, 983, 355, 5679, 287, 465, 45611, 1492, 11, 4424, 4267, 871, 286, 3115, 301, 653, 25, 198, 58, 464, 22514, 60, 389, 8754, 656, 257, 12202, 286, 1660, 11, 290, 345, 47054, 284, 4929, 530, 287, 534, 5422, 355, 484, 29202, 2835, 290, 2835, 287, 45625, 6977, 13, 1649, 345, 423, 4978, 530, 11, 345, 31738, 340, 7773, 11, 290, 1208, 262, 890, 10283, 286, 31738, 5636, 501, 11, 4252, 3083, 11, 2835, 534, 1182, 26, 706, 543, 345, 3714, 340, 625, 534, 8163, 11, 290, 340, 8953, 284, 262, 2323, 287, 262, 5485, 286, 262, 4238, 3850, 286, 534, 2081, 1842, 338, 1438, 13, 198, 6395, 16032, 2659, 1883, 1830, 16083, 2826, 287, 2972, 3354, 286, 3878, 5491, 3017, 366, 45380, 17180, 1, 2092, 284, 29202, 4623, 329, 22514, 2845, 262, 8234, 318, 9174, 422, 262, 13387, 319, 13042, 290, 19264, 43875, 82, 706, 17530, 1842, 5353, 290, 12560, 606, 1474, 257, 2046, 284, 766, 543, 561, 4245, 18434, 12739, 2081, 1842, 290, 543, 561, 8469, 393, 1461, 290, 6129, 572, 262, 3285, 400, 13477, 257, 6427, 14996, 13, 28386, 11, 16032, 973, 284, 307, 1900, 355, 366, 43826, 12, 16108, 5265, 1, 393, 366, 49004, 6098, 441, 5265, 1, 287, 4113, 810, 777, 17112, 547, 6515, 13, 198, 3581, 29065, 16032, 4777, 1883, 5776, 422, 7517, 532, 7253, 9876, 13, 494, 198, 3581, 16032, 25, 1052, 1605, 22770, 11, 1052, 1605, 7443, 532, 416, 11732, 1636, 34780, 347, 1236, 265, 39547, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	424
The highly anticipated second edition of Understanding by Design poses the core, essential questions of understanding and design, and provides readers with practical solutions for the teacher-designer. The book opens by analyzing the logic of backward design as an alternative to coverage and activity-oriented plans. Though backward from habit, this approach brings more focus and coherence to instruction. The book proposes a multifaceted approach, with the six “facets” of understanding. The facets combine with backward design to provide a powerful, expanded array of practical tools and strategies for designing curriculum, instruction, and assessments that lead students at all grade levels to genuine understanding. The second edition, a refined work, has been thoroughly and extensively revised, updated, and expanded, including improvement of the UbD Template, the key terms of UbD, dozens of worksheets, and some of the larger concepts. The authors have successfully put together a text that demonstrates what best practice in the design of learning looks like, enhancing for its audience their capability for creating more engaging and effective learning, whether the student is a third grader, a college freshman, or a faculty member.	[ 464, 4047, 14486, 1218, 8313, 286, 28491, 416, 8495, 17313, 262, 4755, 11, 6393, 2683, 286, 4547, 290, 1486, 11, 290, 3769, 7183, 351, 8472, 8136, 329, 262, 4701, 12, 26124, 263, 13, 383, 1492, 9808, 416, 22712, 262, 9156, 286, 19528, 1486, 355, 281, 5559, 284, 5197, 290, 3842, 12, 17107, 3352, 13, 7486, 19528, 422, 7947, 11, 428, 3164, 6774, 517, 2962, 290, 763, 23545, 284, 12064, 13, 383, 1492, 26017, 257, 43543, 23253, 276, 3164, 11, 351, 262, 2237, 564, 250, 38942, 1039, 447, 251, 286, 4547, 13, 383, 44497, 12082, 351, 19528, 1486, 284, 2148, 257, 3665, 11, 9902, 7177, 286, 8472, 4899, 290, 10064, 329, 18492, 20583, 11, 12064, 11, 290, 21837, 326, 1085, 2444, 379, 477, 9559, 2974, 284, 8768, 4547, 13, 198, 464, 1218, 8313, 11, 257, 20449, 670, 11, 468, 587, 13770, 290, 20823, 15556, 11, 6153, 11, 290, 9902, 11, 1390, 9025, 286, 262, 12021, 35, 37350, 11, 262, 1994, 2846, 286, 12021, 35, 11, 9264, 286, 2499, 258, 1039, 11, 290, 617, 286, 262, 4025, 10838, 13, 383, 7035, 423, 7675, 1234, 1978, 257, 2420, 326, 15687, 644, 1266, 3357, 287, 262, 1486, 286, 4673, 3073, 588, 11, 27496, 329, 663, 5386, 511, 12971, 329, 4441, 517, 11932, 290, 4050, 4673, 11, 1771, 262, 3710, 318, 257, 2368, 3915, 263, 11, 257, 4152, 18621, 11, 393, 257, 12829, 2888, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	231
Geocaching isn’t just for science class or the serious geography geek! A cache is simply a hiding place, and caching is hiding something like a treasure. Nature is full of treasures waiting to be explored. A popular movement called “geocaching” gets folks outside with their GPS units to find treasures hidden by other geocachers. If you haven’t tried it yet, it’s great fun! (www.geocaching.com) Folks are geocaching all over the world! Many educators are taking that idea to the classroom to do campus investigations. Now you might expect that it’s the science teacher out looking at nature, but surprise your students in English Language Arts class with an outdoors writing assignment! Realizing that not all classrooms are created equally, here are some low-tech options as well as the spiffy high-tech ones. Either have students locate specific cached items or let them explore the landscape for surprises. Anyway you do it, get creative and allow the students to explore their creativity. 1. Create a map of your site with destinations. Use a hand-drawn map with destinations or use a tool like Sketch-A-Map (http://edgis.org/sketch) to create your map for students. 2. Students can create a poem or story based on the destinations on the map. Nature is an excellent way to pull more adjectives out of a student. I used a similar activity with my students in my book, Reading, Writing and Thinking around the Globe: Geospatial Technologies for English Language Arts Classroom and Beyond (www.barbareeduke.com) where students create topographic and geographic definitions for words. Visualizing vocabulary can help cement those words into a student’s personal dictionary. 1. Using your school’s or a set of loaner GPS units (www.gisetc.com). Set up waypoints with caches. Perhaps the students find words, phrases or starters for writing assignments. They could take photos and return to the classroom with real experiences. Don’t think that you have to have green spaces and trees to make this work. Urban explorations could be quite powerful as well! Perhaps tell the stories of graffiti or buildings changing over time. 2. Perhaps you decide to pair the GPS units with cameras (a reason for kids to use those cell phones) to create a photo essay. Just ask National Geographic if photos have a story to tell (http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/?source=NavPhoHome)! 3. Another option is to use a smart phone application. I have a GPS app on my iPhone (MotionX GPS) that integrates a picture and text with my waypoint. I can email this waypoint with the photo and text attached, and then view it in a virtual globe application like ArcGIS Explorer (http://www.esri.com/arcgisexplorer) or Google Earth (http://earth.google.com), another educational reason for kids to use that cell phone at school. Because applications like ArcGIS Explorer are equipped with a simple presentation creator, as a next step, you could combine all the stories and photos for a class-wide virtual tour. 4. For the more adventurous, you might like to check out a project called “confluencing” (www.confluence.org). This calls for a GPS unit and some planning. Check out some of my adventures with my friend, Dr. Joseph Kerski. (http://www.confluence.org/confluence.php?visitid=14853). The post-adventure writing is the star here. You could take this same approach with your geocaching explorations as well, a detailed story of who, what, where, when, why and how is great practice for all those persuasive writing assignments! The moral of the story here is: expand the borders of your classroom. Think beyond the text book and computer screen. Engage students with outdoor spatial experiences and watch their writing transform!	[ 10082, 420, 8103, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 655, 329, 3783, 1398, 393, 262, 2726, 27876, 27314, 0, 317, 12940, 318, 2391, 257, 11816, 1295, 11, 290, 40918, 318, 11816, 1223, 588, 257, 14068, 13, 10362, 318, 1336, 286, 29561, 4953, 284, 307, 18782, 13, 317, 2968, 3356, 1444, 564, 250, 469, 420, 8103, 447, 251, 3011, 7974, 2354, 351, 511, 15472, 4991, 284, 1064, 29561, 7104, 416, 584, 4903, 420, 17892, 13, 1002, 345, 4398, 447, 247, 83, 3088, 340, 1865, 11, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1049, 1257, 0, 357, 2503, 13, 469, 420, 8103, 13, 785, 8, 30938, 591, 389, 4903, 420, 8103, 477, 625, 262, 995, 0, 198, 7085, 30770, 389, 2263, 326, 2126, 284, 262, 15806, 284, 466, 7611, 10986, 13, 2735, 345, 1244, 1607, 326, 340, 447, 247, 82, 262, 3783, 4701, 503, 2045, 379, 3450, 11, 475, 5975, 534, 2444, 287, 3594, 15417, 11536, 1398, 351, 281, 24349, 3597, 16237, 0, 6416, 2890, 326, 407, 477, 32579, 389, 2727, 8603, 11, 994, 389, 617, 1877, 12, 13670, 3689, 355, 880, 355, 262, 599, 733, 88, 1029, 12, 13670, 3392, 13, 15467, 423, 2444, 17276, 2176, 39986, 3709, 393, 1309, 606, 7301, 262, 10747, 329, 24072, 13, 21836, 345, 466, 340, 11, 651, 7325, 290, 1249, 262, 2444, 284, 7301, 511, 16389, 13, 198, 16, 13, 13610, 257, 3975, 286, 534, 2524, 351, 23982, 13, 5765, 257, 1021, 12, 41549, 3975, 351, 23982, 393, 779, 257, 2891, 588, 17001, 12, 32, 12, 13912, 357, 4023, 1378, 276, 70, 271, 13, 2398, 14, 82, 7126, 354, 8, 284, 2251, 534, 3975, 329, 2444, 13, 198, 17, 13, 14882, 460, 2251, 257, 21247, 393, 1621, 1912, 319, 262, 23982, 319, 262, 3975, 13, 10362, 318, 281, 6275, 835, 284, 2834, 517, 31129, 1083, 503, 286, 257, 3710, 13, 314, 973, 257, 2092, 3842, 351, 616, 2444, 287, 616, 1492, 11, 11725, 11, 22183, 290, 30707, 1088, 262, 18260, 25, 2269, 2117, 34961, 21852, 329, 3594, 15417, 11536, 5016, 3823, 290, 12197, 357, 2503, 13, 5657, 49382, 276, 4649, 13, 785, 8, 810, 2444, 2251, 1353, 6826, 290, 22987, 17336, 329, 2456, 13, 15612, 2890, 25818, 460, 1037, 20534, 883, 2456, 656, 257, 3710, 447, 247, 82, 2614, 22155, 13, 198, 16, 13, 8554, 534, 1524, 447, 247, 82, 393, 257, 900, 286, 8063, 263, 15472, 4991, 357, 2503, 13, 70, 271, 14784, 13, 785, 737, 5345, 510, 835, 13033, 351, 50177, 13, 8673, 262, 2444, 1064, 2456, 11, 20144, 393, 19896, 329, 3597, 25815, 13, 1119, 714, 1011, 5205, 290, 1441, 284, 262, 15806, 351, 1103, 6461, 13, 2094, 447, 247, 83, 892, 326, 345, 423, 284, 423, 4077, 9029, 290, 7150, 284, 787, 428, 670, 13, 14665, 39180, 602, 714, 307, 2407, 3665, 355, 880, 0, 8673, 1560, 262, 3923, 286, 28530, 393, 6832, 5609, 625, 640, 13, 198, 17, 13, 8673, 345, 5409, 284, 5166, 262, 15472, 4991, 351, 9073, 357, 64, 1738, 329, 3988, 284, 779, 883, 2685, 9512, 8, 284, 2251, 257, 4590, 14268, 13, 2329, 1265, 2351, 33636, 611, 5205, 423, 257, 1621, 284, 1560, 357, 4023, 1378, 38611, 4867, 13, 14648, 469, 6826, 13, 785, 14, 38611, 4867, 20924, 10459, 28, 30575, 2725, 78, 16060, 31520, 198, 18, 13, 6023, 3038, 318, 284, 779, 257, 4451, 3072, 3586, 13, 314, 423, 257, 15472, 598, 319, 616, 7133, 357, 45740, 55, 15472, 8, 326, 48105, 257, 4286, 290, 2420, 351, 616, 835, 4122, 13, 314, 460, 3053, 428, 835, 4122, 351, 262, 4590, 290, 2420, 7223, 11, 290, 788, 1570, 340, 287, 257, 7166, 13342, 3586, 588, 10173, 38, 1797, 19142, 357, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 274, 380, 13, 785, 14, 5605, 70, 786, 87, 489, 11934, 8, 393, 3012, 3668, 357, 4023, 1378, 16442, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 828, 1194, 9856, 1738, 329, 3988, 284, 779, 326, 2685, 3072, 379, 1524, 13, 4362, 5479, 588, 10173, 38, 1797, 19142, 389, 10911, 351, 257, 2829, 10470, 13172, 11, 355, 257, 1306, 2239, 11, 345, 714, 12082, 477, 262, 3923, 290, 5205, 329, 257, 1398, 12, 4421, 7166, 4205, 13, 198, 19, 13, 1114, 262, 517, 39770, 11, 345, 1244, 588, 284, 2198, 503, 257, 1628, 1444, 564, 250, 10414, 2290, 9532, 447, 251, 357, 2503, 13, 10414, 23079, 13, 2398, 737, 770, 3848, 329, 257, 15472, 4326, 290, 617, 5410, 13, 6822, 503, 617, 286, 616, 17545, 351, 616, 1545, 11, 1583, 13, 7212, 49521, 4106, 13, 357, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 10414, 23079, 13, 2398, 14, 10414, 23079, 13, 10121, 30, 4703, 270, 312, 28, 18294, 4310, 737, 383, 1281, 12, 324, 5388, 3597, 318, 262, 3491, 994, 13, 921, 714, 1011, 428, 976, 3164, 351, 534, 4903, 420, 8103, 39180, 602, 355, 880, 11, 257, 6496, 1621, 286, 508, 11, 644, 11, 810, 11, 618, 11, 1521, 290, 703, 318, 1049, 3357, 329, 477, 883, 40116, 3597, 25815, 0, 198, 464, 6573, 286, 262, 1621, 994, 318, 25, 4292, 262, 11637, 286, 534, 15806, 13, 11382, 3675, 262, 2420, 1492, 290, 3644, 3159, 13, 1985, 496, 2444, 351, 15162, 21739, 6461, 290, 2342, 511, 3597, 6121, 0, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	847
The United States’ National POW/MIA Recognition Day is observed across the nation on the third Friday of September each year. Americans take this time to remember prisoners of war (POW) and recognize those who are still missing in action (MIA). Many veterans organizations commemorate this day by setting an extra space at an empty table and saying a few words of remembrance. Known as the “POW/MIA Table Ceremony”, it reminds us that we can “Never Forget” the soldiers of America who have not come home: -As you entered the dining area this evening, you may have noticed a small table in the place of honor near our head table. It is set for one. The military caste is filled with symbolism. This table is our way of symbolizing the fact that the members of our profession of arms are missing from our midst. They are commonly called, POW/MIA. We call them brothers. They are unable to be with us this evening and so we remember them because of their incarceration. - This table set for one is small, symbolizing the frailty of one prisoner alone against his oppressors. Remember! - The tablecloth is white, symbolizing the purity of their intentions to respond to their country’s call to arms. Remember! - The single rose displayed in a vase reminds us of the families and loved ones of our comrades-in-arms who kept the faith awaiting their return. Remember! - The red ribbon tied so prominently on the vase is reminiscent of the red ribbon worn upon the lapel and breasts of thousands who bear witness to their unyielding determination to demand a proper accounting of our missing. Remember! - A slice of lemon is on the bread plate to remind us of their bitter fate. Remember! - There is salt upon the bread plate symbolic of families’ tears as they wait. Remember! - The glass is inverted, they cannot toast with us this night. Remember! - The chair, the chair is empty, they are not here. Remember!” The National League of Families’ POW/MIA flag symbolizes the United States’ resolve to never forget POWs or those who served their country in conflicts and are still missing. Newt Heisley designed the flag. The flag’s design features a silhouette of a young man, which is based on Mr Heisley’s son, who was medically discharged from the military. As Mr Heisley looked at his returning son’s gaunt features, he imagined what life was for those behind barbed wire fences on foreign shores. He then sketched the profile of his son as the new flag’s design was created in his mind. The flag features a white disk bearing in black silhouette a man’s bust, a watch tower with a guard on patrol, and a strand of barbed wire. White letters “POW” and “MIA”, with a white five-pointed star in between, are typed above the disk. Below the disk is a black and white wreath above the motto “You Are Not Forgotten” written in white, capital letters. The POW/MIA flag can be displayed on Armed Forces Day, Memorial Day, Flag Day, Independence Day, Patriot Day and Veterans Day. The POW/MIA flag can be seen displayed on these memorial holidays and remembrance days at State Capitols, the White House, the Korean War Veterans Memorial the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, national cemeteries, various government buildings, and major military installations.	[ 464, 1578, 1829, 447, 247, 2351, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 31517, 653, 3596, 318, 6515, 1973, 262, 3277, 319, 262, 2368, 3217, 286, 2693, 1123, 614, 13, 3399, 1011, 428, 640, 284, 3505, 10577, 286, 1175, 357, 47, 3913, 8, 290, 7564, 883, 508, 389, 991, 4814, 287, 2223, 357, 44, 3539, 737, 198, 7085, 11255, 5745, 40243, 428, 1110, 416, 4634, 281, 3131, 2272, 379, 281, 6565, 3084, 290, 2282, 257, 1178, 2456, 286, 44827, 13, 29454, 355, 262, 564, 250, 47, 3913, 14, 44, 3539, 8655, 26532, 9926, 447, 251, 11, 340, 17603, 514, 326, 356, 460, 564, 250, 12295, 29624, 447, 251, 262, 5795, 286, 2253, 508, 423, 407, 1282, 1363, 25, 198, 12, 1722, 345, 5982, 262, 17423, 1989, 428, 6180, 11, 345, 743, 423, 6810, 257, 1402, 3084, 287, 262, 1295, 286, 7522, 1474, 674, 1182, 3084, 13, 632, 318, 900, 329, 530, 13, 198, 464, 2422, 30747, 318, 5901, 351, 36913, 13, 770, 3084, 318, 674, 835, 286, 6194, 2890, 262, 1109, 326, 262, 1866, 286, 674, 7573, 286, 5101, 389, 4814, 422, 674, 15925, 13, 198, 2990, 389, 8811, 1444, 11, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 13, 775, 869, 606, 9397, 13, 1119, 389, 5906, 284, 307, 351, 514, 428, 6180, 290, 523, 356, 3505, 606, 780, 286, 511, 27224, 13, 198, 12, 770, 3084, 900, 329, 530, 318, 1402, 11, 6194, 2890, 262, 5306, 6267, 286, 530, 17234, 3436, 1028, 465, 35035, 669, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 3084, 44905, 318, 2330, 11, 6194, 2890, 262, 25590, 286, 511, 14953, 284, 3031, 284, 511, 1499, 447, 247, 82, 869, 284, 5101, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 2060, 8278, 9066, 287, 257, 410, 589, 17603, 514, 286, 262, 4172, 290, 6151, 3392, 286, 674, 24863, 12, 259, 12, 8357, 508, 4030, 262, 4562, 21859, 511, 1441, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 2266, 29092, 8165, 523, 31015, 319, 262, 410, 589, 318, 24960, 286, 262, 2266, 29092, 12666, 2402, 262, 14779, 417, 290, 17515, 286, 4138, 508, 6842, 4973, 284, 511, 555, 88, 30449, 12123, 284, 3512, 257, 1774, 14317, 286, 674, 4814, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 317, 16416, 286, 18873, 318, 319, 262, 8509, 7480, 284, 7101, 514, 286, 511, 12922, 10030, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 1318, 318, 8268, 2402, 262, 8509, 7480, 18975, 286, 4172, 447, 247, 10953, 355, 484, 4043, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 5405, 318, 37204, 11, 484, 2314, 27805, 351, 514, 428, 1755, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 5118, 11, 262, 5118, 318, 6565, 11, 484, 389, 407, 994, 13, 11436, 0, 447, 251, 198, 464, 2351, 4041, 286, 25813, 447, 247, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 6056, 6194, 4340, 262, 1578, 1829, 447, 247, 10568, 284, 1239, 6044, 24148, 82, 393, 883, 508, 4983, 511, 1499, 287, 12333, 290, 389, 991, 4814, 13, 198, 3791, 83, 679, 271, 1636, 3562, 262, 6056, 13, 383, 6056, 447, 247, 82, 1486, 3033, 257, 41834, 286, 257, 1862, 582, 11, 543, 318, 1912, 319, 1770, 679, 271, 1636, 447, 247, 82, 3367, 11, 508, 373, 35031, 26476, 422, 262, 2422, 13, 1081, 1770, 679, 271, 1636, 3114, 379, 465, 8024, 3367, 447, 247, 82, 308, 12968, 3033, 11, 339, 15758, 644, 1204, 373, 329, 883, 2157, 2318, 3077, 6503, 35771, 319, 3215, 29963, 13, 679, 788, 28427, 1740, 262, 7034, 286, 465, 3367, 355, 262, 649, 6056, 447, 247, 82, 1486, 373, 2727, 287, 465, 2000, 13, 198, 464, 6056, 3033, 257, 2330, 11898, 14121, 287, 2042, 41834, 257, 582, 447, 247, 82, 13076, 11, 257, 2342, 10580, 351, 257, 4860, 319, 13969, 11, 290, 257, 37923, 286, 2318, 3077, 6503, 13, 2635, 7475, 564, 250, 47, 3913, 447, 251, 290, 564, 250, 44, 3539, 447, 251, 11, 351, 257, 2330, 1936, 12, 4122, 276, 3491, 287, 1022, 11, 389, 25683, 2029, 262, 11898, 13, 10383, 262, 11898, 318, 257, 2042, 290, 2330, 266, 19367, 2029, 262, 33600, 564, 250, 1639, 4231, 1892, 28586, 447, 251, 3194, 287, 2330, 11, 3139, 7475, 13, 198, 464, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 6056, 460, 307, 9066, 319, 16657, 12700, 3596, 11, 14861, 3596, 11, 19762, 3596, 11, 20153, 3596, 11, 26888, 3596, 290, 18950, 3596, 13, 383, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 6056, 460, 307, 1775, 9066, 319, 777, 17357, 17122, 290, 44827, 1528, 379, 1812, 4476, 270, 10220, 11, 262, 2635, 2097, 11, 262, 6983, 1810, 18950, 14861, 262, 10836, 18950, 14861, 11, 2260, 269, 368, 2357, 444, 11, 2972, 1230, 6832, 11, 290, 1688, 2422, 26162, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	751
Learn how to protect yourself, identify and manage sexually transmitted diseases that can managed yet not be cured. Among this group are Herpes, HPV and HIV. Listen in to sex educator Amy Levine from Cherry TV as she provides all you need to know to stay safe. Hi! Welcome to Cherry TV's Fresh Advice. My name is Amy Levine. Today, we're talking about viral sexually transmitted diseases, STDs that can be treated but not cured. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that one in four Americans have an STD. So it's important to be aware and understand that any new partner you hook up with, could potentially be infected. Viral STDs are caused by a virus, meaning there are treatments to make the disease manageable, but no cure. Common viral infections include Herpes, HPV and HIV, all of which I will talk about today. Here are the basics. First is Herpes. It's estimated that one in five people have genital herpes. This STD is transmitted to direct skin to skin contact with an infected area, whether or not symptoms are present during sex. Females and males are both at risk. If there are signs, they can look like a nick, cut, rash, blister, or sore, on or around the genital area or anus. There could be one or there could be more. These can be caused by the two types of Herpes, 1 and 2. Herpes 1 is often on the mouth and known as cold sores that can also be transmitted through kissing. A herpes infection can feel like the flu. When you're infected with the virus, it's possible to have no visible signs when it's latent in your body. However, once it becomes active, the outbreaks can occur more frequently with or without the symptoms. When someone has herpes they can take daily suppressive therapy, medication that can lower the chance of passing it on to sex partners, or when someone has an outbreak, they can take medicine to make the outbreak subside faster. A lot of people have herpes, so the stigma has lessened over the years. Well, it can be a nuisance, it's doesn't lead to serious health problems. The next is HPV. This STD is the most common. Some estimate that 80% of sexually active people will get HPV at some points in their lives. It's spread through vaginal and/or anal sex with an infected partner. There are many types of HPV, but most people who have genital HPV, don't even know they have it, since there are often no symptoms, plus it often goes away by itself without causing any sort of detectable health problem. However, if you have it, you can transmit it. When symptoms occur, they are usually in the form of flat or raised warts on or around the female and male genitals, anus and the woman cervix. Some warts can grow in size and need to removed by a health practitioner. Some strains of HPV don't cause warts, because cell changes. The cervix is the most common area it affects. If undetected, in some cases, this type of HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer. Gardasil is a vaccine that prevents some of the most common kinds of HPV infection. It can protect against the two types that cause cervical cancer and two types that cause genital warts. This vaccine is highly recommended for all females, 11-26 years old, and is most effective in those who have not been infected with these types of HPV. Women can be tested by a healthcare provider for the presence of the HPV virus, but men can't. They often never know they have it yet pass it on to their partner. Last, we have HIV and AIDS. HIV is sexually transmitted through blood, vaginal and seminal fluids during vaginal, anal and/or oral sex. The virus can be present in pre-ejaculate and menstrual fluid, but not saliva. Many people have HIV, but experience no symptoms for years. So they don't even know they're infected. When symptoms do occur, they are often mistaken for the flu. HIV can lead to AIDS, which is usually fatal. AIDS damages the immune system making one susceptible to all kinds of infections. While many people have died of AIDS, some people live for decades with HIV. At this point, there is no vaccine. Other viral STDs include Hepatitis B and molluscum contagiosum. You can find out more about them as well as testing and treatment options for all STDs through the resources listed at the end. To protect yourself and your partner from STDs, there are three things to keep in mind. First, use condom from the start of sexual encounters involving vaginal, anal and/or oral sex, dental dams on a woman. It's the only sure-fire way to reduce your risk. Second, if you or your partner have contracted a viral STD, it's important that this information is disclosed before you become intimate. Being honest isn't always easy, but it's the right thing to do. Third, it's important that you and your partner, both know it's normal for each of you. So if symptoms are present you know and can get checked out by your doctor or by going to a clinic like Planned Parenthood, right away. For more information, visit the following websites. www.cdcnpin.org/stdawareness/ www.ashastd.org Thanks for watching. I am Amy Levine with Cherry TV's Fresh Advice on cherrytv.com. Check out our archives for more great sex information.	[ 20238, 703, 284, 1805, 3511, 11, 5911, 290, 6687, 11363, 18307, 10040, 326, 460, 5257, 1865, 407, 307, 30703, 13, 9754, 428, 1448, 389, 2332, 12272, 11, 32395, 290, 10498, 13, 20600, 287, 284, 1714, 45562, 14235, 38294, 422, 23165, 3195, 355, 673, 3769, 477, 345, 761, 284, 760, 284, 2652, 3338, 13, 198, 17250, 0, 19134, 284, 23165, 3195, 338, 20138, 42708, 13, 2011, 1438, 318, 14235, 38294, 13, 6288, 11, 356, 821, 3375, 546, 14416, 11363, 18307, 10040, 11, 3563, 30832, 326, 460, 307, 5716, 475, 407, 30703, 13, 383, 22223, 329, 17344, 6779, 290, 18313, 7746, 326, 530, 287, 1440, 3399, 423, 281, 48571, 13, 1406, 340, 338, 1593, 284, 307, 3910, 290, 1833, 326, 597, 649, 5212, 345, 8011, 510, 351, 11, 714, 6196, 307, 14112, 13, 16310, 282, 3563, 30832, 389, 4073, 416, 257, 9471, 11, 3616, 612, 389, 13820, 284, 787, 262, 4369, 36426, 11, 475, 645, 13996, 13, 8070, 14416, 16079, 2291, 2332, 12272, 11, 32395, 290, 10498, 11, 477, 286, 543, 314, 481, 1561, 546, 1909, 13, 3423, 389, 262, 19165, 13, 3274, 318, 2332, 12272, 13, 632, 338, 6108, 326, 530, 287, 1936, 661, 423, 24678, 45287, 13, 770, 48571, 318, 18307, 284, 1277, 4168, 284, 4168, 2800, 351, 281, 14112, 1989, 11, 1771, 393, 407, 7460, 389, 1944, 1141, 1714, 13, 44727, 290, 10835, 389, 1111, 379, 2526, 13, 1002, 612, 389, 5895, 11, 484, 460, 804, 588, 257, 14428, 11, 2005, 11, 28509, 11, 40770, 11, 393, 19597, 11, 319, 393, 1088, 262, 24678, 1989, 393, 47285, 13, 1318, 714, 307, 530, 393, 612, 714, 307, 517, 13, 2312, 460, 307, 4073, 416, 262, 734, 3858, 286, 2332, 12272, 11, 352, 290, 362, 13, 2332, 12272, 352, 318, 1690, 319, 262, 5422, 290, 1900, 355, 4692, 264, 2850, 326, 460, 635, 307, 18307, 832, 25847, 13, 317, 45287, 10280, 460, 1254, 588, 262, 6562, 13, 1649, 345, 821, 14112, 351, 262, 9471, 11, 340, 338, 1744, 284, 423, 645, 7424, 5895, 618, 340, 338, 41270, 287, 534, 1767, 13, 2102, 11, 1752, 340, 4329, 4075, 11, 262, 35198, 460, 3051, 517, 6777, 351, 393, 1231, 262, 7460, 13, 1649, 2130, 468, 45287, 484, 460, 1011, 4445, 802, 3314, 9102, 11, 14103, 326, 460, 2793, 262, 2863, 286, 6427, 340, 319, 284, 1714, 4887, 11, 393, 618, 2130, 468, 281, 17645, 11, 484, 460, 1011, 9007, 284, 787, 262, 17645, 850, 1589, 5443, 13, 317, 1256, 286, 661, 423, 45287, 11, 523, 262, 26695, 468, 1342, 2945, 625, 262, 812, 13, 3894, 11, 340, 460, 307, 257, 36212, 11, 340, 338, 1595, 470, 1085, 284, 2726, 1535, 2761, 13, 383, 1306, 318, 32395, 13, 770, 48571, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 13, 2773, 8636, 326, 4019, 4, 286, 11363, 4075, 661, 481, 651, 32395, 379, 617, 2173, 287, 511, 3160, 13, 632, 338, 4104, 832, 30131, 290, 14, 273, 2037, 1714, 351, 281, 14112, 5212, 13, 1318, 389, 867, 3858, 286, 32395, 11, 475, 749, 661, 508, 423, 24678, 32395, 11, 836, 470, 772, 760, 484, 423, 340, 11, 1201, 612, 389, 1690, 645, 7460, 11, 5556, 340, 1690, 2925, 1497, 416, 2346, 1231, 6666, 597, 3297, 286, 44187, 1535, 1917, 13, 2102, 11, 611, 345, 423, 340, 11, 345, 460, 21937, 340, 13, 1649, 7460, 3051, 11, 484, 389, 3221, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 6228, 393, 4376, 266, 5889, 319, 393, 1088, 262, 4048, 290, 4257, 35853, 11, 47285, 290, 262, 2415, 28987, 844, 13, 2773, 266, 5889, 460, 1663, 287, 2546, 290, 761, 284, 4615, 416, 257, 1535, 32110, 13, 2773, 21245, 286, 32395, 836, 470, 2728, 266, 5889, 11, 780, 2685, 2458, 13, 383, 28987, 844, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 1989, 340, 10975, 13, 1002, 40615, 11197, 11, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 428, 2099, 286, 32395, 10280, 460, 1085, 284, 36012, 4890, 13, 12790, 292, 346, 318, 257, 12319, 326, 15174, 617, 286, 262, 749, 2219, 6982, 286, 32395, 10280, 13, 632, 460, 1805, 1028, 262, 734, 3858, 326, 2728, 36012, 4890, 290, 734, 3858, 326, 2728, 24678, 266, 5889, 13, 770, 12319, 318, 4047, 7151, 329, 477, 12366, 11, 1367, 12, 2075, 812, 1468, 11, 290, 318, 749, 4050, 287, 883, 508, 423, 407, 587, 14112, 351, 777, 3858, 286, 32395, 13, 6926, 460, 307, 6789, 416, 257, 11409, 10131, 329, 262, 4931, 286, 262, 32395, 9471, 11, 475, 1450, 460, 470, 13, 1119, 1690, 1239, 760, 484, 423, 340, 1865, 1208, 340, 319, 284, 511, 5212, 13, 4586, 11, 356, 423, 10498, 290, 20408, 13, 10498, 318, 11363, 18307, 832, 2910, 11, 30131, 290, 38915, 28704, 1141, 30131, 11, 2037, 290, 14, 273, 12886, 1714, 13, 383, 9471, 460, 307, 1944, 287, 662, 12, 68, 30482, 5039, 290, 37230, 11711, 11, 475, 407, 40333, 13, 4650, 661, 423, 10498, 11, 475, 1998, 645, 7460, 329, 812, 13, 1406, 484, 836, 470, 772, 760, 484, 821, 14112, 13, 1649, 7460, 466, 3051, 11, 484, 389, 1690, 16011, 329, 262, 6562, 13, 10498, 460, 1085, 284, 20408, 11, 543, 318, 3221, 10800, 13, 20408, 12616, 262, 10900, 1080, 1642, 530, 22084, 284, 477, 6982, 286, 16079, 13, 2893, 867, 661, 423, 3724, 286, 20408, 11, 617, 661, 2107, 329, 4647, 351, 10498, 13, 1629, 428, 966, 11, 612, 318, 645, 12319, 13, 3819, 14416, 3563, 30832, 2291, 32308, 265, 11815, 347, 290, 285, 692, 16241, 388, 34335, 4267, 388, 13, 921, 460, 1064, 503, 517, 546, 606, 355, 880, 355, 4856, 290, 3513, 3689, 329, 477, 3563, 30832, 832, 262, 4133, 5610, 379, 262, 886, 13, 1675, 1805, 3511, 290, 534, 5212, 422, 3563, 30832, 11, 612, 389, 1115, 1243, 284, 1394, 287, 2000, 13, 3274, 11, 779, 33791, 422, 262, 923, 286, 3206, 16925, 7411, 30131, 11, 2037, 290, 14, 273, 12886, 1714, 11, 22727, 40907, 319, 257, 2415, 13, 632, 338, 262, 691, 1654, 12, 6495, 835, 284, 4646, 534, 2526, 13, 5498, 11, 611, 345, 393, 534, 5212, 423, 23407, 257, 14416, 48571, 11, 340, 338, 1593, 326, 428, 1321, 318, 16404, 878, 345, 1716, 16584, 13, 11204, 5508, 2125, 470, 1464, 2562, 11, 475, 340, 338, 262, 826, 1517, 284, 466, 13, 10467, 11, 340, 338, 1593, 326, 345, 290, 534, 5212, 11, 1111, 760, 340, 338, 3487, 329, 1123, 286, 345, 13, 1406, 611, 7460, 389, 1944, 345, 760, 290, 460, 651, 10667, 503, 416, 534, 6253, 393, 416, 1016, 284, 257, 15760, 588, 18451, 18461, 11, 826, 1497, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 11, 3187, 262, 1708, 9293, 13, 7324, 13, 10210, 31522, 11635, 13, 2398, 14, 19282, 47812, 14, 7324, 13, 1077, 459, 67, 13, 2398, 6930, 329, 4964, 13, 314, 716, 14235, 38294, 351, 23165, 3195, 338, 20138, 42708, 319, 23612, 14981, 13, 785, 13, 6822, 503, 674, 22415, 329, 517, 1049, 1714, 1321, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,125
Laura formed as a slightly unusual sub-tropical storm in the northern mid-Atlantic on September 29, 2008. Subtropical storms are hybrids of tropical storm systems and extratropical storms, forming in cooler waters farther north (or south) of the usual hurricane formation regions. Laura formed quite far north, well away from major land masses. As of September 30, the National Hurricane Center predicted that the storm could hit Scotland by October 4. With peak sustained winds of around 95 kilometers per hour (55 miles per hour), Laura was a powerful storm, but not hurricane strength. It was unlikely that the storm would ever become a hurricane, but forecasters expected the storm to remain near its September 30 strength for several days. This data visualization was made with observations from the QuikSCAT satellite taken on September 30, 2008, at 5:39 a.m. local time (7:39 UTC). It shows Laura as a tight ball of circular winds around a calmer core. The image depicts wind speed in color and wind direction with small barbs. White barbs point to areas of heavy rain. QuikSCAT measurements of the wind strength of Laura and other cyclones (the generic term for typhoons, hurricanes, and similar storms) can be slower than actual wind speeds. QuikSCAT’s scatterometer sends pulses of microwave energy through the atmosphere to the ocean surface and measures the energy that bounces back from the wind-roughened surface. The energy of the microwave pulses changes depending on wind speed and direction. To relate the radar signal to actual wind speed, scientists compare measurements taken from buoys and other ground stations to data the satellite acquired at the same time and place. Because the high wind speeds generated by cyclones are rare, scientists do not have corresponding ground information to know how to translate data from the satellite for wind speeds above 50 knots (about 93 km/hr or 58 mph). Peak winds in Laura measured in other ways are near this extreme limit, so values from QuikSCAT may not be reliable near the core of the storm system. Also, the unusually heavy rain found in a cyclone distorts the microwave pulses in a number of ways, making a conversion to exact wind speed difficult. Instead, the scatterometer provides a nice picture of the relative wind speeds within the storm and shows wind direction.	[ 43687, 7042, 355, 257, 4622, 8468, 850, 12, 48385, 605, 6388, 287, 262, 7840, 3095, 12, 41120, 319, 2693, 2808, 11, 3648, 13, 3834, 48385, 605, 20228, 389, 45456, 286, 19690, 6388, 3341, 290, 1070, 10366, 1773, 605, 20228, 11, 14583, 287, 19346, 10150, 18485, 5093, 357, 273, 5366, 8, 286, 262, 6678, 23964, 9978, 7652, 13, 16753, 7042, 2407, 1290, 5093, 11, 880, 1497, 422, 1688, 1956, 14568, 13, 1081, 286, 2693, 1542, 11, 262, 2351, 16004, 3337, 11001, 326, 262, 6388, 714, 2277, 8838, 416, 3267, 604, 13, 2080, 9103, 12605, 13520, 286, 1088, 6957, 18212, 583, 1711, 357, 2816, 4608, 583, 1711, 828, 16753, 373, 257, 3665, 6388, 11, 475, 407, 23964, 4202, 13, 632, 373, 7485, 326, 262, 6388, 561, 1683, 1716, 257, 23964, 11, 475, 1674, 26248, 2938, 262, 6388, 284, 3520, 1474, 663, 2693, 1542, 4202, 329, 1811, 1528, 13, 198, 1212, 1366, 32704, 373, 925, 351, 13050, 422, 262, 2264, 1134, 6173, 1404, 11210, 2077, 319, 2693, 1542, 11, 3648, 11, 379, 642, 25, 2670, 257, 13, 76, 13, 1957, 640, 357, 22, 25, 2670, 18119, 737, 632, 2523, 16753, 355, 257, 5381, 2613, 286, 18620, 13520, 1088, 257, 2386, 647, 4755, 13, 383, 2939, 28539, 2344, 2866, 287, 3124, 290, 2344, 4571, 351, 1402, 2318, 1443, 13, 2635, 2318, 1443, 966, 284, 3006, 286, 4334, 6290, 13, 198, 4507, 1134, 6173, 1404, 13871, 286, 262, 2344, 4202, 286, 16753, 290, 584, 11700, 1952, 357, 1169, 14276, 3381, 329, 37428, 13022, 11, 40370, 11, 290, 2092, 20228, 8, 460, 307, 13611, 621, 4036, 2344, 12055, 13, 2264, 1134, 6173, 1404, 447, 247, 82, 41058, 15635, 12800, 37783, 286, 27000, 2568, 832, 262, 8137, 284, 262, 9151, 4417, 290, 5260, 262, 2568, 326, 49623, 736, 422, 262, 2344, 12, 472, 70, 831, 276, 4417, 13, 383, 2568, 286, 262, 27000, 37783, 2458, 6906, 319, 2344, 2866, 290, 4571, 13, 198, 2514, 15124, 262, 13428, 6737, 284, 4036, 2344, 2866, 11, 5519, 8996, 13871, 2077, 422, 809, 19417, 290, 584, 2323, 8985, 284, 1366, 262, 11210, 9477, 379, 262, 976, 640, 290, 1295, 13, 4362, 262, 1029, 2344, 12055, 7560, 416, 11700, 1952, 389, 4071, 11, 5519, 466, 407, 423, 11188, 2323, 1321, 284, 760, 703, 284, 15772, 1366, 422, 262, 11210, 329, 2344, 12055, 2029, 2026, 33620, 357, 10755, 10261, 10571, 14, 11840, 393, 7618, 16462, 737, 23974, 13520, 287, 16753, 8630, 287, 584, 2842, 389, 1474, 428, 3257, 4179, 11, 523, 3815, 422, 2264, 1134, 6173, 1404, 743, 407, 307, 9314, 1474, 262, 4755, 286, 262, 6388, 1080, 13, 198, 7583, 11, 262, 23708, 4334, 6290, 1043, 287, 257, 11700, 505, 1233, 2096, 262, 27000, 37783, 287, 257, 1271, 286, 2842, 11, 1642, 257, 11315, 284, 2748, 2344, 2866, 2408, 13, 5455, 11, 262, 41058, 15635, 3769, 257, 3621, 4286, 286, 262, 3585, 2344, 12055, 1626, 262, 6388, 290, 2523, 2344, 4571, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	481
The Savage Islands, or Ilhas Selvagens in Portuguese, are a small archipelago in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean between the archipelago of Madeira to the north and the Canary Islands to the south. Like these other island groups, the Savage Islands are thought to have been produced by volcanism related to a mantle plume or “hot spot.” Typically, volcanoes are fueled by magma being generated where tectonic plates are colliding or being pulled apart. The active volcanoes remain at the plate boundaries, even as the plates shift. Mantle plumes, in contrast, are relatively fixed regions of upwelling magma that can feed volcanoes on an overlying tectonic plate. When a tectonic plate passes over the mantle plume, active volcanoes form, but they become dormant as they are carried away from the hot spot on the moving tectonic plate. Over geologic time, this creates a line of older, extinct volcanoes, seamounts, and islands extending from the active volcanoes that are currently over the plume. These two astronaut photographs illustrate the northern (top) and southern (bottom) Savage Islands. The two views were taken 13 seconds apart from the International Space Station; the geographic center points of the images are separated by about 15 kilometers. Selvagem Grande, with an approximate area of 4 square kilometers, is the largest of the islands. The smaller and more irregularly-shaped Ilhéus do Norte, Ilhéu de Fora, and Selvagem Pequena are visible at the center of the lower image. Spain and Portugal both claim sovereignty over the Savage Islands. All of the islands of the archipelago are ringed by bright white breaking waves along the fringing beaches. Reefs that surround the Savage Islands make it very difficult to land boats there, and there is no permanent settlement on the islands. The islands serve as nesting sites for several species of seabird including petrels and shearwaters, and they are included on the tentative list of additional UNESCO World Heritage Sites.	[ 464, 22287, 12010, 11, 393, 13778, 10134, 15300, 29821, 641, 287, 21813, 11, 389, 257, 1402, 3934, 40634, 3839, 287, 262, 10183, 2258, 10596, 10692, 1022, 262, 3934, 40634, 3839, 286, 14446, 8704, 284, 262, 5093, 290, 262, 50206, 12010, 284, 262, 5366, 13, 4525, 777, 584, 7022, 2628, 11, 262, 22287, 12010, 389, 1807, 284, 423, 587, 4635, 416, 17516, 1042, 3519, 284, 257, 32107, 458, 2454, 393, 564, 250, 8940, 4136, 13, 447, 251, 198, 49321, 11, 17516, 3028, 389, 24959, 416, 2153, 2611, 852, 7560, 810, 256, 478, 9229, 13375, 389, 2927, 2530, 393, 852, 5954, 5475, 13, 383, 4075, 17516, 3028, 3520, 379, 262, 7480, 13215, 11, 772, 355, 262, 13375, 6482, 13, 337, 16941, 458, 8139, 11, 287, 6273, 11, 389, 5365, 5969, 7652, 286, 510, 4053, 278, 2153, 2611, 326, 460, 3745, 17516, 3028, 319, 281, 625, 3157, 256, 478, 9229, 7480, 13, 1649, 257, 256, 478, 9229, 7480, 8318, 625, 262, 32107, 458, 2454, 11, 4075, 17516, 3028, 1296, 11, 475, 484, 1716, 41038, 355, 484, 389, 5281, 1497, 422, 262, 3024, 4136, 319, 262, 3867, 256, 478, 9229, 7480, 13, 3827, 4903, 20781, 640, 11, 428, 8075, 257, 1627, 286, 4697, 11, 28881, 17516, 3028, 11, 15787, 608, 82, 11, 290, 14807, 16610, 422, 262, 4075, 17516, 3028, 326, 389, 3058, 625, 262, 458, 2454, 13, 198, 4711, 734, 33779, 12566, 19418, 262, 7840, 357, 4852, 8, 290, 8372, 357, 22487, 8, 22287, 12010, 13, 383, 734, 5009, 547, 2077, 1511, 4201, 5475, 422, 262, 4037, 4687, 9327, 26, 262, 22987, 3641, 2173, 286, 262, 4263, 389, 11266, 416, 546, 1315, 18212, 13, 15300, 29821, 368, 29073, 11, 351, 281, 27665, 1989, 286, 604, 6616, 18212, 11, 318, 262, 4387, 286, 262, 14807, 13, 383, 4833, 290, 517, 21388, 306, 12, 16760, 13778, 71, 2634, 385, 466, 15209, 68, 11, 13778, 71, 2634, 84, 390, 1114, 64, 11, 290, 15300, 29821, 368, 2631, 421, 8107, 389, 7424, 379, 262, 3641, 286, 262, 2793, 2939, 13, 8602, 290, 19101, 1111, 1624, 18582, 625, 262, 22287, 12010, 13, 198, 3237, 286, 262, 14807, 286, 262, 3934, 40634, 3839, 389, 5858, 276, 416, 6016, 2330, 7163, 9813, 1863, 262, 1216, 14146, 25585, 13, 34151, 82, 326, 4573, 262, 22287, 12010, 787, 340, 845, 2408, 284, 1956, 16659, 612, 11, 290, 612, 318, 645, 7748, 9443, 319, 262, 14807, 13, 383, 14807, 4691, 355, 46282, 5043, 329, 1811, 4693, 286, 384, 397, 1447, 1390, 4273, 2411, 82, 290, 673, 283, 41555, 11, 290, 484, 389, 3017, 319, 262, 38358, 1351, 286, 3224, 49372, 2159, 18518, 37034, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	432
Can you imagine living back in the day of Fred Flintstone? Where cars were powered by feet instead of gasoline, and traveling by air consisted of climbing on top of the next available pterodactyl instead of sitting comfortably inside of an airplane. And instead of the ever present email we have today, the Flintstones had to chisel out their notes in stone, which never took more than a few seconds, and then a bird that needed to make a living would grip the stone in its beak and fly it to the proper recipient. Birds must have been smarter back then and their beaks stronger than they are today. Thank goodness technology has evolved and we don't have to worry about chiseling out a business report or family newsletter anymore. Today we just go to the nearest computer, open up the word processing software and type away. Within a brief period of time we have a nice-looking, completely legible piece of information that we can print out or for faster service, we can email a document anywhere in the world and it shows up in minutes. We have definitely come a long way since the Fred Flintstone days. So how did word processors evolve? Wikipedia states that IBM invented the term "word processing" in the 1960s. By 1971 it was officially recognized by the New York Times as a "buzz word." However, back then word processors were much different than they are in today's modern society. When the term was first used it referred to typing on semi-automatic typewriters and using dictating machines. Information was typed and then stored on magnetic tape or cards that could later be used for corrections and additional copies. However, if you were typing a form letter each one still had to be inserted into the typewriter to change in the variable data such as names and dates. Later a calculator and word processors were interfaced to come up with an even more modern word processing system. Each time the enter key was pressed the typed data would be stored on a cassette tape. The information could later be viewed and edited. After realizing what a breakthrough this had become, innovations continued. The next idea was to add a screen. No more printing out page after page to review corrected information and text. This was definitely something that would help companies and individuals alike in their scribing needs. Secretaries became worried that they would lose their jobs because they would have no place in the office workforce. However, just the opposite came true. Faster and more efficient typing on word processors meant more could be done in a short amount of time. Office productivity increased. Transformation of word processors continued through to the addition of being able to hook up an apparatus to print these now nearly-flawless documents. Adding to the building blocks of the word processing evolution came along the ability to prints drafts using dot matrix printers and on up the line through the laser printers we use today. During the rise of word processors personal computers were making their way into more and more homes. As the process unfolded, word processors were linked to computers and then eventually morphed into the available software packages we use today. Can't decide which word processing application is right for you? Check out our word processing software review. At TopTenREVIEWS We Do the Research So You Don't Have To.™	[ 6090, 345, 5967, 2877, 736, 287, 262, 1110, 286, 8559, 21660, 6440, 30, 6350, 5006, 547, 13232, 416, 3625, 2427, 286, 21408, 11, 290, 11300, 416, 1633, 19954, 286, 14281, 319, 1353, 286, 262, 1306, 1695, 279, 353, 375, 529, 2645, 2427, 286, 5586, 24341, 2641, 286, 281, 19401, 13, 843, 2427, 286, 262, 1683, 1944, 3053, 356, 423, 1909, 11, 262, 21660, 28750, 550, 284, 442, 36811, 503, 511, 4710, 287, 7815, 11, 543, 1239, 1718, 517, 621, 257, 1178, 4201, 11, 290, 788, 257, 6512, 326, 2622, 284, 787, 257, 2877, 561, 11762, 262, 7815, 287, 663, 307, 461, 290, 6129, 340, 284, 262, 1774, 17800, 13, 27124, 1276, 423, 587, 23714, 736, 788, 290, 511, 307, 4730, 7387, 621, 484, 389, 1909, 13, 198, 10449, 20437, 3037, 468, 12572, 290, 356, 836, 470, 423, 284, 5490, 546, 442, 271, 10809, 503, 257, 1597, 989, 393, 1641, 13129, 7471, 13, 6288, 356, 655, 467, 284, 262, 16936, 3644, 11, 1280, 510, 262, 1573, 7587, 3788, 290, 2099, 1497, 13, 12511, 257, 4506, 2278, 286, 640, 356, 423, 257, 3621, 12, 11534, 11, 3190, 1232, 856, 3704, 286, 1321, 326, 356, 460, 3601, 503, 393, 329, 5443, 2139, 11, 356, 460, 3053, 257, 3188, 6609, 287, 262, 995, 290, 340, 2523, 510, 287, 2431, 13, 775, 423, 4753, 1282, 257, 890, 835, 1201, 262, 8559, 21660, 6440, 1528, 13, 198, 2396, 703, 750, 1573, 20399, 18101, 30, 198, 48845, 2585, 326, 19764, 15646, 262, 3381, 366, 4775, 7587, 1, 287, 262, 9507, 82, 13, 2750, 16382, 340, 373, 8720, 8018, 416, 262, 968, 1971, 3782, 355, 257, 366, 65, 4715, 1573, 526, 2102, 11, 736, 788, 1573, 20399, 547, 881, 1180, 621, 484, 389, 287, 1909, 338, 3660, 3592, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 3381, 373, 717, 973, 340, 6412, 284, 19720, 319, 10663, 12, 37800, 49938, 799, 364, 290, 1262, 8633, 803, 8217, 13, 6188, 373, 25683, 290, 788, 8574, 319, 14091, 9154, 393, 4116, 326, 714, 1568, 307, 973, 329, 26251, 290, 3224, 9088, 13, 2102, 11, 611, 345, 547, 19720, 257, 1296, 3850, 1123, 530, 991, 550, 284, 307, 18846, 656, 262, 49938, 43407, 284, 1487, 287, 262, 7885, 1366, 884, 355, 3891, 290, 9667, 13, 198, 18602, 257, 28260, 290, 1573, 20399, 547, 9556, 2286, 284, 1282, 510, 351, 281, 772, 517, 3660, 1573, 7587, 1080, 13, 5501, 640, 262, 3802, 1994, 373, 12070, 262, 25683, 1366, 561, 307, 8574, 319, 257, 42812, 9154, 13, 383, 1321, 714, 1568, 307, 9569, 290, 13012, 13, 198, 3260, 20060, 644, 257, 19304, 428, 550, 1716, 11, 25438, 3767, 13, 383, 1306, 2126, 373, 284, 751, 257, 3159, 13, 1400, 517, 13570, 503, 2443, 706, 2443, 284, 2423, 19267, 1321, 290, 2420, 13, 770, 373, 4753, 1223, 326, 561, 1037, 2706, 290, 3925, 12936, 287, 511, 629, 23098, 2476, 13, 3943, 3166, 2627, 7960, 326, 484, 561, 4425, 511, 3946, 780, 484, 561, 423, 645, 1295, 287, 262, 2607, 16433, 13, 2102, 11, 655, 262, 6697, 1625, 2081, 13, 38996, 290, 517, 6942, 19720, 319, 1573, 20399, 4001, 517, 714, 307, 1760, 287, 257, 1790, 2033, 286, 640, 13, 4452, 13714, 3220, 13, 198, 8291, 1161, 286, 1573, 20399, 3767, 832, 284, 262, 3090, 286, 852, 1498, 284, 8011, 510, 281, 21152, 284, 3601, 777, 783, 3016, 12, 2704, 707, 1203, 4963, 13, 18247, 284, 262, 2615, 7021, 286, 262, 1573, 7587, 6954, 1625, 1863, 262, 2694, 284, 20842, 30247, 1262, 16605, 17593, 34654, 290, 319, 510, 262, 1627, 832, 262, 12855, 34654, 356, 779, 1909, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 4485, 286, 1573, 20399, 2614, 9061, 547, 1642, 511, 835, 656, 517, 290, 517, 5682, 13, 1081, 262, 1429, 34660, 11, 1573, 20399, 547, 6692, 284, 9061, 290, 788, 4191, 49976, 656, 262, 1695, 3788, 10392, 356, 779, 1909, 13, 198, 6090, 470, 5409, 543, 1573, 7587, 3586, 318, 826, 329, 345, 30, 6822, 503, 674, 1573, 7587, 3788, 2423, 13, 198, 2953, 5849, 24893, 2200, 28206, 50, 775, 2141, 262, 4992, 1406, 921, 2094, 470, 8192, 1675, 13, 8151, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	672
Definition: Dust Mites Dust mites are microscopic bugs that live in household dust. They work their way into soft places like pillows, blankets, mattresses, and stuffed animals. Many people with asthma are allergic to dust - but in fact it's the droppings produced by the mites in the dust, along with the body fragments of dead dust mites, that really cause allergic reactions. When breathed in, these can lead a person to develop allergy or asthma symptoms.	[ 36621, 25, 16240, 337, 2737, 198, 43767, 285, 2737, 389, 41858, 11316, 326, 2107, 287, 6641, 8977, 13, 1119, 670, 511, 835, 656, 2705, 4113, 588, 9582, 1666, 11, 34794, 11, 23963, 16746, 11, 290, 22259, 4695, 13, 4650, 661, 351, 28438, 389, 31856, 284, 8977, 532, 475, 287, 1109, 340, 338, 262, 3102, 37840, 4635, 416, 262, 285, 2737, 287, 262, 8977, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 1767, 21441, 286, 2636, 8977, 285, 2737, 11, 326, 1107, 2728, 31856, 12737, 13, 1649, 39545, 287, 11, 777, 460, 1085, 257, 1048, 284, 1205, 36197, 393, 28438, 7460, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	98
FAQs: Japan nuclear concerns What is the current risk of radiation-related health problems in Japan for those residing near the reactor in comparison to those in other parts of Japan? - During the early phase of the nuclear emergency radiation-related health were dependant on exposure, which is turn were due to several things, including: the amount and type of radiation released from the reactor; weather conditions, such as wind and rain; a person’s proximity to the plant; and the amount of time spent in irradiated areas. - The Government of Japan’s early actions in response to events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant were in line with the existing recommendations for radiation exposure. The Government has evacuated individuals who were living within a 20-kilometre radius around the Fukushima Daiichi plant. Those living between 20 km and 30 km from the plant were asked to evacuate voluntarily. In general, people living farther away of the site of the event are at lower risk than those who live nearby. - In light of evolving new information on levels of environmental radioactivity in the 20-30 km zone and some surrounding areas beyond the 30km zone, the Government of Japan established new planned evacuation zones from which residents were relocated to temporary housing based on the estimated cumulative doses they may receive in the 1 year following the accident. - In addition, an emergency evacuation preparedness zone was also identified in which residents were asked to prepare their affairs in case they were asked to evacuate. These zones also follow administrative boundaries and extend beyond the 30 km radius. Is there a risk of radioactive exposure from food contamination? - Yes, there is a risk of exposure as a result of contamination in food. - However, contaminated food would have to be consumed over prolonged periods to represent a risk to human health. - The radioactive iodine and caesium in concentrations above the Japanese regulatory limits have been detected in some food commodities as a result of food monitoring - Japanese authorities have advised residents to avoid these food and have implemented measures to prevent their sale and distribution. Are there health risks to people living outside of Japan from radiation emitted into the atmosphere from damaged Japanese nuclear power plants? Thus far, there are no health risks to people living in other countries from radioactive material released into the atmosphere from the Japanese nuclear power plants. Radiation levels measured to date in other countries are far below the level of background radiation that most people are exposed to in every day circumstances. Radiation levels have been monitored by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), which operates 63 surveillance stations around the world.	[ 42680, 82, 25, 2869, 4523, 4786, 198, 2061, 318, 262, 1459, 2526, 286, 11881, 12, 5363, 1535, 2761, 287, 2869, 329, 883, 35173, 1474, 262, 21905, 287, 7208, 284, 883, 287, 584, 3354, 286, 2869, 30, 198, 12, 5856, 262, 1903, 7108, 286, 262, 4523, 6334, 11881, 12, 5363, 1535, 547, 4745, 415, 319, 7111, 11, 543, 318, 1210, 547, 2233, 284, 1811, 1243, 11, 1390, 25, 262, 2033, 290, 2099, 286, 11881, 2716, 422, 262, 21905, 26, 6193, 3403, 11, 884, 355, 2344, 290, 6290, 26, 257, 1048, 447, 247, 82, 20387, 284, 262, 4618, 26, 290, 262, 2033, 286, 640, 3377, 287, 47537, 12931, 3006, 13, 198, 12, 383, 5070, 286, 2869, 447, 247, 82, 1903, 4028, 287, 2882, 284, 2995, 379, 262, 34170, 39604, 16590, 4523, 1176, 4618, 547, 287, 1627, 351, 262, 4683, 10763, 329, 11881, 7111, 13, 383, 5070, 468, 23724, 3925, 508, 547, 2877, 1626, 257, 1160, 12, 34553, 908, 260, 16874, 1088, 262, 34170, 39604, 16590, 4618, 13, 5845, 2877, 1022, 1160, 10571, 290, 1542, 10571, 422, 262, 4618, 547, 1965, 284, 36316, 22295, 13, 554, 2276, 11, 661, 2877, 18485, 1497, 286, 262, 2524, 286, 262, 1785, 389, 379, 2793, 2526, 621, 883, 508, 2107, 6716, 13, 198, 12, 554, 1657, 286, 21568, 649, 1321, 319, 2974, 286, 6142, 5243, 21797, 287, 262, 1160, 12, 1270, 10571, 6516, 290, 617, 7346, 3006, 3675, 262, 1542, 13276, 6516, 11, 262, 5070, 286, 2869, 4920, 649, 6027, 24663, 14123, 422, 543, 5085, 547, 34233, 284, 8584, 5627, 1912, 319, 262, 6108, 23818, 16376, 484, 743, 3328, 287, 262, 352, 614, 1708, 262, 5778, 13, 198, 12, 554, 3090, 11, 281, 6334, 24663, 5597, 1108, 6516, 373, 635, 5174, 287, 543, 5085, 547, 1965, 284, 8335, 511, 9674, 287, 1339, 484, 547, 1965, 284, 36316, 13, 2312, 14123, 635, 1061, 11553, 13215, 290, 9117, 3675, 262, 1542, 10571, 16874, 13, 198, 3792, 612, 257, 2526, 286, 25521, 7111, 422, 2057, 22733, 30, 198, 12, 3363, 11, 612, 318, 257, 2526, 286, 7111, 355, 257, 1255, 286, 22733, 287, 2057, 13, 198, 12, 2102, 11, 23543, 2057, 561, 423, 284, 307, 13529, 625, 20573, 9574, 284, 2380, 257, 2526, 284, 1692, 1535, 13, 198, 12, 383, 25521, 50047, 290, 1275, 274, 1505, 287, 14587, 2029, 262, 4960, 11344, 7095, 423, 587, 12326, 287, 617, 2057, 24392, 355, 257, 1255, 286, 2057, 9904, 198, 12, 4960, 4773, 423, 13030, 5085, 284, 3368, 777, 2057, 290, 423, 9177, 5260, 284, 2948, 511, 5466, 290, 6082, 13, 198, 8491, 612, 1535, 7476, 284, 661, 2877, 2354, 286, 2869, 422, 11881, 31234, 656, 262, 8137, 422, 9694, 4960, 4523, 1176, 6134, 30, 198, 19093, 1290, 11, 612, 389, 645, 1535, 7476, 284, 661, 2877, 287, 584, 2678, 422, 25521, 2587, 2716, 656, 262, 8137, 422, 262, 4960, 4523, 1176, 6134, 13, 47532, 2974, 8630, 284, 3128, 287, 584, 2678, 389, 1290, 2174, 262, 1241, 286, 4469, 11881, 326, 749, 661, 389, 7362, 284, 287, 790, 1110, 5917, 13, 198, 15546, 3920, 2974, 423, 587, 20738, 416, 262, 38397, 2870, 4513, 329, 262, 40917, 19229, 12, 14402, 12, 30457, 21345, 12275, 357, 4177, 33, 10468, 828, 543, 14051, 8093, 8452, 8985, 1088, 262, 995, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	535
A world in which tigers and other wild species are safe from harm and humans are encouraged to live in climate-harmony with natural ecosystems. To help protect India’s biodiversity and threatened wildernesses by supporting and motivating forest departments, non-government organisations and individuals. To highlight the value of ecosystem services and to educate the public on the relationship between biodiversity and climate change. The primary objective of WCT is to preserve, protect and conserve wildlife and natural ecosystems, terrestrial and aquatic. WCT intends to achieve this by: - Supporting catalysing climate change mitigation and adaptation process through the restoration of degraded and fragmented ecosystems. - Creating awareness amongst masses regarding the relationship between forests, biodiversity, water, climate change and human beings. - Providing support for government and/or private institutions to strengthen conservation action for species and habitats. - Providing for social welfare including medical and educational/vocational support to communities residing around protected areas. - Providing financial support to scientific institutions and non-governmental organisations working towards conservation of nature and wildlife and also towards the mitigation of climate change. - Highlighting the connection between ecosystem services, and the quality of human life for the benefit of policy makers in government and the corporate sector and the general public.	[ 32, 995, 287, 543, 43114, 290, 584, 4295, 4693, 389, 3338, 422, 4419, 290, 5384, 389, 10085, 284, 2107, 287, 4258, 12, 29155, 1647, 351, 3288, 30020, 13, 198, 2514, 1037, 1805, 3794, 447, 247, 82, 37589, 290, 8556, 22775, 274, 416, 6493, 290, 46891, 8222, 13346, 11, 1729, 12, 14480, 16435, 290, 3925, 13, 1675, 7238, 262, 1988, 286, 13187, 2594, 290, 284, 20771, 262, 1171, 319, 262, 2776, 1022, 37589, 290, 4258, 1487, 13, 198, 464, 4165, 9432, 286, 370, 4177, 318, 284, 12201, 11, 1805, 290, 45075, 15599, 290, 3288, 30020, 11, 35609, 290, 37115, 13, 370, 4177, 19582, 284, 4620, 428, 416, 25, 198, 12, 44188, 3797, 26266, 278, 4258, 1487, 33585, 290, 16711, 1429, 832, 262, 19414, 286, 41604, 290, 41630, 30020, 13, 198, 12, 30481, 9359, 12077, 14568, 5115, 262, 2776, 1022, 17039, 11, 37589, 11, 1660, 11, 4258, 1487, 290, 1692, 9791, 13, 198, 12, 7518, 2530, 1104, 329, 1230, 290, 14, 273, 2839, 6712, 284, 12160, 14903, 2223, 329, 4693, 290, 35308, 13, 198, 12, 7518, 2530, 329, 1919, 9490, 1390, 3315, 290, 9856, 14, 18893, 864, 1104, 284, 5348, 35173, 1088, 6861, 3006, 13, 198, 12, 7518, 2530, 3176, 1104, 284, 5654, 6712, 290, 1729, 12, 31353, 16435, 1762, 3371, 14903, 286, 3450, 290, 15599, 290, 635, 3371, 262, 33585, 286, 4258, 1487, 13, 198, 12, 3334, 43351, 262, 4637, 1022, 13187, 2594, 11, 290, 262, 3081, 286, 1692, 1204, 329, 262, 4414, 286, 2450, 14429, 287, 1230, 290, 262, 6355, 6567, 290, 262, 2276, 1171, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	257
The Maldives has set itself a tough target to be the world’s first UNESCO Biosphere reserve nation and it aims to win the accolade by 2017. The Indian Ocean nation has put together an implementation plan to run between 2013 and 2017 that will see more than half of the nations island atolls implementing the ‘Biosphere Approach’ management plan. Once over half the islands come nder the new plan it will trigger the ability for the nation to apply to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to have the entire country and its Exclusive Economic Zone classed as a Biosphere Reserve. The whole country of Maldives will be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve by 2017 – where public support for conservation of the country’s remarkable environment secures a vibrant green economy and a good quality of life for all Maldivians. “The whole country of Maldives will be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve by 2017 – where public support for conservation of the country’s remarkable environment secures a vibrant green economy and a good quality of life for all Maldivians,” said Dr Mariyam Shakeela, Minister of Environment and Energy, Republic of Maldives. The implementation plan, Maldives as a Biosphere Reserve: An Implementation Plan 2013-2017, sets a road-map for 2013 to 2017, after which the plan will be updated based on progress and lessons learned. The plan will be implemented by and for different atolls in a stepwise fashion, based on their readiness to adopt the “Biosphere Approach”. The plan was endorsed by the cabinet of Ministers in January 2013, showing the commitment from all stakeholders to this plan. The President of the Maldives signalled intentions in June 2012, at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, RIO+20 meeting in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to significantly ramp up efforts to protect the marine environment. The president outlined plans to implement a de-centralised system for environmental management and sustainable development, and was inspired by the success achieved in designating Baa Atoll as the first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Maldives. Become a ‘nation biosphere reserve’ will also lead to the Maldives becoming a champion of the Aichi Targets. These targets form the basis of an internationally agreed strategy to address the loss of global biodiversity. There are 20 targets that signatory nations have agreed to meet by the year 2020, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Executive Secretary Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias said: “This pledge from the Maldives is extraordinary in size and potential impact. We should expect that it will be an inspiration to other CBD Parties, including Small Island Developing States and donor countries, to work harder toward the achievement of all of the Aichi Targets.” “Global progress in the development of marine protected areas and in the sustainable management of fish stocks is lagging considerably,” he added. “Although there are still more than seven years before the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its 20 Aichi Targets are to be fully implemented, as agreed in Nagoya at CBD COP 10, we will only reach these targets by making ambitious pledges as the Maldives has now done.”	[ 464, 37490, 1083, 468, 900, 2346, 257, 5802, 2496, 284, 307, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 717, 49372, 8436, 22829, 11515, 3277, 290, 340, 12031, 284, 1592, 262, 45667, 671, 416, 2177, 13, 383, 3942, 10692, 3277, 468, 1234, 1978, 281, 7822, 1410, 284, 1057, 1022, 2211, 290, 2177, 326, 481, 766, 517, 621, 2063, 286, 262, 7027, 7022, 379, 33421, 15427, 262, 564, 246, 23286, 22829, 38066, 447, 247, 4542, 1410, 13, 198, 7454, 625, 2063, 262, 14807, 1282, 299, 1082, 262, 649, 1410, 340, 481, 7616, 262, 2694, 329, 262, 3277, 284, 4174, 284, 262, 1578, 7973, 30038, 11, 22060, 290, 23897, 12275, 357, 4944, 43311, 8, 284, 423, 262, 2104, 1499, 290, 663, 35651, 11279, 13035, 1398, 276, 355, 257, 8436, 22829, 12224, 13, 198, 464, 2187, 1499, 286, 37490, 1083, 481, 307, 257, 49372, 8436, 22829, 12224, 416, 2177, 784, 810, 1171, 1104, 329, 14903, 286, 262, 1499, 447, 247, 82, 11004, 2858, 792, 942, 257, 21266, 4077, 3773, 290, 257, 922, 3081, 286, 1204, 329, 477, 37490, 452, 1547, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 2187, 1499, 286, 37490, 1083, 481, 307, 257, 49372, 8436, 22829, 12224, 416, 2177, 784, 810, 1171, 1104, 329, 14903, 286, 262, 1499, 447, 247, 82, 11004, 2858, 792, 942, 257, 21266, 4077, 3773, 290, 257, 922, 3081, 286, 1204, 329, 477, 37490, 452, 1547, 11, 447, 251, 531, 1583, 1526, 7745, 321, 41113, 10304, 11, 4139, 286, 9344, 290, 6682, 11, 2066, 286, 37490, 1083, 13, 198, 464, 7822, 1410, 11, 37490, 1083, 355, 257, 8436, 22829, 12224, 25, 1052, 46333, 5224, 2211, 12, 5539, 11, 5621, 257, 2975, 12, 8899, 329, 2211, 284, 2177, 11, 706, 543, 262, 1410, 481, 307, 6153, 1912, 319, 4371, 290, 11658, 4499, 13, 198, 464, 1410, 481, 307, 9177, 416, 290, 329, 1180, 379, 33421, 287, 257, 2239, 3083, 6977, 11, 1912, 319, 511, 30618, 284, 11206, 262, 564, 250, 23286, 22829, 38066, 447, 251, 13, 383, 1410, 373, 17441, 416, 262, 13447, 286, 36647, 287, 3269, 2211, 11, 4478, 262, 7901, 422, 477, 26138, 284, 428, 1410, 13, 198, 464, 1992, 286, 262, 37490, 1083, 1051, 4262, 14953, 287, 2795, 2321, 11, 379, 262, 4725, 8785, 319, 45276, 7712, 11, 371, 9399, 10, 1238, 3249, 287, 15338, 390, 42799, 11, 7595, 11, 284, 5566, 10454, 510, 4040, 284, 1805, 262, 16050, 2858, 13, 383, 1893, 16493, 3352, 284, 3494, 257, 390, 12, 31463, 1417, 1080, 329, 6142, 4542, 290, 13347, 2478, 11, 290, 373, 7867, 416, 262, 1943, 8793, 287, 1486, 803, 347, 7252, 1629, 692, 355, 262, 717, 49372, 8436, 22829, 12224, 287, 37490, 1083, 13, 198, 39649, 462, 257, 564, 246, 25729, 3182, 22829, 11515, 447, 247, 481, 635, 1085, 284, 262, 37490, 1083, 5033, 257, 8783, 286, 262, 317, 16590, 31089, 1039, 13, 2312, 6670, 1296, 262, 4308, 286, 281, 19765, 4987, 4811, 284, 2209, 262, 2994, 286, 3298, 37589, 13, 1318, 389, 1160, 6670, 326, 1051, 2870, 7027, 423, 4987, 284, 1826, 416, 262, 614, 12131, 11, 198, 3103, 4018, 319, 32827, 36188, 357, 34, 14529, 8, 10390, 4986, 9718, 377, 952, 12880, 260, 8704, 390, 22862, 4496, 360, 4448, 531, 25, 198, 447, 250, 1212, 13995, 422, 262, 37490, 1083, 318, 11359, 287, 2546, 290, 2785, 2928, 13, 775, 815, 1607, 326, 340, 481, 307, 281, 12141, 284, 584, 27147, 32024, 11, 1390, 10452, 5451, 6013, 278, 1829, 290, 17052, 2678, 11, 284, 670, 7069, 3812, 262, 13293, 286, 477, 286, 262, 317, 16590, 31089, 1039, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 22289, 4371, 287, 262, 2478, 286, 16050, 6861, 3006, 290, 287, 262, 13347, 4542, 286, 5916, 14420, 318, 300, 16406, 15394, 11, 447, 251, 339, 2087, 13, 564, 250, 7003, 612, 389, 991, 517, 621, 3598, 812, 878, 262, 2813, 12, 42334, 24999, 5224, 329, 347, 2101, 1608, 290, 663, 1160, 317, 16590, 31089, 1039, 389, 284, 307, 3938, 9177, 11, 355, 4987, 287, 15196, 23790, 379, 27147, 27975, 838, 11, 356, 481, 691, 3151, 777, 6670, 416, 1642, 14742, 31241, 355, 262, 37490, 1083, 468, 783, 1760, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	677
Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence" - S: (v) compel, oblige, obligate (force somebody to do something) "We compel all students to fill out this form" - direct troponym / full troponym - S: (v) force, thrust (impose urgently, importunately, or inexorably) "She forced her diet fads on him" - S: (v) stick, sting (saddle with something disagreeable or disadvantageous) "They stuck me with the dinner bill"; "I was stung with a huge tax bill" - S: (v) walk (make walk) "He walks the horse up the mountain"; "Walk the dog twice a day" - S: (v) parade, exhibit, march (walk ostentatiously) "She parades her new husband around town" - S: (v) march (cause to march or go at a marching pace) "They marched the mules into the desert" - S: (v) coerce, hale, squeeze, pressure, force (to cause to do through pressure or necessity, by physical, moral or intellectual means) "She forced him to take a job in the city"; "He squeezed her for information" - S: (v) turn up the heat, turn up the pressure (apply great or increased pressure) "The Democrats turned up the heat on their candidate to concede the election" - S: (v) drive (to compel or force or urge relentlessly or exert coercive pressure on, or motivate strongly) "She is driven by her passion" - S: (v) bludgeon (overcome or coerce as if by using a heavy club) "The teacher bludgeoned the students into learning the math formulas" - S: (v) steamroller, steamroll (bring to a specified state by overwhelming force or pressure) "The Senator steamrollered the bill to defeat" - S: (v) squeeze for (squeeze someone for money, information, etc.) - S: (v) dragoon, sandbag, railroad (compel by coercion, threats, or crude means) "They sandbagged him to make dinner for everyone" - S: (v) terrorize, terrorise (coerce by violence or with threats) - S: (v) bring oneself (cause to undertake a certain action, usually used in the negative) "He could not bring himself to call his parents" - S: (v) clamor (compel someone to do something by insistent clamoring) "They clamored the mayor into building a new park" - S: (v) condemn (compel or force into a particular state or activity) "His devotion to his sick wife condemned him to a lonely existence" - S: (v) shame (compel through a sense of shame) "She shamed him into making amends" - S: (v) enforce, implement, apply (ensure observance of laws and rules) "Apply the rules to everyone" - S: (v) run, execute (carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine) "Run the dishwasher"; "run a new program on the Mac"; "the computer executed the instruction" - S: (v) execute (carry out the legalities of) "execute a will or a deed" - S: (v) give (execute and deliver) "Give bond" - S: (v) enforce, impose, constrain (compel to behave in a certain way) "Social relations impose courtesy"; "duty constrains one to act often contrary to one's desires or inclinations" - direct hypernym / inherited hypernym / sister term - S: (v) induce, stimulate, cause, have, get, make (cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner) "The ads induced me to buy a VCR"; "My children finally got me to buy a computer"; "My wife made me buy a new sofa" - derivationally related form - W: (n) compulsion [Related to: compel] (using force to cause something to occur) "though pressed into rugby under compulsion I began to enjoy the game"; "they didn't have to use coercion" - W: (n) obligation [Related to: oblige, obligate] (the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force) "we must instill a sense of duty in our children"; "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty"- John D.Rockefeller Jr - sentence frame - S: (v) oblige, bind, hold, obligate (bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted) "He's held by a contract"; "I'll hold you by your promise" - S: (v) oblige, accommodate (provide a service or favor for someone) "We had to oblige him"	[ 9218, 25, 366, 50, 11097, 796, 5438, 16065, 2617, 357, 43616, 5109, 8, 2316, 11, 366, 54, 11097, 796, 5438, 9678, 357, 2588, 605, 8, 2316, 198, 23114, 3689, 329, 2565, 25, 357, 4743, 793, 8, 366, 272, 1672, 6827, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 33729, 11, 6263, 68, 11, 6263, 378, 357, 3174, 8276, 284, 466, 1223, 8, 366, 1135, 33729, 477, 2444, 284, 6070, 503, 428, 1296, 1, 198, 12, 1277, 14673, 5177, 1220, 1336, 14673, 5177, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 2700, 11, 14613, 357, 320, 3455, 37788, 11, 1330, 403, 1286, 11, 393, 16087, 273, 1346, 8, 366, 3347, 4137, 607, 5496, 277, 5643, 319, 683, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 4859, 11, 24276, 357, 82, 37382, 351, 1223, 12546, 540, 393, 21407, 516, 8, 366, 2990, 7819, 502, 351, 262, 8073, 2855, 8172, 366, 40, 373, 336, 2150, 351, 257, 3236, 1687, 2855, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 2513, 357, 15883, 2513, 8, 366, 1544, 11114, 262, 8223, 510, 262, 8598, 8172, 366, 35963, 262, 3290, 5403, 257, 1110, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 16134, 11, 15866, 11, 9960, 357, 11152, 23619, 298, 265, 6819, 8, 366, 3347, 1582, 2367, 607, 649, 5229, 1088, 3240, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 9960, 357, 25587, 284, 9960, 393, 467, 379, 257, 26409, 8761, 8, 366, 2990, 23558, 262, 285, 5028, 656, 262, 10326, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 31255, 344, 11, 289, 1000, 11, 21229, 11, 3833, 11, 2700, 357, 1462, 2728, 284, 466, 832, 3833, 393, 14564, 11, 416, 3518, 11, 6573, 393, 9028, 1724, 8, 366, 3347, 4137, 683, 284, 1011, 257, 1693, 287, 262, 1748, 8172, 366, 1544, 29650, 607, 329, 1321, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 1210, 510, 262, 4894, 11, 1210, 510, 262, 3833, 357, 39014, 1049, 393, 3220, 3833, 8, 366, 464, 4956, 2900, 510, 262, 4894, 319, 511, 4540, 284, 33760, 262, 3071, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 3708, 357, 1462, 33729, 393, 2700, 393, 14960, 37952, 393, 17596, 47236, 3833, 319, 11, 393, 35065, 7634, 8, 366, 3347, 318, 7986, 416, 607, 7506, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 698, 463, 6281, 357, 2502, 2958, 393, 31255, 344, 355, 611, 416, 1262, 257, 4334, 3430, 8, 366, 464, 4701, 698, 463, 6281, 276, 262, 2444, 656, 4673, 262, 10688, 32126, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 13324, 10646, 11, 13324, 2487, 357, 48580, 284, 257, 7368, 1181, 416, 9721, 2700, 393, 3833, 8, 366, 464, 8962, 13324, 3225, 293, 445, 262, 2855, 284, 7433, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 21229, 329, 357, 16485, 1453, 2736, 2130, 329, 1637, 11, 1321, 11, 3503, 2014, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 6715, 2049, 11, 6450, 21454, 11, 24337, 357, 5589, 417, 416, 32000, 11, 7432, 11, 393, 14897, 1724, 8, 366, 2990, 6450, 65, 14655, 683, 284, 787, 8073, 329, 2506, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 3246, 1096, 11, 3246, 786, 357, 1073, 263, 344, 416, 3685, 393, 351, 7432, 8, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 2222, 27186, 357, 25587, 284, 25340, 257, 1728, 2223, 11, 3221, 973, 287, 262, 4633, 8, 366, 1544, 714, 407, 2222, 2241, 284, 869, 465, 3397, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 30726, 273, 357, 5589, 417, 2130, 284, 466, 1223, 416, 1035, 7609, 30726, 3255, 8, 366, 2990, 30726, 1850, 262, 9591, 656, 2615, 257, 649, 3952, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 15402, 357, 5589, 417, 393, 2700, 656, 257, 1948, 1181, 393, 3842, 8, 366, 6653, 25808, 284, 465, 6639, 3656, 15006, 683, 284, 257, 21757, 6224, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 10195, 357, 5589, 417, 832, 257, 2565, 286, 10195, 8, 366, 3347, 427, 2434, 683, 656, 1642, 716, 2412, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 4605, 11, 3494, 11, 4174, 357, 641, 495, 3799, 590, 286, 3657, 290, 3173, 8, 366, 44836, 262, 3173, 284, 2506, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 1057, 11, 12260, 357, 34993, 503, 257, 1429, 393, 1430, 11, 355, 319, 257, 3644, 393, 257, 4572, 8, 366, 10987, 262, 9433, 45146, 8172, 366, 5143, 257, 649, 1430, 319, 262, 4100, 8172, 366, 1169, 3644, 10945, 262, 12064, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 12260, 357, 34993, 503, 262, 2742, 871, 286, 8, 366, 41049, 257, 481, 393, 257, 28637, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 1577, 357, 41049, 290, 5203, 8, 366, 23318, 6314, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 4605, 11, 13551, 11, 1500, 3201, 357, 5589, 417, 284, 17438, 287, 257, 1728, 835, 8, 366, 20636, 2316, 13551, 12537, 8172, 366, 26278, 1500, 81, 1299, 530, 284, 719, 1690, 10388, 284, 530, 338, 15997, 393, 13358, 7352, 1, 198, 12, 1277, 8718, 3281, 76, 1220, 19552, 8718, 3281, 76, 1220, 6621, 3381, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 21155, 11, 26020, 11, 2728, 11, 423, 11, 651, 11, 787, 357, 25587, 284, 466, 26, 2728, 284, 719, 287, 257, 7368, 5642, 8, 366, 464, 9011, 18268, 502, 284, 2822, 257, 569, 9419, 8172, 366, 3666, 1751, 3443, 1392, 502, 284, 2822, 257, 3644, 8172, 366, 3666, 3656, 925, 502, 2822, 257, 649, 34902, 1, 198, 12, 16124, 15208, 3519, 1296, 198, 12, 370, 25, 357, 77, 8, 198, 5589, 15204, 685, 9819, 284, 25, 33729, 60, 357, 3500, 2700, 284, 2728, 1223, 284, 3051, 8, 366, 2016, 12070, 656, 22948, 739, 48672, 314, 2540, 284, 2883, 262, 983, 8172, 366, 9930, 1422, 470, 423, 284, 779, 32000, 1, 198, 12, 370, 25, 357, 77, 8, 198, 672, 4604, 341, 685, 9819, 284, 25, 6263, 68, 11, 6263, 378, 60, 357, 1169, 1919, 2700, 326, 37354, 345, 284, 262, 10902, 286, 2223, 12284, 416, 326, 2700, 8, 366, 732, 1276, 916, 359, 257, 2565, 286, 7077, 287, 674, 1751, 8172, 366, 16833, 826, 15565, 257, 5798, 26, 790, 3663, 11, 281, 12990, 26, 790, 7797, 11, 257, 7077, 26793, 1757, 360, 13, 49, 420, 31424, 7504, 198, 12, 6827, 5739, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 6263, 68, 11, 11007, 11, 1745, 11, 6263, 378, 357, 21653, 416, 281, 12990, 26, 2728, 284, 307, 37816, 8, 366, 1544, 338, 2714, 416, 257, 2775, 8172, 366, 40, 1183, 1745, 345, 416, 534, 6991, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 6263, 68, 11, 15550, 357, 15234, 485, 257, 2139, 393, 2661, 329, 2130, 8, 366, 1135, 550, 284, 6263, 68, 683, 1, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,107
Updated Mon, Feb 27, 2012 12:36 pm On this edition of Conversations from Studio B, Jim Fuller and Bill Walker talk with Chris Meekins of the North Carolina State Archives. The trio discuss the Burnside Expedition, a series of battles fought along the North Carolina coast under the command of Brig. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, which culminated in the Union occupation of Roanoke Island, New Bern, Morehead City, Beaufort and Washington. For more information, visit the North Carolina State Archives' Sesquicentennial Blog. Slideshow: The Burnside Expedition Brig. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside Flag captured by Union forces from the Confederate gunboat Fanny during the Battle of Elizabeth City, Feb. 10, 1862 Medal of Honor recipient John Davis risked life and limb by sitting on an open powder keg to keep it from catching fire General Ambrose E. Burnside and Commander Stephen C. Rowan issued this proclamation as outreach to the people of North Carolina during the Burnside Expedition Post-battle sketch of the positions and fortifications of both forces during the Battle of New Bern, N.C.	[ 17354, 2892, 11, 3158, 2681, 11, 2321, 1105, 25, 2623, 9114, 198, 2202, 428, 8313, 286, 32200, 602, 422, 11733, 347, 11, 5395, 31863, 290, 3941, 10120, 1561, 351, 5180, 2185, 988, 1040, 286, 262, 2258, 5913, 1812, 22275, 13, 198, 464, 19886, 2112, 262, 8942, 1589, 38076, 11, 257, 2168, 286, 10181, 8350, 1863, 262, 2258, 5913, 7051, 739, 262, 3141, 286, 16917, 13, 5215, 13, 45263, 412, 13, 8942, 1589, 11, 543, 45200, 287, 262, 4479, 13755, 286, 5564, 272, 2088, 5451, 11, 968, 6206, 11, 3125, 2256, 2254, 11, 32831, 3319, 290, 2669, 13, 198, 1890, 517, 1321, 11, 3187, 262, 2258, 5913, 1812, 22275, 6, 311, 274, 421, 36712, 27779, 14001, 13, 198, 11122, 42286, 25, 383, 8942, 1589, 38076, 198, 33, 4359, 13, 5215, 13, 45263, 412, 13, 8942, 1589, 198, 34227, 7907, 416, 4479, 3386, 422, 262, 21900, 2485, 24482, 376, 7737, 1141, 262, 5838, 286, 10674, 2254, 11, 3158, 13, 838, 11, 49658, 198, 9921, 282, 286, 21071, 17800, 1757, 7802, 42179, 1204, 290, 25035, 416, 5586, 319, 281, 1280, 11913, 885, 70, 284, 1394, 340, 422, 16508, 2046, 198, 12218, 45263, 412, 13, 8942, 1589, 290, 13353, 7970, 327, 13, 11314, 272, 4884, 428, 39862, 355, 23424, 284, 262, 661, 286, 2258, 5913, 1141, 262, 8942, 1589, 38076, 198, 6307, 12, 38471, 17548, 286, 262, 6116, 290, 6285, 6637, 286, 1111, 3386, 1141, 262, 5838, 286, 968, 6206, 11, 399, 13, 34, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	242
The physical things and the human society have formed into the world we live in. However, the emergence of information technologies enables a new infrastructure for a technical, economic and social revolution, which have changed the world we are used to. Cyber-physical systems couple the cyber aspects of computing and communications with the physical aspects of dynamics that must abide by the laws of physics. Social computing has become more widely known because of proliferation of online social networking in recent years. With the advent of ubiquitous sensing, future social networks will become cyber-physical, combining measured elements of the physical world. The convergence of computational and physical processes as well as human’s social behaviors exhibits a variety of complicated characteristics, which leads to a lot of challenges. TOPICS OF INTEREST Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: - Track 1: Cyber-physical systems and society - Track 2: Social computing - Track 3: Pervasive/ubiquitous computing - Track 4: Sensor/actuator networks - Track 5: Security, privacy, and trust - Track 6: Applications and services Submission Due: June 15, 2011 (firm) Notification of Acceptance: July 15, 2011 Final Manuscript Due: August 15, 2011 More info here.	[ 464, 3518, 1243, 290, 262, 1692, 3592, 423, 7042, 656, 262, 995, 356, 2107, 287, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 22106, 286, 1321, 8514, 13536, 257, 649, 6884, 329, 257, 6276, 11, 3034, 290, 1919, 5854, 11, 543, 423, 3421, 262, 995, 356, 389, 973, 284, 13, 15101, 12, 42854, 3341, 3155, 262, 10075, 7612, 286, 14492, 290, 8062, 351, 262, 3518, 7612, 286, 17262, 326, 1276, 27851, 416, 262, 3657, 286, 11887, 13, 5483, 14492, 468, 1716, 517, 6768, 1900, 780, 286, 25068, 286, 2691, 1919, 19140, 287, 2274, 812, 13, 2080, 262, 19980, 286, 27888, 34244, 11, 2003, 1919, 7686, 481, 1716, 10075, 12, 42854, 11, 19771, 8630, 4847, 286, 262, 3518, 995, 13, 383, 40826, 286, 31350, 290, 3518, 7767, 355, 880, 355, 1692, 447, 247, 82, 1919, 14301, 27508, 257, 4996, 286, 8253, 9695, 11, 543, 5983, 284, 257, 1256, 286, 6459, 13, 198, 35222, 19505, 3963, 23255, 6465, 198, 25902, 286, 1393, 2291, 11, 475, 389, 407, 3614, 284, 25, 198, 12, 17762, 352, 25, 15101, 12, 42854, 3341, 290, 3592, 198, 12, 17762, 362, 25, 5483, 14492, 198, 12, 17762, 513, 25, 350, 712, 17443, 14, 549, 1557, 22109, 14492, 198, 12, 17762, 604, 25, 35367, 14, 529, 84, 1352, 7686, 198, 12, 17762, 642, 25, 4765, 11, 6782, 11, 290, 3774, 198, 12, 17762, 718, 25, 26622, 290, 2594, 198, 7004, 3411, 14444, 25, 2795, 1315, 11, 2813, 357, 69, 2533, 8, 198, 3673, 2649, 286, 21699, 590, 25, 2901, 1315, 11, 2813, 198, 19006, 1869, 15817, 14444, 25, 2932, 1315, 11, 2813, 198, 5167, 7508, 994, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	265
\|Direct Imaging of Asymmetric Magnetization Reversal\| The phenomenon of exchange bias has transformed how data is read on magnetic hard disks and created an explosion in their information storage density. However, it remains poorly understood, and even the fundamental mechanism of magnetic reversal for exchange-biased systems in changing magnetic fields is unclear. By using x-ray photoemission electron microscopy at the ALS to directly image the magnetic structure of an exchange-biased film, a team from the University of Washington and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory has identified separate magnetic-reversal mechanisms in the two branches of a hysteresis loop. This advance in fundamental understanding will provide new insights for developing the next generation of information storage and sensing devices where exchange bias is expected to play a critical role. There are two basic energies involved in the manipulation and control of the magnetic properties of materials. Exchange controls magnetic order, and anisotropy controls magnetic orientation. A soft ferromagnet such as iron has a large exchange parameter but a small anisotropy, making ferromagnetic order stable at higher temperatures but with an unpredictable orientation of the magnetization, especially in structures of nanoscale dimensions. On the other hand, many antiferromagnets have weak exchange interactions (low ordering or Néel temperatures) but large anisotropies that result in very stable orientations. Exchange bias arises when a thin ferromagnetic film is grown on an antiferromagnet and the resulting heterostructure is cooled in a magnetic field through the Néel temperature of the antiferromagnet. As a result of exchange coupling between the layers, the ferromagnet both retains a stable order and gains a higher anisotropy at room temperature. Moreover, the unidirectional character of the anisotropy results in a shifted hysteresis loop that is now centered on a non-zero magnetic field. This exchange bias makes the ferromagnet an excellent magnetic reference layer in modern nanolayer magnetic devices because it is very difficult to demagnetize it. More than fifty years of research has provided varying insight into the exchange-bias phenomenon but not yet a comprehensive description of all its salient features. To gain more insight, the Washington–Stanford team resorted to x-ray photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) imaging of high-quality single-crystal ferromagnetic iron epitaxially grown on antiferromagnetic MnPd (all on an MgO substrate), samples that had been previously well-characterized magnetically and structurally. At an iron absorption resonance, absorption of circularly polarized x rays at ALS Beamline 184.108.40.206 is sensitive to the angle between the magnetization within a ferromagnetic domain and the polarization vector. With the PEEM-2 microscope, this x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) effect allows an exact determination of the direction of the local domain magnetization at the surface of ferromagnets with a spatial resolution of 50 nm or less. By means of XMCD measurements taken at points in hysteresis loops with the applied field in different crystallographic directions of the iron ferromagnet, the team has accumulated the first direct imaging evidence for an asymmetry in the magnetic-reversal mechanism in exchange-biased systems, evidence that until now has only been inferred indirectly by measurements such as neutron scattering. Normally, magnetic reversal in ferromagnets occurs either by coherent rotation of magnetic moments in the domain or by nucleation and growth of reverse domains. Generally, the mechanism is determined by the material microstructure and is symmetric with respect to the applied field, i.e., it is the same in both branches of the hysteresis loop. However, the team found that in exchanged-biased ferromagnetic iron, the magnetization reversal occurs by moment rotation for decreasing fields, while it proceeds by domain nucleation and growth for increasing fields. The observed domains are also consistent with the crystallography of the bilayers and favor a configuration that minimizes the overall magnetostatic energy of the ferromagnetic layer. Research conducted by P. Blomqvist and K.M. Krishnan (University of Washington) and H. Ohldag (Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory). Research funding: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Operation of the ALS is supported by BES. Publication about this research: P. Blomqvist, K.M. Krishnan, and H. Ohldag, "Direct imaging of asymmetric magnetization reversal in exchange-biased Fe/MnPd bilayers by x-ray photoemission electron microscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 107203 (2005).	[ 91, 13470, 48656, 286, 1081, 26621, 19482, 32079, 1634, 797, 690, 282, 91, 198, 464, 10733, 286, 5163, 10690, 468, 14434, 703, 1366, 318, 1100, 319, 14091, 1327, 32505, 290, 2727, 281, 11278, 287, 511, 1321, 6143, 12109, 13, 2102, 11, 340, 3793, 13455, 7247, 11, 290, 772, 262, 7531, 9030, 286, 14091, 27138, 329, 5163, 12, 38002, 3341, 287, 5609, 14091, 7032, 318, 10061, 13, 2750, 1262, 2124, 12, 2433, 4590, 368, 1480, 11538, 21145, 11081, 379, 262, 27249, 284, 3264, 2939, 262, 14091, 4645, 286, 281, 5163, 12, 38002, 2646, 11, 257, 1074, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 2669, 290, 262, 13863, 16065, 354, 10599, 1313, 47532, 18643, 468, 5174, 4553, 14091, 12, 260, 690, 282, 11701, 287, 262, 734, 13737, 286, 257, 2537, 4169, 411, 271, 9052, 13, 770, 5963, 287, 7531, 4547, 481, 2148, 649, 17218, 329, 5922, 262, 1306, 5270, 286, 1321, 6143, 290, 34244, 4410, 810, 5163, 10690, 318, 2938, 284, 711, 257, 4688, 2597, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 734, 4096, 27598, 2950, 287, 262, 17512, 290, 1630, 286, 262, 14091, 6608, 286, 5696, 13, 12516, 6973, 14091, 1502, 11, 290, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 6973, 14091, 12852, 13, 317, 2705, 11354, 398, 363, 3262, 884, 355, 6953, 468, 257, 1588, 5163, 11507, 475, 257, 1402, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 11, 1642, 11354, 398, 25145, 1502, 8245, 379, 2440, 10101, 475, 351, 281, 22900, 12852, 286, 262, 19972, 1634, 11, 2592, 287, 8573, 286, 15709, 17500, 1000, 15225, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 867, 1885, 7087, 398, 4660, 1039, 423, 4939, 5163, 12213, 357, 9319, 16216, 393, 399, 2634, 417, 10101, 8, 475, 1588, 281, 271, 34248, 444, 326, 1255, 287, 845, 8245, 11367, 602, 13, 198, 3109, 3803, 10690, 22068, 618, 257, 7888, 11354, 398, 25145, 2646, 318, 7334, 319, 281, 1885, 7087, 398, 363, 3262, 290, 262, 7186, 14445, 455, 5620, 318, 32162, 287, 257, 14091, 2214, 832, 262, 399, 2634, 417, 5951, 286, 262, 1885, 7087, 398, 363, 3262, 13, 1081, 257, 1255, 286, 5163, 40204, 1022, 262, 11685, 11, 262, 11354, 398, 363, 3262, 1111, 27452, 257, 8245, 1502, 290, 8810, 257, 2440, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 379, 2119, 5951, 13, 10968, 11, 262, 555, 312, 4154, 282, 2095, 286, 262, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 2482, 287, 257, 14869, 2537, 4169, 411, 271, 9052, 326, 318, 783, 19254, 319, 257, 1729, 12, 22570, 14091, 2214, 13, 770, 5163, 10690, 1838, 262, 11354, 398, 363, 3262, 281, 6275, 14091, 4941, 7679, 287, 3660, 15709, 349, 2794, 14091, 4410, 780, 340, 318, 845, 2408, 284, 1357, 363, 3262, 1096, 340, 13, 198, 5167, 621, 15334, 812, 286, 2267, 468, 2810, 15874, 11281, 656, 262, 5163, 12, 65, 4448, 10733, 475, 407, 1865, 257, 9815, 6764, 286, 477, 663, 49156, 3033, 13, 1675, 4461, 517, 11281, 11, 262, 2669, 1906, 32140, 3841, 1074, 44635, 284, 2124, 12, 2433, 4590, 368, 1480, 11538, 21145, 11081, 357, 11401, 3620, 8, 19560, 286, 1029, 12, 13237, 2060, 12, 20470, 7757, 11354, 398, 25145, 6953, 21240, 897, 1927, 7334, 319, 1885, 7087, 398, 25145, 36030, 47, 67, 357, 439, 319, 281, 337, 70, 46, 32305, 828, 8405, 326, 550, 587, 4271, 880, 12, 22769, 1143, 19972, 1146, 290, 2878, 20221, 13, 198, 2953, 281, 6953, 24774, 29371, 11, 24774, 286, 18620, 306, 46469, 2124, 24823, 379, 27249, 25855, 1370, 28598, 13, 15711, 13, 1821, 13, 22136, 318, 8564, 284, 262, 9848, 1022, 262, 19972, 1634, 1626, 257, 11354, 398, 25145, 7386, 290, 262, 42704, 15879, 13, 2080, 262, 18468, 3620, 12, 17, 36396, 11, 428, 2124, 12, 2433, 14091, 18620, 36638, 305, 1042, 357, 37643, 8610, 8, 1245, 3578, 281, 2748, 12123, 286, 262, 4571, 286, 262, 1957, 7386, 19972, 1634, 379, 262, 4417, 286, 11354, 398, 4660, 1039, 351, 257, 21739, 6323, 286, 2026, 28642, 393, 1342, 13, 198, 3886, 1724, 286, 1395, 44, 8610, 13871, 2077, 379, 2173, 287, 2537, 4169, 411, 271, 23607, 351, 262, 5625, 2214, 287, 1180, 31578, 6826, 11678, 286, 262, 6953, 11354, 398, 363, 3262, 11, 262, 1074, 468, 22425, 262, 717, 1277, 19560, 2370, 329, 281, 30372, 11973, 287, 262, 14091, 12, 260, 690, 282, 9030, 287, 5163, 12, 38002, 3341, 11, 2370, 326, 1566, 783, 468, 691, 587, 41240, 20762, 416, 13871, 884, 355, 49810, 45765, 13, 198, 43625, 11, 14091, 27138, 287, 11354, 398, 4660, 1039, 8833, 2035, 416, 24870, 13179, 286, 14091, 7188, 287, 262, 7386, 393, 416, 17751, 341, 290, 3349, 286, 9575, 18209, 13, 23904, 11, 262, 9030, 318, 5295, 416, 262, 2587, 4580, 301, 5620, 290, 318, 23606, 19482, 351, 2461, 284, 262, 5625, 2214, 11, 1312, 13, 68, 1539, 340, 318, 262, 976, 287, 1111, 13737, 286, 262, 2537, 4169, 411, 271, 9052, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 1074, 1043, 326, 287, 22112, 12, 38002, 11354, 398, 25145, 6953, 11, 262, 19972, 1634, 27138, 8833, 416, 2589, 13179, 329, 24030, 7032, 11, 981, 340, 15740, 416, 7386, 17751, 341, 290, 3349, 329, 3649, 7032, 13, 383, 6515, 18209, 389, 635, 6414, 351, 262, 31578, 4867, 286, 262, 47027, 6962, 290, 2661, 257, 8398, 326, 10356, 4340, 262, 4045, 19972, 455, 1512, 2568, 286, 262, 11354, 398, 25145, 7679, 13, 198, 25104, 5952, 416, 350, 13, 1086, 296, 44179, 396, 290, 509, 13, 44, 13, 31372, 12647, 357, 21009, 286, 2669, 8, 290, 367, 13, 3966, 335, 363, 357, 32140, 3841, 16065, 354, 10599, 1313, 47532, 18643, 737, 198, 25104, 4918, 25, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 6682, 11, 4452, 286, 14392, 6682, 13473, 357, 33, 1546, 737, 14680, 286, 262, 27249, 318, 4855, 416, 347, 1546, 13, 198, 15202, 341, 546, 428, 2267, 25, 350, 13, 1086, 296, 44179, 396, 11, 509, 13, 44, 13, 31372, 12647, 11, 290, 367, 13, 3966, 335, 363, 11, 366, 13470, 19560, 286, 30372, 19482, 19972, 1634, 27138, 287, 5163, 12, 38002, 5452, 14, 44, 77, 47, 67, 47027, 6962, 416, 2124, 12, 2433, 4590, 368, 1480, 11538, 21145, 11081, 553, 8687, 13, 5416, 13, 406, 3087, 13, 10048, 11, 16226, 22416, 357, 14315, 737, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,000
MISR Views Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the Appalachian Mountains Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) images of Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the Appalachian Mountains acquired on March 24, 2000 during Terra orbit 1417. The large image on the right was taken by the MISR camera viewing straight down (nadir). The series of smaller images, from top to bottom, respectively, were taken by cameras viewing 70.5 degrees forward, 45.6 degrees forward, 45.6 degrees aftward, and 70.5 degrees aftward of nadir. These images cover the environs of Newark, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond. Differences in brightness, color, and contrast as a function of view angle are visible over both land and water. Scientists are using MISR data to monitor changes in clouds, Earth's surface, and pollution particles in the air, and to assess their impact on climate. Credit: Image Credit: NASA/GSFC/JPL, MISR Science Team.	[ 44, 1797, 49, 29978, 19603, 4696, 11, 28250, 49528, 4696, 11, 290, 262, 45375, 21124, 198, 29800, 12, 9248, 48656, 13058, 305, 49, 9189, 15635, 357, 44, 1797, 49, 8, 4263, 286, 19603, 4696, 11, 28250, 49528, 4696, 11, 290, 262, 45375, 21124, 9477, 319, 2805, 1987, 11, 4751, 1141, 24118, 13066, 1478, 1558, 13, 383, 1588, 2939, 319, 262, 826, 373, 2077, 416, 262, 50029, 49, 4676, 11681, 3892, 866, 357, 77, 324, 343, 737, 383, 2168, 286, 4833, 4263, 11, 422, 1353, 284, 4220, 11, 8148, 11, 547, 2077, 416, 9073, 11681, 4317, 13, 20, 7370, 2651, 11, 4153, 13, 21, 7370, 2651, 11, 4153, 13, 21, 7370, 46088, 904, 11, 290, 4317, 13, 20, 7370, 46088, 904, 286, 299, 324, 343, 13, 2312, 4263, 3002, 262, 17365, 343, 684, 286, 30970, 11, 8857, 11, 10346, 11, 2669, 11, 290, 16940, 13, 41937, 287, 22204, 11, 3124, 11, 290, 6273, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 1570, 9848, 389, 7424, 625, 1111, 1956, 290, 1660, 13, 23782, 389, 1262, 50029, 49, 1366, 284, 5671, 2458, 287, 15114, 11, 3668, 338, 4417, 11, 290, 12231, 13166, 287, 262, 1633, 11, 290, 284, 4659, 511, 2928, 319, 4258, 13, 198, 23690, 25, 7412, 10504, 25, 8884, 14, 14313, 4851, 14, 41, 6489, 11, 50029, 49, 5800, 4816, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	217
App DescriptionDownload this application and watch all episodes of Ramanand Sagar's Mahabharata (hindi) with english subtitles. This is a series of TV shows that have left an incredible impression in hearts and minds of viewers world wide. The Mahabharata is The longest Sanskrit epic ever written, Mahabharata has a collection of more than 74,000 verses, divided into 18 books. The Mahabharata story is much revered in India and basically among the Hindus. The Mahabharata contains the Bhagawad Gita, the famous gospel of duty that was taught to the great warrior, Arjuna by Lord Krishna. The Mahabharata dwells on the aspect of the important goals of a human being in his mortal life. The epic aims at making people realize the relation between the individual and the society and how they both are inter dependent on each other. Read on further a summary of Mahabharata, the greatest epic ever. The epic revolves around the struggle for the throne of the kingdom of Hastinapura. The struggle is between two branches of the same family, the Kauravas and Pandavas. The Kauravas were collectively the hundred sons of the blind king Dhritarashtra and the Pandavas were the five sons of Pandu, who died of a curse. The five brothers named Yudhisthira (eldest son), Arjuna, Bheema, Nakula and Sahdeva were always obedient and dutiful, which made them the most loved in the kingdom. Each of the Pandavas had a special virtue in them that made them stand apart from the rest of the world. This made the Kauravas hate them and they planned many devious ways to get rid of them. As time went by, the Pandavas got married and shared a common wife named Draupadi. The Kauravas got even more enraged and challenged the Pandavas to a game of gamble. The Pandavas lost and were banished from the kingdom for an exile of 12 years. There was a condition that if they were recognized by the end of 12 years, they would have to begin from scratch. One of the most important and dramatic character in this epic is Lord Krishna. He was the sole advisor, guide and true friend of the Pandavas and helped them in each and every difficulty in their exile. He is said to be the incarnation of God, who came to earth in human form to relieve the world of evil people and restore faith in his devotees. During the great battle of Kurukshetra fought between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, Lord Krishna took upon himself the duty of driving Arjuna's chariot. He imparted the valuable and practical lessons of the Bhagawad Gita, a text of the conversation between Lord Krishna and Arjuna, where Lord Krishna shows Arjuna a glimpse of his majestic divine form. The Pandavas won the battle and ruled over Hastinapura for a number of years. It is said that Dhritarashtra and his wife retired into the forest to lead a stress-free life of an ascetic and Krishna left after around thirty six years after the battle took place. When the Pandavas realized that it was time to leave this earth, they all set out on a journey towards the North on foot. It is said that the gates of heaven opened on the northern horizon. One by one they dropped dead, until Yudhisthira finally reached the gates of heaven to be united once again with his brothers and wife. February 15, 2013 Initial Release	[ 4677, 12489, 10002, 428, 3586, 290, 2342, 477, 8640, 286, 7431, 272, 392, 25605, 283, 338, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 357, 71, 521, 72, 8, 351, 46932, 44344, 13, 770, 318, 257, 2168, 286, 3195, 2523, 326, 423, 1364, 281, 8082, 10647, 287, 11954, 290, 9017, 286, 10209, 995, 3094, 13, 198, 464, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 318, 383, 14069, 46178, 12191, 1683, 3194, 11, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 468, 257, 4947, 286, 517, 621, 8915, 11, 830, 24752, 11, 9086, 656, 1248, 3835, 13, 383, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 1621, 318, 881, 37184, 287, 3794, 290, 6209, 1871, 262, 33735, 13, 383, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 4909, 262, 16581, 363, 707, 324, 402, 5350, 11, 262, 5863, 21443, 286, 7077, 326, 373, 7817, 284, 262, 1049, 16491, 11, 943, 73, 9613, 416, 4453, 38594, 13, 383, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 14046, 82, 319, 262, 4843, 286, 262, 1593, 4661, 286, 257, 1692, 852, 287, 465, 22122, 1204, 13, 383, 12191, 12031, 379, 1642, 661, 6537, 262, 8695, 1022, 262, 1981, 290, 262, 3592, 290, 703, 484, 1111, 389, 987, 10795, 319, 1123, 584, 13, 4149, 319, 2252, 257, 10638, 286, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 11, 262, 6000, 12191, 1683, 13, 383, 12191, 38228, 1088, 262, 6531, 329, 262, 19262, 286, 262, 13239, 286, 33268, 259, 499, 5330, 13, 383, 6531, 318, 1022, 734, 13737, 286, 262, 976, 1641, 11, 262, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 290, 16492, 615, 292, 13, 383, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 547, 21329, 262, 3470, 11989, 286, 262, 7770, 5822, 20529, 799, 283, 38535, 290, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 547, 262, 1936, 11989, 286, 16492, 84, 11, 508, 3724, 286, 257, 17328, 13, 383, 1936, 9397, 3706, 575, 463, 10034, 71, 8704, 357, 68, 335, 395, 3367, 828, 943, 73, 9613, 11, 347, 258, 19687, 11, 22255, 4712, 290, 22982, 7959, 64, 547, 1464, 41652, 290, 288, 315, 4135, 11, 543, 925, 606, 262, 749, 6151, 287, 262, 13239, 13, 5501, 286, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 550, 257, 2041, 14675, 287, 606, 326, 925, 606, 1302, 5475, 422, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 995, 13, 770, 925, 262, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 5465, 606, 290, 484, 6027, 867, 390, 1442, 2842, 284, 651, 5755, 286, 606, 13, 1081, 640, 1816, 416, 11, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 1392, 6405, 290, 4888, 257, 2219, 3656, 3706, 12458, 929, 9189, 13, 383, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 1392, 772, 517, 37530, 290, 12827, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 284, 257, 983, 286, 32385, 13, 383, 16492, 615, 292, 2626, 290, 547, 43926, 422, 262, 13239, 329, 281, 24329, 286, 1105, 812, 13, 1318, 373, 257, 4006, 326, 611, 484, 547, 8018, 416, 262, 886, 286, 1105, 812, 11, 484, 561, 423, 284, 2221, 422, 12692, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 749, 1593, 290, 10092, 2095, 287, 428, 12191, 318, 4453, 38594, 13, 679, 373, 262, 6195, 20685, 11, 5698, 290, 2081, 1545, 286, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 290, 4193, 606, 287, 1123, 290, 790, 8722, 287, 511, 24329, 13, 679, 318, 531, 284, 307, 262, 29185, 286, 1793, 11, 508, 1625, 284, 4534, 287, 1692, 1296, 284, 26958, 262, 995, 286, 6181, 661, 290, 11169, 4562, 287, 465, 24103, 274, 13, 5856, 262, 1049, 3344, 286, 509, 14717, 591, 3202, 430, 8350, 1022, 262, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 290, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 11, 4453, 38594, 1718, 2402, 2241, 262, 7077, 286, 5059, 943, 73, 9613, 338, 1149, 5151, 13, 679, 848, 19112, 262, 8119, 290, 8472, 11658, 286, 262, 16581, 363, 707, 324, 402, 5350, 11, 257, 2420, 286, 262, 5273, 1022, 4453, 38594, 290, 943, 73, 9613, 11, 810, 4453, 38594, 2523, 943, 73, 9613, 257, 19350, 286, 465, 45308, 11871, 1296, 13, 383, 16492, 615, 292, 1839, 262, 3344, 290, 8879, 625, 33268, 259, 499, 5330, 329, 257, 1271, 286, 812, 13, 632, 318, 531, 326, 20529, 799, 283, 38535, 290, 465, 3656, 9880, 656, 262, 8222, 284, 1085, 257, 5503, 12, 5787, 1204, 286, 281, 10570, 5139, 290, 38594, 1364, 706, 1088, 12277, 2237, 812, 706, 262, 3344, 1718, 1295, 13, 1649, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 6939, 326, 340, 373, 640, 284, 2666, 428, 4534, 11, 484, 477, 900, 503, 319, 257, 7002, 3371, 262, 2258, 319, 2366, 13, 632, 318, 531, 326, 262, 17435, 286, 9538, 4721, 319, 262, 7840, 17810, 13, 1881, 416, 530, 484, 5710, 2636, 11, 1566, 575, 463, 10034, 71, 8704, 3443, 4251, 262, 17435, 286, 9538, 284, 307, 16503, 1752, 757, 351, 465, 9397, 290, 3656, 13, 198, 21816, 1315, 11, 2211, 20768, 13868, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	752
Alternate Names : Sexual Abuse, Sexual Assault Rape is the physical act of attacking another person and forcing that person to have sex. It is the illegal sexual penetration of any body opening. Rape can happen to men, women, and children. It is often violent, although sometimes the threat is only implied. Rape can also occur without the victim knowing about it. This can happen if the victim is unconscious, intoxicated, or high on drugs. Male rapists usually have an extreme hatred for women. They may feel inadequate and have problems with sexual performance. At least half the time, the rapist knows the victim and works or lives near the victim. Most rapes are planned ahead of time by the attacker. More than half of sexual assaults involve a weapon. What is the information for this topic? Following are some safety measures to help prevent rape when you are at home or in your car: Don't let a stranger into the house without proper identification. Don't list a first name on a mailbox or in a phone book. Have the key ready before reaching the door of a car or house. Keep a light on at all entrances. Keep doors and windows locked. Look in the car before entering. Make arrangements with a neighbor for assistance in emergency situations. Set the house lights to go on and off with a timer. Other safety measures you can take to help prevent rape are as follows: Appear strong and confident. Avoid isolated and secluded areas. Don't walk or jog alone at night. Look for unusual behavior in those around you. Scream loudly if attacked. Sit in lighted areas and near other people such as the driver when using public transportation. When someone has been raped, the rape should immediately be reported to the police. The victim should be taken to a medical facility and examined. The person should not bathe before this examination, as evidence might be destroyed. Additionally, clothing or samples of clothing might be collected by the police as evidence. During this exam, a healthcare provider will take the following steps: check for bruises, bite marks, and other trauma remove pubic hair samples take swabs from the anus and mouth take swabs from the vaginal area if the victim is a female test for pregnancy if the victim is a female, and provide emergency contraception as needed test for sexually transmitted diseases and provide treatment as needed The provider will treat all cuts and wounds. But often the emotional wounds are more severe than the physical wounds. It is very important that the victim get counseling and therapy. A local rape crisis center can help the victim through this trauma. Recovery from rape varies from person to person. Usually the physical wounds heal quickly. Mental wounds can last for many years after the attack. A rape victim may be viewed as suffering a posttraumatic stress disorder. This usually has an acute phase, lasting a few days to a few weeks, which is followed by a long-term process of recovery. Many rape victims suffer from the following: If the person doesn't receive effective treatment, he or she may experience these difficulties: inability to establish long-term relationships problems with sex Rape victims can go on to lead normal lives. But it's very important to their mental health that they get proper counseling. Healthcare providers can help the victim work through many of the problems that result from rape. They help monitor the victim's healing, both physically and mentally.	[ 23081, 378, 28531, 1058, 19536, 24221, 11, 19536, 15590, 198, 49, 1758, 318, 262, 3518, 719, 286, 9274, 1194, 1048, 290, 10833, 326, 1048, 284, 423, 1714, 13, 632, 318, 262, 5293, 3206, 23271, 286, 597, 1767, 4756, 13, 35286, 460, 1645, 284, 1450, 11, 1466, 11, 290, 1751, 13, 632, 318, 1690, 6590, 11, 3584, 3360, 262, 2372, 318, 691, 17142, 13, 35286, 460, 635, 3051, 1231, 262, 3117, 6970, 546, 340, 13, 770, 460, 1645, 611, 262, 3117, 318, 14917, 11, 35344, 11, 393, 1029, 319, 5010, 13, 198, 25486, 38466, 3221, 423, 281, 3257, 13763, 329, 1466, 13, 1119, 743, 1254, 20577, 290, 423, 2761, 351, 3206, 2854, 13, 1629, 1551, 2063, 262, 640, 11, 262, 38007, 4206, 262, 3117, 290, 2499, 393, 3160, 1474, 262, 3117, 13, 4042, 37459, 389, 6027, 4058, 286, 640, 416, 262, 15250, 13, 3125, 621, 2063, 286, 3206, 21832, 6211, 257, 4282, 13, 198, 2061, 318, 262, 1321, 329, 428, 7243, 30, 198, 14291, 389, 617, 3747, 5260, 284, 1037, 2948, 7262, 618, 345, 389, 379, 1363, 393, 287, 534, 1097, 25, 198, 3987, 470, 1309, 257, 16195, 656, 262, 2156, 1231, 1774, 11795, 13, 198, 3987, 470, 1351, 257, 717, 1438, 319, 257, 37282, 393, 287, 257, 3072, 1492, 13, 198, 11980, 262, 1994, 3492, 878, 8978, 262, 3420, 286, 257, 1097, 393, 2156, 13, 198, 15597, 257, 1657, 319, 379, 477, 43818, 13, 198, 15597, 8215, 290, 9168, 8970, 13, 198, 8567, 287, 262, 1097, 878, 8218, 13, 198, 12050, 14752, 351, 257, 4780, 329, 6829, 287, 6334, 7445, 13, 198, 7248, 262, 2156, 7588, 284, 467, 319, 290, 572, 351, 257, 19781, 13, 198, 6395, 3747, 5260, 345, 460, 1011, 284, 1037, 2948, 7262, 389, 355, 5679, 25, 198, 4677, 451, 1913, 290, 6563, 13, 198, 38618, 11557, 290, 384, 10341, 3006, 13, 198, 3987, 470, 2513, 393, 48342, 3436, 379, 1755, 13, 198, 8567, 329, 8468, 4069, 287, 883, 1088, 345, 13, 198, 3351, 1476, 23112, 611, 7384, 13, 198, 46655, 287, 1657, 276, 3006, 290, 1474, 584, 661, 884, 355, 262, 4639, 618, 1262, 1171, 9358, 13, 198, 2215, 2130, 468, 587, 16110, 11, 262, 7262, 815, 3393, 307, 2098, 284, 262, 1644, 13, 383, 3117, 815, 307, 2077, 284, 257, 3315, 6841, 290, 11068, 13, 383, 1048, 815, 407, 7365, 258, 878, 428, 12452, 11, 355, 2370, 1244, 307, 6572, 13, 12032, 11, 9528, 393, 8405, 286, 9528, 1244, 307, 7723, 416, 262, 1644, 355, 2370, 13, 198, 7191, 428, 2814, 11, 257, 11409, 10131, 481, 1011, 262, 1708, 4831, 25, 198, 9122, 329, 42232, 11, 13197, 8849, 11, 290, 584, 14649, 198, 28956, 2240, 291, 4190, 8405, 198, 20657, 1509, 8937, 422, 262, 47285, 290, 5422, 198, 20657, 1509, 8937, 422, 262, 30131, 1989, 611, 262, 3117, 318, 257, 4048, 198, 9288, 329, 10241, 611, 262, 3117, 318, 257, 4048, 11, 290, 2148, 6334, 27503, 355, 2622, 198, 9288, 329, 11363, 18307, 10040, 290, 2148, 3513, 355, 2622, 198, 464, 10131, 481, 2190, 477, 6630, 290, 14129, 13, 887, 1690, 262, 7016, 14129, 389, 517, 6049, 621, 262, 3518, 14129, 13, 632, 318, 845, 1593, 326, 262, 3117, 651, 21951, 290, 9102, 13, 317, 1957, 7262, 4902, 3641, 460, 1037, 262, 3117, 832, 428, 14649, 13, 198, 6690, 6560, 422, 7262, 17806, 422, 1048, 284, 1048, 13, 19672, 262, 3518, 14129, 12035, 2952, 13, 21235, 14129, 460, 938, 329, 867, 812, 706, 262, 1368, 13, 317, 7262, 3117, 743, 307, 9569, 355, 7195, 257, 1281, 41521, 5503, 8967, 13, 770, 3221, 468, 281, 14352, 7108, 11, 15727, 257, 1178, 1528, 284, 257, 1178, 2745, 11, 543, 318, 3940, 416, 257, 890, 12, 4354, 1429, 286, 7628, 13, 4650, 7262, 4970, 8659, 422, 262, 1708, 25, 198, 1532, 262, 1048, 1595, 470, 3328, 4050, 3513, 11, 339, 393, 673, 743, 1998, 777, 13156, 25, 198, 259, 1799, 284, 4474, 890, 12, 4354, 6958, 198, 1676, 22143, 351, 1714, 198, 49, 1758, 4970, 460, 467, 319, 284, 1085, 3487, 3160, 13, 887, 340, 338, 845, 1593, 284, 511, 5110, 1535, 326, 484, 651, 1774, 21951, 13, 30289, 9549, 460, 1037, 262, 3117, 670, 832, 867, 286, 262, 2761, 326, 1255, 422, 7262, 13, 1119, 1037, 5671, 262, 3117, 338, 11516, 11, 1111, 10170, 290, 14946, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	711
News: News Archives Science Translational Medicine: High-Speed Test Can Diagnose Genetic Disorders in Newborns New whole-genome sequencing technology can diagnose genetic disorders in newborn babies in intensive care units in just a few days, according a new study appearing in the 3 October issue of the journal Science Translational Medicine. The technique’s main revolutionary feature is speed—a 50-hour turnaround time for genetic results compared to the few weeks needed using current methods. The genetic test could potentially shorten the time it takes to get a diagnosis, jumpstart any available treatments, and lessen the time to genetic counseling for anxious parents. “These programs help us answer the question of what genes we should be looking at, what parts of the genome are relevant to the symptoms that a patient has, and what should we look at in more detail,” said Neil Miller, director of informatics at the Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine at Children’s Mercy Hospital, during a 2 October teleconference with reporters. In genetic diseases for which treatments exist, rapid diagnosis is critical for neonatal interventions. [Image © 2012 Sarah Maxey Photography] Called SSAGA, the technology allows any physician to order a complex genomic test with a few clicks. Using DNA extracted from a drop of the baby’s blood, computers analyze the child’s genome and map it to a set of nearly 7500 disease-related genes and genetic diseases, many of which may not familiar to the ordering physician. Doctors then press buttons to enter data that represent the disease features they are seeing in a patient, and the system then looks for changes in the baby’s DNA code that explain his or her illness. The whole process is performed in roughly two days and is ideal for use in neonatal intensive care units. The researchers were able to make a definitive diagnosis in three out of the four babies they tested with the new technique. Such rapid diagnosis can make a dramatic difference to a baby’s health. There are about 500 genetic diseases for which treatments are available. For example, phenylketonuria, or PKU, is a genetic disease that affects newborns and leads to intellectual disability and seizures. Yet early diagnosis and subsequent treatment (a diet lacking the amino acid phenylalanine) allows children to have a normal mental development and lifespan. “Importantly, [the technique] also allows us to have accurate genetic counseling regarding the risk for parents to have another affected baby and make informative decisions about their reproductive future,” said Carol Saunders, clinical director at Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri. “For example, we worked with a family to find a diagnosis, and they now know the gene that caused two stillbirths in the only two pregnancies that they have had,” Saunders added. “They are now pursuing genetic diagnosis so that they can have a healthy baby.” The research team plans to broaden the test to 100 or more babies in order to pinpoint the exact benefits, costs, and potential problems of testing. The researchers also believe they can trim total testing time down from 50 hours to 36 hours by the end of the year. 3 October 2012	[ 9980, 25, 3000, 22275, 198, 26959, 3602, 75, 864, 11558, 25, 3334, 12, 22785, 6208, 1680, 31549, 577, 42295, 37966, 287, 968, 6286, 82, 198, 3791, 2187, 12, 5235, 462, 32841, 3037, 460, 37489, 8513, 11916, 287, 23856, 11903, 287, 18590, 1337, 4991, 287, 655, 257, 1178, 1528, 11, 1864, 257, 649, 2050, 12655, 287, 262, 513, 3267, 2071, 286, 262, 3989, 5800, 3602, 75, 864, 11558, 13, 198, 464, 8173, 447, 247, 82, 1388, 12253, 3895, 318, 2866, 960, 64, 2026, 12, 9769, 34217, 640, 329, 8513, 2482, 3688, 284, 262, 1178, 2745, 2622, 1262, 1459, 5050, 13, 383, 8513, 1332, 714, 6196, 45381, 262, 640, 340, 2753, 284, 651, 257, 13669, 11, 4391, 9688, 597, 1695, 13820, 11, 290, 40856, 262, 640, 284, 8513, 21951, 329, 18116, 3397, 13, 198, 447, 250, 4711, 4056, 1037, 514, 3280, 262, 1808, 286, 644, 10812, 356, 815, 307, 2045, 379, 11, 644, 3354, 286, 262, 19270, 389, 5981, 284, 262, 7460, 326, 257, 5827, 468, 11, 290, 644, 815, 356, 804, 379, 287, 517, 3703, 11, 447, 251, 531, 15929, 7920, 11, 3437, 286, 4175, 23372, 379, 262, 3337, 329, 13457, 11439, 5215, 10179, 11558, 379, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 30759, 9256, 11, 1141, 257, 362, 3267, 5735, 41124, 351, 7638, 13, 198, 818, 8513, 10040, 329, 543, 13820, 2152, 11, 5801, 13669, 318, 4688, 329, 25988, 10254, 19901, 13, 198, 58, 5159, 10673, 2321, 10490, 5436, 2959, 32461, 60, 198, 34, 4262, 311, 4090, 9273, 11, 262, 3037, 3578, 597, 14325, 284, 1502, 257, 3716, 45752, 1332, 351, 257, 1178, 25785, 13, 8554, 7446, 21242, 422, 257, 4268, 286, 262, 5156, 447, 247, 82, 2910, 11, 9061, 16602, 262, 1200, 447, 247, 82, 19270, 290, 3975, 340, 284, 257, 900, 286, 3016, 767, 4059, 4369, 12, 5363, 10812, 290, 8513, 10040, 11, 867, 286, 543, 743, 407, 5385, 284, 262, 16216, 14325, 13, 198, 47087, 788, 1803, 12163, 284, 3802, 1366, 326, 2380, 262, 4369, 3033, 484, 389, 4379, 287, 257, 5827, 11, 290, 262, 1080, 788, 3073, 329, 2458, 287, 262, 5156, 447, 247, 82, 7446, 2438, 326, 4727, 465, 393, 607, 8526, 13, 383, 2187, 1429, 318, 6157, 287, 7323, 734, 1528, 290, 318, 7306, 329, 779, 287, 25988, 10254, 18590, 1337, 4991, 13, 383, 4837, 547, 1498, 284, 787, 257, 17347, 13669, 287, 1115, 503, 286, 262, 1440, 11903, 484, 6789, 351, 262, 649, 8173, 13, 198, 16678, 5801, 13669, 460, 787, 257, 10092, 3580, 284, 257, 5156, 447, 247, 82, 1535, 13, 1318, 389, 546, 5323, 8513, 10040, 329, 543, 13820, 389, 1695, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 6566, 2645, 7126, 261, 34484, 11, 393, 29673, 52, 11, 318, 257, 8513, 4369, 326, 10975, 23856, 82, 290, 5983, 284, 9028, 14013, 290, 24715, 13, 6430, 1903, 13669, 290, 8840, 3513, 357, 64, 5496, 14394, 262, 23206, 7408, 6566, 2645, 25786, 500, 8, 3578, 1751, 284, 423, 257, 3487, 5110, 2478, 290, 30458, 13, 198, 447, 250, 20939, 3875, 11, 685, 1169, 8173, 60, 635, 3578, 514, 284, 423, 7187, 8513, 21951, 5115, 262, 2526, 329, 3397, 284, 423, 1194, 5676, 5156, 290, 787, 30304, 5370, 546, 511, 18391, 2003, 11, 447, 251, 531, 5074, 35896, 11, 8668, 3437, 379, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 30759, 9256, 287, 9470, 2254, 11, 11565, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1890, 1672, 11, 356, 3111, 351, 257, 1641, 284, 1064, 257, 13669, 11, 290, 484, 783, 760, 262, 9779, 326, 4073, 734, 991, 24280, 82, 287, 262, 691, 734, 33593, 326, 484, 423, 550, 11, 447, 251, 35896, 2087, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 389, 783, 15461, 8513, 13669, 523, 326, 484, 460, 423, 257, 5448, 5156, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 2267, 1074, 3352, 284, 44870, 262, 1332, 284, 1802, 393, 517, 11903, 287, 1502, 284, 30534, 262, 2748, 4034, 11, 3484, 11, 290, 2785, 2761, 286, 4856, 13, 383, 4837, 635, 1975, 484, 460, 15797, 2472, 4856, 640, 866, 422, 2026, 2250, 284, 4570, 2250, 416, 262, 886, 286, 262, 614, 13, 198, 18, 3267, 2321, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	665
Cowie, Daniel B. The following data is extracted from A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans. Daniel B. Cowie. In an article on other pages of this publication will be found some account of the salt industry in Kansas and some mention of the more prominent mines and companies. One of the most striking figures in the development of the salt industry in Kansas was the late James Cowie, Sr., and the above named is a son of that salt pioneer and is now general superintendent of the Independent Salt Company at Kanopolis. The Cowie family are Scotch people, and in Scotland they were also identified with mining. The grandfather of Daniel was George Cowie, who spent his life in Scotland and was a successful coal contractor. James Cowie, Sr., was born in Stirlingshire, Scotland, in 1839. He grew up and married there and from an early age was a coal miner. Prior to his coming to America he was general manager for one of the largest coal companies in Scotland, having supervision over ten diffierent coal properties. On coming to the United States in 1884 he entered the employ of the H. C. Frick Coal Company at Connellsville, Pennsylvania. James Cowie, Sr., came to Kanopolis, Kansas, in 1889. The credit is given him for originating the salt mining industry of Kansas and he was known in the press and to the general public as the "salt king." As manager of the Royal Salt Company he put in the first salt mine in Kansas just east of the city limits of Kanopolis. He managed that company until 1905 and then organized the Crystal Salt Company, of which he was manager and part owner. He bought from the Kanopolis townsite the salt rights underneath the town. The Crystal mine is just outside the limits of Kanopolis but its tunnels and underground work are partly beneath the town itself. At the time of his death James Cowie, Sr., was managing director of the Crystal Salt Company and also owned between 5,000 and 6,000 town lots in Kanopolis. Previously he was owner of about forty buildings in the town but had sold this part of his real estate. As an American citizen James Cowie, Sr., was a republican, was an active Presbyterian, and served a number of terms as mayor of Kanopolis and well justified the honors bestowed upon him by efficient service in the administration of municipal affairs. James Cowie, Sr., married Elizabeth Barrowman. She was born in Scotland in 1842 and died at Kanopolis in 1915, while her husband passed away there in 1911. Her father, George Barrowman, was a prominent coal contractor in Scotland, where he died. James Cowie and wife had five children. George, the oldest, is manager of the Standard Salt Company at Little River, Kansas. James Cowie, Jr., is president of the Exchange State Bank of Kanopolis and is also mine foreman under his brother Daniel. Daniel is the third in the family. Janette married Samuel Hogsett, a loan and real estate man at Kansas City, Missouri. Elizabeth, the youngest child, is the wife of George P. Kelly, of Kansas City, Missouri. Mr. Kelly is president of the American Salt and Coal Company of Lyons, Kansas, and at this writing is installing one of the largest combination rock salt and evaporation salt plants in the United States. The evaporation works are already in operation and the rock salt mines will be completed and in a producing state within six months. Daniel B. Cowie, son of James Cowie, Sr., was born at Kylswith, Stirlingshire, Scotland, March 20, 1869, and was fifteen years of age when the family came to the United States. He received his education in the public schools of Stirlingshire and for two years taught school in Scotland. At the age of eighteen he began working as a miner, and had an intimate experience with that industry in every capacity from tapper boy to general superintendent. Under his father he became expert in all branches of salt mining and manufacture. He was general superintendent of the Kingman Salt Company at Kingman, Kansas, until the plant was burned in 1903, after which he returned to Kanopolis and was general superintendent of the Crystal Salt Company and since 1913 had been superintendent of the Independent Salt Company. For 3½ years prior to 1915 Mr. Cowie was at Detroit, Michigan, his services being employed to straighten out the tangled affairs of the rock salt plant, wherein was involved an investment of over $1,000,000. The plant was in the hands of a receiver and the expert ability of Mr. Cowie was called into service, and he not only put the plant on its feet but developed it so that now it is one of the best salt mine propositions in the United States. Mr. Cowie lives close to the Independent Salt Company's plant and in the superintendent's house furnished by the company. He owned six dwelling houses in Kanopolis, a farm of eighty acres near the city, and is a stockholder and director in the Exchange State Bank. His fellow citizens have honored him with the office of mayor two terms and with that of city clerk two terms. For fifteen consecutive years he was a member of the school board and since 1913 had again been on the board and is now treasurer. He is a republican, an elder in the Presbyterian Church, is past master of Kingman Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, a member of the Royal Arch Chapter and the Knights Templar Commandery at Kingman, is past noble grand of Kingman Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, past master workman of Kingman Lodge, Ancient Order of United Workmen, and charter member of Kanopolis Camp of the Modern Woodmen of America. Mr. Cowie enjoys an ideal home life and had a large and happy family. He first married at Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in 1891, Miss Allie Matthews. She died in 1897, leaving two daughters: Elizabeth, now the wife of William McVittie, a member of the city fire department of Detroit, Michigan; and Janette, living at home. In 1900, at Emporia, Kansas, Mr. Cowie married Miss Ruth A. Haley, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Haley. Her mother is deceased and her father still lives on a farm near Emporia. Mr. and Mrs. Cowie have seven children: Anna, born in 1901; Daniel, Jr., born in 1903; Margaret, born in 1905; Jane, born in 1907; Dorothy, born in 1909; Evelyn, born in 1911; and James, born in 1914. Source: A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans	[ 40147, 494, 11, 7806, 347, 13, 198, 464, 1708, 1366, 318, 21242, 422, 317, 8997, 7443, 286, 9470, 290, 509, 504, 504, 13, 198, 19962, 347, 13, 10417, 494, 13, 554, 281, 2708, 319, 584, 5468, 286, 428, 9207, 481, 307, 1043, 617, 1848, 286, 262, 8268, 2831, 287, 9470, 290, 617, 3068, 286, 262, 517, 9208, 18446, 290, 2706, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 749, 8871, 5538, 287, 262, 2478, 286, 262, 8268, 2831, 287, 9470, 373, 262, 2739, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 290, 262, 2029, 3706, 318, 257, 3367, 286, 326, 8268, 29570, 290, 318, 783, 2276, 32958, 286, 262, 13362, 13754, 5834, 379, 14248, 47575, 13, 198, 464, 10417, 494, 1641, 389, 46755, 661, 11, 290, 287, 8838, 484, 547, 635, 5174, 351, 9691, 13, 383, 17695, 286, 7806, 373, 4502, 10417, 494, 11, 508, 3377, 465, 1204, 287, 8838, 290, 373, 257, 4388, 5655, 17195, 13, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 373, 4642, 287, 520, 1901, 654, 10695, 11, 8838, 11, 287, 1248, 2670, 13, 679, 6348, 510, 290, 6405, 612, 290, 422, 281, 1903, 2479, 373, 257, 5655, 16285, 13, 14481, 284, 465, 2406, 284, 2253, 339, 373, 2276, 4706, 329, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 5655, 2706, 287, 8838, 11, 1719, 20865, 625, 3478, 814, 494, 1156, 5655, 6608, 13, 1550, 2406, 284, 262, 1578, 1829, 287, 1248, 5705, 339, 5982, 262, 1873, 286, 262, 367, 13, 327, 13, 1305, 624, 12896, 5834, 379, 1482, 10076, 82, 4244, 11, 9589, 13, 198, 14731, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 1625, 284, 14248, 47575, 11, 9470, 11, 287, 49545, 13, 383, 3884, 318, 1813, 683, 329, 37962, 262, 8268, 9691, 2831, 286, 9470, 290, 339, 373, 1900, 287, 262, 1803, 290, 284, 262, 2276, 1171, 355, 262, 366, 82, 2501, 5822, 526, 1081, 4706, 286, 262, 8111, 13754, 5834, 339, 1234, 287, 262, 717, 8268, 6164, 287, 9470, 655, 7627, 286, 262, 1748, 7095, 286, 14248, 47575, 13, 679, 5257, 326, 1664, 1566, 37166, 290, 788, 8389, 262, 12969, 13754, 5834, 11, 286, 543, 339, 373, 4706, 290, 636, 4870, 13, 679, 5839, 422, 262, 14248, 47575, 11684, 578, 262, 8268, 2489, 14638, 262, 3240, 13, 383, 12969, 6164, 318, 655, 2354, 262, 7095, 286, 14248, 47575, 475, 663, 22642, 290, 11447, 670, 389, 11476, 11061, 262, 3240, 2346, 13, 1629, 262, 640, 286, 465, 1918, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 373, 11149, 3437, 286, 262, 12969, 13754, 5834, 290, 635, 6898, 1022, 642, 11, 830, 290, 718, 11, 830, 3240, 6041, 287, 14248, 47575, 13, 29875, 339, 373, 4870, 286, 546, 16571, 6832, 287, 262, 3240, 475, 550, 2702, 428, 636, 286, 465, 1103, 7964, 13, 1081, 281, 1605, 9511, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 373, 257, 41477, 11, 373, 281, 4075, 44150, 11, 290, 4983, 257, 1271, 286, 2846, 355, 9591, 286, 14248, 47575, 290, 880, 14460, 262, 25279, 40293, 2402, 683, 416, 6942, 2139, 287, 262, 3662, 286, 13474, 9674, 13, 198, 14731, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 6405, 10674, 2409, 808, 805, 13, 1375, 373, 4642, 287, 8838, 287, 1248, 3682, 290, 3724, 379, 14248, 47575, 287, 32062, 11, 981, 607, 5229, 3804, 1497, 612, 287, 32216, 13, 2332, 2988, 11, 4502, 2409, 808, 805, 11, 373, 257, 9208, 5655, 17195, 287, 8838, 11, 810, 339, 3724, 13, 3700, 10417, 494, 290, 3656, 550, 1936, 1751, 13, 4502, 11, 262, 13325, 11, 318, 4706, 286, 262, 8997, 13754, 5834, 379, 7703, 5866, 11, 9470, 13, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 7504, 1539, 318, 1893, 286, 262, 12516, 1812, 5018, 286, 14248, 47575, 290, 318, 635, 6164, 1674, 805, 739, 465, 3956, 7806, 13, 7806, 318, 262, 2368, 287, 262, 1641, 13, 2365, 5857, 6405, 17100, 22411, 17744, 11, 257, 8063, 290, 1103, 7964, 582, 379, 9470, 2254, 11, 11565, 13, 10674, 11, 262, 18887, 1200, 11, 318, 262, 3656, 286, 4502, 350, 13, 9077, 11, 286, 9470, 2254, 11, 11565, 13, 1770, 13, 9077, 318, 1893, 286, 262, 1605, 13754, 290, 12896, 5834, 286, 43728, 11, 9470, 11, 290, 379, 428, 3597, 318, 15975, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 6087, 3881, 8268, 290, 819, 499, 6944, 8268, 6134, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 383, 819, 499, 6944, 2499, 389, 1541, 287, 4905, 290, 262, 3881, 8268, 18446, 481, 307, 5668, 290, 287, 257, 9194, 1181, 1626, 2237, 1933, 13, 198, 19962, 347, 13, 10417, 494, 11, 3367, 286, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 373, 4642, 379, 39859, 2032, 342, 11, 520, 1901, 654, 10695, 11, 8838, 11, 2805, 1160, 11, 1248, 3388, 11, 290, 373, 17280, 812, 286, 2479, 618, 262, 1641, 1625, 284, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 679, 2722, 465, 3707, 287, 262, 1171, 4266, 286, 520, 1901, 654, 10695, 290, 329, 734, 812, 7817, 1524, 287, 8838, 13, 1629, 262, 2479, 286, 29095, 339, 2540, 1762, 355, 257, 16285, 11, 290, 550, 281, 16584, 1998, 351, 326, 2831, 287, 790, 5339, 422, 256, 11463, 2933, 284, 2276, 32958, 13, 198, 9203, 465, 2988, 339, 2627, 5887, 287, 477, 13737, 286, 8268, 9691, 290, 6161, 13, 679, 373, 2276, 32958, 286, 262, 2677, 805, 13754, 5834, 379, 2677, 805, 11, 9470, 11, 1566, 262, 4618, 373, 11544, 287, 41625, 11, 706, 543, 339, 4504, 284, 14248, 47575, 290, 373, 2276, 32958, 286, 262, 12969, 13754, 5834, 290, 1201, 35145, 550, 587, 32958, 286, 262, 13362, 13754, 5834, 13, 1114, 513, 23141, 812, 3161, 284, 32062, 1770, 13, 10417, 494, 373, 379, 8488, 11, 7055, 11, 465, 2594, 852, 9322, 284, 3892, 268, 503, 262, 41431, 9674, 286, 262, 3881, 8268, 4618, 11, 22881, 373, 2950, 281, 4896, 286, 625, 720, 16, 11, 830, 11, 830, 13, 383, 4618, 373, 287, 262, 2832, 286, 257, 9733, 290, 262, 5887, 2694, 286, 1770, 13, 10417, 494, 373, 1444, 656, 2139, 11, 290, 339, 407, 691, 1234, 262, 4618, 319, 663, 3625, 475, 4166, 340, 523, 326, 783, 340, 318, 530, 286, 262, 1266, 8268, 6164, 40743, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 198, 5246, 13, 10417, 494, 3160, 1969, 284, 262, 13362, 13754, 5834, 338, 4618, 290, 287, 262, 32958, 338, 2156, 30760, 416, 262, 1664, 13, 679, 6898, 2237, 26765, 7777, 287, 14248, 47575, 11, 257, 5318, 286, 37516, 16051, 1474, 262, 1748, 11, 290, 318, 257, 4283, 13829, 290, 3437, 287, 262, 12516, 1812, 5018, 13, 198, 6653, 5891, 4290, 423, 21014, 683, 351, 262, 2607, 286, 9591, 734, 2846, 290, 351, 326, 286, 1748, 21120, 734, 2846, 13, 1114, 17280, 12785, 812, 339, 373, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 1524, 3096, 290, 1201, 35145, 550, 757, 587, 319, 262, 3096, 290, 318, 783, 43428, 13, 679, 318, 257, 41477, 11, 281, 10550, 287, 262, 44150, 4564, 11, 318, 1613, 4958, 286, 2677, 805, 27046, 11, 13406, 3232, 290, 21699, 276, 337, 2812, 11, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 8111, 5579, 7006, 290, 262, 15188, 41741, 9455, 1924, 379, 2677, 805, 11, 318, 1613, 15581, 4490, 286, 2677, 805, 27046, 11, 13362, 8284, 286, 20664, 21710, 1666, 11, 1613, 4958, 670, 805, 286, 2677, 805, 27046, 11, 13406, 8284, 286, 1578, 5521, 3653, 11, 290, 17422, 2888, 286, 14248, 47575, 5425, 286, 262, 12495, 5326, 3653, 286, 2253, 13, 198, 5246, 13, 10417, 494, 20393, 281, 7306, 1363, 1204, 290, 550, 257, 1588, 290, 3772, 1641, 13, 679, 717, 6405, 379, 4479, 12735, 11, 9589, 11, 287, 1248, 6420, 11, 4544, 1439, 494, 22233, 13, 1375, 3724, 287, 49429, 11, 4305, 734, 14850, 25, 10674, 11, 783, 262, 3656, 286, 3977, 1982, 53, 715, 494, 11, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 1748, 2046, 5011, 286, 8488, 11, 7055, 26, 290, 2365, 5857, 11, 2877, 379, 1363, 13, 554, 21489, 11, 379, 2295, 1819, 544, 11, 9470, 11, 1770, 13, 10417, 494, 6405, 4544, 22132, 317, 13, 30646, 11, 4957, 286, 1770, 13, 290, 9074, 13, 17100, 30646, 13, 2332, 2802, 318, 20117, 290, 607, 2988, 991, 3160, 319, 257, 5318, 1474, 2295, 1819, 544, 13, 1770, 13, 290, 9074, 13, 10417, 494, 423, 3598, 1751, 25, 11735, 11, 4642, 287, 39923, 26, 7806, 11, 7504, 1539, 4642, 287, 41625, 26, 19579, 11, 4642, 287, 37166, 26, 12091, 11, 4642, 287, 41435, 26, 40349, 11, 4642, 287, 41507, 26, 12882, 6213, 11, 4642, 287, 32216, 26, 290, 3700, 11, 4642, 287, 26833, 13, 198, 7416, 25, 317, 8997, 7443, 286, 9470, 290, 509, 504, 504, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,382
Iglesia Evangélica Luterana Boliviana (Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church) (IELB) The Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church grew out of the work of the World Mission Prayer League from the USA, among Aymara Indians. In 1972, the American missionaries left the country, as the local people claimed greater participation in the decision-making bodies of the church. The Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church was constituted that same year. The church is composed entirely of indigenous people. It is the largest Amerindian Lutheran church on the continent. The IELB's main priority is to promote a holistic approach to evangelism and service. The church is involved in a variety of projects: alternative agriculture, animal husbandry, provision of drinking water, educational campaigns to prevent cholera, formal education (elementary school), vocational training, and communication.	[ 40, 70, 829, 544, 4319, 648, 2634, 677, 64, 406, 11894, 2271, 10797, 452, 7484, 357, 33, 349, 452, 666, 27834, 605, 43772, 4564, 8, 357, 40, 3698, 33, 8, 198, 464, 10797, 452, 666, 27834, 605, 43772, 4564, 6348, 503, 286, 262, 670, 286, 262, 2159, 12633, 33189, 4041, 422, 262, 4916, 11, 1871, 317, 4948, 3301, 12746, 13, 554, 16101, 11, 262, 1605, 37458, 1364, 262, 1499, 11, 355, 262, 1957, 661, 4752, 3744, 10270, 287, 262, 2551, 12, 8601, 5920, 286, 262, 4928, 13, 383, 10797, 452, 666, 27834, 605, 43772, 4564, 373, 27276, 326, 976, 614, 13, 383, 4928, 318, 13160, 5000, 286, 17673, 661, 13, 632, 318, 262, 4387, 33391, 521, 666, 43772, 4928, 319, 262, 15549, 13, 198, 464, 314, 3698, 33, 338, 1388, 8475, 318, 284, 7719, 257, 42923, 3164, 284, 17138, 1042, 290, 2139, 13, 383, 4928, 318, 2950, 287, 257, 4996, 286, 4493, 25, 5559, 14510, 11, 5044, 5229, 563, 11, 8287, 286, 7722, 1660, 11, 9856, 9964, 284, 2948, 442, 349, 8607, 11, 8766, 3707, 357, 30854, 560, 1524, 828, 48368, 3047, 11, 290, 6946, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	187
Students who struggle with reading or school need caring adults to represent them. Being an advocate for a student can mean learning new terms, knowing your rights, and insisting that your student gets the help he or she needs to have the best opportunity to succeed. See the articles below to get started and visit our sister website LD OnLine. Sort by: Date Title Children who struggle with reading often need extra help. This help usually comes from the school, but some parents choose to look outside the school for professionals who can assess, diagnose, tutor, or provide other education services. The following article provides information on how to find the right person for your child. Parents are often the best educational advocates for their children, especially children with a learning disability. The Coordinated Campaign for Learning Disabilities (CCLD) has developed the following tips to help parents champion their child. Literacy programs seem to have sprung up everywhere, but how can you tell the good ones from the bad ones? This guide identifies the key elements to consider in evaluating adolescent literacy programs. This is a cautionary tale, not just for people who have no real idea of what a learning disability is and probably suspect the whole thing is an overindulgent scam, but also for any parent of a child struggling mightily through school. This checklist prepared by the PACER Center will help parents prepare for and get the most out of Individualized Education Plan (IEP) meetings with the school staff. "Solution Shop" is a counseling and study skills program designed to address the academic needs of struggling middle school students. In this program, the school counselor serves the critical role of developing and providing appropriate interventions, which range from individual and group counseling, study skills instruction, parent consultation, behavioral contracts, math and reading tutoring, and teacher meetings. Learn to develop the evidence you need to support your belief that your child is not receiving the right help in school. Peter and Pamela Wright, from Wrightslaw, tell you how to interpret and chart your child's test scores, graph your child's progress, and successfully communicate with the educators who make decisions about your child.	[ 28239, 508, 6531, 351, 3555, 393, 1524, 761, 18088, 6490, 284, 2380, 606, 13, 11204, 281, 12811, 329, 257, 3710, 460, 1612, 4673, 649, 2846, 11, 6970, 534, 2489, 11, 290, 23630, 326, 534, 3710, 3011, 262, 1037, 339, 393, 673, 2476, 284, 423, 262, 1266, 3663, 284, 6758, 13, 4091, 262, 6685, 2174, 284, 651, 2067, 290, 3187, 674, 6621, 3052, 27178, 1550, 13949, 13, 198, 42758, 416, 25, 7536, 11851, 198, 26829, 508, 6531, 351, 3555, 1690, 761, 3131, 1037, 13, 770, 1037, 3221, 2058, 422, 262, 1524, 11, 475, 617, 3397, 3853, 284, 804, 2354, 262, 1524, 329, 11153, 508, 460, 4659, 11, 37489, 11, 48680, 11, 393, 2148, 584, 3707, 2594, 13, 383, 1708, 2708, 3769, 1321, 319, 703, 284, 1064, 262, 826, 1048, 329, 534, 1200, 13, 198, 42969, 389, 1690, 262, 1266, 9856, 11009, 329, 511, 1751, 11, 2592, 1751, 351, 257, 4673, 14013, 13, 383, 22819, 3898, 13718, 329, 18252, 3167, 5738, 357, 4093, 11163, 8, 468, 4166, 262, 1708, 9040, 284, 1037, 3397, 8783, 511, 1200, 13, 198, 43460, 1590, 4056, 1283, 284, 423, 39388, 510, 8347, 11, 475, 703, 460, 345, 1560, 262, 922, 3392, 422, 262, 2089, 3392, 30, 770, 5698, 21079, 262, 1994, 4847, 284, 2074, 287, 22232, 28680, 31231, 4056, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 257, 13041, 560, 12838, 11, 407, 655, 329, 661, 508, 423, 645, 1103, 2126, 286, 644, 257, 4673, 14013, 318, 290, 2192, 4099, 262, 2187, 1517, 318, 281, 625, 521, 377, 6783, 19126, 11, 475, 635, 329, 597, 2560, 286, 257, 1200, 9648, 1244, 813, 832, 1524, 13, 198, 1212, 41859, 5597, 416, 262, 16741, 1137, 3337, 481, 1037, 3397, 8335, 329, 290, 651, 262, 749, 503, 286, 18629, 1143, 7868, 5224, 357, 40, 8905, 8, 8292, 351, 262, 1524, 3085, 13, 198, 1, 46344, 13705, 1, 318, 257, 21951, 290, 2050, 4678, 1430, 3562, 284, 2209, 262, 8233, 2476, 286, 9648, 3504, 1524, 2444, 13, 554, 428, 1430, 11, 262, 1524, 31928, 9179, 262, 4688, 2597, 286, 5922, 290, 4955, 5035, 19901, 11, 543, 2837, 422, 1981, 290, 1448, 21951, 11, 2050, 4678, 12064, 11, 2560, 18103, 11, 17211, 8592, 11, 10688, 290, 3555, 9732, 3255, 11, 290, 4701, 8292, 13, 198, 20238, 284, 1205, 262, 2370, 345, 761, 284, 1104, 534, 4901, 326, 534, 1200, 318, 407, 6464, 262, 826, 1037, 287, 1524, 13, 5613, 290, 43341, 12206, 11, 422, 15634, 2337, 6270, 11, 1560, 345, 703, 284, 6179, 290, 8262, 534, 1200, 338, 1332, 8198, 11, 4823, 534, 1200, 338, 4371, 11, 290, 7675, 10996, 351, 262, 30770, 508, 787, 5370, 546, 534, 1200, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	435
Atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain bacteria, including Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. It is called “atypical” because the symptoms differ from those of pneumonia due to other common bacteria. Mycoplasma pneumonia is a type of atypical pneumonia. It is caused by the bacteria M. pneumoniae. It typically affects people younger than age 40. For more information on this type of pneumonia, see: Mycoplasma pneumonia Pneumonia due to chlamydia-related bacteria occurs year round and accounts for 5 - 15% of all pneumonias. It is usually mild. Pneumonia due to Legionella is seen more often in middle-aged and older adults, smokers, and those with chronic illnesses or a weak immune system. It can be more severe. Pneumonia due to mycoplasma and chlamydophila bacteria is usually mild. Pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila gets worse during the first 4 - 6 days, and then improves over 4 - 5 days. Even though symptoms will improve, it may take a while for them to go away completely. The most common symptoms of pneumonia are: Cough (with Legionella pneumonia, you may cough up bloody mucus) Fever, which may be mild or high Shortness of breath (may only occur when you climb stairs) Other symptoms include: Chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough Confusion, especially in older people or those with Legionella pneumonia Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue Muscle aches and joint stiffness Sweating and clammy skin Less common symptoms include: Diarrhea (especially with Legionella pneumonia) Ear pain (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Eye pain or soreness (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Neck lump (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Rash (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Sore throat (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Signs and tests Persons with suspected pneumonia should have a complete medical evaluation. It may be hard for your health care provider to tell whether you have pneumonia or bronchitis, so you may need a chest x-ray. Depending on the severity of the illness, other tests may be done, including: Control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen), or acetaminophen. DO NOT give aspirin to children. Do not take cough medicines without first talking to your doctor. Cough medicines may make it harder for your body to cough up the extra sputum. Drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm. Get a lot of rest. Have someone else do household chores. Antibiotics are used to treat atypical pneumonia. You may be able to take antibiotics by mouth at home. If you have severe atypical pneumonia, you will likely be admitted to a hospital, where you will be given antibiotics through a vein (intravenously), as well as oxygen. Antibiotics are used for 2 weeks or more Antibiotics used to treat atypical pneumonia include: Fluoroquinolones (such as levofloxacin) Tetracyclines (such as tetracycline or doxycycline) Most patients with pneumonia due to mycoplasma or chlamydophila do well with the right antibiotics. Legionella pneumonia can be severe, leading to problems in patients with kidney failure, diabetes, COPD, and a weak immune system. It can lead to death. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. InfectiousD iseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:S27-S72. Torres A, Menendez R, Wunderink R. Pyogenic bacterial pneumonia and lung abscess. In: Mason RJ, VC Broaddus, Martin TR, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 32. David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.	[ 32, 28004, 605, 35647, 10229, 284, 35647, 4073, 416, 1728, 11492, 11, 1390, 15778, 12627, 29631, 2522, 10102, 11, 2011, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 68, 11, 290, 609, 2543, 5173, 2522, 10102, 35647, 68, 13, 632, 318, 1444, 564, 250, 265, 4464, 605, 447, 251, 780, 262, 7460, 13238, 422, 883, 286, 35647, 2233, 284, 584, 2219, 11492, 13, 198, 3666, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 318, 257, 2099, 286, 379, 4464, 605, 35647, 13, 632, 318, 4073, 416, 262, 11492, 337, 13, 35647, 68, 13, 632, 6032, 10975, 661, 7099, 621, 2479, 2319, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 319, 428, 2099, 286, 35647, 11, 766, 25, 2011, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 198, 47, 25668, 11339, 2233, 284, 442, 2543, 30708, 12, 5363, 11492, 8833, 614, 2835, 290, 5504, 329, 642, 532, 1315, 4, 286, 477, 29631, 261, 4448, 13, 632, 318, 3221, 11607, 13, 198, 47, 25668, 11339, 2233, 284, 15778, 12627, 318, 1775, 517, 1690, 287, 3504, 12, 1886, 290, 4697, 6490, 11, 24109, 11, 290, 883, 351, 10726, 24024, 393, 257, 4939, 10900, 1080, 13, 632, 460, 307, 517, 6049, 13, 198, 47, 25668, 11339, 2233, 284, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 290, 442, 2543, 5173, 2522, 10102, 11492, 318, 3221, 11607, 13, 198, 47, 25668, 11339, 2233, 284, 15778, 12627, 29631, 2522, 10102, 3011, 4785, 1141, 262, 717, 604, 532, 718, 1528, 11, 290, 788, 19575, 625, 604, 532, 642, 1528, 13, 198, 6104, 996, 7460, 481, 2987, 11, 340, 743, 1011, 257, 981, 329, 606, 284, 467, 1497, 3190, 13, 198, 464, 749, 2219, 7460, 286, 35647, 389, 25, 198, 34, 619, 357, 4480, 15778, 12627, 35647, 11, 345, 743, 22094, 510, 15222, 30322, 385, 8, 198, 37, 964, 11, 543, 743, 307, 11607, 393, 1029, 198, 16438, 1108, 286, 8033, 357, 11261, 691, 3051, 618, 345, 12080, 16046, 8, 198, 6395, 7460, 2291, 25, 198, 45170, 2356, 326, 3011, 4785, 618, 345, 18044, 7744, 393, 22094, 198, 18546, 4241, 11, 2592, 287, 4697, 661, 393, 883, 351, 15778, 12627, 35647, 198, 43, 793, 286, 20788, 11, 1877, 2568, 11, 290, 18787, 198, 10694, 2375, 936, 956, 290, 6466, 49586, 198, 40783, 803, 290, 30726, 1820, 4168, 198, 22058, 2219, 7460, 2291, 25, 198, 18683, 3258, 21632, 357, 16480, 351, 15778, 12627, 35647, 8, 198, 8419, 2356, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 24876, 2356, 393, 19597, 1108, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 8199, 694, 23844, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 49, 1077, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 50, 382, 13589, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 11712, 82, 290, 5254, 198, 30946, 684, 351, 9885, 35647, 815, 423, 257, 1844, 3315, 12660, 13, 632, 743, 307, 1327, 329, 534, 1535, 1337, 10131, 284, 1560, 1771, 345, 423, 35647, 393, 18443, 354, 11815, 11, 523, 345, 743, 761, 257, 7721, 2124, 12, 2433, 13, 23591, 319, 262, 19440, 286, 262, 8526, 11, 584, 5254, 743, 307, 1760, 11, 1390, 25, 198, 15988, 534, 17372, 351, 49550, 11, 1729, 1706, 47502, 3098, 12, 32272, 5010, 357, 47549, 47954, 11, 884, 355, 24283, 929, 305, 41037, 393, 25422, 13907, 268, 828, 393, 25174, 5669, 47806, 13, 8410, 5626, 1577, 49550, 284, 1751, 13, 198, 5211, 407, 1011, 22094, 23533, 1231, 717, 3375, 284, 534, 6253, 13, 327, 619, 23533, 743, 787, 340, 7069, 329, 534, 1767, 284, 22094, 510, 262, 3131, 599, 315, 388, 13, 198, 6187, 676, 6088, 286, 28704, 284, 1037, 40953, 3200, 507, 290, 2222, 510, 872, 1455, 76, 13, 198, 3855, 257, 1256, 286, 1334, 13, 8192, 2130, 2073, 466, 6641, 46173, 13, 198, 13217, 571, 18296, 389, 973, 284, 2190, 379, 4464, 605, 35647, 13, 198, 1639, 743, 307, 1498, 284, 1011, 22392, 416, 5422, 379, 1363, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 6049, 379, 4464, 605, 35647, 11, 345, 481, 1884, 307, 6848, 284, 257, 4436, 11, 810, 345, 481, 307, 1813, 22392, 832, 257, 27208, 357, 600, 430, 574, 3481, 828, 355, 880, 355, 11863, 13, 198, 13217, 571, 18296, 389, 973, 329, 362, 2745, 393, 517, 198, 13217, 571, 18296, 973, 284, 2190, 379, 4464, 605, 35647, 2291, 25, 198, 37, 2290, 16522, 21915, 349, 1952, 357, 10508, 355, 23145, 1659, 75, 1140, 330, 259, 8, 198, 51, 21879, 1590, 565, 1127, 357, 10508, 355, 256, 21879, 1590, 565, 500, 393, 466, 5431, 15539, 500, 8, 198, 6943, 3871, 351, 35647, 2233, 284, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 393, 442, 2543, 5173, 2522, 10102, 466, 880, 351, 262, 826, 22392, 13, 15778, 12627, 35647, 460, 307, 6049, 11, 3756, 284, 2761, 287, 3871, 351, 21919, 5287, 11, 12593, 11, 27975, 35, 11, 290, 257, 4939, 10900, 1080, 13, 632, 460, 1085, 284, 1918, 13, 198, 49846, 695, 9131, 11, 370, 4625, 676, 34359, 11, 1052, 27624, 27206, 317, 11, 2123, 435, 13, 26065, 699, 35, 318, 68, 1386, 7023, 286, 2253, 14, 7437, 13002, 330, 291, 7023, 11529, 9949, 319, 262, 4542, 286, 2055, 12, 43561, 1202, 35647, 287, 6490, 13, 11834, 26065, 3167, 13, 4343, 26, 2598, 25, 50, 1983, 12, 50, 4761, 13, 198, 15884, 411, 317, 11, 6065, 41913, 371, 11, 370, 4625, 676, 371, 13, 9485, 15147, 23462, 35647, 290, 12317, 2352, 919, 13, 554, 25, 14737, 46642, 11, 26706, 2806, 2860, 385, 11, 5780, 7579, 11, 2123, 435, 11, 1225, 82, 13, 12164, 290, 399, 6959, 447, 247, 82, 8255, 2070, 286, 1874, 4063, 2870, 11558, 13, 642, 400, 1225, 13, 8857, 11, 11243, 25, 50, 32818, 25974, 49663, 26, 3050, 25, 354, 499, 3933, 13, 198, 11006, 327, 13, 27436, 14597, 11, 6711, 11, 10670, 11, 8129, 286, 11558, 11, 7458, 286, 3611, 11558, 11, 2732, 286, 11558, 11, 2059, 286, 2669, 3961, 286, 11558, 13, 33089, 11161, 73, 2403, 324, 271, 11, 10670, 11, 15286, 8129, 286, 11558, 11, 7458, 286, 21624, 36639, 11, 1439, 26079, 290, 17684, 7276, 11, 2059, 286, 9589, 11, 8857, 11, 8147, 13, 4418, 11765, 416, 3271, 1168, 12311, 11, 10670, 11, 337, 7801, 11, 8366, 5890, 11, 317, 13, 35, 13, 32, 13, 44, 13, 3893, 23555, 11, 12119, 844, 11, 3457, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,021
AfriGeneas Health and Wellness Forum Obesity and African Americans Statistics from the Office of Minority Health: - African American women have the highest rates of being overweight or obese compared to other groups in the U.S. About four out of five African American women are overweight or obese.1 - In 2005, African Americans were 1.4 times as likely to be obese as Non- Hispanic Whites. - From 2001-2004, African American women were 70% more likely to be obese than Non-Hispanic White women. - In 2003-2004, African American children between ages 6 -17 were 1.3 times as likely to be overweight than Non-Hispanic Whites. Messages In This Thread	[ 17584, 380, 39358, 292, 3893, 290, 3894, 1108, 14867, 198, 5944, 11924, 290, 5510, 3399, 198, 48346, 422, 262, 4452, 286, 29980, 3893, 25, 198, 12, 5510, 1605, 1466, 423, 262, 4511, 3965, 286, 852, 22652, 393, 20779, 3688, 284, 584, 2628, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 7994, 1440, 503, 286, 1936, 5510, 1605, 1466, 389, 22652, 393, 20779, 13, 16, 198, 12, 554, 5075, 11, 5510, 3399, 547, 352, 13, 19, 1661, 355, 1884, 284, 307, 20779, 355, 8504, 12, 16949, 29290, 13, 198, 12, 3574, 5878, 12, 15724, 11, 5510, 1605, 1466, 547, 4317, 4, 517, 1884, 284, 307, 20779, 621, 8504, 12, 43830, 2635, 1466, 13, 198, 12, 554, 5816, 12, 15724, 11, 5510, 1605, 1751, 1022, 9337, 718, 532, 1558, 547, 352, 13, 18, 1661, 355, 1884, 284, 307, 22652, 621, 8504, 12, 43830, 29290, 13, 198, 36479, 1095, 554, 770, 14122, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	148
TAU Researchers Part of Team of International Scientists to Uncover the "God Particle" Wednesday, July 25, 2012 Higgs boson particle crucial for explaining how the universe was built Tel Aviv University's Prof. Yaron Oz, dean of TAU's Faculty of Exact Sciences, and Prof. Aharon Levy of TAU's School of Physics and Astronomy were among the theoretical and experimental physicists who made the groundbreaking discovery of a particle known as the Higgs boson or "God particle," a key to understanding how the universe was built. The discovery was made at Geneva's European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) and announced in early July. First proposed in 1964 by a team of six physicists, including University of Edinburgh Professor Peter Higgs, the particle is said to explain the existence of mass. In particle physics, bosons are one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particles. The Higgs boson is the final building block, missing until now from the "Standard Model," which describes the structure of matter in the universe. The model is to physicists what the theory of evolution is to biologists. Prof. Yaron Oz Albert Einstein would have been "very happy" at the discovery, Prof. Oz noted. The term "God particle" originated with Prof. Max Lederman, an American experimental physicist who won the Nobel Prize in physics for his work with neutrinos. Prof. Lederman wrote a book using the term, "by which he meant the mysterious particle that's part of everything," Prof. Levy says. "Particle physics aims at understanding what conditions created the Big Bang that created the Universe, to look backwards as much as possible at that event." Prof. Oz congratulated the group of researchers not only on their scientific achievement but also on their ability to put political considerations aside and work together for the good of humanity. Calling the huge CERN facility "what the UN should be," he said that "everybody is devoted to making the discovery as a team, without any politics or vested interests. I even worked with Iranians there, and there was never a harsh word between us. We all just want to understand. It was has already been proven that the nationals of the world can function together harmoniously for joint targets."	[ 5603, 52, 26685, 2142, 286, 4816, 286, 4037, 23782, 284, 791, 9631, 262, 366, 13482, 2142, 1548, 1, 3583, 11, 2901, 1679, 11, 2321, 198, 39, 20340, 37284, 261, 18758, 8780, 329, 11170, 703, 262, 6881, 373, 3170, 198, 33317, 28890, 2059, 338, 4415, 13, 575, 8045, 18024, 11, 34798, 286, 21664, 52, 338, 35262, 286, 1475, 529, 13473, 11, 290, 4415, 13, 7900, 8045, 32036, 286, 21664, 52, 338, 3961, 286, 23123, 290, 25398, 9145, 547, 1871, 262, 16200, 290, 11992, 37898, 508, 925, 262, 31088, 9412, 286, 257, 18758, 1900, 355, 262, 367, 20340, 37284, 261, 393, 366, 13482, 18758, 553, 257, 1994, 284, 4547, 703, 262, 6881, 373, 3170, 13, 383, 9412, 373, 925, 379, 20552, 338, 3427, 18643, 329, 2142, 1548, 23123, 357, 34, 28778, 8, 290, 3414, 287, 1903, 2901, 13, 198, 5962, 5150, 287, 17575, 416, 257, 1074, 286, 2237, 37898, 11, 1390, 2059, 286, 23475, 8129, 5613, 367, 20340, 11, 262, 18758, 318, 531, 284, 4727, 262, 6224, 286, 2347, 13, 554, 18758, 11887, 11, 37284, 684, 389, 530, 286, 262, 734, 7531, 6097, 286, 850, 47116, 13166, 13, 383, 367, 20340, 37284, 261, 318, 262, 2457, 2615, 2512, 11, 4814, 1566, 783, 422, 262, 366, 23615, 9104, 553, 543, 8477, 262, 4645, 286, 2300, 287, 262, 6881, 13, 383, 2746, 318, 284, 37898, 644, 262, 4583, 286, 6954, 318, 284, 43149, 13, 198, 15404, 13, 575, 8045, 18024, 198, 42590, 24572, 561, 423, 587, 366, 548, 3772, 1, 379, 262, 9412, 11, 4415, 13, 18024, 4367, 13, 198, 464, 3381, 366, 13482, 18758, 1, 20973, 351, 4415, 13, 5436, 22964, 2224, 11, 281, 1605, 11992, 33013, 508, 1839, 262, 20715, 15895, 287, 11887, 329, 465, 670, 351, 22190, 81, 11996, 13, 4415, 13, 22964, 2224, 2630, 257, 1492, 1262, 262, 3381, 11, 366, 1525, 543, 339, 4001, 262, 11428, 18758, 326, 338, 636, 286, 2279, 553, 4415, 13, 32036, 1139, 13, 366, 7841, 1548, 11887, 12031, 379, 4547, 644, 3403, 2727, 262, 4403, 9801, 326, 2727, 262, 11950, 11, 284, 804, 16196, 355, 881, 355, 1744, 379, 326, 1785, 526, 198, 15404, 13, 18024, 47630, 262, 1448, 286, 4837, 407, 691, 319, 511, 5654, 13293, 475, 635, 319, 511, 2694, 284, 1234, 1964, 18506, 7263, 290, 670, 1978, 329, 262, 922, 286, 9265, 13, 32677, 262, 3236, 327, 28778, 6841, 366, 10919, 262, 4725, 815, 307, 553, 339, 531, 326, 366, 16833, 2618, 318, 13378, 284, 1642, 262, 9412, 355, 257, 1074, 11, 1231, 597, 4819, 393, 32789, 5353, 13, 314, 772, 3111, 351, 34608, 612, 11, 290, 612, 373, 1239, 257, 11859, 1573, 1022, 514, 13, 775, 477, 655, 765, 284, 1833, 13, 632, 373, 468, 1541, 587, 9157, 326, 262, 22970, 286, 262, 995, 460, 2163, 1978, 25625, 6819, 329, 6466, 6670, 526, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	464
Using Bone Marrow to Protect the Brain Tuesday, September 20, 2011 Stem cell technology from TAU research begins clinical trial for Lou Gehrig's disease The ability to produce neuroprotectors, proteins that protect the human brain against neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and ALS, is the holy grail of brain research. A technology developed at Tel Aviv University does just that, and it's now out of the lab and in hospitals to begin clinical trials with patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Developed by Prof. Daniel Offen and Prof. Eldad Melamed of TAU's Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, the technology is now a patent-pending process that takes stem cells from a patient's own bone marrow and causes them to differentiate into astrocyte-like cells, which are responsible for the well-being of the brain's neurons. The cells release neurotrophic factors, or neuroprotectants, which have been shown to play a key role in reducing the progress of ALS, a debilitating disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in paralysis of a patient's limbs and organ function. The research has appeared in the Journal of Stem Cells Reviews and Reports and a number of other publications. Trials in Jerusalem and Boston This stem cell technology, says Prof. Offen, represents 10 years of development. Inspired by advances in embryonic stem cell research and its huge potential — but trying to bypass the ethical and safety issues — Prof. Offen and his fellow researchers turned to stem cells derived from a patient's own bone marrow. After coaxing the cells to differentiate into astrocyte-like cells, whose natural function is to guard the brain's neurons and prevent deterioration, the researchers began testing the concept in animal models. "In the mouse model," Prof. Offen explains, "we were able to show that the bone marrow derived stem cells prevent degeneration in the brain following injection of selective neurotoxins." Researchers also demonstrated that transplantation of these cells increased the survival rate in the mouse model of ALS and significantly delayed the progress of motor dysfunction. According to Prof. Offen, this is a uniquely successful method for differentiating bone marrow stem cells into astrocyte-like cells without manipulating the genetic material of the cell itself. They are the first team of researchers to demonstrate the efficacy of this technology in vivo in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. The technology was licensed to BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics that has developed it into a clinical grade product called NurOwn™, which is now being used in a clinical trial at Jerusalem's Hadassah Medical Center. BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics has recently struck an agreement to expand clinical trials to Massachusetts General Hospital in collaboration with the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Home-grown therapy — and talent The ongoing clinical studies are aimed at evaluating the safety and the efficacy of this treatment, says Prof. Offen. Because the original cells are drawn from the patients themselves, he adds, the body should have no adverse reactions. Although the current study targets ALS, these cells have the potential to treat a broad range of neurodegenerative conditions, including Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. For many conditions, explains Prof. Offen, the current available treatments only attempt to alleviate the symptoms of these diseases rather than repair existing damage. BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics, the company that is developing the technology, is a spin-off of TAU, Prof. Offen notes. The university has spearheaded the invention involved, and a number of the researchers working within the company graduated from TAU. For more news about stem cell research from Tel Aviv University, click here.	[ 12814, 21717, 1526, 808, 284, 21916, 262, 14842, 3431, 11, 2693, 1160, 11, 2813, 198, 1273, 368, 2685, 3037, 422, 21664, 52, 2267, 6140, 8668, 4473, 329, 4768, 49588, 4359, 338, 4369, 198, 464, 2694, 284, 4439, 7669, 35499, 669, 11, 15568, 326, 1805, 262, 1692, 3632, 1028, 7669, 13500, 877, 876, 11916, 884, 355, 31618, 338, 290, 27249, 11, 318, 262, 11386, 7933, 346, 286, 3632, 2267, 13, 317, 3037, 4166, 379, 12088, 28890, 2059, 857, 655, 326, 11, 290, 340, 338, 783, 503, 286, 262, 2248, 290, 287, 11301, 284, 2221, 8668, 9867, 351, 3871, 7195, 422, 38544, 313, 18191, 25653, 46225, 357, 23333, 828, 635, 1900, 355, 4768, 49588, 4359, 338, 4369, 13, 198, 19246, 276, 416, 4415, 13, 7806, 3242, 268, 290, 4415, 13, 19208, 324, 5616, 2434, 286, 21664, 52, 338, 49175, 1754, 35262, 286, 11558, 290, 376, 25328, 5714, 8366, 4992, 3337, 11, 262, 3037, 318, 783, 257, 12701, 12, 79, 1571, 1429, 326, 2753, 10717, 4778, 422, 257, 5827, 338, 898, 9970, 44173, 290, 5640, 606, 284, 28754, 656, 6468, 305, 948, 660, 12, 2339, 4778, 11, 543, 389, 4497, 329, 262, 880, 12, 11873, 286, 262, 3632, 338, 16890, 13, 383, 4778, 2650, 42181, 18191, 5087, 11, 393, 7669, 35499, 1187, 11, 543, 423, 587, 3402, 284, 711, 257, 1994, 2597, 287, 8868, 262, 4371, 286, 27249, 11, 257, 41378, 4369, 16264, 416, 262, 10393, 25419, 341, 286, 5584, 16890, 11, 7186, 287, 35858, 286, 257, 5827, 338, 21755, 290, 1618, 2163, 13, 198, 464, 2267, 468, 4120, 287, 262, 4913, 286, 520, 368, 39794, 20871, 290, 17905, 290, 257, 1271, 286, 584, 16125, 13, 198, 14824, 874, 287, 10843, 290, 6182, 198, 1212, 10717, 2685, 3037, 11, 1139, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 11, 6870, 838, 812, 286, 2478, 13, 45827, 416, 14901, 287, 49710, 10717, 2685, 2267, 290, 663, 3236, 2785, 851, 475, 2111, 284, 17286, 262, 15028, 290, 3747, 2428, 851, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 290, 465, 5891, 4837, 2900, 284, 10717, 4778, 10944, 422, 257, 5827, 338, 898, 9970, 44173, 13, 198, 3260, 37700, 278, 262, 4778, 284, 28754, 656, 6468, 305, 948, 660, 12, 2339, 4778, 11, 3025, 3288, 2163, 318, 284, 4860, 262, 3632, 338, 16890, 290, 2948, 38495, 11, 262, 4837, 2540, 4856, 262, 3721, 287, 5044, 4981, 13, 366, 818, 262, 10211, 2746, 553, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 6688, 11, 366, 732, 547, 1498, 284, 905, 326, 262, 9970, 44173, 10944, 10717, 4778, 2948, 25419, 341, 287, 262, 3632, 1708, 16954, 286, 21792, 42181, 1140, 1040, 526, 26685, 635, 9555, 326, 23319, 341, 286, 777, 4778, 3220, 262, 9441, 2494, 287, 262, 10211, 2746, 286, 27249, 290, 5566, 11038, 262, 4371, 286, 5584, 19327, 13, 198, 4821, 284, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 11, 428, 318, 257, 24139, 4388, 2446, 329, 1180, 26336, 9970, 44173, 10717, 4778, 656, 6468, 305, 948, 660, 12, 2339, 4778, 1231, 29349, 262, 8513, 2587, 286, 262, 2685, 2346, 13, 1119, 389, 262, 717, 1074, 286, 4837, 284, 10176, 262, 20179, 286, 428, 3037, 287, 34714, 287, 2972, 4981, 286, 7669, 13500, 877, 876, 10040, 13, 198, 464, 3037, 373, 11971, 284, 14842, 32173, 12440, 12634, 1758, 48063, 326, 468, 4166, 340, 656, 257, 8668, 9559, 1720, 1444, 49281, 23858, 8151, 11, 543, 318, 783, 852, 973, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 379, 10843, 338, 11161, 562, 993, 8366, 3337, 13, 14842, 32173, 12440, 12634, 1758, 48063, 468, 2904, 7425, 281, 4381, 284, 4292, 8668, 9867, 284, 10140, 3611, 9256, 287, 12438, 351, 262, 2059, 286, 10140, 8366, 3961, 13, 198, 16060, 12, 22377, 9102, 851, 290, 7401, 198, 464, 7044, 8668, 3640, 389, 8998, 379, 22232, 262, 3747, 290, 262, 20179, 286, 428, 3513, 11, 1139, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 13, 4362, 262, 2656, 4778, 389, 7428, 422, 262, 3871, 2405, 11, 339, 6673, 11, 262, 1767, 815, 423, 645, 12681, 12737, 13, 198, 7003, 262, 1459, 2050, 6670, 27249, 11, 777, 4778, 423, 262, 2785, 284, 2190, 257, 3154, 2837, 286, 7669, 13500, 877, 876, 3403, 11, 1390, 31618, 338, 290, 40644, 338, 10040, 13, 1114, 867, 3403, 11, 6688, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 11, 262, 1459, 1695, 13820, 691, 2230, 284, 30885, 262, 7460, 286, 777, 10040, 2138, 621, 9185, 4683, 2465, 13, 198, 44687, 32173, 12440, 12634, 1758, 48063, 11, 262, 1664, 326, 318, 5922, 262, 3037, 11, 318, 257, 7906, 12, 2364, 286, 21664, 52, 11, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 4710, 13, 383, 6403, 468, 46766, 262, 14250, 2950, 11, 290, 257, 1271, 286, 262, 4837, 1762, 1626, 262, 1664, 18303, 422, 21664, 52, 13, 198, 1890, 517, 1705, 546, 10717, 2685, 2267, 422, 12088, 28890, 2059, 11, 3904, 994, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	775
Courtesy of Purdue Extension Before farmers go full throttle into the 2012 planting season, they would be wise to inspect what's left of their 2011 corn crop for signs of mold, says a Purdue University agricultural engineer. Richard Stroshine said he has heard scattered reports of Indiana farmers finding higher-than-normal percentages of moldy, discolored kernels when they've removed corn from storage facilities. Elevators and other buyers of corn pay less for mold-contaminated grain, if they buy it at all. Corn stored in bins since the fall harvest could be at a heightened threat for mold, Stroshine said. The reason? A winter that wasn't cold enough for long enough to protect the grain from fungal infection. Moldy corn can contain toxins harmful - even fatal - to livestock. Much of the corn grown in Indiana is used as animal feed. "Farmers should constantly be checking their grain for mold growth," Stroshine said. "If they find mold, they've got to get that corn out of the bin as soon as possible so that it doesn't spread to other grain in the bin." A typical winter with air temperatures regularly near or below freezing allows corn to be cooled to temperatures near freezing, inhibiting mold development. That is particularly important when corn is stored at or above 15 percent moisture. This past winter saw many days above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, creating conditions more favorable for mold growth. When mold risks are high, farmers should take steps to evenly cool the grain in the bin. A common practice, known as coring, involves taking one or more truckloads of corn from the bin and leveling the crop that remains. The process removes fine material that often accumulates in the center - or core - of the bin, filling air pockets between kernels and restricting air circulation. To ensure even airflow distribution, farmers should maintain a level surface at the top of the bin. Without sufficient and uniform air movement in the bin, heat can build up in some areas and promote mold growth. Farmers who cored their bins reduced the likelihood of mold problems this spring but still should keep an eye on their leftover crop, Stroshine said. Those who didn't perform coring operations will need to be even more vigilant, he said. Bins should be visually inspected and grain temperatures monitored weekly, Stroshine said. He recommended running bin fans for 30 minutes before entering the storage facility to conduct an inspection. "Aeration will push musty odors, which are indicative of mold growth, to the headspace of the bin," he said. "If the problems are deeper in the bin it will take longer for odors to reach the surface. So you could run the fans another 2-4 hours and check again.	[ 31825, 286, 34699, 27995, 198, 8421, 9818, 467, 1336, 29976, 656, 262, 2321, 26630, 1622, 11, 484, 561, 307, 10787, 284, 10104, 644, 338, 1364, 286, 511, 2813, 11676, 13833, 329, 5895, 286, 15936, 11, 1139, 257, 34699, 2059, 14240, 11949, 13, 198, 22245, 30183, 19489, 531, 339, 468, 2982, 16830, 3136, 286, 10278, 9818, 4917, 2440, 12, 14813, 12, 11265, 28071, 286, 15936, 88, 11, 1221, 349, 1850, 50207, 618, 484, 1053, 4615, 11676, 422, 6143, 7291, 13, 37881, 2024, 290, 584, 14456, 286, 11676, 1414, 1342, 329, 15936, 12, 3642, 321, 3898, 13020, 11, 611, 484, 2822, 340, 379, 477, 13, 198, 41389, 8574, 287, 41701, 1201, 262, 2121, 13222, 714, 307, 379, 257, 25556, 2372, 329, 15936, 11, 30183, 19489, 531, 13, 383, 1738, 30, 317, 7374, 326, 2492, 470, 4692, 1576, 329, 890, 1576, 284, 1805, 262, 13020, 422, 1257, 13528, 10280, 13, 198, 44, 727, 88, 11676, 460, 3994, 31930, 13568, 532, 772, 10800, 532, 284, 24424, 13, 13111, 286, 262, 11676, 7334, 287, 10278, 318, 973, 355, 5044, 3745, 13, 198, 1, 48412, 364, 815, 7558, 307, 10627, 511, 13020, 329, 15936, 3349, 553, 30183, 19489, 531, 13, 366, 1532, 484, 1064, 15936, 11, 484, 1053, 1392, 284, 651, 326, 11676, 503, 286, 262, 9874, 355, 2582, 355, 1744, 523, 326, 340, 1595, 470, 4104, 284, 584, 13020, 287, 262, 9874, 526, 198, 32, 7226, 7374, 351, 1633, 10101, 7987, 1474, 393, 2174, 20884, 3578, 11676, 284, 307, 32162, 284, 10101, 1474, 20884, 11, 11062, 1780, 15936, 2478, 13, 1320, 318, 3573, 1593, 618, 11676, 318, 8574, 379, 393, 2029, 1315, 1411, 20160, 13, 770, 1613, 7374, 2497, 867, 1528, 2029, 2026, 7370, 35935, 11, 4441, 3403, 517, 17070, 329, 15936, 3349, 13, 198, 2215, 15936, 7476, 389, 1029, 11, 9818, 815, 1011, 4831, 284, 21894, 3608, 262, 13020, 287, 262, 9874, 13, 317, 2219, 3357, 11, 1900, 355, 1162, 278, 11, 9018, 2263, 530, 393, 517, 7779, 46030, 286, 11676, 422, 262, 9874, 290, 34661, 262, 13833, 326, 3793, 13, 383, 1429, 20694, 3734, 2587, 326, 1690, 10507, 15968, 287, 262, 3641, 532, 393, 4755, 532, 286, 262, 9874, 11, 12591, 1633, 16511, 1022, 50207, 290, 28267, 1633, 19133, 13, 198, 2514, 4155, 772, 45771, 6082, 11, 9818, 815, 5529, 257, 1241, 4417, 379, 262, 1353, 286, 262, 9874, 13, 9170, 6751, 290, 8187, 1633, 3356, 287, 262, 9874, 11, 4894, 460, 1382, 510, 287, 617, 3006, 290, 7719, 15936, 3349, 13, 198, 48412, 364, 508, 269, 1850, 511, 41701, 5322, 262, 14955, 286, 15936, 2761, 428, 6076, 475, 991, 815, 1394, 281, 4151, 319, 511, 39191, 13833, 11, 30183, 19489, 531, 13, 5845, 508, 1422, 470, 1620, 1162, 278, 4560, 481, 761, 284, 307, 772, 517, 30257, 11, 339, 531, 13, 198, 33, 1040, 815, 307, 22632, 34295, 290, 13020, 10101, 20738, 10273, 11, 30183, 19489, 531, 13, 679, 7151, 2491, 9874, 3296, 329, 1542, 2431, 878, 8218, 262, 6143, 6841, 284, 3189, 281, 15210, 13, 198, 1, 32, 263, 341, 481, 4574, 1276, 88, 16298, 669, 11, 543, 389, 29105, 286, 15936, 3349, 11, 284, 262, 1182, 13200, 286, 262, 9874, 553, 339, 531, 13, 366, 1532, 262, 2761, 389, 9211, 287, 262, 9874, 340, 481, 1011, 2392, 329, 16298, 669, 284, 3151, 262, 4417, 13, 1406, 345, 714, 1057, 262, 3296, 1194, 362, 12, 19, 2250, 290, 2198, 757, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	561
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Institute of Bankers The Chartered Institute of Bankers (CIB) was founded in 1879, as the professional body for members of the banking profession in the United Kingdom. It was granted its royal charter in 1988. In 2000 it rebranded itself as the Institute of Financial Services, reflecting the changing needs for professionalism across a wide range of financial services. The CIB was, and continues to be, an important aid to the professionalism of bankers. After studying a series of Banking related topics and passing exams, and after working for a minimum period within the Banking Industry, it is possible to be elected to an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers. The letters ACIB continue to demonstrate to others the experience and academic standards of the designee. In the last two decades of the 20th century, the Financial Services Industry underwent significant change. Retail banks transformed themselves from transaction oriented deposit taking and lending institutions into deliverers of retail financial services. At the same time, additional complexity was introduced into the less retail forms of banking. New investment products developed. International finance became more complex. Derivatives became available to hedge risk, or in some cases to amplify risk. The distinctions between retail banks, investment banks, building societies, insurance companies and other financial services institutions became blurred. Institutions complimented their own services with additional ranges of services offered by other institutions. It became possible to satisfy all needs for financial services through one financial institution. The CIB needed to respond to changes in the industry. In 1986, its professional exams were linked to and moderated by UMIST. Any student passing the exams required to attain ACIB status is now awarded a BSc(Hons) in financial services, underscoring the academic standards achieved by professional bankers. Today the CIB provides courses leading to qualifications in all areas of the financial services industry, and it has a vision to be a school of finance that is recognised for the excellence and relevance of its range of qualifications. In addition to providing education, the CIB also organises regionally based events to enable members to both network and keep abreast of developments within their fields of interest. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details	[ 26959, 7011, 4935, 36732, 198, 6310, 3678, 286, 5018, 364, 198, 464, 22086, 1068, 5136, 286, 5018, 364, 357, 34, 9865, 8, 373, 9393, 287, 1248, 3720, 11, 355, 262, 4708, 1767, 329, 1866, 286, 262, 11754, 7573, 287, 262, 1578, 7526, 13, 632, 373, 7520, 663, 15100, 17422, 287, 12122, 13, 554, 4751, 340, 302, 35559, 2346, 355, 262, 5136, 286, 11302, 6168, 11, 20252, 262, 5609, 2476, 329, 42554, 1973, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 3176, 2594, 13, 198, 464, 327, 9865, 373, 11, 290, 4477, 284, 307, 11, 281, 1593, 6133, 284, 262, 42554, 286, 25091, 13, 2293, 11065, 257, 2168, 286, 35385, 3519, 10233, 290, 6427, 26420, 11, 290, 706, 1762, 329, 257, 5288, 2278, 1626, 262, 35385, 17420, 11, 340, 318, 1744, 284, 307, 7018, 284, 281, 22669, 286, 262, 22086, 1068, 5136, 286, 5018, 364, 13, 383, 7475, 7125, 9865, 2555, 284, 10176, 284, 1854, 262, 1998, 290, 8233, 5423, 286, 262, 1486, 1453, 13, 198, 818, 262, 938, 734, 4647, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 11, 262, 11302, 6168, 17420, 25289, 2383, 1487, 13, 26702, 6341, 14434, 2405, 422, 8611, 25921, 14667, 2263, 290, 20983, 6712, 656, 1619, 425, 27736, 286, 6308, 3176, 2594, 13, 1629, 262, 976, 640, 11, 3224, 13357, 373, 5495, 656, 262, 1342, 6308, 5107, 286, 11754, 13, 968, 4896, 3186, 4166, 13, 4037, 9604, 2627, 517, 3716, 13, 9626, 452, 2929, 2627, 1695, 284, 19859, 2526, 11, 393, 287, 617, 2663, 284, 47366, 2526, 13, 383, 36640, 1022, 6308, 6341, 11, 4896, 6341, 11, 2615, 14515, 11, 5096, 2706, 290, 584, 3176, 2594, 6712, 2627, 38258, 13, 37931, 3508, 19370, 276, 511, 898, 2594, 351, 3224, 16069, 286, 2594, 4438, 416, 584, 6712, 13, 632, 2627, 1744, 284, 15959, 477, 2476, 329, 3176, 2594, 832, 530, 3176, 9901, 13, 198, 464, 327, 9865, 2622, 284, 3031, 284, 2458, 287, 262, 2831, 13, 554, 12113, 11, 663, 4708, 26420, 547, 6692, 284, 290, 7019, 515, 416, 44352, 8808, 13, 4377, 3710, 6427, 262, 26420, 2672, 284, 18188, 7125, 9865, 3722, 318, 783, 11343, 257, 347, 3351, 7, 39, 684, 8, 287, 3176, 2594, 11, 27840, 3255, 262, 8233, 5423, 8793, 416, 4708, 25091, 13, 198, 8888, 262, 327, 9865, 3769, 10902, 3756, 284, 24751, 287, 477, 3006, 286, 262, 3176, 2594, 2831, 11, 290, 340, 468, 257, 5761, 284, 307, 257, 1524, 286, 9604, 326, 318, 20915, 329, 262, 25230, 290, 23082, 286, 663, 2837, 286, 24751, 13, 198, 818, 3090, 284, 4955, 3707, 11, 262, 327, 9865, 635, 1618, 2696, 3814, 453, 1912, 2995, 284, 7139, 1866, 284, 1111, 3127, 290, 1394, 450, 260, 459, 286, 13312, 1626, 511, 7032, 286, 1393, 13, 198, 464, 10154, 286, 428, 2708, 318, 11971, 422, 7324, 13, 31266, 13, 2398, 739, 262, 22961, 3232, 43925, 13789, 13, 6914, 994, 284, 766, 262, 13245, 4866, 290, 6634, 3307, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	476
Printer friendly version Lightweight True Random Number Generators A Step Closer 17 September 2010 Queen's University, Belfast The widespread use of true random number generators (TRNGs) has taken a step closer following the creation of the most lightweight designs to date by researchers at Queen’s University Belfast’s Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (ECIT). Members of the Institute’s cryptography research team have produced a series of circuits that are up to 50 per cent smaller than anything else currently available. Optimised for digital circuits, FPGA and ASIC, they push efficiency to the limit by using just one logic gate, one look-up table and four transistors respectively. TRNGs are essential for IT security because virtually any security application relies on unpredictable numbers such as cryptographic keys. Current systems however are either too expensive or are not fast enough for many applications. That is why more nimble pseudo-random number generators are in widespread use even though the sequences they generate can be detected under certain types of attack, making them much less secure. The approach of ECIT researchers Jiang Wu and Dr Máire O’Neill has been to use the white noise inside the circuit to generate the randomness, effectively simulating the toss of a coin. To do this, they developed a new mechanism to measure the noise and generate the random output. “The most challenging part of the work was to find the new mechanism that can effectively sample the noise,” said Wu. “True random number generators have been extensively studied in recent years; many very efficient designs based on different noise measurement mechanisms have been proposed. It was not clear if more efficient designs were even possible. After investigating several candidates, finally we found a successful one.” The next step is to find ways of making the generators sufficiently robust to be embedded in devices such as mobile phones, smartcards and RFID tags, and – where they are used for security applications - to secure them from attack and develop appropriate countermeasures. Other related work currently underway at ECIT includes designs for highly efficient physical unclonable functions (PUFs). These authenticate individual chips by extracting and identifying – but without revealing - their unique fingerprints which can then be used in a variety of security applications.	[ 6836, 3849, 8030, 2196, 198, 15047, 6551, 6407, 14534, 7913, 2980, 2024, 317, 5012, 1012, 13416, 198, 1558, 2693, 3050, 198, 32466, 338, 2059, 11, 29713, 198, 464, 10095, 779, 286, 2081, 4738, 1271, 27298, 357, 5446, 10503, 82, 8, 468, 2077, 257, 2239, 5699, 1708, 262, 6282, 286, 262, 749, 18700, 9824, 284, 3128, 416, 4837, 379, 7542, 447, 247, 82, 2059, 29713, 447, 247, 82, 5136, 286, 27828, 11, 14620, 290, 6188, 8987, 357, 2943, 2043, 737, 198, 25341, 286, 262, 5136, 447, 247, 82, 45898, 2267, 1074, 423, 4635, 257, 2168, 286, 24907, 326, 389, 510, 284, 2026, 583, 1247, 4833, 621, 1997, 2073, 3058, 1695, 13, 30011, 1417, 329, 4875, 24907, 11, 376, 6968, 32, 290, 48445, 11, 484, 4574, 9332, 284, 262, 4179, 416, 1262, 655, 530, 9156, 8946, 11, 530, 804, 12, 929, 3084, 290, 1440, 1007, 46334, 8148, 13, 198, 5446, 10503, 82, 389, 6393, 329, 7283, 2324, 780, 9826, 597, 2324, 3586, 16507, 319, 22900, 3146, 884, 355, 40705, 8251, 13, 9236, 3341, 2158, 389, 2035, 1165, 5789, 393, 389, 407, 3049, 1576, 329, 867, 5479, 13, 1320, 318, 1521, 517, 299, 34477, 24543, 12, 25120, 1271, 27298, 389, 287, 10095, 779, 772, 996, 262, 16311, 484, 7716, 460, 307, 12326, 739, 1728, 3858, 286, 1368, 11, 1642, 606, 881, 1342, 5713, 13, 198, 464, 3164, 286, 13182, 2043, 4837, 32294, 18027, 290, 1583, 337, 6557, 557, 440, 447, 247, 26538, 468, 587, 284, 779, 262, 2330, 7838, 2641, 262, 10349, 284, 7716, 262, 4738, 1108, 11, 6840, 985, 8306, 262, 12153, 286, 257, 10752, 13, 1675, 466, 428, 11, 484, 4166, 257, 649, 9030, 284, 3953, 262, 7838, 290, 7716, 262, 4738, 5072, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 749, 9389, 636, 286, 262, 670, 373, 284, 1064, 262, 649, 9030, 326, 460, 6840, 6291, 262, 7838, 11, 447, 251, 531, 18027, 13, 198, 447, 250, 17821, 4738, 1271, 27298, 423, 587, 20823, 9713, 287, 2274, 812, 26, 867, 845, 6942, 9824, 1912, 319, 1180, 7838, 15558, 11701, 423, 587, 5150, 13, 632, 373, 407, 1598, 611, 517, 6942, 9824, 547, 772, 1744, 13, 2293, 10240, 1811, 5871, 11, 3443, 356, 1043, 257, 4388, 530, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 1306, 2239, 318, 284, 1064, 2842, 286, 1642, 262, 27298, 17338, 12373, 284, 307, 14553, 287, 4410, 884, 355, 5175, 9512, 11, 4451, 27761, 290, 20445, 2389, 15940, 11, 290, 784, 810, 484, 389, 973, 329, 2324, 5479, 532, 284, 5713, 606, 422, 1368, 290, 1205, 5035, 3753, 47336, 13, 198, 6395, 3519, 670, 3058, 17715, 379, 13182, 2043, 3407, 9824, 329, 4047, 6942, 3518, 555, 565, 261, 540, 5499, 357, 5105, 42388, 737, 2312, 8323, 5344, 1981, 12014, 416, 37895, 290, 13720, 784, 475, 1231, 13477, 532, 511, 3748, 34290, 543, 460, 788, 307, 973, 287, 257, 4996, 286, 2324, 5479, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	472
Population Guide: Dairy How Many Is Too Many? An effective control program keeps horn fly levels to fewer than 50 per animal. This at-a-glance-guide will help you easily evaluate the effect that horn flies currently have on your herd. Keep these other assessment tips in mind, too. - The horn fly is charcoal gray and approximately five millimeters long (half the size of a typical house fly). - Adult horn flies are located on the backs of cattle, often clustering on the midline and spreading down the sides. Sometimes, they settle around the base of cattle horns. When the weather is hot, they may move onto the animals' undersides. - It's easiest to make the most accurate estimate in the morning, when horn flies are on the upper sides of the cows. \|Average to Below\|\|Unacceptable\|	[ 45251, 10005, 25, 46579, 198, 2437, 4650, 1148, 14190, 4650, 30, 198, 2025, 4050, 1630, 1430, 7622, 12718, 6129, 2974, 284, 7380, 621, 2026, 583, 5044, 13, 770, 379, 12, 64, 12, 4743, 590, 12, 41311, 481, 1037, 345, 3538, 13446, 262, 1245, 326, 12718, 17607, 3058, 423, 319, 534, 27638, 13, 9175, 777, 584, 8922, 9040, 287, 2000, 11, 1165, 13, 198, 12, 383, 12718, 6129, 318, 33512, 12768, 290, 6702, 1936, 3939, 31551, 890, 357, 13959, 262, 2546, 286, 257, 7226, 2156, 6129, 737, 198, 12, 21171, 12718, 17607, 389, 5140, 319, 262, 12983, 286, 17025, 11, 1690, 32966, 1586, 319, 262, 3095, 1370, 290, 14342, 866, 262, 5389, 13, 8975, 11, 484, 12259, 1088, 262, 2779, 286, 17025, 26771, 13, 1649, 262, 6193, 318, 3024, 11, 484, 743, 1445, 4291, 262, 4695, 6, 14584, 1460, 13, 198, 12, 632, 338, 16638, 284, 787, 262, 749, 7187, 8636, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 618, 12718, 17607, 389, 319, 262, 6727, 5389, 286, 262, 22575, 13, 198, 91, 26287, 284, 10383, 15886, 3118, 16037, 91, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	176
by Jos Van der Poel Down’s syndrome is a genetic disorder (in stead of two these persons have three chromosomes 21) that besides a number of physical characteristics leads to intellectual impairment. It occurs in one out of every 1.000 births. Life expectancy of people with Down’s syndrome has increased substantially over the last century: about 50 % of them will reach the age of 60. Because of the trisomie 21 people with Down’s syndrome have an overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein. Amyloid is the main ingredient of the plaques, which are found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Symptoms and course Not all persons with Down’s syndrome show evidence of cognitive deterioration or other clinical evidence of dementia even after extended periods of observation. Clinical symptoms at first are increasing depression, indifference and a decline in social communication. Later symptoms are: seizures in previously unaffected persons, changes in personality, loss of memory and general functions, long periods of inactivity or apathy, hyperactive reflexes, loss of activity of daily skills, visual retention deficits, loss of speech, disorientation, increase in stereotyped behaviour and abnormal neurological signs. Especially for brothers and sisters who are confronted with the responsibility for (the care of) their sibling with Down’s syndrome when their parents have died. It is distressing when this person develops Alzheimer’s disease at a relatively young age. Not only are they loosing the person they (often) love very much, but the burden of care gets heavier. Causes and risk factors In Down’s syndrome the development of Alzheimer’s disease seems to be linked directly to the overexposure to APP. The ApoE2 gene seems to have a protective effect in Down’s syndrome too, but whether ApoE4 increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in Down’s syndrome is not clear yet. Men and women seem to be equally susceptible. Down’s syndrome originates in an extra copy of chromosome 21. At least 36 % of the people with Down’s syndrome aged 50 – 59 years and 65 % aged 60 and older are affected by dementia. Brain changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease are found in 96 % of all adults with Down’s syndrome. Diagnosing dementia in people with Down’s syndrome is very difficult, as the dementia symptoms are often masked by the existing intellectual impairment. Several screening and evaluation procedures have been developed. These evaluations must be performed at select intervals, thus comparing with the person’s previous score. Definitive diagnosis is only available after death. Care and treatment Because of limited personel in small scale living settings for people with an intellectual impairment, persons with dementia often have to move (back) to an institution for mentally retarded people. Research has shown that donepezil (Aricept®) has a positive though not significant effect. Ongoing research/Clinical trials Erasmus University Rotterdam (Evenhuis HM) - Beer EFG de; De effecten van donepezil bij Downsyndroom; Down + Up 2003; 62 - Lott IT, Head E; Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: a link between development and aging; Ment Ret Dev Dis 2001; 7 - Visser FE; Down en Alzheimer in perspectief; dissertation 1996 - Down’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease; Briefing North West Training & Development Team (1995) - Dementia an Intellectual Disabilities; Fact sheet Alzheimer’s Disease International (s.a.) Last Updated: vendredi 09 octobre 2009	[ 1525, 22568, 6656, 4587, 7695, 417, 198, 8048, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 318, 257, 8513, 8967, 357, 259, 7978, 286, 734, 777, 6506, 423, 1115, 42742, 2310, 8, 326, 13769, 257, 1271, 286, 3518, 9695, 5983, 284, 9028, 23992, 13, 198, 1026, 8833, 287, 530, 503, 286, 790, 352, 13, 830, 27244, 13, 5155, 29098, 286, 661, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 468, 3220, 13788, 625, 262, 938, 4289, 25, 546, 2026, 4064, 286, 606, 481, 3151, 262, 2479, 286, 3126, 13, 4362, 286, 262, 491, 271, 296, 494, 2310, 661, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 423, 281, 43656, 42372, 2234, 286, 262, 716, 2645, 1868, 34826, 7532, 13, 1703, 2645, 1868, 318, 262, 1388, 18734, 286, 262, 458, 46806, 11, 543, 389, 1043, 287, 262, 14290, 286, 661, 351, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 13, 198, 43094, 35533, 290, 1781, 198, 3673, 477, 6506, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 905, 2370, 286, 10870, 38495, 393, 584, 8668, 2370, 286, 27886, 772, 706, 7083, 9574, 286, 13432, 13, 198, 2601, 32352, 7460, 379, 717, 389, 3649, 8862, 11, 34324, 290, 257, 7794, 287, 1919, 6946, 13, 11450, 7460, 389, 25, 24715, 287, 4271, 35290, 6506, 11, 2458, 287, 8806, 11, 2994, 286, 4088, 290, 2276, 5499, 11, 890, 9574, 286, 287, 21797, 393, 2471, 10036, 11, 8718, 5275, 24133, 274, 11, 2994, 286, 3842, 286, 4445, 4678, 11, 5874, 21545, 22729, 11, 2994, 286, 4046, 11, 595, 13989, 341, 11, 2620, 287, 29248, 276, 9172, 290, 18801, 30232, 5895, 13, 198, 48464, 329, 9397, 290, 15153, 508, 389, 16675, 351, 262, 5798, 329, 357, 1169, 1337, 286, 8, 511, 33423, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 618, 511, 3397, 423, 3724, 13, 632, 318, 1233, 11697, 618, 428, 1048, 21126, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 379, 257, 5365, 1862, 2479, 13, 1892, 691, 389, 484, 2376, 2752, 262, 1048, 484, 357, 28950, 8, 1842, 845, 881, 11, 475, 262, 10538, 286, 1337, 3011, 20140, 13, 198, 24334, 2664, 290, 2526, 5087, 198, 818, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 262, 2478, 286, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 2331, 284, 307, 6692, 3264, 284, 262, 43656, 87, 26205, 284, 43504, 13, 383, 5949, 78, 36, 17, 9779, 2331, 284, 423, 257, 14153, 1245, 287, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 1165, 11, 475, 1771, 5949, 78, 36, 19, 5732, 262, 2526, 286, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 287, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 318, 407, 1598, 1865, 13, 6065, 290, 1466, 1283, 284, 307, 8603, 22084, 13, 198, 8048, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 8159, 689, 287, 281, 3131, 4866, 286, 34348, 2310, 13, 198, 2953, 1551, 4570, 4064, 286, 262, 661, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 9722, 2026, 784, 7863, 812, 290, 6135, 4064, 9722, 3126, 290, 4697, 389, 5676, 416, 27886, 13, 14842, 2458, 3917, 351, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 389, 1043, 287, 9907, 4064, 286, 477, 6490, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 13, 198, 18683, 4660, 2752, 27886, 287, 661, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 318, 845, 2408, 11, 355, 262, 27886, 7460, 389, 1690, 29229, 416, 262, 4683, 9028, 23992, 13, 12168, 14135, 290, 12660, 9021, 423, 587, 4166, 13, 2312, 34109, 1276, 307, 6157, 379, 2922, 20016, 11, 4145, 14176, 351, 262, 1048, 447, 247, 82, 2180, 4776, 13, 46634, 13669, 318, 691, 1695, 706, 1918, 13, 198, 17784, 290, 3513, 198, 8128, 286, 3614, 1048, 417, 287, 1402, 5046, 2877, 6460, 329, 661, 351, 281, 9028, 23992, 11, 6506, 351, 27886, 1690, 423, 284, 1445, 357, 1891, 8, 284, 281, 9901, 329, 14946, 34445, 661, 13, 4992, 468, 3402, 326, 1760, 46057, 346, 357, 3163, 501, 457, 7461, 8, 468, 257, 3967, 996, 407, 2383, 1245, 13, 198, 46, 782, 40519, 2267, 14, 2601, 32352, 9867, 198, 9139, 8597, 385, 2059, 18481, 353, 11043, 357, 6104, 13415, 271, 25904, 8, 198, 12, 16971, 412, 30386, 390, 26, 1024, 1245, 268, 5719, 1760, 46057, 346, 275, 2926, 5588, 1837, 358, 3823, 26, 5588, 1343, 3205, 5816, 26, 8190, 198, 12, 406, 1252, 7283, 11, 7123, 412, 26, 5588, 14027, 290, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 25, 257, 2792, 1022, 2478, 290, 14736, 26, 31879, 4990, 6245, 3167, 5878, 26, 767, 198, 12, 569, 747, 263, 18630, 26, 5588, 551, 22434, 287, 6009, 2086, 26, 46793, 8235, 198, 12, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 27109, 290, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 17344, 26, 22821, 278, 2258, 2688, 13614, 1222, 7712, 4816, 357, 21908, 8, 198, 12, 360, 972, 544, 281, 42443, 3167, 5738, 26, 19020, 9629, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 17344, 4037, 357, 82, 13, 64, 2014, 198, 5956, 19433, 25, 10817, 445, 72, 7769, 19318, 672, 260, 3717, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	775
In 1621, the Plymouth colonists and Wampanoag Indians shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations in the colonies. For more than two centuries, days of thanksgiving were celebrated by individual colonies and states. It wasn't until October 1777 that all 13 colonies celebrated day of Thanksgiving. The very first national day of Thanksgiving was held in 1789, when President George Washington proclaimed Thursday, Nov. 26, to be "a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness." Though a national day of Thanksgiving was declared in 1789, Thanksgiving was not an annual celebration. We owe the modern concept of Thanksgiving to poet and editor, Sarah Josepha Hale. Hale wrote the famous nursery rhyme, "Mary Had a Little Lamb," and was editor of "Godey's Lady's Book." She spent 40 years advocating for a national, annual Thanksgiving holiday. In the years leading up to the Civil War, she saw the holiday as a way to infuse hope and belief in the nation and the constitution. So, when the United States was torn in half during the Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln was searching for a way to bring the nation together, he discussed the matter with Hale. On Oct. 3, 1863, Lincoln issued a Thanksgiving Proclamation that declared the last Thursday in November (based on Washington's date) to be a day of "thanksgiving and praise." For the first time, Thanksgiving became a national, annual holiday with a specific date. For 75 years after Lincoln issued his Thanksgiving Proclamation, succeeding presidents honored the tradition and annually issued their own Thanksgiving Proclamation, declaring the last Thursday in November as the day of Thanksgiving. However, in 1939, during the Great Depression, the date of Thanksgiving was scheduled to be Nov. 30. Retailers complained to President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) that this only left 24 shopping days to Christmas and begged him to push Thanksgiving just one week earlier. It was determined that most people do their Christmas shopping after Thanksgiving and retailers hope that with an extra week of shopping, people would buy more. When FDR announced his Thanksgiving Proclamation in 1939, he declared the date of Thanksgiving to be Thursday, Nov. 23, the second-to-last Thursday of the month. The new date for Thanksgiving caused a lot of confusion. Calendars were now incorrect. Schools who had planned vacations and tests now had to reschedule. Thanksgiving had been a big day for football games, as it is today, so the game schedule had to be examined. Before 1939, governors followed the president in officially proclaiming the same day as Thanksgiving for their state. In 1939, many governors did not agree with FDR's decision to change the date and refused to follow him. The country became split on which Thanksgiving they should observe. Twenty-three states followed FDR's change. Twenty-three other states disagreed with FDR and kept the traditional date for Thanksgiving. Two states, Colorado and Texas, decided to honor both dates. This idea of two Thanksgiving days split some families because not everyone had the same day off work. Did it work? The answer was no. Businesses reported that the spending was approximately the same but the distribution of the shopping was changed. For those states who celebrated the earlier Thanksgiving date, the shopping was evenly distributed throughout the season. For those states that kept the traditional date, businesses experienced a bulk of shopping in the last week before Christmas. In 1940, FDR again announced Thanksgiving to be the second-to-last Thursday of the month. This time, 31 states followed him with the earlier date and 17 kept the traditional date. Confusion over two Thanksgivings continued. Lincoln established the Thanksgiving holiday to bring the country together, but the confusion over the date change was tearing it apart. On Dec. 26, 1941, Congress passed a law declaring that Thanksgiving would occur every year on the fourth Thursday of November.	[ 818, 1467, 2481, 11, 262, 42125, 43430, 290, 370, 696, 5733, 363, 12746, 4888, 281, 23608, 13222, 26951, 326, 318, 10810, 1909, 355, 530, 286, 262, 717, 21494, 22861, 287, 262, 20848, 13, 1114, 517, 621, 734, 10675, 11, 1528, 286, 5176, 13992, 547, 13943, 416, 1981, 20848, 290, 2585, 13, 198, 1026, 2492, 470, 1566, 3267, 1596, 3324, 326, 477, 1511, 20848, 13943, 1110, 286, 21494, 13, 198, 464, 845, 717, 2260, 1110, 286, 21494, 373, 2714, 287, 1596, 4531, 11, 618, 1992, 4502, 2669, 25546, 3635, 11, 5267, 13, 2608, 11, 284, 307, 366, 64, 1110, 286, 1171, 5176, 13992, 290, 11443, 284, 307, 6515, 416, 25937, 351, 14066, 11954, 262, 867, 6737, 23866, 286, 33987, 1793, 2592, 416, 1527, 1284, 606, 281, 3663, 4167, 1346, 284, 4474, 257, 1296, 286, 1230, 329, 511, 3747, 290, 12157, 526, 198, 10915, 257, 2260, 1110, 286, 21494, 373, 6875, 287, 1596, 4531, 11, 21494, 373, 407, 281, 5079, 14395, 13, 198, 1135, 19059, 262, 3660, 3721, 286, 21494, 284, 21810, 290, 5464, 11, 10490, 7212, 64, 35056, 13, 35056, 2630, 262, 5863, 41326, 40005, 1326, 11, 366, 24119, 11161, 257, 7703, 21114, 553, 290, 373, 5464, 286, 366, 38, 1098, 88, 338, 11182, 338, 4897, 526, 1375, 3377, 2319, 812, 24950, 329, 257, 2260, 11, 5079, 21494, 9912, 13, 198, 818, 262, 812, 3756, 510, 284, 262, 7511, 1810, 11, 673, 2497, 262, 9912, 355, 257, 835, 284, 1167, 1904, 2911, 290, 4901, 287, 262, 3277, 290, 262, 11784, 13, 1406, 11, 618, 262, 1578, 1829, 373, 12445, 287, 2063, 1141, 262, 7511, 1810, 290, 1992, 16660, 12406, 373, 10342, 329, 257, 835, 284, 2222, 262, 3277, 1978, 11, 339, 6693, 262, 2300, 351, 35056, 13, 198, 2202, 2556, 13, 513, 11, 47072, 11, 12406, 4884, 257, 21494, 1041, 20931, 326, 6875, 262, 938, 3635, 287, 3389, 357, 3106, 319, 2669, 338, 3128, 8, 284, 307, 257, 1110, 286, 366, 27547, 13992, 290, 13463, 526, 198, 1890, 262, 717, 640, 11, 21494, 2627, 257, 2260, 11, 5079, 9912, 351, 257, 2176, 3128, 13, 198, 1890, 5441, 812, 706, 12406, 4884, 465, 21494, 1041, 20931, 11, 34195, 19033, 21014, 262, 6761, 290, 13844, 4884, 511, 898, 21494, 1041, 20931, 11, 18684, 262, 938, 3635, 287, 3389, 355, 262, 1110, 286, 21494, 13, 198, 4864, 11, 287, 24414, 11, 1141, 262, 3878, 22483, 11, 262, 3128, 286, 21494, 373, 7530, 284, 307, 5267, 13, 1542, 13, 198, 9781, 603, 364, 13832, 284, 1992, 14021, 360, 13, 19297, 357, 37, 7707, 8, 326, 428, 691, 1364, 1987, 9735, 1528, 284, 6786, 290, 32946, 683, 284, 4574, 21494, 655, 530, 1285, 2961, 13, 632, 373, 5295, 326, 749, 661, 466, 511, 6786, 9735, 706, 21494, 290, 16167, 2911, 326, 351, 281, 3131, 1285, 286, 9735, 11, 661, 561, 2822, 517, 13, 198, 2215, 47700, 3414, 465, 21494, 1041, 20931, 287, 24414, 11, 339, 6875, 262, 3128, 286, 21494, 284, 307, 3635, 11, 5267, 13, 2242, 11, 262, 1218, 12, 1462, 12, 12957, 3635, 286, 262, 1227, 13, 198, 464, 649, 3128, 329, 21494, 4073, 257, 1256, 286, 10802, 13, 2199, 44942, 547, 783, 11491, 13, 20357, 508, 550, 6027, 48695, 290, 5254, 783, 550, 284, 581, 2395, 5950, 13, 21494, 550, 587, 257, 1263, 1110, 329, 4346, 1830, 11, 355, 340, 318, 1909, 11, 523, 262, 983, 7269, 550, 284, 307, 11068, 13, 198, 8421, 24414, 11, 26824, 3940, 262, 1893, 287, 8720, 46431, 262, 976, 1110, 355, 21494, 329, 511, 1181, 13, 554, 24414, 11, 867, 26824, 750, 407, 4236, 351, 47700, 338, 2551, 284, 1487, 262, 3128, 290, 6520, 284, 1061, 683, 13, 383, 1499, 2627, 6626, 319, 543, 21494, 484, 815, 12414, 13, 198, 34096, 12, 15542, 2585, 3940, 47700, 338, 1487, 13, 22381, 12, 15542, 584, 2585, 27884, 351, 47700, 290, 4030, 262, 4569, 3128, 329, 21494, 13, 4930, 2585, 11, 7492, 290, 3936, 11, 3066, 284, 7522, 1111, 9667, 13, 198, 1212, 2126, 286, 734, 21494, 1528, 6626, 617, 4172, 780, 407, 2506, 550, 262, 976, 1110, 572, 670, 13, 198, 11633, 340, 670, 30, 198, 464, 3280, 373, 645, 13, 7320, 274, 2098, 326, 262, 4581, 373, 6702, 262, 976, 475, 262, 6082, 286, 262, 9735, 373, 3421, 13, 198, 1890, 883, 2585, 508, 13943, 262, 2961, 21494, 3128, 11, 262, 9735, 373, 21894, 9387, 3690, 262, 1622, 13, 1114, 883, 2585, 326, 4030, 262, 4569, 3128, 11, 5692, 5924, 257, 11963, 286, 9735, 287, 262, 938, 1285, 878, 6786, 13, 198, 818, 16236, 11, 47700, 757, 3414, 21494, 284, 307, 262, 1218, 12, 1462, 12, 12957, 3635, 286, 262, 1227, 13, 770, 640, 11, 3261, 2585, 3940, 683, 351, 262, 2961, 3128, 290, 1596, 4030, 262, 4569, 3128, 13, 7326, 4241, 625, 734, 6930, 70, 452, 654, 3767, 13, 198, 43, 11690, 4920, 262, 21494, 9912, 284, 2222, 262, 1499, 1978, 11, 475, 262, 10802, 625, 262, 3128, 1487, 373, 24447, 340, 5475, 13, 1550, 4280, 13, 2608, 11, 23234, 11, 3162, 3804, 257, 1099, 18684, 326, 21494, 561, 3051, 790, 614, 319, 262, 5544, 3635, 286, 3389, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	843
Identifying Hurdles to Renewable Electricity Transmission SOURCE: AP/Thanassis Stavrakis This article contains a correction. Download this report (pdf) The next administration will face an extensive list of simultaneous policy challenges, not least of which include an international financial crisis, two wars abroad, and the growing climate crisis. While President Barack Obama navigates which issues and policies to prioritize, an essential element of our nation’s economic recovery must be investing in a clean energy economy in order to create jobs and spur economic growth and prosperity, while at the same time fighting global warming and addressing national security. This report seeks to highlight the multiple challenges and opportunities for action to vastly increase our nation’s renewable energy generation and connect this clean energy to the grid via advanced electrical transmission construction. Identifying the significant, but by no means insurmountable, obstacles to implementing this vision is the first step toward designing policy solutions that enable investments to not only significantly reduce our nation’s global warming emissions but also to put us on a path to a clean energy future. Our electricity grid is an integral but often overlooked element in the shift to a low-carbon economy. The current grid configuration cannot handle the growth in electricity demand expected over the next few decades unless we act quickly to modernize it. Grid modernization must be compatible with scaling up renewable energy generation, including the ability to incorporate intermittent renewable electricity generation, and carrying renewable power to city centers, which in many cases will require long-distance transmission. Additional important modernization efforts also include grid expansion, improved connectivity between different U.S. regions, increased efficiency of electricity transmission, improved security to ensure reliable supply of electricity, and adoption of smart grid technologies. The electricity grid in the United States is often heralded as one of the world’s first great technological achievements in modern history. The grid pioneered national access to electricity and spurred prosperity, and it now represents a central piece of economic and societal infrastructure. But nearly a century after grid construction began, no major updates have occurred. In a recent publication, the Department of Energy frames the issue well: If Alexander Bell were to see his original invention—the telephone—today, he would be blown away by the progress of telecommunications. In stark contrast, not much has changed for electricity distribution and technologies since Thomas Edison’s time. Currently, the United States derives only 2 to 3 percent of its electricity from renewable sources, excluding hydropower. A national Renewable Portfolio Standard, or RPS—which sets a target percentage of renewable energy generation by a certain year—would dramatically increase this percentage and can serve as an important step toward establishing a low-carbon economy and combating global warming. President-elect Obama has endorsed a national RPS of 10 percent by 2012 and 25 percent by 2025. In the absence of federal leadership, 27 states and the District of Columbia have established state-level RPS requirements, and six additional states have explicit renewable electricity goals. Thus, about 70 percent of the U.S. population is currently under a renewable electricity mandate or goal. Reaching the target set by any type of renewable portfolio standard requires grid modernization and new transmission, yet how to proceed is a contentious and difficult policy challenge. A timely example is unfolding in Minnesota, where Xcel Energy and other regional utilities are working on a project called CapX 2020 to add more than 700 miles of new transmission in order to help meet the state RPS. The project is encountering a variety of obstacles, which reveal the difficulty that scaling up renewable electricity production is likely to face. Implementation hurdles to CapX 2020 and other projects include environmental, public, and political concerns, siting authority, permit approval procedures, and environmental impact assessments. We will explore these issues here and briefly discuss other challenges that must be addressed, such as a qualified workforce, grid access, and cost recovery for new construction. Even though new construction of renewable energy facilities and transmission lines offers significant environmental benefits—including reducing greenhouse gas emissions—any new construction risks facing public opposition for aesthetic, economic, or environmental reasons. Typical objections include charges that new construction obstructs views, reduces property values, and could harm endangered species and habitats. One project that faced widespread public opposition is the offshore wind farm called Cape Wind in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the Nantucket Sound. The project was first proposed in 2001 and its developer spent years fighting public claims that the farm would be a visual sore, negatively affect tourism to the region, and threaten birds, bottom-dwelling fish species, and boat navigation. This type of opposition is frequently called the not-in-my-backyard syndrome, or NIMBY, which describes a common tendency for people to favor a project until it directly affects them. Six years after Cape Wind was proposed, in January 2008, the U.S. Minerals Management Service completed an environmental impact statement and approved the wind farm, concluding it would not have a significant, lasting effect on wildlife, tourism, or navigation. Efforts must be made to both integrate the public’s concern and expedite such decision-making processes. The opportunities to modernize the grid and the added urgency to combat global warming highlight the need to act quickly. Involving constituents early in the decision-making process can help temper public opposition to renewable energy infrastructure. Working with different constituencies so that they understand the energy and global warming challenge and the employment and economic growth opportunities associated with clean energy infrastructure can generate greater support for these projects, too. One successful case study is the western United States. Both the Western Governors’ Association and individual states like Colorado have aggressively pursued initiatives to expand renewable energy capacity on the grid. This year the WGA launched the Western Renewable Energy Zones Project to expedite the development and delivery of clean and renewable energy, and last year Colorado passed legislation (SB 100) requiring utilities to identify renewable energy resources and plan transmission lines to harness those resources. To accomplish these projects, WGA and Colorado have embarked on thorough stakeholder processes to ensure that invested voices have the opportunity to be heard. As a result, the West is making notable progress toward constructing the necessary renewable energy transmission infrastructure. In contrast, Pennsylvania and surrounding Mid-Atlantic states have seen opposition erupt over a transmission corridor designation, mainly due to the lack of sufficient consultation with the public and with state and local authorities. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires the Secretary of Energy to designate National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors, or NIETCs, in areas experiencing electricity transmission constraints or congestion. The law also grants the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission backstop eminent domain authority to grant permits for interstate transmission lines if a transmission developer is not able to site a line at the state level after a year or under certain other conditions, and the line is in an NIETC. Eminent domain authority allows the federal government to bypass or override state or local decisions on electricity transmission siting in the name of national interest, even when facing objections from states, localities, or private property owners. With this authority, the federal government has identified two NIETC corridors, one in the Southwest consisting of parts of Southern California and Western Arizona and the other in the Mid-Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic NIETC spans large parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, and has also drawn significant opposition. In Pennsylvania, the NIETC encompasses 50 of the state’s 67 counties, and includes historic sites, agricultural land, protected habitats, and national parks. During the public comment period, over 2,000 replies were submitted expressing concern over the corridor, and the extent of land incorporated caused Governor Ed Rendell to describe the designation “so broad as to be meaningless.” At least 14 senators representing Mid-Atlantic states are also opposed to the corridor. No fewer than three bills have been introduced in Congress to repeal or modify the federal government’s eminent domain authority in response to the Mid-Atlantic NIETC’s designation. These examples shed light on a hurdle to new transmission and generation: The conflict over federal versus state jurisdiction over new transmission projects and authority over siting decisions. Navigating this question is proving to be politically contentious and time-consuming. Another pending conflict is in the Southwest, where Southern California Edison has launched a pre-filing consultation process with FERC in an effort to build a new transmission line between Arizona and Southern California after failing to reach agreement about this new line with Arizona. There is still much to be done to facilitate work between federal and state authorities to determine new transmission corridors. This is especially important in light of the increasing demand for new transmission to meet new electricity demand, stabilize the grid, and facilitate connecting renewable electricity to the grid. Permit Approval Procedures Another hurdle to siting renewable energy infrastructure is that permit criterion, application, and review processes are inconsistent across municipalities, counties, states, and the federal government. Efforts must be ramped up to develop an integrated strategy for working across jurisdictions and federal agencies to ensure swift and comprehensive review and permitting. A wind farm proposal, for example, could fall to any one of eight federal agencies, but there is no streamlined process for coordinated action. Developing greater coordination across agencies and between state and federal government will be critical in order to reach ambitious goals for renewable energy penetration in our electrical supply. In the three years since the Energy Policy Act of 2005 encouraged renewable energy development on federal land, the Bureau of Land Management has yet to approve a single concentrated solar or solar PV facility. Additionally, during the summer of 2008, the BLM attempted to entirely freeze solar applications on BLM-managed land until it could sort out its environmental assessment. However, the agency’s attempted moratorium was met with fervent protest and the decision was reversed within months. Another example occured in October 2008, when the Department of Interior announced it compiled a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for geothermal applications on federally owned or managed land; however, the Environmental Protection Agency has raised concerns about groundwater and air quality impacts regarding the PEIS. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires coordinated effort by the secretaries of agriculture, commerce, defense, energy, and interior, in consultation with FERC, other governments, industries, and other interested parties to designate energy corridors for oil, gas, and hydrogen pipelines as well as electricity transmission and distribution facilities on federal lands, in part in an to attempt to reduce federal siting hurdles experienced by energy developers. Recently, the federal government designated the West-wide energy corridor, which stretches across 11 states and covers nearly 3 million acres. Western states that the corridor affects have made recent attempts to prioritize renewable energy generation and transmission, such as through the Western Renewable Energy Zones Project. The West-wide designation has met with public opposition because of claims it should have given greater prioritization to renewable electricity, and that the involved federal agencies did not adequately consult regional or local entities before creating the energy corridors on protected federal lands, such as New Mexico’s Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Utah’s Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, and Arches National Park. This experience makes it clear that there are many priorities to consider as we develop our nation’s energy resources. While difficult choices between conflicting priorities will continue to arise, there will also be opportunities to address these challenges as efforts to scale up renewable energy proceed. One of the goals of new renewable energy infrastructure and supporting electrical grid investments to connect areas of high renewable energy potential to regions of the country with the greatest demand is to advance the environmental goal of reducing our nation’s greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a shift to a low-carbon economy. The Center for American Progress has argued that federal permitting of new projects that require environmental impact statements under the National Environmental Policy Act should not only consider greenhouse gas emissions resulting from those projects, but also the projected impacts of global warming on these projects to ensure responsible spending of taxpayer dollars. Thus, when weighed against high-carbon energy development projects, renewable projects should be accelerated given global warming considerations. Yet new construction and development invariably have environmental impacts, and environmental review is indispensable to understand a project’s impact on natural habitats and wildlife, endangered species, water supply, water quality, and air quality. Decisions must be considered given regulation set by the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Water Act, among others. Recently the Environmental Protection Agency warned that the evaluation drafted by the Interior Department—the PEIS mentioned above—does not adequately consider geothermal energy’s effect on water quality. In the millions of acres identified by the DOI for geothermal development, there are 23 aquifers that people depend on for drinking water. Before moving forward on a large scale, the EPA argues we need a concrete understanding of if and how much water supply could be depleted (particularly in the West). Still, the environmental impact of renewable energy is estimated to be far less than that of fossil fuels, particularly in terms of water withdrawal and land disturbance. Renewable electricity-generating technologies are estimated to use tens of billions of gallons less water than thermoelectric power plants. Coal mining is estimated to disrupt 400,000 hectares of U.S. land each year. In contrast, a Department of Energy scenario that sketches how to acquire 20 percent of our nation’s electricity from wind power by 2030 suggests that wind farms would cause a one-time disruption of 100,000 to 250,000 hectares. That is, if they cannot be sited on previously disturbed lands, such as “brownfield” sites. California has expressed a preference for siting new renewable energy generation on brownfield sites because reusing the land reduces environmental degradation, and the California Energy Commission wishes to see environmental criterion that weighs this benefit. A qualified workforce, grid access, and the question of cost recovery are additional challenges to address. Despite the political interest, enthusiasm, and necessity to revamp our energy and electricity infrastructure, we have not yet adequately invested in facilitating a ramped-up clean energy and transmission workforce, including engineers, manufacturers, and construction workers. A 2006 study by the National Renewable Energy Lab identified the shortage of skills and training as a leading non-technical barrier causing a bottleneck in the future growth of the renewable energy and energy-efficiency industries. This growing skills shortage is occurring even as the American Public Power Association reports that half of current utility workers will retire within the next decade. Policymakers must work to remedy this shortfall through comprehensive low-carbon energy and workforce training programs. We have the opportunity to create a truly national electricity grid that facilitates renewable energy access. Currently, we do not have one, large grid; we have three, separate regional grids called Interconnects—the Western Interconnect, the Eastern Interconnect, and the Texas Interconnect. The current capacity to transmit electricity across interconnects is very limited. Therefore the grid’s current structure prohibits states with abundant solar or wind energy from transmitting large amounts of this power between interconnects, a technical barrier to transporting electricity to where it could be most needed. Ensuring renewable energy access to transmission infrastructure—existing infrastructure as well as new transmission lines—is another imperative. Part of this challenge requires load integration between renewable and traditional sources. Because renewable electricity is an emerging market with fresh actors, certain energy providers have yet to prioritize renewable electricity and are in the process of learning the best techniques to integrate renewable energy, especially since it is often an intermittent source. Yet transmission lines are in high demand, and new transmission networks also need to be built out. As the example of the West-wide corridor illustrates, renewable energy still needs to emerge as a priority in planning stages so that it is not disadvantaged in terms of accessing transmission capacity. Finally, utilities, developers, and policymakers have to decide how to distribute costs and create a plan to pay for renewable energy transmission infrastructure. Should electricity ratepayers who benefit see a slight increase in prices, or should a renewable energy-compatible overhaul be something that taxpayers help fund in the greater interest of their state, region, or nation? Here, too, we may need innovation and a national approach to problem solving. Traditional strategies for rate recovery allocate the costs of new projects to those rate payers who benefit, but this regional allocation of costs may not be sufficient when the benefits of improved reliability and greater use of clean energy are benefits that accrue to the nation at large, or the scope of the benefits is much larger than any single utility or service area. In these cases, there may be strong reasons for a federal commitment to take on the costs of upgrading our electrical infrastructure to provide a truly national clean energy network. Regardless of the ultimate resolution of this question, it is a near certainty that innovative financing and policy tools will be important moving forward. Our economy is in trouble, and a massive investment in clean energy must be part of the solution. We are in need of major investments to rejuvenate communities, create new markets and growing industries, and create jobs rebuilding our infrastructure. At the same time we also need to take significant steps to reduce our nation’s greenhouse gas emissions. America’s electricity grid is a vulnerable intersection of our national security interests and our energy and economic security as well, yet it can be a tremendous source of inspiration for America’s spirit of innovation, and a good way to invest in a more prosperous future. A clean energy economy is not only better for the environment, but it is also more modern, more efficient, safer, and enables tremendous cost savings for American workers and their employers. As the Obama administration sets its priorities, it must take a close look at new renewable electricity generation and the advanced transmission that will be required to take wind, solar, and geothermal to a national scale. As the administration lays new plans for infrastructure, government at all stages must be engaged in finding new solutions and new opportunities for collaboration to meet our shared national interest in building a green, prosperous, and vibrant low-carbon economy. Special thanks to Bracken Hendricks and Benjamin Goldstein. Download this report (pdf) Read more about our energy policy on the Energy and Environment page. To speak with our experts on this topic, please contact: Print: Katie Peters (economy, education, health care, gun-violence prevention) 202.741.6285 or [email protected] Print: Anne Shoup (foreign policy and national security, energy, LGBT issues) 202.481.7146 or [email protected] Print: Crystal Patterson (immigration) 202.478.6350 or [email protected] Print: Madeline Meth (women's issues, poverty, Legal Progress) 202.741.6277 or [email protected] Print: Tanya Arditi (Spanish language and ethnic media) 202.741.6258 or [email protected] TV: Lindsay Hamilton 202.483.2675 or [email protected] Radio: Madeline Meth 202.741.6277 or [email protected] Web: Andrea Peterson 202.481.8119 or [email protected]	[ 33234, 4035, 367, 2799, 829, 284, 29479, 540, 42048, 41653, 198, 47690, 25, 3486, 14, 817, 272, 20297, 520, 615, 17716, 271, 198, 1212, 2708, 4909, 257, 17137, 13, 198, 10002, 428, 989, 357, 12315, 8, 198, 464, 1306, 3662, 481, 1986, 281, 7667, 1351, 286, 29526, 2450, 6459, 11, 407, 1551, 286, 543, 2291, 281, 3230, 3176, 4902, 11, 734, 9976, 10522, 11, 290, 262, 3957, 4258, 4902, 13, 2893, 1992, 8732, 2486, 20436, 689, 543, 2428, 290, 4788, 284, 32980, 11, 281, 6393, 5002, 286, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 3034, 7628, 1276, 307, 14771, 287, 257, 3424, 2568, 3773, 287, 1502, 284, 2251, 3946, 290, 26724, 3034, 3349, 290, 19519, 11, 981, 379, 262, 976, 640, 4330, 3298, 9917, 290, 13593, 2260, 2324, 13, 198, 1212, 989, 12932, 284, 7238, 262, 3294, 6459, 290, 6443, 329, 2223, 284, 22056, 2620, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 15713, 2568, 5270, 290, 2018, 428, 3424, 2568, 284, 262, 10706, 2884, 6190, 12278, 11478, 5103, 13, 11440, 4035, 262, 2383, 11, 475, 416, 645, 1724, 49741, 14948, 540, 11, 17648, 284, 15427, 428, 5761, 318, 262, 717, 2239, 3812, 18492, 2450, 8136, 326, 7139, 11115, 284, 407, 691, 5566, 4646, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 3298, 9917, 8971, 475, 635, 284, 1234, 514, 319, 257, 3108, 284, 257, 3424, 2568, 2003, 13, 198, 5122, 8744, 10706, 318, 281, 19287, 475, 1690, 21655, 5002, 287, 262, 6482, 284, 257, 1877, 12, 29255, 3773, 13, 383, 1459, 10706, 8398, 2314, 5412, 262, 3349, 287, 8744, 3512, 2938, 625, 262, 1306, 1178, 4647, 4556, 356, 719, 2952, 284, 3660, 1096, 340, 13, 24846, 49400, 1276, 307, 11670, 351, 20796, 510, 15713, 2568, 5270, 11, 1390, 262, 2694, 284, 19330, 38361, 15713, 8744, 5270, 11, 290, 6872, 15713, 1176, 284, 1748, 10399, 11, 543, 287, 867, 2663, 481, 2421, 890, 12, 30246, 11478, 13, 15891, 1593, 49400, 4040, 635, 2291, 10706, 7118, 11, 6596, 19843, 1022, 1180, 471, 13, 50, 13, 7652, 11, 3220, 9332, 286, 8744, 11478, 11, 6596, 2324, 284, 4155, 9314, 5127, 286, 8744, 11, 290, 12695, 286, 4451, 10706, 8514, 13, 198, 464, 8744, 10706, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 318, 1690, 28783, 276, 355, 530, 286, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 717, 1049, 14614, 16970, 287, 3660, 2106, 13, 383, 10706, 43185, 2260, 1895, 284, 8744, 290, 34601, 19519, 11, 290, 340, 783, 6870, 257, 4318, 3704, 286, 3034, 290, 26877, 6884, 13, 887, 3016, 257, 4289, 706, 10706, 5103, 2540, 11, 645, 1688, 5992, 423, 5091, 13, 554, 257, 2274, 9207, 11, 262, 2732, 286, 6682, 13431, 262, 2071, 880, 25, 1002, 10009, 7459, 547, 284, 766, 465, 2656, 14250, 960, 1169, 11426, 960, 40838, 11, 339, 561, 307, 16318, 1497, 416, 262, 4371, 286, 27473, 13, 554, 19278, 6273, 11, 407, 881, 468, 3421, 329, 8744, 6082, 290, 8514, 1201, 5658, 37448, 447, 247, 82, 640, 13, 198, 21327, 11, 262, 1578, 1829, 37453, 691, 362, 284, 513, 1411, 286, 663, 8744, 422, 15713, 4237, 11, 23494, 7409, 1773, 789, 13, 317, 2260, 29479, 540, 4347, 13652, 8997, 11, 393, 371, 3705, 960, 4758, 5621, 257, 2496, 5873, 286, 15713, 2568, 5270, 416, 257, 1728, 614, 960, 19188, 12034, 2620, 428, 5873, 290, 460, 4691, 355, 281, 1593, 2239, 3812, 15010, 257, 1877, 12, 29255, 3773, 290, 40975, 3298, 9917, 13, 1992, 12, 9509, 2486, 468, 17441, 257, 2260, 371, 3705, 286, 838, 1411, 416, 2321, 290, 1679, 1411, 416, 32190, 13, 554, 262, 8889, 286, 2717, 5531, 11, 2681, 2585, 290, 262, 5665, 286, 9309, 423, 4920, 1181, 12, 5715, 371, 3705, 5359, 11, 290, 2237, 3224, 2585, 423, 7952, 15713, 8744, 4661, 13, 6660, 11, 546, 4317, 1411, 286, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3265, 318, 3058, 739, 257, 15713, 8744, 14598, 393, 3061, 13, 198, 3041, 8103, 262, 2496, 900, 416, 597, 2099, 286, 15713, 15320, 3210, 4433, 10706, 49400, 290, 649, 11478, 11, 1865, 703, 284, 5120, 318, 257, 27154, 290, 2408, 2450, 4427, 13, 317, 19376, 1672, 318, 34502, 287, 8919, 11, 810, 1395, 5276, 6682, 290, 584, 7915, 20081, 389, 1762, 319, 257, 1628, 1444, 4476, 55, 12131, 284, 751, 517, 621, 13037, 4608, 286, 649, 11478, 287, 1502, 284, 1037, 1826, 262, 1181, 371, 3705, 13, 383, 1628, 318, 42398, 257, 4996, 286, 17648, 11, 543, 7766, 262, 8722, 326, 20796, 510, 15713, 8744, 3227, 318, 1884, 284, 1986, 13, 198, 3546, 32851, 34283, 284, 4476, 55, 12131, 290, 584, 4493, 2291, 6142, 11, 1171, 11, 290, 1964, 4786, 11, 1650, 278, 4934, 11, 8749, 7546, 9021, 11, 290, 6142, 2928, 21837, 13, 775, 481, 7301, 777, 2428, 994, 290, 11589, 2112, 584, 6459, 326, 1276, 307, 9469, 11, 884, 355, 257, 10617, 16433, 11, 10706, 1895, 11, 290, 1575, 7628, 329, 649, 5103, 13, 198, 6104, 996, 649, 5103, 286, 15713, 2568, 7291, 290, 11478, 3951, 4394, 2383, 6142, 4034, 960, 8201, 8868, 16325, 3623, 8971, 960, 1092, 649, 5103, 7476, 6476, 1171, 5471, 329, 19713, 11, 3034, 11, 393, 6142, 3840, 13, 48752, 21954, 2291, 4530, 326, 649, 5103, 26520, 82, 5009, 11, 12850, 3119, 3815, 11, 290, 714, 4419, 22700, 4693, 290, 35308, 13, 198, 3198, 1628, 326, 7452, 10095, 1171, 5471, 318, 262, 18479, 2344, 5318, 1444, 15725, 3086, 287, 15725, 18720, 11, 10140, 11, 287, 262, 399, 415, 38811, 9506, 13, 383, 1628, 373, 717, 5150, 287, 5878, 290, 663, 8517, 3377, 812, 4330, 1171, 3667, 326, 262, 5318, 561, 307, 257, 5874, 19597, 11, 22533, 2689, 19277, 284, 262, 3814, 11, 290, 16180, 10087, 11, 4220, 12, 67, 4053, 278, 5916, 4693, 11, 290, 8848, 16408, 13, 770, 2099, 286, 5471, 318, 6777, 1444, 262, 407, 12, 259, 12, 1820, 12, 1891, 9413, 14027, 11, 393, 399, 3955, 17513, 11, 543, 8477, 257, 2219, 13542, 329, 661, 284, 2661, 257, 1628, 1566, 340, 3264, 10975, 606, 13, 9699, 812, 706, 15725, 3086, 373, 5150, 11, 287, 3269, 3648, 11, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 29295, 874, 8549, 4809, 5668, 281, 6142, 2928, 2643, 290, 6325, 262, 2344, 5318, 11, 31083, 340, 561, 407, 423, 257, 2383, 11, 15727, 1245, 319, 15599, 11, 19277, 11, 393, 16408, 13, 27848, 2096, 1276, 307, 925, 284, 1111, 19386, 262, 1171, 447, 247, 82, 2328, 290, 13604, 578, 884, 2551, 12, 8601, 7767, 13, 198, 464, 6443, 284, 3660, 1096, 262, 10706, 290, 262, 2087, 25615, 284, 5249, 3298, 9917, 7238, 262, 761, 284, 719, 2952, 13, 10001, 10890, 22573, 1903, 287, 262, 2551, 12, 8601, 1429, 460, 1037, 4124, 1171, 5471, 284, 15713, 2568, 6884, 13, 14594, 351, 1180, 43742, 523, 326, 484, 1833, 262, 2568, 290, 3298, 9917, 4427, 290, 262, 7184, 290, 3034, 3349, 6443, 3917, 351, 3424, 2568, 6884, 460, 7716, 3744, 1104, 329, 777, 4493, 11, 1165, 13, 198, 3198, 4388, 1339, 2050, 318, 262, 8830, 1578, 1829, 13, 5747, 262, 4885, 40056, 447, 247, 5396, 290, 1981, 2585, 588, 7492, 423, 19855, 19189, 15446, 284, 4292, 15713, 2568, 5339, 319, 262, 10706, 13, 770, 614, 262, 370, 9273, 5611, 262, 4885, 29479, 540, 6682, 1168, 1952, 4935, 284, 13604, 578, 262, 2478, 290, 7585, 286, 3424, 290, 15713, 2568, 11, 290, 938, 614, 7492, 3804, 5520, 357, 16811, 1802, 8, 10616, 20081, 284, 5911, 15713, 2568, 4133, 290, 1410, 11478, 3951, 284, 19356, 883, 4133, 13, 1675, 9989, 777, 4493, 11, 370, 9273, 290, 7492, 423, 36385, 319, 9321, 10171, 13829, 7767, 284, 4155, 326, 13356, 10839, 423, 262, 3663, 284, 307, 2982, 13, 1081, 257, 1255, 11, 262, 2688, 318, 1642, 12411, 4371, 3812, 30580, 262, 3306, 15713, 2568, 11478, 6884, 13, 554, 6273, 11, 9589, 290, 7346, 7215, 12, 41120, 2585, 423, 1775, 5471, 17866, 625, 257, 11478, 20749, 22566, 11, 8384, 2233, 284, 262, 3092, 286, 6751, 18103, 351, 262, 1171, 290, 351, 1181, 290, 1957, 4773, 13, 198, 464, 6682, 7820, 2191, 286, 5075, 4433, 262, 4986, 286, 6682, 284, 32781, 2351, 12033, 13944, 41653, 2744, 6058, 669, 11, 393, 24947, 2767, 32274, 11, 287, 3006, 13456, 8744, 11478, 17778, 393, 28014, 13, 383, 1099, 635, 11455, 262, 5618, 6682, 38018, 4513, 736, 11338, 37820, 7386, 4934, 284, 7264, 13892, 329, 33078, 11478, 3951, 611, 257, 11478, 8517, 318, 407, 1498, 284, 2524, 257, 1627, 379, 262, 1181, 1241, 706, 257, 614, 393, 739, 1728, 584, 3403, 11, 290, 262, 1627, 318, 287, 281, 24947, 2767, 34, 13, 412, 19669, 7386, 4934, 3578, 262, 2717, 1230, 284, 17286, 393, 20957, 1181, 393, 1957, 5370, 319, 8744, 11478, 1650, 278, 287, 262, 1438, 286, 2260, 1393, 11, 772, 618, 6476, 21954, 422, 2585, 11, 1957, 871, 11, 393, 2839, 3119, 4393, 13, 2080, 428, 4934, 11, 262, 2717, 1230, 468, 5174, 734, 24947, 2767, 34, 32807, 11, 530, 287, 262, 24320, 17747, 286, 3354, 286, 8050, 3442, 290, 4885, 7943, 290, 262, 584, 287, 262, 7215, 12, 41120, 13, 198, 464, 7215, 12, 41120, 24947, 2767, 34, 32727, 1588, 3354, 286, 968, 1971, 11, 9589, 11, 19603, 11, 290, 10769, 11, 290, 468, 635, 7428, 2383, 5471, 13, 554, 9589, 11, 262, 24947, 2767, 34, 38932, 2026, 286, 262, 1181, 447, 247, 82, 8275, 14683, 11, 290, 3407, 9566, 5043, 11, 14240, 1956, 11, 6861, 35308, 11, 290, 2260, 14860, 13, 5856, 262, 1171, 2912, 2278, 11, 625, 362, 11, 830, 20616, 547, 8948, 16621, 2328, 625, 262, 20749, 11, 290, 262, 6287, 286, 1956, 16560, 4073, 10807, 1717, 28703, 695, 284, 6901, 262, 22566, 564, 250, 568, 3154, 355, 284, 307, 24513, 13, 447, 251, 1629, 1551, 1478, 15469, 10200, 7215, 12, 41120, 2585, 389, 635, 6886, 284, 262, 20749, 13, 1400, 7380, 621, 1115, 9024, 423, 587, 5495, 287, 3162, 284, 14634, 393, 13096, 262, 2717, 1230, 447, 247, 82, 37820, 7386, 4934, 287, 2882, 284, 262, 7215, 12, 41120, 24947, 2767, 34, 447, 247, 82, 22566, 13, 198, 4711, 6096, 14999, 1657, 319, 257, 36633, 284, 649, 11478, 290, 5270, 25, 383, 5358, 625, 2717, 9051, 1181, 12934, 625, 649, 11478, 4493, 290, 4934, 625, 1650, 278, 5370, 13, 13244, 29129, 428, 1808, 318, 17742, 284, 307, 11889, 27154, 290, 640, 12, 35873, 13, 6023, 13310, 5358, 318, 287, 262, 24320, 11, 810, 8050, 3442, 37448, 468, 5611, 257, 662, 12, 69, 4386, 18103, 1429, 351, 376, 47691, 287, 281, 3626, 284, 1382, 257, 649, 11478, 1627, 1022, 7943, 290, 8050, 3442, 706, 9894, 284, 3151, 4381, 546, 428, 649, 1627, 351, 7943, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 991, 881, 284, 307, 1760, 284, 15570, 670, 1022, 2717, 290, 1181, 4773, 284, 5004, 649, 11478, 32807, 13, 770, 318, 2592, 1593, 287, 1657, 286, 262, 3649, 3512, 329, 649, 11478, 284, 1826, 649, 8744, 3512, 11, 32411, 262, 10706, 11, 290, 15570, 14320, 15713, 8744, 284, 262, 10706, 13, 198, 5990, 2781, 20010, 2100, 43698, 198, 6610, 36633, 284, 1650, 278, 15713, 2568, 6884, 318, 326, 8749, 34054, 11, 3586, 11, 290, 2423, 7767, 389, 18326, 1973, 29364, 11, 14683, 11, 2585, 11, 290, 262, 2717, 1230, 13, 27848, 2096, 1276, 307, 10454, 276, 510, 284, 1205, 281, 11521, 4811, 329, 1762, 1973, 25281, 290, 2717, 5942, 284, 4155, 14622, 290, 9815, 2423, 290, 29256, 13, 317, 2344, 5318, 6961, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 714, 2121, 284, 597, 530, 286, 3624, 2717, 5942, 11, 475, 612, 318, 645, 39673, 1429, 329, 22080, 2223, 13, 6013, 278, 3744, 19877, 1973, 5942, 290, 1022, 1181, 290, 2717, 1230, 481, 307, 4688, 287, 1502, 284, 3151, 14742, 4661, 329, 15713, 2568, 23271, 287, 674, 12278, 5127, 13, 198, 818, 262, 1115, 812, 1201, 262, 6682, 7820, 2191, 286, 5075, 10085, 15713, 2568, 2478, 319, 2717, 1956, 11, 262, 9840, 286, 6379, 8549, 468, 1865, 284, 14762, 257, 2060, 17298, 6591, 393, 6591, 31392, 6841, 13, 12032, 11, 1141, 262, 3931, 286, 3648, 11, 262, 45188, 7482, 284, 5000, 16611, 6591, 5479, 319, 45188, 12, 39935, 1956, 1566, 340, 714, 3297, 503, 663, 6142, 8922, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 4086, 447, 247, 82, 7482, 41772, 373, 1138, 351, 28866, 298, 5402, 290, 262, 2551, 373, 17687, 1626, 1933, 13, 198, 6610, 1672, 1609, 1522, 287, 3267, 3648, 11, 618, 262, 2732, 286, 19614, 3414, 340, 14102, 257, 6118, 13849, 13272, 17677, 21983, 329, 4903, 49723, 5479, 319, 33710, 6898, 393, 5257, 1956, 26, 2158, 11, 262, 13272, 9985, 7732, 468, 4376, 4786, 546, 34573, 290, 1633, 3081, 12751, 5115, 262, 18468, 1797, 13, 198, 464, 6682, 7820, 2191, 286, 5075, 4433, 22080, 3626, 416, 262, 49431, 286, 14510, 11, 19497, 11, 3761, 11, 2568, 11, 290, 11087, 11, 287, 18103, 351, 376, 47691, 11, 584, 6905, 11, 11798, 11, 290, 584, 4609, 4671, 284, 32781, 2568, 32807, 329, 3056, 11, 3623, 11, 290, 17669, 31108, 355, 880, 355, 8744, 11478, 290, 6082, 7291, 319, 2717, 8604, 11, 287, 636, 287, 281, 284, 2230, 284, 4646, 2717, 1650, 278, 34283, 5924, 416, 2568, 6505, 13, 23413, 11, 262, 2717, 1230, 11032, 262, 2688, 12, 4421, 2568, 20749, 11, 543, 23687, 1973, 1367, 2585, 290, 8698, 3016, 513, 1510, 16051, 13, 4885, 2585, 326, 262, 20749, 10975, 423, 925, 2274, 6370, 284, 32980, 15713, 2568, 5270, 290, 11478, 11, 884, 355, 832, 262, 4885, 29479, 540, 6682, 1168, 1952, 4935, 13, 198, 464, 2688, 12, 4421, 22566, 468, 1138, 351, 1171, 5471, 780, 286, 3667, 340, 815, 423, 1813, 3744, 19086, 1634, 284, 15713, 8744, 11, 290, 326, 262, 2950, 2717, 5942, 750, 407, 22668, 5725, 7915, 393, 1957, 12066, 878, 4441, 262, 2568, 32807, 319, 6861, 2717, 8604, 11, 884, 355, 968, 5828, 447, 247, 82, 1001, 2991, 1616, 64, 2351, 18006, 22433, 11, 10202, 447, 247, 82, 5675, 520, 958, 7442, 12, 47051, 282, 12427, 2351, 33075, 11, 290, 943, 2052, 2351, 3250, 13, 770, 1998, 1838, 340, 1598, 326, 612, 389, 867, 15369, 284, 2074, 355, 356, 1205, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 2568, 4133, 13, 2893, 2408, 7747, 1022, 24916, 15369, 481, 2555, 284, 15058, 11, 612, 481, 635, 307, 6443, 284, 2209, 777, 6459, 355, 4040, 284, 5046, 510, 15713, 2568, 5120, 13, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 4661, 286, 649, 15713, 2568, 6884, 290, 6493, 12278, 10706, 11115, 284, 2018, 3006, 286, 1029, 15713, 2568, 2785, 284, 7652, 286, 262, 1499, 351, 262, 6000, 3512, 318, 284, 5963, 262, 6142, 3061, 286, 8868, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 16325, 3623, 8971, 290, 284, 15570, 257, 6482, 284, 257, 1877, 12, 29255, 3773, 13, 383, 3337, 329, 1605, 18387, 468, 7189, 326, 2717, 29256, 286, 649, 4493, 326, 2421, 6142, 2928, 6299, 739, 262, 2351, 13272, 7820, 2191, 815, 407, 691, 2074, 16325, 3623, 8971, 7186, 422, 883, 4493, 11, 475, 635, 262, 13301, 12751, 286, 3298, 9917, 319, 777, 4493, 284, 4155, 4497, 4581, 286, 14776, 5054, 13, 6660, 11, 618, 20261, 1028, 1029, 12, 29255, 2568, 2478, 4493, 11, 15713, 4493, 815, 307, 23312, 1813, 3298, 9917, 18506, 13, 6430, 649, 5103, 290, 2478, 31338, 423, 6142, 12751, 11, 290, 6142, 2423, 318, 35669, 284, 1833, 257, 1628, 447, 247, 82, 2928, 319, 3288, 35308, 290, 15599, 11, 22700, 4693, 11, 1660, 5127, 11, 1660, 3081, 11, 290, 1633, 3081, 13, 4280, 3279, 1276, 307, 3177, 1813, 9001, 900, 416, 262, 5268, 19041, 28540, 2191, 290, 262, 5985, 5638, 2191, 11, 1871, 1854, 13, 198, 24661, 262, 13272, 9985, 7732, 7728, 326, 262, 12660, 15937, 416, 262, 19614, 2732, 960, 1169, 18468, 1797, 4750, 2029, 960, 22437, 407, 22668, 2074, 4903, 49723, 2568, 447, 247, 82, 1245, 319, 1660, 3081, 13, 554, 262, 5242, 286, 16051, 5174, 416, 262, 40722, 329, 4903, 49723, 2478, 11, 612, 389, 2242, 14839, 361, 364, 326, 661, 4745, 319, 329, 7722, 1660, 13, 7413, 3867, 2651, 319, 257, 1588, 5046, 11, 262, 10193, 11673, 356, 761, 257, 10017, 4547, 286, 611, 290, 703, 881, 1660, 5127, 714, 307, 34069, 357, 31722, 287, 262, 2688, 737, 198, 9590, 11, 262, 6142, 2928, 286, 15713, 2568, 318, 6108, 284, 307, 1290, 1342, 621, 326, 286, 12584, 18017, 11, 3573, 287, 2846, 286, 1660, 15220, 290, 1956, 30497, 13, 29479, 540, 8744, 12, 8612, 803, 8514, 389, 6108, 284, 779, 11192, 286, 13188, 286, 23239, 1342, 1660, 621, 21969, 2577, 801, 1173, 1176, 6134, 13, 12896, 9691, 318, 6108, 284, 10114, 7337, 11, 830, 43025, 286, 471, 13, 50, 13, 1956, 1123, 614, 13, 554, 6273, 11, 257, 2732, 286, 6682, 8883, 326, 34035, 703, 284, 12831, 1160, 1411, 286, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 8744, 422, 2344, 1176, 416, 25054, 5644, 326, 2344, 15893, 561, 2728, 257, 530, 12, 2435, 19911, 286, 1802, 11, 830, 284, 8646, 11, 830, 43025, 13, 1320, 318, 11, 611, 484, 2314, 307, 264, 863, 319, 4271, 24069, 8604, 11, 884, 355, 564, 250, 33282, 3245, 447, 251, 5043, 13, 3442, 468, 6241, 257, 12741, 329, 1650, 278, 649, 15713, 2568, 5270, 319, 7586, 3245, 5043, 780, 302, 3500, 262, 1956, 12850, 6142, 27486, 11, 290, 262, 3442, 6682, 4513, 12802, 284, 766, 6142, 34054, 326, 24034, 428, 4414, 13, 198, 32, 10617, 16433, 11, 10706, 1895, 11, 290, 262, 1808, 286, 1575, 7628, 389, 3224, 6459, 284, 2209, 13, 198, 8332, 262, 1964, 1393, 11, 17131, 11, 290, 14564, 284, 2710, 696, 674, 2568, 290, 8744, 6884, 11, 356, 423, 407, 1865, 22668, 13356, 287, 36045, 257, 10454, 276, 12, 929, 3424, 2568, 290, 11478, 16433, 11, 1390, 12037, 11, 11372, 11, 290, 5103, 3259, 13, 317, 4793, 2050, 416, 262, 2351, 29479, 540, 6682, 3498, 5174, 262, 18772, 286, 4678, 290, 3047, 355, 257, 3756, 1729, 12, 47944, 13054, 6666, 257, 49936, 287, 262, 2003, 3349, 286, 262, 15713, 2568, 290, 2568, 12, 45888, 11798, 13, 770, 3957, 4678, 18772, 318, 14963, 772, 355, 262, 1605, 5094, 4333, 5396, 3136, 326, 2063, 286, 1459, 10361, 3259, 481, 8058, 1626, 262, 1306, 5707, 13, 7820, 6620, 1276, 670, 284, 21210, 428, 41688, 832, 9815, 1877, 12, 29255, 2568, 290, 16433, 3047, 4056, 13, 198, 1135, 423, 262, 3663, 284, 2251, 257, 4988, 2260, 8744, 10706, 326, 42699, 15713, 2568, 1895, 13, 16888, 11, 356, 466, 407, 423, 530, 11, 1588, 10706, 26, 356, 423, 1115, 11, 4553, 7915, 50000, 1444, 4225, 8443, 82, 960, 1169, 4885, 4225, 8443, 11, 262, 8345, 4225, 8443, 11, 290, 262, 3936, 4225, 8443, 13, 383, 1459, 5339, 284, 21937, 8744, 1973, 987, 8443, 82, 318, 845, 3614, 13, 8447, 262, 10706, 447, 247, 82, 1459, 4645, 24059, 2585, 351, 23263, 6591, 393, 2344, 2568, 422, 39573, 1588, 6867, 286, 428, 1176, 1022, 987, 8443, 82, 11, 257, 6276, 13054, 284, 32331, 8744, 284, 810, 340, 714, 307, 749, 2622, 13, 198, 4834, 82, 870, 15713, 2568, 1895, 284, 11478, 6884, 960, 25687, 6884, 355, 880, 355, 649, 11478, 3951, 960, 271, 1194, 23602, 13, 2142, 286, 428, 4427, 4433, 3440, 11812, 1022, 15713, 290, 4569, 4237, 13, 4362, 15713, 8744, 318, 281, 11823, 1910, 351, 4713, 10544, 11, 1728, 2568, 9549, 423, 1865, 284, 32980, 15713, 8744, 290, 389, 287, 262, 1429, 286, 4673, 262, 1266, 7605, 284, 19386, 15713, 2568, 11, 2592, 1201, 340, 318, 1690, 281, 38361, 2723, 13, 6430, 11478, 3951, 389, 287, 1029, 3512, 11, 290, 649, 11478, 7686, 635, 761, 284, 307, 3170, 503, 13, 1081, 262, 1672, 286, 262, 2688, 12, 4421, 20749, 21290, 11, 15713, 2568, 991, 2476, 284, 14740, 355, 257, 8475, 287, 5410, 9539, 523, 326, 340, 318, 407, 36327, 287, 2846, 286, 22534, 11478, 5339, 13, 198, 11158, 11, 20081, 11, 6505, 11, 290, 29484, 423, 284, 5409, 703, 284, 14983, 3484, 290, 2251, 257, 1410, 284, 1414, 329, 15713, 2568, 11478, 6884, 13, 10358, 8744, 2494, 45773, 508, 4414, 766, 257, 3731, 2620, 287, 4536, 11, 393, 815, 257, 15713, 2568, 12, 38532, 18708, 307, 1223, 326, 14086, 1037, 1814, 287, 262, 3744, 1393, 286, 511, 1181, 11, 3814, 11, 393, 3277, 30, 3423, 11, 1165, 11, 356, 743, 761, 11044, 290, 257, 2260, 3164, 284, 1917, 18120, 13, 198, 48485, 10064, 329, 2494, 7628, 31935, 262, 3484, 286, 649, 4493, 284, 883, 2494, 1414, 364, 508, 4414, 11, 475, 428, 7915, 20157, 286, 3484, 743, 407, 307, 6751, 618, 262, 4034, 286, 6596, 17843, 290, 3744, 779, 286, 3424, 2568, 389, 4034, 326, 697, 24508, 284, 262, 3277, 379, 1588, 11, 393, 262, 8354, 286, 262, 4034, 318, 881, 4025, 621, 597, 2060, 10361, 393, 2139, 1989, 13, 554, 777, 2663, 11, 612, 743, 307, 1913, 3840, 329, 257, 2717, 7901, 284, 1011, 319, 262, 3484, 286, 25485, 674, 12278, 6884, 284, 2148, 257, 4988, 2260, 3424, 2568, 3127, 13, 22250, 286, 262, 8713, 6323, 286, 428, 1808, 11, 340, 318, 257, 1474, 18979, 326, 13097, 15435, 290, 2450, 4899, 481, 307, 1593, 3867, 2651, 13, 198, 5122, 3773, 318, 287, 5876, 11, 290, 257, 4858, 4896, 287, 3424, 2568, 1276, 307, 636, 286, 262, 4610, 13, 775, 389, 287, 761, 286, 1688, 11115, 284, 46834, 378, 5348, 11, 2251, 649, 5939, 290, 3957, 11798, 11, 290, 2251, 3946, 25448, 674, 6884, 13, 1629, 262, 976, 640, 356, 635, 761, 284, 1011, 2383, 4831, 284, 4646, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 16325, 3623, 8971, 13, 198, 18165, 447, 247, 82, 8744, 10706, 318, 257, 8826, 16246, 286, 674, 2260, 2324, 5353, 290, 674, 2568, 290, 3034, 2324, 355, 880, 11, 1865, 340, 460, 307, 257, 12465, 2723, 286, 12141, 329, 2253, 447, 247, 82, 4437, 286, 11044, 11, 290, 257, 922, 835, 284, 1325, 287, 257, 517, 32757, 2003, 13, 317, 3424, 2568, 3773, 318, 407, 691, 1365, 329, 262, 2858, 11, 475, 340, 318, 635, 517, 3660, 11, 517, 6942, 11, 14178, 11, 290, 13536, 12465, 1575, 10653, 329, 1605, 3259, 290, 511, 11390, 13, 1081, 262, 2486, 3662, 5621, 663, 15369, 11, 340, 1276, 1011, 257, 1969, 804, 379, 649, 15713, 8744, 5270, 290, 262, 6190, 11478, 326, 481, 307, 2672, 284, 1011, 2344, 11, 6591, 11, 290, 4903, 49723, 284, 257, 2260, 5046, 13, 1081, 262, 3662, 26614, 649, 3352, 329, 6884, 11, 1230, 379, 477, 9539, 1276, 307, 7953, 287, 4917, 649, 8136, 290, 649, 6443, 329, 12438, 284, 1826, 674, 4888, 2260, 1393, 287, 2615, 257, 4077, 11, 32757, 11, 290, 21266, 1877, 12, 29255, 3773, 13, 198, 13409, 5176, 284, 1709, 441, 268, 42476, 290, 14533, 45655, 13, 198, 10002, 428, 989, 357, 12315, 8, 198, 5569, 517, 546, 674, 2568, 2450, 319, 262, 6682, 290, 9344, 2443, 13, 198, 2514, 2740, 351, 674, 6154, 319, 428, 7243, 11, 3387, 2800, 25, 198, 18557, 25, 24721, 15722, 357, 13926, 88, 11, 3707, 11, 1535, 1337, 11, 2485, 12, 37502, 14196, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 22, 3901, 13, 21, 26279, 393, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 18557, 25, 15397, 911, 10486, 357, 38823, 2450, 290, 2260, 2324, 11, 2568, 11, 9916, 2428, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 40271, 13, 22, 20964, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 198, 18557, 25, 12969, 27042, 357, 47620, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 29059, 13, 5066, 1120, 393, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 18557, 25, 4627, 4470, 39675, 357, 25878, 338, 2428, 11, 8098, 11, 16027, 18387, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 22, 3901, 13, 21, 27019, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 198, 18557, 25, 309, 34183, 943, 5266, 72, 357, 43584, 3303, 290, 9450, 2056, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 22, 3901, 13, 21, 25600, 393, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 6849, 25, 33127, 11582, 198, 19004, 13, 38783, 13, 2075, 2425, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 198, 26093, 25, 4627, 4470, 39675, 198, 19004, 13, 22, 3901, 13, 21, 27019, 393, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 13908, 25, 23174, 18914, 198, 19004, 13, 40271, 13, 6659, 1129, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	3,934
Every generation has to reinvent the practice of computer programming. In the 1950s the key innovations were programming languages such as Fortran and Lisp. The 1960s and '70s saw a crusade to root out "spaghetti code" and replace it with "structured programming." Since the 1980s software development has been dominated by a methodology known as object-oriented programming, or OOP. Now there are signs that OOP may be running out of oomph, and discontented programmers are once again casting about for the next big idea. It's time to look at what might await us in the post-OOP era (apart from an unfortunate acronym). The Tar Pit The architects of the earliest computer systems gave little thought to software. (The very word was still a decade in the future.) Building the machine itself was the serious intellectual challenge; converting mathematical formulas into program statements looked like a routine clerical task. The awful truth came out soon enough. Maurice V. Wilkes, who wrote what may have been the first working computer program, had his personal epiphany in 1949, when "the realization came over me with full force that a good part of the remainder of my life was going to be spent in finding errors in my own programs." Half a century later, we're still debugging. The very first programs were written in pure binary notation: Both data and instructions had to be encoded in long, featureless strings of 1s and 0s. Moreover, it was up to the programmer to keep track of where everything was stored in the machine's memory. Before you could call a subroutine, you had to calculate its address. The technology that lifted these burdens from the programmer was assembly language, in which raw binary codes were replaced by symbols such as load, store, add, sub. The symbols were translated into binary by a program called an assembler, which also calculated addresses. This was the first of many instances in which the computer was recruited to help with its own programming. Assembly language was a crucial early advance, but still the programmer had to keep in mind all the minutiae in the instruction set of a specific computer. Evaluating a short mathematical expression such as x2+y2 might require dozens of assembly-language instructions. Higher-level languages freed the programmer to think in terms of variables and equations rather than registers and addresses. In Fortran, for example, x2+y2 would be written simply as X2+Y2. Expressions of this kind are translated into binary form by a program called a compiler. With Fortran and the languages that followed, programmers finally had the tools they needed to get into really serious trouble. By the 1960s large software projects were notorious for being late, overbudget and buggy; soon came the appalling news that the cost of software was overtaking that of hardware. Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., who managed the OS/360 software program at IBM, called large-system programming a "tar pit" and remarked, "Everyone seems to have been surprised by the stickiness of the problem." One response to this crisis was structured programming, a reform movement whose manifesto was Edsger W. Dijkstra's brief letter to the editor titled "Go to statement considered harmful." Structured programs were to be built out of subunits that have a single entrance point and a single exit (eschewing the goto command, which allows jumps into or out of the middle of a routine). Three such constructs were recommended: sequencing (do A, then B, then C), alternation (either do A or do B) and iteration (repeat A until some condition is satisfied). Corrado Böhm and Giuseppe Jacopini proved that these three idioms are sufficient to express essentially all programs. Structured programming came packaged with a number of related principles and imperatives. Top-down design and stepwise refinement urged the programmer to set forth the broad outlines of a procedure first and only later fill in the details. Modularity called for self-contained units with simple interfaces between them. Encapsulation, or data hiding, required that the internal workings of a module be kept private, so that later changes to the module would not affect other areas of the program. All of these ideas have proved their worth and remain a part of software practice today. But they did not rescue programmers from the tar pit. Nouns and Verbs The true history of software development is not a straight line but a meandering river with dozens of branches. Some of the tributaries—functional programming, declarative programming, methods based on formal proofs of correctness—are no less interesting than the mainstream, but here I have room to explore only one channel: object- Consider a program for manipulating simple geometric figures. In a non-OOP environment, you might begin by writing a series of procedures with names such as rotate, scale, reflect, calculate-area, calculate-perimeter. Each of these verblike procedures could be applied to triangles, squares, circles and many other shapes; the figures themselves are nounlike entities embodied in data structures separate from the procedures. For example, a triangle might by represented by an array of three vertices, where each vertex is a pair of x and y coordinates. Applying the rotate procedure to this data structure would alter the coordinates and thereby turn the triangle. What's the matter with this scheme? One likely source of trouble is that the procedures and the data structures are separate but interdependent. If you change your mind about the implementation of triangles—perhaps using a linked list of points instead of an array—you must remember to change all the procedures that might ever be applied to a triangle. Also, choosing different representations for some of the figures becomes awkward. If you describe a circle in terms of a center and a radius rather than a set of vertices, all the procedures have to treat circles as a special case. Yet another pitfall is that the data structures are public property, and the procedures that share them may not always play nicely together. A figure altered by one procedure might no longer be valid input for another. Object-oriented programming addresses these issues by packing both data and procedures—both nouns and verbs—into a single object. An object named triangle would have inside it some data structure representing a three-sided shape, but it would also include the procedures (called methods in this context) for acting on the data. To rotate a triangle, you send a message to the triangle object, telling it to rotate itself. Sending and receiving messages is the only way objects communicate with one another; outsiders are not allowed direct access to the data. Because only the object's own methods know about the internal data structures, it's easier to keep them in sync. This scheme would not have much appeal if every time you wanted to create a triangle, you had to write out all the necessary data structures and methods—but that's not how it works. You define the class triangle just once; individual triangles are created as instances of the class. A mechanism called inheritance takes this idea a step further. You might define a more-general class polygon, which would have triangle as a subclass, along with other subclasses such as quadrilateral, pentagon and hexagon. Some methods would be common to all polygons; one example is the calculation of perimeter, which can be done by adding the lengths of the sides, no matter how many sides there are. If you define the method calculate-perimeter in the class polygon, all the subclasses inherit this code. Object-oriented programming traces its heritage back to simula, a programming language devised in the 1960s by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Some object-oriented ideas were also anticipated by David L. Parnas. And the Sketchpad system of Ivan Sutherland was yet another source of inspiration. The various threads came together when Alan Kay and his colleagues created the Smalltalk language at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s. Within a decade several more object-oriented languages were in use, most notably Bjarne Stroustrup's C++, and later Java. Object-oriented features have also been retrofitted onto older languages, such as Lisp. As OOP has transformed the way programs are written, there has also been a major shift in the nature of the programs themselves. In the software-engineering literature of the 1960s and '70s, example programs tend to have a sausage-grinder structure: Inputs enter at one end, and outputs emerge at the other. An example is a compiler, which transforms source code into machine code. Programs written in this style have not disappeared, but they are no longer the center of attention. The emphasis now is on interactive software with a graphical user interface. Programming manuals for object-oriented languages are all about windows and menus and mouse clicks. In other words, OOP is not just a different solution; it also solves a different problem. Aspects and Objects Most of the post-OOP initiatives do not aim to supplant object-oriented programming; they seek to refine or improve or reinvigorate it. A case in point is aspect-oriented programming, or AOP. The classic challenge in writing object-oriented programs is finding the right decomposition into classes and objects. Returning to the example of a program for playing with geometric figures, a typical instance of the class pentagon might look like this: . But this object is also a pentagon: . And so is this: . To accommodate the differences between these figures, you could introduce subclasses of pentagon—perhaps named convex-pentagon, non-convex-pentagon and five-pointed-star. But then you would have to do the same thing for hexagons, heptagons and so forth, which soon becomes tedious. Moreover, this classification would give you no way to write methods that apply, say, to all convex polygons but to no others. An alternative decomposition would divide the polygon class into convex-polygon and non-convex-polygon, then subdivide the latter class into simple-polygon and self-intersecting-polygon. With this choice, however, you lose the ability to address all five-sided figures as a group. One solution to this quandary is multiple inheritance—allowing a class to have more than one parent. Thus a five-pointed star could be a subclass both of pentagon and of self-intersecting-polygon and could inherit methods from both. The wisdom of this arrangement is a matter of eternal controversy in the OOP community. Aspect-oriented programming takes another approach to dealing with "crosscutting" issues that cannot easily be arranged in a treelike hierarchy. An example in the geometry program might be the need to update a display window every time a figure is moved or modified. The straightforward OOP solution is to have each method that changes the appearance of a figure (such as rotate or scale) send a message to a display-manager object, telling the display what needs to be redrawn. But hundreds of methods could send such messages. Even apart from the boredom of writing the same code over and over, there is the worry that the interface to the display manager might change someday, requiring many methods to be revised. The AOP answer is to isolate the display-update "aspect" of the program in a module of its own. The programmer writes one instance of the code that calls for a display update, along with a specification of all the occasions on which that code is to be invoked—for example, whenever a rotate method is executed. Then even though the text of the rotate method does not mention display updating, the appropriate message is sent at the appropriate time. An AOP system called AspectJ, developed by Gregor Kiczales and a group of colleagues at Xerox PARC, works as an extension of the Java language. AOP is particularly attractive for implementing ubiquitous tasks such as error-handling, the logging of events, and synchronizing multiple threads of execution, which might otherwise be scattered throughout a program. But there are dissenting views. Jörg Kienzle and Rachid Guerraoui report on an attempt to build a transaction- processing system with AspectJ, where the key requirement is that transactions be executed completely or not at all (so that the system cannot debit one account without crediting another). They found it difficult to cleanly isolate this property as an aspect. Surely the most obvious place to look for help with programming a computer is the computer itself. If Fortran can be compiled into machine code, then why not transform some higher-level description or specification directly into a ready-to-run program? This is an old dream. It lives on under names such as generative programming, metaprogramming and intentional programming. In general, fully automatic programming remains beyond our reach, but there is one area where the idea has solid theoretical underpinnings as well as a record of practical success: in the building of compilers. Instead of hand-crafting a compiler for a specific programming language, the common practice is to write a grammar for the language and then generate the compiler with a program called a compiler compiler. (The best-known of these programs is Yacc, which stands for "yet another compiler compiler.") Generative programming would adapt this model to other domains. For example, a program generator for the kind of software that controls printers and other peripheral devices would accept a grammar-like description of the device and produce an appropriately specialized program. Another kind of generator might assemble "protocol stacks" for computer networking. Krzysztof Czarnecki and Ulrich W. Eisenecker compare a generative-programming system to a factory for manufacturing automobiles. Building the factory is more work than building a single car by hand, but the factory can produce thousands of cars. Moreover, if the factory is designed well, it can turn out many different models just by changing the specifications. Likewise generative programming would create families of programs tailored to diverse circumstances but all assembled from similar components. The Quality Without a Name Another new programming methodology draws its inspiration from an unexpected quarter. Although the term "computer architecture" goes back to the dawn of the industry, it was nonetheless a surprise when a band of software designers became disciples of a bricks-and-steel architect, Christopher Alexander. Even Alexander was surprised. Alexander is known for the enigmatic thesis that well-designed buildings and towns must have "the quality without a name." He explains: "The fact that this quality cannot be named does not mean that it is vague or imprecise. It is impossible to name because it is unerringly precise." Does that answer your question? Even if the quality had a name, it's not clear how one would turn it into a prescription for building good houses—or good software. Fortunately, Alexander is more explicit elsewhere in his writings. He urges architects to exploit recurrent patterns observed in both problems and solutions. For the pattern of events labeled "watching the world go by," a good solution is probably going to look something like a front porch. Taken over into the world of software, this approach leads to a catalogue of design patterns for solving specific, recurring problems in object-oriented programming. For example, a pattern named Bridge deals with the problem of setting up communications between two objects that may not know of each other's existence at the time a program is written. A pattern named Composite handles the situation where a single object and a collection of multiple objects have to be given the same status, as is often the case with files and directories of files. Over the past 10 years a sizable community has grown up around the pattern idea. There are dozens of books, web sites and an annual conference called Pattern Languages of Programming, or PLoP. Compared with earlier reform movements in computing, the pattern community sounds a little unfocused and New Age. Whereas structured programming was founded on a proof that three specific structures suffice to express all algorithms, there is nothing resembling such a proof to justify the selection of ideas included in catalogues of design patterns. As a matter of fact, the whole idea of proofs seems to be out of favor in the pattern community. Software Jeremiahs usually preach that programming should be an engineering profession, guided by standards analogous to building codes, or else it should be a branch of applied mathematics, with programs constructed like mathematical proofs. The pattern movement rejects both of these ideals and suggests instead that programmers are like carpenters or stonemasons—stewards of a body of knowledge gained by experience and passed along by tradition and apprenticeship. This is a movement of practitioners, not academics. Pattern advocates express particular contempt for the notion that programming might someday be taken over entirely by the computer. Automating a craft, they argue, is not only infeasible but also undesirable. The rhetoric of the pattern movement may sound like the ranting of a fringe group, but pattern methods have been adopted in several large organizations producing large—and successful—software systems. (When you make a phone call, you may well be relying on the work of programmers seeking out the quality without a name.) Moreover, beyond the rhetoric, the writings of the software-patterns community can be quite down-to-earth and pragmatic. If the pattern community is on the radical fringe, how far out is extreme programming (or, as it is sometimes spelled, eXtreme programming)? For the leaders of this movement, the issue is not so much the nature of the software itself but the way programming projects are organized and managed. They want to peel away layers of bureaucracy and jettison most of the stages of analysis, planning, testing, review and documentation that slow down software development. Just let programmers program! The recommended protocol is to work in pairs, two programmers huddling over a single keyboard, checking their own work as they go along. Is it a fad? A cult? Although the name may evoke a culture of body piercing and bungee jumping, extreme programming seems to have gained a foothold among the pinstriped suits. The first major project completed under the method was a payroll system for a transnational automobile manufacturer. Ask Me About My OOP Diet Frederick Brooks, who wrote of the tar pit in the 1960s, followed up in 1987 with an essay on the futility of seeking a "silver bullet," a single magical remedy for all of software's ills. Techniques such as object-oriented programming might alleviate "accidental difficulties" of software development, he said, but the essential complexity cannot be wished away. This pronouncement that the disease is incurable made everyone feel better. But it deterred no one from proposing remedies. After several weeks' immersion in the how-to-program literature, I am reminded of the shelves upon shelves of diet books in the self-help department of my local bookstore. In saying this I mean no disrespect to either genre. Most diet books, somewhere deep inside, offer sound advice: Eat less, exercise more. Most programming manuals also give wise counsel: Modularize, encapsulate. But surveying the hundreds of titles in both categories leaves me with a nagging doubt: The very multiplicity of answers undermines them all. Isn't it likely that we'd all be thinner, and we'd all have better software, if there were just one true diet, and one true programming methodology? Maybe that day will come. In the meantime, I'm going on a spaghetti-code diet. © Brian Hayes	[ 6109, 5270, 468, 284, 36608, 262, 3357, 286, 3644, 8300, 13, 554, 262, 11445, 82, 262, 1994, 25438, 547, 8300, 8950, 884, 355, 6401, 2596, 290, 38593, 13, 383, 9507, 82, 290, 705, 2154, 82, 2497, 257, 39856, 284, 6808, 503, 366, 2777, 35812, 2438, 1, 290, 6330, 340, 351, 366, 7249, 1522, 8300, 526, 4619, 262, 7169, 82, 3788, 2478, 468, 587, 13354, 416, 257, 20411, 1900, 355, 2134, 12, 17107, 8300, 11, 393, 440, 3185, 13, 2735, 612, 389, 5895, 326, 440, 3185, 743, 307, 2491, 503, 286, 267, 296, 746, 11, 290, 16141, 4714, 24867, 389, 1752, 757, 13092, 546, 329, 262, 1306, 1263, 2126, 13, 632, 338, 640, 284, 804, 379, 644, 1244, 25507, 514, 287, 262, 1281, 12, 46, 3185, 6980, 357, 499, 433, 422, 281, 14855, 38787, 737, 198, 464, 14110, 16889, 198, 464, 29518, 286, 262, 14555, 3644, 3341, 2921, 1310, 1807, 284, 3788, 13, 357, 464, 845, 1573, 373, 991, 257, 5707, 287, 262, 2003, 2014, 11819, 262, 4572, 2346, 373, 262, 2726, 9028, 4427, 26, 23202, 18069, 32126, 656, 1430, 6299, 3114, 588, 257, 8027, 13451, 605, 4876, 13, 383, 12659, 3872, 1625, 503, 2582, 1576, 13, 32839, 569, 13, 5187, 5209, 11, 508, 2630, 644, 743, 423, 587, 262, 717, 1762, 3644, 1430, 11, 550, 465, 2614, 2462, 49915, 287, 24977, 11, 618, 366, 1169, 23258, 1625, 625, 502, 351, 1336, 2700, 326, 257, 922, 636, 286, 262, 17675, 286, 616, 1204, 373, 1016, 284, 307, 3377, 287, 4917, 8563, 287, 616, 898, 4056, 526, 13139, 257, 4289, 1568, 11, 356, 821, 991, 28769, 13, 198, 464, 845, 717, 4056, 547, 3194, 287, 5899, 13934, 33274, 25, 5747, 1366, 290, 7729, 550, 284, 307, 30240, 287, 890, 11, 3895, 1203, 13042, 286, 352, 82, 290, 657, 82, 13, 10968, 11, 340, 373, 510, 284, 262, 24292, 284, 1394, 2610, 286, 810, 2279, 373, 8574, 287, 262, 4572, 338, 4088, 13, 7413, 345, 714, 869, 257, 850, 81, 28399, 11, 345, 550, 284, 15284, 663, 2209, 13, 198, 464, 3037, 326, 13663, 777, 27127, 422, 262, 24292, 373, 10474, 3303, 11, 287, 543, 8246, 13934, 12416, 547, 6928, 416, 14354, 884, 355, 3440, 11, 3650, 11, 751, 11, 850, 13, 383, 14354, 547, 14251, 656, 13934, 416, 257, 1430, 1444, 281, 11156, 1754, 11, 543, 635, 10488, 9405, 13, 770, 373, 262, 717, 286, 867, 10245, 287, 543, 262, 3644, 373, 18774, 284, 1037, 351, 663, 898, 8300, 13, 198, 49670, 3303, 373, 257, 8780, 1903, 5963, 11, 475, 991, 262, 24292, 550, 284, 1394, 287, 2000, 477, 262, 949, 315, 33100, 287, 262, 12064, 900, 286, 257, 2176, 3644, 13, 26439, 11927, 257, 1790, 18069, 5408, 884, 355, 2124, 17, 10, 88, 17, 1244, 2421, 9264, 286, 10474, 12, 16129, 7729, 13, 16038, 12, 5715, 8950, 13459, 262, 24292, 284, 892, 287, 2846, 286, 9633, 290, 27490, 2138, 621, 28441, 290, 9405, 13, 554, 6401, 2596, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 2124, 17, 10, 88, 17, 561, 307, 3194, 2391, 355, 1395, 1174, 17, 10, 56, 1174, 17, 13, 10604, 507, 286, 428, 1611, 389, 14251, 656, 13934, 1296, 416, 257, 1430, 1444, 257, 17050, 13, 198, 3152, 6401, 2596, 290, 262, 8950, 326, 3940, 11, 24867, 3443, 550, 262, 4899, 484, 2622, 284, 651, 656, 1107, 2726, 5876, 13, 2750, 262, 9507, 82, 1588, 3788, 4493, 547, 18192, 329, 852, 2739, 11, 625, 37315, 290, 46542, 26, 2582, 1625, 262, 34130, 1705, 326, 262, 1575, 286, 3788, 373, 9929, 868, 326, 286, 6890, 13, 26113, 350, 13, 17704, 11, 7504, 1539, 508, 5257, 262, 7294, 14, 15277, 3788, 1430, 379, 19764, 11, 1444, 1588, 12, 10057, 8300, 257, 366, 18870, 6028, 1, 290, 24998, 11, 366, 16190, 2331, 284, 423, 587, 6655, 416, 262, 4859, 1272, 286, 262, 1917, 526, 198, 3198, 2882, 284, 428, 4902, 373, 20793, 8300, 11, 257, 4975, 3356, 3025, 29960, 373, 1717, 82, 1362, 370, 13, 360, 45961, 12044, 338, 4506, 3850, 284, 262, 5464, 11946, 366, 5247, 284, 2643, 3177, 13568, 526, 32112, 1522, 4056, 547, 284, 307, 3170, 503, 286, 850, 41667, 326, 423, 257, 2060, 10384, 966, 290, 257, 2060, 8420, 357, 274, 2395, 5469, 262, 43197, 3141, 11, 543, 3578, 18045, 656, 393, 503, 286, 262, 3504, 286, 257, 8027, 737, 7683, 884, 34175, 547, 7151, 25, 32841, 357, 4598, 317, 11, 788, 347, 11, 788, 327, 828, 3983, 341, 357, 31336, 466, 317, 393, 466, 347, 8, 290, 24415, 357, 44754, 317, 1566, 617, 4006, 318, 11378, 737, 2744, 81, 4533, 347, 9101, 23940, 290, 8118, 1904, 27768, 8445, 404, 5362, 8302, 326, 777, 1115, 46205, 3150, 389, 6751, 284, 4911, 6986, 477, 4056, 13, 198, 44909, 1522, 8300, 1625, 25555, 351, 257, 1271, 286, 3519, 7811, 290, 11071, 2929, 13, 5849, 12, 2902, 1486, 290, 2239, 3083, 47517, 11643, 262, 24292, 284, 900, 6071, 262, 3154, 27430, 286, 257, 8771, 717, 290, 691, 1568, 6070, 287, 262, 3307, 13, 3401, 33737, 1444, 329, 2116, 12, 45964, 4991, 351, 2829, 20314, 1022, 606, 13, 14711, 1686, 1741, 11, 393, 1366, 11816, 11, 2672, 326, 262, 5387, 35084, 286, 257, 8265, 307, 4030, 2839, 11, 523, 326, 1568, 2458, 284, 262, 8265, 561, 407, 2689, 584, 3006, 286, 262, 1430, 13, 1439, 286, 777, 4213, 423, 8302, 511, 2861, 290, 3520, 257, 636, 286, 3788, 3357, 1909, 13, 887, 484, 750, 407, 9992, 24867, 422, 262, 13422, 6028, 13, 198, 45, 977, 82, 290, 4643, 1443, 198, 464, 2081, 2106, 286, 3788, 2478, 318, 407, 257, 3892, 1627, 475, 257, 502, 42454, 7850, 351, 9264, 286, 13737, 13, 2773, 286, 262, 256, 2455, 3166, 960, 45124, 8300, 11, 2377, 283, 876, 8300, 11, 5050, 1912, 319, 8766, 39197, 286, 29409, 960, 533, 645, 1342, 3499, 621, 262, 8661, 11, 475, 994, 314, 423, 2119, 284, 7301, 691, 530, 6518, 25, 2134, 12, 198, 19626, 257, 1430, 329, 29349, 2829, 38445, 5538, 13, 554, 257, 1729, 12, 46, 3185, 2858, 11, 345, 1244, 2221, 416, 3597, 257, 2168, 286, 9021, 351, 3891, 884, 355, 23064, 11, 5046, 11, 4079, 11, 15284, 12, 20337, 11, 15284, 12, 525, 16912, 13, 5501, 286, 777, 15942, 2339, 9021, 714, 307, 5625, 284, 44360, 11, 24438, 11, 13332, 290, 867, 584, 15268, 26, 262, 5538, 2405, 389, 23227, 2339, 12066, 34413, 287, 1366, 8573, 4553, 422, 262, 9021, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 22950, 1244, 416, 7997, 416, 281, 7177, 286, 1115, 9421, 1063, 11, 810, 1123, 37423, 318, 257, 5166, 286, 2124, 290, 331, 22715, 13, 2034, 3157, 262, 23064, 8771, 284, 428, 1366, 4645, 561, 8343, 262, 22715, 290, 12839, 1210, 262, 22950, 13, 198, 2061, 338, 262, 2300, 351, 428, 7791, 30, 1881, 1884, 2723, 286, 5876, 318, 326, 262, 9021, 290, 262, 1366, 8573, 389, 4553, 475, 987, 21186, 13, 1002, 345, 1487, 534, 2000, 546, 262, 7822, 286, 44360, 960, 28998, 1262, 257, 6692, 1351, 286, 2173, 2427, 286, 281, 7177, 960, 5832, 1276, 3505, 284, 1487, 477, 262, 9021, 326, 1244, 1683, 307, 5625, 284, 257, 22950, 13, 4418, 11, 11236, 1180, 24612, 329, 617, 286, 262, 5538, 4329, 13006, 13, 1002, 345, 6901, 257, 9197, 287, 2846, 286, 257, 3641, 290, 257, 16874, 2138, 621, 257, 900, 286, 9421, 1063, 11, 477, 262, 9021, 423, 284, 2190, 13332, 355, 257, 2041, 1339, 13, 6430, 1194, 6028, 7207, 318, 326, 262, 1366, 8573, 389, 1171, 3119, 11, 290, 262, 9021, 326, 2648, 606, 743, 407, 1464, 711, 16576, 1978, 13, 317, 3785, 14294, 416, 530, 8771, 1244, 645, 2392, 307, 4938, 5128, 329, 1194, 13, 198, 10267, 12, 17107, 8300, 9405, 777, 2428, 416, 24157, 1111, 1366, 290, 9021, 960, 16885, 23227, 82, 290, 41781, 960, 20424, 257, 2060, 2134, 13, 1052, 2134, 3706, 22950, 561, 423, 2641, 340, 617, 1366, 4645, 10200, 257, 1115, 12, 22339, 5485, 11, 475, 340, 561, 635, 2291, 262, 9021, 357, 7174, 5050, 287, 428, 4732, 8, 329, 7205, 319, 262, 1366, 13, 1675, 23064, 257, 22950, 11, 345, 3758, 257, 3275, 284, 262, 22950, 2134, 11, 5149, 340, 284, 23064, 2346, 13, 32038, 290, 6464, 6218, 318, 262, 691, 835, 5563, 10996, 351, 530, 1194, 26, 29028, 389, 407, 3142, 1277, 1895, 284, 262, 1366, 13, 4362, 691, 262, 2134, 338, 898, 5050, 760, 546, 262, 5387, 1366, 8573, 11, 340, 338, 4577, 284, 1394, 606, 287, 17510, 13, 198, 1212, 7791, 561, 407, 423, 881, 5198, 611, 790, 640, 345, 2227, 284, 2251, 257, 22950, 11, 345, 550, 284, 3551, 503, 477, 262, 3306, 1366, 8573, 290, 5050, 960, 4360, 326, 338, 407, 703, 340, 2499, 13, 921, 8160, 262, 1398, 22950, 655, 1752, 26, 1981, 44360, 389, 2727, 355, 10245, 286, 262, 1398, 13, 317, 9030, 1444, 24155, 2753, 428, 2126, 257, 2239, 2252, 13, 921, 1244, 8160, 257, 517, 12, 24622, 1398, 7514, 14520, 11, 543, 561, 423, 22950, 355, 257, 47611, 11, 1863, 351, 584, 850, 37724, 884, 355, 15094, 81, 14796, 11, 28145, 1840, 290, 17910, 1840, 13, 2773, 5050, 561, 307, 2219, 284, 477, 25052, 684, 26, 530, 1672, 318, 262, 17952, 286, 25317, 11, 543, 460, 307, 1760, 416, 4375, 262, 20428, 286, 262, 5389, 11, 645, 2300, 703, 867, 5389, 612, 389, 13, 1002, 345, 8160, 262, 2446, 15284, 12, 525, 16912, 287, 262, 1398, 7514, 14520, 11, 477, 262, 850, 37724, 16955, 428, 2438, 13, 198, 10267, 12, 17107, 8300, 20675, 663, 15012, 736, 284, 985, 4712, 11, 257, 8300, 3303, 28964, 287, 262, 9507, 82, 416, 30093, 12, 41, 22436, 41471, 290, 44467, 17735, 36232, 13, 2773, 2134, 12, 17107, 4213, 547, 635, 14486, 416, 3271, 406, 13, 350, 1501, 292, 13, 843, 262, 17001, 15636, 1080, 286, 21798, 47793, 373, 1865, 1194, 2723, 286, 12141, 13, 383, 2972, 14390, 1625, 1978, 618, 12246, 17356, 290, 465, 7810, 2727, 262, 10452, 16620, 3303, 379, 262, 44264, 1140, 44878, 34317, 4992, 3337, 287, 262, 8069, 82, 13, 12511, 257, 5707, 1811, 517, 2134, 12, 17107, 8950, 547, 287, 779, 11, 749, 14660, 347, 9491, 710, 520, 472, 301, 12618, 338, 327, 4880, 11, 290, 1568, 7349, 13, 9515, 12, 17107, 3033, 423, 635, 587, 12175, 38631, 4291, 4697, 8950, 11, 884, 355, 38593, 13, 198, 1722, 440, 3185, 468, 14434, 262, 835, 4056, 389, 3194, 11, 612, 468, 635, 587, 257, 1688, 6482, 287, 262, 3450, 286, 262, 4056, 2405, 13, 554, 262, 3788, 12, 40321, 9285, 286, 262, 9507, 82, 290, 705, 2154, 82, 11, 1672, 4056, 4327, 284, 423, 257, 31889, 12, 2164, 5540, 4645, 25, 23412, 82, 3802, 379, 530, 886, 11, 290, 23862, 14740, 379, 262, 584, 13, 1052, 1672, 318, 257, 17050, 11, 543, 31408, 2723, 2438, 656, 4572, 2438, 13, 26179, 3194, 287, 428, 3918, 423, 407, 12120, 11, 475, 484, 389, 645, 2392, 262, 3641, 286, 3241, 13, 383, 12476, 783, 318, 319, 14333, 3788, 351, 257, 27831, 2836, 7071, 13, 30297, 41371, 329, 2134, 12, 17107, 8950, 389, 477, 546, 9168, 290, 26798, 290, 10211, 25785, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 440, 3185, 318, 407, 655, 257, 1180, 4610, 26, 340, 635, 39107, 257, 1180, 1917, 13, 198, 1722, 38046, 290, 35832, 198, 6943, 286, 262, 1281, 12, 46, 3185, 15446, 466, 407, 4031, 284, 6019, 415, 2134, 12, 17107, 8300, 26, 484, 5380, 284, 35139, 393, 2987, 393, 6865, 85, 328, 16262, 340, 13, 317, 1339, 287, 966, 318, 4843, 12, 17107, 8300, 11, 393, 317, 3185, 13, 198, 464, 6833, 4427, 287, 3597, 2134, 12, 17107, 4056, 318, 4917, 262, 826, 26969, 9150, 656, 6097, 290, 5563, 13, 42882, 284, 262, 1672, 286, 257, 1430, 329, 2712, 351, 38445, 5538, 11, 257, 7226, 4554, 286, 262, 1398, 28145, 1840, 1244, 804, 588, 428, 25, 764, 887, 428, 2134, 318, 635, 257, 28145, 1840, 25, 764, 843, 523, 318, 428, 25, 764, 1675, 15550, 262, 5400, 1022, 777, 5538, 11, 345, 714, 10400, 850, 37724, 286, 28145, 1840, 960, 28998, 3706, 24748, 87, 12, 16923, 1840, 11, 1729, 12, 1102, 303, 87, 12, 16923, 1840, 290, 1936, 12, 4122, 276, 12, 7364, 13, 887, 788, 345, 561, 423, 284, 466, 262, 976, 1517, 329, 17910, 34765, 11, 339, 457, 34765, 290, 523, 6071, 11, 543, 2582, 4329, 32460, 13, 10968, 11, 428, 17923, 561, 1577, 345, 645, 835, 284, 3551, 5050, 326, 4174, 11, 910, 11, 284, 477, 24748, 87, 25052, 684, 475, 284, 645, 1854, 13, 1052, 5559, 26969, 9150, 561, 14083, 262, 7514, 14520, 1398, 656, 24748, 87, 12, 35428, 14520, 290, 1729, 12, 1102, 303, 87, 12, 35428, 14520, 11, 788, 45944, 485, 262, 6846, 1398, 656, 2829, 12, 35428, 14520, 290, 2116, 12, 3849, 8831, 278, 12, 35428, 14520, 13, 2080, 428, 3572, 11, 2158, 11, 345, 4425, 262, 2694, 284, 2209, 477, 1936, 12, 22339, 5538, 355, 257, 1448, 13, 198, 3198, 4610, 284, 428, 627, 392, 560, 318, 3294, 24155, 960, 439, 7855, 257, 1398, 284, 423, 517, 621, 530, 2560, 13, 6660, 257, 1936, 12, 4122, 276, 3491, 714, 307, 257, 47611, 1111, 286, 28145, 1840, 290, 286, 2116, 12, 3849, 8831, 278, 12, 35428, 14520, 290, 714, 16955, 5050, 422, 1111, 13, 383, 11501, 286, 428, 13888, 318, 257, 2300, 286, 15851, 10386, 287, 262, 440, 3185, 2055, 13, 198, 1722, 806, 12, 17107, 8300, 2753, 1194, 3164, 284, 7219, 351, 366, 19692, 29753, 1, 2428, 326, 2314, 3538, 307, 14921, 287, 257, 2054, 417, 522, 18911, 13, 1052, 1672, 287, 262, 22939, 1430, 1244, 307, 262, 761, 284, 4296, 257, 3359, 4324, 790, 640, 257, 3785, 318, 3888, 393, 9518, 13, 383, 15836, 440, 3185, 4610, 318, 284, 423, 1123, 2446, 326, 2458, 262, 5585, 286, 257, 3785, 357, 10508, 355, 23064, 393, 5046, 8, 3758, 257, 3275, 284, 257, 3359, 12, 37153, 2134, 11, 5149, 262, 3359, 644, 2476, 284, 307, 2266, 5791, 13, 887, 5179, 286, 5050, 714, 3758, 884, 6218, 13, 3412, 5475, 422, 262, 43515, 286, 3597, 262, 976, 2438, 625, 290, 625, 11, 612, 318, 262, 5490, 326, 262, 7071, 284, 262, 3359, 4706, 1244, 1487, 25580, 11, 10616, 867, 5050, 284, 307, 15556, 13, 383, 317, 3185, 3280, 318, 284, 28091, 262, 3359, 12, 19119, 366, 292, 806, 1, 286, 262, 1430, 287, 257, 8265, 286, 663, 898, 13, 383, 24292, 6797, 530, 4554, 286, 262, 2438, 326, 3848, 329, 257, 3359, 4296, 11, 1863, 351, 257, 20855, 286, 477, 262, 12432, 319, 543, 326, 2438, 318, 284, 307, 24399, 960, 1640, 1672, 11, 8797, 257, 23064, 2446, 318, 10945, 13, 3244, 772, 996, 262, 2420, 286, 262, 23064, 2446, 857, 407, 3068, 3359, 19698, 11, 262, 5035, 3275, 318, 1908, 379, 262, 5035, 640, 13, 198, 2025, 317, 3185, 1080, 1444, 1081, 806, 41, 11, 4166, 416, 8547, 273, 509, 28051, 2040, 290, 257, 1448, 286, 7810, 379, 44264, 1140, 350, 25793, 11, 2499, 355, 281, 7552, 286, 262, 7349, 3303, 13, 317, 3185, 318, 3573, 10966, 329, 15427, 27888, 8861, 884, 355, 4049, 12, 4993, 1359, 11, 262, 18931, 286, 2995, 11, 290, 18305, 2890, 3294, 14390, 286, 9706, 11, 543, 1244, 4306, 307, 16830, 3690, 257, 1430, 13, 887, 612, 389, 39527, 5009, 13, 449, 30570, 70, 509, 2013, 89, 293, 290, 371, 620, 312, 30059, 430, 280, 72, 989, 319, 281, 2230, 284, 1382, 257, 8611, 12, 198, 36948, 1080, 351, 1081, 806, 41, 11, 810, 262, 1994, 9079, 318, 326, 8945, 307, 10945, 3190, 393, 407, 379, 477, 357, 568, 326, 262, 1080, 2314, 30977, 530, 1848, 1231, 2600, 1780, 1194, 737, 1119, 1043, 340, 2408, 284, 3424, 306, 28091, 428, 3119, 355, 281, 4843, 13, 198, 19457, 306, 262, 749, 3489, 1295, 284, 804, 329, 1037, 351, 8300, 257, 3644, 318, 262, 3644, 2346, 13, 1002, 6401, 2596, 460, 307, 14102, 656, 4572, 2438, 11, 788, 1521, 407, 6121, 617, 2440, 12, 5715, 6764, 393, 20855, 3264, 656, 257, 3492, 12, 1462, 12, 5143, 1430, 30, 770, 318, 281, 1468, 4320, 13, 632, 3160, 319, 739, 3891, 884, 355, 1152, 876, 8300, 11, 1138, 499, 39529, 2229, 290, 21391, 8300, 13, 198, 818, 2276, 11, 3938, 11353, 8300, 3793, 3675, 674, 3151, 11, 475, 612, 318, 530, 1989, 810, 262, 2126, 468, 4735, 16200, 739, 79, 3732, 654, 355, 880, 355, 257, 1700, 286, 8472, 1943, 25, 287, 262, 2615, 286, 552, 34393, 13, 5455, 286, 1021, 12, 3323, 278, 257, 17050, 329, 257, 2176, 8300, 3303, 11, 262, 2219, 3357, 318, 284, 3551, 257, 23491, 329, 262, 3303, 290, 788, 7716, 262, 17050, 351, 257, 1430, 1444, 257, 17050, 17050, 13, 357, 464, 1266, 12, 4002, 286, 777, 4056, 318, 575, 4134, 11, 543, 6296, 329, 366, 25907, 1194, 17050, 17050, 19570, 198, 8645, 876, 8300, 561, 6068, 428, 2746, 284, 584, 18209, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 1430, 17301, 329, 262, 1611, 286, 3788, 326, 6973, 34654, 290, 584, 25514, 4410, 561, 2453, 257, 23491, 12, 2339, 6764, 286, 262, 3335, 290, 4439, 281, 20431, 16976, 1430, 13, 6023, 1611, 286, 17301, 1244, 25432, 366, 11235, 4668, 24285, 1, 329, 3644, 19140, 13, 198, 42, 81, 89, 893, 89, 1462, 69, 327, 41046, 27235, 72, 290, 16322, 7527, 370, 13, 412, 271, 1734, 15280, 8996, 257, 1152, 876, 12, 23065, 2229, 1080, 284, 257, 8860, 329, 9138, 44820, 13, 11819, 262, 8860, 318, 517, 670, 621, 2615, 257, 2060, 1097, 416, 1021, 11, 475, 262, 8860, 460, 4439, 4138, 286, 5006, 13, 10968, 11, 611, 262, 8860, 318, 3562, 880, 11, 340, 460, 1210, 503, 867, 1180, 4981, 655, 416, 5609, 262, 20640, 13, 22660, 1152, 876, 8300, 561, 2251, 4172, 286, 4056, 27571, 284, 10084, 5917, 475, 477, 16030, 422, 2092, 6805, 13, 198, 464, 14156, 9170, 257, 6530, 198, 6610, 649, 8300, 20411, 14293, 663, 12141, 422, 281, 10059, 3860, 13, 4900, 262, 3381, 366, 33215, 10959, 1, 2925, 736, 284, 262, 17577, 286, 262, 2831, 11, 340, 373, 19018, 257, 5975, 618, 257, 4097, 286, 3788, 15441, 2627, 23351, 286, 257, 28902, 12, 392, 12, 44822, 7068, 11, 12803, 10009, 13, 3412, 10009, 373, 6655, 13, 198, 38708, 318, 1900, 329, 262, 48584, 21554, 326, 880, 12, 30473, 6832, 290, 11684, 1276, 423, 366, 1169, 3081, 1231, 257, 1438, 526, 679, 6688, 25, 366, 464, 1109, 326, 428, 3081, 2314, 307, 3706, 857, 407, 1612, 326, 340, 318, 13443, 393, 848, 8344, 786, 13, 632, 318, 5340, 284, 1438, 780, 340, 318, 555, 263, 1806, 306, 7141, 526, 8314, 326, 3280, 534, 1808, 30, 198, 6104, 611, 262, 3081, 550, 257, 1438, 11, 340, 338, 407, 1598, 703, 530, 561, 1210, 340, 656, 257, 15077, 329, 2615, 922, 7777, 960, 273, 922, 3788, 13, 20525, 11, 10009, 318, 517, 7952, 8057, 287, 465, 19336, 13, 679, 28804, 29518, 284, 14561, 42465, 7572, 6515, 287, 1111, 2761, 290, 8136, 13, 1114, 262, 3912, 286, 2995, 15494, 366, 50042, 262, 995, 467, 416, 553, 257, 922, 4610, 318, 2192, 1016, 284, 804, 1223, 588, 257, 2166, 33179, 13, 30222, 625, 656, 262, 995, 286, 3788, 11, 428, 3164, 5983, 284, 257, 34614, 286, 1486, 7572, 329, 18120, 2176, 11, 24824, 2761, 287, 2134, 12, 17107, 8300, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 3912, 3706, 10290, 7529, 351, 262, 1917, 286, 4634, 510, 8062, 1022, 734, 5563, 326, 743, 407, 760, 286, 1123, 584, 338, 6224, 379, 262, 640, 257, 1430, 318, 3194, 13, 317, 3912, 3706, 49355, 17105, 262, 3074, 810, 257, 2060, 2134, 290, 257, 4947, 286, 3294, 5563, 423, 284, 307, 1813, 262, 976, 3722, 11, 355, 318, 1690, 262, 1339, 351, 3696, 290, 29196, 286, 3696, 13, 198, 5886, 262, 1613, 838, 812, 257, 34282, 2055, 468, 7334, 510, 1088, 262, 3912, 2126, 13, 1318, 389, 9264, 286, 3835, 11, 3992, 5043, 290, 281, 5079, 4495, 1444, 23939, 42860, 286, 30297, 11, 393, 9297, 78, 47, 13, 27492, 351, 2961, 4975, 8650, 287, 14492, 11, 262, 3912, 2055, 5238, 257, 1310, 28312, 290, 968, 7129, 13, 28016, 20793, 8300, 373, 9393, 319, 257, 6617, 326, 1115, 2176, 8573, 34302, 284, 4911, 477, 16113, 11, 612, 318, 2147, 29474, 884, 257, 6617, 284, 12051, 262, 6356, 286, 4213, 3017, 287, 18388, 947, 286, 1486, 7572, 13, 1081, 257, 2300, 286, 1109, 11, 262, 2187, 2126, 286, 39197, 2331, 284, 307, 503, 286, 2661, 287, 262, 3912, 2055, 13, 198, 25423, 40192, 82, 3221, 32950, 326, 8300, 815, 307, 281, 8705, 7573, 11, 17455, 416, 5423, 34657, 284, 2615, 12416, 11, 393, 2073, 340, 815, 307, 257, 8478, 286, 5625, 19473, 11, 351, 4056, 12006, 588, 18069, 39197, 13, 383, 3912, 3356, 28317, 1111, 286, 777, 22247, 290, 5644, 2427, 326, 24867, 389, 588, 1097, 16923, 364, 393, 336, 261, 368, 2812, 960, 301, 413, 1371, 286, 257, 1767, 286, 3725, 8618, 416, 1998, 290, 3804, 1863, 416, 6761, 290, 38523, 1056, 13, 770, 318, 257, 3356, 286, 24068, 11, 407, 22321, 13, 23939, 11009, 4911, 1948, 18035, 329, 262, 9495, 326, 8300, 1244, 25580, 307, 2077, 625, 5000, 416, 262, 3644, 13, 17406, 803, 257, 5977, 11, 484, 7267, 11, 318, 407, 691, 1167, 30412, 856, 475, 635, 38117, 13, 198, 464, 13214, 286, 262, 3912, 3356, 743, 2128, 588, 262, 374, 20482, 286, 257, 26821, 1448, 11, 475, 3912, 5050, 423, 587, 8197, 287, 1811, 1588, 5745, 9194, 1588, 960, 392, 4388, 960, 43776, 3341, 13, 357, 2215, 345, 787, 257, 3072, 869, 11, 345, 743, 880, 307, 17965, 319, 262, 670, 286, 24867, 6095, 503, 262, 3081, 1231, 257, 1438, 2014, 10968, 11, 3675, 262, 13214, 11, 262, 19336, 286, 262, 3788, 12, 33279, 82, 2055, 460, 307, 2407, 866, 12, 1462, 12, 16442, 290, 33119, 13, 198, 1532, 262, 3912, 2055, 318, 319, 262, 7702, 26821, 11, 703, 1290, 503, 318, 3257, 8300, 357, 273, 11, 355, 340, 318, 3360, 32213, 11, 304, 55, 83, 2182, 8300, 19427, 1114, 262, 2766, 286, 428, 3356, 11, 262, 2071, 318, 407, 523, 881, 262, 3450, 286, 262, 3788, 2346, 475, 262, 835, 8300, 4493, 389, 8389, 290, 5257, 13, 1119, 765, 284, 31738, 1497, 11685, 286, 25250, 290, 474, 3087, 1653, 749, 286, 262, 9539, 286, 3781, 11, 5410, 11, 4856, 11, 2423, 290, 10314, 326, 3105, 866, 3788, 2478, 13, 2329, 1309, 24867, 1430, 0, 383, 7151, 8435, 318, 284, 670, 287, 14729, 11, 734, 24867, 289, 4185, 1359, 625, 257, 2060, 10586, 11, 10627, 511, 898, 670, 355, 484, 467, 1863, 13, 1148, 340, 257, 277, 324, 30, 317, 2285, 30, 4900, 262, 1438, 743, 44672, 257, 3968, 286, 1767, 30662, 290, 28773, 29622, 14284, 11, 3257, 8300, 2331, 284, 423, 8618, 257, 48271, 1871, 262, 6757, 36311, 276, 14803, 13, 383, 717, 1688, 1628, 5668, 739, 262, 2446, 373, 257, 22235, 1080, 329, 257, 1007, 14648, 27930, 11554, 13, 198, 25214, 2185, 7994, 2011, 440, 3185, 16292, 198, 30847, 41556, 17704, 11, 508, 2630, 286, 262, 13422, 6028, 287, 262, 9507, 82, 11, 3940, 510, 287, 12923, 351, 281, 14268, 319, 262, 13294, 879, 286, 6095, 257, 366, 40503, 10492, 553, 257, 2060, 10883, 21210, 329, 477, 286, 3788, 338, 220, 2171, 13, 49686, 884, 355, 2134, 12, 17107, 8300, 1244, 30885, 366, 4134, 35182, 13156, 1, 286, 3788, 2478, 11, 339, 531, 11, 475, 262, 6393, 13357, 2314, 307, 16555, 1497, 13, 770, 28942, 434, 326, 262, 4369, 318, 753, 11970, 925, 2506, 1254, 1365, 13, 887, 340, 2206, 445, 645, 530, 422, 24634, 29604, 13, 198, 3260, 1811, 2745, 6, 36375, 287, 262, 703, 12, 1462, 12, 23065, 9285, 11, 314, 716, 14516, 286, 262, 20726, 2402, 20726, 286, 5496, 3835, 287, 262, 2116, 12, 16794, 5011, 286, 616, 1957, 44346, 13, 554, 2282, 428, 314, 1612, 645, 23797, 284, 2035, 12121, 13, 4042, 5496, 3835, 11, 7382, 2769, 2641, 11, 2897, 2128, 5608, 25, 27574, 1342, 11, 5517, 517, 13, 4042, 8300, 41371, 635, 1577, 10787, 7739, 25, 3401, 934, 1096, 11, 32652, 5039, 13, 887, 6549, 1112, 262, 5179, 286, 8714, 287, 1111, 9376, 5667, 502, 351, 257, 299, 16406, 4719, 25, 383, 845, 15082, 8467, 286, 7429, 37001, 606, 477, 13, 25110, 470, 340, 1884, 326, 356, 1549, 477, 307, 30125, 11, 290, 356, 1549, 477, 423, 1365, 3788, 11, 611, 612, 547, 655, 530, 2081, 5496, 11, 290, 530, 2081, 8300, 20411, 30, 198, 13300, 326, 1110, 481, 1282, 13, 554, 262, 14324, 11, 314, 1101, 1016, 319, 257, 48241, 12, 8189, 5496, 13, 198, 16224, 8403, 25109, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	4,039
Each month there is a special South Carolina token or medal that is highlighted as the Token or Medal of the Month. This month we will showcase an interesting early 20th century trade token from the city of Charleston. The city of Charleston has always played a significant role in the history of the state of South Carolina. From its beginnings in 1670 as a small colonial settlement at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, through its growing importance as a seaport for the fledgling nation, to its part as the incendiary flashpoint in the sectional conflict which became the Civil War, the city has enjoyed a prominence that seemingly lifted it above similar communities in the state. It is no small wonder then, that some of its citizens thought the city to occupy a pedestal raised above its South Carolina neighbors. It was this feeling of superiority that occasionally led some Charlestonians to consider themselves immune from the laws and social mores governing the rest of the state. And this sentiment, in turn, gave rise to the issuance of this month's token, which so publicly flaunted Charleston's opposition to the state dispensary law and the temperance movement behind it. On its surface, the 29mm aluminum token shown above does not appear to carry any hint of its true nature. The innocuous inscription on the obverse reads GOOD FOR 5¢ IN TRADE AT CHICCO'S CAFE. The pictorial of the blindfolded tiger on the reverse, however, is a blatant advertisement for the "supposedly" clandestine saloon which Vincent Chicco operated in conjunction with his cafe. And, as such, the token speaks volumes on Charleston's open opposition to the state legislature's attempts to outlaw saloons and the sale of liquor by the drink in the late 1890s and early 1900s. During the aforementioned time period hundreds of "blind tigers," as they were commonly called, sprung up in Charleston and other cities in South Carolina. The illegal drinking establishments were a logical response to Governor Ben Tillman's attempt to legislate the drinking habits of a populace which liked its liquor. Tillman had much difficulty in controlling the "blind tigers" across the state, but especially so in the city of Charleston. Several times during his tenure in office he had to send out state constables to arrest any proprietors they could catch selling alcohol illegally. Vincent Chicco was one of the first people arrested after the enactment of Tillman's dispensary bill. A scant two weeks after the bill became law, Chicco was arrested and brought before a judge for illegal liquor sales. The details of his arrest and subsequent legal proceedings were covered prominently in the Charleston newspapers and Chicco's case became infamous. Despite his brush with the law, he continued to sell alcohol to his customers in open defiance of the dispensary law and was subsequently arrested at least three times, in 1901, 1902, and 1903. Chicco apparently operated more than one clandestine saloon, and became known as the "King of the Blind Tigers." His main base of operations was at 83 Market Street, where he and his growing family lived in an apartment above the premises. At times Chicco's business was listed in the city directories as a grocery, a delicatessen, a cafe, and a restaurant. Prior to July 1893, when the dispensary act came into effect, Chicco was listed as a saloonkeeper. In 1894 and beyond, his business was never again described as a saloon, but his advertisements in the city directories certainly made it known that he sold wines and liquors. Chicco parlayed his notoriety for opposing the dispensary law into his election to the Charleston City Council as alderman for his ward. He was elected to five consecutive terms and for his earnestness in representing the members of his district he gained the unofficial epithet "Mayor of Ward 3." Chicco died in 1928 at the age of 78. His obituary in the Charleston newspaper characterized him as "possessing a forceful personality" and a "raconteur of ability." The newspaper mentioned his emigration to this country from Italy as a teenager after a short stint as a merchant seaman. Chicco then worked on one of the local railroads for a short period, after which he was employed as a policeman for the city of Charleston. He started his saloon business in 1892. He married Miss Mary Ann Burke of Charleston and had four children, Joseph, Vincent, Jr., Natalie, and an unidentified daughter. Incidentally, the term "blind tiger" as a synonym for an illegal drinking establishment can be traced back to the 1850s. A sister term "blind pig" dates from the 1870s. The terms derive from clandestine establishments that would advertise exotic animals on their window blinds, charging admission to see the said animals, which of course were not inside. Once admitted, patrons were then served with the illegal refreshment of their choice. The following limerick summarizes the ruse: On the store, though behind it you'd find Neither bengal nor cat, Just a liquor-filled vat And the patrons who paid didn't mind. Copyright 2006 by Tony Chibbaro. The South Carolina Dispensary & Embossed S.C. Whiskey Bottles & Jugs, 1865-1915 by Harvey S. Teal and Rita Foster Wallace, Midlands Printing Company, Camden, S.C., 2005. South Carolina Postcards, Volume I, Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester Counties by Howard Woody and Thomas L. Johnson, Arcadia Publishing Company, Charleston, S.C., 1997. The Red Tape Cocktail: Charleston's Reaction to the South Carolina Dispensary System by Helen Glenn Smith, published in Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, College of Charleston, Volume 4, 2005: pp 195-217, College of Charleston, 2005. Chicco Funeral This Afternoon in News & Courier, October 26, 1928. OEDILF: The Omnificent English Dictionary in Limerick Form online at http://www.oedilf.com. If you collect or have a casual interest in South Carolina tokens or tokens issued by cotton mills, lumber companies, or other types of businesses, you may want to purchase my book, South Carolina Tokens and its three supplements. To read a description of these standard references, please click on this link: Books. Token or Medal of the Month Main Page A Short History of Token Use in South Carolina South Carolina Trade Tokens for Sale - Page 1 South Carolina Trade Tokens for Sale - Page 2 Other South Carolina Exonumia for Sale Trade Tokens from Other States for Sale eBay Auction Listings South Carolina Stereoviews The Charleston Exposition Links to Other Sites	[ 10871, 1227, 612, 318, 257, 2041, 2520, 5913, 11241, 393, 18279, 326, 318, 14537, 355, 262, 29130, 393, 9064, 286, 262, 16061, 13, 770, 1227, 356, 481, 21742, 281, 3499, 1903, 1160, 400, 4289, 3292, 11241, 422, 262, 1748, 286, 26070, 13, 198, 464, 1748, 286, 26070, 468, 1464, 2826, 257, 2383, 2597, 287, 262, 2106, 286, 262, 1181, 286, 2520, 5913, 13, 3574, 663, 33875, 287, 1467, 2154, 355, 257, 1402, 17091, 9443, 379, 262, 1013, 23079, 286, 262, 20899, 290, 10382, 18280, 11, 832, 663, 3957, 6817, 355, 257, 384, 499, 419, 329, 262, 48525, 3277, 11, 284, 663, 636, 355, 262, 47716, 7644, 4122, 287, 262, 2665, 282, 5358, 543, 2627, 262, 7511, 1810, 11, 262, 1748, 468, 8359, 257, 31198, 326, 9775, 13663, 340, 2029, 2092, 5348, 287, 262, 1181, 13, 632, 318, 645, 1402, 4240, 788, 11, 326, 617, 286, 663, 4290, 1807, 262, 1748, 284, 22265, 257, 14238, 282, 4376, 2029, 663, 2520, 5913, 12020, 13, 198, 1026, 373, 428, 4203, 286, 26883, 326, 10491, 2957, 617, 26070, 1547, 284, 2074, 2405, 10900, 422, 262, 3657, 290, 1919, 517, 82, 15030, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 1181, 13, 843, 428, 15598, 11, 287, 1210, 11, 2921, 4485, 284, 262, 30145, 286, 428, 1227, 338, 11241, 11, 543, 523, 7271, 781, 20227, 26070, 338, 5471, 284, 262, 1181, 50136, 1099, 290, 262, 4124, 590, 3356, 2157, 340, 13, 198, 2202, 663, 4417, 11, 262, 2808, 3020, 15955, 11241, 3402, 2029, 857, 407, 1656, 284, 3283, 597, 9254, 286, 663, 2081, 3450, 13, 383, 45427, 40189, 319, 262, 909, 4399, 9743, 21090, 7473, 642, 44359, 3268, 7579, 19266, 5161, 5870, 2149, 8220, 6, 50, 7257, 15112, 13, 383, 2862, 5132, 286, 262, 7770, 11379, 276, 26241, 319, 262, 9575, 11, 2158, 11, 318, 257, 29000, 15422, 329, 262, 366, 18608, 1335, 306, 1, 39903, 3664, 2049, 543, 18653, 48854, 1073, 12228, 287, 17856, 351, 465, 26725, 13, 843, 11, 355, 884, 11, 262, 11241, 9209, 15343, 319, 26070, 338, 1280, 5471, 284, 262, 1181, 15928, 338, 6370, 284, 23716, 3664, 13022, 290, 262, 5466, 286, 20030, 416, 262, 4144, 287, 262, 2739, 31982, 82, 290, 1903, 21489, 82, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 20794, 640, 2278, 5179, 286, 366, 27461, 43114, 553, 355, 484, 547, 8811, 1444, 11, 39388, 510, 287, 26070, 290, 584, 4736, 287, 2520, 5913, 13, 383, 5293, 7722, 33228, 547, 257, 12219, 2882, 284, 10807, 3932, 17888, 805, 338, 2230, 284, 3560, 378, 262, 7722, 13870, 286, 257, 39003, 543, 8288, 663, 20030, 13, 17888, 805, 550, 881, 8722, 287, 12755, 262, 366, 27461, 43114, 1, 1973, 262, 1181, 11, 475, 2592, 523, 287, 262, 1748, 286, 26070, 13, 12168, 1661, 1141, 465, 17081, 287, 2607, 339, 550, 284, 3758, 503, 1181, 1500, 2977, 284, 3251, 597, 38090, 669, 484, 714, 4929, 6301, 5548, 15572, 13, 18653, 48854, 1073, 373, 530, 286, 262, 717, 661, 5169, 706, 262, 28547, 286, 17888, 805, 338, 50136, 2855, 13, 317, 35183, 734, 2745, 706, 262, 2855, 2627, 1099, 11, 48854, 1073, 373, 5169, 290, 3181, 878, 257, 5052, 329, 5293, 20030, 4200, 13, 383, 3307, 286, 465, 3251, 290, 8840, 2742, 13106, 547, 5017, 31015, 287, 262, 26070, 14741, 290, 48854, 1073, 338, 1339, 2627, 16526, 13, 7945, 465, 14093, 351, 262, 1099, 11, 339, 3767, 284, 3677, 5548, 284, 465, 4297, 287, 1280, 35287, 286, 262, 50136, 1099, 290, 373, 12412, 5169, 379, 1551, 1115, 1661, 11, 287, 39923, 11, 45611, 11, 290, 41625, 13, 198, 1925, 291, 1073, 5729, 12228, 517, 621, 530, 39903, 3664, 2049, 11, 290, 2627, 1900, 355, 262, 366, 15708, 286, 262, 24507, 17662, 526, 2399, 1388, 2779, 286, 4560, 373, 379, 9698, 5991, 3530, 11, 810, 339, 290, 465, 3957, 1641, 5615, 287, 281, 7962, 2029, 262, 17095, 13, 1629, 1661, 48854, 1073, 338, 1597, 373, 5610, 287, 262, 1748, 29196, 355, 257, 16918, 11, 257, 8675, 265, 44483, 11, 257, 26725, 11, 290, 257, 7072, 13, 14481, 284, 2901, 48889, 11, 618, 262, 50136, 719, 1625, 656, 1245, 11, 48854, 1073, 373, 5610, 355, 257, 3664, 2049, 13884, 13, 554, 1248, 5824, 290, 3675, 11, 465, 1597, 373, 1239, 757, 3417, 355, 257, 3664, 2049, 11, 475, 465, 25210, 287, 262, 1748, 29196, 3729, 925, 340, 1900, 326, 339, 2702, 30680, 290, 14756, 669, 13, 198, 1925, 291, 1073, 1582, 10724, 276, 465, 46283, 329, 12330, 262, 50136, 1099, 656, 465, 3071, 284, 262, 26070, 2254, 4281, 355, 257, 335, 2224, 329, 465, 15305, 13, 679, 373, 7018, 284, 1936, 12785, 2846, 290, 329, 465, 23176, 1108, 287, 10200, 262, 1866, 286, 465, 4783, 339, 8618, 262, 27220, 21240, 3202, 366, 37396, 286, 12150, 513, 526, 48854, 1073, 3724, 287, 35768, 379, 262, 2479, 286, 8699, 13, 2399, 909, 270, 2838, 287, 262, 26070, 7533, 16264, 683, 355, 366, 79, 793, 27289, 257, 42262, 8806, 1, 290, 257, 366, 81, 7807, 660, 333, 286, 2694, 526, 383, 7533, 4750, 465, 795, 4254, 284, 428, 1499, 422, 8031, 355, 257, 15287, 706, 257, 1790, 22966, 355, 257, 20729, 384, 10546, 13, 48854, 1073, 788, 3111, 319, 530, 286, 262, 1957, 6787, 21372, 329, 257, 1790, 2278, 11, 706, 543, 339, 373, 9322, 355, 257, 32166, 329, 262, 1748, 286, 26070, 13, 679, 2067, 465, 3664, 2049, 1597, 287, 1248, 5892, 13, 679, 6405, 4544, 5335, 5506, 23259, 286, 26070, 290, 550, 1440, 1751, 11, 7212, 11, 18653, 11, 7504, 1539, 35571, 11, 290, 281, 27022, 4957, 13, 198, 25517, 23961, 11, 262, 3381, 366, 27461, 26241, 1, 355, 257, 6171, 5177, 329, 281, 5293, 7722, 9323, 460, 307, 23246, 736, 284, 262, 35745, 82, 13, 317, 6621, 3381, 366, 27461, 12967, 1, 9667, 422, 262, 37667, 82, 13, 383, 2846, 27099, 422, 39903, 33228, 326, 561, 32740, 21036, 4695, 319, 511, 4324, 7770, 82, 11, 11642, 13938, 284, 766, 262, 531, 4695, 11, 543, 286, 1781, 547, 407, 2641, 13, 4874, 6848, 11, 25720, 547, 788, 4983, 351, 262, 5293, 14976, 434, 286, 511, 3572, 13, 383, 1708, 1761, 41556, 46145, 262, 374, 1904, 25, 198, 2202, 262, 3650, 11, 996, 2157, 340, 345, 1549, 1064, 198, 27270, 275, 1516, 282, 4249, 3797, 11, 198, 5703, 257, 20030, 12, 20286, 410, 265, 198, 1870, 262, 25720, 508, 3432, 1422, 470, 2000, 13, 198, 15269, 4793, 416, 8832, 609, 571, 5657, 78, 13, 198, 464, 2520, 5913, 36060, 641, 560, 1222, 13302, 793, 276, 311, 13, 34, 13, 28424, 2539, 14835, 829, 1222, 449, 10339, 11, 47801, 12, 1129, 1314, 416, 14943, 311, 13, 1665, 282, 290, 42605, 18489, 17161, 11, 47989, 44118, 5834, 11, 43084, 11, 311, 13, 34, 1539, 5075, 13, 198, 14942, 5913, 2947, 27761, 11, 14701, 314, 11, 26070, 11, 14727, 11, 290, 12528, 35983, 2764, 444, 416, 8442, 37684, 290, 5658, 406, 13, 5030, 11, 10173, 29523, 23499, 5834, 11, 26070, 11, 311, 13, 34, 1539, 8309, 13, 198, 464, 2297, 40849, 23769, 13199, 25, 26070, 338, 39912, 284, 262, 2520, 5913, 36060, 641, 560, 4482, 416, 22695, 17551, 4176, 11, 3199, 287, 609, 2118, 296, 10036, 25, 16328, 6602, 286, 4698, 17680, 4992, 11, 3961, 286, 5524, 871, 290, 5483, 13473, 11, 5535, 286, 26070, 11, 14701, 604, 11, 5075, 25, 9788, 24793, 12, 24591, 11, 5535, 286, 26070, 11, 5075, 13, 198, 1925, 291, 1073, 11138, 1691, 770, 2293, 6357, 287, 3000, 1222, 34268, 11, 3267, 2608, 11, 35768, 13, 198, 46, 1961, 4146, 37, 25, 383, 31816, 21559, 3594, 28261, 287, 7576, 41556, 5178, 2691, 379, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 78, 276, 346, 69, 13, 785, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 2824, 393, 423, 257, 9341, 1393, 287, 2520, 5913, 16326, 393, 16326, 4884, 416, 15985, 41999, 11, 34840, 2706, 11, 393, 584, 3858, 286, 5692, 11, 345, 743, 765, 284, 5001, 616, 1492, 11, 2520, 5913, 47365, 290, 663, 1115, 20864, 13, 1675, 1100, 257, 6764, 286, 777, 3210, 10288, 11, 3387, 3904, 319, 428, 2792, 25, 13661, 13, 198, 30642, 393, 9064, 286, 262, 16061, 8774, 7873, 198, 32, 10073, 7443, 286, 29130, 5765, 287, 2520, 5913, 198, 14942, 5913, 9601, 47365, 329, 16467, 532, 7873, 352, 198, 14942, 5913, 9601, 47365, 329, 16467, 532, 7873, 362, 198, 6395, 2520, 5913, 1475, 261, 388, 544, 329, 16467, 198, 35965, 47365, 422, 3819, 1829, 329, 16467, 198, 68, 15262, 36071, 7343, 654, 198, 14942, 5913, 520, 567, 709, 769, 82, 198, 464, 26070, 1475, 9150, 198, 31815, 284, 3819, 37034, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,398
March 2003 \| Monitor on Psychology \| Vol. 34 No. 3 COVER: Cover topic: Anger - When anger's a plus Despite its mixed reputation, anger can play a constructive role at home, at work and in the national consciousness, psychologists are finding - Angry thoughts, at-risk hearts Researchers are exploring whether angry and hostile people's coping and social support affect their risk for poor cardiovascular health. - Hostility associated with immune function Aggression and hostility can affect tumor necrosis factor — a protein that is released by immune cells and other tissues. - 'Goo, gaa, grr?' Researchers are still looking for consensus on how and when anger first appears in infants. - Anger across the gender divide Researchers strive to understand how men and women experience and express anger. - Advances in anger management Researchers and practitioners are examining what works best for managing problem anger. Honeybees can use short-term memory to alternate between two food sources, a new study suggests. - Study shows high rates of mental disorders among detained youth - New database will help dispatch psychologists to disasters - Psychologist/engineer team builds robot that senses emotions - P. Kennedy will receive award at State Leadership Conference - Foundation accepting applications for Seligman positive psychology award - Study examines neural correlates of sympathy - Even hands-free cell phones may impair driving - Members expand mission statement, student representation, membership category - Make plans for 2003 regional psychological association meetings Allegations of politicization are threatening the credibility of the federal government's scientific advisory committees. HIPAA's minimum necessary requirement was created to limit the amount of patient information that managed-care companies can request. A psychosocial treatment model at Walter Reed Army Medical Center helps breast cancer patients and their partners find comfort and answers. As more children survive cancer, psychologists are helping them overcome the academic, social and cognitive obstacles that result from the disease and its treatments. A new APA interdivisional coalition aims to showcase psychology's research findings on education to the public and policy-makers. Is the nation's rise in nontraditional faculty for better or worse? Psychologists journey to Antarctica to evaluate those stationed there during the severe winters. Organizers hope that changes introduced at APA's 2002 Annual Convention will pave the way to increased attendance at future conventions. Interdisciplinary psychology programs focused on the underserved have secured $2 million in federal funding. Nominate your colleagues now for next year's Annual Convention. PUBLIC POLICY UPDATE Health and education programs facing termination could use psychologists' advocacy.	[ 16192, 5816, 930, 18289, 319, 18430, 930, 4709, 13, 4974, 1400, 13, 513, 198, 8220, 5959, 25, 17546, 7243, 25, 46061, 198, 12, 1649, 8993, 338, 257, 5556, 198, 8332, 663, 7668, 8507, 11, 8993, 460, 711, 257, 26938, 2597, 379, 1363, 11, 379, 670, 290, 287, 262, 2260, 10510, 11, 30842, 389, 4917, 198, 12, 31900, 6066, 11, 379, 12, 19121, 11954, 198, 25606, 389, 13504, 1771, 7954, 290, 12524, 661, 338, 35326, 290, 1919, 1104, 2689, 511, 2526, 329, 3595, 21134, 1535, 13, 198, 12, 14504, 879, 3917, 351, 10900, 2163, 198, 46384, 2234, 290, 23594, 460, 2689, 22359, 27576, 37172, 5766, 851, 257, 7532, 326, 318, 2716, 416, 10900, 4778, 290, 584, 21379, 13, 198, 12, 705, 38, 2238, 11, 308, 7252, 11, 1036, 81, 8348, 198, 25606, 389, 991, 2045, 329, 11529, 319, 703, 290, 618, 8993, 717, 3568, 287, 18775, 13, 198, 12, 46061, 1973, 262, 5279, 14083, 198, 25606, 22076, 284, 1833, 703, 1450, 290, 1466, 1998, 290, 4911, 8993, 13, 198, 12, 8007, 1817, 287, 8993, 4542, 198, 25606, 290, 24068, 389, 17247, 644, 2499, 1266, 329, 11149, 1917, 8993, 13, 198, 39, 1419, 41712, 460, 779, 1790, 12, 4354, 4088, 284, 13527, 1022, 734, 2057, 4237, 11, 257, 649, 2050, 5644, 13, 198, 12, 12481, 2523, 1029, 3965, 286, 5110, 11916, 1871, 14847, 6205, 198, 12, 968, 6831, 481, 1037, 27965, 30842, 284, 24193, 198, 12, 7562, 7451, 14, 18392, 263, 1074, 12188, 9379, 326, 17627, 10825, 198, 12, 350, 13, 10401, 481, 3328, 5764, 379, 1812, 26935, 8785, 198, 12, 5693, 12598, 5479, 329, 15300, 328, 805, 3967, 15119, 5764, 198, 12, 12481, 28025, 17019, 42567, 286, 20242, 198, 12, 3412, 2832, 12, 5787, 2685, 9512, 743, 17253, 5059, 198, 12, 12688, 4292, 4365, 2643, 11, 3710, 10552, 11, 9931, 6536, 198, 12, 6889, 3352, 329, 5816, 7915, 10590, 8112, 8292, 198, 2348, 1455, 602, 286, 31723, 1634, 389, 11123, 262, 16532, 286, 262, 2717, 1230, 338, 5654, 20852, 17460, 13, 198, 39, 4061, 3838, 338, 5288, 3306, 9079, 373, 2727, 284, 4179, 262, 2033, 286, 5827, 1321, 326, 5257, 12, 6651, 2706, 460, 2581, 13, 198, 32, 3795, 418, 9402, 3513, 2746, 379, 15819, 16105, 5407, 8366, 3337, 5419, 9296, 4890, 3871, 290, 511, 4887, 1064, 4467, 290, 7429, 13, 198, 1722, 517, 1751, 7866, 4890, 11, 30842, 389, 5742, 606, 10980, 262, 8233, 11, 1919, 290, 10870, 17648, 326, 1255, 422, 262, 4369, 290, 663, 13820, 13, 198, 32, 649, 3486, 32, 987, 21426, 282, 9906, 12031, 284, 21742, 15119, 338, 2267, 6373, 319, 3707, 284, 262, 1171, 290, 2450, 12, 6620, 13, 198, 3792, 262, 3277, 338, 4485, 287, 45930, 6335, 1859, 12829, 329, 1365, 393, 4785, 30, 198, 31923, 9251, 7002, 284, 30185, 284, 13446, 883, 25967, 612, 1141, 262, 6049, 45764, 13, 198, 26121, 11341, 2911, 326, 2458, 5495, 379, 3486, 32, 338, 6244, 16328, 11680, 481, 23000, 262, 835, 284, 3220, 14858, 379, 2003, 21396, 13, 198, 9492, 40625, 15119, 4056, 5670, 319, 262, 14584, 8520, 423, 13659, 720, 17, 1510, 287, 2717, 4918, 13, 198, 45, 296, 4559, 534, 7810, 783, 329, 1306, 614, 338, 16328, 11680, 13, 198, 5105, 32936, 20634, 2149, 56, 35717, 198, 18081, 290, 3707, 4056, 6476, 19883, 714, 779, 30842, 6, 15364, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	545
Thursday, July 19, 2012 Come learn about a local endangered species. On August 8th my wife Pam and I will be part of a panel discussion at the Aquarium of the Pacific on a population of an endangered species that has chosen an improbable environmental niche in which to survive, the Green Sea Turtles of the San Gabriel River. Not much is known about the Green Sea Turtles that take refuge in the warm water produced by power-plants on the river that provide electricity to parts of Los Angeles and Orange County. These turtles are more normally associated with the warmer waters of Mexico and Hawaii. Dan Lawson of NOAA, Pam and the Aquarium vet Lance Adams will talk about the recent research on these animals and the rehabilitation and tracking of stranded turtles. Many of my sea turtle images will be used in the talks and I’ll also be part of the panel discussion. Since 2008 my wife Pam and I have been making regular treks to the San Gabriel River to gather information on these urban sea turtles. Pam taking notes on turtle sightings and incidental sightings of other wildlife while I photograph the brief instances that these sea turtles are at the surface. The Aquarium shares the data that we gather with the NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service. How hard is it to photograph an urban sea turtle in the murky waters of the San Gabriel River? Unlike the sea lions and sea otters that I work with at the Aquarium I can’t tell these wild sea turtles to come up exactly when and where I want them to. To give you an idea of the short window of opportunity I have while trying to photograph these turtles try this exercise. Place your camera in your right hand and hold it at your waist. Take a coin and place it on your left hand thumb in a flipping position. Flip the coin in the air while at the same time bringing your camera up to your eyes. Before the coin hits the ground you have to find it in your viewfinder, focus and shoot a picture of it. That’s about how much time you have to photograph a sea turtle when it surfaces, takes a breath and dives. Fortunately I do have a way of increasing my chances of getting a good shot of a sea turtle. When photographing any animal it helps to know your subjects. When the Aquarium of the Pacific opened in 1998 one of my duties along with taking care of the pinniped was to help out in caring for the four green sea turtles then on exhibit. This experience helps me understand a little bit of turtle behavior and helps me predict when and where they may surface in the river. I basically figure out a spot in the river where there is a high probability of a sea turtle surfacing, the approximate time between surfacing and hold my camera in a ready position in anticipation. It seems to work. Come on down to the Aquarium of the Pacific on Wednesday August 8th and learn more about these local urban sea turtles. Have Something to Say? Leave a Comment! All blogs and comments represent the views of the individual authors and not necessarily those of the Aquarium.	[ 25381, 11, 2901, 678, 11, 2321, 198, 16773, 2193, 546, 257, 1957, 22700, 4693, 13, 198, 2202, 2932, 807, 400, 616, 3656, 24497, 290, 314, 481, 307, 636, 286, 257, 6103, 5114, 379, 262, 11446, 17756, 286, 262, 8211, 319, 257, 3265, 286, 281, 22700, 4693, 326, 468, 7147, 281, 40494, 6142, 21404, 287, 543, 284, 7866, 11, 262, 3469, 6896, 44356, 286, 262, 2986, 17371, 5866, 13, 198, 3673, 881, 318, 1900, 546, 262, 3469, 6896, 44356, 326, 1011, 5473, 287, 262, 5814, 1660, 4635, 416, 1176, 12, 489, 1187, 319, 262, 7850, 326, 2148, 8744, 284, 3354, 286, 5401, 5652, 290, 11942, 3418, 13, 2312, 36288, 389, 517, 7685, 3917, 351, 262, 23254, 10150, 286, 5828, 290, 13708, 13, 6035, 35892, 286, 36184, 11, 24497, 290, 262, 11446, 17756, 20202, 18990, 12620, 481, 1561, 546, 262, 2274, 2267, 319, 777, 4695, 290, 262, 23668, 290, 9646, 286, 28553, 36288, 13, 4650, 286, 616, 5417, 28699, 4263, 481, 307, 973, 287, 262, 6130, 290, 314, 447, 247, 297, 635, 307, 636, 286, 262, 6103, 5114, 13, 198, 6385, 3648, 616, 3656, 24497, 290, 314, 423, 587, 1642, 3218, 2054, 591, 284, 262, 2986, 17371, 5866, 284, 6431, 1321, 319, 777, 7876, 5417, 36288, 13, 24497, 2263, 4710, 319, 28699, 36242, 290, 40521, 36242, 286, 584, 15599, 981, 314, 8408, 262, 4506, 10245, 326, 777, 5417, 36288, 389, 379, 262, 4417, 13, 383, 11446, 17756, 7303, 262, 1366, 326, 356, 6431, 351, 262, 36184, 447, 247, 82, 2351, 11000, 49179, 4809, 13, 198, 2437, 1327, 318, 340, 284, 8408, 281, 7876, 5417, 28699, 287, 262, 39574, 10150, 286, 262, 2986, 17371, 5866, 30, 12101, 262, 5417, 31420, 290, 5417, 30972, 1010, 326, 314, 670, 351, 379, 262, 11446, 17756, 314, 460, 447, 247, 83, 1560, 777, 4295, 5417, 36288, 284, 1282, 510, 3446, 618, 290, 810, 314, 765, 606, 284, 13, 1675, 1577, 345, 281, 2126, 286, 262, 1790, 4324, 286, 3663, 314, 423, 981, 2111, 284, 8408, 777, 36288, 1949, 428, 5517, 13, 8474, 534, 4676, 287, 534, 826, 1021, 290, 1745, 340, 379, 534, 16139, 13, 7214, 257, 10752, 290, 1295, 340, 319, 534, 1364, 1021, 15683, 287, 257, 33097, 2292, 13, 29583, 262, 10752, 287, 262, 1633, 981, 379, 262, 976, 640, 6079, 534, 4676, 510, 284, 534, 2951, 13, 7413, 262, 10752, 7127, 262, 2323, 345, 423, 284, 1064, 340, 287, 534, 1570, 22805, 11, 2962, 290, 2686, 257, 4286, 286, 340, 13, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 546, 703, 881, 640, 345, 423, 284, 8408, 257, 5417, 28699, 618, 340, 16649, 11, 2753, 257, 8033, 290, 46638, 13, 198, 31276, 314, 466, 423, 257, 835, 286, 3649, 616, 8395, 286, 1972, 257, 922, 2823, 286, 257, 5417, 28699, 13, 1649, 10079, 722, 597, 5044, 340, 5419, 284, 760, 534, 7481, 13, 1649, 262, 11446, 17756, 286, 262, 8211, 4721, 287, 7795, 530, 286, 616, 10741, 1863, 351, 2263, 1337, 286, 262, 279, 3732, 46647, 373, 284, 1037, 503, 287, 18088, 329, 262, 1440, 4077, 5417, 36288, 788, 319, 15866, 13, 770, 1998, 5419, 502, 1833, 257, 1310, 1643, 286, 28699, 4069, 290, 5419, 502, 4331, 618, 290, 810, 484, 743, 4417, 287, 262, 7850, 13, 314, 6209, 3785, 503, 257, 4136, 287, 262, 7850, 810, 612, 318, 257, 1029, 12867, 286, 257, 5417, 28699, 9053, 4092, 11, 262, 27665, 640, 1022, 9053, 4092, 290, 1745, 616, 4676, 287, 257, 3492, 2292, 287, 24054, 13, 632, 2331, 284, 670, 13, 198, 16773, 319, 866, 284, 262, 11446, 17756, 286, 262, 8211, 319, 3583, 2932, 807, 400, 290, 2193, 517, 546, 777, 1957, 7876, 5417, 36288, 13, 198, 11980, 13742, 284, 13816, 30, 17446, 257, 18957, 0, 198, 3237, 19118, 290, 3651, 2380, 262, 5009, 286, 262, 1981, 7035, 290, 407, 6646, 883, 286, 262, 11446, 17756, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	631
The Douglasfir is to the world of trees what a decathlon winner is to the Olympics. This tree is an all-around champion. It is one of our most important lumber species, a magnificent ornamental tree, and one of the most popular Christmas trees in America. Additionally, a large number of bird and animal species find shelter and food in its majestic foliage. This magnificent evergreen has a dense, cone-shape when young becoming more open and pyramid-shaped with maturity. It has a straight trunk with thin, smooth bark with resin blisters when young becoming thicker and furrowed on older trees. It reaches 40'-80', 12'-20' spread in the home landscape to over 200' in natural conditions. Coast Douglasfir needles are a dark yellow green although on some trees bluish green. In Rocky Mountain Douglasfir, the needles are blue green, but occasionally are yellowish green. The light brown, 3"-4" cones grow downward on the branches with distinctive 3-pointed bracts protruding from the between the scales. The Coast Douglasfir grows best in deep, moist, well drained, acid or neutral soil with atmospheric moisture, but the hardier Rocky Mountain variety is found in its native range on rocky mountain slopes. It does not tolerate dry, poor soils, and breakage is common on the side exposed to high winds. (zones 4-6) Douglasfir seeds are used by blue grouse,songbirds, squirrels, rabbits, and other rodents and small animals. Antelope, deer, elk, mountain goats, and mountain sheep eat the twigs and foliage. It provides excellent cover for a wide range of animals. While the Douglasfir may have first been introduced to cultivation by botanist-explorer David Douglas in 1826, its importance to American history continues unabated. As well as being the country's top source of lumber today, the Douglasfir also helped settle the West, providing railroad ties and telephone/telegraph poles. The Douglasfir was crucial to American soldiers in World War II as well, being used for everything from GIs' foot lockers to portable huts and even the rails of stretchers that carried many a soldier from battle. But perhaps one contribution of the Douglasfir symbolizes its place in America's evolving history more than any other. When in 1925 the time came to restore the masts of "Old Ironsides," the USS Constitution, sufficiently grand White Pine trees could no longer be found. Today, Old Ironsides proudly sails in the Boston Navy Yard under the power of three Douglasfir masts. There are two geographical varieties of Douglasfir: Coast Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii native to British Columbia along the Pacific coast to central California and western Nevada; Rocky Mountain Douglasfir native to the inland mountains of the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains from central British Columbia south to northern and central Mexico. The Coastal variety is faster growing, long-lived, and can reach over 300' tall. The needles are usually a dark yellow-green although some trees they may be bluish green. Rocky Mountain Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca is hardier, slower growing, shorter lived and seldom grows over 130' tall. The needles are shorter and bluish green although in some trees may be yellowish green. The cones are barely 3" in length with bracts bent upwards. Douglasfir is written as one word or hyphenated to show it is not a true fir. Sensitive to drought conditions; requires good drainage. The needles are spiral, simple, 1-1/2 inches long, shining, shade of green depends upon the variety, two bands of stomata beneath. Coast Douglasfir has dark yellow-green, occasionally bluish-green needles. Rocky Mountain Douglasfir has shorter, bluish-green, occasionally yellowish green needles. male is red female is green with prominent bracts The light brown, oval, pendulous cones are 3-4 inches long with prominent 3-pointed bracts that protrude between the scales.	[ 464, 15796, 69, 343, 318, 284, 262, 995, 286, 7150, 644, 257, 875, 50236, 8464, 318, 284, 262, 14935, 13, 770, 5509, 318, 281, 477, 12, 14145, 8783, 13, 632, 318, 530, 286, 674, 749, 1593, 34840, 4693, 11, 257, 25023, 25322, 6860, 5509, 11, 290, 530, 286, 262, 749, 2968, 6786, 7150, 287, 2253, 13, 12032, 11, 257, 1588, 1271, 286, 6512, 290, 5044, 4693, 1064, 11772, 290, 2057, 287, 663, 45308, 44689, 13, 198, 1212, 25023, 1683, 14809, 468, 257, 15715, 11, 27763, 12, 43358, 618, 1862, 5033, 517, 1280, 290, 27944, 12, 16760, 351, 24841, 13, 632, 468, 257, 3892, 21427, 351, 7888, 11, 7209, 21405, 351, 36536, 698, 6223, 618, 1862, 5033, 29175, 290, 9230, 808, 276, 319, 4697, 7150, 13, 632, 12229, 2319, 29001, 1795, 3256, 1105, 29001, 1238, 6, 4104, 287, 262, 1363, 10747, 284, 625, 939, 6, 287, 3288, 3403, 13, 8545, 15796, 69, 343, 25209, 389, 257, 3223, 7872, 4077, 3584, 319, 617, 7150, 698, 32091, 4077, 13, 554, 24534, 9638, 15796, 69, 343, 11, 262, 25209, 389, 4171, 4077, 11, 475, 10491, 389, 7872, 680, 4077, 13, 383, 1657, 7586, 11, 513, 26793, 19, 1, 47314, 1663, 20841, 319, 262, 13737, 351, 18778, 513, 12, 4122, 276, 275, 974, 82, 39701, 26570, 422, 262, 1022, 262, 16252, 13, 383, 8545, 15796, 69, 343, 13676, 1266, 287, 2769, 11, 13394, 11, 880, 29738, 11, 7408, 393, 8500, 9260, 351, 20938, 20160, 11, 475, 262, 1327, 959, 24534, 9638, 4996, 318, 1043, 287, 663, 6868, 2837, 319, 26898, 8598, 35082, 13, 632, 857, 407, 21923, 5894, 11, 3595, 38750, 11, 290, 2270, 496, 318, 2219, 319, 262, 1735, 7362, 284, 1029, 13520, 13, 357, 89, 1952, 604, 12, 21, 8, 198, 40287, 14391, 69, 343, 11904, 389, 973, 416, 4171, 1132, 325, 11, 34050, 32002, 11, 33039, 82, 11, 33043, 11, 290, 584, 41093, 290, 1402, 4695, 13, 3738, 47329, 11, 20096, 11, 1288, 74, 11, 8598, 35199, 11, 290, 8598, 15900, 4483, 262, 665, 9235, 290, 44689, 13, 632, 3769, 6275, 3002, 329, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 4695, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 15796, 69, 343, 743, 423, 717, 587, 5495, 284, 23089, 416, 10214, 272, 396, 12, 20676, 11934, 3271, 15796, 287, 1248, 2075, 11, 663, 6817, 284, 1605, 2106, 4477, 40986, 515, 13, 1081, 880, 355, 852, 262, 1499, 338, 1353, 2723, 286, 34840, 1909, 11, 262, 15796, 69, 343, 635, 4193, 12259, 262, 2688, 11, 4955, 24337, 8470, 290, 11426, 14, 660, 16606, 24971, 13, 383, 15796, 69, 343, 373, 8780, 284, 1605, 5795, 287, 2159, 1810, 2873, 355, 880, 11, 852, 973, 329, 2279, 422, 402, 3792, 6, 2366, 5793, 364, 284, 17726, 289, 5500, 290, 772, 262, 27587, 286, 5759, 3533, 326, 5281, 867, 257, 10686, 422, 3344, 13, 887, 3737, 530, 10156, 286, 262, 15796, 69, 343, 6194, 4340, 663, 1295, 287, 2253, 338, 21568, 2106, 517, 621, 597, 584, 13, 1649, 287, 36864, 262, 640, 1625, 284, 11169, 262, 285, 5773, 286, 366, 19620, 5686, 684, 1460, 553, 262, 23116, 7965, 11, 17338, 4490, 2635, 23076, 7150, 714, 645, 2392, 307, 1043, 13, 6288, 11, 5706, 5686, 684, 1460, 23017, 48370, 287, 262, 6182, 8565, 30822, 739, 262, 1176, 286, 1115, 15796, 69, 343, 285, 5773, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 734, 27465, 20328, 286, 15796, 69, 343, 25, 8545, 15796, 69, 343, 11, 49693, 463, 1747, 30302, 1450, 89, 444, 4178, 1401, 13, 1450, 89, 444, 4178, 6868, 284, 3517, 9309, 1863, 262, 8211, 7051, 284, 4318, 3442, 290, 8830, 12087, 26, 24534, 9638, 15796, 69, 343, 6868, 284, 262, 37874, 12269, 286, 262, 8211, 20572, 290, 262, 24534, 21124, 422, 4318, 3517, 9309, 5366, 284, 7840, 290, 4318, 5828, 13, 383, 43513, 4996, 318, 5443, 3957, 11, 890, 12, 24489, 11, 290, 460, 3151, 625, 5867, 6, 7331, 13, 383, 25209, 389, 3221, 257, 3223, 7872, 12, 14809, 3584, 617, 7150, 484, 743, 307, 698, 32091, 4077, 13, 24534, 9638, 15796, 69, 343, 11, 49693, 463, 1747, 30302, 1450, 89, 444, 4178, 1401, 13, 1278, 559, 6888, 318, 1327, 959, 11, 13611, 3957, 11, 12238, 5615, 290, 25129, 13676, 625, 11323, 6, 7331, 13, 383, 25209, 389, 12238, 290, 698, 32091, 4077, 3584, 287, 617, 7150, 743, 307, 7872, 680, 4077, 13, 383, 47314, 389, 8523, 513, 1, 287, 4129, 351, 275, 974, 82, 17157, 21032, 13, 198, 40287, 14391, 69, 343, 318, 3194, 355, 530, 1573, 393, 5328, 831, 515, 284, 905, 340, 318, 407, 257, 2081, 37979, 13, 198, 50, 18464, 284, 18393, 3403, 26, 4433, 922, 37664, 13, 198, 464, 25209, 389, 23642, 11, 2829, 11, 352, 12, 16, 14, 17, 8331, 890, 11, 22751, 11, 17979, 286, 4077, 8338, 2402, 262, 4996, 11, 734, 11760, 286, 336, 296, 1045, 11061, 13, 8545, 15796, 69, 343, 468, 3223, 7872, 12, 14809, 11, 10491, 698, 32091, 12, 14809, 25209, 13, 24534, 9638, 15796, 69, 343, 468, 12238, 11, 698, 32091, 12, 14809, 11, 10491, 7872, 680, 4077, 25209, 13, 198, 22606, 318, 2266, 198, 24724, 318, 4077, 351, 9208, 275, 974, 82, 198, 464, 1657, 7586, 11, 41186, 11, 44017, 6985, 47314, 389, 513, 12, 19, 8331, 890, 351, 9208, 513, 12, 4122, 276, 275, 974, 82, 326, 39701, 2507, 1022, 262, 16252, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	872
SAN MARINO, CA.- Drawing on the unparalleled manuscripts collection on the topic held by The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens , a major exhibition illuminates the remarkable changes wrought in the United States by the planning, construction, and completion of the transcontinental railroad. Visions of Empire: The Quest for a Railroad Across America, 18401880, on view April 21 through July 23 in the MaryLou and George Boone Gallery, coincides with the 150th anniversary of the 1862 Pacific Railroad Act, which led to the rail connection between the Missouri River and the Pacific Ocean. The exhibition features some 200 items, the vast majority from The Huntingtonincluding maps, photographs, illustrations, newspapers, magazines, letters, and diaries, most of which have never before been on public display. Visions of Empire is our first large-scale effort to share with the public The Huntingtons trove of materials relating to the history of the American railroad, said David Zeidberg, Avery Director of the Library. With his purchase of a few major collections early in the 20th century, Henry Huntington brought together hundreds upon hundreds of the most significant books and pamphlets on the trans-Mississippi West. Those materials, combined with the scores of invaluable manuscript, photographic, and ephemera collections on the West acquired over the succeeding decades, form a massive foundation for what we hope will be an extraordinary exhibition. Peter Blodgett, H. Russell Smith Foundation Curator of Western Historical Manuscripts at The Huntington and curator of the exhibition, has chosen to tell a couple of stories. As much as the exhibition will cover the technological marvels, engineering feats, and entrepreneurial audacity of the railroad age, it also tells the story of how the vision of American continental expansion evolved through a range of historical contextsfrom the age of Andrew Jackson through the Gold Rush, Civil War, and Gilded Age of the late 19th century, says Blodgett. Beginning with the handful of passionate and obstinate dreamers before the Civil War who first imagined a railroad stretching to the Pacific Ocean, Visions of Empire portrays the drive to move westward in the face of unrelenting geographic obstacles. Published engravings and original drawings from the 1830s and 40s depict romanticized landscapes navigable only by foot or on horseback, by wagon or by boat. One such example is the exquisite hand-illustrated diary of British army officer William Fairholme, which captures the landscape of the southern Great Plains in the 1840s; others include several of the hundreds of drawings by gold seeker J. Goldsborough Bruff as he takes part in the harrowing overland migration to Gold Rush California. Karl Bodmers hand-colored engravings of steamboats on western rivers from Maximilian of Wieds Travels in the Interior of North America (ca. 1834) not only represent one of the first great visual epics of Western American history, according to Blodgett, but they portray the early appearance of the new technology of steam power beyond the Mississippi, a generation before the arrival of the train. Such images, reflecting the increasing movement of people and goods west in the 1840s, helped to fuel widespread popular debate about railroad expansion across western plains and mountains to the Pacific Coast. In 1845, New York merchant Asa Whitney submitted a petition to the U. S. Congress proposing the construction of a railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean, igniting a debate that would unfold over the ensuing decades. The exhibition features letters, newspaper articles, railroad convention proceedings, and speeches in Congress that depict the points of view in play. These many perspectives echo the multitude of hopes and dreams that different individuals held for their futures, from profit-hungry railroad entrepreneurs and financiers pursuing federal largesse to Chinese and Irish laborers attracted by the promise of work involved in laying nearly 1,700 miles of track. Throughout the exhibition, says Blodgett, visitors will encounter the voices of many Americans celebrating, critiquing, commending, and condemning the new world being stitched together in those decades with iron rails. Structured chronologically, the exhibition consists of six sections, beginning with a prologue called Early Visions and Visionaries. From there, visitors will follow the narrative through four major sections: Charting the Course, 184062; Launching the Enterprise, 186265; Spanning the Continent, 186569; and Creating a New Country, 186980. An epilogue will take visitors to the cusp of the 20th century: Iron Horse America. Rare items from The Huntingtons collections will be supplemented with several loans for the installation, including artifacts such as hands tools used by railroad laborers, a payroll sheet for Chinese employees of the Central Pacific Railroad, and advertising cards for clipper ships carrying goods and passengers to Gold Rush California. Part of the exhibition takes a deeper look at the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Act. Here visitors can engage in exploring physical evidence in a more immersive and interactive mode. Hundreds of the Huntington's Alfred A. Hart photographs will be on view for the first time in a striking wall-sized installation. Some of these will also be able to be seen close-up through a stereographic viewer, a 19th-century apparatus that brings a dramatic three-dimensionality to images of landscapes, laborers, campsites, and supplies of the 19th-century West. Other highlights of this area include a hands-on Morse code station, where visitors can try their hand at the new communications system sweeping the country at the time, and a "walkable" map of the United States tracing the route of the transcontinental railroad. A Widespread Impact While the development of California and the West provided the allure for a transcontinental railroad, Visions of Empire tells an even broader, national storyone tied to the railroads place in American aspirations to dominate international trade and commerce with Asia, in the evolving role of the federal government in the life of the nation, and in the efforts to preserve the Union during the American Civil War. A ballot from the presidential election of 1856, showing the last name of Republican John C. Frémont emblazoned across an image of a steaming locomotive, advertises the first national candidate to associate himself with the idea of a transcontinental railroad. Abraham Lincoln, the successful Republican candidate in 1860, signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, mindful of the importance of the West to the preservation of the Union. The launching of the first American transcontinental railroad during the 1860s represented a new and dynamic phase in the enduring struggle among Americans over what role they imagined government should play in building a nation and shaping a social order. Visions of Empire depicts the monumental challenges faced by this great enterprise, as captured in survey reports, engineering sketches, treaties with Indians, photographs and engravings of toiling construction crews, and correspondence highlighting the triumphs and travails of the so-called Big FourMark Hopkins, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, and Collis P. Huntington (uncle to Henry E. Huntington, founder of The Huntington). Elsewhere in the exhibition, maps, photographs, and political cartoons trace the progress of this great endeavor and evolving popular attitudes toward it. Early maps offer glimpses of the young American republic pushing its web of market places and depots westward, while later versions depict the routes and towns that proliferated from Missouri to California in the wake of the meeting of the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific in 1869. Similarly, during the 1850s and early 60s, publications such as Harpers Weekly, Leslies Illustrated News, and the London Illustrated News portrayed these events in human terms through detailed engravings based on the burgeoning practice of photography. By the late 1860s, as photographic technology advanced, book publishers began issuing volumes filled with massive plate photographs, such as Andrew J. Russells The Great West Illustrated (1869). While many of those photographs echoed images from the 1840s with their romanticized views of the open landscape, many also captured the human toll of the brutal labor required to span the continent. Cartoonists, such as the celebrated Thomas Nast, added yet another layer of interpretation for readers as they mocked wealthy businessmen, lampooned corrupt politicians, or demonized Chinese immigrants. The Transformation of American Society Long before the last spike was hammered in place, when the east- and westbound tracks finally met at Utahs Promontory Summit on May 10, 1869, the first locomotives traveling west unleashed irrevocable social, political, and economic changes. Completion of this initial enterprise only accelerated the pace of such changes, including the inauguration of other transcontinental lines. To illuminate the decade following completion of the transcontinental railroad, Visions of Empire incorporates the letters and diaries of engineers, travelers, and investors who experienced first-hand the triumphs and the failures that characterized this massive undertaking. Outlining the rise of new railroads, communities, and industries across the West, it emphasizes the rapid pace of change in the 1870s spurred by this crossing of the continent. The era of exploration and discovery had quickly given way to a new age of tourism, as travelers could now see captivating landscape from their railroad car windows rather than simply in books or newspapers. Transportation became associated with luxury, as railroad lines used gloriously colorful lithographic posters to advertise the comforts of traveling east to westand west to eastin elegant compartments and dining cars. John Gasts famous painting American Progress (1872), as reproduced in the 1874 edition of Crofutts Trans-continental Tourist, demonstrates that notions of empire had become as expansive as the views captured by photographers such as Alfred A. Hart and as wondrous as the poetry of Walt Whitman, whose poem A Passage to India, in printed broadside form, is displayed. Singing my days, wrote the beloved poet, Singing the great achievements of the present, Singing the strong, light works of engineers . . . . I see over my own continent the Pacific Railroad, surmounting every barrier; I see continual trains of cars winding along the Platte, carrying freight and passengers. Contrasting with Whitmans exuberant and celebratory prose, however, are other texts that remind the viewer of the inextricable link between the expansive march of railroads across the West and the conquest of native peoples such as the Sioux and the Cheyenne, the corruption of politicians and corporate officials, and the havoc wrought by the unceasing exploitation of the land and its resources.	[ 36753, 18805, 46016, 11, 7257, 7874, 198, 25302, 278, 319, 262, 39235, 36578, 4947, 319, 262, 7243, 2714, 416, 383, 40644, 10074, 11, 3683, 50004, 11, 290, 18579, 36684, 29330, 198, 11, 257, 1688, 17127, 2801, 7230, 689, 262, 11004, 2458, 38733, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 416, 262, 5410, 11, 5103, 11, 290, 11939, 286, 262, 1007, 35415, 24337, 13, 569, 3279, 286, 8065, 25, 383, 6785, 329, 257, 36289, 27497, 2253, 11, 1248, 21844, 41655, 11, 319, 1570, 3035, 2310, 832, 2901, 2242, 287, 262, 5335, 24016, 290, 4502, 44317, 12917, 11, 47387, 351, 262, 6640, 400, 11162, 286, 262, 49658, 8211, 36289, 2191, 11, 543, 2957, 284, 262, 6787, 4637, 1022, 262, 11565, 5866, 290, 262, 8211, 10692, 13, 383, 17127, 3033, 617, 939, 3709, 11, 262, 5909, 3741, 422, 383, 40644, 8201, 8739, 11, 12566, 11, 27128, 11, 14741, 11, 16695, 11, 7475, 11, 290, 2566, 3166, 11, 749, 286, 543, 423, 1239, 878, 587, 319, 1171, 3359, 13, 198, 53, 3279, 286, 8065, 318, 674, 717, 1588, 12, 9888, 3626, 284, 2648, 351, 262, 1171, 383, 22059, 27288, 42377, 286, 5696, 11270, 284, 262, 2106, 286, 262, 1605, 24337, 11, 531, 3271, 9033, 312, 3900, 11, 29218, 5890, 286, 262, 10074, 13, 2080, 465, 5001, 286, 257, 1178, 1688, 17268, 1903, 287, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 11, 8616, 40644, 3181, 1978, 5179, 2402, 5179, 286, 262, 749, 2383, 3835, 290, 31461, 5289, 319, 262, 1007, 12, 17140, 747, 12715, 2688, 13, 5845, 5696, 11, 5929, 351, 262, 8198, 286, 30438, 17116, 11, 35788, 11, 290, 2462, 39557, 64, 17268, 319, 262, 2688, 9477, 625, 262, 34195, 4647, 11, 1296, 257, 4858, 8489, 329, 644, 356, 2911, 481, 307, 281, 11359, 17127, 13, 198, 19727, 1086, 375, 1136, 83, 11, 367, 13, 11563, 4176, 5693, 4424, 1352, 286, 4885, 23121, 1869, 15817, 82, 379, 383, 40644, 290, 46132, 286, 262, 17127, 11, 468, 7147, 284, 1560, 257, 3155, 286, 3923, 13, 1081, 881, 355, 262, 17127, 481, 3002, 262, 14614, 22672, 82, 11, 8705, 35664, 11, 290, 39365, 2709, 4355, 286, 262, 24337, 2479, 11, 340, 635, 4952, 262, 1621, 286, 703, 262, 5761, 286, 1605, 29843, 7118, 12572, 832, 257, 2837, 286, 6754, 26307, 6738, 262, 2479, 286, 6858, 6612, 832, 262, 3561, 13063, 11, 7511, 1810, 11, 290, 402, 46158, 7129, 286, 262, 2739, 678, 400, 4289, 11, 1139, 1086, 375, 1136, 83, 13, 198, 45198, 351, 262, 10089, 286, 15347, 290, 9710, 4559, 4320, 364, 878, 262, 7511, 1810, 508, 717, 15758, 257, 24337, 20880, 284, 262, 8211, 10692, 11, 569, 3279, 286, 8065, 44771, 262, 3708, 284, 1445, 7421, 904, 287, 262, 1986, 286, 23232, 36589, 22987, 17648, 13, 26372, 1786, 42335, 290, 2656, 23388, 422, 262, 45440, 82, 290, 2319, 82, 19583, 14348, 1143, 32964, 20436, 540, 691, 416, 2366, 393, 319, 8223, 1891, 11, 416, 31860, 393, 416, 8848, 13, 1881, 884, 1672, 318, 262, 40123, 1021, 12, 359, 436, 4111, 26339, 286, 3517, 5428, 3818, 3977, 7011, 3937, 1326, 11, 543, 23007, 262, 10747, 286, 262, 8372, 3878, 31981, 287, 262, 47784, 82, 26, 1854, 2291, 1811, 286, 262, 5179, 286, 23388, 416, 3869, 45993, 449, 13, 3561, 82, 17913, 8274, 487, 355, 339, 2753, 636, 287, 262, 45736, 625, 1044, 13472, 284, 3561, 13063, 3442, 13, 15415, 26285, 11056, 1021, 12, 25717, 1786, 42335, 286, 13324, 46058, 319, 8830, 18180, 422, 5436, 26641, 666, 286, 370, 798, 82, 48899, 287, 262, 19614, 286, 2258, 2253, 357, 6888, 13, 1248, 2682, 8, 407, 691, 2380, 530, 286, 262, 717, 1049, 5874, 2462, 873, 286, 4885, 1605, 2106, 11, 1864, 284, 1086, 375, 1136, 83, 11, 475, 484, 10993, 262, 1903, 5585, 286, 262, 649, 3037, 286, 13324, 1176, 3675, 262, 13797, 11, 257, 5270, 878, 262, 10325, 286, 262, 4512, 13, 198, 16678, 4263, 11, 20252, 262, 3649, 3356, 286, 661, 290, 7017, 7421, 287, 262, 47784, 82, 11, 4193, 284, 5252, 10095, 2968, 4384, 546, 24337, 7118, 1973, 8830, 36149, 290, 12269, 284, 262, 8211, 8545, 13, 554, 1248, 2231, 11, 968, 1971, 20729, 1081, 64, 34701, 8948, 257, 8853, 284, 262, 471, 13, 311, 13, 3162, 24634, 262, 5103, 286, 257, 24337, 422, 6233, 7055, 284, 262, 8211, 10692, 11, 3627, 1780, 257, 4384, 326, 561, 16631, 625, 262, 29543, 4647, 13, 198, 464, 17127, 3033, 7475, 11, 7533, 6685, 11, 24337, 9831, 13106, 11, 290, 18138, 287, 3162, 326, 19583, 262, 2173, 286, 1570, 287, 711, 13, 2312, 867, 22582, 9809, 262, 24124, 286, 7176, 290, 10625, 326, 1180, 3925, 2714, 329, 511, 25650, 11, 422, 7630, 12, 43274, 563, 24337, 17038, 290, 17240, 979, 364, 15461, 2717, 2552, 35270, 284, 3999, 290, 8685, 41075, 12725, 416, 262, 6991, 286, 670, 2950, 287, 16299, 3016, 352, 11, 9879, 4608, 286, 2610, 13, 198, 26797, 262, 17127, 11, 1139, 1086, 375, 1136, 83, 11, 9692, 481, 8791, 262, 10839, 286, 867, 3399, 17499, 11, 1955, 1557, 278, 11, 725, 1571, 11, 290, 31568, 262, 649, 995, 852, 336, 10981, 1978, 287, 883, 4647, 351, 6953, 27587, 13, 198, 44909, 1522, 16199, 13437, 11, 262, 17127, 10874, 286, 2237, 9004, 11, 3726, 351, 257, 13286, 5119, 1444, 12556, 569, 3279, 290, 19009, 3166, 13, 3574, 612, 11, 9692, 481, 1061, 262, 8689, 832, 1440, 1688, 9004, 25, 22086, 278, 262, 20537, 11, 47784, 5237, 26, 19826, 10813, 262, 14973, 11, 28481, 22980, 26, 49101, 768, 262, 45778, 11, 47801, 3388, 26, 290, 30481, 257, 968, 12946, 11, 1248, 3388, 1795, 13, 1052, 2462, 346, 5119, 481, 1011, 9692, 284, 262, 269, 17723, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 25, 7931, 18455, 2253, 13, 198, 26737, 3709, 422, 383, 22059, 27288, 17268, 481, 307, 41610, 351, 1811, 10021, 329, 262, 9988, 11, 1390, 20316, 884, 355, 2832, 4899, 973, 416, 24337, 41075, 11, 257, 22235, 9629, 329, 3999, 4409, 286, 262, 5694, 8211, 36289, 11, 290, 8560, 4116, 329, 537, 14710, 7937, 6872, 7017, 290, 10405, 284, 3561, 13063, 3442, 13, 198, 7841, 286, 262, 17127, 2753, 257, 9211, 804, 379, 262, 8211, 36289, 290, 21821, 2191, 13, 3423, 9692, 460, 8209, 287, 13504, 3518, 2370, 287, 257, 517, 31403, 290, 14333, 4235, 13, 32636, 286, 262, 40644, 338, 22044, 317, 13, 11345, 12566, 481, 307, 319, 1570, 329, 262, 717, 640, 287, 257, 8871, 3355, 12, 13982, 9988, 13, 2773, 286, 777, 481, 635, 307, 1498, 284, 307, 1775, 1969, 12, 929, 832, 257, 10268, 6826, 19091, 11, 257, 678, 400, 12, 14792, 21152, 326, 6774, 257, 10092, 1115, 12, 46156, 1483, 284, 4263, 286, 32964, 11, 41075, 11, 11665, 2737, 11, 290, 9416, 286, 262, 678, 400, 12, 14792, 2688, 13, 3819, 11330, 286, 428, 1989, 2291, 257, 2832, 12, 261, 44049, 2438, 4429, 11, 810, 9692, 460, 1949, 511, 1021, 379, 262, 649, 8062, 1080, 18404, 262, 1499, 379, 262, 640, 11, 290, 257, 366, 11152, 540, 1, 3975, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 35328, 262, 6339, 286, 262, 1007, 35415, 24337, 13, 198, 32, 370, 9790, 17677, 198, 3633, 262, 2478, 286, 3442, 290, 262, 2688, 2810, 262, 477, 495, 329, 257, 1007, 35415, 24337, 11, 569, 3279, 286, 8065, 4952, 281, 772, 11622, 11, 2260, 1621, 505, 8165, 284, 262, 6787, 21372, 1295, 287, 1605, 27337, 284, 17863, 3230, 3292, 290, 19497, 351, 7229, 11, 287, 262, 21568, 2597, 286, 262, 2717, 1230, 287, 262, 1204, 286, 262, 3277, 11, 290, 287, 262, 4040, 284, 12201, 262, 4479, 1141, 262, 1605, 7511, 1810, 13, 198, 32, 11100, 422, 262, 4787, 3071, 286, 1248, 3980, 11, 4478, 262, 938, 1438, 286, 3415, 1757, 327, 13, 1305, 2634, 8691, 795, 2436, 5168, 276, 1973, 281, 2939, 286, 257, 2876, 3723, 33334, 19138, 11, 6728, 2696, 262, 717, 2260, 4540, 284, 11602, 2241, 351, 262, 2126, 286, 257, 1007, 35415, 24337, 13, 16660, 12406, 11, 262, 4388, 3415, 4540, 287, 37637, 11, 4488, 262, 8211, 36289, 2191, 286, 49658, 11, 33798, 286, 262, 6817, 286, 262, 2688, 284, 262, 22459, 286, 262, 4479, 13, 383, 13925, 286, 262, 717, 1605, 1007, 35415, 24337, 1141, 262, 37637, 82, 7997, 257, 649, 290, 8925, 7108, 287, 262, 24056, 6531, 1871, 3399, 625, 644, 2597, 484, 15758, 1230, 815, 711, 287, 2615, 257, 3277, 290, 23610, 257, 1919, 1502, 13, 198, 53, 3279, 286, 8065, 28539, 262, 36364, 6459, 7452, 416, 428, 1049, 13953, 11, 355, 7907, 287, 5526, 3136, 11, 8705, 34035, 11, 30734, 351, 12746, 11, 12566, 290, 1786, 42335, 286, 284, 4386, 5103, 18936, 11, 290, 22440, 21292, 262, 15499, 82, 290, 1291, 85, 1768, 286, 262, 523, 12, 7174, 4403, 6675, 9704, 21183, 11, 7516, 9325, 15280, 11, 406, 8822, 13863, 11, 290, 7778, 271, 350, 13, 40644, 357, 29942, 284, 8616, 412, 13, 40644, 11, 9119, 286, 383, 40644, 737, 198, 49374, 287, 262, 17127, 11, 8739, 11, 12566, 11, 290, 1964, 30070, 12854, 262, 4371, 286, 428, 1049, 28251, 290, 21568, 2968, 14479, 3812, 340, 13, 12556, 8739, 2897, 41226, 274, 286, 262, 1862, 1605, 17146, 7796, 663, 3992, 286, 1910, 4113, 290, 1207, 1747, 7421, 904, 11, 981, 1568, 6300, 19583, 262, 11926, 290, 11684, 326, 19873, 515, 422, 11565, 284, 3442, 287, 262, 7765, 286, 262, 3249, 286, 262, 4479, 8211, 36289, 290, 262, 5694, 8211, 287, 1248, 3388, 13, 15298, 11, 1141, 262, 35745, 82, 290, 1903, 3126, 82, 11, 16125, 884, 355, 2113, 19276, 18168, 11, 11732, 13508, 36000, 3000, 11, 290, 262, 3576, 36000, 3000, 19152, 777, 2995, 287, 1692, 2846, 832, 6496, 1786, 42335, 1912, 319, 262, 38935, 3357, 286, 16223, 13, 198, 3886, 262, 2739, 37637, 82, 11, 355, 35788, 3037, 6190, 11, 1492, 17604, 2540, 19089, 15343, 5901, 351, 4858, 7480, 12566, 11, 884, 355, 6858, 449, 13, 11563, 82, 383, 3878, 2688, 36000, 357, 1507, 3388, 737, 2893, 867, 286, 883, 12566, 22211, 4263, 422, 262, 47784, 82, 351, 511, 14348, 1143, 5009, 286, 262, 1280, 10747, 11, 867, 635, 7907, 262, 1692, 13592, 286, 262, 12399, 4827, 2672, 284, 11506, 262, 15549, 13, 46838, 1023, 11, 884, 355, 262, 13943, 5658, 399, 459, 11, 2087, 1865, 1194, 7679, 286, 10794, 329, 7183, 355, 484, 29180, 11574, 34643, 11, 20450, 2049, 276, 10622, 7602, 11, 393, 3222, 1143, 3999, 7971, 13, 198, 464, 49127, 286, 1605, 7023, 198, 14617, 878, 262, 938, 20240, 373, 41223, 287, 1295, 11, 618, 262, 7627, 12, 290, 7421, 7784, 8339, 3443, 1138, 379, 10202, 82, 10335, 756, 652, 20014, 319, 1737, 838, 11, 1248, 3388, 11, 262, 717, 33334, 313, 1083, 11300, 7421, 28136, 11331, 18893, 540, 1919, 11, 1964, 11, 290, 3034, 2458, 13, 955, 24547, 286, 428, 4238, 13953, 691, 23312, 262, 8761, 286, 884, 2458, 11, 1390, 262, 23166, 286, 584, 1007, 35415, 3951, 13, 198, 2514, 38407, 262, 5707, 1708, 11939, 286, 262, 1007, 35415, 24337, 11, 569, 3279, 286, 8065, 33181, 262, 7475, 290, 2566, 3166, 286, 12037, 11, 23325, 11, 290, 7713, 508, 5924, 717, 12, 4993, 262, 15499, 82, 290, 262, 15536, 326, 16264, 428, 4858, 25971, 13, 3806, 21310, 262, 4485, 286, 649, 6787, 21372, 11, 5348, 11, 290, 11798, 1973, 262, 2688, 11, 340, 31648, 262, 5801, 8761, 286, 1487, 287, 262, 37667, 82, 34601, 416, 428, 12538, 286, 262, 15549, 13, 383, 6980, 286, 13936, 290, 9412, 550, 2952, 1813, 835, 284, 257, 649, 2479, 286, 19277, 11, 355, 23325, 714, 783, 766, 3144, 39438, 10747, 422, 511, 24337, 1097, 9168, 2138, 621, 2391, 287, 3835, 393, 14741, 13, 15198, 2627, 3917, 351, 13064, 11, 355, 24337, 3951, 973, 26996, 6819, 20239, 24491, 6826, 19379, 284, 32740, 262, 401, 47378, 286, 11300, 7627, 284, 7421, 392, 7421, 284, 7627, 259, 19992, 552, 32514, 290, 17423, 5006, 13, 198, 7554, 402, 5773, 5863, 12036, 1605, 18387, 357, 1507, 4761, 828, 355, 31759, 287, 262, 1248, 4524, 8313, 286, 9325, 69, 315, 912, 3602, 12, 35415, 9852, 396, 11, 15687, 326, 26226, 286, 13735, 550, 1716, 355, 31316, 355, 262, 5009, 7907, 416, 26474, 884, 355, 22044, 317, 13, 11345, 290, 355, 3135, 7596, 355, 262, 19518, 286, 18935, 47958, 11, 3025, 21247, 317, 46169, 284, 3794, 11, 287, 10398, 3154, 1589, 1296, 11, 318, 9066, 13, 5573, 278, 616, 1528, 11, 2630, 262, 14142, 21810, 11, 5573, 278, 262, 1049, 16970, 286, 262, 1944, 11, 5573, 278, 262, 1913, 11, 1657, 2499, 286, 12037, 764, 764, 764, 764, 314, 766, 625, 616, 898, 15549, 262, 8211, 36289, 11, 969, 14948, 278, 790, 13054, 26, 314, 766, 37639, 13404, 286, 5006, 28967, 1863, 262, 32715, 660, 11, 6872, 30724, 290, 10405, 13, 198, 4264, 5685, 278, 351, 13183, 16221, 409, 18478, 415, 290, 4681, 2870, 27149, 11, 2158, 11, 389, 584, 13399, 326, 7101, 262, 19091, 286, 262, 287, 2302, 1173, 540, 2792, 1022, 262, 31316, 9960, 286, 6787, 21372, 1973, 262, 2688, 290, 262, 29179, 286, 6868, 14366, 884, 355, 262, 37903, 290, 262, 2580, 88, 29727, 11, 262, 9253, 286, 7602, 290, 6355, 2828, 11, 290, 262, 29860, 38733, 416, 262, 555, 344, 2313, 17238, 286, 262, 1956, 290, 663, 4133, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,161
Types of Arthritis There are over 100 types of arthritis, and these diseases affect more than 46 million individuals in the U.S. alone. This figure is expected to breach the 60 million mark before 2030. Various types of arthritis are unique and distinct from each other and each type has its own treatment approach. This highlights the necessity and importance of accurate tests and diagnostic procedures in determining the specific type of arthritis that a person is suffering from. Once you are able to isolate the triggers of the pain and inflammation associated with the disease, then you will be able to undertake the necessary steps in finding relief from the effects of the disease and maintain a relatively normal daily routine. Diversity of the Types of Arthritis If you live long enough, there is a strong likelihood that you will experience a touch of at least one of the more than 100 types of arthritis. This chronic medical condition can take the form of a mild tendinitis and bursitis or a debilitating systemic disease like rheumatoid arthritis. There are also some forms of arthritis and arthritis-related conditions such as fibromyalgia and systemic lupus erythematosus that are widespread and affect different parts of the body. Arthritis is not a medical condition of the old. There are certain types of the disease that specifically affect infants and children, and these include juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis. There are also a significant number of men and women who are suffering from this disease at the prime of their lives. A common denominator for these types of arthritis is the presence of musculoskeletal and joint pain, and this is the primary reason why these conditions are collectively referred to as arthritis. Major types of arthritis include: This type of arthritis is a degenerative disease and is also referred to as arthrosis, degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It is a medical condition that is characterized by low-grade inflammation which triggers persistent pain in the affected joints. This condition is the result of the progressive deterioration of the cartilage, and its deteriorated condition affects its capacity to protect and act as cushion of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints. It is a painful and debilitating inflammatory condition and can lead to substantial impairment of normal mobility as a result of the persistent pain and damage to the affected joint. Rheumatoid is also a systemic condition and can affect the extra-articular tissues in various parts of the body. These include the muscles, lungs, hearts, blood vessels and the skin. The highest incidence of the disease is observed in men and women within the 30-60 years age range. Gout is characterized by the sudden and severe episodes which usually affect the big toe, although any joint is prone to these gout attacks. This type of arthritis is a metabolic problem brought about by the accumulation of uric acid in the bloodstream. The precursor of the condition is the buildup of harmful crystals in the joints and other parts of the body. Specific medications and proper diet are essential in the control and management of gout. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the spine. In its advanced stage, the condition is characterized by the stiffness of the spine and fusion of the vertebrae. In most cases, it is more difficult to detect and diagnose the disease in women than in men. The persistent pain and discomfort are the results of the inflammation in the vertebrae or spinal joints. Aside from the fusion of the vertebrae, the abnormal bone growth can lead to immobility and forward-stooped posture. Ankylosing spondylitis can also lead to stiffness, pain and inflammation on the other parts of the body, including the joints of the hands and feet, heels, ribs, hips and shoulders. There are also some rare cases where the disease can affect the eyes, a condition known as Uveitis or Iritis, as well as the heart and lungs. Juvenile arthritis, or simply JA, is a chronic disease that is associated with the inflammation of one or several joints. This disease affects individuals below the age of 16. The inflammation is the common denominator of the various forms of juvenile arthritis, although such forms of the disease have distinct nuances and require different treatment modes. Psoriatic arthritis is the type of arthritis that is common in patients who are suffering from a chronic skin disorder known as psoriasis. It has some similarities with rheumatoid arthritis, although most patients who have psoriatic arthritis exhibit mild to moderate symptoms. This chronic disorder affects both men and women, and it can lead to further complications and serious health problems when left untreated. The progress of the disease is generally slow and affects specific joints. Septic arthritis is brought about by haematogenous spread of infection, although there are instances where the condition is triggered by the introduction of infecting agents from adjacent infection, as in the case of osteomyelitis, or through a penetrating wound. The condition is common in children and premature neonates, although it can also affect the elderly and individuals who are immune suppressed. There is no cure for arthritis, but there are several treatment modes that we can use to alleviate or mitigate the effects of the disease. Among your options are several natural arthritis treatment options that have been proven to be effective and safe when used in the management of the disease.	[ 31431, 286, 943, 34043, 198, 1858, 389, 625, 1802, 3858, 286, 37954, 11, 290, 777, 10040, 2689, 517, 621, 6337, 1510, 3925, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3436, 13, 770, 3785, 318, 2938, 284, 13694, 262, 3126, 1510, 1317, 878, 25054, 13, 26386, 3858, 286, 37954, 389, 3748, 290, 7310, 422, 1123, 584, 290, 1123, 2099, 468, 663, 898, 3513, 3164, 13, 770, 11330, 262, 14564, 290, 6817, 286, 7187, 5254, 290, 23584, 9021, 287, 13213, 262, 2176, 2099, 286, 37954, 326, 257, 1048, 318, 7195, 422, 13, 198, 7454, 345, 389, 1498, 284, 28091, 262, 20022, 286, 262, 2356, 290, 20881, 3917, 351, 262, 4369, 11, 788, 345, 481, 307, 1498, 284, 25340, 262, 3306, 4831, 287, 4917, 8259, 422, 262, 3048, 286, 262, 4369, 290, 5529, 257, 5365, 3487, 4445, 8027, 13, 198, 35, 1608, 286, 262, 24897, 286, 943, 34043, 198, 1532, 345, 2107, 890, 1576, 11, 612, 318, 257, 1913, 14955, 326, 345, 481, 1998, 257, 3638, 286, 379, 1551, 530, 286, 262, 517, 621, 1802, 3858, 286, 37954, 13, 770, 10726, 3315, 4006, 460, 1011, 262, 1296, 286, 257, 11607, 4327, 259, 11815, 290, 275, 1834, 11815, 393, 257, 41378, 21971, 4369, 588, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 13, 1318, 389, 635, 617, 5107, 286, 37954, 290, 37954, 12, 5363, 3403, 884, 355, 12900, 50228, 47111, 290, 21971, 300, 929, 385, 220, 1924, 1169, 6759, 418, 385, 326, 389, 10095, 290, 2689, 1180, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 198, 3163, 34043, 318, 407, 257, 3315, 4006, 286, 262, 1468, 13, 1318, 389, 1728, 3858, 286, 262, 4369, 326, 5734, 2689, 18775, 290, 1751, 11, 290, 777, 2291, 21904, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 290, 384, 17459, 37954, 13, 1318, 389, 635, 257, 2383, 1271, 286, 1450, 290, 1466, 508, 389, 7195, 422, 428, 4369, 379, 262, 6994, 286, 511, 3160, 13, 317, 2219, 31457, 1352, 329, 777, 3858, 286, 37954, 318, 262, 4931, 286, 1928, 3129, 418, 365, 47293, 290, 6466, 2356, 11, 290, 428, 318, 262, 4165, 1738, 1521, 777, 3403, 389, 21329, 6412, 284, 355, 37954, 13, 198, 24206, 3858, 286, 37954, 2291, 25, 198, 1212, 2099, 286, 37954, 318, 257, 25419, 876, 4369, 290, 318, 635, 6412, 284, 355, 610, 400, 37172, 11, 25419, 876, 6466, 4369, 393, 25419, 876, 37954, 13, 440, 4169, 78, 11999, 27398, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 2099, 286, 37954, 13, 632, 318, 257, 3315, 4006, 326, 318, 16264, 416, 1877, 12, 9526, 20881, 543, 20022, 16218, 2356, 287, 262, 5676, 24039, 13, 770, 4006, 318, 262, 1255, 286, 262, 10393, 38495, 286, 262, 6383, 50006, 11, 290, 663, 44525, 4006, 10975, 663, 5339, 284, 1805, 290, 719, 355, 33579, 286, 262, 24039, 13, 198, 49, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 318, 257, 10726, 46938, 8967, 326, 7525, 10975, 262, 24039, 13, 632, 318, 257, 12132, 290, 41378, 23760, 4006, 290, 460, 1085, 284, 8904, 23992, 286, 3487, 15873, 355, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 16218, 2356, 290, 2465, 284, 262, 5676, 6466, 13, 371, 258, 27798, 1868, 318, 635, 257, 21971, 4006, 290, 460, 2689, 262, 3131, 12, 433, 13174, 21379, 287, 2972, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 2312, 2291, 262, 12749, 11, 21726, 11, 11954, 11, 2910, 14891, 290, 262, 4168, 13, 383, 4511, 18349, 286, 262, 4369, 318, 6515, 287, 1450, 290, 1466, 1626, 262, 1542, 12, 1899, 812, 2479, 2837, 13, 198, 38, 448, 318, 16264, 416, 262, 4802, 290, 6049, 8640, 543, 3221, 2689, 262, 1263, 21189, 11, 3584, 597, 6466, 318, 17592, 284, 777, 308, 448, 3434, 13, 770, 2099, 286, 37954, 318, 257, 19737, 1917, 3181, 546, 416, 262, 24106, 286, 2956, 291, 7408, 287, 262, 46005, 13, 383, 34826, 286, 262, 4006, 318, 262, 40502, 286, 13568, 24770, 287, 262, 24039, 290, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 17377, 17638, 290, 1774, 5496, 389, 6393, 287, 262, 1630, 290, 4542, 286, 308, 448, 13, 198, 2025, 2584, 75, 2752, 599, 623, 2645, 11815, 318, 257, 10726, 23760, 8967, 326, 10975, 262, 19656, 13, 554, 663, 6190, 3800, 11, 262, 4006, 318, 16264, 416, 262, 49586, 286, 262, 19656, 290, 21748, 286, 262, 30362, 16057, 68, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 11, 340, 318, 517, 2408, 284, 4886, 290, 37489, 262, 4369, 287, 1466, 621, 287, 1450, 13, 383, 16218, 2356, 290, 23597, 389, 262, 2482, 286, 262, 20881, 287, 262, 30362, 16057, 68, 393, 26234, 24039, 13, 28470, 422, 262, 21748, 286, 262, 30362, 16057, 68, 11, 262, 18801, 9970, 3349, 460, 1085, 284, 2296, 672, 879, 290, 2651, 12, 301, 11224, 276, 24521, 13, 198, 2025, 2584, 75, 2752, 599, 623, 2645, 11815, 460, 635, 1085, 284, 49586, 11, 2356, 290, 20881, 319, 262, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 11, 1390, 262, 24039, 286, 262, 2832, 290, 3625, 11, 18728, 11, 27105, 11, 21497, 290, 12450, 13, 1318, 389, 635, 617, 4071, 2663, 810, 262, 4369, 460, 2689, 262, 2951, 11, 257, 4006, 1900, 355, 471, 303, 11815, 393, 314, 27398, 11, 355, 880, 355, 262, 2612, 290, 21726, 13, 198, 33018, 574, 576, 37954, 11, 393, 2391, 41722, 11, 318, 257, 10726, 4369, 326, 318, 3917, 351, 262, 20881, 286, 530, 393, 1811, 24039, 13, 770, 4369, 10975, 3925, 2174, 262, 2479, 286, 1467, 13, 383, 20881, 318, 262, 2219, 31457, 1352, 286, 262, 2972, 5107, 286, 21904, 37954, 11, 3584, 884, 5107, 286, 262, 4369, 423, 7310, 42160, 290, 2421, 1180, 3513, 12881, 13, 198, 12016, 10145, 1512, 37954, 318, 262, 2099, 286, 37954, 326, 318, 2219, 287, 3871, 508, 389, 7195, 422, 257, 10726, 4168, 8967, 1900, 355, 26692, 273, 48455, 13, 632, 468, 617, 20594, 351, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 11, 3584, 749, 3871, 508, 423, 26692, 10145, 1512, 37954, 15866, 11607, 284, 10768, 7460, 13, 770, 10726, 8967, 10975, 1111, 1450, 290, 1466, 11, 290, 340, 460, 1085, 284, 2252, 19481, 290, 2726, 1535, 2761, 618, 1364, 41539, 13, 383, 4371, 286, 262, 4369, 318, 4143, 3105, 290, 10975, 2176, 24039, 13, 198, 14635, 291, 37954, 318, 3181, 546, 416, 387, 368, 265, 27897, 4104, 286, 10280, 11, 3584, 612, 389, 10245, 810, 262, 4006, 318, 13973, 416, 262, 9793, 286, 7580, 278, 6554, 422, 15909, 10280, 11, 355, 287, 262, 1339, 286, 32674, 9145, 417, 11815, 11, 393, 832, 257, 41456, 11699, 13, 383, 4006, 318, 2219, 287, 1751, 290, 19905, 25988, 689, 11, 3584, 340, 460, 635, 2689, 262, 13830, 290, 3925, 508, 389, 10900, 25822, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 645, 13996, 329, 37954, 11, 475, 612, 389, 1811, 3513, 12881, 326, 356, 460, 779, 284, 30885, 393, 24237, 262, 3048, 286, 262, 4369, 13, 9754, 534, 3689, 389, 1811, 3288, 37954, 3513, 3689, 326, 423, 587, 9157, 284, 307, 4050, 290, 3338, 618, 973, 287, 262, 4542, 286, 262, 4369, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,120
Dangerous Cooking Habits All men love barbecues but too much of them can be bad. Mom was right (sort of); burnt food can cause cancer so do not eat open-flame grilled food too often. But don't panic just yet; look at the details. Studies on animals have shown that charred and burnt meats are carcinogenic, and so is the smoke generated by burnt fat that drips from meat. On a more reassuring note, Alexis Currie-Williams, Nutrition and Physical Activity Manager for the American Cancer Society, states that, "while grilling foods may increase the risk for cancer, it's not at the top the cancer-causing list." In other words, grilling is bad, but not very bad, especially if proper cooking measures are taken. When grilling food from now on, don't: Avoid Genetically Modified foods for now. The GM food industry is still in its infancy, so we don't know how such foods can affect people. In rare cases, allergic reactions, nerve damage and poisoning have all been reported. Food makers must inform people which products are genetically modified so people could at least know what "can" have dangerous effects. Canola seeds, soya and maize are some of the most widely modified foods. Cooking foods properly, keeping the kitchen area and utensils clean to avoid cross-contamination, drinking pasteurized milk, and washing food before eating are all practices that can prevent Listeria. Listeria is a pathogen that makes people ill and causes meningitis. Vegetables, milk, cheese, meat, and seafood should all be handled carefully and properly. North Americans normally tend to avoid picking mushrooms themselves, but Eastern Europeans and Asians enjoy picking their own shrooms. This practice can be dangerous when the same wild species of mushrooms are consumed on different continents. Some mushrooms are safe in one part of the world, but can be poisonous in another, even though they are the same species. Possible microwave risks include increased LDL cholesterol levels (the bad kind). The study was conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and the University Institute of Biochemistry. On the other hand, most national safety agencies maintain that microwaves are safe. My suggestion is to use microwave ovens as little as possible. I myself don't even own one, yet I still manage to survive. Many of the aforementioned habits don't pose an immediate danger to your health, but long-term use and a combination of these might lead to problems later on in life. Don't overreact, just be mindful of the possibilities.	[ 35, 2564, 516, 33774, 19654, 896, 198, 3237, 1450, 1842, 2318, 9423, 947, 475, 1165, 881, 286, 606, 460, 307, 2089, 13, 11254, 373, 826, 357, 30619, 286, 1776, 22999, 2057, 460, 2728, 4890, 523, 466, 407, 4483, 1280, 12, 49621, 34240, 2057, 1165, 1690, 13, 887, 836, 470, 13619, 655, 1865, 26, 804, 379, 262, 3307, 13, 198, 45833, 319, 4695, 423, 3402, 326, 50045, 290, 22999, 32219, 389, 28164, 15147, 11, 290, 523, 318, 262, 7523, 7560, 416, 22999, 3735, 326, 1454, 862, 422, 6174, 13, 1550, 257, 517, 36450, 3465, 11, 31078, 4424, 5034, 12, 27869, 11, 23285, 290, 16331, 24641, 9142, 329, 262, 1605, 15523, 7023, 11, 2585, 326, 11, 366, 4514, 1036, 4509, 9013, 743, 2620, 262, 2526, 329, 4890, 11, 340, 338, 407, 379, 262, 1353, 262, 4890, 12, 6888, 3500, 1351, 526, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 1036, 4509, 318, 2089, 11, 475, 407, 845, 2089, 11, 2592, 611, 1774, 10801, 5260, 389, 2077, 13, 198, 2215, 1036, 4509, 2057, 422, 783, 319, 11, 836, 470, 25, 198, 38618, 5215, 16877, 40499, 9013, 329, 783, 13, 383, 6951, 2057, 2831, 318, 991, 287, 663, 38120, 11, 523, 356, 836, 470, 760, 703, 884, 9013, 460, 2689, 661, 13, 554, 4071, 2663, 11, 31856, 12737, 11, 16384, 2465, 290, 22475, 423, 477, 587, 2098, 13, 198, 24602, 14429, 1276, 4175, 661, 543, 3186, 389, 20807, 9518, 523, 661, 714, 379, 1551, 760, 644, 366, 5171, 1, 423, 4923, 3048, 13, 1680, 5708, 11904, 11, 523, 3972, 290, 49235, 389, 617, 286, 262, 749, 6768, 9518, 9013, 13, 198, 28937, 278, 9013, 6105, 11, 5291, 262, 9592, 1989, 290, 3384, 641, 4487, 3424, 284, 3368, 3272, 12, 3642, 24979, 11, 7722, 17008, 44796, 7545, 11, 290, 20518, 2057, 878, 6600, 389, 477, 6593, 326, 460, 2948, 406, 1694, 544, 13, 198, 43, 1694, 544, 318, 257, 3108, 6644, 326, 1838, 661, 2801, 290, 5640, 1450, 278, 11815, 13, 23892, 2977, 11, 7545, 11, 9891, 11, 6174, 11, 290, 31473, 815, 477, 307, 12118, 7773, 290, 6105, 13, 198, 14157, 3399, 7685, 4327, 284, 3368, 10868, 23452, 2405, 11, 475, 8345, 20006, 290, 30852, 2883, 10868, 511, 898, 427, 9649, 13, 198, 1212, 3357, 460, 307, 4923, 618, 262, 976, 4295, 4693, 286, 23452, 389, 13529, 319, 1180, 33431, 13, 2773, 23452, 389, 3338, 287, 530, 636, 286, 262, 995, 11, 475, 460, 307, 32199, 287, 1194, 11, 772, 996, 484, 389, 262, 976, 4693, 13, 198, 47, 4733, 27000, 7476, 2291, 3220, 37654, 18759, 2974, 357, 1169, 2089, 1611, 737, 383, 2050, 373, 5952, 416, 262, 14780, 5618, 5136, 286, 8987, 290, 262, 2059, 5136, 286, 8436, 37074, 13, 198, 2202, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 749, 2260, 3747, 5942, 5529, 326, 23479, 3080, 389, 3338, 13, 2011, 13052, 318, 284, 779, 27000, 14361, 82, 355, 1310, 355, 1744, 13, 314, 3589, 836, 470, 772, 898, 530, 11, 1865, 314, 991, 6687, 284, 7866, 13, 198, 7085, 286, 262, 20794, 13870, 836, 470, 12705, 281, 7103, 3514, 284, 534, 1535, 11, 475, 890, 12, 4354, 779, 290, 257, 6087, 286, 777, 1244, 1085, 284, 2761, 1568, 319, 287, 1204, 13, 2094, 470, 625, 45018, 11, 655, 307, 33798, 286, 262, 12779, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	536
Researchers Model Fetal-To-Adult Hemoglobin Switching: Important Step Towards Cure For Blood Diseases Researchers have engineered mice that model the switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin, an important step towards curing genetic blood diseases such as sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia. The research is published in the February 2011 issue of the journal Molecular and Cellular Biology. They also produced for the first time a mouse that synthesizes a distinct fetal-stage hemoglobin, which was necessary for modeling human hemoglobin disorders. These diseases manifest as misshapen hemoglobin, causing anemia, which can be severe, as well as other symptoms, which can range from minor to life-threatening. The cure would lie in causing the body to revert to use of fetal hemoglobin. “The motivation for our research is to understand the basic mechanisms of gene regulation in order to cure human disease,” says Thomas Ryan of the University of Alabama Birmingham, who led the research. “If we can figure out how to turn the fetal hemoglobin back on, or keep it from switching off, that would cure these diseases.” The new model “mimics precisely the timing in humans, completing the switch after birth,” says Ryan. “The previous models didn’t do that.” In earlier models, researchers inserted transgenes, large chunks of DNA containing the relevant genes, randomly into the mouse chromosome. In the new model, the investigators removed the adult mouse globin genes, and inserted the human fetal and adult genes in their places. The successful engineering of a mouse with a fetal-stage hemoglobin means that humanized mouse models with mutant human genes will not die in utero. While the basic principals behind the research are simple, the details are complex. For example, Ryan and Sean C. McConnell, a doctoral student who is the paper’s first author, had to deal with the fact that hemoglobin switching occurs twice in H. sapiens, from embryonic to fetal globin chains in early fetal life, and then to adult globin chains at birth, while wild type mice have a single switch from embryonic to adult chains early in fetal life. “Instead of the single hemoglobin switch that occurs in wild type mice, our humanized knock-in mice now have two hemoglobin switches, just like humans, from embryonic to fetal in early fetal life, and then fetal to adult at birth,” says Ryan. Hemoglobin switching is believed to have evolved to enable efficient transfer of oxygen from the mother’s hemoglobin to the higher oxygen affinity fetal hemoglobin in the placenta during fetal life. (S.C. McConnell, Y. Huo, S. Liu, and T.M. Ryan, 2011. Human globin knock-in mice complete fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switching in postnatal development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 31:876-883.)	[ 25606, 9104, 44649, 282, 12, 2514, 12, 42995, 15617, 49835, 14645, 278, 25, 28511, 5012, 49953, 36947, 1114, 7235, 39988, 198, 25606, 423, 23371, 10693, 326, 2746, 262, 5078, 422, 27652, 284, 4044, 16869, 49835, 11, 281, 1593, 2239, 3371, 46053, 8513, 2910, 10040, 884, 355, 6639, 293, 2685, 281, 22859, 290, 12159, 12, 11669, 21612, 20730, 13, 383, 2267, 318, 3199, 287, 262, 3945, 2813, 2071, 286, 262, 3989, 38275, 290, 50072, 24698, 13, 198, 2990, 635, 4635, 329, 262, 717, 640, 257, 10211, 326, 24983, 4340, 257, 7310, 27652, 12, 14247, 16869, 49835, 11, 543, 373, 3306, 329, 21128, 1692, 16869, 49835, 11916, 13, 2312, 10040, 10561, 355, 2051, 45897, 268, 16869, 49835, 11, 6666, 281, 22859, 11, 543, 460, 307, 6049, 11, 355, 880, 355, 584, 7460, 11, 543, 460, 2837, 422, 4159, 284, 1204, 12, 26159, 13, 383, 13996, 561, 6486, 287, 6666, 262, 1767, 284, 34052, 284, 779, 286, 27652, 16869, 49835, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 14052, 329, 674, 2267, 318, 284, 1833, 262, 4096, 11701, 286, 9779, 9001, 287, 1502, 284, 13996, 1692, 4369, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5658, 6047, 286, 262, 2059, 286, 9266, 18899, 11, 508, 2957, 262, 2267, 13, 564, 250, 1532, 356, 460, 3785, 503, 703, 284, 1210, 262, 27652, 16869, 49835, 736, 319, 11, 393, 1394, 340, 422, 15430, 572, 11, 326, 561, 13996, 777, 10040, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 649, 2746, 564, 250, 76, 320, 873, 10582, 262, 10576, 287, 5384, 11, 14339, 262, 5078, 706, 4082, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 6047, 13, 564, 250, 464, 2180, 4981, 1422, 447, 247, 83, 466, 326, 13, 447, 251, 554, 2961, 4981, 11, 4837, 18846, 1007, 5235, 274, 11, 1588, 22716, 286, 7446, 7268, 262, 5981, 10812, 11, 15456, 656, 262, 10211, 34348, 13, 554, 262, 649, 2746, 11, 262, 10093, 4615, 262, 4044, 10211, 15095, 259, 10812, 11, 290, 18846, 262, 1692, 27652, 290, 4044, 10812, 287, 511, 4113, 13, 198, 464, 4388, 8705, 286, 257, 10211, 351, 257, 27652, 12, 14247, 16869, 49835, 1724, 326, 1692, 1143, 10211, 4981, 351, 30118, 1692, 10812, 481, 407, 4656, 287, 3384, 3529, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 4096, 44998, 2157, 262, 2267, 389, 2829, 11, 262, 3307, 389, 3716, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 6047, 290, 11465, 327, 13, 18184, 11, 257, 40995, 3710, 508, 318, 262, 3348, 447, 247, 82, 717, 1772, 11, 550, 284, 1730, 351, 262, 1109, 326, 16869, 49835, 15430, 8833, 5403, 287, 367, 13, 31841, 10465, 11, 422, 49710, 284, 27652, 15095, 259, 14659, 287, 1903, 27652, 1204, 11, 290, 788, 284, 4044, 15095, 259, 14659, 379, 4082, 11, 981, 4295, 2099, 10693, 423, 257, 2060, 5078, 422, 49710, 284, 4044, 14659, 1903, 287, 27652, 1204, 13, 564, 250, 13193, 286, 262, 2060, 16869, 49835, 5078, 326, 8833, 287, 4295, 2099, 10693, 11, 674, 1692, 1143, 10643, 12, 259, 10693, 783, 423, 734, 16869, 49835, 18225, 11, 655, 588, 5384, 11, 422, 49710, 284, 27652, 287, 1903, 27652, 1204, 11, 290, 788, 27652, 284, 4044, 379, 4082, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 6047, 13, 198, 39, 368, 49835, 15430, 318, 4762, 284, 423, 12572, 284, 7139, 6942, 4351, 286, 11863, 422, 262, 2802, 447, 247, 82, 16869, 49835, 284, 262, 2440, 11863, 28430, 27652, 16869, 49835, 287, 262, 458, 12643, 64, 1141, 27652, 1204, 13, 198, 7, 50, 13, 34, 13, 18184, 11, 575, 13, 11256, 78, 11, 311, 13, 18258, 11, 290, 309, 13, 44, 13, 6047, 11, 2813, 13, 5524, 15095, 259, 10643, 12, 259, 10693, 1844, 27652, 12, 1462, 12, 49922, 16869, 49835, 15430, 287, 1281, 33150, 2478, 13, 17958, 13, 12440, 13, 38637, 13, 3261, 25, 23, 4304, 12, 49287, 2014, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	609
July Rendezvous with Vesta "We often refer to Vesta as the smallest terrestrial planet," said Christopher T. Russell, a UCLA professor of geophysics and space physics and the mission's principal investigator. "It has planetary features and basically the same structure as Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. But because it is so small, it does not have enough gravity to retain an atmosphere, or at least not to retain an atmosphere for very long. "There are many mysteries about Vesta," Russell said. "One of them is why Vesta is so bright. The Earth reflects a lot of sunlight — about 40 percent — because it has clouds and snow on the surface, while the moon reflects only about 10 percent of the light from the Sun back. Vesta is more like the Earth. Why? What on its surface is causing all that sunlight to be reflected? We'll find out." Dawn will map Vesta's surface, which Russell says may be similar to the moon's. He says he expects that the body's interior is layered, with a crust, a mantle and an iron core. He is eager to learn about this interior and how large the iron core is. Named for the ancient Roman goddess of the hearth, Vesta has been bombarded by meteorites for 4.5 billion years. "We expect to see a lot of craters," Russell said. "We know there is an enormous crater at the south pole that we can see with the Hubble Space Telescope. That crater, some 280 miles across, has released material into the asteroid belt. Small bits of Vesta are floating around and make their way all the way to the orbit of the Earth and fall in our atmosphere. About one in every 20 meteorites that falls on the surface of the Earth comes from Vesta. That has enabled us to learn a lot about Vesta before we even get there." Dawn will arrive at Vesta in July. Beginning in September, the spacecraft will orbit Vesta some 400 miles from its surface. It will then move closer, to about 125 miles from the surface, starting in November. By January of 2012, Russell expects high-resolution images and other data about surface composition. Dawn is arriving ahead of schedule and is expected to orbit Vesta for a year. Vesta, which orbits the Sun every 3.6 terrestrial years, has an oval, pumpkin-like shape and an average diameter of approximately 330 miles. Studies of meteorites found on Earth that are believed to have come from Vesta suggest that Vesta formed from galactic dust during the Solar System's first 3 million to 10 million years. Dawn's cameras should be able to see individual lava flows and craters tens of feet across on Vesta's surface. "We will scurry around when the data come in, trying to make maps of the surface and learning its exact shape and size," Russell said. Dawn has a high-quality camera, along with a back-up; a visible and near-infrared spectrometer that will identify minerals on the surface; and a gamma ray and neutron spectrometer that will reveal the abundance of elements such as iron and hydrogen, possibly from water, in the soil. Dawn will also probe Vesta's gravity with radio signals. The study of Vesta, however, is only half of Dawn's mission. The spacecraft will also conduct a detailed study of the structure and composition of the "dwarf planet" Ceres. Vesta and Ceres are the most massive objects in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Dawn's goals include determining the shape, size, composition, internal structure, and the tectonic and thermal evolution of both objects, and the mission is expected to reveal the conditions under which each of them formed. Dawn, only the second scientific mission to be powered by an advanced NASA technology known as ion propulsion, is also the first NASA mission to orbit two major objects. "Twice the bang for the buck on this mission," said Russell, who added that without ion propulsion, Dawn would have cost three times as much. UCLA graduate and postdoctoral students work with Russell on the mission. Now is an excellent opportunity for graduate students to join the project and help analyze the data, said Russell, who teaches planetary science to UCLA undergraduates and solar and space physics to undergraduates and graduate students. After orbiting Vesta, Dawn will leave for its three-year journey to Ceres, which could harbor substantial water or ice beneath its rock crust — and possibly life. On the way to Ceres, Dawn may visit another object. The spacecraft will rendezvous with Ceres and begin orbiting in 2015, conducting studies and observations for at least five months. Russell believes that Ceres and Vesta, formed almost 4.6 billion years ago, have preserved their early record, which was frozen into their ancient surfaces. "We're going back in time to the early solar system," he said.	[ 16157, 28703, 50063, 351, 569, 18059, 198, 1, 1135, 1690, 3522, 284, 569, 18059, 355, 262, 18197, 35609, 5440, 553, 531, 12803, 309, 13, 11563, 11, 257, 21750, 6240, 286, 4903, 2522, 23154, 290, 2272, 11887, 290, 262, 4365, 338, 10033, 20725, 13, 366, 1026, 468, 27047, 3033, 290, 6209, 262, 976, 4645, 355, 21673, 11, 21094, 11, 3668, 290, 8706, 13, 887, 780, 340, 318, 523, 1402, 11, 340, 857, 407, 423, 1576, 13522, 284, 12377, 281, 8137, 11, 393, 379, 1551, 407, 284, 12377, 281, 8137, 329, 845, 890, 13, 198, 1, 1858, 389, 867, 26045, 546, 569, 18059, 553, 11563, 531, 13, 366, 3198, 286, 606, 318, 1521, 569, 18059, 318, 523, 6016, 13, 383, 3668, 12497, 257, 1256, 286, 19606, 851, 546, 2319, 1411, 851, 780, 340, 468, 15114, 290, 6729, 319, 262, 4417, 11, 981, 262, 8824, 12497, 691, 546, 838, 1411, 286, 262, 1657, 422, 262, 3825, 736, 13, 569, 18059, 318, 517, 588, 262, 3668, 13, 4162, 30, 1867, 319, 663, 4417, 318, 6666, 477, 326, 19606, 284, 307, 12548, 30, 775, 1183, 1064, 503, 526, 198, 35, 3832, 481, 3975, 569, 18059, 338, 4417, 11, 543, 11563, 1139, 743, 307, 2092, 284, 262, 8824, 338, 13, 679, 1139, 339, 13423, 326, 262, 1767, 338, 11087, 318, 37748, 11, 351, 257, 20048, 11, 257, 32107, 290, 281, 6953, 4755, 13, 679, 318, 11069, 284, 2193, 546, 428, 11087, 290, 703, 1588, 262, 6953, 4755, 318, 13, 198, 45, 2434, 329, 262, 6156, 7993, 22215, 286, 262, 3285, 400, 11, 569, 18059, 468, 587, 5194, 10676, 416, 19999, 2737, 329, 604, 13, 20, 2997, 812, 13, 198, 1, 1135, 1607, 284, 766, 257, 1256, 286, 1067, 8605, 553, 11563, 531, 13, 366, 1135, 760, 612, 318, 281, 9812, 32593, 379, 262, 5366, 16825, 326, 356, 460, 766, 351, 262, 40455, 4687, 36789, 13, 1320, 32593, 11, 617, 21355, 4608, 1973, 11, 468, 2716, 2587, 656, 262, 27460, 10999, 13, 10452, 10340, 286, 569, 18059, 389, 12462, 1088, 290, 787, 511, 835, 477, 262, 835, 284, 262, 13066, 286, 262, 3668, 290, 2121, 287, 674, 8137, 13, 7994, 530, 287, 790, 1160, 19999, 2737, 326, 8953, 319, 262, 4417, 286, 262, 3668, 2058, 422, 569, 18059, 13, 1320, 468, 9343, 514, 284, 2193, 257, 1256, 546, 569, 18059, 878, 356, 772, 651, 612, 526, 198, 35, 3832, 481, 9240, 379, 569, 18059, 287, 2901, 13, 25976, 287, 2693, 11, 262, 16807, 481, 13066, 569, 18059, 617, 7337, 4608, 422, 663, 4417, 13, 632, 481, 788, 1445, 5699, 11, 284, 546, 13151, 4608, 422, 262, 4417, 11, 3599, 287, 3389, 13, 2750, 3269, 286, 2321, 11, 11563, 13423, 1029, 12, 29268, 4263, 290, 584, 1366, 546, 4417, 11742, 13, 12258, 318, 14820, 4058, 286, 7269, 290, 318, 2938, 284, 13066, 569, 18059, 329, 257, 614, 13, 198, 53, 18059, 11, 543, 37015, 262, 3825, 790, 513, 13, 21, 35609, 812, 11, 468, 281, 41186, 11, 30089, 12, 2339, 5485, 290, 281, 2811, 14753, 286, 6702, 25508, 4608, 13, 10422, 286, 19999, 2737, 1043, 319, 3668, 326, 389, 4762, 284, 423, 1282, 422, 569, 18059, 1950, 326, 569, 18059, 7042, 422, 44280, 8977, 1141, 262, 12347, 4482, 338, 717, 513, 1510, 284, 838, 1510, 812, 13, 198, 35, 3832, 338, 9073, 815, 307, 1498, 284, 766, 1981, 28856, 15623, 290, 1067, 8605, 11192, 286, 3625, 1973, 319, 569, 18059, 338, 4417, 13, 198, 1, 1135, 481, 629, 16682, 1088, 618, 262, 1366, 1282, 287, 11, 2111, 284, 787, 8739, 286, 262, 4417, 290, 4673, 663, 2748, 5485, 290, 2546, 553, 11563, 531, 13, 198, 35, 3832, 468, 257, 1029, 12, 13237, 4676, 11, 1863, 351, 257, 736, 12, 929, 26, 257, 7424, 290, 1474, 12, 10745, 25122, 5444, 398, 2357, 326, 481, 5911, 21622, 319, 262, 4417, 26, 290, 257, 34236, 26842, 290, 49810, 5444, 398, 2357, 326, 481, 7766, 262, 20038, 286, 4847, 884, 355, 6953, 290, 17669, 11, 5457, 422, 1660, 11, 287, 262, 9260, 13, 12258, 481, 635, 12774, 569, 18059, 338, 13522, 351, 5243, 10425, 13, 198, 464, 2050, 286, 569, 18059, 11, 2158, 11, 318, 691, 2063, 286, 12258, 338, 4365, 13, 383, 16807, 481, 635, 3189, 257, 6496, 2050, 286, 262, 4645, 290, 11742, 286, 262, 366, 67, 5767, 69, 5440, 1, 37449, 13, 569, 18059, 290, 37449, 389, 262, 749, 4858, 5563, 287, 262, 1388, 27460, 10999, 1022, 8706, 290, 22721, 13, 12258, 338, 4661, 2291, 13213, 262, 5485, 11, 2546, 11, 11742, 11, 5387, 4645, 11, 290, 262, 256, 478, 9229, 290, 18411, 6954, 286, 1111, 5563, 11, 290, 262, 4365, 318, 2938, 284, 7766, 262, 3403, 739, 543, 1123, 286, 606, 7042, 13, 198, 35, 3832, 11, 691, 262, 1218, 5654, 4365, 284, 307, 13232, 416, 281, 6190, 8884, 3037, 1900, 355, 22088, 38873, 11, 318, 635, 262, 717, 8884, 4365, 284, 13066, 734, 1688, 5563, 13, 198, 1, 5080, 501, 262, 20188, 329, 262, 10230, 319, 428, 4365, 553, 531, 11563, 11, 508, 2087, 326, 1231, 22088, 38873, 11, 12258, 561, 423, 1575, 1115, 1661, 355, 881, 13, 198, 52, 16827, 10428, 290, 1281, 44064, 2444, 670, 351, 11563, 319, 262, 4365, 13, 2735, 318, 281, 6275, 3663, 329, 10428, 2444, 284, 4654, 262, 1628, 290, 1037, 16602, 262, 1366, 11, 531, 11563, 11, 508, 17324, 27047, 3783, 284, 21750, 43485, 12632, 290, 6591, 290, 2272, 11887, 284, 43485, 12632, 290, 10428, 2444, 13, 198, 3260, 40462, 569, 18059, 11, 12258, 481, 2666, 329, 663, 1115, 12, 1941, 7002, 284, 37449, 11, 543, 714, 25451, 8904, 1660, 393, 4771, 11061, 663, 3881, 20048, 851, 290, 5457, 1204, 13, 1550, 262, 835, 284, 37449, 11, 12258, 743, 3187, 1194, 2134, 13, 383, 16807, 481, 9851, 50063, 351, 37449, 290, 2221, 40462, 287, 1853, 11, 14523, 3640, 290, 13050, 329, 379, 1551, 1936, 1933, 13, 198, 46325, 5804, 326, 37449, 290, 569, 18059, 11, 7042, 2048, 604, 13, 21, 2997, 812, 2084, 11, 423, 17232, 511, 1903, 1700, 11, 543, 373, 12912, 656, 511, 6156, 16649, 13, 198, 1, 1135, 821, 1016, 736, 287, 640, 284, 262, 1903, 6591, 1080, 553, 339, 531, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,016
Why does this galaxy have so many big black holes? No one is sure. What is sure is that NGC 922 is a ring galaxy created by the collision of a large and small galaxy about 300 million years ago. Like a rock thrown into a pond, the ancient collision sent ripples of high density gas out from the impact point near the center that partly condensed into stars. Pictured above is NGC 922 with its beautifully complex ring along the left side, as imaged recently by the Hubble Space Telescope. Observations of NGC 922 with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, however, show several glowing X-ray knots that are likely large black holes. The high number of massive black holes was somewhat surprising as the gas composition in NGC 922 -- rich in heavy elements -- should have discouraged almost anything so massive from forming. Research is sure to continue. spans about 75,000 light years, lies about 150 million light years away, and can be seen with a small telescope toward the constellation of the furnace (Fornax). Acknowledgement: Nick Rose	[ 5195, 857, 428, 16161, 423, 523, 867, 1263, 2042, 10421, 30, 198, 2949, 530, 318, 1654, 13, 198, 2061, 318, 1654, 318, 326, 198, 10503, 34, 860, 1828, 318, 257, 5858, 16161, 2727, 416, 262, 17661, 286, 257, 1588, 290, 1402, 16161, 546, 198, 6200, 1510, 812, 2084, 13, 198, 7594, 257, 3881, 8754, 656, 257, 16723, 11, 262, 198, 272, 3456, 17661, 1908, 374, 27844, 286, 198, 8929, 12109, 3623, 503, 422, 262, 2928, 966, 1474, 262, 3641, 326, 11476, 38784, 656, 5788, 13, 198, 21300, 1522, 2029, 318, 399, 15916, 860, 1828, 351, 663, 21104, 3716, 5858, 1863, 262, 1364, 1735, 11, 355, 545, 1886, 2904, 416, 262, 198, 16066, 903, 4687, 36789, 13, 198, 31310, 712, 602, 286, 399, 15916, 860, 1828, 351, 262, 198, 1925, 15918, 1395, 12, 2433, 25758, 11, 2158, 11, 905, 1811, 21377, 1395, 12, 2433, 33620, 326, 389, 1884, 1588, 2042, 10421, 13, 198, 464, 1029, 1271, 286, 4858, 2042, 10421, 373, 198, 82, 28030, 5183, 6452, 355, 262, 3623, 11742, 287, 198, 10503, 34, 860, 1828, 1377, 5527, 287, 4334, 4847, 1377, 815, 423, 30170, 2048, 1997, 523, 4858, 422, 14583, 13, 198, 25104, 318, 1654, 284, 2555, 13, 198, 2777, 504, 546, 5441, 11, 830, 1657, 812, 11, 7363, 546, 6640, 1510, 1657, 812, 1497, 11, 290, 460, 307, 1775, 351, 257, 1402, 24344, 3812, 262, 38712, 286, 262, 42227, 357, 37, 1211, 897, 737, 198, 39482, 16025, 25, 8047, 8049, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	242
Click Image to Enlarge Thanks to a metal oxide cathode rather than one based on graphite, this lithium-ion battery offers 35% greater range for electric vehicles. “Range anxiety,” or concern that electric vehicles (EVs) don’t pack enough power to get drivers everywhere they need to go in one charge, remains an issue. However, this could change thanks to the development of a new battery that offers 35% more range than existing technologies. The battery achieves this by integrating lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells with metal oxides to offer greater energy density, and thereby greater range. The battery is a result of work performed by battery supplier Axeon, engineering services firm Ricardo, and special-purpose vehicle builder Allied Vehicles. While most Li-ion battery cells feature graphite cathodes, this battery uses cathodes composed of nickel, cobalt and manganese. The engineers packaged the cells into pouch-like modular blocks, a design that reduces cell-level volume by 50% and mass by 30% compared to conventional batteries. A driver-assistance module that integrates radar and vision sensing to provide active safety features such as forward collision warning, adaptive headlight control and autono-mous braking has been developed by Delphi (delphi.com). This module, the RACam, is a single-box system that is small enough (123 x 68 x 38-mm) to be installed on the forward-facing side of a vehicle’s rearview mirror. What’s more, Delphi says it’s cheaper than conventional radar and vision systems, which are typically offered separately. The RACam is expected to launch in 2014. Although night-vision cameras are currently only offered on select premium vehicles, they’re expected to become more widespread as automakers look to enhance driver perception in dark and poor weather conditions. Northwestern University’s Center for Quantum Devices (cqd.eecs.northwestern.edu) may have a hand in this: its scientists have developed a next-generation camera that can be tuned to simultaneously absorb a range of infrared wavelengths and infrared bands. Today, the two types of commonly used infrared cameras are passive systems, which capture thermal radiation emitted by objects, and active systems, which use an infrared light source to provide high-resolution images of objects. Center for Quantum Devices director Manijeh Razeghi says that by absorbing infrared wavelengths and bands, their camera offers the benefits of both active and passive systems. Additionally, he says the camera features longer range detection and improved sensitivity for better overall performance.	[ 8164, 7412, 284, 2039, 11664, 198, 9690, 284, 257, 6147, 30788, 32171, 1098, 2138, 621, 530, 1912, 319, 4823, 578, 11, 428, 28444, 12, 295, 6555, 4394, 3439, 4, 3744, 2837, 329, 5186, 5672, 13, 198, 447, 250, 17257, 9751, 11, 447, 251, 393, 2328, 326, 5186, 5672, 357, 20114, 82, 8, 836, 447, 247, 83, 2353, 1576, 1176, 284, 651, 6643, 8347, 484, 761, 284, 467, 287, 530, 3877, 11, 3793, 281, 2071, 13, 2102, 11, 428, 714, 1487, 5176, 284, 262, 2478, 286, 257, 649, 6555, 326, 4394, 3439, 4, 517, 2837, 621, 4683, 8514, 13, 383, 6555, 41885, 428, 416, 32029, 28444, 12, 295, 357, 32304, 12, 295, 8, 4778, 351, 6147, 12018, 1460, 284, 2897, 3744, 2568, 12109, 11, 290, 12839, 3744, 2837, 13, 383, 6555, 318, 257, 1255, 286, 670, 6157, 416, 6555, 22693, 12176, 23277, 11, 8705, 2594, 4081, 38847, 11, 290, 2041, 12, 29983, 4038, 27098, 28234, 31365, 13, 198, 3633, 749, 7455, 12, 295, 6555, 4778, 3895, 4823, 578, 32171, 4147, 11, 428, 6555, 3544, 32171, 4147, 13160, 286, 30666, 11, 22843, 2501, 290, 582, 1030, 2771, 13, 383, 12037, 25555, 262, 4778, 656, 36594, 12, 2339, 26507, 7021, 11, 257, 1486, 326, 12850, 2685, 12, 5715, 6115, 416, 2026, 4, 290, 2347, 416, 1542, 4, 3688, 284, 10224, 13591, 13, 198, 32, 4639, 12, 562, 9311, 8265, 326, 48105, 13428, 290, 5761, 34244, 284, 2148, 4075, 3747, 3033, 884, 355, 2651, 17661, 6509, 11, 29605, 1182, 2971, 1630, 290, 1960, 29941, 12, 76, 516, 36682, 468, 587, 4166, 416, 4216, 34846, 357, 12381, 34846, 13, 785, 737, 770, 8265, 11, 262, 371, 2246, 321, 11, 318, 257, 2060, 12, 3524, 1080, 326, 318, 198, 17470, 1576, 357, 10163, 2124, 8257, 2124, 4353, 12, 3020, 8, 284, 307, 6589, 319, 262, 2651, 12, 29532, 1735, 286, 257, 4038, 447, 247, 82, 8286, 1177, 10162, 13, 1867, 447, 247, 82, 517, 11, 4216, 34846, 1139, 340, 447, 247, 82, 11721, 621, 10224, 13428, 290, 5761, 3341, 11, 543, 389, 6032, 4438, 13869, 13, 383, 371, 2246, 321, 318, 2938, 284, 4219, 287, 1946, 13, 198, 7003, 1755, 12, 10178, 9073, 389, 3058, 691, 4438, 319, 2922, 8683, 5672, 11, 484, 447, 247, 260, 2938, 284, 1716, 517, 10095, 355, 47296, 804, 284, 9494, 4639, 11202, 287, 3223, 290, 3595, 6193, 3403, 13, 30197, 2059, 447, 247, 82, 3337, 329, 29082, 29362, 357, 66, 80, 67, 13, 68, 721, 82, 13, 43588, 14197, 13, 15532, 8, 743, 423, 257, 1021, 287, 428, 25, 663, 5519, 423, 4166, 257, 1306, 12, 20158, 4676, 326, 460, 307, 16524, 284, 11640, 17565, 257, 2837, 286, 30624, 45656, 290, 30624, 11760, 13, 198, 8888, 11, 262, 734, 3858, 286, 8811, 973, 30624, 9073, 389, 14513, 3341, 11, 543, 8006, 18411, 11881, 31234, 416, 5563, 11, 290, 4075, 3341, 11, 543, 779, 281, 30624, 1657, 2723, 284, 2148, 1029, 12, 29268, 4263, 286, 5563, 13, 3337, 329, 29082, 29362, 3437, 1869, 2926, 17231, 371, 6201, 456, 72, 1139, 326, 416, 34418, 30624, 45656, 290, 11760, 11, 511, 4676, 4394, 262, 4034, 286, 1111, 4075, 290, 14513, 3341, 13, 12032, 11, 339, 1139, 262, 4676, 3033, 2392, 2837, 13326, 290, 6596, 14233, 329, 1365, 4045, 2854, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	538
How Are Women Faring In Ukraine? On the eve of the January 17 presidential elections in Ukraine, Olena Suslova, Chair of the Board at Women’s Information Consultative Center in Kiev, offers a glimpse of the status of women and women’s rights there. By Masum Momaya AWID: What is the status of women and women’s rights in Ukraine generally? Olena Suslova (O.S.): Women in Ukraine have equal constitutional rights as men in the economic, political, cultural and social fields, as well as in the family, but there is some difference between formal legal equality and reality. For example, women make up 48% of Ukraine’s labor force, and while our Constitution guarantees equal pay for equal work – and this is mostly observed – industries dominated by female workers have the lowest relative wages and are the ones most likely to be affected by wage arrears. Moreover, some employers refuse to hire younger women likely to become pregnant or women over 35. Generally, women also have fewer opportunities for career advancement. AWID: Will the upcoming (January 17) elections provide an opportunity to elect officials that might advance women’s rights or are the elections simply a formality? O.S.: The upcoming elections will elect the President but not officials, who will ultimately influence public policy. Depending on who is elected, new officials may be appointed, including diplomats and the Attorney General. However, under Ukraine’s constitution, the President has limited powers. In general, I don’t think that the upcoming elections will radically change public policies related to gender equality. AWID: Are women’s groups mobilizing around the elections? O.S.: No. This time women’s groups are not active themselves, and political parties are not mobilizing women either. AWID: Is there much political participation generally by women in Ukraine, as voters, candidates and officials? O.S.: Female voters in Ukraine are more engaged than male voters. As individuals, women more actively participate in campaigns and vote more often. In this upcoming election, 3 of the 18 candidates for Parliament are women. And currently, 75.5% of government officials are women, but most are not in positions of power. AWID: Are corruption and bureaucracy major factors in how people experience and interact with the political system? O.S.: Yes, corruption and bureaucracy influence how people interact with the political system; however other factors are important, too, including people’s ignorance of the political system, mutual bias and stereotypes, lack of activism and some “activist depression” after the Orange Revolution. AWID: Has the presence of a prominent woman leader, Yulia Tymoshenko, made any difference in terms of women’s rights? O.S.: No and yes. Yulia Tymoshenko is not considered by most to be a leader with feminist thinking and declarations. Usually she is gender neutral in her expressions and approaches, avoiding raising issues of women’s leadership and sometimes pointing out the masculinity of her own actions and those of “real men”. At the same time, by example, she has encouraged women to get more involved in politics and motivated women to be more insistent, confident and forthcoming in their career advancement. In my opinion, Tymoshenko walks a feminist path but is not ready to declare it. In previous years, she did a lot to support “big wise men” even after many of them betrayed her, but lately, she has finally understood that she needs to leave behind the “supportive” gender role. Now, she often talks about how badly men have managed our country and why we need to give women an opportunity. AWID: Ukraine has experienced much economic transition since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. What kinds of occupations do women work in? And what is the situation of women economically more recently amidst the global economic crisis? O.S.: Women in Ukraine have been economically active for many generations, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union has not decreased this. Still, most women work in “female” fields like education, trade and the hospitality industry. Now, though, more women work in “male” dominated fields like the military and information technology. There is not yet much research on the influence of the global economic crisis in Ukraine from a gender perspective, but, in general, the crisis has not hit Ukraine as hard as many other countries. We are not as integrated into the global economy as many other countries. Also, we went through a very harsh “vaccination” period during the first years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, when our economy experienced many shocks. Inflation rates during those years reached 1000%, and unemployment increased from practically zero to 5 – 10%. Women did a lot of compensating during this time. These economic shocks were compounded by a cultural shock in which people had to reformulate their words, actions and lives. So the current economic crisis is not as difficult as what we went through nearly 20 years ago. AWID: Does the Eastern Orthodox Church exert much influence on women’s rights today? O.S.: The influence of the Eastern Orthodox Church on women’s rights is not substantive in general. Traditional values such as the prohibition of abortion and the subordination of women are not visible in society as a whole and not aggressive. The church could have much influence within some families, but this is more exception than the rule. AWID: What is the status of sexual and reproductive rights for women in Ukraine? And are these rights complicated by Ukraine’s low birth rates and natalist policies? O.S.: Sexual and reproductive rights for women are not limited by law, and Ukraine has one of the highest abortion rates in the world. The government has been trying to encourage women to have children through financial incentives, but this policy has not been very effective, because, even with the incentives, people cannot afford to have children. Moreover, in rural areas, there is limited access to hospitals and health care. AWID: How strong are civil society and the women’s movement in Ukraine? Are they adequately resourced? And is the spirit of the Orange Revolution still alive in these movements? O.S.: Civil society in Ukraine has had more and less favorable times during its 20 years in existence. The Orange Revolution could be considered as an opportune moment for civil society despite deep disappointment among population related to lost expectations. The number of active NGOs including women’s ones is less than it was 10 years ago; however the quality of NGO work has grown. Because of the Orange Revolution, government bodies are more open and this has given civil society organizations more space to make change, including pushing for a more tolerant and human society. Some women’s NGOs became the first gender advisors of governors after the Equal Opportunity Law entered into force after the Orange Revolution in 2005. AWID: Is the concept of “rights” well received in Ukraine? O.S.: The perception of the concept of human rights in Ukraine has changed over time. In the first years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, donors and other stakeholders were excited to make it a “cure–all” for the ills of the dictatorship; later, it brought a lot of disappointment because changes didn’t take root and did not come so fast. Also, donors declared and supported this concept, but in practice were very often not sensitive; they ended up themselves violating these human rights. This led to a period when NGOs did not address rights visibly and directly. Now, we see some maturity of civil society in Ukraine, and this gives us the opportunity to return to this concept again at more deep and reflective level, converting it into more practical steps. The author would like to thank Betsy Hoody at the Global Fund for Women for her support with this interview.	[ 2437, 4231, 6926, 376, 1723, 554, 7049, 30, 198, 2202, 262, 28001, 286, 262, 3269, 1596, 4787, 7024, 287, 7049, 11, 6544, 8107, 8932, 75, 10071, 11, 9369, 286, 262, 5926, 379, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 6188, 21651, 876, 3337, 287, 22761, 11, 4394, 257, 19350, 286, 262, 3722, 286, 1466, 290, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 612, 13, 198, 3886, 11066, 388, 11254, 11729, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1867, 318, 262, 3722, 286, 1466, 290, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 287, 7049, 4143, 30, 198, 30098, 8107, 8932, 75, 10071, 357, 46, 13, 50, 47308, 6926, 287, 7049, 423, 4961, 9758, 2489, 355, 1450, 287, 262, 3034, 11, 1964, 11, 6467, 290, 1919, 7032, 11, 355, 880, 355, 287, 262, 1641, 11, 475, 612, 318, 617, 3580, 1022, 8766, 2742, 10537, 290, 3950, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 1466, 787, 510, 4764, 4, 286, 7049, 447, 247, 82, 4827, 2700, 11, 290, 981, 674, 7965, 19026, 4961, 1414, 329, 4961, 670, 784, 290, 428, 318, 4632, 6515, 784, 11798, 13354, 416, 4048, 3259, 423, 262, 9016, 3585, 9400, 290, 389, 262, 3392, 749, 1884, 284, 307, 5676, 416, 7699, 610, 260, 945, 13, 10968, 11, 617, 11390, 11148, 284, 11078, 7099, 1466, 1884, 284, 1716, 10423, 393, 1466, 625, 3439, 13, 23904, 11, 1466, 635, 423, 7380, 6443, 329, 3451, 27647, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 2561, 262, 7865, 357, 21339, 1596, 8, 7024, 2148, 281, 3663, 284, 1742, 2828, 326, 1244, 5963, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 393, 389, 262, 7024, 2391, 257, 1296, 1483, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 383, 7865, 7024, 481, 1742, 262, 1992, 475, 407, 2828, 11, 508, 481, 6165, 4588, 1171, 2450, 13, 23591, 319, 508, 318, 7018, 11, 649, 2828, 743, 307, 9899, 11, 1390, 24836, 290, 262, 8123, 3611, 13, 2102, 11, 739, 7049, 447, 247, 82, 11784, 11, 262, 1992, 468, 3614, 5635, 13, 554, 2276, 11, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 892, 326, 262, 7865, 7024, 481, 25330, 1487, 1171, 4788, 3519, 284, 5279, 10537, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 4231, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2628, 17754, 2890, 1088, 262, 7024, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 1400, 13, 770, 640, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2628, 389, 407, 4075, 2405, 11, 290, 1964, 4671, 389, 407, 17754, 2890, 1466, 2035, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1148, 612, 881, 1964, 10270, 4143, 416, 1466, 287, 7049, 11, 355, 4446, 11, 5871, 290, 2828, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 15396, 4446, 287, 7049, 389, 517, 7953, 621, 4257, 4446, 13, 1081, 3925, 11, 1466, 517, 10630, 8277, 287, 9964, 290, 3015, 517, 1690, 13, 554, 428, 7865, 3071, 11, 513, 286, 262, 1248, 5871, 329, 8411, 389, 1466, 13, 843, 3058, 11, 5441, 13, 20, 4, 286, 1230, 2828, 389, 1466, 11, 475, 749, 389, 407, 287, 6116, 286, 1176, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 4231, 9253, 290, 25250, 1688, 5087, 287, 703, 661, 1998, 290, 9427, 351, 262, 1964, 1080, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 3363, 11, 9253, 290, 25250, 4588, 703, 661, 9427, 351, 262, 1964, 1080, 26, 2158, 584, 5087, 389, 1593, 11, 1165, 11, 1390, 661, 447, 247, 82, 17010, 286, 262, 1964, 1080, 11, 13584, 10690, 290, 22364, 11, 3092, 286, 23034, 290, 617, 564, 250, 15791, 396, 8862, 447, 251, 706, 262, 11942, 9303, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 7875, 262, 4931, 286, 257, 9208, 2415, 3554, 11, 575, 43640, 309, 4948, 43934, 11, 925, 597, 3580, 287, 2846, 286, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 1400, 290, 3763, 13, 198, 56, 43640, 309, 4948, 43934, 318, 407, 3177, 416, 749, 284, 307, 257, 3554, 351, 14314, 3612, 290, 31713, 13, 19672, 673, 318, 5279, 8500, 287, 607, 14700, 290, 10581, 11, 14928, 8620, 2428, 286, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 5531, 290, 3360, 10609, 503, 262, 32690, 286, 607, 898, 4028, 290, 883, 286, 564, 250, 5305, 1450, 447, 251, 13, 198, 2953, 262, 976, 640, 11, 416, 1672, 11, 673, 468, 10085, 1466, 284, 651, 517, 2950, 287, 4819, 290, 13338, 1466, 284, 307, 517, 1035, 7609, 11, 6563, 290, 21220, 287, 511, 3451, 27647, 13, 198, 818, 616, 4459, 11, 309, 4948, 43934, 11114, 257, 14314, 3108, 475, 318, 407, 3492, 284, 13627, 340, 13, 554, 2180, 812, 11, 673, 750, 257, 1256, 284, 1104, 564, 250, 14261, 10787, 1450, 447, 251, 772, 706, 867, 286, 606, 26281, 607, 11, 475, 16537, 11, 673, 468, 3443, 7247, 326, 673, 2476, 284, 2666, 2157, 262, 564, 250, 11284, 425, 447, 251, 5279, 2597, 13, 2735, 11, 673, 1690, 6130, 546, 703, 11234, 1450, 423, 5257, 674, 1499, 290, 1521, 356, 761, 284, 1577, 1466, 281, 3663, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 7049, 468, 5924, 881, 3034, 6801, 1201, 262, 37494, 286, 262, 7570, 4479, 287, 10249, 13, 1867, 6982, 286, 23308, 466, 1466, 670, 287, 30, 843, 644, 318, 262, 3074, 286, 1466, 20324, 517, 2904, 31095, 262, 3298, 3034, 4902, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 6926, 287, 7049, 423, 587, 20324, 4075, 329, 867, 10439, 11, 290, 262, 37494, 286, 262, 7570, 4479, 468, 407, 11832, 428, 13, 7831, 11, 749, 1466, 670, 287, 564, 250, 24724, 447, 251, 7032, 588, 3707, 11, 3292, 290, 262, 33362, 2831, 13, 2735, 11, 996, 11, 517, 1466, 670, 287, 564, 250, 22606, 447, 251, 13354, 7032, 588, 262, 2422, 290, 1321, 3037, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 407, 1865, 881, 2267, 319, 262, 4588, 286, 262, 3298, 3034, 4902, 287, 7049, 422, 257, 5279, 6650, 11, 475, 11, 287, 2276, 11, 262, 4902, 468, 407, 2277, 7049, 355, 1327, 355, 867, 584, 2678, 13, 775, 389, 407, 355, 11521, 656, 262, 3298, 3773, 355, 867, 584, 2678, 13, 4418, 11, 356, 1816, 832, 257, 845, 11859, 564, 250, 37839, 1883, 447, 251, 2278, 1141, 262, 717, 812, 706, 262, 29930, 1358, 286, 262, 7570, 4479, 11, 618, 674, 3773, 5924, 867, 32392, 13, 554, 33521, 3965, 1141, 883, 812, 4251, 8576, 7441, 290, 10681, 3220, 422, 14547, 6632, 284, 642, 784, 838, 7225, 6926, 750, 257, 1256, 286, 7144, 803, 1141, 428, 640, 13, 198, 4711, 3034, 32392, 547, 36944, 416, 257, 6467, 6380, 287, 543, 661, 550, 284, 4975, 5039, 511, 2456, 11, 4028, 290, 3160, 13, 1406, 262, 1459, 3034, 4902, 318, 407, 355, 2408, 355, 644, 356, 1816, 832, 3016, 1160, 812, 2084, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 8314, 262, 8345, 17650, 4564, 17596, 881, 4588, 319, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 1909, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 383, 4588, 286, 262, 8345, 17650, 4564, 319, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 318, 407, 28580, 287, 2276, 13, 29065, 3815, 884, 355, 262, 19548, 286, 7950, 290, 262, 21267, 1883, 286, 1466, 389, 407, 7424, 287, 3592, 355, 257, 2187, 290, 407, 8361, 13, 383, 4928, 714, 423, 881, 4588, 1626, 617, 4172, 11, 475, 428, 318, 517, 6631, 621, 262, 3896, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1867, 318, 262, 3722, 286, 3206, 290, 18391, 2489, 329, 1466, 287, 7049, 30, 843, 389, 777, 2489, 8253, 416, 7049, 447, 247, 82, 1877, 4082, 3965, 290, 299, 10254, 396, 4788, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 19536, 290, 18391, 2489, 329, 1466, 389, 407, 3614, 416, 1099, 11, 290, 7049, 468, 530, 286, 262, 4511, 7950, 3965, 287, 262, 995, 13, 383, 1230, 468, 587, 2111, 284, 7898, 1466, 284, 423, 1751, 832, 3176, 16538, 11, 475, 428, 2450, 468, 407, 587, 845, 4050, 11, 780, 11, 772, 351, 262, 16538, 11, 661, 2314, 5368, 284, 423, 1751, 13, 10968, 11, 287, 10016, 3006, 11, 612, 318, 3614, 1895, 284, 11301, 290, 1535, 1337, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1374, 1913, 389, 3026, 3592, 290, 262, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 3356, 287, 7049, 30, 4231, 484, 22668, 581, 30555, 30, 843, 318, 262, 4437, 286, 262, 11942, 9303, 991, 6776, 287, 777, 8650, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 7511, 3592, 287, 7049, 468, 550, 517, 290, 1342, 17070, 1661, 1141, 663, 1160, 812, 287, 6224, 13, 383, 11942, 9303, 714, 307, 3177, 355, 281, 1269, 419, 1726, 2589, 329, 3026, 3592, 3805, 2769, 18641, 1871, 3265, 3519, 284, 2626, 9027, 13, 198, 464, 1271, 286, 4075, 32507, 1390, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 3392, 318, 1342, 621, 340, 373, 838, 812, 2084, 26, 2158, 262, 3081, 286, 22142, 670, 468, 7334, 13, 4362, 286, 262, 11942, 9303, 11, 1230, 5920, 389, 517, 1280, 290, 428, 468, 1813, 3026, 3592, 5745, 517, 2272, 284, 787, 1487, 11, 1390, 7796, 329, 257, 517, 33435, 290, 1692, 3592, 13, 198, 4366, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 32507, 2627, 262, 717, 5279, 32456, 286, 26824, 706, 262, 28701, 32675, 3854, 5982, 656, 2700, 706, 262, 11942, 9303, 287, 5075, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1148, 262, 3721, 286, 564, 250, 28046, 447, 251, 880, 2722, 287, 7049, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 383, 11202, 286, 262, 3721, 286, 1692, 2489, 287, 7049, 468, 3421, 625, 640, 13, 554, 262, 717, 812, 706, 262, 29930, 1358, 286, 262, 7570, 4479, 11, 13334, 290, 584, 26138, 547, 6568, 284, 787, 340, 257, 564, 250, 66, 495, 1906, 439, 447, 251, 329, 262, 220, 2171, 286, 262, 26457, 26, 1568, 11, 340, 3181, 257, 1256, 286, 18641, 780, 2458, 1422, 447, 247, 83, 1011, 6808, 290, 750, 407, 1282, 523, 3049, 13, 4418, 11, 13334, 6875, 290, 4855, 428, 3721, 11, 475, 287, 3357, 547, 845, 1690, 407, 8564, 26, 484, 4444, 510, 2405, 18134, 777, 1692, 2489, 13, 770, 2957, 284, 257, 2278, 618, 32507, 750, 407, 2209, 2489, 30544, 290, 3264, 13, 2735, 11, 356, 766, 617, 24841, 286, 3026, 3592, 287, 7049, 11, 290, 428, 3607, 514, 262, 3663, 284, 1441, 284, 428, 3721, 757, 379, 517, 2769, 290, 28962, 1241, 11, 23202, 340, 656, 517, 8472, 4831, 13, 198, 464, 1772, 561, 588, 284, 5875, 45775, 17233, 88, 379, 262, 8060, 7557, 329, 6926, 329, 607, 1104, 351, 428, 2720, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,653
Serious head injuries are rare in the wilderness. But get hit square on the melon by a falling rock, and the resulting brain swelling can cause dangerous intracranial pressure. Unlike skin gashes and broken bones, traumatic brain injuries don't always bleed or even cause pain, making early diagnosis tricky. Since brain injuries can occur without exterior wounds, the best indicator of serious trauma is a person's level of consciousness, says Jeffrey Isaac, curriculum director at Wilderness Medical Associates. Use the AVPU scale to establish a person's alertness and monitor any deterioration in brain function. The farther down the scale (A is the best, U the worst) the person registers, the more serious the brain injury. (A) Victim is Alert and oriented; he knows who he is, where he is, and what happened. (V) You get a response to Verbal stimuli, but victim is confused and disoriented. (P) Victim responds only to Painful stimuli, like pinching his arm or rubbing his breastbone. (U) Victim is Unresponsive to all of the above. Record any periods of unconsciousness. Blackouts lasting longer than two to three minutes indicate a serious head injury, especially if accompanied by persistent disorientation. Because brain swelling can develop slowly, evaluate the victim's mental state for 24 hours after the injury. Watch for behavioral indicators like combativeness, restlessness, or acting drunk, as well as severe headache, nausea, and persistent vomiting. Move the victim to a safer location if necessary. Don't leave a victim in a dangerous place or where you can't treat life-threatening injuries just because you are unable to stabilize the spine, says Isaac. Recent studies have shown that cervical spine damage occurs in a tiny percentange of victims with traumatic head injuries. As a result, new first aid protocols recommend spine "protection" over stabilization when hazardous conditions require moving the victim. Monitor a victim's breathing and pulse rate, and keep him hydrated and warm. Treat for shock by raising the legs while you gauge his level of consciousness. Initial disorientation or confusion can improve in a short period. The duration a person remains unconscious isn't as important as how quickly he returns to normal brain functioning, says Isaac. Contrary to popular belief, the victim of a head injury can doze or sleep as long as he is monitored and woken up every few hours to check alertness. Initiate immediate evacuation for victims whose alertness or memory remains severely altered, or worsens over time. Even if a victim recovers enough to walk out, he should still seek medical attention.	[ 7089, 699, 1182, 6821, 389, 4071, 287, 262, 22775, 13, 887, 651, 2277, 6616, 319, 262, 7758, 261, 416, 257, 7463, 3881, 11, 290, 262, 7186, 3632, 29844, 460, 2728, 4923, 9913, 330, 2596, 498, 3833, 13, 12101, 4168, 3623, 956, 290, 5445, 11945, 11, 25115, 3632, 6821, 836, 470, 1464, 30182, 393, 772, 2728, 2356, 11, 1642, 1903, 13669, 17198, 13, 198, 6385, 3632, 6821, 460, 3051, 1231, 20897, 14129, 11, 262, 1266, 16916, 286, 2726, 14649, 318, 257, 1048, 338, 1241, 286, 10510, 11, 1139, 19627, 19068, 11, 20583, 3437, 379, 40432, 8366, 29306, 13, 198, 11041, 262, 14661, 5105, 5046, 284, 4474, 257, 1048, 338, 7995, 1108, 290, 5671, 597, 38495, 287, 3632, 2163, 13, 383, 18485, 866, 262, 5046, 357, 32, 318, 262, 1266, 11, 471, 262, 5290, 8, 262, 1048, 28441, 11, 262, 517, 2726, 262, 3632, 5095, 13, 198, 7, 32, 8, 38901, 318, 23276, 290, 25921, 26, 339, 4206, 508, 339, 318, 11, 810, 339, 318, 11, 290, 644, 3022, 13, 198, 7, 53, 8, 921, 651, 257, 2882, 284, 4643, 6893, 25973, 11, 475, 3117, 318, 10416, 290, 595, 17107, 13, 198, 7, 47, 8, 38901, 20067, 691, 284, 15627, 913, 25973, 11, 588, 6757, 10813, 465, 3211, 393, 27714, 465, 9296, 15992, 13, 198, 7, 52, 8, 38901, 318, 791, 39772, 284, 477, 286, 262, 2029, 13, 198, 23739, 597, 9574, 286, 14917, 1108, 13, 2619, 5269, 15727, 2392, 621, 734, 284, 1115, 2431, 7603, 257, 2726, 1182, 5095, 11, 2592, 611, 11791, 416, 16218, 595, 13989, 341, 13, 198, 8128, 3632, 29844, 460, 1205, 6364, 11, 13446, 262, 3117, 338, 5110, 1181, 329, 1987, 2250, 706, 262, 5095, 13, 198, 10723, 329, 17211, 21337, 588, 5249, 6517, 11, 1334, 17587, 11, 393, 7205, 10785, 11, 355, 880, 355, 6049, 24902, 11, 32122, 11, 290, 16218, 30874, 13, 198, 21774, 262, 3117, 284, 257, 14178, 4067, 611, 3306, 13, 2094, 470, 2666, 257, 3117, 287, 257, 4923, 1295, 393, 810, 345, 460, 470, 2190, 1204, 12, 26159, 6821, 655, 780, 345, 389, 5906, 284, 32411, 262, 19656, 11, 1139, 19068, 13, 22926, 3640, 423, 3402, 326, 36012, 19656, 2465, 8833, 287, 257, 7009, 1411, 858, 286, 4970, 351, 25115, 1182, 6821, 13, 1081, 257, 1255, 11, 649, 717, 6133, 19565, 4313, 19656, 366, 42846, 1, 625, 43200, 618, 26082, 3403, 2421, 3867, 262, 3117, 13, 198, 35479, 257, 3117, 338, 12704, 290, 19445, 2494, 11, 290, 1394, 683, 7409, 4111, 290, 5814, 13, 11217, 329, 6380, 416, 8620, 262, 7405, 981, 345, 18266, 465, 1241, 286, 10510, 13, 198, 24243, 595, 13989, 341, 393, 10802, 460, 2987, 287, 257, 1790, 2278, 13, 383, 9478, 257, 1048, 3793, 14917, 2125, 470, 355, 1593, 355, 703, 2952, 339, 5860, 284, 3487, 3632, 15025, 11, 1139, 19068, 13, 198, 4264, 11619, 284, 2968, 4901, 11, 262, 3117, 286, 257, 1182, 5095, 460, 466, 2736, 393, 3993, 355, 890, 355, 339, 318, 20738, 290, 266, 4233, 510, 790, 1178, 2250, 284, 2198, 7995, 1108, 13, 198, 818, 8846, 378, 7103, 24663, 329, 4970, 3025, 7995, 1108, 393, 4088, 3793, 15052, 14294, 11, 393, 24476, 641, 625, 640, 13, 3412, 611, 257, 3117, 46773, 1576, 284, 2513, 503, 11, 339, 815, 991, 5380, 3315, 3241, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	541
Is the evidence strong enough to support a medieval Welsh settlement in North America? First recorded almost four hundred years after the lifetime of Madoc ap Owain Gwynedd, there is little to indicate that the story was known before Humphrey Llwyd. While there certainly were medieval stories about a Madoc, who seems to have been more well known in Flanders than in Wales, it is by no means certain that the Madoc of the stories and poems was Madoc ap Owain. All that can be said of the medieval romances is that they concern a sea-farer of some renown. That is as far as the medieval sources go. Where Humphrey Llwyd got the story is unknown. It is in none of the sources he translated into English and it is so far from the medieval versions that they cannot have been the sole inspiration. It is possible, perhaps even probable, that he simply made it up. As a proud Welshman at a time when the English government was doing its best to anglicise the recently-created province (following An Acte for Lawes & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme of 1536), making a claim that the Welsh had discovered the New World long before the English (and, indeed, the Spanish) had ever set foot there would have been a strike by Llwyd in favour of national pride. The flawed evidence of the Bat Creek Stone In 1991, archaeologists Robert C Mainfort Jr. and Mary L Kwas, writing in The Tennessee Anthropologist 16 (1) identified the hoaxer of the Bat Creek Stone as John Emmert, the assistant who claimed to have found it. Cyrus Thomas had doubts about Emmert’s abilities, believing his judgement to be impaired by the drink problem that eventually led to his sacking. Following a series of begging letters to Thomas, Emmert was reinstated in 1888, promising to give him “greater satisfaction than I ever did before” and agreeing with Thomas’s hypothesis that the Cherokees were the moundbuilders. Emmert certainly had the motive for producing a spectacular find and despite Cyrus Gordon’s identification of the script as Hebrew, it is passable for the Cherokee syllabary. Alas, the Cherokee syllabary was invented in 1819 by the native American silversmith Sequoyah (c 1767-1843, also known as George Gist/Guess/Guest) and a radiocarbon date on material from Mound 3 of 1605 ± 170 bp (409 ± 174 CE) is much too early. So, could Blackett and Wilson be right in identifying the inscription as sixth-century Welsh, in the Coelbren script? Once again, we find Coelbren to be a modern invention, having been first published in 1791 by Edward Williams (1747-1826, better known as Iolo Morganwg), a serial forger. Although claims have been made for an earlier origin (such as in the “Welsh runes” attributed to the scholar Nennius or Nemnivus and said to have been invented because an Englishman had taunted him that the Welsh had no writing system), nothing like Coelbren is attested before the time of Edward Williams. It is also evident that if it incorporates symbols for mutated consonants and such mutations are not written before the period of Middle Welsh orthography (twelfth to fourteenth centuries CE), long after the date claimed for the Bat Creek inscription by Wilson and Blackett, then Coelbren can be no earlier that the twelfth century CE. Dismissing the recent claims Wilson and Blackett are keen promoters of an alternative Arthurian archaeology that uses some very poor evidence that does not stand up to critical scrutiny. Indeed, there is even a suggestion that some of the evidence they use is fraudulent. Their frequent complaint that they are not taken seriously by academe is typical of Bad Archaeologists: they tell their readers that the reasons for being ignored are professional jealousies, an inability to see beyond accepted ideas and even darkly political conspiracies. Like so many other Bad Archaeologists they seem incapable of recognising that the real reason the professional archaeologists do not give them the recognition they believe they deserve is that their ideas are poorly thought out, supported by inadmissable evidence and, ultimately, rubbish.	[ 3792, 262, 2370, 1913, 1576, 284, 1104, 257, 19955, 22945, 9443, 287, 2258, 2253, 30, 198, 5962, 6264, 2048, 1440, 3470, 812, 706, 262, 10869, 286, 4627, 420, 2471, 11960, 391, 402, 27612, 6048, 11, 612, 318, 1310, 284, 7603, 326, 262, 1621, 373, 1900, 878, 32787, 4364, 18315, 86, 5173, 13, 2893, 612, 3729, 547, 19955, 3923, 546, 257, 4627, 420, 11, 508, 2331, 284, 423, 587, 517, 880, 1900, 287, 376, 32358, 621, 287, 11769, 11, 340, 318, 416, 645, 1724, 1728, 326, 262, 4627, 420, 286, 262, 3923, 290, 31888, 373, 4627, 420, 2471, 11960, 391, 13, 1439, 326, 460, 307, 531, 286, 262, 19955, 9267, 1817, 318, 326, 484, 2328, 257, 5417, 12, 9496, 81, 286, 617, 20287, 13, 1320, 318, 355, 1290, 355, 262, 19955, 4237, 467, 13, 198, 8496, 32787, 4364, 18315, 86, 5173, 1392, 262, 1621, 318, 6439, 13, 632, 318, 287, 4844, 286, 262, 4237, 339, 14251, 656, 3594, 290, 340, 318, 523, 1290, 422, 262, 19955, 6300, 326, 484, 2314, 423, 587, 262, 6195, 12141, 13, 632, 318, 1744, 11, 3737, 772, 17939, 11, 326, 339, 2391, 925, 340, 510, 13, 1081, 257, 6613, 22945, 805, 379, 257, 640, 618, 262, 3594, 1230, 373, 1804, 663, 1266, 284, 3550, 677, 786, 262, 2904, 12, 25598, 8473, 357, 27780, 278, 1052, 2191, 68, 329, 3854, 274, 1222, 4796, 284, 307, 949, 396, 445, 287, 11769, 287, 588, 1440, 1326, 355, 340, 318, 287, 428, 6416, 1326, 286, 1315, 2623, 828, 1642, 257, 1624, 326, 262, 22945, 550, 5071, 262, 968, 2159, 890, 878, 262, 3594, 357, 392, 11, 5600, 11, 262, 7897, 8, 550, 1683, 900, 2366, 612, 561, 423, 587, 257, 5587, 416, 18315, 86, 5173, 287, 7075, 286, 2260, 11293, 13, 198, 464, 19556, 2370, 286, 262, 6577, 13509, 8026, 198, 818, 10249, 11, 38967, 5199, 327, 8774, 3319, 7504, 13, 290, 5335, 406, 509, 9776, 11, 3597, 287, 383, 11287, 32898, 7451, 1467, 357, 16, 8, 5174, 262, 25943, 263, 286, 262, 6577, 13509, 8026, 355, 1757, 2295, 647, 83, 11, 262, 8796, 508, 4752, 284, 423, 1043, 340, 13, 34305, 5658, 550, 17188, 546, 2295, 647, 83, 447, 247, 82, 7883, 11, 14773, 465, 23071, 284, 307, 22753, 416, 262, 4144, 1917, 326, 4191, 2957, 284, 465, 264, 5430, 13, 14207, 257, 2168, 286, 26732, 7475, 284, 5658, 11, 2295, 647, 83, 373, 40685, 287, 49584, 11, 11781, 284, 1577, 683, 564, 250, 18223, 263, 14676, 621, 314, 1683, 750, 878, 447, 251, 290, 24093, 351, 5658, 447, 247, 82, 14078, 326, 262, 37156, 16683, 547, 262, 31446, 50034, 13, 2295, 647, 83, 3729, 550, 262, 20289, 329, 9194, 257, 15013, 1064, 290, 3805, 34305, 11646, 447, 247, 82, 11795, 286, 262, 4226, 355, 16505, 11, 340, 318, 1208, 540, 329, 262, 39476, 27226, 397, 560, 13, 45315, 11, 262, 39476, 27226, 397, 560, 373, 15646, 287, 1248, 1129, 416, 262, 6868, 1605, 3313, 690, 22947, 24604, 726, 993, 357, 66, 1596, 3134, 12, 1507, 3559, 11, 635, 1900, 355, 4502, 402, 396, 14, 8205, 408, 14, 42481, 8, 290, 257, 19772, 420, 42084, 3128, 319, 2587, 422, 337, 633, 513, 286, 1467, 2713, 6354, 16677, 275, 79, 357, 29416, 6354, 27621, 18671, 8, 318, 881, 1165, 1903, 13, 198, 2396, 11, 714, 2619, 3087, 290, 8127, 307, 826, 287, 13720, 262, 40189, 355, 11695, 12, 14792, 22945, 11, 287, 262, 1766, 417, 65, 918, 4226, 30, 4874, 757, 11, 356, 1064, 1766, 417, 65, 918, 284, 307, 257, 3660, 14250, 11, 1719, 587, 717, 3199, 287, 1596, 6420, 416, 10443, 6484, 357, 1558, 2857, 12, 1507, 2075, 11, 1365, 1900, 355, 314, 14057, 10805, 86, 70, 828, 257, 11389, 329, 1362, 13, 4900, 3667, 423, 587, 925, 329, 281, 2961, 8159, 357, 10508, 355, 287, 262, 564, 250, 54, 21564, 32326, 447, 251, 14183, 284, 262, 15606, 399, 1697, 3754, 393, 22547, 77, 452, 385, 290, 531, 284, 423, 587, 15646, 780, 281, 3594, 805, 550, 256, 20227, 683, 326, 262, 22945, 550, 645, 3597, 1080, 828, 2147, 588, 1766, 417, 65, 918, 318, 708, 7287, 878, 262, 640, 286, 10443, 6484, 13, 632, 318, 635, 10678, 326, 611, 340, 33181, 14354, 329, 48865, 44278, 1187, 290, 884, 23005, 389, 407, 3194, 878, 262, 2278, 286, 6046, 22945, 29617, 4867, 357, 4246, 44659, 284, 1440, 20283, 10675, 18671, 828, 890, 706, 262, 3128, 4752, 329, 262, 6577, 13509, 40189, 416, 8127, 290, 2619, 3087, 11, 788, 1766, 417, 65, 918, 460, 307, 645, 2961, 326, 262, 665, 44659, 4289, 18671, 13, 198, 35, 1042, 747, 278, 262, 2274, 3667, 198, 37349, 290, 2619, 3087, 389, 13795, 43381, 286, 281, 5559, 13514, 666, 16713, 1435, 326, 3544, 617, 845, 3595, 2370, 326, 857, 407, 1302, 510, 284, 4688, 14521, 13, 9676, 11, 612, 318, 772, 257, 13052, 326, 617, 286, 262, 2370, 484, 779, 318, 24627, 13, 5334, 10792, 8224, 326, 484, 389, 407, 2077, 6411, 416, 15574, 68, 318, 7226, 286, 7772, 32187, 9251, 25, 484, 1560, 511, 7183, 326, 262, 3840, 329, 852, 9514, 389, 4708, 19354, 444, 11, 281, 16612, 284, 766, 3675, 6292, 4213, 290, 772, 3223, 306, 1964, 29099, 13433, 13, 4525, 523, 867, 584, 7772, 32187, 9251, 484, 1283, 23402, 286, 3018, 1710, 326, 262, 1103, 1738, 262, 4708, 38967, 466, 407, 1577, 606, 262, 9465, 484, 1975, 484, 10925, 318, 326, 511, 4213, 389, 13455, 1807, 503, 11, 4855, 416, 287, 324, 3927, 540, 2370, 290, 11, 6165, 11, 35022, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	911
Household Dust and Allergies in Children The use of mattress covers on children’s beds, along with intensive education and assistance in dust-reduction measures in the home, prevents the development of allergies in children at high risk, according to a recent article in Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (2002;156:1021–7). Childhood allergies are a common and growing problem, and children who suffer from allergies frequently develop chronic allergic conditions, including asthma. In the United States, asthma is the most commonly diagnosed chronic disease of childhood, affecting nearly nine million children. Conventional medical management of childhood allergies and asthma includes the use of antihistamines, inhaled drugs that dilate the bronchial passages (bronchodilators), and inhaled and oral steroids. All of these medicines can have serious side effects, and a child’s likelihood of needing to continue treatment into adulthood is high. Antihistamines can affect the central nervous system, causing either overstimulation or sedation; bronchodilators can also stimulate the nervous system, causing anxiety and insomnia. Over long periods of time, inhaled steroids can damage the immune defenses of the respiratory system, leading to increased rates of infections, and oral steroids have negative effects on adrenal function and the entire immune system. For these reasons, preventive approaches should be pursued whenever possible. According to some, but not all, studies, dust mite allergy is a predictor of asthma and other types of chronic allergies such as eczema. One previous study found that reducing the amount of dust in children’s home environments prevented the development of dust mite allergies. Another study found that the use of mattress covers effectively reduced dust mite exposure in the home. In the current study, the combined effect of mattress covers and intensive dust reduction measures on the development of dust mite allergies was evaluated. The 566 European children who participated in this one-year study were between 18 months and five years of age. All had some allergy symptoms, such as asthma, hay fever, or eczema, but tests for dust mite allergy were negative. Each had at least one parent with allergy symptoms and positive results on the dust mite allergy test, putting these children at high risk for becoming allergic to dust mites themselves. The children were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Both groups’ parents received standard information about environmental influences on children’s health and recommendations for allergy prevention. Recommendations for allergy prevention included avoiding exposure to pets in bedrooms, ventilating bedrooms well, avoiding cigarette smoke, and washing bedding and cleaning bedrooms regularly to minimize dust. In addition, parents of children in the intervention group were given more detailed dust-reduction instructions and assistance, and a mattress cover to prevent dust accumulation on children’s beds. The children were evaluated for allergy symptoms after six months, and tests for dust mite allergies were repeated after one year. The percentage of children who had developed allergies to dust mites by the end of the trial was 6.5% in the group that received standard instructions, compared with only 3% in the intervention group. The results of this study add to a growing body of evidence that preventing exposure to house dust mites may significantly reduce the development of dust mite allergies, and therefore might decrease the incidence of childhood allergies and asthma. These measures should be recommended in conjunction with other allergy prevention approaches that have been shown to be effective. For example, observational studies have shown a 30 to 50% reduction in childhood asthma in those who receive exclusive breastfeeding for three months. Several studies have demonstrated a protective effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids. Restricting allergenic foods in the diets of nursing mothers and infants has been shown to prevent some types of allergies. Controlled trials have shown that probiotic supplements (which support the growth of healthy gut bacteria) and hydrolyzed milk formulas (in which potentially allergenic proteins are broken down to smaller, non-allergenic sizes) reduce allergies and asthma in infants. The cumulative effect of these preventive measures remains to be evaluated. Maureen Williams, ND, received her bachelor’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania and her Doctorate of Naturopathic Medicine from Bastyr University in Seattle, WA. She has a private practice in Quechee, Vermont, and does extensive work with traditional herbal medicine in Guatemala and Honduras. Dr. Williams is a regular contributor to Healthnotes Newswire. Copyright © 2003 Healthnotes, Inc. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of the Healthnotes® content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Healthnotes, Inc. Healthnotes Newswire is for educational or informational purposes only, and is not intended to diagnose or provide treatment for any condition. If you have any concerns about your own health, you should always consult with a healthcare professional. Healthnotes, Inc. shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. Healthnotes and the Healthnotes logo are registered trademarks of Healthnotes, Inc.	[ 18102, 2946, 16240, 290, 1439, 6422, 444, 287, 8990, 198, 464, 779, 286, 33388, 8698, 319, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 20237, 11, 1863, 351, 18590, 3707, 290, 6829, 287, 8977, 12, 445, 8110, 5260, 287, 262, 1363, 11, 15174, 262, 2478, 286, 36665, 287, 1751, 379, 1029, 2526, 11, 1864, 284, 257, 2274, 2708, 287, 22275, 286, 13457, 11439, 290, 1215, 23406, 11558, 357, 16942, 26, 21599, 25, 940, 2481, 1906, 22, 737, 198, 16424, 2894, 36665, 389, 257, 2219, 290, 3957, 1917, 11, 290, 1751, 508, 8659, 422, 36665, 6777, 1205, 10726, 31856, 3403, 11, 1390, 28438, 13, 554, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 28438, 318, 262, 749, 8811, 14641, 10726, 4369, 286, 9963, 11, 13891, 3016, 5193, 1510, 1751, 13, 1482, 20405, 3315, 4542, 286, 9963, 36665, 290, 28438, 3407, 262, 779, 286, 3098, 10034, 41047, 11, 25783, 3021, 5010, 326, 11844, 378, 262, 18443, 354, 498, 22674, 357, 65, 1313, 354, 375, 346, 2024, 828, 290, 25783, 3021, 290, 12886, 31397, 13, 1439, 286, 777, 23533, 460, 423, 2726, 1735, 3048, 11, 290, 257, 1200, 447, 247, 82, 14955, 286, 18139, 284, 2555, 3513, 656, 28003, 318, 1029, 13, 3738, 4449, 396, 41047, 460, 2689, 262, 4318, 10927, 1080, 11, 6666, 2035, 625, 42003, 1741, 393, 10081, 341, 26, 18443, 354, 375, 346, 2024, 460, 635, 26020, 262, 10927, 1080, 11, 6666, 9751, 290, 47104, 13, 3827, 890, 9574, 286, 640, 11, 25783, 3021, 31397, 460, 2465, 262, 10900, 18370, 286, 262, 22949, 1080, 11, 3756, 284, 3220, 3965, 286, 16079, 11, 290, 12886, 31397, 423, 4633, 3048, 319, 26999, 282, 2163, 290, 262, 2104, 10900, 1080, 13, 1114, 777, 3840, 11, 37197, 10581, 815, 307, 19189, 8797, 1744, 13, 198, 4821, 284, 617, 11, 475, 407, 477, 11, 3640, 11, 8977, 285, 578, 36197, 318, 257, 41568, 286, 28438, 290, 584, 3858, 286, 10726, 36665, 884, 355, 9940, 89, 19687, 13, 1881, 2180, 2050, 1043, 326, 8868, 262, 2033, 286, 8977, 287, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 1363, 12493, 13351, 262, 2478, 286, 8977, 285, 578, 36665, 13, 6023, 2050, 1043, 326, 262, 779, 286, 33388, 8698, 6840, 5322, 8977, 285, 578, 7111, 287, 262, 1363, 13, 554, 262, 1459, 2050, 11, 262, 5929, 1245, 286, 33388, 8698, 290, 18590, 8977, 7741, 5260, 319, 262, 2478, 286, 8977, 285, 578, 36665, 373, 16726, 13, 198, 464, 642, 2791, 3427, 1751, 508, 14888, 287, 428, 530, 12, 1941, 2050, 547, 1022, 1248, 1933, 290, 1936, 812, 286, 2479, 13, 1439, 550, 617, 36197, 7460, 11, 884, 355, 28438, 11, 27678, 17372, 11, 393, 9940, 89, 19687, 11, 475, 5254, 329, 8977, 285, 578, 36197, 547, 4633, 13, 5501, 550, 379, 1551, 530, 2560, 351, 36197, 7460, 290, 3967, 2482, 319, 262, 8977, 285, 578, 36197, 1332, 11, 5137, 777, 1751, 379, 1029, 2526, 329, 5033, 31856, 284, 8977, 285, 2737, 2405, 13, 383, 1751, 547, 15456, 8686, 284, 530, 286, 734, 2628, 13, 5747, 2628, 447, 247, 3397, 2722, 3210, 1321, 546, 6142, 16717, 319, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 1535, 290, 10763, 329, 36197, 14196, 13, 198, 41248, 602, 329, 36197, 14196, 3017, 14928, 7111, 284, 17252, 287, 38529, 11, 7435, 346, 803, 38529, 880, 11, 14928, 17779, 7523, 11, 290, 20518, 3996, 12083, 290, 12724, 38529, 7987, 284, 17775, 8977, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 3397, 286, 1751, 287, 262, 9572, 1448, 547, 1813, 517, 6496, 8977, 12, 445, 8110, 7729, 290, 6829, 11, 290, 257, 33388, 3002, 284, 2948, 8977, 24106, 319, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 20237, 13, 383, 1751, 547, 16726, 329, 36197, 7460, 706, 2237, 1933, 11, 290, 5254, 329, 8977, 285, 578, 36665, 547, 5100, 706, 530, 614, 13, 383, 5873, 286, 1751, 508, 550, 4166, 36665, 284, 8977, 285, 2737, 416, 262, 886, 286, 262, 4473, 373, 718, 13, 20, 4, 287, 262, 1448, 326, 2722, 3210, 7729, 11, 3688, 351, 691, 513, 4, 287, 262, 9572, 1448, 13, 198, 464, 2482, 286, 428, 2050, 751, 284, 257, 3957, 1767, 286, 2370, 326, 12174, 7111, 284, 2156, 8977, 285, 2737, 743, 5566, 4646, 262, 2478, 286, 8977, 285, 578, 36665, 11, 290, 4361, 1244, 10070, 262, 18349, 286, 9963, 36665, 290, 28438, 13, 2312, 5260, 815, 307, 7151, 287, 17856, 351, 584, 36197, 14196, 10581, 326, 423, 587, 3402, 284, 307, 4050, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 40118, 3640, 423, 3402, 257, 1542, 284, 2026, 4, 7741, 287, 9963, 28438, 287, 883, 508, 3328, 8568, 32613, 329, 1115, 1933, 13, 12168, 3640, 423, 9555, 257, 14153, 1245, 286, 15429, 30306, 351, 37615, 12, 18, 19251, 17045, 13, 37163, 278, 477, 263, 38516, 9013, 287, 262, 18977, 286, 19167, 12289, 290, 18775, 468, 587, 3402, 284, 2948, 617, 3858, 286, 36665, 13, 43253, 9867, 423, 3402, 326, 1861, 16357, 20864, 357, 4758, 1104, 262, 3349, 286, 5448, 12500, 11492, 8, 290, 17173, 306, 8863, 7545, 32126, 357, 259, 543, 6196, 477, 263, 38516, 15568, 389, 5445, 866, 284, 4833, 11, 1729, 12, 439, 263, 38516, 10620, 8, 4646, 36665, 290, 28438, 287, 18775, 13, 383, 23818, 1245, 286, 777, 37197, 5260, 3793, 284, 307, 16726, 13, 198, 21467, 49851, 6484, 11, 25524, 11, 2722, 607, 29384, 447, 247, 82, 4922, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 9589, 290, 607, 9356, 378, 286, 14393, 1434, 38829, 11558, 422, 17520, 2417, 2059, 287, 7312, 11, 16400, 13, 1375, 468, 257, 2839, 3357, 287, 4670, 2395, 68, 11, 16033, 11, 290, 857, 7667, 670, 351, 4569, 35867, 9007, 287, 32183, 290, 32982, 13, 1583, 13, 6484, 318, 257, 3218, 18920, 284, 3893, 17815, 968, 2032, 557, 13, 198, 15269, 10673, 5816, 3893, 17815, 11, 3457, 13, 1439, 2489, 10395, 13, 2066, 341, 393, 41425, 286, 262, 3893, 17815, 7461, 2695, 318, 27462, 12244, 1231, 262, 3161, 3194, 8281, 286, 3893, 17815, 11, 3457, 13, 3893, 17815, 968, 2032, 557, 318, 329, 9856, 393, 21524, 4959, 691, 11, 290, 318, 407, 5292, 284, 37489, 393, 2148, 3513, 329, 597, 4006, 13, 1002, 345, 423, 597, 4786, 546, 534, 898, 1535, 11, 345, 815, 1464, 5725, 351, 257, 11409, 4708, 13, 3893, 17815, 11, 3457, 13, 2236, 407, 307, 17583, 329, 597, 8563, 393, 16119, 287, 262, 2695, 11, 393, 329, 597, 4028, 2077, 287, 24126, 612, 261, 13, 3893, 17815, 290, 262, 3893, 17815, 11112, 389, 6823, 27346, 286, 3893, 17815, 11, 3457, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,043
Black-Scholes: The maths formula linked to the financial crash It's not every day that someone writes down an equation that ends up changing the world. But it does happen sometimes, and the world doesn't always change for the better. It has been argued that one formula known as Black-Scholes, along with its descendants, helped to blow up the financial world. Black-Scholes was first written down in the early 1970s but its story starts earlier than that, in the Dojima Rice Exchange in 17th Century Japan where futures contracts were written for rice traders. A simple futures contract says that I will agree to buy rice from you in one year's time, at a price that we agree right now. By the 20th Century the Chicago Board of Trade was providing a marketplace for traders to deal not only in futures but in options contracts. An example of an option is a contract where we agree that I can buy rice from you at any time over the next year, at a price that we agree right now - but I don't have to if I don't want to. You can imagine why this kind of contract might be useful. If I am running a big chain of hamburger restaurants, but I don't know how much beef I'll need to buy next year, and I am nervous that the price of beef might rise, well - all I need is to buy some options on beef. But then that leads to a very ticklish problem. How much should I be paying for those beef options? What are they worth? And that's where this world-changing equation, the Black-Scholes formula, can help. "The problem it's trying to solve is to define the value of the right, but not the obligation, to buy a particular asset at a specified price, within or at the end of a specified time period," says Professor Myron Scholes, professor of finance at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and - of course - co-inventor of the Black-Scholes formula. The young Scholes was fascinated by finance. As a teenager, he persuaded his mother to set up an account so that he could trade on the stock market. One of the amazing things about Scholes is that throughout his time as an undergraduate and then a doctoral student, he was half-blind. And so, he says, he got very good at listening and at thinking. When he was 26, an operation largely restored his sight. The next year, he became an assistant professor at MIT, and it was there that he stumbled upon the option-pricing puzzle. One part of the puzzle was this question of risk: the value of an option to buy beef at a price of - say - $2 (£1.23) a kilogram presumably depends on what the price of beef is, and how the price of beef is moving around. But the connection between the price of beef and the value of the beef option doesn't vary in a straightforward way - it depends how likely the option is to actually be used. That in turn depends on the option price and the beef price. All the variables seem to be tangled up in an impenetrable way. Scholes worked on the problem with his colleague, Fischer Black, and figured out that if I own just the right portfolio of beef, plus options to buy and sell beef, I have a delicious and totally risk-free portfolio. Since I already know the price of beef and the price of risk-free assets, by looking at the difference between them I can work out the price of these beef options. That's the basic idea. The details are hugely complicated. "It might have taken us a year, a year and a half to be able to solve and get the simple Black-Scholes formula," says Scholes. "But we had the actual underlying dynamics way before." The Black-Scholes method turned out to be a way not only to calculate value of options but all kinds of other financial assets. "We were like kids in a candy story in the sense that we described options everywhere, options were embedded in everything that we did in life," says Scholes. End Quote Professor Ian Stewart Warwick University By 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion (thousand million million) US dollars ” But Black and Scholes weren't the only kids in the candy store, says Ian Stewart, whose book argues that Black-Scholes was a dangerous invention. "What the equation did was give everyone the confidence to trade options and very quickly, much more complicated financial options known as derivatives," he says. Scholes thought his equation would be useful. He didn't expect it to transform the face of finance. But it quickly became obvious that it would. "About the time we had published this article, that's 1973, simultaneously or approximately a month thereafter, the Chicago Board Options Exchange started to trade call options on 16 stocks," he recalls. Scholes had just moved to the University of Chicago. He and his colleagues had already been teaching the Black-Scholes formula and methodology to students for several years. "There were many young traders who either had taken courses at MIT or Chicago in using the option pricing technology. On the other hand, there was a group of traders who had only intuition and previous experience. And in a very short period of time, the intuitive players were essentially eliminated by the more systematic players who had this pricing technology." More or Less: Behind the stats Listen to More or Less on BBC Radio 4 and the World Service, or download the free podcast That was just the beginning. "By 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion (thousand million million) US dollars - this is 10 times the total production of goods on the planet over its entire history," says Stewart. "OK, we're talking about the totals in a two-way trade, people are buying and people are selling and you're adding it all up as if it doesn't cancel out, but it was a huge trade." The Black-Scholes formula had passed the market test. But as banks and hedge funds relied more and more on their equations, they became more and more vulnerable to mistakes or over-simplifications in the mathematics. "The equation is based on the idea that big movements are actually very, very rare. The problem is that real markets have these big changes much more often that this model predicts," says Stewart. "And the other problem is that everyone's following the same mathematical principles, so they're all going to get the same answer." Now these were known problems. What was not clear was whether the problems were small enough to ignore, or well enough understood to fix. And then in the late 1990s, two remarkable things happened. "The inventors got the Nobel Prize for Economics," says Stewart. "I would argue they thoroughly deserved to get it." End Quote Ian Stewart University of Warwick Long-Term Capital Management showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically-based trading” Fischer Black died young, in 1995. When in 1997 Scholes won the Nobel memorial prize, he shared it not with Black but with Robert Merton, another option-pricing expert. Scholes' work had inspired a generation of mathematical wizards on Wall Street, and by this stage both he and Merton were players in the world of finance, as partners of a hedge fund called Long-Term Capital Management. "The whole idea of this company was that it was going to base its trading on mathematical principles such as the Black-Scholes equation. And it actually was amazingly successful to begin with," says Stewart. "It was outperforming the traditional companies quite noticeably and everything looked great." But it didn't end well. Long-Term Capital Management ran into, among other things, the Russian financial crisis. The firm lost $4bn (£2.5bn) in the course of six weeks. It was bailed out by a consortium of banks which had been assembled by the Federal Reserve. And - at the time - it was a very big story indeed. This was all happening in August and September of 1998, less than a year after Scholes had been awarded his Nobel prize. Stewart says the lessons from Long-Term Capital Management were obvious. "It showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically-based trading if you don't keep an eye on some of the indicators that the more conventional people would use," he says. "They [Long-Term Capital Management] were committed, pretty much, to just ploughing ahead with the system they had. And it went wrong." Scholes says that's not what happened at all. "It had nothing to do with equations and nothing to do with models," he says. "I was not running the firm, let me be very clear about that. There was not an ability to withstand the shock that occurred in the market in the summer and fall of late 1998. So it was just a matter of risk-taking. It wasn't a matter of modelling." This is something people were still arguing about a decade later. Was the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management an indictment of mathematical approaches to finance or, as Scholes says, was it simply a case of traders taking too much risk against the better judgement of the mathematical experts? Ten years after the Long-Term Capital Management bail-out, Lehman Brothers collapsed. And the debate over Black-Scholes and LTCM is now a broader debate over the role of mathematical equations in finance. Ian Stewart claims that the Black-Scholes equation changed the world. Does he really believe that mathematics caused the financial crisis? "It was abuse of their equation that caused trouble, and I don't think you can blame the inventors of an equation if somebody else comes along and uses it badly," he says. End Quote Myron Scholes The fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow” "And it wasn't just that equation. It was a whole generation of other mathematical models and all sorts of other techniques that followed on its heels. But it was one of the major discoveries that opened the door to all this." Black-Scholes changed the culture of Wall Street, from a place where people traded based on common sense, experience and intuition, to a place where the computer said yes or no. But is it really fair to blame Black-Scholes for what followed it? "The Black-Scholes technology has very specific rules and requirements," says Scholes. "That technology attracted or caused investment banks to hire people who had quantitative or mathematical skills. I accept that. They then developed products or technologies of their own." Not all of those subsequent technologies, says Scholes, were good enough. "[Some] had assumptions that were wrong, or they used data incorrectly to calibrate their models, or people who used [the] models didn't know how to use them." Scholes argues there is no going back. "The fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow, and will continue to evolve over time," he says. But for Ian Stewart, the story of Black-Scholes - and of Long-Term Capital Management - is a kind of morality tale. "It's very tempting to see the financial crisis and various things which led up to it as sort of the classic Greek tragedy of hubris begets nemesis," he says. "You try to fly, you fly too close to the sun, the wax holding your wings on melts and you fall down to the ground. My personal view is that it's not just tempting to do that but there is actually a certain amount of truth in that way of thinking. I think the bankers' hubris did indeed beget nemesis. But the big problem is that it wasn't the bankers on whom the nemesis descended - it was the rest of us." Additional reporting by Richard Knight	[ 9915, 12, 14874, 4316, 25, 383, 47761, 10451, 6692, 284, 262, 3176, 7014, 198, 1026, 338, 407, 790, 1110, 326, 2130, 6797, 866, 281, 16022, 326, 5645, 510, 5609, 262, 995, 13, 887, 340, 857, 1645, 3360, 11, 290, 262, 995, 1595, 470, 1464, 1487, 329, 262, 1365, 13, 632, 468, 587, 7189, 326, 530, 10451, 1900, 355, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 11, 1863, 351, 663, 25321, 11, 4193, 284, 6611, 510, 262, 3176, 995, 13, 198, 9915, 12, 14874, 4316, 373, 717, 3194, 866, 287, 262, 1903, 8069, 82, 475, 663, 1621, 4940, 2961, 621, 326, 11, 287, 262, 2141, 73, 8083, 13823, 12516, 287, 1596, 400, 13641, 2869, 810, 25650, 8592, 547, 3194, 329, 11464, 21703, 13, 317, 2829, 25650, 2775, 1139, 326, 314, 481, 4236, 284, 2822, 11464, 422, 345, 287, 530, 614, 338, 640, 11, 379, 257, 2756, 326, 356, 4236, 826, 783, 13, 198, 3886, 262, 1160, 400, 13641, 262, 4842, 5926, 286, 9601, 373, 4955, 257, 17432, 329, 21703, 284, 1730, 407, 691, 287, 25650, 475, 287, 3689, 8592, 13, 1052, 1672, 286, 281, 3038, 318, 257, 2775, 810, 356, 4236, 326, 314, 460, 2822, 11464, 422, 345, 379, 597, 640, 625, 262, 1306, 614, 11, 379, 257, 2756, 326, 356, 4236, 826, 783, 532, 475, 314, 836, 470, 423, 284, 611, 314, 836, 470, 765, 284, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 5967, 1521, 428, 1611, 286, 2775, 1244, 307, 4465, 13, 1002, 314, 716, 2491, 257, 1263, 6333, 286, 41478, 32650, 10808, 11, 475, 314, 836, 470, 760, 703, 881, 12023, 314, 1183, 761, 284, 2822, 1306, 614, 11, 290, 314, 716, 10927, 326, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 1244, 4485, 11, 880, 532, 477, 314, 761, 318, 284, 2822, 617, 3689, 319, 12023, 13, 198, 1537, 788, 326, 5983, 284, 257, 845, 4378, 1836, 1917, 13, 1374, 881, 815, 314, 307, 5989, 329, 883, 12023, 3689, 30, 1867, 389, 484, 2861, 30, 843, 326, 338, 810, 428, 995, 12, 22954, 16022, 11, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 11, 460, 1037, 13, 198, 1, 464, 1917, 340, 338, 2111, 284, 8494, 318, 284, 8160, 262, 1988, 286, 262, 826, 11, 475, 407, 262, 12990, 11, 284, 2822, 257, 1948, 11171, 379, 257, 7368, 2756, 11, 1626, 393, 379, 262, 886, 286, 257, 7368, 640, 2278, 553, 1139, 8129, 2011, 1313, 3059, 4316, 11, 6240, 286, 9604, 379, 262, 13863, 2059, 30930, 3961, 286, 7320, 290, 532, 286, 1781, 532, 763, 12, 259, 1151, 273, 286, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 13, 198, 464, 1862, 3059, 4316, 373, 30103, 416, 9604, 13, 1081, 257, 15287, 11, 339, 25562, 465, 2802, 284, 900, 510, 281, 1848, 523, 326, 339, 714, 3292, 319, 262, 4283, 1910, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 4998, 1243, 546, 3059, 4316, 318, 326, 3690, 465, 640, 355, 281, 22952, 290, 788, 257, 40995, 3710, 11, 339, 373, 2063, 12, 27461, 13, 843, 523, 11, 339, 1139, 11, 339, 1392, 845, 922, 379, 8680, 290, 379, 3612, 13, 198, 2215, 339, 373, 2608, 11, 281, 4905, 5688, 15032, 465, 6504, 13, 383, 1306, 614, 11, 339, 2627, 281, 8796, 6240, 379, 17168, 11, 290, 340, 373, 612, 326, 339, 24241, 2402, 262, 3038, 12, 1050, 6345, 15027, 13, 198, 3198, 636, 286, 262, 15027, 373, 428, 1808, 286, 2526, 25, 262, 1988, 286, 281, 3038, 284, 2822, 12023, 379, 257, 2756, 286, 532, 910, 532, 720, 17, 23068, 16, 13, 1954, 8, 257, 8769, 21857, 14572, 8338, 319, 644, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 318, 11, 290, 703, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 318, 3867, 1088, 13, 198, 1537, 262, 4637, 1022, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 290, 262, 1988, 286, 262, 12023, 3038, 1595, 470, 7565, 287, 257, 15836, 835, 532, 340, 8338, 703, 1884, 262, 3038, 318, 284, 1682, 307, 973, 13, 1320, 287, 1210, 8338, 319, 262, 3038, 2756, 290, 262, 12023, 2756, 13, 1439, 262, 9633, 1283, 284, 307, 41431, 510, 287, 281, 848, 268, 21879, 540, 835, 13, 198, 14874, 4316, 3111, 319, 262, 1917, 351, 465, 16008, 11, 30901, 2619, 11, 290, 11638, 503, 326, 611, 314, 898, 655, 262, 826, 15320, 286, 12023, 11, 5556, 3689, 284, 2822, 290, 3677, 12023, 11, 314, 423, 257, 12625, 290, 6635, 2526, 12, 5787, 15320, 13, 4619, 314, 1541, 760, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 290, 262, 2756, 286, 2526, 12, 5787, 6798, 11, 416, 2045, 379, 262, 3580, 1022, 606, 314, 460, 670, 503, 262, 2756, 286, 777, 12023, 3689, 13, 1320, 338, 262, 4096, 2126, 13, 383, 3307, 389, 22641, 8253, 13, 198, 1, 1026, 1244, 423, 2077, 514, 257, 614, 11, 257, 614, 290, 257, 2063, 284, 307, 1498, 284, 8494, 290, 651, 262, 2829, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 553, 1139, 3059, 4316, 13, 366, 1537, 356, 550, 262, 4036, 10238, 17262, 835, 878, 526, 198, 464, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 2446, 2900, 503, 284, 307, 257, 835, 407, 691, 284, 15284, 1988, 286, 3689, 475, 477, 6982, 286, 584, 3176, 6798, 13, 366, 1135, 547, 588, 3988, 287, 257, 18550, 1621, 287, 262, 2565, 326, 356, 3417, 3689, 8347, 11, 3689, 547, 14553, 287, 2279, 326, 356, 750, 287, 1204, 553, 1139, 3059, 4316, 13, 198, 12915, 19879, 8129, 12930, 13671, 49398, 2059, 198, 3886, 4343, 262, 3292, 287, 28486, 8688, 373, 530, 15094, 81, 1131, 357, 400, 29910, 1510, 1510, 8, 1294, 5054, 564, 251, 198, 1537, 2619, 290, 3059, 4316, 6304, 470, 262, 691, 3988, 287, 262, 18550, 3650, 11, 1139, 12930, 13671, 11, 3025, 1492, 11673, 326, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 373, 257, 4923, 14250, 13, 198, 1, 2061, 262, 16022, 750, 373, 1577, 2506, 262, 6628, 284, 3292, 3689, 290, 845, 2952, 11, 881, 517, 8253, 3176, 3689, 1900, 355, 28486, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 14874, 4316, 1807, 465, 16022, 561, 307, 4465, 13, 679, 1422, 470, 1607, 340, 284, 6121, 262, 1986, 286, 9604, 13, 887, 340, 2952, 2627, 3489, 326, 340, 561, 13, 198, 1, 8585, 262, 640, 356, 550, 3199, 428, 2708, 11, 326, 338, 15674, 11, 11640, 393, 6702, 257, 1227, 19547, 11, 262, 4842, 5926, 18634, 12516, 2067, 284, 3292, 869, 3689, 319, 1467, 14420, 553, 339, 16865, 13, 198, 14874, 4316, 550, 655, 3888, 284, 262, 2059, 286, 4842, 13, 679, 290, 465, 7810, 550, 1541, 587, 7743, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 290, 20411, 284, 2444, 329, 1811, 812, 13, 198, 1, 1858, 547, 867, 1862, 21703, 508, 2035, 550, 2077, 10902, 379, 17168, 393, 4842, 287, 1262, 262, 3038, 13045, 3037, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 612, 373, 257, 1448, 286, 21703, 508, 550, 691, 31563, 290, 2180, 1998, 13, 843, 287, 257, 845, 1790, 2278, 286, 640, 11, 262, 19933, 1938, 547, 6986, 15254, 416, 262, 517, 17895, 1938, 508, 550, 428, 13045, 3037, 526, 198, 5167, 393, 12892, 25, 20787, 262, 9756, 198, 23061, 284, 3125, 393, 12892, 319, 7823, 8829, 604, 290, 262, 2159, 4809, 11, 393, 4321, 262, 1479, 9905, 198, 2504, 373, 655, 262, 3726, 13, 198, 1, 3886, 4343, 262, 3292, 287, 28486, 8688, 373, 530, 15094, 81, 1131, 357, 400, 29910, 1510, 1510, 8, 1294, 5054, 532, 428, 318, 838, 1661, 262, 2472, 3227, 286, 7017, 319, 262, 5440, 625, 663, 2104, 2106, 553, 1139, 13671, 13, 366, 11380, 11, 356, 821, 3375, 546, 262, 26310, 287, 257, 734, 12, 1014, 3292, 11, 661, 389, 7067, 290, 661, 389, 6301, 290, 345, 821, 4375, 340, 477, 510, 355, 611, 340, 1595, 470, 14241, 503, 11, 475, 340, 373, 257, 3236, 3292, 526, 198, 464, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 550, 3804, 262, 1910, 1332, 13, 887, 355, 6341, 290, 19859, 5153, 17498, 517, 290, 517, 319, 511, 27490, 11, 484, 2627, 517, 290, 517, 8826, 284, 10135, 393, 625, 12, 14323, 489, 6637, 287, 262, 19473, 13, 198, 1, 464, 16022, 318, 1912, 319, 262, 2126, 326, 1263, 8650, 389, 1682, 845, 11, 845, 4071, 13, 383, 1917, 318, 326, 1103, 5939, 423, 777, 1263, 2458, 881, 517, 1690, 326, 428, 2746, 26334, 553, 1139, 13671, 13, 366, 1870, 262, 584, 1917, 318, 326, 2506, 338, 1708, 262, 976, 18069, 7811, 11, 523, 484, 821, 477, 1016, 284, 651, 262, 976, 3280, 526, 198, 3844, 777, 547, 1900, 2761, 13, 1867, 373, 407, 1598, 373, 1771, 262, 2761, 547, 1402, 1576, 284, 8856, 11, 393, 880, 1576, 7247, 284, 4259, 13, 843, 788, 287, 262, 2739, 6303, 82, 11, 734, 11004, 1243, 3022, 13, 198, 1, 464, 8067, 669, 1392, 262, 20715, 15895, 329, 18963, 553, 1139, 13671, 13, 366, 40, 561, 7267, 484, 13770, 20143, 284, 651, 340, 526, 198, 12915, 19879, 12930, 13671, 2059, 286, 49398, 198, 14617, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 3751, 262, 3514, 286, 428, 1611, 286, 11862, 1146, 12, 3106, 7313, 447, 251, 198, 37, 24645, 2619, 3724, 1862, 11, 287, 8735, 13, 1649, 287, 8309, 3059, 4316, 1839, 262, 20715, 17357, 11596, 11, 339, 4888, 340, 407, 351, 2619, 475, 351, 5199, 337, 29111, 11, 1194, 3038, 12, 1050, 6345, 5887, 13, 198, 14874, 4316, 6, 670, 550, 7867, 257, 5270, 286, 18069, 34836, 319, 5007, 3530, 11, 290, 416, 428, 3800, 1111, 339, 290, 337, 29111, 547, 1938, 287, 262, 995, 286, 9604, 11, 355, 4887, 286, 257, 19859, 1814, 1444, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 13, 198, 1, 464, 2187, 2126, 286, 428, 1664, 373, 326, 340, 373, 1016, 284, 2779, 663, 7313, 319, 18069, 7811, 884, 355, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 16022, 13, 843, 340, 1682, 373, 32513, 4388, 284, 2221, 351, 553, 1139, 13671, 13, 366, 1026, 373, 33597, 15464, 262, 4569, 2706, 2407, 33752, 290, 2279, 3114, 1049, 526, 198, 1537, 340, 1422, 470, 886, 880, 13, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 4966, 656, 11, 1871, 584, 1243, 11, 262, 3394, 3176, 4902, 13, 383, 4081, 2626, 720, 19, 9374, 23068, 17, 13, 20, 9374, 8, 287, 262, 1781, 286, 2237, 2745, 13, 632, 373, 47739, 503, 416, 257, 36451, 286, 6341, 543, 550, 587, 16030, 416, 262, 5618, 12224, 13, 843, 532, 379, 262, 640, 532, 340, 373, 257, 845, 1263, 1621, 5600, 13, 770, 373, 477, 5836, 287, 2932, 290, 2693, 286, 7795, 11, 1342, 621, 257, 614, 706, 3059, 4316, 550, 587, 11343, 465, 20715, 11596, 13, 198, 49328, 433, 1139, 262, 11658, 422, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 547, 3489, 13, 366, 1026, 3751, 262, 3514, 286, 428, 1611, 286, 11862, 1146, 12, 3106, 7313, 611, 345, 836, 470, 1394, 281, 4151, 319, 617, 286, 262, 21337, 326, 262, 517, 10224, 661, 561, 779, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 366, 2990, 685, 14617, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 60, 547, 5364, 11, 2495, 881, 11, 284, 655, 458, 619, 278, 4058, 351, 262, 1080, 484, 550, 13, 843, 340, 1816, 2642, 526, 198, 14874, 4316, 1139, 326, 338, 407, 644, 3022, 379, 477, 13, 366, 1026, 550, 2147, 284, 466, 351, 27490, 290, 2147, 284, 466, 351, 4981, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 366, 40, 373, 407, 2491, 262, 4081, 11, 1309, 502, 307, 845, 1598, 546, 326, 13, 1318, 373, 407, 281, 2694, 284, 25073, 262, 6380, 326, 5091, 287, 262, 1910, 287, 262, 3931, 290, 2121, 286, 2739, 7795, 13, 1406, 340, 373, 655, 257, 2300, 286, 2526, 12, 26103, 13, 632, 2492, 470, 257, 2300, 286, 38591, 526, 198, 1212, 318, 1223, 661, 547, 991, 11810, 546, 257, 5707, 1568, 13, 8920, 262, 9807, 286, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 281, 19975, 286, 18069, 10581, 284, 9604, 393, 11, 355, 3059, 4316, 1139, 11, 373, 340, 2391, 257, 1339, 286, 21703, 2263, 1165, 881, 2526, 1028, 262, 1365, 23071, 286, 262, 18069, 6154, 30, 198, 24893, 812, 706, 262, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 12274, 12, 448, 11, 29921, 805, 16055, 14707, 13, 843, 262, 4384, 625, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 290, 406, 4825, 44, 318, 783, 257, 11622, 4384, 625, 262, 2597, 286, 18069, 27490, 287, 9604, 13, 198, 37776, 13671, 3667, 326, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 16022, 3421, 262, 995, 13, 8314, 339, 1107, 1975, 326, 19473, 4073, 262, 3176, 4902, 30, 198, 1, 1026, 373, 5076, 286, 511, 16022, 326, 4073, 5876, 11, 290, 314, 836, 470, 892, 345, 460, 8138, 262, 8067, 669, 286, 281, 16022, 611, 8276, 2073, 2058, 1863, 290, 3544, 340, 11234, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 12915, 19879, 2011, 1313, 3059, 4316, 198, 464, 7531, 2071, 318, 326, 26610, 8514, 287, 9604, 481, 7866, 11, 290, 481, 1663, 447, 251, 198, 1, 1870, 340, 2492, 470, 655, 326, 16022, 13, 632, 373, 257, 2187, 5270, 286, 584, 18069, 4981, 290, 477, 10524, 286, 584, 7605, 326, 3940, 319, 663, 18728, 13, 887, 340, 373, 530, 286, 262, 1688, 24362, 326, 4721, 262, 3420, 284, 477, 428, 526, 198, 9915, 12, 14874, 4316, 3421, 262, 3968, 286, 5007, 3530, 11, 422, 257, 1295, 810, 661, 14018, 1912, 319, 2219, 2565, 11, 1998, 290, 31563, 11, 284, 257, 1295, 810, 262, 3644, 531, 3763, 393, 645, 13, 198, 1537, 318, 340, 1107, 3148, 284, 8138, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 329, 644, 3940, 340, 30, 366, 464, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 3037, 468, 845, 2176, 3173, 290, 5359, 553, 1139, 3059, 4316, 13, 366, 2504, 3037, 12725, 393, 4073, 4896, 6341, 284, 11078, 661, 508, 550, 26610, 393, 18069, 4678, 13, 314, 2453, 326, 13, 1119, 788, 4166, 3186, 393, 8514, 286, 511, 898, 526, 198, 3673, 477, 286, 883, 8840, 8514, 11, 1139, 3059, 4316, 11, 547, 922, 1576, 13, 12878, 4366, 60, 550, 14895, 326, 547, 2642, 11, 393, 484, 973, 1366, 23175, 284, 33801, 378, 511, 4981, 11, 393, 661, 508, 973, 685, 1169, 60, 4981, 1422, 470, 760, 703, 284, 779, 606, 526, 198, 14874, 4316, 11673, 612, 318, 645, 1016, 736, 13, 366, 464, 7531, 2071, 318, 326, 26610, 8514, 287, 9604, 481, 7866, 11, 290, 481, 1663, 11, 290, 481, 2555, 284, 18101, 625, 640, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 1537, 329, 12930, 13671, 11, 262, 1621, 286, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 532, 290, 286, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 532, 318, 257, 1611, 286, 18016, 12838, 13, 366, 1026, 338, 845, 29850, 284, 766, 262, 3176, 4902, 290, 2972, 1243, 543, 2957, 510, 284, 340, 355, 3297, 286, 262, 6833, 8312, 13574, 286, 12575, 2442, 4123, 1039, 36945, 9339, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 1, 1639, 1949, 284, 6129, 11, 345, 6129, 1165, 1969, 284, 262, 4252, 11, 262, 20302, 4769, 534, 12098, 319, 48813, 290, 345, 2121, 866, 284, 262, 2323, 13, 2011, 2614, 1570, 318, 326, 340, 338, 407, 655, 29850, 284, 466, 326, 475, 612, 318, 1682, 257, 1728, 2033, 286, 3872, 287, 326, 835, 286, 3612, 13, 314, 892, 262, 25091, 6, 12575, 2442, 750, 5600, 307, 1136, 36945, 9339, 13, 887, 262, 1263, 1917, 318, 326, 340, 2492, 470, 262, 25091, 319, 4150, 262, 36945, 9339, 23667, 532, 340, 373, 262, 1334, 286, 514, 526, 198, 17699, 6447, 416, 6219, 6700, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,470
Purim is a holiday celebration like no other Surrounded by a natural arena of sunset-tinged and snow-capped peaks, it is impossible to imagine a more wild and spectacular location than Lago Pehoé in southern Chile’s Torres del Paine National Park. The jaw-dropping scenery is also filled with wildlife, so between bouts of trekking, river rafting and horse riding, ticking off the park’s most iconic fauna comes remarkably easily to the curious traveller. Just a few decades ago the llama’s close cousin the guanaco was endangered, but now there are more than 3,000 of the camelids (also close relatives of the camel) living in the Torres del Paine National Park. They are a deceptively compact animal - just over 1m-high at the shoulder - but still easily spotted on the grassy tundra punctuating Torres del Paine’s dramatic combination of alpine lakes, soaring peaks and turquoise-tinged glaciers. Count on being greeted with a look that is a quizzical cross between “Can I help you?” and “What are you staring at?” More than 3,000 guanacos are apparently more than enough to sustain a growing population of pumas. The Patagonian puma is the southernmost of all mountain lions, and also one of the largest. Like any cat they are solitary and independent creatures, so any sightings are likely to be restricted to bigger than expected paw prints in the snow. Keep your eyes peeled for the more delicate prints of puma cubs, padding along beside their graceful, but powerful mothers. The Andean Grey Fox In the brutally pragmatic Patagonian eco-system, it is not just pumas targeting the guanacos. Getting close to a sleek Andean grey fox is surprisingly straight forward, especially if they are hungry and preoccupied with eating. They prefer target hares and rodents, but will happily chow down on any guanacos that have already been killed by pumas. The Andean Condor The surging and swirling thermals of Patagonia’s cliffs, peaks and valleys are the perfect environment for the mighty Andean condor. A wing-span of more than 3m – the largest of any land bird – enables these impressive scavengers to stay aloft with minimal effort. Explorer and naturalist Charles Darwin actually noted watching one soar for half an hour without moving its wings. Pack good binoculars for the best views of these magnificent birds. The South Andean Deer There are only around 2,000 of the endangered South Andean deer or huemul alive, which together with the Andean condor, is featured on Chile’s National Coat of Arms. Like the guanaco, the huemul is a relatively compact animal, standing around 1m high. Keep an eye on the stunning lakeside trek from Lago Pehoé to Glaciar Grey and you might be lucky. Hey, it has happened before.	[ 30026, 320, 318, 257, 9912, 14395, 588, 645, 584, 198, 14214, 39262, 416, 257, 3288, 13478, 286, 26428, 12, 889, 276, 290, 6729, 12, 66, 6320, 25740, 11, 340, 318, 5340, 284, 5967, 257, 517, 4295, 290, 15013, 4067, 621, 406, 3839, 2631, 8873, 2634, 287, 8372, 17456, 447, 247, 82, 27663, 1619, 350, 5718, 2351, 3250, 13, 383, 19218, 12, 37554, 31068, 318, 635, 5901, 351, 15599, 11, 523, 1022, 41764, 286, 30784, 3364, 11, 7850, 31812, 278, 290, 8223, 10311, 11, 40212, 572, 262, 3952, 447, 247, 82, 749, 14133, 277, 32837, 2058, 21196, 3538, 284, 262, 11040, 49130, 13, 198, 5703, 257, 1178, 4647, 2084, 262, 32660, 1689, 447, 247, 82, 1969, 16933, 262, 915, 272, 10602, 373, 22700, 11, 475, 783, 612, 389, 517, 621, 513, 11, 830, 286, 262, 41021, 2340, 357, 14508, 1969, 12772, 286, 262, 41021, 8, 2877, 287, 262, 27663, 1619, 350, 5718, 2351, 3250, 13, 1119, 389, 257, 390, 984, 2280, 16001, 5044, 532, 655, 625, 352, 76, 12, 8929, 379, 262, 8163, 532, 475, 991, 3538, 13489, 319, 262, 8701, 88, 256, 917, 430, 21025, 11927, 27663, 1619, 350, 5718, 447, 247, 82, 10092, 6087, 286, 435, 23908, 24768, 11, 32376, 25740, 290, 7858, 421, 25678, 12, 889, 276, 40509, 13, 2764, 319, 852, 21272, 351, 257, 804, 326, 318, 257, 48258, 605, 3272, 1022, 564, 250, 6090, 314, 1037, 345, 30, 447, 251, 290, 564, 250, 2061, 389, 345, 16143, 379, 30, 447, 251, 198, 5167, 621, 513, 11, 830, 915, 272, 330, 418, 389, 5729, 517, 621, 1576, 284, 8080, 257, 3957, 3265, 286, 279, 388, 292, 13, 383, 3208, 1840, 666, 279, 7487, 318, 262, 8372, 1712, 286, 477, 8598, 31420, 11, 290, 635, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 13, 4525, 597, 3797, 484, 389, 25565, 290, 4795, 8109, 11, 523, 597, 36242, 389, 1884, 284, 307, 10770, 284, 5749, 621, 2938, 41827, 20842, 287, 262, 6729, 13, 9175, 534, 2951, 42617, 329, 262, 517, 19217, 20842, 286, 279, 7487, 13617, 82, 11, 24511, 1863, 13970, 511, 44363, 11, 475, 3665, 12289, 13, 198, 464, 843, 11025, 13980, 5426, 198, 818, 262, 30040, 33119, 3208, 1840, 666, 34286, 12, 10057, 11, 340, 318, 407, 655, 279, 388, 292, 10822, 262, 915, 272, 330, 418, 13, 18067, 1969, 284, 257, 33143, 843, 11025, 13791, 21831, 318, 12362, 3892, 2651, 11, 2592, 611, 484, 389, 14720, 290, 662, 28756, 351, 6600, 13, 1119, 4702, 2496, 387, 411, 290, 41093, 11, 475, 481, 18177, 442, 322, 866, 319, 597, 915, 272, 330, 418, 326, 423, 1541, 587, 2923, 416, 279, 388, 292, 13, 198, 464, 843, 11025, 9724, 273, 198, 464, 44298, 290, 40431, 21969, 874, 286, 3208, 1840, 544, 447, 247, 82, 41724, 11, 25740, 290, 43088, 389, 262, 2818, 2858, 329, 262, 18680, 843, 11025, 1779, 273, 13, 317, 8539, 12, 12626, 286, 517, 621, 513, 76, 784, 262, 4387, 286, 597, 1956, 6512, 784, 13536, 777, 8036, 35998, 5355, 284, 2652, 435, 11205, 351, 10926, 3626, 13, 19142, 290, 3288, 396, 7516, 21450, 1682, 4367, 4964, 530, 48701, 329, 2063, 281, 1711, 1231, 3867, 663, 12098, 13, 6400, 922, 9874, 37320, 82, 329, 262, 1266, 5009, 286, 777, 25023, 10087, 13, 198, 464, 2520, 843, 11025, 34022, 198, 1858, 389, 691, 1088, 362, 11, 830, 286, 262, 22700, 2520, 843, 11025, 20096, 393, 289, 84, 368, 377, 6776, 11, 543, 1978, 351, 262, 843, 11025, 1779, 273, 11, 318, 8096, 319, 17456, 447, 247, 82, 2351, 39326, 286, 18368, 13, 4525, 262, 915, 272, 10602, 11, 262, 289, 84, 368, 377, 318, 257, 5365, 16001, 5044, 11, 5055, 1088, 352, 76, 1029, 13, 9175, 281, 4151, 319, 262, 13393, 24768, 485, 30784, 422, 406, 3839, 2631, 8873, 2634, 284, 42719, 12571, 13980, 290, 345, 1244, 307, 9670, 13, 14690, 11, 340, 468, 3022, 878, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	638
Question: Can you suggest some resources that will help me understand more about celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten-free diet? Answer: May is celiac awareness month so it is a great time to highlight some resources, guides, information sheets and articles about celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten-free diet. Explore and enjoy these links. Print them out. Hang them on your refrigerator or bring them grocery shopping with you. Use them as reference for yourself, and also share them with others in order to spread more awareness, visibility and knowledge about celiac disease. Basics on Celiac Disease, Gluten Sensitivity and the Gluten-Free Diet: If you are looking for a handout that explains the difference between celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, as well as an overview of the gluten-free diet, nutritional concerns, labeling, resources and helpful links– this guide is for you. A Quick Reference for Allowed & Non-Allowed Foods for the Gluten-Free Diet: The only treatment for celiac disease and gluten sensitivity is a gluten-free diet. And it can get confusing when it comes to what grains are a “GO” and what grains are a “NO”! All forms of wheat, rye and barley must strictly be avoided, including spelt, kamut, einkorn, emmer, faro, durum, couscous, semolina, bulgur and triticale. Barley malt, barley malt extract, barley malt flavor, brewer’s yeast, malt vinegar, as well as barley-based ale, beer and lager must also be avoided. Here is a more detailed list of foods allowed, to avoid and to question. Looking for Some Facts about Celiac Disease? This blog post addresses 10 facts about celiac disease that will help you understand the disease and better explain it to others. What is the Difference Between Celiac Disease, Gluten Sensitivity and a Wheat Allergy? This is one of the most common questions I receive. This blog post addresses facts and pointers regarding each of these conditions to help you understand the differences in these somewhat similar, yet very unique medical conditions. Nutrition and the Gluten-Free Diet? The gluten-free diet can create challenges when it comes to getting the proper nutrients. This chart provides a quick reference and ideas to improve the nutritional quality of your meals and snacks. Is the Gluten-Free Diet Healthy for Everyone? Gluten-free foods are popping up everywhere and the gluten-free diet is being promoted for everything that ails you. To separate the “wheat from the chaff” you need to check out the facts in this article. What’s New in the Gluten-Free World? Although there is still a lot we don’t know about celiac disease, there is a lot we do know, thanks to research efforts across the globe. This article recaps some of what we do know about the disease, as well as some important new developments in the gluten-free world. Finally, as a dietitian specializing in celiac disease and the gluten-free, my mission has been to provide consumers, health professionals, the food industry, media and others with accurate and practical information. One way I’ve accomplished this is through my book, Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Resource Guide, now in its 4th edition, 9th printing. In addition, my website www.glutenfreediet.ca, newsletter, blog and Q&A columns – like the Ask Shelley Case column on BeFreeForMe.com feature lots of free information. Happy reading! Ask Shelley Case is a feature of BeFreeForMe.com. It is published the second Tuesday of each month. Shelley Case, RD is a Consulting Dietitian, Speaker and Author of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Resource Guide. Visit Shelley and get more gluten-free tips & info at: GlutenFreeDiet.ca	[ 24361, 25, 1680, 345, 1950, 617, 4133, 326, 481, 1037, 502, 1833, 517, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 11, 21578, 14233, 290, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 30, 198, 33706, 25, 1737, 318, 18725, 9607, 9359, 1227, 523, 340, 318, 257, 1049, 640, 284, 7238, 617, 4133, 11, 17555, 11, 1321, 15747, 290, 6685, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 11, 21578, 14233, 290, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 13, 41401, 290, 2883, 777, 6117, 13, 12578, 606, 503, 13, 24300, 606, 319, 534, 30500, 393, 2222, 606, 16918, 9735, 351, 345, 13, 5765, 606, 355, 4941, 329, 3511, 11, 290, 635, 2648, 606, 351, 1854, 287, 1502, 284, 4104, 517, 9359, 11, 20742, 290, 3725, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 13, 198, 15522, 873, 319, 15248, 9607, 17344, 11, 2671, 7809, 14173, 11365, 290, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 25, 1002, 345, 389, 2045, 329, 257, 1021, 448, 326, 6688, 262, 3580, 1022, 18725, 9607, 4369, 290, 21578, 14233, 11, 355, 880, 355, 281, 16700, 286, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 11, 24000, 4786, 11, 27393, 11, 4133, 290, 7613, 6117, 1906, 428, 5698, 318, 329, 345, 13, 198, 32, 12029, 20984, 329, 1439, 6972, 1222, 8504, 12, 3237, 6972, 23201, 329, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 25, 383, 691, 3513, 329, 18725, 9607, 4369, 290, 21578, 14233, 318, 257, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 13, 843, 340, 460, 651, 15337, 618, 340, 2058, 284, 644, 21824, 389, 257, 564, 250, 11230, 447, 251, 290, 644, 21824, 389, 257, 564, 250, 15285, 447, 251, 0, 1439, 5107, 286, 17135, 11, 47553, 290, 38877, 1276, 14084, 307, 13941, 11, 1390, 599, 2120, 11, 479, 321, 315, 11, 304, 676, 1211, 11, 795, 647, 11, 1290, 78, 11, 22365, 388, 11, 13233, 66, 516, 11, 5026, 47196, 11, 4807, 45073, 290, 491, 270, 605, 68, 13, 2409, 1636, 26868, 11, 38877, 26868, 7925, 11, 38877, 26868, 9565, 11, 47695, 447, 247, 82, 20146, 11, 26868, 26600, 11, 355, 880, 355, 38877, 12, 3106, 31341, 11, 6099, 290, 300, 3536, 1276, 635, 307, 13941, 13, 3423, 318, 257, 517, 6496, 1351, 286, 9013, 3142, 11, 284, 3368, 290, 284, 1808, 13, 198, 15784, 329, 2773, 26972, 546, 15248, 9607, 17344, 30, 770, 4130, 1281, 9405, 838, 6419, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 326, 481, 1037, 345, 1833, 262, 4369, 290, 1365, 4727, 340, 284, 1854, 13, 198, 2061, 318, 262, 43795, 14307, 15248, 9607, 17344, 11, 2671, 7809, 14173, 11365, 290, 257, 34744, 1439, 26079, 30, 770, 318, 530, 286, 262, 749, 2219, 2683, 314, 3328, 13, 770, 4130, 1281, 9405, 6419, 290, 32007, 5115, 1123, 286, 777, 3403, 284, 1037, 345, 1833, 262, 5400, 287, 777, 6454, 2092, 11, 1865, 845, 3748, 3315, 3403, 13, 198, 49004, 10168, 290, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 30, 383, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 460, 2251, 6459, 618, 340, 2058, 284, 1972, 262, 1774, 20901, 13, 770, 8262, 3769, 257, 2068, 4941, 290, 4213, 284, 2987, 262, 24000, 3081, 286, 534, 13840, 290, 28487, 13, 198, 3792, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 30840, 329, 11075, 30, 2671, 7809, 12, 5787, 9013, 389, 26324, 510, 8347, 290, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 318, 852, 13722, 329, 2279, 326, 257, 4487, 345, 13, 1675, 4553, 262, 564, 250, 12491, 265, 422, 262, 442, 2001, 447, 251, 345, 761, 284, 2198, 503, 262, 6419, 287, 428, 2708, 13, 198, 2061, 447, 247, 82, 968, 287, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 2159, 30, 4900, 612, 318, 991, 257, 1256, 356, 836, 447, 247, 83, 760, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 11, 612, 318, 257, 1256, 356, 466, 760, 11, 5176, 284, 2267, 4040, 1973, 262, 13342, 13, 770, 2708, 664, 1686, 617, 286, 644, 356, 466, 760, 546, 262, 4369, 11, 355, 880, 355, 617, 1593, 649, 13312, 287, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 995, 13, 198, 11158, 11, 355, 257, 5496, 270, 666, 40847, 287, 18725, 9607, 4369, 290, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 11, 616, 4365, 468, 587, 284, 2148, 7008, 11, 1535, 11153, 11, 262, 2057, 2831, 11, 2056, 290, 1854, 351, 7187, 290, 8472, 1321, 13, 1881, 835, 314, 447, 247, 303, 13013, 428, 318, 832, 616, 1492, 11, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 25, 317, 40917, 20857, 10005, 11, 783, 287, 663, 604, 400, 8313, 11, 860, 400, 13570, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 616, 3052, 7324, 13, 4743, 7809, 69, 15977, 1155, 13, 6888, 11, 13129, 11, 4130, 290, 1195, 5, 32, 15180, 784, 588, 262, 16981, 46854, 8913, 5721, 319, 1355, 11146, 1890, 5308, 13, 785, 3895, 6041, 286, 1479, 1321, 13, 14628, 3555, 0, 198, 25214, 46854, 8913, 318, 257, 3895, 286, 1355, 11146, 1890, 5308, 13, 785, 13, 632, 318, 3199, 262, 1218, 3431, 286, 1123, 1227, 13, 46854, 8913, 11, 31475, 318, 257, 41005, 16292, 270, 666, 11, 14931, 290, 6434, 286, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 25, 317, 40917, 20857, 10005, 13, 16440, 46854, 290, 651, 517, 21578, 12, 5787, 9040, 1222, 7508, 379, 25, 2671, 7809, 11146, 35, 1155, 13, 6888, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	829
One of the world's most ancient societies has been given a legal buffer zone to guard it from the modern world. India's Supreme Court has banned all commercial and tourism activity near their habitat in the country's remote Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Indian Ocean. The ruling bars hotels and resorts from operating within a three-mile buffer zone around the Jarawa reserve, which is home to the Jarawa tribal people. The order means resorts that had opened nearby will have to close. The Jarawas are among the world's most ancient people, with many still hunting with bows and arrows and rubbing stones together to make fire. Scientists believe they were among the first people to migrate from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago. Jarawas did not have any contact with government authorities until 1996 and did not begin leaving their habitat until a few years ago, when they began moving out of the reserve in small groups for a brief while before returning. Scientists say there are around 320 Jarawa tribespeople living in the southern and middle Andaman islands. The Indian government has come under increasing criticism from rights activists for failing to protect the Jarawas. Critics say the local government has allowed unscrupulous tour operators to promote "human safaris." In 2002, the Supreme Court ordered that a road passing through the reserve be closed, but the local government still has not barred the Andaman Trunk Road, enabling tourist buses and vehicles to enter Jarawa habitats deep in the jungle. India's cabinet recently authorised stiff penalties for those trying to organise tours to Jarawa habitats or photographing the tribespeople. Last year, activists were outraged when media reports and videos surfaced of local policemen forcing bare-chested Jarawa women to dance for tourists in exchange for food. Survival International, a London-based international rights group for indigenous people, welcomed the new order, but said the Indian government has "missed" an opportunity by allowing the road to remain open to tourists.	[ 3198, 286, 262, 995, 338, 749, 6156, 14515, 468, 587, 1813, 257, 2742, 11876, 6516, 284, 4860, 340, 422, 262, 3660, 995, 13, 198, 21569, 338, 5617, 3078, 468, 9301, 477, 5068, 290, 19277, 3842, 1474, 511, 20018, 287, 262, 1499, 338, 6569, 843, 10546, 290, 8377, 30973, 14807, 287, 262, 3942, 10692, 13, 198, 464, 6922, 9210, 18505, 290, 43017, 422, 5361, 1626, 257, 1115, 12, 18085, 11876, 6516, 1088, 262, 15374, 6909, 11515, 11, 543, 318, 1363, 284, 262, 15374, 6909, 17054, 661, 13, 383, 1502, 1724, 43017, 326, 550, 4721, 6716, 481, 423, 284, 1969, 13, 198, 464, 15374, 707, 292, 389, 1871, 262, 995, 338, 749, 6156, 661, 11, 351, 867, 991, 10988, 351, 37469, 290, 20507, 290, 27714, 14966, 1978, 284, 787, 2046, 13, 23782, 1975, 484, 547, 1871, 262, 717, 661, 284, 32492, 422, 5478, 284, 7229, 1088, 4317, 11, 830, 812, 2084, 13, 198, 47511, 707, 292, 750, 407, 423, 597, 2800, 351, 1230, 4773, 1566, 8235, 290, 750, 407, 2221, 4305, 511, 20018, 1566, 257, 1178, 812, 2084, 11, 618, 484, 2540, 3867, 503, 286, 262, 11515, 287, 1402, 2628, 329, 257, 4506, 981, 878, 8024, 13, 23782, 910, 612, 389, 1088, 20959, 15374, 6909, 15663, 15332, 2877, 287, 262, 8372, 290, 3504, 843, 10546, 14807, 13, 198, 464, 3942, 1230, 468, 1282, 739, 3649, 7734, 422, 2489, 7941, 329, 9894, 284, 1805, 262, 15374, 707, 292, 13, 33385, 910, 262, 1957, 1230, 468, 3142, 28594, 46272, 4205, 12879, 284, 7719, 366, 10734, 1932, 20066, 526, 198, 818, 6244, 11, 262, 5617, 3078, 6149, 326, 257, 2975, 6427, 832, 262, 11515, 307, 4838, 11, 475, 262, 1957, 1230, 991, 468, 407, 23902, 262, 843, 10546, 833, 2954, 5567, 11, 15882, 18473, 16893, 290, 5672, 284, 3802, 15374, 6909, 35308, 2769, 287, 262, 20712, 13, 198, 21569, 338, 13447, 2904, 39019, 15175, 12970, 329, 883, 2111, 284, 42386, 21284, 284, 15374, 6909, 35308, 393, 10079, 722, 262, 15663, 15332, 13, 198, 5956, 614, 11, 7941, 547, 27697, 618, 2056, 3136, 290, 5861, 23786, 286, 1957, 33777, 10833, 6247, 12, 2395, 30679, 15374, 6909, 1466, 284, 9280, 329, 15930, 287, 5163, 329, 2057, 13, 198, 34652, 2473, 4037, 11, 257, 3576, 12, 3106, 3230, 2489, 1448, 329, 17673, 661, 11, 15846, 262, 649, 1502, 11, 475, 531, 262, 3942, 1230, 468, 366, 3927, 276, 1, 281, 3663, 416, 5086, 262, 2975, 284, 3520, 1280, 284, 15930, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	404
The Importance of Breakfast It often amazes me how people take better care of their cars than their bodies. I have yet to meet a person who said, “God has a plan as to when my car should ‘die’ and I do not need to worry about it. I don’t need to check or change the oil, or perform any routine maintenance. And I don’t need to worry about the type of gasoline I use.” We recognize the necessity of proper care to get the longest life and best performance out of our automobiles. When will we realize that proper care also gives our bodies the longest life and Today, a wealth of scientific research has confirmed that most of the leading causes of death and chronic diseases are preventable. We have been talking about the lifestyle factors that will help us improve our health. Adding breakfast to your eating pattern is a major step to improving your lifestyle. Well, why bother with breakfast? Food is fuel. Many studies have emphasized the importance of breakfast. If you want to make the most of your day, fuel your body early with the right stuff. AT A TIME: WHAT TO DO THE IMPORTANCE OF studies have even linked healthy breakfasts with less chronic disease, increased longevity and better health. Starting your day with a good breakfast boosts your energy, increases your attention span, and heightens your sense of well-being. You’ll be in better control of your emotions. A good breakfast is one that provides at least one third of the day’s calories. Most people give a variety of reasons for not eating breakfast. A common reason is that they are not hungry in the morning, which is a result of eating a full meal late in the evening or late snacking. When they go to bed, the body is still busy digesting all that food. Digestion then goes into a slower gear during the hours of sleep and there is still food in the stomach in the morning. The stomach needs a rest too. A tired stomach does not feel like digesting a big breakfast. When you get up in the morning, your glucose or blood sugar level is at its lowest point in the day. Glucose is the basic fuel for the brain and central nervous system. A good breakfast will keep you from being tired and irritable The effects of a skipped breakfast are short attention span, lack of alertness, longer reaction time, low blood sugar, decreased work productivity. Surely, breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Take time to eat a large, balanced breakfast. It’s a good investment of your time. Once you get into the habit of eating breakfast, you may feel hungry in the APPLICATION: HOW TO DO IT Breakfast is a great way to get more fiber into your diet. Plan wisely for a healthy breakfast. Many prepared cereals have added refined sugar, often hidden. Read labels carefully to select cereals prepared without excessive sugar, salt, fat, and excuse for not eating breakfast? • “No time?” How much time does it take to eat a bowl of cereal? Make toast and eat it on your way to work. Make your breakfast the night before. Making time for breakfast is making time to be healthy. • “Not hungry?” To get started, don’t eat anything after an early supper. Finish supper by 6:30 p.m. • “Might gain weight?” Eating breakfast will actually help you reach and maintain your healthy weight. Your appetite will be satisfied longer. You’ll be eating food when you can best burn the calories. You’ll feel great. Eat breakfast. • You “don’t like breakfast foods?” You don’t have to eat traditional breakfast foods. You can eat leftovers, or a sandwich. Any healthy food is fine. Caffeine may mask hunger. • You “don’t like eating breakfast?” It is in your best interest to eat breakfast. Take the step. Do the right thing. Eat breakfast. Simple, easy ways to add • Start Small. If your not a breakfast eater, begin with whole wheat toast and/or a piece of fruit. In a few days, add more food. • Choose Fruit for Breakfast. Fruit gives you fiber. Fresh fruit is the best choice. There are many to choose from: oranges, grapefruits, apples, bananas, grapes, kiwis, mangos, melons, berries. Eat two servings of fruit every morning. Canned fruit packed in juice is also a good choice. Add dried fruit to your cereal. • Eat High Fiber Hot Cereal. Hot cereal is the best choice, but there are several brands of cold cereal on the market that are high in fiber and low in sugar. Oatmeal is a favorite hot cereal. Try a seven grain cereal and experiment with different grains such as millet, brown rice, quinoa, corn grits for a variety. Try cooking grains in a crock pot overnight and it’s already the next morning. Or cook up a large batch and re-heat the next day. Make your own granola. Add a high fiber cereal to your favorite low fiber cereal. Gradually increase the amount of the high fiber cereal and decrease the amount of the low fiber cereal. For example, if you like cornflakes, add Wheat Chex to the cornflakes. Each morning add a little more Wheat Chex and a little less • Choose Whole Grain Bread. Eat two slices of toast in the morning or a whole grain bagel. Spread with fruit spread or applesauce or your favorite nut butter. • Make Healthy Pancakes or Waffles. Have you ever considered topping your pancakes or waffles with fruit? • Instead of scramble eggs try scrambled tofu. You’re in for a • The sky’s the limit. The only limitation is your imagination. Make it a priority. Eat breakfast. High fiber, ready to eat cereals and whole grain breads. --Choose a cereal with at least 3-5 grams of fiber per serving. --Choose cereal that have 5 grams or less of sugar per serving. Remember 4 grams of --Choose bread with at least 2 grams of dietary fiber per CHALLENGE: YOU CAN DO IT!! Try this simple experiment. Eat one or two servings of fresh fruit every for the next three weeks. Eat as many different kinds as you can find. And remember, Health is by Choice...not by chance! The choice is yours. You don’t have to be a statistic. By adopting a better diet and wiser lifestyle habits, you can live longer, feel better, and enjoy a healthier, more And remember, Health is by Choice...not by chance! The choice is yours. You don't have to be a statistic. By adopting a better diet and wiser lifestyle habits, you can live longer, feel better, and enjoy a healthier, more productive life. While it may be considered "helpful", individuals without a masters in health administration degree, nutrition & fitness degree, or even an MBA in healthcare degree are capable of taking care of their bodies. All a person needs is the motivation to be healthy! Nancy Schmieder works with the Better Living Ministries in Wayland , NY as a Certified Lifestyle Consultant and Specialist. The Better Living Ministries is a Community Resource for Lifestyle Education and Support. Health by Choice is a practical, simple journey on how to incorporate healthy habits into your lifestyle. Nancy is a Mother of five and she lives with her family in Springwater , NY . Her e-mail address is	[ 464, 17267, 590, 286, 32175, 198, 1026, 1690, 716, 36096, 502, 703, 198, 15332, 1011, 1365, 1337, 286, 511, 5006, 198, 14813, 511, 5920, 13, 314, 423, 1865, 284, 1826, 257, 198, 6259, 508, 531, 11, 564, 250, 13482, 468, 257, 1410, 355, 284, 198, 12518, 616, 1097, 815, 564, 246, 11979, 447, 247, 290, 314, 466, 407, 198, 31227, 284, 5490, 546, 340, 13, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 284, 198, 9122, 393, 1487, 262, 3056, 11, 393, 1620, 597, 198, 81, 28399, 9262, 13, 843, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 284, 198, 86, 5152, 546, 262, 2099, 286, 21408, 314, 779, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1135, 7564, 262, 14564, 286, 1774, 198, 6651, 284, 651, 262, 14069, 1204, 290, 1266, 198, 26585, 503, 286, 674, 44820, 13, 1649, 198, 10594, 356, 6537, 326, 1774, 1337, 635, 198, 70, 1083, 674, 5920, 262, 14069, 1204, 290, 198, 8888, 11, 257, 5129, 286, 198, 41355, 2267, 468, 4999, 326, 198, 1712, 286, 262, 3756, 5640, 286, 1918, 290, 198, 354, 4565, 10040, 389, 2948, 540, 13, 775, 198, 14150, 587, 3375, 546, 262, 12263, 198, 22584, 669, 326, 481, 1037, 514, 2987, 674, 198, 13948, 13, 18247, 12607, 284, 534, 6600, 198, 33279, 318, 257, 1688, 2239, 284, 10068, 198, 14108, 12263, 13, 3894, 11, 1521, 11393, 351, 198, 9032, 7217, 30, 7318, 318, 5252, 13, 4650, 3640, 198, 14150, 20047, 262, 6817, 286, 198, 9032, 7217, 13, 1002, 345, 765, 284, 787, 262, 749, 198, 1659, 534, 1110, 11, 5252, 534, 1767, 1903, 351, 198, 1169, 826, 3404, 13, 198, 1404, 317, 20460, 25, 25003, 5390, 8410, 198, 10970, 30023, 9863, 19240, 3963, 198, 19149, 444, 423, 772, 6692, 5448, 198, 9032, 69, 5773, 351, 1342, 10726, 4369, 11, 198, 24988, 839, 28188, 290, 1365, 1535, 13, 198, 22851, 534, 1110, 351, 257, 922, 12607, 198, 39521, 82, 534, 2568, 11, 5732, 534, 198, 1078, 1463, 11506, 11, 290, 6001, 641, 534, 2565, 198, 1659, 880, 12, 11873, 13, 921, 447, 247, 297, 307, 287, 1365, 198, 13716, 286, 534, 10825, 13, 317, 922, 198, 9032, 7217, 318, 530, 326, 3769, 379, 1551, 198, 505, 2368, 286, 262, 1110, 447, 247, 82, 14653, 13, 198, 6943, 661, 1577, 257, 198, 7785, 1905, 286, 3840, 329, 407, 6600, 198, 9032, 7217, 13, 317, 2219, 1738, 318, 326, 484, 198, 533, 407, 14720, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 543, 318, 198, 64, 1255, 286, 6600, 257, 1336, 9799, 2739, 287, 198, 1169, 6180, 393, 2739, 3013, 5430, 13, 1649, 484, 198, 2188, 284, 3996, 11, 262, 1767, 318, 991, 8179, 198, 12894, 37761, 477, 326, 2057, 13, 44255, 295, 788, 198, 2188, 274, 656, 257, 13611, 7733, 1141, 262, 2250, 198, 1659, 3993, 290, 612, 318, 991, 2057, 287, 262, 198, 301, 10806, 287, 262, 3329, 13, 383, 11384, 198, 50032, 257, 1334, 1165, 13, 317, 10032, 11384, 857, 198, 1662, 1254, 588, 16274, 278, 257, 1263, 12607, 13, 198, 2215, 345, 651, 510, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 534, 198, 4743, 1229, 577, 393, 2910, 7543, 1241, 318, 379, 663, 198, 9319, 395, 966, 287, 262, 1110, 13, 2671, 1229, 577, 318, 262, 198, 35487, 5252, 329, 262, 3632, 290, 4318, 198, 77, 712, 516, 1080, 13, 317, 922, 12607, 481, 198, 14894, 345, 422, 852, 10032, 290, 14709, 540, 198, 464, 3048, 286, 257, 26684, 198, 9032, 7217, 389, 1790, 3241, 11506, 11, 3092, 198, 1659, 7995, 1108, 11, 2392, 6317, 640, 11, 1877, 198, 18041, 7543, 11, 11832, 670, 198, 11167, 3458, 13, 28417, 11, 12607, 318, 262, 198, 1712, 1593, 9799, 286, 262, 1110, 13, 7214, 198, 2435, 284, 4483, 257, 1588, 11, 12974, 12607, 13, 198, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 257, 922, 4896, 286, 534, 640, 13, 198, 7454, 345, 651, 656, 262, 7947, 286, 6600, 198, 9032, 7217, 11, 345, 743, 1254, 14720, 287, 262, 198, 2969, 31484, 6234, 25, 29630, 5390, 8410, 7283, 198, 31737, 7217, 318, 257, 1049, 835, 198, 1462, 651, 517, 13608, 656, 534, 5496, 13, 5224, 198, 3083, 306, 329, 257, 5448, 12607, 13, 4650, 198, 3866, 29190, 6736, 874, 423, 2087, 20449, 198, 82, 35652, 11, 1690, 7104, 13, 4149, 14722, 198, 6651, 2759, 284, 2922, 6736, 874, 5597, 198, 19419, 13181, 7543, 11, 8268, 11, 3735, 11, 290, 198, 41194, 1904, 329, 407, 6600, 12607, 30, 198, 3581, 564, 250, 2949, 640, 30, 447, 251, 1374, 881, 198, 2435, 857, 340, 1011, 284, 4483, 257, 9396, 286, 198, 344, 5305, 30, 6889, 27805, 290, 4483, 340, 319, 534, 198, 1014, 284, 670, 13, 6889, 534, 12607, 262, 198, 3847, 878, 13, 16427, 640, 329, 12607, 198, 271, 1642, 640, 284, 307, 5448, 13, 198, 3581, 564, 250, 3673, 14720, 30, 447, 251, 1675, 198, 1136, 2067, 11, 836, 447, 247, 83, 4483, 1997, 706, 281, 198, 11458, 43743, 13, 32585, 43743, 416, 718, 25, 1270, 279, 13, 76, 13, 198, 3581, 564, 250, 44, 432, 4461, 198, 6551, 30, 447, 251, 37537, 12607, 481, 1682, 198, 16794, 345, 3151, 290, 5529, 534, 5448, 198, 6551, 13, 3406, 20788, 481, 307, 11378, 198, 6511, 263, 13, 921, 447, 247, 297, 307, 6600, 2057, 618, 345, 198, 5171, 1266, 4245, 262, 14653, 13, 921, 447, 247, 297, 1254, 198, 18223, 13, 27574, 12607, 13, 198, 3581, 921, 564, 250, 9099, 447, 247, 83, 588, 198, 9032, 7217, 9013, 30, 447, 251, 921, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 284, 4483, 198, 36380, 12607, 9013, 13, 921, 460, 4483, 198, 9464, 13801, 11, 393, 257, 20433, 13, 4377, 5448, 198, 19425, 318, 3734, 13, 327, 21223, 500, 743, 9335, 16460, 13, 198, 3581, 921, 564, 250, 9099, 447, 247, 83, 588, 6600, 198, 9032, 7217, 30, 447, 251, 632, 318, 287, 534, 1266, 1393, 198, 1462, 4483, 12607, 13, 7214, 262, 2239, 13, 2141, 262, 198, 3506, 1517, 13, 27574, 12607, 13, 198, 26437, 11, 2562, 2842, 284, 751, 198, 3581, 7253, 10452, 13, 1002, 198, 14108, 407, 257, 12607, 38338, 11, 2221, 351, 198, 1929, 2305, 17135, 27805, 290, 14, 273, 257, 3704, 286, 198, 34711, 13, 554, 257, 1178, 1528, 11, 751, 517, 2057, 13, 198, 3581, 17489, 22826, 329, 198, 31737, 7217, 13, 22826, 3607, 345, 13608, 13, 20138, 198, 34711, 318, 262, 1266, 3572, 13, 1318, 389, 867, 198, 1462, 3853, 422, 25, 48389, 11, 30777, 69, 50187, 11, 198, 1324, 829, 11, 35484, 11, 36656, 11, 479, 14246, 271, 11, 45663, 418, 11, 198, 17694, 684, 11, 36322, 13, 27574, 734, 43096, 286, 198, 34711, 790, 3329, 13, 327, 3577, 8234, 11856, 198, 259, 13135, 318, 635, 257, 922, 3572, 13, 3060, 198, 67, 2228, 8234, 284, 534, 33158, 13, 198, 3581, 27574, 3334, 29933, 6964, 198, 34, 567, 282, 13, 6964, 33158, 318, 262, 1266, 3572, 11, 198, 4360, 612, 389, 1811, 11394, 286, 4692, 198, 344, 5305, 319, 262, 1910, 326, 389, 1029, 287, 198, 69, 1856, 290, 1877, 287, 7543, 13, 440, 45280, 318, 257, 198, 35200, 3024, 33158, 13, 9993, 257, 3598, 13020, 198, 344, 5305, 290, 6306, 351, 1180, 198, 2164, 1299, 884, 355, 1465, 1616, 11, 7586, 11464, 11, 198, 421, 40564, 11, 11676, 34954, 82, 329, 257, 4996, 13, 9993, 198, 27916, 278, 21824, 287, 257, 6763, 694, 1787, 13417, 198, 392, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1541, 262, 1306, 3329, 13, 1471, 198, 27916, 510, 257, 1588, 15458, 290, 302, 12, 25080, 262, 198, 19545, 1110, 13, 6889, 534, 898, 19468, 5708, 13, 3060, 257, 198, 8929, 13608, 33158, 284, 534, 4004, 1877, 198, 69, 1856, 33158, 13, 17701, 935, 2620, 262, 198, 17287, 286, 262, 1029, 13608, 33158, 290, 198, 12501, 260, 589, 262, 2033, 286, 262, 1877, 13608, 198, 344, 5305, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 611, 345, 588, 198, 20772, 2704, 1124, 11, 751, 34744, 2580, 87, 284, 262, 198, 20772, 2704, 1124, 13, 5501, 3329, 751, 257, 1310, 198, 3549, 34744, 2580, 87, 290, 257, 1310, 1342, 198, 3581, 17489, 23431, 48692, 198, 33, 961, 13, 27574, 734, 24314, 286, 27805, 287, 262, 198, 43911, 393, 257, 2187, 13020, 6131, 417, 13, 31843, 198, 4480, 8234, 4104, 393, 22514, 559, 344, 393, 534, 198, 35200, 6701, 9215, 13, 198, 3581, 6889, 30840, 198, 47, 1192, 1124, 393, 370, 48501, 13, 8192, 345, 1683, 198, 5936, 3089, 34366, 534, 47008, 393, 198, 86, 48501, 351, 8234, 30, 198, 3581, 5455, 286, 36755, 198, 33856, 82, 1949, 34351, 40108, 13, 921, 447, 247, 260, 287, 329, 257, 198, 3581, 383, 6766, 447, 247, 82, 262, 4179, 13, 198, 464, 691, 17385, 318, 534, 13843, 13, 198, 12050, 340, 257, 8475, 13, 27574, 12607, 13, 198, 11922, 13608, 11, 3492, 284, 198, 4098, 6736, 874, 290, 2187, 13020, 8509, 82, 13, 198, 438, 31851, 257, 33158, 351, 379, 198, 293, 459, 513, 12, 20, 16379, 286, 13608, 583, 7351, 13, 198, 438, 31851, 33158, 326, 423, 198, 20, 16379, 393, 1342, 286, 7543, 583, 7351, 13, 198, 16676, 604, 16379, 286, 198, 438, 31851, 8509, 351, 379, 198, 293, 459, 362, 16379, 286, 15429, 13608, 583, 198, 3398, 7036, 1677, 8264, 25, 7013, 15628, 8410, 7283, 3228, 198, 23433, 428, 2829, 198, 23100, 3681, 13, 27574, 530, 393, 734, 43096, 286, 198, 48797, 8234, 790, 198, 1640, 262, 1306, 1115, 2745, 13, 27574, 355, 198, 21834, 1180, 6982, 355, 345, 460, 1064, 13, 198, 1870, 3505, 11, 3893, 318, 198, 1525, 18502, 986, 1662, 416, 2863, 0, 383, 3572, 318, 198, 88, 4662, 13, 921, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 284, 307, 257, 24696, 13, 198, 3886, 22868, 257, 1365, 5496, 290, 47897, 198, 75, 42004, 13870, 11, 345, 460, 2107, 2392, 11, 198, 36410, 1365, 11, 290, 2883, 257, 22841, 11, 517, 198, 1870, 3505, 11, 3893, 318, 416, 18502, 986, 1662, 416, 2863, 0, 383, 3572, 318, 12431, 13, 198, 1639, 836, 470, 423, 284, 307, 257, 24696, 13, 2750, 22868, 257, 1365, 5496, 290, 47897, 12263, 198, 5976, 896, 11, 345, 460, 2107, 2392, 11, 1254, 1365, 11, 290, 2883, 257, 22841, 11, 517, 198, 27781, 1204, 13, 2893, 340, 743, 307, 3177, 366, 16794, 913, 1600, 3925, 1231, 257, 198, 40706, 287, 1535, 3662, 4922, 11, 16633, 1222, 13547, 4922, 11, 393, 198, 10197, 281, 45517, 287, 11409, 4922, 389, 6007, 286, 2263, 1337, 286, 511, 5920, 13, 198, 3237, 257, 1048, 2476, 318, 262, 14052, 284, 307, 5448, 0, 198, 45, 3883, 3059, 76, 798, 263, 2499, 351, 262, 11625, 198, 36376, 1855, 32995, 287, 6378, 1044, 837, 6645, 355, 257, 198, 37608, 1431, 406, 42004, 21651, 415, 290, 198, 13409, 396, 13, 383, 11625, 13728, 1855, 32995, 198, 271, 257, 8108, 20857, 329, 406, 42004, 198, 41183, 290, 7929, 13, 3893, 416, 18502, 198, 271, 257, 8472, 11, 2829, 7002, 319, 703, 284, 198, 1939, 31150, 378, 5448, 13870, 656, 534, 198, 75, 42004, 13, 18496, 318, 257, 10584, 286, 1936, 290, 198, 7091, 3160, 351, 607, 1641, 287, 8225, 7050, 198, 11, 6645, 764, 2332, 304, 12, 4529, 2209, 318, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,818
The National Drought Mitigation Center in Lincoln, Nebraska,says drought has produced an above-normal wildfire potential this season along the leeward sides of all the Hawaiian Islands, including the western third of Hawaii Island. Most of our state has received above-normal precipitation, but not parts of Hawaii Island. The result: the danger of out-of-control brush fires is significant. Elsewhere on the United States mainland, the situation is similar. The NDMC says snowpack was disappointing in many states–in Colorado and Utah, they had only half the usual snowpack. Colorado had its first wildfire of 2012 last month in a conflagration that took 700 firefighters more than a week to control the fire. January and February were the driest on record in California. Hawaii County Fire Department warns residents to clear brush from near their houses, and to have an evacuation plan should there be a fire. They also warn that tossing lit cigarettes out of cars is not only illegal, but not trigger a fire. The National Drought Mitigation Center says areas on Hawaii Island and elsewhere that have not had soakings of brush, grass, and trees, and the wildfire fuels don’t have water and cannot resist fire. Hawaii Island’s west side usually has a rainy summer season and there have been some mauka showers, with residents hoping for more. Hilo has gotten lots of rain this winter, but other areas around the island vary in how much rain they’ve received. The NDMC, established in 1995, is based in the School of Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The organization helps people and institutions develop and implement measures to reduce societal vulnerability to drought, stressing preparedness and risk management rather than crisis management. It works with several different agencies to collaborate on drought issues–United States Department of Agriculture, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Geological Survey, the National Climate Data Center, and international organizations, among others.	[ 464, 2351, 360, 2909, 11707, 7065, 3337, 287, 12406, 11, 18329, 11, 82, 592, 18393, 468, 4635, 281, 2029, 12, 11265, 44508, 2785, 428, 1622, 1863, 262, 443, 413, 446, 5389, 286, 477, 262, 29827, 12010, 11, 1390, 262, 8830, 2368, 286, 13708, 5451, 13, 4042, 286, 674, 1181, 468, 2722, 2029, 12, 11265, 32025, 11, 475, 407, 3354, 286, 13708, 5451, 13, 383, 1255, 25, 262, 3514, 286, 503, 12, 1659, 12, 13716, 14093, 12252, 318, 2383, 13, 198, 49374, 319, 262, 1578, 1829, 22779, 11, 262, 3074, 318, 2092, 13, 383, 25524, 9655, 1139, 6729, 8002, 373, 17185, 287, 867, 2585, 1906, 259, 7492, 290, 10202, 11, 484, 550, 691, 2063, 262, 6678, 6729, 8002, 13, 7492, 550, 663, 717, 44508, 286, 2321, 938, 1227, 287, 257, 1013, 30909, 1358, 326, 1718, 13037, 22611, 517, 621, 257, 1285, 284, 1630, 262, 2046, 13, 3269, 290, 3945, 547, 262, 1454, 395, 319, 1700, 287, 3442, 13, 198, 33055, 42648, 3418, 3764, 2732, 22145, 5085, 284, 1598, 14093, 422, 1474, 511, 7777, 11, 290, 284, 423, 281, 24663, 1410, 815, 612, 307, 257, 2046, 13, 1119, 635, 9828, 326, 37432, 6578, 17626, 503, 286, 5006, 318, 407, 691, 5293, 11, 475, 407, 7616, 257, 2046, 13, 198, 464, 2351, 360, 2909, 11707, 7065, 3337, 1139, 3006, 319, 13708, 5451, 290, 8057, 326, 423, 407, 550, 33182, 654, 286, 14093, 11, 8701, 11, 290, 7150, 11, 290, 262, 44508, 18017, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 1660, 290, 2314, 4180, 2046, 13, 13708, 5451, 447, 247, 82, 7421, 1735, 3221, 468, 257, 37259, 3931, 1622, 290, 612, 423, 587, 617, 285, 559, 4914, 32290, 11, 351, 5085, 7725, 329, 517, 13, 367, 18526, 468, 7891, 6041, 286, 6290, 428, 7374, 11, 475, 584, 3006, 1088, 262, 7022, 7565, 287, 703, 881, 6290, 484, 447, 247, 303, 2722, 13, 198, 464, 25524, 9655, 11, 4920, 287, 8735, 11, 318, 1912, 287, 262, 3961, 286, 12068, 13864, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 18329, 12, 43, 11690, 13, 383, 4009, 5419, 661, 290, 6712, 1205, 290, 3494, 5260, 284, 4646, 26877, 15131, 284, 18393, 11, 43455, 5597, 1108, 290, 2526, 4542, 2138, 621, 4902, 4542, 13, 632, 2499, 351, 1811, 1180, 5942, 284, 30081, 319, 18393, 2428, 1906, 17013, 1829, 2732, 286, 19717, 11, 2351, 10692, 291, 290, 41516, 8694, 11, 1578, 1829, 34246, 13084, 11, 262, 2351, 13963, 6060, 3337, 11, 290, 3230, 5745, 11, 1871, 1854, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	404
Scientists identified seven new species of bamboo coral discovered on a NOAA-funded mission in the deep waters of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Six of these species may represent entirely new genera, a remarkable feat given the broad classification a genus represents. A genus is a major category in the classification of organisms, ranking above a species and below a family. Scientists expect to identify more new species as analysis of samples continues. "These discoveries are important, because deep-sea corals support diverse seafloor ecosystems and also because these corals may be among the first marine organisms to be affected by ocean acidification," said Richard Spinrad, Ph.D., NOAA's assistant administrator for Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Ocean acidification is a change in ocean chemistry due to excess carbon dioxide. Researchers have seen adverse changes in marine life with calcium-carbonate shells, such as corals, because of acidified ocean water. "Deep-sea bamboo corals also produce growth rings much as trees do, and can provide a much-needed view of how deep ocean conditions change through time," said Spinrad. Rob Dunbar, a Stanford University scientist, was studying long-term climate data by examining long-lived corals. "We found live, 4,000-year-old corals in the Monument meaning 4,000 years worth of information about what has been going on in the deep ocean interior." "Studying these corals can help us understand how they survive for such long periods of time as well as how they may respond to climate change in the future," said Dunbar. Among the other findings were a five-foot tall yellow bamboo coral tree that had never been described before, new beds of living deepwater coral and sponges, and a giant sponge scientists dubbed the "cauldron sponge," approximately three feet tall and three feet across. Scientists collected two other sponges which have not yet been anal \|Contact: Christine Patrick\|	[ 29193, 5174, 3598, 649, 4693, 286, 37252, 29537, 5071, 319, 257, 36184, 12, 18246, 4365, 287, 262, 2769, 10150, 286, 262, 14185, 993, 10235, 2616, 388, 11601, 10235, 365, 64, 11000, 2351, 33075, 13, 9699, 286, 777, 4693, 743, 2380, 5000, 649, 1152, 64, 11, 257, 11004, 2218, 1813, 262, 3154, 17923, 257, 34306, 6870, 13, 317, 34306, 318, 257, 1688, 6536, 287, 262, 17923, 286, 20296, 11, 12759, 2029, 257, 4693, 290, 2174, 257, 1641, 13, 23782, 1607, 284, 5911, 517, 649, 4693, 355, 3781, 286, 8405, 4477, 13, 198, 1, 4711, 24362, 389, 1593, 11, 780, 2769, 12, 8583, 1162, 874, 1104, 10084, 25127, 75, 2675, 30020, 290, 635, 780, 777, 1162, 874, 743, 307, 1871, 262, 717, 16050, 20296, 284, 307, 5676, 416, 9151, 7408, 2649, 553, 531, 6219, 28002, 6335, 11, 1380, 13, 35, 1539, 36184, 338, 8796, 18382, 329, 10692, 291, 290, 41516, 4992, 13, 10692, 7408, 2649, 318, 257, 1487, 287, 9151, 16585, 2233, 284, 6992, 6588, 17556, 13, 26685, 423, 1775, 12681, 2458, 287, 16050, 1204, 351, 19700, 12, 29255, 378, 19679, 11, 884, 355, 1162, 874, 11, 780, 286, 7408, 1431, 9151, 1660, 13, 198, 1, 29744, 12, 8583, 37252, 1162, 874, 635, 4439, 3349, 13917, 881, 355, 7150, 466, 11, 290, 460, 2148, 257, 881, 12, 27938, 1570, 286, 703, 2769, 9151, 3403, 1487, 832, 640, 553, 531, 28002, 6335, 13, 198, 14350, 5648, 5657, 11, 257, 13863, 2059, 11444, 11, 373, 11065, 890, 12, 4354, 4258, 1366, 416, 17247, 890, 12, 24489, 1162, 874, 13, 366, 1135, 1043, 2107, 11, 604, 11, 830, 12, 1941, 12, 727, 1162, 874, 287, 262, 33075, 3616, 604, 11, 830, 812, 2861, 286, 1321, 546, 644, 468, 587, 1016, 319, 287, 262, 2769, 9151, 11087, 526, 198, 1, 13007, 1112, 777, 1162, 874, 460, 1037, 514, 1833, 703, 484, 7866, 329, 884, 890, 9574, 286, 640, 355, 880, 355, 703, 484, 743, 3031, 284, 4258, 1487, 287, 262, 2003, 553, 531, 5648, 5657, 13, 198, 14311, 262, 584, 6373, 547, 257, 1936, 12, 5898, 7331, 7872, 37252, 29537, 5509, 326, 550, 1239, 587, 3417, 878, 11, 649, 20237, 286, 2877, 2769, 7050, 29537, 290, 599, 506, 274, 11, 290, 257, 6175, 40206, 5519, 17494, 262, 366, 66, 45637, 40206, 553, 6702, 1115, 3625, 7331, 290, 1115, 3625, 1973, 13, 23782, 7723, 734, 584, 599, 506, 274, 543, 423, 407, 1865, 587, 2037, 198, 91, 17829, 25, 26088, 9925, 91, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	406
Diamond Says Sleep With Your Kids, Spare Parents: Books Human beings and apes went their separate ways 6 million years ago, Jared Diamond notes near the beginning of “The World Until Yesterday.” Yet agriculture has been around for just 11,000 years, and the first state government arose only 5,400 years ago. In other words, life as we know it accounts for a small fraction of human history. By looking closely at the world’s last few “traditional” (i.e., tribal) societies -- especially in New Guinea, where he’s spent much of the past half-century -- Diamond shows what it must have been like before that. He deftly explodes a few myths, beginning with Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “speculative and ungrounded theory” that “humans were naturally compassionate in a state of nature, and that wars began only with the rise of states.” The reality was the opposite -- maniacal xenophobia and perennial war. If you encountered a stranger on your path, you had essentially two options: run or fight. The percentage of people that tribal societies typically lost in conflicts dwarfs German and Russian war losses during the 20th century (even if the numbers seem less dramatic at first because they aren’t in the millions). That’s why they’ve so often accepted state control with so little protest: Since states, for their own reasons, suppress tribal warfare, life under their authority is less dangerous and a lot more pleasant. “The World Until Yesterday” is packed with fascinating information of this kind. But because Diamond has constructed it as a series of lessons we can learn from what once were called primitive peoples, it’s also problematic. I don’t doubt his good faith when he declares, “My own outlook on life has been transformed and enriched by my years among one set of traditional societies, that of New Guinea.” (He previously wrote about these societies, among others, in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book, “Guns, Germs and Steel.”) But then what does he tell us we can learn from them? To value mediation as a method of settling legal disputes. To treat the elderly with greater dignity. To watch our salt and sugar intake. Fifty years of study -- for that? Diamond’s most intriguing discussion, in terms of novel and usable information, involves child rearing. I was happy to find him advocating, for example, that parents allow small children to share their beds; I’m still mad about how strictly my own parents barred me from theirs. But even when Diamond offers convincing arguments about “the precocious development of social skills” in the children of hunter-gatherers, he dulls them with an irritating habit of belaboring the hyper-obvious: “Naturally, I’m not saying that we should emulate all child-rearing practices of hunter-gatherers. I don’t recommend that we return to the hunter-gatherer practices of selective infanticide, high risk of death in childbirth and letting infants play with knives and get burned by fires.” Or, on the elderly: “I don’t know any individual American whose devoted care of his aged parents goes as far as pre- chewing their food, nor any who has strangled his aged parents and been publicly commended as a good son for doing so.” Much like his friends in the New Guinea jungle, for whom “there is no time pressure, no schedule,” Diamond is in no hurry to get where he’s going. What disturbs me more than the leisurely blandness of his style, though, is his apparent conviction (or maybe it came from his agent or his publisher) that he had to make his book relevant by delivering news you can use. The idea that knowledge isn’t sufficient in itself is depressing if not insulting. I was absorbed as I read “The World Before Yesterday.” But faced with the embarrassing question its subtitle poses -- “What Can We Learn From Traditional Societies?” -- I would have to answer: Not all that much. Muse highlights include Elin McCoy on wine. To contact the writer on the story: Craig Seligman at [email protected].	[ 47710, 28628, 17376, 2080, 3406, 17476, 11, 1338, 533, 28231, 25, 13661, 198, 20490, 9791, 290, 44621, 1816, 511, 4553, 2842, 718, 1510, 812, 2084, 11, 19116, 13566, 4710, 1474, 262, 3726, 286, 564, 250, 464, 2159, 14303, 34668, 13, 447, 251, 6430, 14510, 468, 587, 1088, 329, 655, 1367, 11, 830, 812, 11, 290, 262, 717, 1181, 1230, 21172, 691, 642, 11, 7029, 812, 2084, 13, 198, 818, 584, 2456, 11, 1204, 355, 356, 760, 340, 5504, 329, 257, 1402, 13390, 286, 1692, 2106, 13, 2750, 2045, 7173, 379, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 938, 1178, 564, 250, 36380, 447, 251, 357, 72, 13, 68, 1539, 17054, 8, 14515, 1377, 2592, 287, 968, 22777, 11, 810, 339, 447, 247, 82, 3377, 881, 286, 262, 1613, 2063, 12, 14792, 1377, 13566, 2523, 644, 340, 1276, 423, 587, 588, 878, 326, 13, 198, 1544, 46208, 306, 38711, 257, 1178, 22886, 11, 3726, 351, 11320, 12, 28821, 13281, 42849, 559, 447, 247, 82, 564, 250, 4125, 3129, 876, 290, 555, 2833, 276, 4583, 447, 251, 326, 564, 250, 40205, 547, 8752, 32533, 287, 257, 1181, 286, 3450, 11, 290, 326, 9976, 2540, 691, 351, 262, 4485, 286, 2585, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 3950, 373, 262, 6697, 1377, 45575, 282, 27132, 19851, 290, 39983, 1175, 13, 1002, 345, 12956, 257, 16195, 319, 534, 3108, 11, 345, 550, 6986, 734, 3689, 25, 1057, 393, 1907, 13, 198, 464, 5873, 286, 661, 326, 17054, 14515, 6032, 2626, 287, 12333, 15594, 9501, 2679, 290, 3394, 1175, 9089, 1141, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 357, 10197, 611, 262, 3146, 1283, 1342, 10092, 379, 717, 780, 484, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 287, 262, 5242, 737, 198, 2504, 447, 247, 82, 1521, 484, 447, 247, 303, 523, 1690, 6292, 1181, 1630, 351, 523, 1310, 5402, 25, 4619, 2585, 11, 329, 511, 898, 3840, 11, 18175, 17054, 15611, 11, 1204, 739, 511, 4934, 318, 1342, 4923, 290, 257, 1256, 517, 15497, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 2159, 14303, 34668, 447, 251, 318, 11856, 351, 13899, 1321, 286, 428, 1611, 13, 887, 780, 13566, 468, 12006, 340, 355, 257, 2168, 286, 11658, 356, 460, 2193, 422, 644, 1752, 547, 1444, 20049, 14366, 11, 340, 447, 247, 82, 635, 15833, 13, 198, 40, 836, 447, 247, 83, 4719, 465, 922, 4562, 618, 339, 24183, 11, 564, 250, 3666, 898, 19360, 319, 1204, 468, 587, 14434, 290, 35601, 416, 616, 812, 1871, 530, 900, 286, 4569, 14515, 11, 326, 286, 968, 22777, 13, 447, 251, 357, 1544, 4271, 2630, 546, 777, 14515, 11, 1871, 1854, 11, 287, 465, 44127, 15895, 12, 14463, 1492, 11, 564, 250, 38, 13271, 11, 13573, 907, 290, 7851, 13, 447, 251, 8, 198, 1537, 788, 644, 857, 339, 1560, 514, 356, 460, 2193, 422, 606, 30, 1675, 1988, 41077, 355, 257, 2446, 286, 25446, 2742, 18563, 13, 1675, 2190, 262, 13830, 351, 3744, 16247, 13, 1675, 2342, 674, 8268, 290, 7543, 10337, 13, 198, 37, 24905, 812, 286, 2050, 1377, 329, 326, 30, 198, 47710, 447, 247, 82, 749, 19827, 5114, 11, 287, 2846, 286, 5337, 290, 24284, 1321, 11, 9018, 1200, 302, 1723, 13, 314, 373, 3772, 284, 1064, 683, 24950, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 326, 3397, 1249, 1402, 1751, 284, 2648, 511, 20237, 26, 314, 447, 247, 76, 991, 8805, 546, 703, 14084, 616, 898, 3397, 23902, 502, 422, 22021, 13, 198, 1537, 772, 618, 13566, 4394, 17101, 7159, 546, 564, 250, 1169, 3718, 32346, 2478, 286, 1919, 4678, 447, 251, 287, 262, 1751, 286, 19177, 12, 41268, 1456, 3808, 11, 339, 19222, 82, 606, 351, 281, 42010, 7947, 286, 894, 397, 3255, 262, 8718, 12, 672, 1442, 25, 198, 447, 250, 44213, 11, 314, 447, 247, 76, 407, 2282, 326, 356, 815, 33836, 477, 1200, 12, 260, 1723, 6593, 286, 19177, 12, 41268, 1456, 3808, 13, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 4313, 326, 356, 1441, 284, 262, 19177, 12, 41268, 48386, 6593, 286, 21792, 1167, 5109, 485, 11, 1029, 2526, 286, 1918, 287, 43886, 290, 9616, 18775, 711, 351, 23110, 290, 651, 11544, 416, 12252, 13, 447, 251, 198, 5574, 11, 319, 262, 13830, 25, 564, 250, 40, 836, 447, 247, 83, 760, 597, 1981, 1605, 3025, 13378, 1337, 286, 465, 9722, 3397, 2925, 355, 1290, 355, 662, 12, 36615, 511, 2057, 11, 4249, 597, 508, 468, 965, 22393, 465, 9722, 3397, 290, 587, 7271, 725, 1631, 355, 257, 922, 3367, 329, 1804, 523, 13, 447, 251, 198, 20045, 588, 465, 2460, 287, 262, 968, 22777, 20712, 11, 329, 4150, 564, 250, 8117, 318, 645, 640, 3833, 11, 645, 7269, 11, 447, 251, 13566, 318, 287, 645, 23290, 284, 651, 810, 339, 447, 247, 82, 1016, 13, 198, 2061, 11239, 1443, 502, 517, 621, 262, 24638, 306, 34377, 1108, 286, 465, 3918, 11, 996, 11, 318, 465, 4156, 11375, 357, 273, 3863, 340, 1625, 422, 465, 5797, 393, 465, 9991, 8, 326, 339, 550, 284, 787, 465, 1492, 5981, 416, 13630, 1705, 345, 460, 779, 13, 383, 2126, 326, 3725, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 6751, 287, 2346, 318, 31193, 611, 407, 27899, 13, 198, 40, 373, 19233, 355, 314, 1100, 564, 250, 464, 2159, 7413, 34668, 13, 447, 251, 887, 7452, 351, 262, 18997, 1808, 663, 37960, 17313, 1377, 564, 250, 2061, 1680, 775, 14365, 3574, 29065, 3345, 9545, 30, 447, 251, 1377, 314, 561, 423, 284, 3280, 25, 1892, 477, 326, 881, 13, 198, 44, 1904, 11330, 2291, 2574, 259, 28901, 319, 8237, 13, 198, 2514, 2800, 262, 6260, 319, 262, 1621, 25, 13854, 15300, 328, 805, 379, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	925

Michael Dirda: "Five Propositions About Poetry" - In a very general sense, poets tend to use language in two ways: the artful or the natural. Either they transmute their thoughts through metaphor, striking imagery, or unusual syntax into something rich and strange; or they pack their meaning into what Wordsworth famously called the language really used by men (and women). On the one hand, Wallace Stevens, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and Jorie Graham; on the other, William Carlos Williams, Archilochos, and Billy Collins. Most poets opt for flash and filigree—after all, "O, for a beaker full of the warm South, / Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene" (Keats) sounds like poetry. It takes real confidence, and sure judgment, to set down words as simple and deeply moving as "Pray, undo this button" (Shakespeare). - Where a "Complete Poems" is a monument, a "Selected Poems" is an invitation, a sometimes needed icebreaker for shy new readers. In other words, most of us. Just as expository prose generally aims to ingratiate, emphasizing clarity and communication, so a lot of poetry blithely ignores the ordinary courtesies: It is simply there, true to itself. Let me be fanciful: If you picture good prose as a smooth politician deftly reaching out to the crowd and welcoming everyone into the party, then poetry is Clint Eastwood, serape flapping in the wind, standing quietly alone on a dusty street, pure coiled energy. He's not glad-handling anybody. - To read a volume of poetry is to enter the world of the mesmerist. In a serious artist's collected poems, the single constant is usually his or her distinctive, increasingly hypnotic voice. Without relying on plot, dramatic action, or a cast of characters, lyric poets, especially, must entrance us with their words until we cannot choose by hear. Eager for more, we turn page after page because we find ourselves in thrall to a particular diction. - Nearly everyone can come up with a good explanation for why they don't keep up with contemporary poetry, but the main one is simply that reading strange and unfamiliar poems sounds a lot like schoolwork. The language often seems so... high-pitched and bizarre or just plain hard to understand. In fact, the best way to enjoy contemporary verse is simply to read it as though you were dipping into a magazine, listening to a news report, overhearing a conversation. Don't make it a big deal, simply thrill to the words or story. As the critic Marvin Mudrick once proclaimed: "You don't read for understanding, you read for excitement. Understanding is a product of excitement." Later on, you can return to the poems that speak most strongly to you and make them a part of your life. - Memorize the poems you love most. As Anthony Burgess wrote: "The dragging out from memory of lines from Volpone or The Vanity of Human Wishes with the twelfth glass is the true literary experience. I mean that. Verse is for learning by heart, and that is what a literary education should mostly consist of." When I was a teenager, I used to walk to high school. To pass those tedious twenty or thirty minutes I decided to memorize favourite lines and stanzas from Oscar Williams' anthology, Immortal Poems of the English Language. "With rue my heart is laden... I met a traveller from an antique land... We'd rather have the iceberg than the ship...The waste remains, the waste remains and kills...That dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea...Our revels now are ended." In all my life no time has ever been better spent. Labels: Writing About Poetry

[ 13256, 360, 1447, 64, 25, 366, 20029, 1041, 1930, 1756, 7994, 7695, 11973, 1, 198, 12, 554, 257, 845, 2276, 2565, 11, 39939, 4327, 284, 779, 3303, 287, 734, 2842, 25, 262, 1242, 913, 393, 262, 3288, 13, 15467, 484, 21595, 1133, 511, 6066, 832, 23094, 11, 8871, 19506, 11, 393, 8468, 15582, 656, 1223, 5527, 290, 6283, 26, 393, 484, 2353, 511, 3616, 656, 644, 9678, 30567, 20524, 1444, 262, 3303, 1107, 973, 416, 1450, 357, 392, 1466, 737, 1550, 262, 530, 1021, 11, 17161, 20019, 11, 41459, 1869, 1636, 21183, 11, 290, 449, 19257, 11520, 26, 319, 262, 584, 11, 3977, 17409, 6484, 11, 5579, 346, 5374, 418, 11, 290, 15890, 14006, 13, 4042, 39939, 2172, 329, 7644, 290, 1226, 41233, 960, 8499, 477, 11, 366, 46, 11, 329, 257, 307, 3110, 1336, 286, 262, 5814, 2520, 11, 1220, 6462, 286, 262, 2081, 11, 262, 37854, 913, 33812, 420, 25924, 1, 357, 8896, 1381, 8, 5238, 588, 19518, 13, 632, 2753, 1103, 6628, 11, 290, 1654, 8492, 11, 284, 900, 866, 2456, 355, 2829, 290, 7744, 3867, 355, 366, 47, 2433, 11, 23981, 428, 4936, 1, 357, 2484, 20946, 737, 198, 12, 6350, 257, 366, 20988, 7695, 5232, 1, 318, 257, 17757, 11, 257, 366, 4653, 12609, 7695, 5232, 1, 318, 281, 17023, 11, 257, 3360, 2622, 4771, 25766, 329, 15800, 649, 7183, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 749, 286, 514, 13, 2329, 355, 1033, 13264, 27149, 4143, 12031, 284, 5347, 81, 7246, 378, 11, 36360, 16287, 290, 6946, 11, 523, 257, 1256, 286, 19518, 698, 31470, 306, 24245, 262, 8850, 2184, 274, 444, 25, 632, 318, 2391, 612, 11, 2081, 284, 2346, 13, 3914, 502, 307, 39980, 4135, 25, 1002, 345, 4286, 922, 27149, 355, 257, 7209, 14971, 46208, 306, 8978, 503, 284, 262, 4315, 290, 22516, 2506, 656, 262, 2151, 11, 788, 19518, 318, 21549, 3687, 3822, 11, 1055, 1758, 781, 5912, 287, 262, 2344, 11, 5055, 12703, 3436, 319, 257, 36972, 4675, 11, 5899, 763, 3902, 2568, 13, 679, 338, 407, 9675, 12, 4993, 1359, 9599, 13, 198, 12, 1675, 1100, 257, 6115, 286, 19518, 318, 284, 3802, 262, 995, 286, 262, 46814, 396, 13, 554, 257, 2726, 6802, 338, 7723, 31888, 11, 262, 2060, 6937, 318, 3221, 465, 393, 607, 18778, 11, 6481, 36580, 291, 3809, 13, 9170, 17965, 319, 7110, 11, 10092, 2223, 11, 393, 257, 3350, 286, 3435, 11, 43086, 39939, 11, 2592, 11, 1276, 10384, 514, 351, 511, 2456, 1566, 356, 2314, 3853, 416, 3285, 13, 412, 3536, 329, 517, 11, 356, 1210, 2443, 706, 2443, 780, 356, 1064, 6731, 287, 5636, 439, 284, 257, 1948, 48589, 13, 198, 12, 21233, 2506, 460, 1282, 510, 351, 257, 922, 7468, 329, 1521, 484, 836, 470, 1394, 510, 351, 11811, 19518, 11, 475, 262, 1388, 530, 318, 2391, 326, 3555, 6283, 290, 22594, 31888, 5238, 257, 1256, 588, 1524, 1818, 13, 383, 3303, 1690, 2331, 523, 986, 1029, 12, 79, 10981, 290, 13699, 393, 655, 8631, 1327, 284, 1833, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 262, 1266, 835, 284, 2883, 11811, 18527, 318, 2391, 284, 1100, 340, 355, 996, 345, 547, 43144, 656, 257, 7093, 11, 8680, 284, 257, 1705, 989, 11, 34789, 1723, 257, 5273, 13, 2094, 470, 787, 340, 257, 1263, 1730, 11, 2391, 28576, 284, 262, 2456, 393, 1621, 13, 1081, 262, 4014, 35105, 32878, 5557, 1752, 25546, 25, 366, 1639, 836, 470, 1100, 329, 4547, 11, 345, 1100, 329, 14067, 13, 28491, 318, 257, 1720, 286, 14067, 526, 11450, 319, 11, 345, 460, 1441, 284, 262, 31888, 326, 2740, 749, 7634, 284, 345, 290, 787, 606, 257, 636, 286, 534, 1204, 13, 198, 12, 41157, 1096, 262, 31888, 345, 1842, 749, 13, 1081, 9953, 46744, 2630, 25, 366, 464, 25046, 503, 422, 4088, 286, 3951, 422, 4709, 79, 505, 393, 383, 46584, 286, 5524, 370, 5614, 351, 262, 665, 44659, 5405, 318, 262, 2081, 16716, 1998, 13, 314, 1612, 326, 13, 38641, 318, 329, 4673, 416, 2612, 11, 290, 326, 318, 644, 257, 16716, 3707, 815, 4632, 3473, 286, 526, 1649, 314, 373, 257, 15287, 11, 314, 973, 284, 2513, 284, 1029, 1524, 13, 1675, 1208, 883, 32460, 8208, 393, 12277, 2431, 314, 3066, 284, 16181, 1096, 12507, 3951, 290, 336, 35410, 292, 422, 15694, 6484, 6, 43469, 11, 32888, 7695, 5232, 286, 262, 3594, 15417, 13, 366, 3152, 374, 518, 616, 2612, 318, 9717, 268, 986, 314, 1138, 257, 49130, 422, 281, 38504, 1956, 986, 775, 1549, 2138, 423, 262, 34849, 621, 262, 4074, 986, 464, 7030, 3793, 11, 262, 7030, 3793, 290, 12847, 986, 2504, 44136, 12, 45910, 11, 326, 308, 506, 12, 13165, 12061, 5417, 986, 5122, 9890, 82, 783, 389, 4444, 526, 554, 477, 616, 1204, 645, 640, 468, 1683, 587, 1365, 3377, 13, 198, 17822, 1424, 25, 22183, 7994, 7695, 11973, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

796

QFK - Quest for Knowledge What is QFK ? QFK is the Game Based Mobile Learning (GBML) Platform. It enables development and playing of mobile educational games. Games can be played via multimedia mobile devices (mobile phones, smart phones) or regular internet browser from the desktop computer, using WWW technologies only. Players may use additional multimedia devices, such as digital cameras, PDA's, or GPS devices. QFK was developed within the eMapps.com (Motivating Active Participation of Primary Schoolchildren in Digital Online Technologies for Creative Opportunities through Multimedia) 6th Framework Program STREP project. What Are Mobile Educational Games ? Games are based on the previously prepared game scripts called Game Matrixes. These are basically game stories (narrative), plots, challenges and belonging multimedia objects that form the game in the platform. There are no technical obstacles to implement any kind of Game Matrix in the platform. Each game consists of multiple missions (layers). Each mission consists of multiple tasks that need to be completed by the teams of players. Games are played outside, in the real environment, on different locations and in real time by several teams of players. Each team is divided into two parts: Game Base (part of the team on the desktop computer) and Avatars (part of the team on the field). Each game is run by the Game Master who gives additional clues, misguides teams and tracks progress. Communication among players and game master is performed via integrated chat. Players submit their results as text answers, uploaded files (pictures, video, audio...), solved puzzles or set of geographical coordinates. Games are played by pupils of elementary or secondary schools. Game Masters are usually their teachers. Games cover topics from different curricula fields. Game stories are interesting, appealing and represent the modern approach to learning. Why Mobile Educational Games? Games, played in the QFK platform differ from regular computer games which usually define aims, rules or missions and are played in the pure virtual world. Mobile educational games take the players outside of their classrooms, involve real world and real people, blurred with alternate reality that can be defined in the game story. Using modern multimedia devices enable infinite possiblities of communication, social netorking and creation of multimedia content. Players learn through performance. This requires active participation and discovery, analysis, interpretation, problem solving, and physical activity. The educational value of the experience is not just the game itself, but creative coupling of educational media with effective pedagogy to engage students in meaningful practices. Mobile Clients: Nokia N70+, Nokia N90+, Sony Ericsson P1; OS Symbian s60+; Opera Web kit Desktop clients: PC with internet access, Browser (FF2+, IE 6.0+) Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana Marko Papić, M. Sc.

[ 48, 26236, 532, 6785, 329, 20414, 198, 2061, 318, 1195, 26236, 5633, 198, 48, 26236, 318, 262, 3776, 13403, 12173, 18252, 357, 4579, 5805, 8, 19193, 13, 632, 13536, 2478, 290, 2712, 286, 5175, 9856, 1830, 13, 198, 24474, 460, 307, 2826, 2884, 40162, 5175, 4410, 357, 24896, 9512, 11, 4451, 9512, 8, 393, 3218, 5230, 6444, 422, 262, 11364, 3644, 11, 1262, 13505, 54, 8514, 691, 13, 13094, 743, 779, 3224, 40162, 4410, 11, 884, 355, 4875, 9073, 11, 350, 5631, 338, 11, 393, 15472, 4410, 13, 198, 48, 26236, 373, 4166, 1626, 262, 304, 44, 18211, 13, 785, 357, 47733, 39438, 14199, 34408, 286, 21087, 3961, 17197, 287, 10231, 7467, 21852, 329, 17404, 24922, 871, 832, 7854, 20626, 8, 718, 400, 25161, 6118, 3563, 35316, 1628, 13, 198, 2061, 4231, 12173, 30038, 5776, 5633, 198, 24474, 389, 1912, 319, 262, 4271, 5597, 983, 14750, 1444, 3776, 24936, 274, 13, 2312, 389, 6209, 983, 3923, 357, 77, 3258, 876, 828, 21528, 11, 6459, 290, 16686, 40162, 5563, 326, 1296, 262, 983, 287, 262, 3859, 13, 1318, 389, 645, 6276, 17648, 284, 3494, 597, 1611, 286, 3776, 24936, 287, 262, 3859, 13, 198, 10871, 983, 10874, 286, 3294, 10566, 357, 75, 6962, 737, 5501, 4365, 10874, 286, 3294, 8861, 326, 761, 284, 307, 5668, 416, 262, 3466, 286, 1938, 13, 198, 24474, 389, 2826, 2354, 11, 287, 262, 1103, 2858, 11, 319, 1180, 7064, 290, 287, 1103, 640, 416, 1811, 3466, 286, 1938, 13, 5501, 1074, 318, 9086, 656, 734, 3354, 25, 3776, 7308, 357, 3911, 286, 262, 1074, 319, 262, 11364, 3644, 8, 290, 5184, 40193, 357, 3911, 286, 262, 1074, 319, 262, 2214, 737, 5501, 983, 318, 1057, 416, 262, 3776, 5599, 508, 3607, 3224, 20195, 11, 2984, 5162, 1460, 3466, 290, 8339, 4371, 13, 26117, 1871, 1938, 290, 983, 4958, 318, 6157, 2884, 11521, 8537, 13, 13094, 9199, 511, 2482, 355, 2420, 7429, 11, 19144, 3696, 357, 18847, 942, 11, 2008, 11, 6597, 986, 828, 16019, 24367, 393, 900, 286, 27465, 22715, 13, 198, 24474, 389, 2826, 416, 25613, 286, 19823, 393, 9233, 4266, 13, 3776, 15812, 389, 3221, 511, 7799, 13, 5776, 3002, 10233, 422, 1180, 18363, 4712, 7032, 13, 3776, 3923, 389, 3499, 11, 16403, 290, 2380, 262, 3660, 3164, 284, 4673, 13, 198, 5195, 12173, 30038, 5776, 30, 198, 24474, 11, 2826, 287, 262, 1195, 26236, 3859, 13238, 422, 3218, 3644, 1830, 543, 3221, 8160, 12031, 11, 3173, 393, 10566, 290, 389, 2826, 287, 262, 5899, 7166, 995, 13, 12173, 9856, 1830, 1011, 262, 1938, 2354, 286, 511, 32579, 11, 6211, 1103, 995, 290, 1103, 661, 11, 38258, 351, 13527, 3950, 326, 460, 307, 5447, 287, 262, 983, 1621, 13, 8554, 3660, 40162, 4410, 7139, 15541, 1184, 10506, 871, 286, 6946, 11, 1919, 2010, 967, 278, 290, 6282, 286, 40162, 2695, 13, 13094, 2193, 832, 2854, 13, 770, 4433, 4075, 10270, 290, 9412, 11, 198, 20930, 11, 10794, 11, 1917, 18120, 11, 290, 3518, 3842, 13, 383, 9856, 1988, 286, 262, 1998, 318, 407, 655, 262, 983, 2346, 11, 475, 7325, 40204, 286, 9856, 2056, 351, 4050, 7190, 363, 9868, 284, 8209, 2444, 287, 11570, 6593, 13, 198, 17066, 1012, 2334, 25, 26182, 399, 2154, 28200, 26182, 399, 3829, 28200, 10184, 7651, 16528, 350, 16, 26, 7294, 41327, 666, 264, 1899, 10, 26, 26049, 5313, 6220, 198, 36881, 7534, 25, 4217, 351, 5230, 1895, 11, 34270, 357, 5777, 17, 28200, 28157, 718, 13, 15, 28988, 198, 47522, 10672, 286, 40224, 14044, 198, 21009, 286, 406, 73, 549, 75, 73, 2271, 198, 9704, 78, 14185, 72, 38325, 11, 337, 13, 1446, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

598

5 Written Questions 5 Multiple Choice Questions - v. to judge or estimate the worth,importance,or valuate of something again. - n. homogeneous liquid mixture. - v. brake-up or bring to an end. - adj. incapable of occurring. - adj. not patient. 5 True/False Questions impolite → not polite consult → v. reveal in private companion → adj. not patient. preparation → v. the act of preparing something (as food) by the application of heat previous → n. care taken beforehand.

[ 20, 22503, 20396, 198, 20, 20401, 18502, 20396, 198, 12, 410, 13, 284, 5052, 393, 8636, 262, 2861, 11, 11748, 590, 11, 273, 1188, 4985, 286, 1223, 757, 13, 198, 12, 299, 13, 3488, 32269, 8122, 11710, 13, 198, 12, 410, 13, 20439, 12, 929, 393, 2222, 284, 281, 886, 13, 198, 12, 9224, 13, 23402, 286, 14963, 13, 198, 12, 9224, 13, 407, 5827, 13, 198, 20, 6407, 14, 25101, 20396, 198, 11011, 349, 578, 15168, 407, 23507, 198, 5936, 586, 15168, 410, 13, 7766, 287, 2839, 198, 34390, 295, 15168, 9224, 13, 407, 5827, 13, 198, 3866, 1845, 341, 15168, 410, 13, 262, 719, 286, 10629, 1223, 357, 292, 2057, 8, 416, 262, 3586, 286, 4894, 198, 3866, 1442, 15168, 299, 13, 1337, 2077, 27091, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

129

Fifth Grade, Lesson 1: Biodiversity The more diverse an ecosystem is, the more interdependence of species exists within that system. The complex relationships among diverse species are difficult to identify. As species disappear or become extinct we begin to see the vital links that exist among species. Essential levels of biodiversity vary among biomes and bioregions. Could an ocelot live where you live? Step 1 -- Connect (The Concept to Prior Knowledge) Students will observe the biodiversity in their backyard by connecting the adaptations of the animals in their neighborhood to the climate and habitats in which they live in. - Access to schoolyard or nearby park - Paper, pencils - Take students out into the school grounds and look for signs of life. - Search for insects, birds, animal tracks, scat, feathers, nests, different types of trees, grasses, soil types, etc. - Make a class list that shows all findings in the schoolyard and post it as a visual in the classroom. - Make headings to organize groupings: insects, plants, mammals, birds, etc. - Discuss the Web of Life concept. Draw lines that connect one thing to another. Step 2 -- Literature/Discuss (Give Expert Information Book; Ask Questions) Students will learn about the biodiversity of the rainforest and compare and contrast with that of their own schoolyard findings. - Book: The Great Kapok Tree by Lynne Cherry - Biodiversity list from Step 1 - 1 piece of long string or rope - Read The Great Kapok Tree by Lynne Cherry. Discuss the different perspectives voiced throughout the book. Activity: The Web of Life - Have students stand in a large circle. - Each student should choose one of the items from the classroom biodiversity list, making sure everyone represents a different living thing. - Use a string or a rope to represent the links between each person. - One person starts by saying the name they chose and, as a class, decide how they are connected to another organism in the circle. - The rope is then passed to that organism. - The goal is to finish with a web that is connected to everyone. - This game demonstrates the intricate web of life. - Debrief in order for students to see how everything in their backyard, as in the rainforest, is ultimately connected in some way or another to their specific environment. Step 3A -- Practice (Math and Learning Centers) Students will come up with their own web of life example. - Access to natural area (i.e., yard, park, etc.) - Each student will look for an animal or insect in their own backyard or the schoolyard. - Students will make observations based on the behavior of that animal or insect. - Students will come up with their own web of life example based on the observations made and research on the behavior, food and habitat of that organism. - Students will make observations that support the theory that all organisms are connected: behavior, food, habitat, etc. Step 3B -- Create (Performance Tasks Related to Standard Indicators) Students will demonstrate through writing how all living things interact with their environment in order to survive. - Paper, pencils Students will synthesize their observations of an organism and create a story that parallels The Great Kapok Tree. Using their observations as a framework, they will write their own stories to explain who depends on what for survival and why these interactions are unique to their environment. Step 4 -- Present (Edit Work/Students Present Projects) Students will practice their oral reading skills. - Story from Step 3B Each student will read their story to the class. The Rainforest Alliance curriculum is unique in that it teaches science, math, language arts and social studies essentials while addressing the United States National Standards for Learning. These are the standards addressed in the fifth grade lessons. Standard 3: Evaluation Strategies Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate and appreciate texts. Standard 1: Reading for Perspective Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves and of the cultures of the US and the world. Standard 4: Communication Skills Students adjust their use of spoken, written and visual language to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. Standard 7: Evaluating Data Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. Students develop an understanding of the structure and function in living systems, populations and ecosystems, and diversity and adaptations of organisms. Standard 1: Grades 3 - 5 Students understand the need for measuring with standard units and that measurements are approximations and how differences in units affect precision. Standard 5: Technology Research Tools Students use technology to locate, evaluate and collect information from a variety of sources. Standard 4: Technology Communication Tools Students use a variety of media and formats to communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences. Standard 5: Environment and Society Students should understand how human actions modify the physical environment. Standard 6: Personal and Social Perspectives Students develop an understanding of populations, resources and environments. Fifth and Sixth Grade Resources - Fifth Grade Curriculum - Sixth Grade Curriculum - El Salvador Slideshow [PDF] - El Salvador Slideshow Script [PDF] - Coffee Slideshow [PDF] - Alex Goes Exploring in El Imposible [PDF] - Alex Explora El Imposible [PDF] - Alex Explora o Parque Nacional O Impossível [PDF] - Life in San Miguelito [PDF] - La Vida en San Miguelito [PDF] - A Vida em São Miguelito [PDF] - Ocelot [PDF] - Great Curassow [PDF] - King Vulture [PDF] - Ruby-Throated Hummingbird [PDF] - Blue-Crowned Motmot [PDF] - Coffee [PDF] Teacher Summary: El Imposible National Park, El Salvador [PDF]

[ 44403, 400, 22653, 11, 12892, 261, 352, 25, 347, 2101, 1608, 198, 464, 517, 10084, 281, 13187, 318, 11, 262, 517, 987, 67, 15091, 286, 4693, 7160, 1626, 326, 1080, 13, 383, 3716, 6958, 1871, 10084, 4693, 389, 2408, 284, 5911, 13, 1081, 4693, 10921, 393, 1716, 28881, 356, 2221, 284, 766, 262, 9204, 6117, 326, 2152, 1871, 4693, 13, 36294, 2974, 286, 37589, 7565, 1871, 3182, 2586, 290, 3182, 382, 70, 507, 13, 198, 23722, 281, 267, 5276, 313, 2107, 810, 345, 2107, 30, 198, 8600, 352, 1377, 8113, 357, 464, 26097, 284, 14481, 20414, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 12414, 262, 37589, 287, 511, 24296, 416, 14320, 262, 35030, 286, 262, 4695, 287, 511, 6232, 284, 262, 4258, 290, 35308, 287, 543, 484, 2107, 287, 13, 198, 12, 8798, 284, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 393, 6716, 3952, 198, 12, 14962, 11, 21613, 82, 198, 12, 7214, 2444, 503, 656, 262, 1524, 9384, 290, 804, 329, 5895, 286, 1204, 13, 198, 12, 11140, 329, 19435, 11, 10087, 11, 5044, 8339, 11, 629, 265, 11, 27400, 11, 44382, 11, 1180, 3858, 286, 7150, 11, 8701, 274, 11, 9260, 3858, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 12, 6889, 257, 1398, 1351, 326, 2523, 477, 6373, 287, 262, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 290, 1281, 340, 355, 257, 5874, 287, 262, 15806, 13, 198, 12, 6889, 1182, 654, 284, 16481, 1448, 654, 25, 19435, 11, 6134, 11, 23426, 11, 10087, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 12, 36691, 262, 5313, 286, 5155, 3721, 13, 15315, 3951, 326, 2018, 530, 1517, 284, 1194, 13, 198, 8600, 362, 1377, 33818, 14, 48873, 357, 23318, 25516, 6188, 4897, 26, 16981, 20396, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 2193, 546, 262, 37589, 286, 262, 6290, 29623, 290, 8996, 290, 6273, 351, 326, 286, 511, 898, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 6373, 13, 198, 12, 4897, 25, 383, 3878, 27344, 482, 12200, 416, 10350, 710, 23165, 198, 12, 347, 2101, 1608, 1351, 422, 5012, 352, 198, 12, 352, 3704, 286, 890, 4731, 393, 17182, 198, 12, 4149, 383, 3878, 27344, 482, 12200, 416, 10350, 710, 23165, 13, 36691, 262, 1180, 22582, 21346, 3690, 262, 1492, 13, 198, 16516, 25, 383, 5313, 286, 5155, 198, 12, 8192, 2444, 1302, 287, 257, 1588, 9197, 13, 198, 12, 5501, 3710, 815, 3853, 530, 286, 262, 3709, 422, 262, 15806, 37589, 1351, 11, 1642, 1654, 2506, 6870, 257, 1180, 2877, 1517, 13, 198, 12, 5765, 257, 4731, 393, 257, 17182, 284, 2380, 262, 6117, 1022, 1123, 1048, 13, 198, 12, 1881, 1048, 4940, 416, 2282, 262, 1438, 484, 7690, 290, 11, 355, 257, 1398, 11, 5409, 703, 484, 389, 5884, 284, 1194, 26433, 287, 262, 9197, 13, 198, 12, 383, 17182, 318, 788, 3804, 284, 326, 26433, 13, 198, 12, 383, 3061, 318, 284, 5461, 351, 257, 3992, 326, 318, 5884, 284, 2506, 13, 198, 12, 770, 983, 15687, 262, 28746, 3992, 286, 1204, 13, 198, 12, 8965, 3796, 287, 1502, 329, 2444, 284, 766, 703, 2279, 287, 511, 24296, 11, 355, 287, 262, 6290, 29623, 11, 318, 6165, 5884, 287, 617, 835, 393, 1194, 284, 511, 2176, 2858, 13, 198, 8600, 513, 32, 1377, 19939, 357, 37372, 290, 18252, 22223, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 1282, 510, 351, 511, 898, 3992, 286, 1204, 1672, 13, 198, 12, 8798, 284, 3288, 1989, 357, 72, 13, 68, 1539, 12699, 11, 3952, 11, 3503, 2014, 198, 12, 5501, 3710, 481, 804, 329, 281, 5044, 393, 12833, 287, 511, 898, 24296, 393, 262, 5513, 2238, 306, 446, 13, 198, 12, 14882, 481, 787, 13050, 1912, 319, 262, 4069, 286, 326, 5044, 393, 12833, 13, 198, 12, 14882, 481, 1282, 510, 351, 511, 898, 3992, 286, 1204, 1672, 1912, 319, 262, 13050, 925, 290, 2267, 319, 262, 4069, 11, 2057, 290, 20018, 286, 326, 26433, 13, 198, 12, 14882, 481, 787, 13050, 326, 1104, 262, 4583, 326, 477, 20296, 389, 5884, 25, 4069, 11, 2057, 11, 20018, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 8600, 513, 33, 1377, 13610, 357, 32273, 309, 6791, 19809, 284, 8997, 1423, 44549, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 10176, 832, 3597, 703, 477, 2877, 1243, 9427, 351, 511, 2858, 287, 1502, 284, 7866, 13, 198, 12, 14962, 11, 21613, 82, 198, 28239, 481, 24983, 1096, 511, 13050, 286, 281, 26433, 290, 2251, 257, 1621, 326, 30614, 383, 3878, 27344, 482, 12200, 13, 8554, 511, 13050, 355, 257, 9355, 11, 484, 481, 3551, 511, 898, 3923, 284, 4727, 508, 8338, 319, 644, 329, 9441, 290, 1521, 777, 12213, 389, 3748, 284, 511, 2858, 13, 198, 8600, 604, 1377, 21662, 357, 18378, 5521, 14, 28239, 21662, 29898, 8, 198, 28239, 481, 3357, 511, 12886, 3555, 4678, 13, 198, 12, 8362, 422, 5012, 513, 33, 198, 10871, 3710, 481, 1100, 511, 1621, 284, 262, 1398, 13, 198, 464, 10301, 29623, 10302, 20583, 318, 3748, 287, 326, 340, 17324, 3783, 11, 10688, 11, 3303, 10848, 290, 1919, 3640, 41954, 981, 13593, 262, 1578, 1829, 2351, 20130, 329, 18252, 13, 2312, 389, 262, 5423, 9469, 287, 262, 8150, 9559, 11658, 13, 198, 23615, 513, 25, 34959, 40996, 198, 28239, 4174, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 10064, 284, 24772, 11, 6179, 11, 13446, 290, 9144, 13399, 13, 198, 23615, 352, 25, 11725, 329, 42051, 198, 28239, 1100, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 3601, 290, 1729, 12, 4798, 13399, 284, 1382, 281, 4547, 286, 13399, 11, 286, 2405, 290, 286, 262, 13817, 286, 262, 1294, 290, 262, 995, 13, 198, 23615, 604, 25, 26117, 20389, 198, 28239, 4532, 511, 779, 286, 9635, 11, 3194, 290, 5874, 3303, 284, 10996, 6840, 351, 257, 4996, 286, 15579, 290, 329, 1180, 4959, 13, 198, 23615, 767, 25, 26439, 11927, 6060, 198, 28239, 3189, 2267, 319, 2428, 290, 5353, 416, 15453, 4213, 290, 2683, 11, 290, 416, 24380, 2761, 13, 198, 28239, 1205, 281, 4547, 286, 262, 4645, 290, 2163, 287, 2877, 3341, 11, 9684, 290, 30020, 11, 290, 9573, 290, 35030, 286, 20296, 13, 198, 23615, 352, 25, 1902, 2367, 513, 532, 642, 198, 28239, 1833, 262, 761, 329, 15964, 351, 3210, 4991, 290, 326, 13871, 389, 5561, 320, 602, 290, 703, 5400, 287, 4991, 2689, 15440, 13, 198, 23615, 642, 25, 8987, 4992, 20003, 198, 28239, 779, 3037, 284, 17276, 11, 13446, 290, 2824, 1321, 422, 257, 4996, 286, 4237, 13, 198, 23615, 604, 25, 8987, 26117, 20003, 198, 28239, 779, 257, 4996, 286, 2056, 290, 17519, 284, 10996, 1321, 290, 4213, 6840, 284, 3294, 15579, 13, 198, 23615, 642, 25, 9344, 290, 7023, 198, 28239, 815, 1833, 703, 1692, 4028, 13096, 262, 3518, 2858, 13, 198, 23615, 718, 25, 15644, 290, 5483, 29845, 1083, 198, 28239, 1205, 281, 4547, 286, 9684, 11, 4133, 290, 12493, 13, 198, 44403, 400, 290, 28980, 22653, 13864, 198, 12, 19383, 22653, 4424, 1173, 14452, 198, 12, 28980, 22653, 4424, 1173, 14452, 198, 12, 2574, 26482, 3454, 42286, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 2574, 26482, 3454, 42286, 12327, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 19443, 3454, 42286, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4422, 31914, 5905, 3255, 287, 2574, 1846, 1930, 856, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4422, 5905, 5799, 2574, 1846, 1930, 856, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4422, 5905, 5799, 267, 2547, 4188, 399, 330, 1538, 440, 9855, 793, 8836, 626, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 5155, 287, 2986, 29825, 10094, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4689, 569, 3755, 551, 2986, 29825, 10094, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 317, 569, 3755, 795, 311, 28749, 29825, 10094, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 440, 5276, 313, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 3878, 4424, 562, 322, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 2677, 569, 6456, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 10888, 12, 817, 305, 515, 11054, 2229, 16944, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 4518, 12, 34, 2053, 276, 6543, 27926, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 12, 19443, 685, 20456, 60, 198, 6767, 3493, 21293, 25, 2574, 1846, 1930, 856, 2351, 3250, 11, 2574, 26482, 685, 20456, 60, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,294

Can Microsoft Save the World? Microsoft Research teams with top scientists to tackle the world's most pressing problems -- and it could turn conventional computing on its head in the process. Three years ago, William Henry Gates III ordered Microsoft Research to launch a Science division. Money was one motive -- by staking out a position in the growing field of scientific computing, future profits were insured. Fortunately Microsoft Research doesn't have to turn every dollar and man-hour into marketable products. The Science group has the wonderful freedom to work on the big problems: global warming, disease, the future of medicine, the origin of the universe and the creation of life -- those sorts of things. Leading this charge is Stephen Emmott, director of the Microsoft Research European Science Program, an Englishman with some 20 years of experience in science and computing, including a stint at Bell Labs. Emmott's main goal is to blend computer science and traditional science, and in the process transform both. "We are at a profoundly important point in time where computer science and computing have the potential to completely revolutionize the sciences," Emmott says. Microsoft doesn't plan to do this all alone. Today 14 Microsoft researchers are working with some 40 scientists around the world. Those numbers are rapidly expanding. "Within 12 months, there'll be 30 Microsoft Research Cambridge scientists collaborating with around 80 to 100 scientists worldwide to build new software tools for addressing important scientific challenges," Emmott These efforts were given legs during the 2020 Science conference, where some 30 scientists, hailing from nations from Japan to Germany and representing universities such as Stanford and companies like GlaxoSmithKline Inc., gathered. The group produced an 82-page oversized glossy book, "Towards 2020 Science," outlining their goals, technologies and plans. The conference also set the stage for research projects, now ongoing, that match Microsoft researchers with their scientific counterparts. "The real benefits come from bringing together people from Microsoft Research -- whether they're computer scientists or computational biologists or computational climatologists or oceanographers -- with people in the wider science community, to do the kinds of things that neither of us could do on our own," Emmott Understanding Life Bit by Bit One of the more interesting Microsoft projects is "Simulating Biological Systems in the Stochastic Pi Calculus." The idea is to create a more scaleable way to track "the behavior of biological systems." One approach is to build a so-called Stochastic Pi Machine, a project driven by Andrew Phillips of Microsoft Research. So what does stochastic mean? Well, a stochastic process is one in which there is a certain amount of randomness. This means that computers and scientists can gather data and analyze the process, but, due to its random nature, cannot make accurate predictions about it. The Stochastic Pi Machine is designed to simulate and model the workings of biological systems. Using stochastic pi calculus, biological models can be built step by step, where models of small systems are ultimately built into a model of staggering complexity -- the type of complexity that matches the reality of biological systems themselves. One peek at the Science 2020 work and you'd swear it was tailor made for The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Not the case. While so many of the goals are identical, they are two entirely separate "Bill has clearly had input into the overall European scientific program. He launched it last year and has provided input on numerous occasions. With The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation there is no formal link with what we're doing. However, some of the work that we are doing clearly has an implication for the areas that the foundation is working in," says Stephen Emmott, director of the Microsoft Research European Nevertheless, Gates' foundation is privately funding projects that could just as easily be paid for by Microsoft Research. While Microsoft Research obsesses over the human genome, the Gates Foundation has earmarked $2.5 billion to fight malaria by building a genetic map of the disease. The foundation is also working with GlaxoSmithKline, a Microsoft Research partner, to test a new vaccine. Beating meningitis is another item on the Gates Foundation's agenda. The foundation, along with the Serum Institute of India, is working on an inexpensive vaccine that works across all age levels and prevents the disease from being passed from person to person. --D.B. Interestingly enough, computers are built much the same way. They start off simple, but through more and more memory, networks, grids etc., increase in complexity in an additive way. One of the biggest 2020 goals is fighting disease, a goal shared by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has no formal relationship with Microsoft "It is remarkable to think that it's 2006 and it's not known even how a cell works -- let alone how a human works. As a consequence, it's not well understood how to treat disease," Emmott says. "Once we get to a stage where we have the tools for understanding fundamental biological processes, it is only a short step to building the tools and the languages to model how disease occurs in those biological systems -- i.e. when something goes wrong or when the system is invaded by a virus." Emmott believes that such an approach could "completely revolutionize how we think of treating disease and how we can identify and discover entirely novel therapies for treating diseases, whether they are third-world diseases such as malaria or first-world diseases such as cancer and obesity." Projects are on the way. "We're just getting underway on a project with my team in Cambridge and one of the world's leading mathematical biologists at Imperial College in London to build a global pandemic modeling system to predict when outbreaks of diseases will occur -- global outbreaks of diseases from Avian flu to malaria. This will be a powerful tool for agencies such as the World Health Organization, for scientific researchers around the world to be able to use to do their own modeling [and] for medical research councils, as well as for interventionist types of organizations like the United Nations," Climate and the environment are key factors in understanding and predicting many diseases. "There's a tremendously important relationship between environmental conditions and outbreaks of third-world diseases, but the relationship is not well understood," he says. "Being able to more effectively model and understand, say, climate change and increases in, or changes in, third-world diseases will be tremendously valuable eventually for agencies and foundations such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation." The future of science, and in particular fighting disease, lies in miniaturization. Take molecular computers. These tiny devices, while small enough to fit into a cell, are smart enough to understand inputs, such as whether a cell is diseased, and take actions -- for instance, releasing just the right amount of a cancer drug. In fact, one of the biggest benefits of molecular machines is supporting smart drugs, which can be released or held back based on their surroundings. Sensor networks are another example of tiny yet powerful tools. Here, massive networks of sensors can be placed -- say, around a mountain -- that collect information on weather, plant life and trends, and help scientists understand the health of the mountain's ecosystem. Through wireless networks, this data can be amassed and scrutinized. AND SCIENCE: A SHORT COURSE This field, also called computational biology, applies math, statistics and computer science to the understanding of biology, in particular the behavior of biological systems (see Systems Machine Learning: Here software learns from experience. One technique is Bayesian, a machine learning approach applied Molecular Computer: A computer small enough to fit into a cell. By detecting its surroundings and making decisions, these computers could support smart drugs. Smart Drugs: Drugs that can adapt to their surroundings -- for instance, releasing their contents if disease is detected. Stochastic: A Stochastic process is "fuzzy." You can collect the data and understand certain trends, but you can't predict precisely what will happen based on past experience. The stock market, especially given the last five years, is a prime example. Systems Biology: The attempt to understand how biological components work together. Similar to molecular computers, small, intelligent, adaptable systems could support new artificial immune systems. "Virtual human immune systems should be able to compute the results of host-pathogen interaction, including solutions to the pattern recognition problem of discriminating between self and non-self," wrote Soren Brunak, a member of the 2020 Science Group, in "Towards 2020 Science." The goal? To "compute a specific vaccine design tailored to individuals with different tissue types in the best possible way," Brunak Computational Biology, Energy & Global Warming World health is one area where the pairing of computer science and traditional science holds tremendous promise. Future energy is another. New energy sources are important for two reasons: We are running out of fossil fuels, and these fuels, most believe, contribute to global warming. Science, in particular computational biology, could help. With this style of biology, scientists can build new tools for understanding biological processes. We could "understand how one of the world's efficient energy converters performs at such a level. There's something like 1.6 kilowatts of energy [from the sun] that falls onto every square meter of the planet every hour. The most efficient converter of that energy from the sun into its own energy for a different purpose -- for growth -- is a plant," Emmott says. "It isn't terribly well understood how they make such efficient use of the sun's energy. That's because we don't even know how a cell works, whether it's a cell in a plant or a cell in a human." If we fully understood how plants convert energy, we could perhaps "help energy companies and energy scientists mimic that process to build entirely novel technological solutions for new sources of energy that are currently unimaginable today. That's a decade or so away but it's worth pursuing," Emmott believes. Every year, humans crank out three times the amount of carbon dioxide that nature's "carbon sinks" absorb. If this keeps up, many scientists believe the planet will be forever changed by global warming, perhaps even doomed. While this problem is not on the top of the Microsoft agenda, Emmott's group does hope to help. "Our research efforts around climatology and earth life support systems, of which climate is an important one, are based around working with climatologists, oceanographers and ecologists, and building new computational tools that scientists urgently need," Emmott says. "Climatologists are not short of data, so building tools to create yet more data is not urgently needed. What they do urgently need are software tools to model and couple the physical aspects of climate change, atmospheric and oceanographic type of effects, with the biotic -- produced or caused by living organisms -- elements of determining climates and climate change. That [includes] the organisms that live in the ocean that are carbon sinks, oxygen producers, regulators of the carbon cycles and regulators of climate, and also the biotic aspects such as forests -- terrestrial sources of carbon sinks and oxygen producers. It is currently largely unknown how the two interact -- the physical and biotic components. It is largely unknown what the impact is of the biotic components. It's an incredibly important component but just one that's not understood," Science Gives Back Microsoft is also working with The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and has already helped craft an online astronomy catalog. Physicists and astronomers for centuries have tried to unravel the mysteries of the universe -- yet after all this work our picture is far from complete. "Understanding the universe is a large-scale data-acquisition and data-analysis problem. That is one [area] where the standard software tools that Microsoft currently produces, from Web services to database technologies to better acquire, share and analyze large scale data in the science community, can help the science community understand origins of the universe and how the universe works," While science pushes the envelope of computing, computing and Microsoft also "Science is where the real action is going to be for computer science over the next decade. By being at the cutting edge of the intersection of science and computer science, Microsoft will gain remarkable insight as to the key things the company needs to do on the broad business and personal computing challenges and opportunities a decade later. They can think of what's happening at the intersection of science and computing as being like Formula One. BMW and Ferrari do Formula One because the technology they need to develop to compete in Formula One ends up in any standard family car a decade later -- and its gives them remarkable insights into technical engineering," Emmott says. The 2020 Roadmap is more specific. It argues that by 2015, the work done to build new scientific software frameworks will "radicalize" business computing. And beyond 2020, we should look for "novel, biologically inspired computing architectures and paradigms," according to the roadmap.

[ 6090, 5413, 12793, 262, 2159, 30, 198, 15905, 4992, 3466, 351, 1353, 5519, 284, 9761, 262, 995, 338, 749, 12273, 2761, 1377, 290, 340, 714, 1210, 10224, 14492, 319, 663, 1182, 287, 262, 1429, 13, 198, 12510, 812, 2084, 11, 3977, 8616, 15953, 6711, 6149, 5413, 4992, 284, 4219, 198, 64, 5800, 7297, 13, 12911, 373, 530, 20289, 1377, 416, 336, 868, 503, 257, 2292, 287, 262, 198, 25167, 2214, 286, 5654, 14492, 11, 2003, 10177, 547, 31977, 13, 20525, 198, 15905, 4992, 1595, 470, 423, 284, 1210, 790, 8872, 290, 582, 12, 9769, 656, 1910, 540, 198, 29498, 13, 383, 5800, 1448, 468, 262, 7932, 4925, 284, 670, 319, 262, 1263, 2761, 25, 198, 20541, 9917, 11, 4369, 11, 262, 2003, 286, 9007, 11, 262, 8159, 286, 262, 6881, 198, 392, 262, 6282, 286, 1204, 1377, 883, 10524, 286, 1243, 13, 198, 20451, 278, 428, 3877, 318, 7970, 2295, 76, 1252, 11, 3437, 286, 262, 5413, 4992, 3427, 198, 26959, 6118, 11, 281, 3594, 805, 351, 617, 1160, 812, 286, 1998, 287, 3783, 290, 198, 785, 48074, 11, 1390, 257, 22966, 379, 7459, 23500, 13, 198, 36, 3020, 1252, 338, 1388, 3061, 318, 284, 13516, 3644, 3783, 290, 4569, 3783, 11, 290, 198, 259, 262, 1429, 6121, 1111, 13, 366, 1135, 389, 379, 257, 27377, 1593, 966, 198, 259, 640, 810, 3644, 3783, 290, 14492, 423, 262, 2785, 284, 3190, 198, 32243, 1096, 262, 19838, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 1139, 13, 198, 15905, 1595, 470, 1410, 284, 466, 428, 477, 3436, 13, 6288, 1478, 5413, 4837, 198, 533, 1762, 351, 617, 2319, 5519, 1088, 262, 995, 13, 5845, 3146, 389, 8902, 198, 11201, 27225, 13, 366, 22005, 1105, 1933, 11, 612, 1183, 307, 1542, 5413, 4992, 14457, 198, 25346, 1023, 38152, 351, 1088, 4019, 284, 1802, 5519, 8688, 284, 1382, 198, 3605, 3788, 4899, 329, 13593, 1593, 5654, 6459, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 198, 4711, 4040, 547, 1813, 7405, 1141, 262, 12131, 5800, 4495, 11, 810, 617, 198, 1270, 5519, 11, 387, 4386, 422, 7027, 422, 2869, 284, 4486, 290, 10200, 11155, 198, 10508, 355, 13863, 290, 2706, 588, 2671, 897, 78, 17919, 42, 1370, 3457, 1539, 9272, 13, 383, 1448, 198, 32783, 281, 9415, 12, 7700, 40931, 40551, 1492, 11, 366, 51, 322, 1371, 12131, 5800, 553, 198, 448, 21310, 511, 4661, 11, 8514, 290, 3352, 13, 198, 464, 4495, 635, 900, 262, 3800, 329, 2267, 4493, 11, 783, 7044, 11, 326, 198, 15699, 5413, 4837, 351, 511, 5654, 16054, 13, 198, 1, 464, 1103, 4034, 1282, 422, 6079, 1978, 661, 422, 5413, 4992, 198, 438, 1771, 484, 821, 3644, 5519, 393, 31350, 43149, 393, 31350, 198, 565, 320, 265, 9251, 393, 9151, 34063, 1377, 351, 661, 287, 262, 10595, 3783, 2055, 11, 198, 1462, 466, 262, 6982, 286, 1243, 326, 6159, 286, 514, 714, 466, 319, 674, 898, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 198, 43467, 5155, 4722, 416, 4722, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 517, 3499, 5413, 4493, 318, 366, 8890, 8306, 32827, 198, 11964, 82, 287, 262, 520, 5374, 3477, 13993, 2199, 17576, 526, 383, 2126, 318, 284, 2251, 257, 517, 5046, 540, 198, 1014, 284, 2610, 366, 1169, 4069, 286, 10685, 3341, 526, 1881, 3164, 318, 198, 1462, 1382, 257, 523, 12, 7174, 520, 5374, 3477, 13993, 10850, 11, 257, 1628, 7986, 416, 6858, 17630, 198, 1659, 5413, 4992, 13, 198, 2396, 644, 857, 3995, 354, 3477, 1612, 30, 3894, 11, 257, 3995, 354, 3477, 1429, 318, 530, 287, 543, 612, 198, 271, 257, 1728, 2033, 286, 4738, 1108, 13, 770, 1724, 326, 9061, 290, 5519, 198, 5171, 6431, 1366, 290, 16602, 262, 1429, 11, 475, 11, 2233, 284, 663, 4738, 3450, 11, 2314, 198, 15883, 7187, 16277, 546, 340, 13, 198, 464, 520, 5374, 3477, 13993, 10850, 318, 3562, 284, 29308, 290, 2746, 262, 35084, 286, 198, 8482, 2770, 3341, 13, 8554, 3995, 354, 3477, 31028, 41443, 11, 10685, 4981, 460, 307, 3170, 198, 9662, 416, 2239, 11, 810, 4981, 286, 1402, 3341, 389, 6165, 3170, 656, 257, 2746, 198, 1659, 23508, 13357, 1377, 262, 2099, 286, 13357, 326, 7466, 262, 3950, 198, 1659, 10685, 3341, 2405, 13, 198, 3198, 27185, 379, 262, 198, 26959, 12131, 670, 290, 345, 1549, 21192, 340, 373, 35280, 925, 329, 383, 198, 17798, 1222, 5616, 22261, 15953, 5693, 13, 1892, 262, 1339, 13, 2893, 523, 198, 21834, 286, 262, 4661, 389, 10411, 11, 484, 389, 734, 5000, 4553, 198, 1, 17798, 468, 4084, 550, 5128, 656, 262, 4045, 3427, 198, 41355, 1430, 13, 679, 5611, 340, 938, 614, 290, 468, 2810, 198, 15414, 319, 6409, 12432, 13, 2080, 383, 3941, 1222, 5616, 22261, 15953, 198, 21077, 341, 612, 318, 645, 8766, 2792, 351, 644, 356, 821, 1804, 13, 198, 4864, 11, 617, 286, 262, 670, 326, 356, 389, 1804, 4084, 468, 281, 198, 23928, 3299, 329, 262, 3006, 326, 262, 8489, 318, 1762, 287, 553, 198, 82, 592, 7970, 2295, 76, 1252, 11, 3437, 286, 262, 5413, 4992, 3427, 198, 29011, 11, 15953, 6, 8489, 318, 17092, 4918, 4493, 198, 5562, 714, 655, 355, 3538, 307, 3432, 329, 416, 5413, 4992, 13, 198, 3633, 5413, 4992, 24961, 274, 625, 262, 1692, 19270, 11, 262, 198, 38, 689, 5693, 468, 1027, 23505, 720, 17, 13, 20, 2997, 284, 1907, 33917, 198, 1525, 2615, 257, 8513, 3975, 286, 262, 4369, 13, 383, 8489, 318, 198, 14508, 1762, 351, 2671, 897, 78, 17919, 42, 1370, 11, 257, 5413, 4992, 5212, 11, 198, 1462, 1332, 257, 649, 12319, 13, 198, 3856, 803, 1450, 278, 11815, 318, 1194, 2378, 319, 262, 15953, 5693, 338, 198, 363, 7438, 13, 383, 8489, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 2930, 388, 5136, 286, 198, 21569, 11, 318, 1762, 319, 281, 24475, 12319, 326, 2499, 1973, 198, 439, 2479, 2974, 290, 15174, 262, 4369, 422, 852, 3804, 198, 6738, 1048, 284, 1048, 13, 1377, 35, 13, 33, 13, 198, 33092, 1576, 11, 9061, 389, 3170, 881, 262, 976, 835, 13, 1119, 923, 572, 198, 36439, 11, 475, 832, 517, 290, 517, 4088, 11, 7686, 11, 50000, 3503, 1539, 2620, 287, 198, 41887, 414, 287, 281, 38298, 835, 13, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 4094, 12131, 4661, 318, 4330, 4369, 11, 257, 3061, 4888, 416, 262, 3941, 198, 5, 5616, 22261, 15953, 5693, 11, 543, 468, 645, 8766, 2776, 351, 5413, 198, 1, 1026, 318, 11004, 284, 892, 326, 340, 338, 4793, 290, 340, 338, 407, 1900, 772, 703, 198, 64, 2685, 2499, 1377, 1309, 3436, 703, 257, 1692, 2499, 13, 1081, 257, 12921, 11, 340, 338, 407, 880, 198, 4625, 6501, 703, 284, 2190, 4369, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 1139, 13, 366, 7454, 356, 651, 284, 257, 3800, 198, 3003, 356, 423, 262, 4899, 329, 4547, 7531, 10685, 7767, 11, 198, 270, 318, 691, 257, 1790, 2239, 284, 2615, 262, 4899, 290, 262, 8950, 284, 2746, 703, 198, 67, 786, 589, 8833, 287, 883, 10685, 3341, 1377, 1312, 13, 68, 13, 618, 1223, 2925, 2642, 198, 273, 618, 262, 1080, 318, 26466, 416, 257, 9471, 526, 198, 36, 3020, 1252, 5804, 326, 884, 281, 3164, 714, 366, 46699, 5854, 1096, 198, 4919, 356, 892, 286, 13622, 4369, 290, 703, 356, 460, 5911, 290, 7073, 5000, 198, 3919, 626, 29596, 329, 13622, 10040, 11, 1771, 484, 389, 2368, 12, 6894, 10040, 198, 10508, 355, 33917, 393, 717, 12, 6894, 10040, 884, 355, 4890, 290, 13825, 526, 198, 16775, 82, 389, 319, 262, 835, 13, 366, 1135, 821, 655, 1972, 17715, 319, 257, 1628, 351, 198, 1820, 1074, 287, 14457, 290, 530, 286, 262, 995, 338, 3756, 18069, 43149, 198, 265, 11773, 5535, 287, 3576, 284, 1382, 257, 3298, 19798, 5314, 21128, 1080, 284, 198, 79, 17407, 618, 35198, 286, 10040, 481, 3051, 1377, 3298, 35198, 286, 10040, 198, 6738, 5184, 666, 6562, 284, 33917, 13, 770, 481, 307, 257, 3665, 2891, 329, 5942, 884, 355, 198, 1169, 2159, 3893, 12275, 11, 329, 5654, 4837, 1088, 262, 995, 284, 198, 1350, 1498, 284, 779, 284, 466, 511, 898, 21128, 685, 392, 60, 329, 3315, 2267, 27174, 11, 198, 292, 880, 355, 329, 9572, 396, 3858, 286, 5745, 588, 262, 1578, 7973, 553, 198, 37649, 290, 262, 2858, 389, 1994, 5087, 287, 4547, 290, 25539, 198, 21834, 10040, 13, 366, 1858, 338, 257, 34355, 1593, 2776, 1022, 6142, 198, 17561, 1756, 290, 35198, 286, 2368, 12, 6894, 10040, 11, 475, 262, 2776, 318, 407, 198, 4053, 7247, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 366, 18357, 1498, 284, 517, 6840, 2746, 290, 198, 4625, 1481, 11, 910, 11, 4258, 1487, 290, 5732, 287, 11, 393, 2458, 287, 11, 2368, 12, 6894, 198, 67, 786, 1386, 481, 307, 34355, 8119, 4191, 329, 5942, 290, 19369, 198, 10508, 355, 262, 3941, 1222, 5616, 22261, 15953, 5693, 526, 198, 464, 2003, 286, 3783, 11, 290, 287, 1948, 4330, 4369, 11, 7363, 287, 9927, 2541, 1634, 13, 198, 12322, 18955, 9061, 13, 2312, 7009, 4410, 11, 981, 1402, 1576, 284, 4197, 656, 198, 64, 2685, 11, 389, 4451, 1576, 284, 1833, 17311, 11, 884, 355, 1771, 257, 2685, 318, 3591, 839, 11, 198, 392, 1011, 4028, 1377, 329, 4554, 11, 13011, 655, 262, 826, 2033, 286, 257, 4890, 198, 30349, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 530, 286, 262, 4094, 4034, 286, 18955, 8217, 318, 6493, 198, 27004, 5010, 11, 543, 460, 307, 2716, 393, 2714, 736, 1912, 319, 511, 21334, 13, 198, 47864, 7686, 389, 1194, 1672, 286, 7009, 1865, 3665, 4899, 13, 3423, 11, 4858, 198, 3262, 5225, 286, 15736, 460, 307, 4624, 1377, 910, 11, 1088, 257, 8598, 1377, 326, 2824, 198, 17018, 319, 6193, 11, 4618, 1204, 290, 11257, 11, 290, 1037, 5519, 1833, 198, 1169, 1535, 286, 262, 8598, 338, 13187, 13, 9561, 12521, 7686, 11, 428, 1366, 198, 5171, 307, 39025, 290, 30441, 1143, 13, 198, 6981, 6374, 42589, 25, 317, 6006, 9863, 37384, 5188, 198, 1212, 2214, 11, 635, 1444, 31350, 17219, 11, 8991, 10688, 11, 198, 14269, 3969, 290, 3644, 3783, 284, 262, 4547, 286, 17219, 11, 198, 259, 1948, 262, 4069, 286, 10685, 3341, 357, 3826, 11998, 198, 37573, 18252, 25, 3423, 3788, 22974, 422, 1998, 13, 198, 3198, 8173, 318, 4696, 35610, 11, 257, 4572, 4673, 3164, 5625, 198, 44, 2305, 10440, 13851, 25, 317, 3644, 1402, 1576, 284, 4197, 198, 20424, 257, 2685, 13, 2750, 31521, 663, 21334, 290, 1642, 5370, 11, 198, 27218, 9061, 714, 1104, 4451, 5010, 13, 198, 25610, 26722, 25, 26722, 326, 460, 6068, 284, 511, 21334, 198, 438, 329, 4554, 11, 13011, 511, 10154, 611, 4369, 318, 12326, 13, 198, 1273, 5374, 3477, 25, 317, 520, 5374, 3477, 1429, 318, 366, 69, 4715, 88, 526, 198, 1639, 460, 2824, 262, 1366, 290, 1833, 1728, 11257, 11, 475, 198, 5832, 460, 470, 4331, 10582, 644, 481, 1645, 1912, 319, 1613, 198, 23100, 1240, 13, 383, 4283, 1910, 11, 2592, 1813, 262, 938, 1936, 198, 19002, 11, 318, 257, 6994, 1672, 13, 198, 11964, 82, 24698, 25, 383, 2230, 284, 1833, 703, 10685, 198, 5589, 3906, 670, 1978, 13, 198, 18925, 284, 18955, 9061, 11, 1402, 11, 12661, 11, 6068, 540, 3341, 714, 198, 11284, 649, 11666, 10900, 3341, 13, 366, 37725, 1692, 10900, 3341, 815, 198, 1350, 1498, 284, 24061, 262, 2482, 286, 2583, 12, 6978, 6644, 10375, 11, 1390, 8136, 198, 1462, 262, 3912, 9465, 1917, 286, 48212, 1022, 2116, 290, 1729, 12, 944, 553, 198, 42910, 311, 29578, 15700, 461, 11, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 12131, 5800, 4912, 11, 287, 366, 51, 322, 1371, 12131, 198, 26959, 526, 383, 3061, 30, 1675, 366, 5589, 1133, 257, 2176, 12319, 1486, 27571, 198, 1462, 3925, 351, 1180, 10712, 3858, 287, 262, 1266, 1744, 835, 553, 15700, 461, 198, 5377, 1996, 864, 24698, 11, 6682, 1222, 8060, 370, 18052, 198, 10603, 1535, 318, 530, 1989, 810, 262, 27356, 286, 3644, 3783, 290, 4569, 198, 16801, 6622, 12465, 6991, 13, 10898, 2568, 318, 1194, 13, 968, 2568, 4237, 198, 533, 1593, 329, 734, 3840, 25, 775, 389, 2491, 503, 286, 12584, 18017, 11, 290, 777, 198, 20942, 1424, 11, 749, 1975, 11, 8676, 284, 3298, 9917, 13, 5800, 11, 287, 1948, 31350, 198, 43592, 11, 714, 1037, 13, 2080, 428, 3918, 286, 17219, 11, 5519, 460, 1382, 649, 4899, 198, 1640, 4547, 10685, 7767, 13, 775, 714, 366, 4625, 1481, 703, 530, 286, 198, 1169, 995, 338, 6942, 2568, 6718, 1010, 17706, 379, 884, 257, 1241, 13, 1318, 338, 1223, 198, 2339, 352, 13, 21, 8769, 322, 30353, 286, 2568, 685, 6738, 262, 4252, 60, 326, 8953, 4291, 790, 6616, 16430, 198, 1659, 262, 5440, 790, 1711, 13, 383, 749, 6942, 38394, 286, 326, 2568, 422, 262, 198, 19155, 656, 663, 898, 2568, 329, 257, 1180, 4007, 1377, 329, 3349, 1377, 318, 257, 4618, 553, 198, 36, 3020, 1252, 1139, 13, 366, 1026, 2125, 470, 22121, 880, 7247, 703, 484, 787, 884, 6942, 198, 1904, 286, 262, 4252, 338, 2568, 13, 1320, 338, 780, 356, 836, 470, 772, 760, 703, 257, 2685, 2499, 11, 198, 25356, 340, 338, 257, 2685, 287, 257, 4618, 393, 257, 2685, 287, 257, 1692, 526, 198, 1532, 356, 3938, 7247, 703, 6134, 10385, 2568, 11, 356, 714, 3737, 366, 16794, 198, 22554, 2706, 290, 2568, 5519, 26332, 326, 1429, 284, 1382, 5000, 198, 3919, 626, 14614, 8136, 329, 649, 4237, 286, 2568, 326, 389, 3058, 44446, 198, 40838, 13, 1320, 338, 257, 5707, 393, 523, 1497, 475, 340, 338, 2861, 15461, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 5804, 13, 198, 6109, 614, 11, 5384, 30425, 503, 1115, 1661, 262, 2033, 286, 6588, 17556, 326, 198, 21353, 338, 366, 29255, 38614, 1, 17565, 13, 1002, 428, 7622, 510, 11, 867, 5519, 198, 6667, 12311, 262, 5440, 481, 307, 8097, 3421, 416, 3298, 9917, 11, 3737, 772, 24312, 13, 198, 3633, 428, 1917, 318, 407, 319, 262, 1353, 286, 262, 5413, 8666, 11, 2295, 76, 1252, 338, 1448, 198, 22437, 2911, 284, 1037, 13, 366, 5122, 2267, 4040, 1088, 5424, 265, 1435, 290, 4534, 1204, 198, 11284, 3341, 11, 286, 543, 4258, 318, 281, 1593, 530, 11, 389, 1912, 1088, 1762, 198, 4480, 5424, 265, 9251, 11, 9151, 34063, 290, 9940, 9251, 11, 290, 2615, 649, 31350, 198, 31391, 326, 5519, 37788, 761, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 1139, 13, 198, 1, 34, 2475, 265, 9251, 389, 407, 1790, 286, 1366, 11, 523, 2615, 4899, 284, 2251, 1865, 198, 3549, 1366, 318, 407, 37788, 2622, 13, 1867, 484, 466, 37788, 761, 389, 3788, 4899, 198, 1462, 2746, 290, 3155, 262, 3518, 7612, 286, 4258, 1487, 11, 20938, 290, 198, 78, 5829, 6826, 2099, 286, 3048, 11, 351, 262, 3182, 6210, 1377, 4635, 393, 4073, 416, 2877, 198, 45165, 1377, 4847, 286, 13213, 45225, 290, 4258, 1487, 13, 1320, 685, 42813, 60, 198, 1169, 20296, 326, 2107, 287, 262, 9151, 326, 389, 6588, 38614, 11, 11863, 11408, 11, 198, 2301, 24325, 286, 262, 6588, 16006, 290, 17199, 286, 4258, 11, 290, 635, 262, 3182, 6210, 198, 292, 38046, 884, 355, 17039, 1377, 35609, 4237, 286, 6588, 38614, 290, 11863, 11408, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 3058, 5688, 6439, 703, 262, 734, 9427, 1377, 262, 3518, 290, 3182, 6210, 198, 5589, 3906, 13, 632, 318, 5688, 6439, 644, 262, 2928, 318, 286, 262, 3182, 6210, 6805, 13, 198, 1026, 338, 281, 8131, 1593, 7515, 475, 655, 530, 326, 338, 407, 7247, 553, 198, 26959, 402, 1083, 5157, 198, 15905, 318, 635, 1762, 351, 383, 43066, 10231, 5274, 13084, 11, 290, 468, 1541, 198, 2978, 9124, 5977, 281, 2691, 37145, 18388, 13, 8687, 291, 1023, 290, 33162, 329, 10675, 198, 14150, 3088, 284, 30282, 262, 26045, 286, 262, 6881, 1377, 1865, 706, 477, 428, 670, 198, 454, 4286, 318, 1290, 422, 1844, 13, 198, 1, 43467, 262, 6881, 318, 257, 1588, 12, 9888, 1366, 12, 43561, 10027, 290, 1366, 12, 20930, 198, 45573, 13, 1320, 318, 530, 685, 20337, 60, 810, 262, 3210, 3788, 4899, 326, 5413, 198, 41745, 11073, 11, 422, 5313, 2594, 284, 6831, 8514, 284, 1365, 12831, 11, 198, 20077, 290, 16602, 1588, 5046, 1366, 287, 262, 3783, 2055, 11, 460, 1037, 262, 3783, 198, 28158, 1833, 15587, 286, 262, 6881, 290, 703, 262, 6881, 2499, 553, 198, 3633, 3783, 20070, 262, 22878, 286, 14492, 11, 14492, 290, 5413, 635, 198, 1, 26959, 318, 810, 262, 1103, 2223, 318, 1016, 284, 307, 329, 3644, 3783, 198, 2502, 262, 1306, 5707, 13, 2750, 852, 379, 262, 7720, 5743, 286, 262, 16246, 286, 3783, 198, 392, 3644, 3783, 11, 5413, 481, 4461, 11004, 11281, 355, 284, 262, 1994, 1243, 198, 1169, 1664, 2476, 284, 466, 319, 262, 3154, 1597, 290, 2614, 14492, 6459, 198, 392, 6443, 257, 5707, 1568, 13, 1119, 460, 892, 286, 644, 338, 5836, 379, 262, 198, 3849, 5458, 286, 3783, 290, 14492, 355, 852, 588, 19639, 1881, 13, 19339, 290, 23502, 198, 4598, 19639, 1881, 780, 262, 3037, 484, 761, 284, 1205, 284, 9320, 287, 19639, 198, 3198, 5645, 510, 287, 597, 3210, 1641, 1097, 257, 5707, 1568, 1377, 290, 663, 3607, 606, 198, 2787, 45543, 17218, 656, 6276, 8705, 553, 2295, 76, 1252, 1139, 13, 198, 464, 12131, 5567, 8899, 318, 517, 2176, 13, 632, 11673, 326, 416, 1853, 11, 262, 670, 1760, 284, 198, 11249, 649, 5654, 3788, 29251, 481, 366, 42325, 1096, 1, 1597, 198, 785, 48074, 13, 843, 3675, 12131, 11, 356, 815, 804, 329, 366, 3919, 626, 11, 44479, 7867, 198, 785, 48074, 45619, 290, 11497, 328, 907, 553, 1864, 284, 262, 40332, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,870

A partial vocabulary of the Yinikurtira Aboriginal people Petkovic, J. (2007) A partial vocabulary of the Yinikurtira Aboriginal people. IM: Interactive Media (3). |PDF - Published Version | Download (236kB) | Preview *Open access, no subscription required The Yinikurtira people of the North West region of Australia are generally thought to have been a sub-group of the Talandji language speakers, although the exact nature of their connection is somewhat uncertain.1 The Talandji language is reasonably well documented and still has a few living speakers.2 In contrast, the Yinikurtiri language is classified as extinct. 3 Discovering early Yinikurtira wordlists could potentially give us a productive comparison with the known Talandji language as well as a window into the once vibrant Yinikurtira culture. |Publication Type:||Journal Article| |Murdoch Affiliation:||National Academy of Screen and Sound| School of Media, Communication and Culture |Publisher:||National Academy of Screen and Sound| |Copyright:||2009 Murdoch University| |Item Control Page|

[ 32, 13027, 25818, 286, 262, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 26432, 661, 198, 25803, 74, 17215, 11, 449, 13, 357, 12726, 8, 317, 13027, 25818, 286, 262, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 26432, 661, 13, 8959, 25, 21365, 6343, 357, 18, 737, 198, 91, 20456, 532, 26372, 10628, 930, 198, 10002, 357, 24940, 38841, 8, 930, 22217, 198, 9, 11505, 1895, 11, 645, 14569, 2672, 198, 464, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 661, 286, 262, 2258, 2688, 3814, 286, 4505, 389, 4143, 1807, 284, 423, 587, 257, 850, 12, 8094, 286, 262, 7193, 392, 7285, 3303, 11636, 11, 3584, 262, 2748, 3450, 286, 511, 4637, 318, 6454, 8627, 13, 16, 383, 7193, 392, 7285, 3303, 318, 13025, 880, 12395, 290, 991, 468, 257, 1178, 2877, 11636, 13, 17, 554, 6273, 11, 262, 37201, 1134, 3325, 14783, 3303, 318, 10090, 355, 28881, 13, 513, 29704, 278, 1903, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 1573, 20713, 714, 6196, 1577, 514, 257, 12973, 7208, 351, 262, 1900, 7193, 392, 7285, 3303, 355, 880, 355, 257, 4324, 656, 262, 1752, 21266, 37201, 1134, 3325, 8704, 3968, 13, 198, 91, 15202, 341, 5994, 25, 15886, 25296, 10172, 91, 198, 91, 44, 2799, 5374, 6708, 15547, 25, 15886, 16186, 8581, 286, 15216, 290, 9506, 91, 198, 26130, 286, 6343, 11, 26117, 290, 17346, 198, 91, 46471, 25, 15886, 16186, 8581, 286, 15216, 290, 9506, 91, 198, 91, 15269, 25, 15886, 10531, 30370, 2059, 91, 198, 91, 7449, 6779, 7873, 91, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

240

Understanding racism today requires that one understand the subtleties of the language of those who perpetuate it. Please contribute to the glossary in the comments section. I will add confirmed, relevant and accurate tropes to the glossary. Please read the entire article first. Please note the difference between individual uses of prejudiced language and institutional racism. I encourage readers who have not yet already, to investigate this subject, which I’ll inevitably be posting on. The following post addresses use of racially prejudiced language and ideas in the context of institutional racism. As a result of the abolition of slavery, then later desegregation and the Civil Rights Movement, and finally the combination of contemporary cultural pressures and demographic shifts, the language of racial prejudice and bigoted assumptions has changed dramatically, especially over the last 50 or so years. Words that start with N are no longer the haute couture of racists and privilege-denying whites. Although the old words are cropping up in specific places which guarantee anonymity and/or acceptance, the use of subtlety, context, subjective subtext and nuance have taken the place of open slurs and language. Here we’ll take a look at some of these words and tropes, their context, and their meaning. Many of these words are not new to the racist vocabulary, though many of the old words have taken on new aspects or are used in different contexts. This will be a modified open-source project, the only restriction being that the author has discretion over the final product. Please put suggestions in the comments below. All Black Panthers are New Black Panthers- trope. A problem of assumptions and lack of disambiguation. Used by people who have never read a factually correct book or article about the Black Panther Party(BPP). This trope occurs because users are not aware that the BPP were Black marxist revolutionaries, whereas the New Black Panther Party(NBPP), which is not an actual descendant organization of the BPP, is a Black Nationalist organization. A way for whites to trumpet their ignorance of Black history. See Hoodlums, Hooligans, Thugs. Fear of a Black Planet ensues. Associated with the old-school trope, They All Look The Same To Me. Animal(s)- label. Used in context to describe a person of color. This becomes a trope and is multiplied by the factors of age group, gender/sex, and socioeconomic disposition. Multipliers therefore include Mob, Teen Mob, Welfare Queen and “young people” in Scare Quotes. Barbarians- label. Used ambiguously to refer to people of color, especially in regard to growing demographic shifts in the U.S.: “Our socioculture[sic] is raising barbarians in greater numbers with each passing decade.” (Quoted from a typical comment at the Blaze, regarding a story about a white girl and some cops who were attacked by teenagers–most of whom were evidently POCs.) Diversity- word/trope. Used to denote the idea that mixing of the races in culture and relationships is inherently bad. Users of this trope commonly cite any news event that they think proves their racism to be correct. Usually users have an obsession with this trope. As in: “This is what happens when Obama introduces diversity into western civilization.” (Apocryphal) Entitlements aka “Entitlement Mentality”- word/trope. The brazen assumption that POCs are lazy and self-entitled. Also negates the fact that many persons who at one time receive social aid are the very people who at another time subsidized it in the first place. A blatant announcement of assumptions created by racial prejudice. See Welfare, Welfare Queens. Fear of a Black Planet- trope. The hysterical fear of living in a society where whites are a minority and Blacks are a majority. Feral youth- label/trope. This trope refers to poor people of color living in inner cities. It is often used interchangeably with Hoodlums, Hood Rats and similar tropes. Hoodlums, Hooligans, Thugs- labels/tropes. These words/tropes are commonly used ambiguously to refer to the spectre or threat of Black power. Users commonly make correlation fallacies while reading news reports from sites that only present negative information about non-conservative people of color, such as the Blaze and WorldNutDaily. They then ascribe hoodlum status to urban youth of color; though the trope extends regardless of age. Hood Rats- label/word/trope. Used ambiguously, this trope enables users to insult Black people two-fold: because not all supposed “hood rats” are non-white, this trope is not only meant to target Black folks but also targets Black culture’s influence on female-bodied white teens/children. Inner City Youths- trope. This label enables white conservatives to bash people of color with its degree of ambiguity, which is very thin considering the common knowledge that inner urban areas most often have a higher population of people of color. See also Animal(s), Zoo, Hoodlums, Hooligans, Thugs. Leave the Cities- trope. Also known among POCs as “white flight”, this trope is used by racist whites to denote the fact that urban areas often have higher concentrations of POCs, leaving white conservatives and supremacists to urge each other to “flee the cities!” Mob- word/label. Used to describe more than two people who are persons of color. Frequently levied at teenagers. Used to describe a plethora of situations, such as people in urban areas, or gatherings of Black people. Extenuating circumstances may mean that this term will be applied to whites who are not conservative, such as Occupy Wall Street. Never applied to right-wing groups in these circumstances. Obama is Kenyan (or Marxist, Muslim, Communist, et al.)- trope. With the radical reaction by conservative whites to the election of a Black person to the presidency of the U.S., this trope was bound to occur. It is a testament to the rabid fear of Blacks in power. Fear of a Black Planet ensues. Political Correctness (PC) is Bad- trope. Used by conservative white people who themselves use politically correct language to employ subtle racism/bigotry. An error of projection, as no one has benefited more from PC language than white racists/bigots who use PC in the home or at work, but not in their minds, in private conversation or anonymously on the internet. PC allows bigots to socially function while still clinging to a bigoted mindset. Prepare Yourself, aka Prepare for the Coming Racial Wars- trope. This trope comes in many forms and is favored especially by survivalist types, but is widespread among white conservatives. Its pathology is twofold: a desire by white conservatives to have an excuse to let their hair down and engage in open acts of violence against persons of color, and the overwhelming paranoia that is experienced by individuals who get their news sources from outlets that provide only negative pieces about persons of color. Also known as Fear of a Black Planet, Be Ready, The Shit Will Hit The Fan, When The Shit Hits The Fan, etc. “Scare Quotes”- trope. The use of quotations to denote the un-humanity of the subject. Also used in tandem to make suggestions about violence and other retribution. Examples are, “If these ‘kids’ want to act like animals, let’s put them to ‘sleep’ like animals.” (Actual quote from comments in this article.) “They” a.k.a. “They Have More Power These Days”- label/trope. Used ambiguously, always careful not to use an outright slur. “They” is used by some whites to refer to the Otherness of people of color. It is a form of lack of self awareness, in which one does not realize that they are referring to Black people or other people of color as a monolithic group. This trope has many variants, including Them, These People, Those People, There Are People Out There and more. Attached to old-school They All Look The Same To Me tropes. Welfare, Welfare Queens- labels/tropes. Also an old-school favorite, this trope has never died but only become stronger with Republican attacks on social programs. Also referred to as Entitlements, this trope is a result of the conservative white perception that social programs threaten their white privilege, and the fear that this may result in upward social mobility for people of color. “Young People”- label/trope. Often in scare quotes which signify young persons who are also persons of color, thereby inferring that they are not human at all. Zoo- word/trope. An especially vicious trope, this one regards urban areas as the “zoo” or the slightly more old-school “Jungle.” Meant to infer that people in urban/inner urban areas, which are often populated heavily by people of color, are lesser human beings. See Animal.

[ 43467, 10713, 1909, 4433, 326, 530, 1833, 262, 13284, 1616, 444, 286, 262, 3303, 286, 883, 508, 43874, 340, 13, 198, 5492, 8676, 284, 262, 21194, 560, 287, 262, 3651, 2665, 13, 314, 481, 751, 4999, 11, 5981, 290, 7187, 43275, 284, 262, 21194, 560, 13, 4222, 1100, 262, 2104, 2708, 717, 13, 198, 5492, 3465, 262, 3580, 1022, 1981, 3544, 286, 14696, 3711, 3303, 290, 15855, 10713, 13, 314, 7898, 7183, 508, 423, 407, 1865, 1541, 11, 284, 9161, 428, 2426, 11, 543, 314, 447, 247, 297, 16857, 307, 10754, 319, 13, 383, 1708, 1281, 9405, 779, 286, 28824, 14696, 3711, 3303, 290, 4213, 287, 262, 4732, 286, 15855, 10713, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 30480, 286, 13503, 11, 788, 1568, 748, 1533, 43068, 290, 262, 7511, 6923, 15477, 11, 290, 3443, 262, 6087, 286, 11811, 6467, 18895, 290, 16728, 15381, 11, 262, 3303, 286, 8425, 20226, 290, 1263, 5191, 14895, 468, 3421, 12034, 11, 2592, 625, 262, 938, 2026, 393, 523, 812, 13, 23087, 326, 923, 351, 399, 389, 645, 2392, 262, 387, 1133, 42304, 495, 286, 40681, 290, 11941, 12, 6559, 1112, 13216, 13, 4900, 262, 1468, 2456, 389, 6763, 2105, 510, 287, 2176, 4113, 543, 9149, 18685, 290, 14, 273, 13427, 11, 262, 779, 286, 11800, 774, 11, 4732, 11, 19088, 850, 5239, 290, 47128, 423, 2077, 262, 1295, 286, 1280, 44981, 290, 3303, 13, 3423, 356, 447, 247, 297, 1011, 257, 804, 379, 617, 286, 777, 2456, 290, 43275, 11, 511, 4732, 11, 290, 511, 3616, 13, 4650, 286, 777, 2456, 389, 407, 649, 284, 262, 9811, 25818, 11, 996, 867, 286, 262, 1468, 2456, 423, 2077, 319, 649, 7612, 393, 389, 973, 287, 1180, 26307, 13, 198, 1212, 481, 307, 257, 9518, 1280, 12, 10459, 1628, 11, 262, 691, 17504, 852, 326, 262, 1772, 468, 14130, 625, 262, 2457, 1720, 13, 4222, 1234, 11776, 287, 262, 3651, 2174, 13, 198, 3237, 2619, 17782, 389, 968, 2619, 17782, 12, 32463, 13, 317, 1917, 286, 14895, 290, 3092, 286, 595, 4131, 328, 2288, 13, 16718, 416, 661, 508, 423, 1239, 1100, 257, 1109, 935, 3376, 1492, 393, 2708, 546, 262, 2619, 30364, 3615, 7, 33, 10246, 737, 770, 32463, 8833, 780, 2985, 389, 407, 3910, 326, 262, 347, 10246, 547, 2619, 1667, 87, 396, 44347, 11, 9472, 262, 968, 2619, 30364, 3615, 7, 32819, 10246, 828, 543, 318, 407, 281, 4036, 45923, 4009, 286, 262, 347, 10246, 11, 318, 257, 2619, 2351, 396, 4009, 13, 317, 835, 329, 13216, 284, 40334, 511, 17010, 286, 2619, 2106, 13, 4091, 17233, 75, 5700, 11, 367, 970, 34090, 11, 536, 10339, 13, 16132, 286, 257, 2619, 11397, 3140, 947, 13, 10575, 351, 262, 1468, 12, 14347, 32463, 11, 1119, 1439, 6803, 383, 16766, 1675, 2185, 13, 198, 40002, 7, 82, 13219, 6167, 13, 16718, 287, 4732, 284, 6901, 257, 1048, 286, 3124, 13, 770, 4329, 257, 32463, 290, 318, 33096, 416, 262, 5087, 286, 2479, 1448, 11, 5279, 14, 8044, 11, 290, 34406, 24665, 13, 15237, 489, 3183, 4361, 2291, 16540, 11, 21432, 16540, 11, 32404, 7542, 290, 564, 250, 35465, 661, 447, 251, 287, 47605, 2264, 6421, 13, 198, 10374, 5657, 1547, 12, 6167, 13, 16718, 18203, 24987, 284, 3522, 284, 661, 286, 3124, 11, 2592, 287, 2754, 284, 3957, 16728, 15381, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 11207, 564, 250, 5122, 1307, 72, 420, 6456, 58, 21383, 60, 318, 8620, 24837, 1547, 287, 3744, 3146, 351, 1123, 6427, 5707, 13, 447, 251, 357, 4507, 5191, 422, 257, 7226, 2912, 379, 262, 33965, 11, 5115, 257, 1621, 546, 257, 2330, 2576, 290, 617, 14073, 508, 547, 7384, 416, 17366, 1906, 1712, 286, 4150, 547, 27450, 350, 4503, 82, 2014, 198, 35, 1608, 12, 1573, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 16718, 284, 42685, 262, 2126, 326, 17090, 286, 262, 9558, 287, 3968, 290, 6958, 318, 20108, 2089, 13, 18987, 286, 428, 32463, 8811, 21729, 597, 1705, 1785, 326, 484, 892, 17021, 511, 10713, 284, 307, 3376, 13, 19672, 2985, 423, 281, 22286, 351, 428, 32463, 13, 1081, 287, 25, 564, 250, 1212, 318, 644, 4325, 618, 2486, 20718, 9573, 656, 8830, 14355, 13, 447, 251, 357, 25189, 48103, 27451, 8, 198, 14539, 2578, 902, 22430, 564, 250, 14539, 270, 1732, 31879, 1483, 447, 251, 12, 1573, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 383, 40033, 13196, 326, 350, 4503, 82, 389, 16931, 290, 2116, 12, 298, 7803, 13, 4418, 2469, 689, 262, 1109, 326, 867, 6506, 508, 379, 530, 640, 3328, 1919, 6133, 389, 262, 845, 661, 508, 379, 1194, 640, 37317, 340, 287, 262, 717, 1295, 13, 317, 29000, 8009, 286, 14895, 2727, 416, 8425, 20226, 13, 4091, 32404, 11, 32404, 14045, 13, 198, 37798, 286, 257, 2619, 11397, 12, 32463, 13, 383, 46759, 3252, 286, 2877, 287, 257, 3592, 810, 13216, 389, 257, 9137, 290, 27875, 389, 257, 3741, 13, 198, 37, 1691, 6205, 12, 6167, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 770, 32463, 10229, 284, 3595, 661, 286, 3124, 2877, 287, 8434, 4736, 13, 632, 318, 1690, 973, 26478, 1346, 351, 17233, 75, 5700, 11, 17233, 44164, 290, 2092, 43275, 13, 198, 39, 702, 75, 5700, 11, 367, 970, 34090, 11, 536, 10339, 12, 14722, 14, 48385, 274, 13, 2312, 2456, 14, 48385, 274, 389, 8811, 973, 18203, 24987, 284, 3522, 284, 262, 5444, 260, 393, 2372, 286, 2619, 1176, 13, 18987, 8811, 787, 16096, 2121, 13433, 981, 3555, 1705, 3136, 422, 5043, 326, 691, 1944, 4633, 1321, 546, 1729, 12, 43218, 661, 286, 3124, 11, 884, 355, 262, 33965, 290, 2159, 49004, 28545, 13, 1119, 788, 10570, 4892, 14263, 75, 388, 3722, 284, 7876, 6205, 286, 3124, 26, 996, 262, 32463, 14582, 7692, 286, 2479, 13, 198, 39, 702, 44164, 12, 6167, 14, 4775, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 16718, 18203, 24987, 11, 428, 32463, 13536, 2985, 284, 13277, 2619, 661, 734, 12, 11379, 25, 780, 407, 477, 4385, 564, 250, 2894, 13623, 447, 251, 389, 1729, 12, 11186, 11, 428, 32463, 318, 407, 691, 4001, 284, 2496, 2619, 7974, 475, 635, 6670, 2619, 3968, 447, 247, 82, 4588, 319, 4048, 12, 45190, 2330, 15508, 14, 17197, 13, 198, 818, 1008, 2254, 921, 9998, 12, 32463, 13, 770, 6167, 13536, 2330, 12471, 284, 27334, 661, 286, 3124, 351, 663, 4922, 286, 33985, 11, 543, 318, 845, 7888, 6402, 262, 2219, 3725, 326, 8434, 7876, 3006, 749, 1690, 423, 257, 2440, 3265, 286, 661, 286, 3124, 13, 4091, 635, 13792, 7, 82, 828, 21980, 11, 17233, 75, 5700, 11, 367, 970, 34090, 11, 536, 10339, 13, 198, 35087, 262, 20830, 12, 32463, 13, 4418, 1900, 1871, 350, 4503, 82, 355, 564, 250, 11186, 5474, 447, 251, 11, 428, 32463, 318, 973, 416, 9811, 13216, 284, 42685, 262, 1109, 326, 7876, 3006, 1690, 423, 2440, 14587, 286, 350, 4503, 82, 11, 4305, 2330, 12471, 290, 37084, 284, 14960, 1123, 584, 284, 564, 250, 69, 7197, 262, 4736, 0, 447, 251, 198, 44702, 12, 1573, 14, 18242, 13, 16718, 284, 6901, 517, 621, 734, 661, 508, 389, 6506, 286, 3124, 13, 22192, 1473, 43383, 379, 17366, 13, 16718, 284, 6901, 257, 35146, 286, 7445, 11, 884, 355, 661, 287, 7876, 3006, 11, 393, 37134, 286, 2619, 661, 13, 5683, 268, 11927, 5917, 743, 1612, 326, 428, 3381, 481, 307, 5625, 284, 13216, 508, 389, 407, 5940, 11, 884, 355, 25551, 5007, 3530, 13, 7236, 5625, 284, 826, 12, 5469, 2628, 287, 777, 5917, 13, 198, 15948, 318, 47214, 357, 273, 26305, 11, 3765, 11, 14884, 11, 2123, 435, 2014, 12, 32463, 13, 2080, 262, 7702, 6317, 416, 5940, 13216, 284, 262, 3071, 286, 257, 2619, 1048, 284, 262, 12112, 286, 262, 471, 13, 50, 1539, 428, 32463, 373, 5421, 284, 3051, 13, 632, 318, 257, 29210, 284, 262, 49666, 3252, 286, 27875, 287, 1176, 13, 16132, 286, 257, 2619, 11397, 3140, 947, 13, 198, 35443, 22941, 1108, 357, 5662, 8, 318, 7772, 12, 32463, 13, 16718, 416, 5940, 2330, 661, 508, 2405, 779, 11889, 3376, 3303, 284, 1873, 11800, 10713, 14, 14261, 313, 563, 13, 1052, 4049, 286, 20128, 11, 355, 645, 530, 468, 25050, 517, 422, 4217, 3303, 621, 2330, 40681, 14, 14261, 1747, 508, 779, 4217, 287, 262, 1363, 393, 379, 670, 11, 475, 407, 287, 511, 9017, 11, 287, 2839, 5273, 393, 35373, 319, 262, 5230, 13, 4217, 3578, 1263, 1747, 284, 18118, 2163, 981, 991, 40137, 284, 257, 1263, 5191, 20527, 13, 198, 37534, 533, 42132, 11, 22430, 43426, 329, 262, 21808, 42318, 6176, 12, 32463, 13, 770, 32463, 2058, 287, 867, 5107, 290, 318, 19344, 2592, 416, 9441, 396, 3858, 11, 475, 318, 10095, 1871, 2330, 12471, 13, 6363, 40572, 318, 734, 11379, 25, 257, 6227, 416, 2330, 12471, 284, 423, 281, 12226, 284, 1309, 511, 4190, 866, 290, 8209, 287, 1280, 6529, 286, 3685, 1028, 6506, 286, 3124, 11, 290, 262, 9721, 34370, 326, 318, 5924, 416, 3925, 508, 651, 511, 1705, 4237, 422, 12527, 326, 2148, 691, 4633, 5207, 546, 6506, 286, 3124, 13, 4418, 1900, 355, 16132, 286, 257, 2619, 11397, 11, 1355, 23432, 11, 383, 41356, 2561, 7286, 383, 13836, 11, 1649, 383, 41356, 28626, 383, 13836, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 447, 250, 3351, 533, 2264, 6421, 447, 251, 12, 32463, 13, 383, 779, 286, 50056, 284, 42685, 262, 555, 12, 10734, 414, 286, 262, 2426, 13, 4418, 973, 287, 32969, 284, 787, 11776, 546, 3685, 290, 584, 40788, 13, 21066, 389, 11, 564, 250, 1532, 777, 564, 246, 45235, 447, 247, 765, 284, 719, 588, 4695, 11, 1309, 447, 247, 82, 1234, 606, 284, 564, 246, 42832, 447, 247, 588, 4695, 13, 447, 251, 357, 6398, 723, 9577, 422, 3651, 287, 428, 2708, 2014, 198, 447, 250, 2990, 447, 251, 257, 13, 74, 13, 64, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 8192, 3125, 4333, 2312, 12579, 447, 251, 12, 6167, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 16718, 18203, 24987, 11, 1464, 8161, 407, 284, 779, 281, 15828, 40066, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 447, 251, 318, 973, 416, 617, 13216, 284, 3522, 284, 262, 3819, 1108, 286, 661, 286, 3124, 13, 632, 318, 257, 1296, 286, 3092, 286, 2116, 9359, 11, 287, 543, 530, 857, 407, 6537, 326, 484, 389, 9759, 284, 2619, 661, 393, 584, 661, 286, 3124, 355, 257, 937, 30764, 1448, 13, 770, 32463, 468, 867, 17670, 11, 1390, 26460, 11, 2312, 4380, 11, 5845, 4380, 11, 1318, 4231, 4380, 3806, 1318, 290, 517, 13, 3460, 2317, 284, 1468, 12, 14347, 1119, 1439, 6803, 383, 16766, 1675, 2185, 43275, 13, 198, 54, 27122, 11, 32404, 14045, 12, 14722, 14, 48385, 274, 13, 4418, 281, 1468, 12, 14347, 4004, 11, 428, 32463, 468, 1239, 3724, 475, 691, 1716, 7387, 351, 3415, 3434, 319, 1919, 4056, 13, 4418, 6412, 284, 355, 7232, 2578, 902, 11, 428, 32463, 318, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 5940, 2330, 11202, 326, 1919, 4056, 16180, 511, 2330, 11941, 11, 290, 262, 3252, 326, 428, 743, 1255, 287, 18644, 1919, 15873, 329, 661, 286, 3124, 13, 198, 447, 250, 20917, 4380, 447, 251, 12, 6167, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 18023, 287, 19437, 13386, 543, 44078, 1862, 6506, 508, 389, 635, 6506, 286, 3124, 11, 12839, 13249, 1806, 326, 484, 389, 407, 1692, 379, 477, 13, 198, 57, 2238, 12, 1573, 14, 23528, 431, 13, 1052, 2592, 17686, 32463, 11, 428, 530, 13957, 7876, 3006, 355, 262, 564, 250, 89, 2238, 447, 251, 393, 262, 4622, 517, 1468, 12, 14347, 564, 250, 41, 13687, 13, 447, 251, 2185, 415, 284, 13249, 326, 661, 287, 7876, 14, 5083, 7876, 3006, 11, 543, 389, 1690, 22331, 7272, 416, 661, 286, 3124, 11, 389, 14494, 1692, 9791, 13, 4091, 13792, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,913

Nahuatl, known as “Mexicano” by many of its speakers, is the most widely spoken indigenous language in Mexico. It was the lingua franca of the Aztec empire and is currently one of Mexico’s official languages. It belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family, which spread from the United States Southwest to Central America. In fact, it is theorized that Nicaragua’s etymology comes from the Nahuatl words “Nican ca Anahuac,” which roughly translates to “here is Anahauc” denoting the geographical limits of the Aztec empire. There are currently several regional varieties of Nahuatl, including one still spoken in El Salvador. All in all, today the language boasts over 1.5 million native speakers. Nahuatl is an agglutinative language and is rich in morphology. Its classical form was highly metaphorical and poetic in style. Some of the literary treasures studied in depth by scholars are the poems of Nezahualcoyotl (“coyote in fast”) and the Huehuetlahtolli (literally “the ancient word”), which is an ancient collection of sayings, exhortations, and the traditional wisdom of the culture which helped preserve and pass down family values and ideals to generations—until the Spanish invasion. The good news is that despite the imposition of Spanish and trends showing a slight decline in the number of Nahuatl monolinguals, there has recently been a growing interest in Nahuatl. Aided by a movement of cultural revival, specifically in many areas of the United States, Nahuatl’s resilience is in part due to the cultural consciousness and commitment of the new generation of Mexicans. Sergio Avila (@NAHUALYOLOTL) is part of that generation who are working to keep the language alive. Using social media he strives to preserve the language and teach the rich history and culture of his ancestors. He has primarily been using his Twitter account, which has more than 1,000 followers to post a Nahuatl “Word of the Day” as a way to teach and to interact with other up and coming learners of this indigenous language. He also is an administrator of the Nahuatl Facebook Page. Here is a short interview with Sergio conducted in the Nahuatl language: Rising Voices: Tell us about yourself. Notoca Sergio, ompa Mexihco Tenochtitlan nichanti. Ce pohualli ihuan chicoace xihuitl nicpia. Nitlacuilo ihuan ompa “Twitter” ihuan “Facebook” nitemachtia nochin cemilhuitl in Nahuatlahtolli. RV: How long have you been studying Nahuatl? How did you become interested in the language and how did you learn it? Ome xihuitl nahuatlahtolli onicmomaxtic. Ihcuac onimomatic ¿Tleica in mexihcatlaca titlahtoah caxtillantlahtolli intla tehuan ahmo caxtillantlaca?. Ompa “Tepeticpac Tlahtolcalli, ce telpochcalli. RV: How do you use social media for language preservation? What kind of response are you seeing from your followers on Twitter and Facebook? Nochin cemilhuitl ce nahuatlahtolli nitlacuiloa ompa “twitter” ihuan “facebook”. In tlacah quinpactiah notequiuh miec, inon nechpactia miec. In tlacah nechtlacuiloa “pahpaquiliztli” ihuan “miec tlazohcamati”. RV: Give us an example or two of a “Nahuatl Word of the Day” (#palabranahuatl) 1. Nahualyolotl: Corazón de Nahual (Nahual es el ser que se reboza bajo la piel de otro, así como parte de nuestra alma fuera de nuestro cuerpo, parecido a un “animal totémico” propio) #palabranahuatl 2. Chicahualiztli: Fuerza (física) #palabranahuatl 2. Chicahualiztli: Strength (physical) RV: In your opinion, what is the future of the Nahuatl language? Nicneltoca intla cachi tlacah in nahualthtolli quimatizque (tlen inon notequiuh), yehuan quiihtazque iquetzalcayo ihuan in nahuatlhtolli nochipa nemiz.

[ 45, 12196, 25864, 11, 1900, 355, 564, 250, 24670, 291, 5733, 447, 251, 416, 867, 286, 663, 11636, 11, 318, 262, 749, 6768, 9635, 17673, 3303, 287, 5828, 13, 632, 373, 262, 18459, 6413, 1216, 42124, 286, 262, 7578, 36281, 13735, 290, 318, 3058, 530, 286, 5828, 447, 247, 82, 1743, 8950, 13, 632, 14448, 284, 262, 471, 1462, 12, 26903, 660, 5171, 3303, 1641, 11, 543, 4104, 422, 262, 1578, 1829, 24320, 284, 5694, 2253, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 340, 318, 18765, 1143, 326, 38252, 447, 247, 82, 304, 43408, 2058, 422, 262, 399, 12196, 25864, 2456, 564, 250, 45, 7490, 1275, 1052, 12196, 330, 11, 447, 251, 543, 7323, 23677, 284, 564, 250, 1456, 318, 1052, 993, 14272, 447, 251, 2853, 10720, 262, 27465, 7095, 286, 262, 7578, 36281, 13735, 13, 1318, 389, 3058, 1811, 7915, 20328, 286, 399, 12196, 25864, 11, 1390, 530, 991, 9635, 287, 2574, 26482, 13, 1439, 287, 477, 11, 1909, 262, 3303, 22103, 625, 352, 13, 20, 1510, 6868, 11636, 13, 198, 45, 12196, 25864, 318, 281, 4194, 75, 315, 259, 876, 3303, 290, 318, 5527, 287, 46320, 13, 6363, 15993, 1296, 373, 4047, 13738, 12409, 290, 38273, 287, 3918, 13, 2773, 286, 262, 16716, 29561, 9713, 287, 6795, 416, 9123, 389, 262, 31888, 286, 3169, 89, 993, 723, 66, 726, 313, 75, 357, 447, 250, 66, 726, 1258, 287, 3049, 447, 251, 8, 290, 262, 31788, 13415, 316, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 357, 43819, 564, 250, 1169, 6156, 1573, 447, 251, 828, 543, 318, 281, 6156, 4947, 286, 910, 654, 11, 21847, 419, 602, 11, 290, 262, 4569, 11501, 286, 262, 3968, 543, 4193, 12201, 290, 1208, 866, 1641, 3815, 290, 22247, 284, 10439, 960, 28446, 262, 7897, 11796, 13, 198, 464, 922, 1705, 318, 326, 3805, 262, 38091, 286, 7897, 290, 11257, 4478, 257, 3731, 7794, 287, 262, 1271, 286, 399, 12196, 25864, 937, 40949, 723, 82, 11, 612, 468, 2904, 587, 257, 3957, 1393, 287, 399, 12196, 25864, 13, 317, 1384, 416, 257, 3356, 286, 6467, 26624, 11, 5734, 287, 867, 3006, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 399, 12196, 25864, 447, 247, 82, 31307, 318, 287, 636, 2233, 284, 262, 6467, 10510, 290, 7901, 286, 262, 649, 5270, 286, 36783, 13, 198, 50, 6422, 952, 317, 2991, 64, 4275, 4535, 39, 25620, 56, 3535, 2394, 43, 8, 318, 636, 286, 326, 5270, 508, 389, 1762, 284, 1394, 262, 3303, 6776, 13, 8554, 1919, 2056, 339, 37873, 284, 12201, 262, 3303, 290, 4545, 262, 5527, 2106, 290, 3968, 286, 465, 18668, 13, 679, 468, 7525, 587, 1262, 465, 3009, 1848, 11, 543, 468, 517, 621, 352, 11, 830, 10569, 284, 1281, 257, 399, 12196, 25864, 564, 250, 26449, 286, 262, 3596, 447, 251, 355, 257, 835, 284, 4545, 290, 284, 9427, 351, 584, 510, 290, 2406, 46184, 286, 428, 17673, 3303, 13, 679, 635, 318, 281, 18382, 286, 262, 399, 12196, 25864, 3203, 7873, 13, 3423, 318, 257, 1790, 2720, 351, 36759, 5952, 287, 262, 399, 12196, 25864, 3303, 25, 198, 49, 1710, 40440, 25, 14026, 514, 546, 3511, 13, 198, 3673, 11216, 36759, 11, 267, 3149, 64, 4413, 4449, 1073, 9368, 5374, 83, 270, 9620, 299, 488, 17096, 13, 20101, 745, 13415, 36546, 1312, 71, 7258, 442, 3713, 558, 2124, 4449, 5013, 75, 9200, 79, 544, 13, 24282, 75, 330, 84, 18526, 1312, 71, 7258, 267, 3149, 64, 564, 250, 14254, 447, 251, 1312, 71, 7258, 564, 250, 12025, 447, 251, 299, 9186, 19725, 544, 645, 24658, 269, 368, 346, 71, 5013, 75, 287, 399, 12196, 265, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 13, 198, 49, 53, 25, 1374, 890, 423, 345, 587, 11065, 399, 12196, 25864, 30, 1374, 750, 345, 1716, 4609, 287, 262, 3303, 290, 703, 750, 345, 2193, 340, 30, 198, 46, 1326, 2124, 4449, 5013, 75, 299, 12196, 265, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 319, 291, 76, 6086, 742, 291, 13, 314, 71, 27399, 330, 319, 320, 13730, 1587, 123, 51, 293, 3970, 287, 502, 87, 4449, 9246, 75, 22260, 5259, 9271, 1462, 993, 1275, 742, 359, 415, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 493, 5031, 573, 71, 7258, 29042, 5908, 1275, 742, 359, 415, 75, 22260, 30, 13, 198, 46, 3149, 64, 564, 250, 51, 538, 5139, 33587, 309, 9271, 83, 349, 13345, 72, 11, 2906, 13632, 79, 5374, 13345, 72, 13, 198, 49, 53, 25, 1374, 466, 345, 779, 1919, 2056, 329, 3303, 22459, 30, 1867, 1611, 286, 2882, 389, 345, 4379, 422, 534, 10569, 319, 3009, 290, 3203, 30, 198, 2949, 24658, 269, 368, 346, 71, 5013, 75, 2906, 299, 12196, 265, 9271, 83, 692, 72, 13759, 75, 330, 84, 346, 12162, 267, 3149, 64, 564, 250, 6956, 447, 251, 1312, 71, 7258, 564, 250, 19024, 447, 251, 13, 554, 256, 75, 330, 993, 627, 259, 79, 529, 9520, 3465, 421, 72, 7456, 285, 494, 66, 11, 287, 261, 497, 354, 79, 529, 544, 285, 494, 66, 13, 554, 256, 75, 330, 993, 497, 21474, 75, 330, 84, 346, 12162, 564, 250, 79, 993, 8957, 421, 346, 528, 83, 4528, 447, 251, 1312, 71, 7258, 564, 250, 44871, 66, 256, 75, 1031, 1219, 20991, 7246, 447, 251, 13, 198, 49, 53, 25, 13786, 514, 281, 1672, 393, 734, 286, 257, 564, 250, 45, 12196, 25864, 9678, 286, 262, 3596, 447, 251, 17426, 18596, 397, 2596, 12196, 25864, 8, 198, 16, 13, 35201, 723, 88, 349, 313, 75, 25, 2744, 1031, 18840, 390, 35201, 723, 357, 45, 993, 723, 1658, 1288, 1055, 8358, 384, 302, 2127, 4496, 275, 34944, 8591, 279, 8207, 390, 267, 23528, 11, 355, 8836, 401, 78, 636, 68, 390, 14364, 395, 430, 435, 2611, 14035, 8607, 390, 14364, 47692, 269, 15573, 7501, 11, 279, 533, 66, 17305, 257, 555, 564, 250, 41607, 2006, 2634, 76, 3713, 447, 251, 2632, 952, 8, 1303, 18596, 397, 2596, 12196, 25864, 198, 17, 13, 48854, 993, 723, 528, 83, 4528, 25, 13333, 263, 4496, 357, 69, 41200, 3970, 8, 1303, 18596, 397, 2596, 12196, 25864, 198, 17, 13, 48854, 993, 723, 528, 83, 4528, 25, 14646, 357, 42854, 8, 198, 49, 53, 25, 554, 534, 4459, 11, 644, 318, 262, 2003, 286, 262, 399, 12196, 25864, 3303, 30, 198, 30403, 77, 2120, 11216, 493, 5031, 269, 14299, 256, 75, 330, 993, 287, 299, 993, 723, 400, 83, 692, 72, 627, 320, 265, 528, 4188, 357, 83, 11925, 287, 261, 3465, 421, 72, 7456, 828, 9838, 71, 7258, 627, 4178, 4352, 1031, 4188, 1312, 21108, 89, 282, 66, 323, 78, 1312, 71, 7258, 287, 299, 12196, 25864, 4352, 692, 72, 645, 35902, 64, 36945, 528, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,087

Hand hygiene is recognised world wide as one of the most effective hygiene practices to reduce infection. Find out more on the SA Health website. The South Australian Infection Control Service also works with clinicians and the public to prevent infections associated with health care An A-Z list is provided on the Parenting and Child Health website and covers everything you need to know about: - amoebic meningitis - the common cold Some infectious diseases are notifiable. In South Australia this means that the doctor and laboratory diagnosing this disease are required to report it by law, under the Public and Environmental Health Act 1987. To notify the Communicable Disease Control Branch phone the South Australian Government Department of Health on 8226 7177. Notification will ensure that steps are taken, where necessary, to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. On this site Medical centres and clinics Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health You’ve got what? - SA Health

[ 12885, 33306, 318, 20915, 995, 3094, 355, 530, 286, 262, 749, 4050, 33306, 6593, 284, 4646, 10280, 13, 9938, 503, 517, 198, 261, 262, 14719, 3893, 3052, 13, 198, 464, 2520, 6638, 26065, 295, 6779, 4809, 635, 2499, 351, 41883, 290, 262, 1171, 284, 2948, 16079, 3917, 351, 1535, 1337, 198, 2025, 317, 12, 57, 1351, 198, 271, 2810, 319, 262, 16774, 278, 290, 5932, 3893, 3052, 290, 8698, 2279, 345, 761, 284, 760, 546, 25, 198, 12, 716, 78, 1765, 291, 1450, 278, 11815, 198, 12, 262, 2219, 4692, 198, 4366, 25246, 10040, 389, 407, 16823, 13, 554, 2520, 4505, 428, 1724, 326, 262, 6253, 290, 14010, 6689, 2752, 428, 4369, 389, 2672, 284, 989, 340, 416, 1099, 11, 739, 262, 5094, 290, 13272, 3893, 2191, 12923, 13, 198, 2514, 19361, 262, 4440, 18424, 17344, 6779, 20551, 3072, 262, 2520, 6638, 5070, 2732, 286, 3893, 319, 807, 24909, 767, 22413, 13, 198, 3673, 2649, 481, 4155, 326, 4831, 389, 2077, 11, 810, 3306, 11, 284, 2948, 262, 4104, 286, 281, 25246, 4369, 13, 198, 2202, 428, 2524, 198, 37158, 19788, 290, 21434, 198, 32, 2865, 328, 1292, 290, 27663, 41407, 5451, 263, 1535, 198, 1639, 447, 247, 303, 1392, 644, 30, 532, 14719, 3893, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

206

Fled from Syria with 300 Catholic companions to Italy due to Monophysite persecution of Severus in 514. Ordained in Rome, Italy. Preacher in Umbria, Italy. Founded a monastery at Spoleto, Italy. Bishop of Spoleto for 20 years. When he arrived to assume his see, the people rejected him as a foreigner, but the city gates miraculously opened on their own to let him in, and the people realized that God wanted him there. He later resigned to found the abbey of Farfa in the Sabine hills near Rome. A renowned peacemaker, Lawrence had the gift of healing blindness, both physical and spiritual, which led to the title Illuminator. - “Saint Lawrence the Illuminator”. Saints.SQPN.com. 2 February 2010. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-lawrence-the-illuminator/>

[ 37, 992, 422, 4392, 351, 5867, 7835, 19429, 284, 8031, 2233, 284, 2892, 39665, 578, 22839, 286, 41343, 287, 642, 1415, 13, 14230, 1328, 287, 10598, 11, 8031, 13, 3771, 3493, 287, 35716, 7496, 11, 8031, 13, 4062, 276, 257, 38139, 379, 1338, 2305, 1462, 11, 8031, 13, 16559, 286, 1338, 2305, 1462, 329, 1160, 812, 13, 1649, 339, 5284, 284, 7048, 465, 766, 11, 262, 661, 8606, 683, 355, 257, 44897, 11, 475, 262, 1748, 17435, 30352, 18117, 4721, 319, 511, 898, 284, 1309, 683, 287, 11, 290, 262, 661, 6939, 326, 1793, 2227, 683, 612, 13, 679, 1568, 16542, 284, 1043, 262, 450, 23454, 286, 6755, 13331, 287, 262, 9910, 500, 18639, 1474, 10598, 13, 317, 22140, 41961, 32174, 11, 13914, 550, 262, 6979, 286, 11516, 37673, 11, 1111, 3518, 290, 8557, 11, 543, 2957, 284, 262, 3670, 5821, 7230, 1352, 13, 198, 12, 564, 250, 48615, 13914, 262, 5821, 7230, 1352, 447, 251, 13, 13048, 13, 50, 48, 13137, 13, 785, 13, 362, 3945, 3050, 13, 5313, 13, 2608, 1737, 2211, 13, 1279, 4023, 1378, 82, 6003, 13, 31166, 21999, 13, 785, 14, 82, 2913, 12, 6270, 6784, 12, 1169, 12, 359, 7230, 1352, 15913, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

199

Part 4 of Doug Sovern’s KCBS Cover Story series on online high school classes. | Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 ALAMEDA (KCBS) – Tens of thousands of California high school students make up for failed classes by taking them again online with results that educators and students alike acknowledge demonstrates the need to re-think remote education. “I think it should be changed so you learn from it, but I don’t think it should be taken away because it does help people get their credits back,” said Brittany McGovern, an Alameda High School student who had a frustrating experience trying to re-take failed math and social studies classes. McGovern described being surrounded by so many unfocused students that she just stopped going to the computer center to finish her Geometry and Ethnic Studies make-ups. Her experience captures the challenge inherent in tailoring online education to the Facebook and YouTube generation of digital natives who grew up on the Internet, said Sally Murphy, senior director of undergraduate studies at Cal State East Bay. “The online environment for a lot of high school students is a social environment. It’s not a work environment. Students who see the computer as a playground are less likely to take it seriously,” she said. The result is students who get through classes without remembering what they were supposed to learn, Murphy said. Two-thirds of the incoming freshmen at Cal State University campuses need to take remedial classes because their high schools gave them a diploma, but not an adequate education. Critics say too many high schools feel pressured to raise graduation rates and let students make up classes by taking poorly supervised online courses. When properly supervised though, former Alameda principal Mike Cooper believes, cyber high can work by keeping kids who might otherwise drop out from going over the edge academically. “I really think there’s a place for it, but to call it learning and to call it a rigorous curriculum is, I don’t think, truthful,” Cooper said. “It needs to be watched and monitored and make sure that there’s actual learning going on, they’re not just giving credits away.” The boom in online learning can be attributed in part to how little it costs districts that according to Murphy, the Cal State East Bay administrator, now need to refocus on making sure kids actually learn and not just pass. “That means a smaller classroom. That means more teacher time. It means that we need to give more money to K-12 education,” she said. Cheryl Foster, principal at Raoul Wallenberg High School in San Francisco, said educators everywhere understand that many California kids are going off to college unprepared. “We are working on it,” Foster said, adding that no district had solved the problem. Cyber High and other online education services were not intended to replace face-to-face learning, said Dr. Michael Mueller, state director of Cyber High. Mueller said the California PASS Program was always envisioned as a second-chance to keep kids from dropping out of school. “I don’t think we’re designed to be the high school experience. We’re just designed to help out in those little areas that kids need that extra push to get them over the graduation finish line,” he said. (Copyright 2013 by CBS San Francisco. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)

[ 7841, 604, 286, 15115, 1406, 933, 447, 247, 82, 509, 22923, 17546, 8362, 2168, 319, 2691, 1029, 1524, 6097, 13, 930, 2142, 352, 930, 2142, 362, 930, 2142, 513, 198, 1847, 2390, 1961, 32, 357, 42, 22923, 8, 784, 40280, 286, 4138, 286, 3442, 1029, 1524, 2444, 787, 510, 329, 4054, 6097, 416, 2263, 606, 757, 2691, 351, 2482, 326, 30770, 290, 2444, 12936, 12127, 15687, 262, 761, 284, 302, 12, 14925, 6569, 3707, 13, 198, 447, 250, 40, 892, 340, 815, 307, 3421, 523, 345, 2193, 422, 340, 11, 475, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 892, 340, 815, 307, 2077, 1497, 780, 340, 857, 1037, 661, 651, 511, 10824, 736, 11, 447, 251, 531, 48773, 1982, 29168, 11, 281, 978, 49637, 3334, 3961, 3710, 508, 550, 257, 16655, 1998, 2111, 284, 302, 12, 20657, 4054, 10688, 290, 1919, 3640, 6097, 13, 198, 9742, 29168, 3417, 852, 11191, 416, 523, 867, 28312, 2444, 326, 673, 655, 5025, 1016, 284, 262, 3644, 3641, 284, 5461, 607, 2269, 15748, 290, 48021, 10422, 787, 12, 4739, 13, 198, 9360, 1998, 23007, 262, 4427, 11519, 287, 7894, 3255, 2691, 3707, 284, 262, 3203, 290, 7444, 5270, 286, 4875, 30962, 508, 6348, 510, 319, 262, 4455, 11, 531, 25737, 14424, 11, 4664, 3437, 286, 22952, 3640, 379, 2199, 1812, 3687, 4696, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 2691, 2858, 329, 257, 1256, 286, 1029, 1524, 2444, 318, 257, 1919, 2858, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 407, 257, 670, 2858, 13, 14882, 508, 766, 262, 3644, 355, 257, 24817, 389, 1342, 1884, 284, 1011, 340, 6411, 11, 447, 251, 673, 531, 13, 198, 464, 1255, 318, 2444, 508, 651, 832, 6097, 1231, 24865, 644, 484, 547, 4385, 284, 2193, 11, 14424, 531, 13, 198, 7571, 12, 17936, 286, 262, 15619, 45208, 379, 2199, 1812, 2059, 23003, 761, 284, 1011, 20100, 498, 6097, 780, 511, 1029, 4266, 2921, 606, 257, 41220, 11, 475, 407, 281, 12872, 3707, 13, 198, 36623, 910, 1165, 867, 1029, 4266, 1254, 32098, 284, 5298, 21571, 3965, 290, 1309, 2444, 787, 510, 6097, 416, 2263, 13455, 28679, 2691, 10902, 13, 198, 2215, 6105, 28679, 996, 11, 1966, 978, 49637, 10033, 4995, 10382, 5804, 11, 10075, 1029, 460, 670, 416, 5291, 3988, 508, 1244, 4306, 4268, 503, 422, 1016, 625, 262, 5743, 15574, 1146, 13, 198, 447, 250, 40, 1107, 892, 612, 447, 247, 82, 257, 1295, 329, 340, 11, 475, 284, 869, 340, 4673, 290, 284, 869, 340, 257, 22888, 20583, 318, 11, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 892, 11, 42278, 11, 447, 251, 10382, 531, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1026, 2476, 284, 307, 7342, 290, 20738, 290, 787, 1654, 326, 612, 447, 247, 82, 4036, 4673, 1016, 319, 11, 484, 447, 247, 260, 407, 655, 3501, 10824, 1497, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 14166, 287, 2691, 4673, 460, 307, 14183, 287, 636, 284, 703, 1310, 340, 3484, 12815, 326, 1864, 284, 14424, 11, 262, 2199, 1812, 3687, 4696, 18382, 11, 783, 761, 284, 1006, 10901, 319, 1642, 1654, 3988, 1682, 2193, 290, 407, 655, 1208, 13, 198, 447, 250, 2504, 1724, 257, 4833, 15806, 13, 1320, 1724, 517, 4701, 640, 13, 632, 1724, 326, 356, 761, 284, 1577, 517, 1637, 284, 509, 12, 1065, 3707, 11, 447, 251, 673, 531, 13, 198, 34, 372, 2645, 18489, 11, 10033, 379, 7567, 2852, 5007, 23140, 3334, 3961, 287, 2986, 6033, 11, 531, 30770, 8347, 1833, 326, 867, 3442, 3988, 389, 1016, 572, 284, 4152, 45102, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1135, 389, 1762, 319, 340, 11, 447, 251, 18489, 531, 11, 4375, 326, 645, 4783, 550, 16019, 262, 1917, 13, 198, 20418, 527, 3334, 290, 584, 2691, 3707, 2594, 547, 407, 5292, 284, 6330, 1986, 12, 1462, 12, 2550, 4673, 11, 531, 1583, 13, 3899, 17768, 11, 1181, 3437, 286, 15101, 3334, 13, 198, 44, 16466, 531, 262, 3442, 41752, 6118, 373, 1464, 32295, 355, 257, 1218, 12, 39486, 284, 1394, 3988, 422, 12047, 503, 286, 1524, 13, 198, 447, 250, 40, 836, 447, 247, 83, 892, 356, 447, 247, 260, 3562, 284, 307, 262, 1029, 1524, 1998, 13, 775, 447, 247, 260, 655, 3562, 284, 1037, 503, 287, 883, 1310, 3006, 326, 3988, 761, 326, 3131, 4574, 284, 651, 606, 625, 262, 21571, 5461, 1627, 11, 447, 251, 339, 531, 13, 198, 7, 15269, 2211, 416, 11133, 2986, 6033, 13, 1439, 6923, 33876, 13, 770, 2587, 743, 407, 307, 3199, 11, 7025, 11, 30101, 11, 393, 38913, 2014, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

734

Alana Potter, lead author of the WASHCost working paper on “Assessing hygiene cost-effectiveness“, explains the importance of changing hygiene behaviours so that improved water and sanitation can lead to the expected health benefits. She has been reviewing indicators, tools and methods that sector institutions are using to monitor and measure hygiene behaviour change and identified three key hygiene behaviours common to all of these tools. Simply put, these are hand washing, using a toilet (i.e. separation of faeces from users) and safe management of household water. These are crucial for health benefits to be derived from improved water and should be remembered on World Water Day. Interview and video by Nicolas Dickinson, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre March 21, 2012 Source: IRC / WASHCost, 21 Mar 2012

[ 2348, 2271, 14179, 11, 1085, 1772, 286, 262, 370, 11211, 13729, 1762, 3348, 319, 564, 250, 8021, 27289, 33306, 1575, 12, 10760, 6517, 447, 250, 11, 6688, 262, 6817, 286, 5609, 33306, 38975, 523, 326, 6596, 1660, 290, 39958, 460, 1085, 284, 262, 2938, 1535, 4034, 13, 1375, 468, 587, 17217, 21337, 11, 4899, 290, 5050, 326, 6567, 6712, 389, 1262, 284, 5671, 290, 3953, 33306, 9172, 1487, 290, 5174, 1115, 1994, 33306, 38975, 2219, 284, 477, 286, 777, 4899, 13, 17973, 1234, 11, 777, 389, 1021, 20518, 11, 1262, 257, 16146, 357, 72, 13, 68, 13, 14139, 286, 24685, 721, 274, 422, 2985, 8, 290, 3338, 4542, 286, 6641, 1660, 13, 2312, 389, 8780, 329, 1535, 4034, 284, 307, 10944, 422, 6596, 1660, 290, 815, 307, 12086, 319, 2159, 5638, 3596, 13, 198, 39945, 290, 2008, 416, 29737, 47485, 11, 30039, 4037, 5638, 290, 2986, 3780, 9072, 198, 16192, 2310, 11, 2321, 198, 7416, 25, 30039, 1220, 370, 11211, 13729, 11, 2310, 1526, 2321, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

166

School cafeterias across the country are serving up delicious and different menu items that are nutritious too. Whether it's Spicy Stir Fry, Chicken Curry Salad, or Cuban Style Roast Pork, international recipes helps school districts to meet nutrition standards in a fun way. It also helps students to understand and appreciate different cultures. To provide students a wider range of vegetables, Wayzata Public Schools in MN offers a Spicy Lemon Chicken Stir Fry dish full of veggies like broccoli, carrot strips, green beans, crisp water chestnuts, onions and julienned red bell pepper. Highline School District, WA (featured in the video) below provides kids with fun, educational activities that match the cultures represented on the lunch menu to promote cultural awareness among students. Interested in ethnic menu options? Check out the whole story and learn more about new ethnic school menus at: http://www.traytalk.org/ethnic-foods-spicing-up-school-menus/ Tray Talk is not Mealtalk!Do you know that Tray Talk and Mealtalk are different programs? Mealtalk is USDA's listserv and Tray Talk (www.traytalk.org) is SNA's website for parents to help them understand the facts about school meals and learn about school nutrition success stories from around the country. © 2000 - 2013 School Nutrition Association, All Rights Reserved

[ 26130, 19945, 2357, 4448, 1973, 262, 1499, 389, 7351, 510, 12625, 290, 1180, 6859, 3709, 326, 389, 48102, 1165, 13, 198, 15354, 340, 338, 1338, 4611, 33689, 25305, 11, 16405, 20920, 42706, 11, 393, 18147, 17738, 5564, 459, 44062, 11, 3230, 14296, 5419, 1524, 12815, 284, 1826, 16633, 5423, 287, 257, 1257, 835, 13, 632, 635, 5419, 2444, 284, 1833, 290, 9144, 1180, 13817, 13, 198, 2514, 2148, 2444, 257, 10595, 2837, 286, 13701, 11, 6378, 89, 1045, 5094, 20357, 287, 29060, 4394, 257, 1338, 4611, 27252, 16405, 33689, 25305, 9433, 1336, 286, 39425, 588, 44653, 11, 40562, 22670, 11, 4077, 16567, 11, 23453, 1660, 7721, 31381, 11, 24681, 290, 474, 32176, 1697, 276, 2266, 8966, 13385, 13, 198, 11922, 1370, 3961, 5665, 11, 16400, 357, 69, 20980, 287, 262, 2008, 8, 2174, 3769, 3988, 351, 1257, 11, 9856, 4568, 326, 2872, 262, 13817, 7997, 319, 262, 9965, 6859, 284, 7719, 6467, 9359, 1871, 2444, 13, 198, 48860, 287, 9450, 6859, 3689, 30, 6822, 503, 262, 2187, 1621, 290, 2193, 517, 546, 649, 9450, 1524, 26798, 379, 25, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 2213, 323, 16620, 13, 2398, 14, 38546, 12, 19425, 82, 12, 2777, 6345, 12, 929, 12, 14347, 12, 3653, 385, 14, 198, 51, 2433, 12167, 318, 407, 2185, 2501, 971, 0, 5211, 345, 760, 326, 34575, 12167, 290, 2185, 2501, 971, 389, 1180, 4056, 30, 2185, 2501, 971, 318, 29986, 338, 8341, 712, 290, 34575, 12167, 357, 2503, 13, 2213, 323, 16620, 13, 2398, 8, 318, 311, 4535, 338, 3052, 329, 3397, 284, 1037, 606, 1833, 262, 6419, 546, 1524, 13840, 290, 2193, 546, 1524, 16633, 1943, 3923, 422, 1088, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 16224, 4751, 532, 2211, 3961, 23285, 5396, 11, 1439, 6923, 33876, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

288

North Berwick High School's Health Web. The pages on this site contain a range of interesting tasks designed to help pupils increase their understanding of health and wellbeing. are used by a variety of subjects across the school to enhance work in the classroom and at home. our Bodyzone for a wide range of tasks to help you learn how your body works. You will also discover what you should and should not do to take proper care of your body. After all, it's the only one you've got! Our school Health Web includes a number of Health Challenges on A4 worksheets. They cover important matters of health and wellbeing and capture the interest of pupils by the use of quiz-based exercises in a variety of styles. Click below to try some out: above to open the file. If your browser is Google Chrome you may need to right click and use 'Save link as' to download Health care is very important in Britain. But how much do you know about health care and the National Health Service? Your teacher may display the Health Alphabet above on a Alternatively, you can click on the image to open up the sheet on this computer. The answers are listed at Are you easily you touch a wasp? Even a dead one? The feeling of disgust plays an important role in keeping us healthy. Find out how by completing an online BBC experiment. Click the picture and follow the instructions carefully.

[ 14157, 4312, 16239, 3334, 3961, 338, 3893, 5313, 13, 198, 464, 5468, 319, 198, 5661, 2524, 3994, 257, 2837, 286, 3499, 8861, 3562, 198, 1462, 1037, 25613, 2620, 511, 4547, 286, 1535, 290, 40013, 13, 198, 533, 973, 416, 257, 4996, 286, 7481, 1973, 262, 1524, 284, 9494, 670, 287, 262, 15806, 290, 379, 1363, 13, 198, 454, 12290, 11340, 329, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 8861, 284, 1037, 345, 2193, 703, 198, 14108, 1767, 2499, 13, 198, 1639, 481, 635, 7073, 644, 345, 815, 290, 815, 407, 466, 198, 1462, 1011, 1774, 1337, 286, 534, 1767, 13, 198, 3260, 477, 11, 340, 338, 198, 1169, 691, 530, 345, 1053, 1392, 0, 198, 5122, 1524, 3893, 5313, 3407, 198, 64, 1271, 286, 3893, 44495, 319, 317, 19, 2499, 258, 1039, 13, 198, 2990, 3002, 1593, 6067, 286, 1535, 290, 40013, 290, 198, 27144, 495, 262, 1393, 286, 25613, 416, 262, 779, 286, 38964, 12, 3106, 198, 1069, 2798, 2696, 287, 257, 4996, 286, 12186, 13, 6914, 198, 35993, 284, 1949, 617, 503, 25, 198, 29370, 284, 1280, 262, 2393, 13, 1002, 534, 6444, 318, 3012, 13282, 198, 5832, 743, 761, 284, 826, 198, 12976, 290, 779, 705, 16928, 2792, 355, 6, 284, 4321, 198, 18081, 1337, 318, 845, 1593, 287, 5491, 13, 198, 1537, 703, 881, 466, 345, 760, 546, 1535, 1337, 290, 262, 198, 16186, 3893, 4809, 30, 198, 7120, 4701, 743, 3359, 262, 3893, 45695, 2029, 319, 257, 198, 44163, 11, 345, 460, 3904, 319, 262, 2939, 284, 1280, 510, 262, 198, 21760, 319, 428, 3644, 13, 383, 7429, 389, 5610, 379, 198, 8491, 345, 3538, 198, 5832, 3638, 257, 373, 79, 30, 3412, 257, 2636, 530, 30, 198, 464, 4203, 286, 16234, 5341, 281, 1593, 2597, 287, 198, 19934, 514, 5448, 13, 9938, 503, 703, 416, 14339, 281, 198, 25119, 7823, 6306, 13, 6914, 262, 4286, 290, 198, 27780, 262, 7729, 7773, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

316

Unless you're a detective, a thief or a strangely nosy person, you wouldn't take your neighbor's trash and dump it in your kitchen, let alone consume it. On the other hand, if you were dying of scurvy, those limes they threw away after last night's margarita party might look surprisingly appetizing. Accepting a transplant of someone else's stool, however carefully tested, might sound just as extreme, but -- thanks in part to its effectiveness in treating the intractable bug Clostridium difficile -- fecal microbiota transplantation might just be the next big thing in medicine [sources: Grady; Hudson; Mayo Clinic]. C. difficile, an emerging epidemic in hospitals and nursing homes, primarily affects older patients during long stays in care facilities. Like opportunistic weeds, the bacteria move into areas of the gut decimated by the very antibiotics intended to oust infections (antibiotics don't distinguish bacterial friend from foe). Once in the gut, C. difficile cranks out toxins that damage the intestinal lining, causing symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening colon inflammation. To make matters worse, C. difficile has grown increasingly virulent and antibiotic-resistant in recent years [sources: Grady; Hudson; Mayo Clinic]. Sending bacteria to fight bacteria makes good sense. Far from being a mere batch of bugs, many bacteria and other microbes are not only our friends, they are part of us. Our bodies contain nine to 10 times as many microbial cells as human ones; we each play host to 100 trillion bacteria. It's all part of a microbiome, an ecosystem of microbial communities that perform all kinds of useful work, from enabling digestion to aiding our immune systems [sources: Khoruts; Zimmer; Zimmer]. The recognition of microbial contributions to health has given rise to the growing field of medical ecology, which approaches the body's microbiome as a garden to be nurtured and, if necessary, weeded. Fecal transplantation extends this philosophy to "organically mulching" the gut garden: Stool from a healthy donor contains beneficial gut microorganisms, aka flora, 60-80 percent of which will take up residence in the recipient's gut, replacing those destroyed by antibiotics and infections, and overthrowing harmful communities like C. difficile [sources: Borody; Hudson]. Driving the need for such novel techniques are the ever-increasing numbers of people, particularly the elderly, who die each year from gastrointestinal infections. In the U.S. such deaths more than doubled from 1999 to 2007, rising from 7,000 to more than 17,000 a year [source: CDC]. Eighty-three percent of those fatalities occurred among patients over 65, two-thirds of whom died from C. difficile infections [source: CDC]. Fecal microbiota transplantation might sound outlandish or even a bit disgusting, but it restocks the body with some of the many microbes it needs to recover, live and thrive.

[ 28042, 345, 821, 257, 20775, 11, 257, 25906, 393, 257, 29381, 43630, 88, 1048, 11, 345, 3636, 470, 1011, 534, 4780, 338, 13913, 290, 10285, 340, 287, 534, 9592, 11, 1309, 3436, 15000, 340, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 611, 345, 547, 9950, 286, 629, 333, 7670, 11, 883, 300, 999, 484, 9617, 1497, 706, 938, 1755, 338, 6145, 283, 5350, 2151, 1244, 804, 12362, 16422, 2890, 13, 198, 38855, 278, 257, 23319, 286, 2130, 2073, 338, 38753, 11, 2158, 7773, 6789, 11, 1244, 2128, 655, 355, 3257, 11, 475, 1377, 5176, 287, 636, 284, 663, 13530, 287, 13622, 262, 493, 974, 540, 5434, 1012, 455, 6058, 1505, 814, 291, 576, 1377, 27685, 282, 42784, 23319, 341, 1244, 655, 307, 262, 1306, 1263, 1517, 287, 9007, 685, 82, 2203, 25, 1902, 4597, 26, 19995, 26, 32987, 26690, 4083, 198, 34, 13, 814, 291, 576, 11, 281, 11823, 18195, 287, 11301, 290, 19167, 5682, 11, 7525, 10975, 4697, 3871, 1141, 890, 14768, 287, 1337, 7291, 13, 4525, 2755, 2569, 36708, 11, 262, 11492, 1445, 656, 3006, 286, 262, 12500, 875, 15655, 416, 262, 845, 22392, 5292, 284, 50151, 16079, 357, 415, 571, 18296, 836, 470, 15714, 23462, 1545, 422, 22156, 737, 4874, 287, 262, 12500, 11, 327, 13, 814, 291, 576, 1067, 2283, 503, 31930, 326, 2465, 262, 32031, 20883, 11, 6666, 7460, 12897, 422, 36004, 284, 1204, 12, 26159, 7633, 20881, 13, 1675, 787, 6067, 4785, 11, 327, 13, 814, 291, 576, 468, 7334, 6481, 5709, 15288, 290, 29883, 12, 26128, 287, 2274, 812, 685, 82, 2203, 25, 1902, 4597, 26, 19995, 26, 32987, 26690, 4083, 198, 50, 1571, 11492, 284, 1907, 11492, 1838, 922, 2565, 13, 6755, 422, 852, 257, 5019, 15458, 286, 11316, 11, 867, 11492, 290, 584, 33712, 389, 407, 691, 674, 2460, 11, 484, 389, 636, 286, 514, 13, 3954, 5920, 3994, 5193, 284, 838, 1661, 355, 867, 36603, 4778, 355, 1692, 3392, 26, 356, 1123, 711, 2583, 284, 1802, 12989, 11492, 13, 632, 338, 477, 636, 286, 257, 48465, 11, 281, 13187, 286, 36603, 5348, 326, 1620, 477, 6982, 286, 4465, 670, 11, 422, 15882, 44639, 284, 37221, 674, 10900, 3341, 685, 82, 2203, 25, 5311, 273, 5500, 26, 18926, 26, 18926, 4083, 198, 464, 9465, 286, 36603, 9284, 284, 1535, 468, 1813, 4485, 284, 262, 3957, 2214, 286, 3315, 36517, 11, 543, 10581, 262, 1767, 338, 48465, 355, 257, 11376, 284, 307, 23868, 1522, 290, 11, 611, 3306, 11, 356, 15395, 13, 376, 721, 282, 23319, 341, 14582, 428, 8876, 284, 366, 9971, 1146, 35971, 10813, 1, 262, 12500, 11376, 25, 520, 970, 422, 257, 5448, 17052, 4909, 13205, 12500, 4580, 45165, 11, 22430, 48037, 11, 3126, 12, 1795, 1411, 286, 543, 481, 1011, 510, 11566, 287, 262, 17800, 338, 12500, 11, 13586, 883, 6572, 416, 22392, 290, 16079, 11, 290, 34514, 11577, 13568, 5348, 588, 327, 13, 814, 291, 576, 685, 82, 2203, 25, 12182, 1118, 26, 19995, 4083, 198, 20564, 1075, 262, 761, 329, 884, 5337, 7605, 389, 262, 1683, 12, 42647, 3146, 286, 661, 11, 3573, 262, 13830, 11, 508, 4656, 1123, 614, 422, 40887, 16079, 13, 554, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 884, 7040, 517, 621, 15229, 422, 7358, 284, 4343, 11, 7396, 422, 767, 11, 830, 284, 517, 621, 1596, 11, 830, 257, 614, 685, 10459, 25, 20434, 4083, 412, 14400, 12, 15542, 1411, 286, 883, 30091, 5091, 1871, 3871, 625, 6135, 11, 734, 12, 17936, 286, 4150, 3724, 422, 327, 13, 814, 291, 576, 16079, 685, 10459, 25, 20434, 4083, 198, 37, 721, 282, 42784, 23319, 341, 1244, 2128, 47284, 393, 772, 257, 1643, 23374, 11, 475, 340, 1334, 3320, 262, 1767, 351, 617, 286, 262, 867, 33712, 340, 2476, 284, 8551, 11, 2107, 290, 22191, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

621

Download chapter 3: 'Basic SOA Using REST' This chapter is excerpted from the book titled, SOA Using Java Web Services, authored by Mark Hansen, published by Prentice Hall Professional, May, 2007, ISBN 0130449687, Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. For more information please visit: www.prenhallprofessional.com 3.1.1 What Is REST?REST-style services (i.e., RESTful services) adhere to a set of constraints and architectural principles that include the following: - RESTful services are stateless. As Fielding writes in Section 5.1.3 of his thesis, "each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server." - RESTful services have a uniform interface. This constraint is usually taken to mean that the only allowed operations are the HTTP operations: GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE. - REST-based architectures are built from resources (pieces of information) that are uniquely identified by URIs. For example, in a RESTful purchasing system, each purchase order has a unique URI. - REST components manipulate resources by exchanging representations of the resources. For example, a purchase order resource can be represented by an XML document. Within a RESTful purchasing system, a purchase order might be updated by posting an XML document containing the changed purchase order to its URI. These are the basic principles behind REST. However, when people talk about the benefits of RESTful systems today, they usually are not strictly applying these principles. For example, among REST advocates, keeping shopping cart data on the server and maintaining a session related to the shopping process that is using the cart is acceptable.2 In fact, the XML/HTTP Binding provided by JAX-WS for implementing RESTful services provides for session management capabilities using cookies, URL rewriting, and SSL session IDs. More significant deviations from Fielding's definition of REST involve getting around the "uniform interface" constraint by embedding verbs and parameters inside URLs. The Amazom.com REST interface, for example, includes verbs in query strings and doesn't have unique URIs for each resource. Systems like this, although labeled as RESTful, are really starting to look very much like RPC using XML over HTTP without SOAP. For the purposes of this book, I am not going to wade into a debate on what is or isn't RESTful. I simply define RESTful Web Services in contrast to SOAP Web Services. Table 3–1 illustrates the principal differences. a. Some would argue that XML Schema could be used as an interface definition for RESTful services. Not only is that approach possible, but it is used in many practical cases. However, it is not a complete interface solution because many, if not most, RESTful services incorporate HTTP parameters (e.g., URL query strings) in addition to XML as part of their invocation interface. Chapter 9 looks at the Yahoo! Shopping RESTful interface, which uses HTTP parameters in this manner. This is consistent with common usage in the REST versus SOAP debates. REST uses simple XML over HTTP without a WSDL interface definition. 3.1.2 Topics Covered in This ChapterIn addition to introducing RESTful Web Services, this chapter introduces and reviews some basic techniques for integrating Enterprise Information Systems (EISs) using XML, XSLT, HTTP, and Java. For each example, I demonstrate how to implement it with and without JWS. The versions of the examples without JWS use basic Java HTTP and XML techniques. Both approaches are provided to give you a sense of what is really happening, under the covers, when a Web service is consumed or deployed using JWS. This should give you a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying JWS and when to use them. For simple Web services, often it is easier to work with the basic Java tools than to pull out all the power of JWS. On the other hand, you will see from these examples how things can quickly get complicated and require the power of the JWS technologies. Since one focus of this book is on SOA-style development for the enterprise, many of the examples deal with EIS—the basic infrastructure of most corporate computing environments. This chapter describes - Structuring EIS Records as XML documents - Getting EIS records from a REST service (with and without JWS) - Posting EIS records to a REST service (with and without JWS) - Basic SOA-style integration of REST services using XSLT for data transformation - Deploying a REST service to be used for getting EIS records—in other words, an HTTP GET service (with and without JWS) - Deploying a REST service to be used for posting EIS records—in other words, an HTTP POST service (with and without JWS) 3.2 XML Documents and Schema for EIS RecordsThe first step toward implementing an SOA component that consumes or provides EIS records involves formatting the EIS records that need to be exchanged as XML documents. This process is formalized by creating an XML Schema to represent the structure of an XML document for a particular EIS record. This section introduces some simple examples that are used throughout this chapter to illustrate the role of XML and XML Schema in SOA-style applications development based on Web Services. Understanding these examples requires a basic knowledge of XML and XML Schema. If you are new to XML, you should get an introductory text such as Beginning XML by David Hunter et al. [Hunter]. For the necessary background on XML Schema, I suggest Definitive XML Schema by Priscilla Walmsley [Walmsley]. Alternatively, if you know basic XML, but need to brush up on XML Schema, you can probably find all you need to know for this book by reading through the W3C's "XML Schema Part 0: Primer" [XSD Part 0]. To illustrate how XML is used, I employ an example based on the fictitious XYZ Corporation. The example illustrates real SOA challenges faced by many companies. XYZ Corporation has an Order Management System (OMS) that needs to be integrated with a Customer Service System (CSS). The OMS should be thought of as an EIS, such as SAP, for taking customer orders and tracking them through delivery. The CSS should be thought of as an EIS, such as Oracle's Siebel Customer Relationship Management Applications, that is used by customer service employees as a tool for handling customer inquiries. XYZ Corporation would like to build an SOA application bridging the OMS and the CSS. Every time a new order is entered in the OMS (or an existing order is updated), the new SOA application should transfer that information to the CSS and add it to the relevant customer's history log. The purpose of this SOA application is to ensure that customer service representatives have fast access, through the CSS, to basic customer order information. If customer service representatives need access to more detailed order information from the OMS, the CSS will contain the keys within the customer history log (updated via the SOA application) to query the OMS and access that detailed information. Figure 3–1 illustrates what an OMS order record looks like as it might appear on a user interface. Visit the Prentice Hall Professional website for a detailed description and to learn how to purchase this title. This was first published in May 2007

[ 10002, 6843, 513, 25, 705, 26416, 12809, 32, 8554, 30617, 6, 198, 1212, 6843, 318, 20911, 276, 422, 262, 1492, 11946, 11, 12809, 32, 8554, 7349, 5313, 6168, 11, 33941, 416, 2940, 27667, 11, 3199, 416, 350, 20098, 4789, 18612, 11, 1737, 11, 4343, 11, 32429, 5534, 1270, 31911, 39925, 11, 15069, 4343, 31074, 7868, 11, 3457, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 3387, 3187, 25, 7324, 13, 79, 918, 18323, 33163, 13, 785, 198, 18, 13, 16, 13, 16, 1867, 1148, 30617, 30, 49, 6465, 12, 7635, 2594, 357, 72, 13, 68, 1539, 30617, 913, 2594, 8, 26325, 284, 257, 900, 286, 17778, 290, 27070, 7811, 326, 2291, 262, 1708, 25, 198, 12, 30617, 913, 2594, 389, 1181, 1203, 13, 1081, 7663, 278, 6797, 287, 7275, 642, 13, 16, 13, 18, 286, 465, 21554, 11, 366, 27379, 2581, 422, 5456, 284, 4382, 1276, 3994, 477, 262, 1321, 3306, 284, 1833, 262, 2581, 11, 290, 2314, 1011, 4621, 286, 597, 8574, 4732, 319, 262, 4382, 526, 198, 12, 30617, 913, 2594, 423, 257, 8187, 7071, 13, 770, 32315, 318, 3221, 2077, 284, 1612, 326, 262, 691, 3142, 4560, 389, 262, 14626, 4560, 25, 17151, 11, 24582, 11, 350, 3843, 11, 290, 5550, 2538, 9328, 13, 198, 12, 30617, 12, 3106, 45619, 389, 3170, 422, 4133, 357, 34154, 286, 1321, 8, 326, 389, 24139, 5174, 416, 37902, 3792, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 287, 257, 30617, 913, 14080, 1080, 11, 1123, 5001, 1502, 468, 257, 3748, 43975, 13, 198, 12, 30617, 6805, 18510, 4133, 416, 39167, 24612, 286, 262, 4133, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 5001, 1502, 8271, 460, 307, 7997, 416, 281, 23735, 3188, 13, 12511, 257, 30617, 913, 14080, 1080, 11, 257, 5001, 1502, 1244, 307, 6153, 416, 10754, 281, 23735, 3188, 7268, 262, 3421, 5001, 1502, 284, 663, 43975, 13, 198, 4711, 389, 262, 4096, 7811, 2157, 30617, 13, 2102, 11, 618, 661, 1561, 546, 262, 4034, 286, 30617, 913, 3341, 1909, 11, 484, 3221, 389, 407, 14084, 11524, 777, 7811, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 1871, 30617, 11009, 11, 5291, 9735, 6383, 1366, 319, 262, 4382, 290, 10941, 257, 6246, 3519, 284, 262, 9735, 1429, 326, 318, 1262, 262, 6383, 318, 10909, 13, 17, 554, 1109, 11, 262, 23735, 14, 40717, 38904, 2810, 416, 449, 25922, 12, 19416, 329, 15427, 30617, 913, 2594, 3769, 329, 6246, 4542, 9889, 1262, 14746, 11, 10289, 49614, 11, 290, 25952, 6246, 32373, 13, 198, 5167, 2383, 47060, 422, 7663, 278, 338, 6770, 286, 30617, 6211, 1972, 1088, 262, 366, 403, 6933, 7071, 1, 32315, 416, 11525, 12083, 41781, 290, 10007, 2641, 32336, 13, 383, 1703, 1031, 296, 13, 785, 30617, 7071, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 3407, 41781, 287, 12405, 13042, 290, 1595, 470, 423, 3748, 37902, 3792, 329, 1123, 8271, 13, 11998, 588, 428, 11, 3584, 15494, 355, 30617, 913, 11, 389, 1107, 3599, 284, 804, 845, 881, 588, 39400, 1262, 23735, 625, 14626, 1231, 12809, 2969, 13, 198, 1890, 262, 4959, 286, 428, 1492, 11, 314, 716, 407, 1016, 284, 266, 671, 656, 257, 4384, 319, 644, 318, 393, 2125, 470, 30617, 913, 13, 314, 2391, 8160, 30617, 913, 5313, 6168, 287, 6273, 284, 12809, 2969, 5313, 6168, 13, 8655, 513, 1906, 16, 21290, 262, 10033, 5400, 13, 198, 64, 13, 2773, 561, 7267, 326, 23735, 10011, 2611, 714, 307, 973, 355, 281, 7071, 6770, 329, 30617, 913, 2594, 13, 1892, 691, 318, 326, 3164, 1744, 11, 475, 340, 318, 973, 287, 867, 8472, 2663, 13, 2102, 11, 340, 318, 407, 257, 1844, 7071, 4610, 780, 867, 11, 611, 407, 749, 11, 30617, 913, 2594, 19330, 14626, 10007, 357, 68, 13, 70, 1539, 10289, 12405, 13042, 8, 287, 3090, 284, 23735, 355, 636, 286, 511, 43219, 7071, 13, 7006, 860, 3073, 379, 262, 16551, 0, 39109, 30617, 913, 7071, 11, 543, 3544, 14626, 10007, 287, 428, 5642, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 6414, 351, 2219, 8748, 287, 262, 30617, 9051, 12809, 2969, 15389, 13, 30617, 3544, 2829, 23735, 625, 14626, 1231, 257, 370, 10305, 43, 7071, 6770, 13, 198, 18, 13, 16, 13, 17, 34440, 327, 2557, 287, 770, 7006, 818, 3090, 284, 16118, 30617, 913, 5313, 6168, 11, 428, 6843, 20718, 290, 8088, 617, 4096, 7605, 329, 32029, 14973, 6188, 11998, 357, 36, 1797, 82, 8, 1262, 23735, 11, 1395, 8634, 51, 11, 14626, 11, 290, 7349, 13, 1114, 1123, 1672, 11, 314, 10176, 703, 284, 3494, 340, 351, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 13, 383, 6300, 286, 262, 6096, 1231, 449, 19416, 779, 4096, 7349, 14626, 290, 23735, 7605, 13, 5747, 10581, 389, 2810, 284, 1577, 345, 257, 2565, 286, 644, 318, 1107, 5836, 11, 739, 262, 8698, 11, 618, 257, 5313, 2139, 318, 13529, 393, 12380, 1262, 449, 19416, 13, 770, 815, 1577, 345, 257, 1365, 4547, 286, 262, 11701, 10238, 449, 19416, 290, 618, 284, 779, 606, 13, 1114, 2829, 5313, 2594, 11, 1690, 340, 318, 4577, 284, 670, 351, 262, 4096, 7349, 4899, 621, 284, 2834, 503, 477, 262, 1176, 286, 449, 19416, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 345, 481, 766, 422, 777, 6096, 703, 1243, 460, 2952, 651, 8253, 290, 2421, 262, 1176, 286, 262, 449, 19416, 8514, 13, 198, 6385, 530, 2962, 286, 428, 1492, 318, 319, 12809, 32, 12, 7635, 2478, 329, 262, 13953, 11, 867, 286, 262, 6096, 1730, 351, 412, 1797, 960, 1169, 4096, 6884, 286, 749, 6355, 14492, 12493, 13, 770, 6843, 8477, 198, 12, 32112, 870, 412, 1797, 13407, 355, 23735, 4963, 198, 12, 18067, 412, 1797, 4406, 422, 257, 30617, 2139, 357, 4480, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 8, 198, 12, 2947, 278, 412, 1797, 4406, 284, 257, 30617, 2139, 357, 4480, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 8, 198, 12, 14392, 12809, 32, 12, 7635, 11812, 286, 30617, 2594, 1262, 1395, 8634, 51, 329, 1366, 13389, 198, 12, 34706, 278, 257, 30617, 2139, 284, 307, 973, 329, 1972, 412, 1797, 4406, 960, 259, 584, 2456, 11, 281, 14626, 17151, 2139, 357, 4480, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 8, 198, 12, 34706, 278, 257, 30617, 2139, 284, 307, 973, 329, 10754, 412, 1797, 4406, 960, 259, 584, 2456, 11, 281, 14626, 24582, 2139, 357, 4480, 290, 1231, 449, 19416, 8, 198, 18, 13, 17, 23735, 33267, 290, 10011, 2611, 329, 412, 1797, 13407, 464, 717, 2239, 3812, 15427, 281, 12809, 32, 7515, 326, 37225, 393, 3769, 412, 1797, 4406, 9018, 33313, 262, 412, 1797, 4406, 326, 761, 284, 307, 22112, 355, 23735, 4963, 13, 770, 1429, 318, 8766, 1143, 416, 4441, 281, 23735, 10011, 2611, 284, 2380, 262, 4645, 286, 281, 23735, 3188, 329, 257, 1948, 412, 1797, 1700, 13, 770, 2665, 20718, 617, 2829, 6096, 326, 389, 973, 3690, 428, 6843, 284, 19418, 262, 2597, 286, 23735, 290, 23735, 10011, 2611, 287, 12809, 32, 12, 7635, 5479, 2478, 1912, 319, 5313, 6168, 13, 28491, 777, 6096, 4433, 257, 4096, 3725, 286, 23735, 290, 23735, 10011, 2611, 13, 1002, 345, 389, 649, 284, 23735, 11, 345, 815, 651, 281, 33982, 2420, 884, 355, 25976, 23735, 416, 3271, 9055, 2123, 435, 13, 685, 38803, 4083, 1114, 262, 3306, 4469, 319, 23735, 10011, 2611, 11, 314, 1950, 46634, 23735, 10011, 2611, 416, 1736, 2304, 5049, 6445, 907, 1636, 685, 21902, 907, 1636, 4083, 25929, 11, 611, 345, 760, 4096, 23735, 11, 475, 761, 284, 14093, 510, 319, 23735, 10011, 2611, 11, 345, 460, 2192, 1064, 477, 345, 761, 284, 760, 329, 428, 1492, 416, 3555, 832, 262, 370, 18, 34, 338, 366, 55, 5805, 10011, 2611, 2142, 657, 25, 11460, 263, 1, 685, 55, 10305, 2142, 657, 4083, 198, 2514, 19418, 703, 23735, 318, 973, 11, 314, 1873, 281, 1672, 1912, 319, 262, 46718, 41420, 57, 10501, 13, 383, 1672, 21290, 1103, 12809, 32, 6459, 7452, 416, 867, 2706, 13, 41420, 57, 10501, 468, 281, 8284, 8549, 4482, 357, 2662, 50, 8, 326, 2476, 284, 307, 11521, 351, 257, 22092, 4809, 4482, 357, 49155, 737, 383, 440, 5653, 815, 307, 1807, 286, 355, 281, 412, 1797, 11, 884, 355, 48323, 11, 329, 2263, 6491, 6266, 290, 9646, 606, 832, 7585, 13, 383, 17391, 815, 307, 1807, 286, 355, 281, 412, 1797, 11, 884, 355, 18650, 338, 48931, 6667, 22092, 39771, 8549, 26622, 11, 326, 318, 973, 416, 6491, 2139, 4409, 355, 257, 2891, 329, 9041, 6491, 23538, 13, 198, 34278, 57, 10501, 561, 588, 284, 1382, 281, 12809, 32, 3586, 38265, 2667, 262, 440, 5653, 290, 262, 17391, 13, 3887, 640, 257, 649, 1502, 318, 5982, 287, 262, 440, 5653, 357, 273, 281, 4683, 1502, 318, 6153, 828, 262, 649, 12809, 32, 3586, 815, 4351, 326, 1321, 284, 262, 17391, 290, 751, 340, 284, 262, 5981, 6491, 338, 2106, 2604, 13, 383, 4007, 286, 428, 12809, 32, 3586, 318, 284, 4155, 326, 6491, 2139, 10826, 423, 3049, 1895, 11, 832, 262, 17391, 11, 284, 4096, 6491, 1502, 1321, 13, 1002, 6491, 2139, 10826, 761, 1895, 284, 517, 6496, 1502, 1321, 422, 262, 440, 5653, 11, 262, 17391, 481, 3994, 262, 8251, 1626, 262, 6491, 2106, 2604, 357, 43162, 2884, 262, 12809, 32, 3586, 8, 284, 12405, 262, 440, 5653, 290, 1895, 326, 6496, 1321, 13, 198, 11337, 513, 1906, 16, 21290, 644, 281, 440, 5653, 1502, 1700, 3073, 588, 355, 340, 1244, 1656, 319, 257, 2836, 7071, 13, 198, 31141, 262, 350, 20098, 4789, 198, 49138, 3052, 329, 257, 6496, 6764, 290, 284, 2193, 703, 284, 5001, 428, 3670, 13, 198, 1212, 373, 717, 3199, 287, 1737, 4343, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,551

Flowering Plants Prevent Inbreeding “Humans have mechanisms to prevent inbreeding that are in part cultural. But a plant can’t just get up and move to the next town to find a suitable, unrelated mate. Some other system must be at work,” says Teh-hui Kao, professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at Penn State and lead researcher of a team that has discovered a large suite of genes in the petunia plant that acts to prevent it from breeding with itself or its close relatives and promotes breeding with unrelated individuals. Kao began to unravel the mystery of what he calls a “non-self recognition system” in the mid-1980s by studying the genetic sequence of petunias. Petunias and many common garden plants are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs, and these reproductive organs are located in close proximity within the flower. This floral anatomy makes it easy for a plant’s pollen to land on itself, resulting in self-fertilization and genetically inferior, inbred offspring. To prevent self-fertilization, many flowering plants, including the petunia, have evolved a strategy called self-incompatibility, or the ability to recognize self and non-self components within the male and female reproductive organs. The Importance of Bees “We are losing more than a third of our colonies each winter, but beekeepers are a stubborn, industrious bunch. We split hives, rebound as much as we can each summer, and then just eat our losses. So even these big loss numbers understate the problem,” says beekeeper for 50 years, David Hackenberg, who owns the Buffy Bee honey farm outside Tampa, Fla. “What folks need to understand is that the beekeeping industry, which is responsible for a third of the food we eat, is at a critical threshold.” Increasing Fruit and Veggie Consumption: Now is the Time “Now that the president has signed First Lady Michelle Obama’s child nutrition bill into law, and with debate beginning in early 2011 on the next farm bill, now is the time for strong, vocal support in favor of aligning education and agricultural policy with food and nutrition policy … The need to create a nexus between education, agricultural and nutrition policy has never been greater. Farm and food policy should be linked more strongly with national health and nutrition goals. Data released by the Produce for Better Health Foundation warns that in order to close the fruit and vegetable consumption gap, the United States Department of Agriculture needs to close its spending gap. Fruits and vegetables should account for 40 percent of a recommended daily diet, yet only 20 percent of what USDA spends on food initiatives is on fruits and vegetables. To put the USDA’s spending priorities in perspective, current subsidy allocations are: Meat: 54.7 percent Dairy (non-butter): 11.4 percent Fruits and vegetables: 9.8 percent As Congress moves towards considering the reauthorization of the 2012 farm bill, questions about the cost of the bill amidst growing calls for fiscal constraint will likely dominate the debate. What is important to remember is the status quo: Without realigning our spending priorities, America will continue to pay $56 billion a year for diet-related chronic diseases specifically due to low fruit and vegetable consumption. Both in human terms and in financial terms, poor nutrition is costing us dearly.”—from an article by Elizabeth Pivonka, president and CEO of the Produce for Better Health Foundation, in the Sun Senital Corn Growers Push Ethanol Last year, South Dakota passed an Ethanol Blender Pump Incentive Grant Program—a program that reimburses fueling stations up to $10,000 per pump to install alternative fueling infrastructure—and it’s been a huge success according to state officials. Which prompted Gale Lush from the American Corn Growers Foundation to ask, “If they can do it in South Dakota, why not here in Nebraska and across the country? And, why not use more than $15 billion in Foreign Tax Credit to do it? If you could take some of these subsidies from the oil companies that are producing oil overseas—that $15 billion, for instance—and channel them back here domestically we could start building our infrastructure here,” Lush says. And he said the best way to do that is by financing blender pumps. Nebraska may be the second largest producer of ethanol in the country, but there are only about five pumps in the state. “South Dakota is a good model. They’ve had these blender pumps for years. They’re using the recovery act that was passed last year to help finance them. Our state could do the same thing if they want to,” says Lush, adding that the first step in building an ethanol infrastructure is extending the ethanol tax credit for several more years. Chinese Seed Industry BoomingChina has now become the second largest seed market in the world after the United States, according to information shared at the Third International Conference on Seed Health and Agricultural Development. With improved varieties covering 95 percent of agricultural production and a 40 percent rate of contribution to increasing agricultural output, the farming industry has become a fundamental and strategic industry that promotes agricultural development, ensures stable security in the national cereal supply and efficient delivery of key agricultural products. Chief economist from the Ministry of Agriculture and press spokesman of the ministry, Chen Mengshan, said China will endeavor to: - highlight the overall development of the industry by forming a complete industrial chain - form a new seed industry by connecting all industry links - insist on maintaining a combination of market competition and policy to fully deploy the initiative of enterprises, and strengthen policy guidance and project inputs - improve industrial capacity and ensure the capacity of seed production and supply, and security in the stock of seeds for agricultural production

[ 7414, 789, 278, 39269, 31572, 554, 49705, 198, 447, 250, 32661, 504, 423, 11701, 284, 2948, 287, 49705, 326, 389, 287, 636, 6467, 13, 887, 257, 4618, 460, 447, 247, 83, 655, 651, 510, 290, 1445, 284, 262, 1306, 3240, 284, 1064, 257, 11080, 11, 19938, 16133, 13, 2773, 584, 1080, 1276, 307, 379, 670, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 1665, 71, 12, 71, 9019, 509, 5488, 11, 6240, 286, 3182, 37074, 290, 18955, 17219, 379, 6595, 1812, 290, 1085, 13453, 286, 257, 1074, 326, 468, 5071, 257, 1588, 18389, 286, 10812, 287, 262, 4273, 39934, 4618, 326, 6529, 284, 2948, 340, 422, 18954, 351, 2346, 393, 663, 1969, 12772, 290, 21068, 18954, 351, 19938, 3925, 13, 198, 42, 5488, 2540, 284, 30282, 262, 10715, 286, 644, 339, 3848, 257, 564, 250, 13159, 12, 944, 9465, 1080, 447, 251, 287, 262, 3095, 12, 23664, 82, 416, 11065, 262, 8513, 8379, 286, 4273, 403, 4448, 13, 4767, 403, 4448, 290, 867, 2219, 11376, 6134, 389, 607, 76, 6570, 305, 5266, 291, 11, 25566, 1111, 4257, 290, 4048, 18391, 16613, 11, 290, 777, 18391, 16613, 389, 5140, 287, 1969, 20387, 1626, 262, 15061, 13, 770, 38838, 33449, 1838, 340, 2562, 329, 257, 4618, 447, 247, 82, 40362, 284, 1956, 319, 2346, 11, 7186, 287, 2116, 12, 69, 861, 346, 1634, 290, 20807, 18536, 11, 287, 36074, 20791, 13, 1675, 2948, 2116, 12, 69, 861, 346, 1634, 11, 867, 48573, 6134, 11, 1390, 262, 4273, 39934, 11, 423, 12572, 257, 4811, 1444, 2116, 12, 259, 5589, 25901, 11, 393, 262, 2694, 284, 7564, 2116, 290, 1729, 12, 944, 6805, 1626, 262, 4257, 290, 4048, 18391, 16613, 13, 198, 464, 17267, 590, 286, 46698, 198, 447, 250, 1135, 389, 6078, 517, 621, 257, 2368, 286, 674, 20848, 1123, 7374, 11, 475, 20697, 24952, 389, 257, 24444, 11, 2226, 32527, 7684, 13, 775, 6626, 289, 1083, 11, 23623, 355, 881, 355, 356, 460, 1123, 3931, 11, 290, 788, 655, 4483, 674, 9089, 13, 1406, 772, 777, 1263, 2994, 3146, 739, 5219, 262, 1917, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 20697, 13884, 329, 2026, 812, 11, 3271, 18281, 23140, 11, 508, 12216, 262, 27438, 24719, 12498, 5318, 2354, 15528, 11, 22026, 13, 564, 250, 2061, 7974, 761, 284, 1833, 318, 326, 262, 20697, 19934, 2831, 11, 543, 318, 4497, 329, 257, 2368, 286, 262, 2057, 356, 4483, 11, 318, 379, 257, 4688, 11387, 13, 447, 251, 198, 15562, 2313, 22826, 290, 8016, 23571, 42158, 25, 2735, 318, 262, 3862, 198, 447, 250, 3844, 326, 262, 1893, 468, 4488, 3274, 11182, 16738, 2486, 447, 247, 82, 1200, 16633, 2855, 656, 1099, 11, 290, 351, 4384, 3726, 287, 1903, 2813, 319, 262, 1306, 5318, 2855, 11, 783, 318, 262, 640, 329, 1913, 11, 12435, 1104, 287, 2661, 286, 10548, 278, 3707, 290, 14240, 2450, 351, 2057, 290, 16633, 2450, 3926, 383, 761, 284, 2251, 257, 45770, 1022, 3707, 11, 14240, 290, 16633, 2450, 468, 1239, 587, 3744, 13, 11272, 290, 2057, 2450, 815, 307, 6692, 517, 7634, 351, 2260, 1535, 290, 16633, 4661, 13, 6060, 2716, 416, 262, 21522, 344, 329, 11625, 3893, 5693, 22145, 326, 287, 1502, 284, 1969, 262, 8234, 290, 20236, 7327, 7625, 11, 262, 1578, 1829, 2732, 286, 19717, 2476, 284, 1969, 663, 4581, 7625, 13, 376, 50187, 290, 13701, 815, 1848, 329, 2319, 1411, 286, 257, 7151, 4445, 5496, 11, 1865, 691, 1160, 1411, 286, 644, 29986, 16887, 319, 2057, 15446, 318, 319, 15921, 290, 13701, 13, 1675, 1234, 262, 29986, 447, 247, 82, 4581, 15369, 287, 6650, 11, 1459, 28646, 49157, 389, 25, 198, 35620, 25, 7175, 13, 22, 1411, 198, 35, 13021, 357, 13159, 12, 4360, 353, 2599, 1367, 13, 19, 1411, 198, 37, 50187, 290, 13701, 25, 860, 13, 23, 1411, 198, 1722, 3162, 6100, 3371, 6402, 262, 302, 9800, 1634, 286, 262, 2321, 5318, 2855, 11, 2683, 546, 262, 1575, 286, 262, 2855, 31095, 3957, 3848, 329, 9068, 32315, 481, 1884, 17863, 262, 4384, 13, 1867, 318, 1593, 284, 3505, 318, 262, 3722, 18658, 25, 9170, 1103, 38944, 674, 4581, 15369, 11, 2253, 481, 2555, 284, 1414, 720, 3980, 2997, 257, 614, 329, 5496, 12, 5363, 10726, 10040, 5734, 2233, 284, 1877, 8234, 290, 20236, 7327, 13, 5747, 287, 1692, 2846, 290, 287, 3176, 2846, 11, 3595, 16633, 318, 25894, 514, 46379, 13, 447, 251, 960, 6738, 281, 2708, 416, 10674, 350, 452, 261, 4914, 11, 1893, 290, 6123, 286, 262, 21522, 344, 329, 11625, 3893, 5693, 11, 287, 262, 3825, 2311, 1287, 198, 41389, 26936, 364, 23691, 9956, 22012, 198, 5956, 614, 11, 2520, 13336, 3804, 281, 9956, 22012, 1086, 2194, 23220, 554, 1087, 425, 12181, 6118, 960, 64, 1430, 326, 46496, 46998, 43881, 8985, 510, 284, 720, 940, 11, 830, 583, 8901, 284, 2721, 5559, 43881, 6884, 960, 392, 340, 447, 247, 82, 587, 257, 3236, 1943, 1864, 284, 1181, 2828, 13, 9022, 12053, 36483, 406, 1530, 422, 262, 1605, 11424, 26936, 364, 5693, 284, 1265, 11, 564, 250, 1532, 484, 460, 466, 340, 287, 2520, 13336, 11, 1521, 407, 994, 287, 18329, 290, 1973, 262, 1499, 30, 843, 11, 1521, 407, 779, 517, 621, 720, 1314, 2997, 287, 8708, 9241, 10504, 284, 466, 340, 30, 1002, 345, 714, 1011, 617, 286, 777, 16230, 422, 262, 3056, 2706, 326, 389, 9194, 3056, 11292, 960, 5562, 720, 1314, 2997, 11, 329, 4554, 960, 392, 6518, 606, 736, 994, 42127, 356, 714, 923, 2615, 674, 6884, 994, 11, 447, 251, 406, 1530, 1139, 13, 843, 339, 531, 262, 1266, 835, 284, 466, 326, 318, 416, 15435, 40047, 29019, 13, 18329, 743, 307, 262, 1218, 4387, 9920, 286, 28829, 287, 262, 1499, 11, 475, 612, 389, 691, 546, 1936, 29019, 287, 262, 1181, 13, 564, 250, 14942, 13336, 318, 257, 922, 2746, 13, 1119, 447, 247, 303, 550, 777, 40047, 29019, 329, 812, 13, 1119, 447, 247, 260, 1262, 262, 7628, 719, 326, 373, 3804, 938, 614, 284, 1037, 9604, 606, 13, 3954, 1181, 714, 466, 262, 976, 1517, 611, 484, 765, 284, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 406, 1530, 11, 4375, 326, 262, 717, 2239, 287, 2615, 281, 28829, 6884, 318, 16610, 262, 28829, 1687, 3884, 329, 1811, 517, 812, 13, 198, 23604, 23262, 17420, 3248, 3383, 14581, 468, 783, 1716, 262, 1218, 4387, 9403, 1910, 287, 262, 995, 706, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 1864, 284, 1321, 4888, 379, 262, 10467, 4037, 8785, 319, 23262, 3893, 290, 36694, 7712, 13, 2080, 6596, 20328, 9505, 6957, 1411, 286, 14240, 3227, 290, 257, 2319, 1411, 2494, 286, 10156, 284, 3649, 14240, 5072, 11, 262, 16035, 2831, 468, 1716, 257, 7531, 290, 10039, 2831, 326, 21068, 14240, 2478, 11, 19047, 8245, 2324, 287, 262, 2260, 33158, 5127, 290, 6942, 7585, 286, 1994, 14240, 3186, 13, 5953, 17646, 422, 262, 9475, 286, 19717, 290, 1803, 6523, 286, 262, 11957, 11, 12555, 41272, 1477, 272, 11, 531, 2807, 481, 28251, 284, 25, 198, 12, 7238, 262, 4045, 2478, 286, 262, 2831, 416, 14583, 257, 1844, 7593, 6333, 198, 12, 1296, 257, 649, 9403, 2831, 416, 14320, 477, 2831, 6117, 198, 12, 16361, 319, 10941, 257, 6087, 286, 1910, 5449, 290, 2450, 284, 3938, 6061, 262, 10219, 286, 23941, 11, 290, 12160, 2450, 11154, 290, 1628, 17311, 198, 12, 2987, 7593, 5339, 290, 4155, 262, 5339, 286, 9403, 3227, 290, 5127, 11, 290, 2324, 287, 262, 4283, 286, 11904, 329, 14240, 3227, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,214

Augusta Christine Fells was born on February 29, 1892, in Green Cove Springs, Florida. She began making sculptures as a child, using the natural clay abundant in her area. She liked to sculpt animals and other small figures, but her father didn't approve of it, and did whatever he could to stop her. He was a Methodist minister and believed it was a sin to make "graven images." Savage once said that her father "almost whipped all the art out of me." "From the time I can first recall the rain falling on the red clay in Florida. I wanted to make things. When my brothers and sisters were making mud pies, I would be making ducks and chickens with the mud."But when he found a statue she sculpted of the Virgin Mary, he changed his mind. She entered some of her pieces into county fairs and won a number of honors. When she could not create a successful career as a sculptor in Florida, she moved to New York City, where she was able to study at the Cooper Union, which offered free tuition, and eventually even gave her a scholarship for her living expenses. While she was at Cooper Union, she applied for a program to study sculpture abroad in France, but was denied solely because of her race. Instead of taking it lightly, she raised a fuss, wrote letters to the media, bringing attention to the racists practices of the program. The program still refused to accept her, but her life was changed, and she became quite active in the civil rights fight. And she became better acquainted with the movers and shakes in the movement. She was even commissioned to sculpt busts of famous civil rights leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. And she did eventually travel to Paris on the Julius Rosenwald Fellowship, while enabled her study for one year. When she returned to Harlem, she was very active in the art scene, taught classes in the community, and in 1932 established the Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts. A few years later, she became the first director of the Harlem Community Arts Center -- which is considered to be the forerunner of similar community arts centers around the country. Her work is lovely and quite evocative. Of all the pieces I've seen, though, this one is my favorite.

[ 17908, 64, 26088, 376, 19187, 373, 4642, 319, 3945, 2808, 11, 1248, 5892, 11, 287, 3469, 39534, 18334, 11, 4744, 13, 1375, 2540, 1642, 42645, 355, 257, 1200, 11, 1262, 262, 3288, 21558, 23263, 287, 607, 1989, 13, 1375, 8288, 284, 14747, 4695, 290, 584, 1402, 5538, 11, 475, 607, 2988, 1422, 470, 14762, 286, 340, 11, 290, 750, 4232, 339, 714, 284, 2245, 607, 13, 679, 373, 257, 38029, 5342, 290, 4762, 340, 373, 257, 7813, 284, 787, 366, 46784, 574, 4263, 526, 22287, 1752, 531, 326, 607, 2988, 366, 28177, 30712, 477, 262, 1242, 503, 286, 502, 526, 198, 1, 4863, 262, 640, 314, 460, 717, 10014, 262, 6290, 7463, 319, 262, 2266, 21558, 287, 4744, 13, 314, 2227, 284, 787, 1243, 13, 1649, 616, 9397, 290, 15153, 547, 1642, 17492, 47199, 11, 314, 561, 307, 1642, 39694, 290, 25972, 351, 262, 17492, 526, 1537, 618, 339, 1043, 257, 15207, 673, 14747, 276, 286, 262, 5283, 5335, 11, 339, 3421, 465, 2000, 13, 1375, 5982, 617, 286, 607, 5207, 656, 7968, 3148, 82, 290, 1839, 257, 1271, 286, 25279, 13, 1649, 673, 714, 407, 2251, 257, 4388, 3451, 355, 257, 14747, 273, 287, 4744, 11, 673, 3888, 284, 968, 1971, 2254, 11, 810, 673, 373, 1498, 284, 2050, 379, 262, 10382, 4479, 11, 543, 4438, 1479, 18385, 11, 290, 4191, 772, 2921, 607, 257, 18652, 329, 607, 2877, 9307, 13, 198, 3633, 673, 373, 379, 10382, 4479, 11, 673, 5625, 329, 257, 1430, 284, 2050, 26924, 10522, 287, 4881, 11, 475, 373, 6699, 9944, 780, 286, 607, 3234, 13, 5455, 286, 2263, 340, 15376, 11, 673, 4376, 257, 34297, 11, 2630, 7475, 284, 262, 2056, 11, 6079, 3241, 284, 262, 40681, 6593, 286, 262, 1430, 13, 383, 1430, 991, 6520, 284, 2453, 607, 11, 475, 607, 1204, 373, 3421, 11, 290, 673, 2627, 2407, 4075, 287, 262, 3026, 2489, 1907, 13, 843, 673, 2627, 1365, 36620, 351, 262, 6941, 690, 290, 29959, 287, 262, 3356, 13, 1375, 373, 772, 20462, 284, 14747, 13076, 82, 286, 5863, 3026, 2489, 2766, 588, 370, 13, 36, 13, 33, 13, 10343, 3248, 271, 290, 17068, 7164, 3304, 13, 198, 1870, 673, 750, 4191, 3067, 284, 6342, 319, 262, 32834, 15564, 21667, 36293, 11, 981, 9343, 607, 2050, 329, 530, 614, 13, 1649, 673, 4504, 284, 39735, 11, 673, 373, 845, 4075, 287, 262, 1242, 3715, 11, 7817, 6097, 287, 262, 2055, 11, 290, 287, 32471, 4920, 262, 22287, 11733, 286, 11536, 290, 15745, 82, 13, 317, 1178, 812, 1568, 11, 673, 2627, 262, 717, 3437, 286, 262, 39735, 8108, 11536, 3337, 1377, 543, 318, 3177, 284, 307, 262, 1674, 16737, 286, 2092, 2055, 10848, 10399, 1088, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 9360, 670, 318, 14081, 290, 2407, 819, 23466, 13, 3226, 477, 262, 5207, 314, 1053, 1775, 11, 996, 11, 428, 530, 318, 616, 4004, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

474

SIECUS' international policy and advocacy efforts have focused on monitoring, reporting, and taking actions on the activities of the opposition; ensuring the evidence-based HIV-prevention strategies are implemented; and equipping advocates wit the tools, skills, and critical information tot secure and protect sexual and reproductive health education programs, services, and rights. As we update our site, please visit back regularly to see updated news and resources. Mexico City Ministerial Declaration – “Educating to Prevent”/ Declaración Ministerial de la Ciudad de México –“Prevenir con educación” The Mexico City Ministerial Declaration – “Educating to Prevent,” is a strategic tool to strengthen HIV prevention efforts in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by ensuring access to quality, comprehensive sexuality education and sexual and reproductive health services. The Declarationseeks to foster equity among all people and to combat discrimination, including that based on an individual’s HIV status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. The needs of most-at-risk individuals are not forgotten and figure prominently in the goals of the Declaration. Please find below four fact sheets in a series on the Ministerial Declaration created by SIECUS for the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Afrontando la homofobia en las escuelas: Cómo partes interesadas clave pueden garantizar escuelas seguras e inclusivas (PDF) UNESCO’s International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education Released The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recently released the International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education: An evidence-informed approach for schools, teachers and health educators. We wanted to bring your attention to this two-part document which provides a framework to develop and implement comprehensive sexuality education to ensure that young people have access to evidence-based, medically-accurate, and age-appropriate information to make safe and healthy decisions. Read More... Safe and inclusive school environments in the prevention of HIV/STI, violence and mental health problems SIECUS staff participated in an Experts Consultation convened by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Safe and inclusive school environments in the prevention of HIV/STI, violence and mental health problems in Mexico City, September 3-4, 2009. It was attended by experts in the promotion of sexual health and comprehensive sexuality education; educators, researchers, and policy makers with experience in addressing bullying, harassment, violence, and abuse in schools. Read More...

[ 11584, 2943, 2937, 6, 3230, 2450, 290, 15364, 4040, 423, 5670, 319, 9904, 11, 6447, 11, 290, 2263, 4028, 319, 262, 4568, 286, 262, 5471, 26, 13359, 262, 2370, 12, 3106, 10498, 12, 3866, 4018, 10064, 389, 9177, 26, 290, 1602, 4501, 11009, 20868, 262, 4899, 11, 4678, 11, 290, 4688, 1321, 2006, 5713, 290, 1805, 3206, 290, 18391, 1535, 3707, 4056, 11, 2594, 11, 290, 2489, 13, 1081, 356, 4296, 674, 2524, 11, 3387, 3187, 736, 7987, 284, 766, 6153, 1705, 290, 4133, 13, 198, 33006, 2254, 4139, 498, 24720, 784, 564, 250, 33380, 803, 284, 31572, 447, 251, 14, 16691, 283, 32009, 18840, 4139, 498, 390, 8591, 37685, 463, 324, 390, 43579, 87, 3713, 784, 447, 250, 6719, 574, 343, 369, 2711, 32009, 18840, 447, 251, 198, 464, 5828, 2254, 4139, 498, 24720, 784, 564, 250, 33380, 803, 284, 31572, 11, 447, 251, 318, 257, 10039, 2891, 284, 12160, 10498, 14196, 4040, 287, 9133, 2253, 290, 262, 18020, 357, 43, 2246, 8, 416, 13359, 1895, 284, 3081, 11, 9815, 16641, 3707, 290, 3206, 290, 18391, 1535, 2594, 13, 383, 24720, 325, 2573, 284, 17016, 13598, 1871, 477, 661, 290, 284, 5249, 8839, 11, 1390, 326, 1912, 319, 281, 1981, 447, 247, 82, 10498, 3722, 11, 3206, 12852, 11, 393, 5279, 5369, 13, 383, 2476, 286, 749, 12, 265, 12, 19121, 3925, 389, 407, 11564, 290, 3785, 31015, 287, 262, 4661, 286, 262, 24720, 13, 4222, 1064, 2174, 1440, 1109, 15747, 287, 257, 2168, 319, 262, 4139, 498, 24720, 2727, 416, 25861, 2943, 2937, 329, 262, 5961, 1605, 3893, 12275, 357, 4537, 32298, 737, 198, 32, 8534, 25440, 8591, 3488, 1659, 30665, 551, 39990, 3671, 2731, 292, 25, 327, 10205, 5908, 636, 274, 493, 68, 411, 38768, 537, 1015, 279, 1739, 268, 308, 4741, 528, 283, 3671, 2731, 292, 384, 70, 17786, 304, 287, 2527, 38630, 357, 20456, 8, 198, 4944, 43311, 447, 247, 82, 4037, 20671, 37026, 590, 319, 19536, 414, 7868, 28728, 198, 464, 1578, 7973, 30038, 11, 22060, 290, 23897, 12275, 357, 4944, 43311, 8, 2904, 2716, 262, 4037, 20671, 37026, 590, 319, 19536, 414, 7868, 25, 1052, 2370, 12, 35698, 3164, 329, 4266, 11, 7799, 290, 1535, 30770, 13, 775, 2227, 284, 2222, 534, 3241, 284, 428, 734, 12, 3911, 3188, 543, 3769, 257, 9355, 284, 1205, 290, 3494, 9815, 16641, 3707, 284, 4155, 326, 1862, 661, 423, 1895, 284, 2370, 12, 3106, 11, 35031, 12, 4134, 15537, 11, 290, 2479, 12, 13335, 1321, 284, 787, 3338, 290, 5448, 5370, 13, 4149, 3125, 986, 198, 31511, 290, 19889, 1524, 12493, 287, 262, 14196, 286, 10498, 14, 2257, 40, 11, 3685, 290, 5110, 1535, 2761, 198, 11584, 2943, 2937, 3085, 14888, 287, 281, 36095, 21651, 341, 39828, 416, 262, 5961, 1605, 3893, 12275, 357, 4537, 32298, 8, 19978, 290, 19889, 1524, 12493, 287, 262, 14196, 286, 10498, 14, 2257, 40, 11, 3685, 290, 5110, 1535, 2761, 287, 5828, 2254, 11, 2693, 513, 12, 19, 11, 3717, 13, 632, 373, 9141, 416, 6154, 287, 262, 12148, 286, 3206, 1535, 290, 9815, 16641, 3707, 26, 30770, 11, 4837, 11, 290, 2450, 14429, 351, 1998, 287, 13593, 20714, 11, 10556, 11, 3685, 11, 290, 5076, 287, 4266, 13, 4149, 3125, 986, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

533

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cream (also called milkfat, milk fat, and butterfat) is the fatty part of regular milk. Skimmed milk (or skim milk) is milk sold with some or nearly all of the fat removed. Cream is usually used in coffee to make it lighter in taste. Dairy products made from cream [change] Things named after cream [change] |The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: cream.| |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cream|

[ 4863, 15312, 11, 262, 1479, 45352, 198, 34, 1476, 357, 14508, 1444, 7545, 17359, 11, 7545, 3735, 11, 290, 9215, 17359, 8, 318, 262, 19251, 636, 286, 3218, 7545, 13, 3661, 320, 1150, 7545, 357, 273, 39080, 7545, 8, 318, 7545, 2702, 351, 617, 393, 3016, 477, 286, 262, 3735, 4615, 13, 19979, 318, 3221, 973, 287, 6891, 284, 787, 340, 14871, 287, 6938, 13, 198, 35, 13021, 3186, 925, 422, 8566, 685, 3803, 60, 198, 22248, 3706, 706, 8566, 685, 3803, 60, 198, 91, 464, 17427, 3594, 11145, 5378, 560, 468, 257, 6770, 329, 25, 8566, 13, 91, 198, 91, 33010, 20626, 13815, 468, 2056, 3519, 284, 25, 19979, 91, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

112

March is National Women’s History Month By SMW Staff March is National Women’s History Month, a time to recognize the important contributions made by women. One region in the U.S. is highlighting Women’s History Month by encouraging people to visit specific sites to learn more. The Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area is a 180-mile long, 75-mile wide swath of land that stretches from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello in Charlottesville, Virginia, and contains a rich collection of sites that chronicle important contributions women have made throughout history. Here are a few suggestions that will help you decide to Take the Journey™. While most envision men and boys marching the battlefield in Gettysburg, PA, many of the town’s heroes are actually women. After the epic battle in 1863, women were often the only ones to tend to the wounded and take charge in cleaning up the town. One such woman is Elizabeth Thorn. Elizabeth who was six months pregnant and the mother of three children, dug over one hundred graves in the rocky soil in the extreme July heat. Today, a statue of Elizabeth Thorn stands outside the cemetery gatehouse as part of the Gettysburg Civil War Women’s Memorial. Continuing down Route 15, visitors should stop by the National Shrine of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton in Emmitsburg, MD. This site promotes the life and legacy of the Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton, the first native-born saint from the United States. Seton, who lived, worked, died, and is now buried here, founded the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s. Her enduring legacy now includes hundreds of schools, social service centers, and hospitals throughout the world. She was canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1975 in St. Peter’s Square. Near Sharpsburg, Maryland, a monument stands at Antietam National Battlefield to Clara Barton, one of the most honored women in American History. Known as the “Angel of the Battlefield,” Barton brought supplies and nursing aid to the wounded at several Civil War battle sites. She later founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and led it for the next 23 years. First Ladies also left their mark within the region. Jackie Kennedy’s style and grace epitomized Loudoun County’s horse country and its capital, Middleburg. In the early 1960s, the Kennedy’s used Middleburg as an escape from Washington by leasing, and then building, their own country retreat. In the 1990s, Jackie Kennedy Onassis often returned to spend foxhunting weekends in the Middleburg countryside, which was filled with happy memories from her time as First Lady. Today, visitors can see memorabilia at the Red Fox Inn and other establishments the First Lady patronized, and the town’s public pavilion and garden are dedicated to Jackie. In Spotsylvania County, the Spotsylvania Museum has a special exhibit at the Spotsylvania Towne Center about the Battle of Chancellorsville, which commemorates its sesquicentennial in May. The exhibit features the Hawkins Girls, who were at home at the time of General Stonewall Jackson’s Flank attack across their property. The exhibit will be on display through May 2. Edna Lewis, born in Freetown, Virginia, inspired a generation of young African American chefs and ensured traditional Southern foods and preparations would live forever. Before her culinary journey began, Lewis found work as a seamstress and copied Christian Dior dresses for Dorcas Avedon. She made a dress for Marilyn Monroe and became well known for her African-inspired dresses. Eventually, Lewis opened up Café Nicholson, a restaurant located in Manhattan’s East Side. She became a local legend and cooked for many celebrities such as Marlon Brando, Marlene Dietrich, Tennessee Williams, Greta Garbo, Howard Hughes, Salvador Dali, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Truman Capote. And finally, visitors should also make a point to stop at Ash Lawn-Highland in Charlottesville, Virginia. This home of President James Monroe, and his wife Elizabeth Kortright Monroe, served as the official residence of the former first family from 1799 to 1823. Here, they regularly welcomed friends, neighbors, dignitaries, and other visitors with warm hospitality. There are many other historic sites pertaining to notable women within the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area. Maps, suggested itineraries, and other travel resources are available at www.hallowedground.org.

[ 16192, 318, 2351, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 7443, 16061, 198, 3886, 9447, 54, 9983, 198, 16192, 318, 2351, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 7443, 16061, 11, 257, 640, 284, 7564, 262, 1593, 9284, 925, 416, 1466, 13, 1881, 3814, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 318, 21292, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 7443, 16061, 416, 12577, 661, 284, 3187, 2176, 5043, 284, 2193, 517, 13, 198, 464, 15120, 9561, 4789, 6972, 13706, 2351, 18518, 9498, 318, 257, 11546, 12, 18085, 890, 11, 5441, 12, 18085, 3094, 50176, 286, 1956, 326, 23687, 422, 7136, 30359, 11, 9589, 11, 284, 5658, 15375, 447, 247, 82, 5575, 501, 18798, 287, 24756, 11, 6025, 11, 290, 4909, 257, 5527, 4947, 286, 5043, 326, 16199, 1548, 1593, 9284, 1466, 423, 925, 3690, 2106, 13, 3423, 389, 257, 1178, 11776, 326, 481, 1037, 345, 5409, 284, 7214, 262, 15120, 8151, 13, 198, 3633, 749, 21786, 1450, 290, 6510, 26409, 262, 13480, 287, 7136, 30359, 11, 8147, 11, 867, 286, 262, 3240, 447, 247, 82, 10281, 389, 1682, 1466, 13, 2293, 262, 12191, 3344, 287, 47072, 11, 1466, 547, 1690, 262, 691, 3392, 284, 4327, 284, 262, 10657, 290, 1011, 3877, 287, 12724, 510, 262, 3240, 13, 1881, 884, 2415, 318, 10674, 31422, 13, 10674, 508, 373, 2237, 1933, 10423, 290, 262, 2802, 286, 1115, 1751, 11, 18735, 625, 530, 3470, 30055, 287, 262, 26898, 9260, 287, 262, 3257, 2901, 4894, 13, 6288, 11, 257, 15207, 286, 10674, 31422, 6296, 2354, 262, 27316, 8946, 4803, 355, 636, 286, 262, 7136, 30359, 7511, 1810, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 14861, 13, 198, 17875, 4250, 866, 18956, 1315, 11, 9692, 815, 2245, 416, 262, 2351, 30682, 286, 9281, 10674, 5506, 5345, 261, 287, 2295, 24883, 7423, 11, 10670, 13, 770, 2524, 21068, 262, 1204, 290, 10655, 286, 262, 10674, 5506, 4696, 1636, 5345, 261, 11, 262, 717, 6868, 12, 6286, 32292, 422, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 5345, 261, 11, 508, 5615, 11, 3111, 11, 3724, 11, 290, 318, 783, 11694, 994, 11, 9393, 262, 25318, 286, 37575, 286, 520, 13, 7212, 447, 247, 82, 13, 2332, 24056, 10655, 783, 3407, 5179, 286, 4266, 11, 1919, 2139, 10399, 11, 290, 11301, 3690, 262, 995, 13, 1375, 373, 18061, 1143, 416, 13258, 3362, 13889, 287, 15231, 287, 520, 13, 5613, 447, 247, 82, 9276, 13, 198, 40640, 15465, 862, 7423, 11, 10769, 11, 257, 17757, 6296, 379, 3738, 1155, 321, 2351, 30193, 284, 27443, 32342, 11, 530, 286, 262, 749, 21014, 1466, 287, 1605, 7443, 13, 29454, 355, 262, 564, 250, 33246, 286, 262, 30193, 11, 447, 251, 32342, 3181, 9416, 290, 19167, 6133, 284, 262, 10657, 379, 1811, 7511, 1810, 3344, 5043, 13, 1375, 1568, 9393, 262, 1605, 2297, 6372, 287, 1248, 6659, 290, 2957, 340, 329, 262, 1306, 2242, 812, 13, 198, 5962, 37401, 635, 1364, 511, 1317, 1626, 262, 3814, 13, 24766, 10401, 447, 247, 82, 3918, 290, 11542, 21240, 296, 1143, 41520, 977, 3418, 447, 247, 82, 8223, 1499, 290, 663, 3139, 11, 6046, 7423, 13, 554, 262, 1903, 9507, 82, 11, 262, 10401, 447, 247, 82, 973, 6046, 7423, 355, 281, 6654, 422, 2669, 416, 42150, 11, 290, 788, 2615, 11, 511, 898, 1499, 13703, 13, 554, 262, 6303, 82, 11, 24766, 10401, 1550, 20297, 1690, 4504, 284, 4341, 21831, 20088, 889, 21511, 287, 262, 6046, 7423, 25708, 11, 543, 373, 5901, 351, 3772, 9846, 422, 607, 640, 355, 3274, 11182, 13, 6288, 11, 9692, 460, 766, 16181, 48249, 379, 262, 2297, 5426, 10849, 290, 584, 33228, 262, 3274, 11182, 19686, 1143, 11, 290, 262, 3240, 447, 247, 82, 1171, 45549, 29935, 290, 11376, 389, 7256, 284, 24766, 13, 198, 818, 1338, 1747, 2645, 85, 5411, 3418, 11, 262, 1338, 1747, 2645, 85, 5411, 9594, 468, 257, 2041, 15866, 379, 262, 1338, 1747, 2645, 85, 5411, 8329, 68, 3337, 546, 262, 5838, 286, 11809, 297, 669, 4244, 11, 543, 28723, 689, 663, 264, 274, 421, 36712, 27779, 287, 1737, 13, 383, 15866, 3033, 262, 32534, 12002, 11, 508, 547, 379, 1363, 379, 262, 640, 286, 3611, 520, 44181, 439, 6612, 447, 247, 82, 1610, 962, 1368, 1973, 511, 3119, 13, 383, 15866, 481, 307, 319, 3359, 832, 1737, 362, 13, 198, 7407, 2616, 10174, 11, 4642, 287, 376, 2871, 593, 11, 6025, 11, 7867, 257, 5270, 286, 1862, 5510, 1605, 36236, 290, 30169, 4569, 8050, 9013, 290, 21518, 561, 2107, 8097, 13, 7413, 607, 35956, 7002, 2540, 11, 10174, 1043, 670, 355, 257, 15787, 41494, 290, 18984, 4302, 360, 1504, 27309, 329, 12528, 34004, 317, 1079, 261, 13, 1375, 925, 257, 6576, 329, 40769, 26249, 290, 2627, 880, 1900, 329, 607, 5510, 12, 24194, 27309, 13, 16178, 11, 10174, 4721, 510, 42151, 40365, 11, 257, 7072, 5140, 287, 13458, 447, 247, 82, 3687, 12075, 13, 1375, 2627, 257, 1957, 8177, 290, 15847, 329, 867, 21305, 884, 355, 1526, 14995, 13512, 78, 11, 1526, 29466, 16292, 7527, 11, 11287, 6484, 11, 35877, 64, 7164, 2127, 11, 8442, 19712, 11, 26482, 360, 7344, 11, 45566, 19297, 11, 290, 33027, 4476, 1258, 13, 198, 1870, 3443, 11, 9692, 815, 635, 787, 257, 966, 284, 2245, 379, 7844, 46007, 12, 11922, 1044, 287, 24756, 11, 6025, 13, 770, 1363, 286, 1992, 3700, 26249, 11, 290, 465, 3656, 10674, 509, 419, 3506, 26249, 11, 4983, 355, 262, 1743, 11566, 286, 262, 1966, 717, 1641, 422, 1596, 2079, 284, 1248, 1954, 13, 3423, 11, 484, 7987, 15846, 2460, 11, 12020, 11, 13469, 270, 3166, 11, 290, 584, 9692, 351, 5814, 33362, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 584, 9566, 5043, 27113, 284, 12411, 1466, 1626, 262, 15120, 9561, 4789, 6972, 13706, 2351, 18518, 9498, 13, 20347, 11, 5220, 45142, 3166, 11, 290, 584, 3067, 4133, 389, 1695, 379, 7324, 13, 18323, 6972, 2833, 13, 2398, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

951

Matter in the corona and solar wind is derived from the outer convective zone (OCZ) of the Sun. Isotopic abundances of the less volatile elements in the solar atmosphere are probably very similar to terrestrial, lunar and meteoritic abundances. From such elements it is possible to infer the amount of isotopic fractionation under varying conditions in the solar wind source region. For many species, the solar wind provides the only source of information, which is important for many cosmochemical and astrophysical applications. Knowledge of the isotopic composition of the OCZ will yield information on the early solar nebula and the history of the solar system. The CELIAS solar wind mass spectrometer (MTOF, Mass Time-of-Flight sensor) has unprecedented mass resolution for solar wind composition studies, and has already measured rare elements and isotopes that were previously not resolvable from more abundant neighboring species, or were not previously observable at all. The MTOF sensor is routinely measuring isotopic abundance variations for several elements (neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, argon, calcium, iron, and nickel), some of which have never been previously observed in either the solar wind, solar energetic particles, or spectroscopically. Among the new solar wind isotopes are those of silicon, sulfur, calcium, chromium, iron, and nickel. Other isotopes are being measured with a much finer temporal resolution than previously available (on the order of minutes/hours instead of months/years). Previously, neon and argon solar wind isotopic measurements were available only from foil measurements collected during the Apollo lunar landings - clearly a limited data set! The first magnesium isotope measurements have been reported by MTOF's sister sensor WIND/SMS/MASS. This image shows isotopes of Chromium, Iron, and Nickel.

[ 44, 1436, 287, 262, 1162, 4450, 290, 6591, 2344, 318, 10944, 422, 262, 12076, 24748, 14070, 6516, 357, 4503, 57, 8, 286, 262, 3825, 13, 1148, 313, 16603, 12467, 1817, 286, 262, 1342, 22750, 4847, 287, 262, 6591, 8137, 389, 2192, 845, 2092, 284, 35609, 11, 25572, 290, 19999, 16233, 12467, 1817, 13, 3574, 884, 4847, 340, 318, 1744, 284, 13249, 262, 2033, 286, 31624, 16603, 13390, 341, 739, 15874, 3403, 287, 262, 6591, 2344, 2723, 3814, 13, 1114, 867, 4693, 11, 262, 6591, 2344, 3769, 262, 691, 2723, 286, 1321, 11, 543, 318, 1593, 329, 867, 8615, 76, 32864, 290, 48782, 15380, 5479, 13, 20414, 286, 262, 31624, 16603, 11742, 286, 262, 24775, 57, 481, 7800, 1321, 319, 262, 1903, 6591, 45508, 4712, 290, 262, 2106, 286, 262, 6591, 1080, 13, 383, 327, 3698, 43429, 6591, 2344, 2347, 5444, 398, 2357, 357, 44, 10468, 37, 11, 5674, 3862, 12, 1659, 12, 43069, 12694, 8, 468, 13029, 2347, 6323, 329, 6591, 2344, 11742, 3640, 11, 290, 468, 1541, 8630, 4071, 4847, 290, 31624, 13920, 326, 547, 4271, 407, 581, 349, 23765, 422, 517, 23263, 19651, 4693, 11, 393, 547, 407, 4271, 42550, 379, 477, 13, 383, 337, 10468, 37, 12694, 318, 16231, 15964, 31624, 16603, 20038, 13991, 329, 1811, 4847, 357, 710, 261, 11, 33525, 11, 29867, 11, 37402, 11, 1822, 261, 11, 19700, 11, 6953, 11, 290, 30666, 828, 617, 286, 543, 423, 1239, 587, 4271, 6515, 287, 2035, 262, 6591, 2344, 11, 6591, 26758, 13166, 11, 393, 5444, 45943, 404, 1146, 13, 9754, 262, 649, 6591, 2344, 31624, 13920, 389, 883, 286, 29867, 11, 37402, 11, 19700, 11, 15358, 1505, 11, 6953, 11, 290, 30666, 13, 3819, 31624, 13920, 389, 852, 8630, 351, 257, 881, 38575, 21964, 6323, 621, 4271, 1695, 357, 261, 262, 1502, 286, 2431, 14, 24425, 2427, 286, 1933, 14, 19002, 737, 29875, 11, 25988, 290, 1822, 261, 6591, 2344, 31624, 16603, 13871, 547, 1695, 691, 422, 25501, 13871, 7723, 1141, 262, 17508, 25572, 1956, 654, 532, 4084, 257, 3614, 1366, 900, 0, 383, 717, 33525, 31624, 3008, 13871, 423, 587, 2098, 416, 337, 10468, 37, 338, 6621, 12694, 370, 12115, 14, 50, 5653, 14, 44, 10705, 13, 770, 2939, 2523, 31624, 13920, 286, 18255, 1505, 11, 7931, 11, 290, 38398, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

378

Marine science students at Tates Creek High School are raising largemouth bass and growing vegetables without soil in a new three-level aquaponics station, which recycles water in a sustainable food-production model. In the simple setup, water from the fish barrel trickles into the grow beds, which routinely drain so the roots get some air and the plants aren’t overly saturated. The water then is pumped back into the barrel of bass. “Throughout generations, it’s been done. It’s the whole idea of being sustainable and increasing your output with low input,” said teacher Diana Mullins. “In this closed system, the plants are taking less time to grow, so you’ve got a faster turnaround. In six months, the fish will be about plate-size.” The project is a collaboration with FoodChain, a local nonprofit run by Becca Self. “The great thing is the fish and the plants have a symbiotic relationship. The fish waste is used by the plants as food, and they filter the water so it’s clean to go back to the fish,” Self said. “It uses less than 10 percent of the water that conventional agriculture uses, so it’s a really environmentally friendly way of producing food.”

[ 7676, 500, 3783, 2444, 379, 309, 689, 13509, 3334, 3961, 389, 8620, 2552, 46880, 12702, 290, 3957, 13701, 1231, 9260, 287, 257, 649, 1115, 12, 5715, 14839, 9184, 873, 4429, 11, 543, 15092, 5427, 1660, 287, 257, 13347, 2057, 12, 25493, 2746, 13, 198, 818, 262, 2829, 9058, 11, 1660, 422, 262, 5916, 9036, 6908, 829, 656, 262, 1663, 20237, 11, 543, 16231, 14782, 523, 262, 11135, 651, 617, 1633, 290, 262, 6134, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 17698, 24725, 13, 383, 1660, 788, 318, 29104, 736, 656, 262, 9036, 286, 12702, 13, 198, 447, 250, 26797, 10439, 11, 340, 447, 247, 82, 587, 1760, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 262, 2187, 2126, 286, 852, 13347, 290, 3649, 534, 5072, 351, 1877, 5128, 11, 447, 251, 531, 4701, 25752, 19574, 1040, 13, 564, 250, 818, 428, 4838, 1080, 11, 262, 6134, 389, 2263, 1342, 640, 284, 1663, 11, 523, 345, 447, 247, 303, 1392, 257, 5443, 34217, 13, 554, 2237, 1933, 11, 262, 5916, 481, 307, 546, 7480, 12, 7857, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 1628, 318, 257, 12438, 351, 7318, 35491, 11, 257, 1957, 15346, 1057, 416, 1355, 13227, 12189, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 1049, 1517, 318, 262, 5916, 290, 262, 6134, 423, 257, 5307, 16357, 2776, 13, 383, 5916, 7030, 318, 973, 416, 262, 6134, 355, 2057, 11, 290, 484, 8106, 262, 1660, 523, 340, 447, 247, 82, 3424, 284, 467, 736, 284, 262, 5916, 11, 447, 251, 12189, 531, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 3544, 1342, 621, 838, 1411, 286, 262, 1660, 326, 10224, 14510, 3544, 11, 523, 340, 447, 247, 82, 257, 1107, 34132, 8030, 835, 286, 9194, 2057, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

276

The Origins of Intel's New Transistor, and Its Future A Q&A with Chenming Hu, coinventor of both the FinFET and its likely competitor Photo: Peg Skorpinski 9 May 2011—Last Wednesday, Intel announced a big change to the electronic switches at the heart of its CPUs. Going forward, the firm will be using three-dimensional transistors to take the place of long-used planar devices. The new transistors—dubbed "tri-gates"—are a variation on the FinFET, a transistor design that substitutes the flat channel through which electrons flow with a 3-D ridge, or fin. Popping the channel out of plane and draping the gate—which switches the transistor on and off—over it will allow Intel to shrink the smallest features in its transistors from 32 nanometers to 22 nm while cutting power consumption in half. This feat would be impossible to do with the transistor design the company had been using. How did this 3-D design win its way into production? We asked the coinventor of the FinFET, IEEE Fellow Chenming Hu, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, how the new transistors got their start, why we need them now, and where they will go from here. IEEE Spectrum: We’ve been shrinking two-dimensional, or planar, transistors just fine for 50 years. Why are we seeing a switch to three-dimensional FinFETs? Chenming Hu: I’ll distill the problem with planar transistors to a single point. It all stems from the fact that it is very difficult to turn off a transistor when it’s very small. In other words, you can’t stop the current flowing through the transistor when you don’t want the current to flow. I’ll use an analogy to explain this. There is a garden hose lying on a soggy lawn, and you want to stop the water from flowing into this lawn. If there’s a long hose, you can call your friends to come in and put 10 pairs of hands down, and you can stop the water. Now imagine you shorten the hose so you cannot even put one palm on it to stop it. Now you shorten it even more, so you can only put one finger on it. It’s impossible to stop. In the past 10 years, people have dealt with this garden hose problem in various ways, and one way has been to sacrifice power. For 250-nm transistors, the power-supply voltage was 2.5 volts; for 180 nm, it was 1.8 V; for 130 nm, it was 1.3 V. The pattern was very regular until 90 nm, but it reached a limit. Instead of 0.9 V, you know what the industry used? 1.2 V. Even at 45 nm, the industry still used 0.9 V instead of 0.45 V. IEEE Spectrum: So current is leaking even when the transistors are off. To get around that problem, you have to use a higher voltage to make the difference between on and off more obvious? Chenming Hu: Exactly. What’s the consequence of that? Power is proportional to the square of the voltage. So if you use twice as high a voltage as the historical trend, your cellphone will consume four times the power. The pain is just too big to keep going that way. We thought planar technology would run out of steam sometime after 25 nm, and it did. IEEE Spectrum: How do FinFETs help fix the leaky garden hose problem? Chenming Hu: Remember, the hose is on a soggy, soft lawn. So what if instead of pressing your finger on this garden hose, you pinch your fingers on the two sides of the garden hose? That’s the analogy. The weak point, the soggy lawn, is the silicon substrate. So you really have to do something on both sides so you’re pinching against something firm, and that’s what the FinFET is doing. We should pinch the channel [where electrons flow] on two sides and on top. The more pinching sides, the better. Pinching the hose will allow us to use a much, much shorter hose. That’s extremely important. Making things small is really the key of making the electronics cheaper, faster, and lower power. IEEE Spectrum: The idea for FinFETs has been around for a while. How did it all get started? Chenming Hu: DARPA [the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency] sent out a request for proposals in 1996 for ideas to develop electronic switches beyond 25 nm. At the time, the industry was using 250-nm transistors, and the general view was that transistors could not be scaled below 100 nm. But my students and I had already been thinking about how to get transistors to scale to 25 nm and beyond. There was a quick meeting probably lasting only five minutes between myself and two colleagues—Professor Tsu-Jae King Liu and Professor Jeff Bokor. The meeting was short because we already knew what to do. I was on a flight to a conference in Japan, and I had about 10 hours, so I just wrote down the technical proposal in longhand. I proposed two structures that we’d been thinking about for a while. One was FinFETs, and the other is what we call an ultrathin-body silicon-on-insulator (UTB SOI). We got the contract in 1997, and that gave us the resources to demonstrate FinFETs experimentally. A young graduate student named Xuejue "Cathy" Huang made the working device, and the team of three professors and 11 students and visiting researchers published it in 1999. IEEE Spectrum: How did the industry react to the FinFET paper? Chenming Hu: It was an instant hit. I remember Cathy and I were invited to Intel Santa Clara just a couple of months after the publication, and in that same year, 2000, I was invited to Intel Oregon twice. At the time, people were asking me how long it would take for the idea to get into production. I said about 10 years, so I guess I was off by one. IEEE Spectrum: Was the attention that you got unusual for a new transistor design? Chenming Hu: Extremely unusual. We contributed two things: We figured out a way to make the transistor manufacturable, and we showed how this thing could bring us to 25 nm and to 10 nm. We even figured out how to use the FinFET to solve the two top problems plaguing MOSFETs today—random variations of impurity atoms and variations in gate length (roughly the distance from the source to the drain). So we anticipated a lot of emerging problems and showed that FinFETs can solve them. That was really the first time that the industry believed there was life [after 25 nm]. IEEE Spectrum: What have been the challenges in getting FinFETs to market? Chenming Hu: In production, there are two areas: One is getting the manufacturing variation controlled well. When you add a fin, then you have to make sure the fin’s height and width are uniform. Probably a bigger limitation is the interaction between the transistor and the circuit design. Intel has the benefit of being a vertically integrated company where the designers and technologists work under the same roof. IEEE Spectrum: What about the other design you proposed to DARPA, the UTB SOI? How does that design work, and how has it been progressing? Chenming Hu: SOI has a layer of insulator with a thin layer of silicon on top. Instead of a thick regular round hose, UTB is like a thin, flat hose—one of those compact garden hoses that’s easy to roll because it’s almost like tape. You can pinch with one finger from the top, because the hose is very thin, so you don’t have to push down much. IBM has been making SOI processors for years, and even today it uses about 40-nm-thick silicon. To get to 20-nm transistor size, you have to use very thin, say, 5-nm silicon. When we proposed this, nobody in the world could provide SOI substrates with such thin and uniform silicon film. Five nanometers is very thin; it’s only about 15 silicon atoms or so in thickness. But the amazing thing is, two years ago, an SOI substrate company called Soitec announced that they can make such a thin film, and they have given samples to many companies, including IBM. IEEE Spectrum: FinFET transistors are the first to market, but could UTB SOI transistors ultimately win out? Chenming Hu: Starting in 2002, both FinFET and UTB SOI were listed in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). That’s an industry consensus of what’s needed to keep the industry going. They are the only two that are listed as the likely successors of the planar MOSFET. I think there’s room for both, at least in the short term. UTBs need less manufacturing and design development work than FinFETs, because UTBs rely on something that the semiconductor manufacturers do not have to make. But the UTB wafers cost extra money—several hundred dollars more—so it’s going to add to the cost. There may be savings in device fabrication cost, which is difficult to estimate. I think some companies, clearly Intel and some larger companies, will go with FinFETs, and some smaller companies will go with UTBs. Once both are in production, then people will be able to compare the benefits side by side very easily—the economics as well as the performance. IEEE Spectrum: Does one offer a clear advantage over the other? Chenming Hu: Staying with the hose analogy, when you have a big thick hose, you can carry more current, so it’s good for high speed. So that’s why I think the large companies that can make the investment in FinFETs will probably do it, because FinFETs are versatile. For the companies that need to have a quick way to get beyond 22 nm, I think UTB is a viable technology, especially for those companies that already have experience with the SOI. The shortcoming, of course, is the flat hose—with such thin silicon, less current goes through, which translates to lower speed. IEEE Spectrum: Some industry leaders have been quoted as saying FinFETs won’t be as good for low-power applications as UTBs. Chenming Hu: I think FinFETs are good for low power as well, but it does take more investment to bring them to production. I think a healthy competition will ensue. The fact is, the two technologies could coexist for a while, which is a good thing for the industry and certainly a very good thing for consumers.

[ 464, 24079, 286, 8180, 338, 968, 3602, 32380, 11, 290, 6363, 10898, 198, 32, 1195, 5, 32, 351, 12555, 2229, 11256, 11, 10752, 1151, 273, 286, 1111, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 290, 663, 1884, 20319, 198, 6191, 25, 31084, 3661, 16300, 21141, 198, 24, 1737, 2813, 960, 5956, 3583, 11, 8180, 3414, 257, 1263, 1487, 284, 262, 7914, 18225, 379, 262, 2612, 286, 663, 32340, 13, 19219, 2651, 11, 262, 4081, 481, 307, 1262, 1115, 12, 19577, 1007, 46334, 284, 1011, 262, 1295, 286, 890, 12, 1484, 1410, 283, 4410, 13, 198, 464, 649, 1007, 46334, 960, 67, 549, 3077, 366, 28461, 12, 70, 689, 15327, 533, 257, 12291, 319, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 11, 257, 49176, 1486, 326, 44234, 262, 6228, 6518, 832, 543, 28722, 5202, 351, 257, 513, 12, 35, 32525, 11, 393, 957, 13, 7695, 2105, 262, 6518, 503, 286, 6614, 290, 288, 2416, 278, 262, 8946, 960, 4758, 18225, 262, 49176, 319, 290, 572, 960, 2502, 340, 481, 1249, 8180, 284, 22085, 262, 18197, 3033, 287, 663, 1007, 46334, 422, 3933, 15709, 40077, 284, 2534, 28642, 981, 7720, 1176, 7327, 287, 2063, 13, 770, 2218, 561, 307, 5340, 284, 466, 351, 262, 49176, 1486, 262, 1664, 550, 587, 1262, 13, 198, 2437, 750, 428, 513, 12, 35, 1486, 1592, 663, 835, 656, 3227, 30, 775, 1965, 262, 10752, 1151, 273, 286, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 11, 40552, 29764, 12555, 2229, 11256, 11, 257, 6240, 3165, 17506, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 3442, 11, 14727, 11, 703, 262, 649, 1007, 46334, 1392, 511, 923, 11, 1521, 356, 761, 606, 783, 11, 290, 810, 484, 481, 467, 422, 994, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 775, 447, 247, 303, 587, 27382, 734, 12, 19577, 11, 393, 1410, 283, 11, 1007, 46334, 655, 3734, 329, 2026, 812, 13, 4162, 389, 356, 4379, 257, 5078, 284, 1115, 12, 19577, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 314, 447, 247, 297, 1233, 359, 262, 1917, 351, 1410, 283, 1007, 46334, 284, 257, 2060, 966, 13, 632, 477, 21552, 422, 262, 1109, 326, 340, 318, 845, 2408, 284, 1210, 572, 257, 49176, 618, 340, 447, 247, 82, 845, 1402, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 2245, 262, 1459, 17609, 832, 262, 49176, 618, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 765, 262, 1459, 284, 5202, 13, 198, 40, 447, 247, 297, 779, 281, 23970, 284, 4727, 428, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 11376, 31489, 9105, 319, 257, 264, 519, 1360, 21133, 11, 290, 345, 765, 284, 2245, 262, 1660, 422, 17609, 656, 428, 21133, 13, 1002, 612, 447, 247, 82, 257, 890, 31489, 11, 345, 460, 869, 534, 2460, 284, 1282, 287, 290, 1234, 838, 14729, 286, 2832, 866, 11, 290, 345, 460, 2245, 262, 1660, 13, 2735, 5967, 345, 45381, 262, 31489, 523, 345, 2314, 772, 1234, 530, 18057, 319, 340, 284, 2245, 340, 13, 2735, 345, 45381, 340, 772, 517, 11, 523, 345, 460, 691, 1234, 530, 7660, 319, 340, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 5340, 284, 2245, 13, 198, 818, 262, 1613, 838, 812, 11, 661, 423, 11829, 351, 428, 11376, 31489, 1917, 287, 2972, 2842, 11, 290, 530, 835, 468, 587, 284, 11728, 1176, 13, 1114, 8646, 12, 21533, 1007, 46334, 11, 262, 1176, 12, 18608, 306, 15004, 373, 362, 13, 20, 46297, 26, 329, 11546, 28642, 11, 340, 373, 352, 13, 23, 569, 26, 329, 11323, 28642, 11, 340, 373, 352, 13, 18, 569, 13, 383, 3912, 373, 845, 3218, 1566, 4101, 28642, 11, 475, 340, 4251, 257, 4179, 13, 5455, 286, 657, 13, 24, 569, 11, 345, 760, 644, 262, 2831, 973, 30, 352, 13, 17, 569, 13, 3412, 379, 4153, 28642, 11, 262, 2831, 991, 973, 657, 13, 24, 569, 2427, 286, 657, 13, 2231, 569, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1406, 1459, 318, 25243, 772, 618, 262, 1007, 46334, 389, 572, 13, 1675, 651, 1088, 326, 1917, 11, 345, 423, 284, 779, 257, 2440, 15004, 284, 787, 262, 3580, 1022, 319, 290, 572, 517, 3489, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 36819, 13, 1867, 447, 247, 82, 262, 12921, 286, 326, 30, 4333, 318, 27111, 284, 262, 6616, 286, 262, 15004, 13, 1406, 611, 345, 779, 5403, 355, 1029, 257, 15004, 355, 262, 6754, 5182, 11, 534, 26346, 481, 15000, 1440, 1661, 262, 1176, 13, 383, 2356, 318, 655, 1165, 1263, 284, 1394, 1016, 326, 835, 13, 775, 1807, 1410, 283, 3037, 561, 1057, 503, 286, 13324, 17291, 706, 1679, 28642, 11, 290, 340, 750, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1374, 466, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 1037, 4259, 262, 13044, 88, 11376, 31489, 1917, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 11436, 11, 262, 31489, 318, 319, 257, 264, 519, 1360, 11, 2705, 21133, 13, 1406, 644, 611, 2427, 286, 12273, 534, 7660, 319, 428, 11376, 31489, 11, 345, 25394, 534, 9353, 319, 262, 734, 5389, 286, 262, 11376, 31489, 30, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 262, 23970, 13, 383, 4939, 966, 11, 262, 264, 519, 1360, 21133, 11, 318, 262, 29867, 32305, 13, 1406, 345, 1107, 423, 284, 466, 1223, 319, 1111, 5389, 523, 345, 447, 247, 260, 6757, 10813, 1028, 1223, 4081, 11, 290, 326, 447, 247, 82, 644, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 318, 1804, 13, 775, 815, 25394, 262, 6518, 685, 3003, 28722, 5202, 60, 319, 734, 5389, 290, 319, 1353, 13, 383, 517, 6757, 10813, 5389, 11, 262, 1365, 13, 198, 47, 8589, 278, 262, 31489, 481, 1249, 514, 284, 779, 257, 881, 11, 881, 12238, 31489, 13, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 4457, 1593, 13, 16427, 1243, 1402, 318, 1107, 262, 1994, 286, 1642, 262, 17075, 11721, 11, 5443, 11, 290, 2793, 1176, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 383, 2126, 329, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 468, 587, 1088, 329, 257, 981, 13, 1374, 750, 340, 477, 651, 2067, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 41649, 4537, 685, 1169, 5947, 13435, 4992, 29898, 7732, 60, 1908, 503, 257, 2581, 329, 11628, 287, 8235, 329, 4213, 284, 1205, 7914, 18225, 3675, 1679, 28642, 13, 1629, 262, 640, 11, 262, 2831, 373, 1262, 8646, 12, 21533, 1007, 46334, 11, 290, 262, 2276, 1570, 373, 326, 1007, 46334, 714, 407, 307, 27464, 2174, 1802, 28642, 13, 887, 616, 2444, 290, 314, 550, 1541, 587, 3612, 546, 703, 284, 651, 1007, 46334, 284, 5046, 284, 1679, 28642, 290, 3675, 13, 198, 1858, 373, 257, 2068, 3249, 2192, 15727, 691, 1936, 2431, 1022, 3589, 290, 734, 7810, 960, 25031, 23459, 12, 41, 3609, 2677, 18258, 290, 8129, 5502, 47390, 273, 13, 383, 3249, 373, 1790, 780, 356, 1541, 2993, 644, 284, 466, 13, 198, 40, 373, 319, 257, 5474, 284, 257, 4495, 287, 2869, 11, 290, 314, 550, 546, 838, 2250, 11, 523, 314, 655, 2630, 866, 262, 6276, 6961, 287, 300, 19757, 392, 13, 314, 5150, 734, 8573, 326, 356, 447, 247, 67, 587, 3612, 546, 329, 257, 981, 13, 1881, 373, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 11, 290, 262, 584, 318, 644, 356, 869, 281, 23212, 776, 259, 12, 2618, 29867, 12, 261, 12, 1040, 8927, 357, 3843, 33, 12809, 40, 737, 198, 1135, 1392, 262, 2775, 287, 8309, 11, 290, 326, 2921, 514, 262, 4133, 284, 10176, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 6306, 453, 13, 317, 1862, 10428, 3710, 3706, 47298, 73, 518, 366, 34, 10036, 1, 31663, 925, 262, 1762, 3335, 11, 290, 262, 1074, 286, 1115, 20339, 290, 1367, 2444, 290, 10013, 4837, 3199, 340, 287, 7358, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1374, 750, 262, 2831, 6324, 284, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 3348, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 632, 373, 281, 9113, 2277, 13, 314, 3505, 40636, 290, 314, 547, 9392, 284, 8180, 8909, 27443, 655, 257, 3155, 286, 1933, 706, 262, 9207, 11, 290, 287, 326, 976, 614, 11, 4751, 11, 314, 373, 9392, 284, 8180, 8819, 5403, 13, 1629, 262, 640, 11, 661, 547, 4737, 502, 703, 890, 340, 561, 1011, 329, 262, 2126, 284, 651, 656, 3227, 13, 314, 531, 546, 838, 812, 11, 523, 314, 4724, 314, 373, 572, 416, 530, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 8920, 262, 3241, 326, 345, 1392, 8468, 329, 257, 649, 49176, 1486, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 18111, 306, 8468, 13, 775, 8639, 734, 1243, 25, 775, 11638, 503, 257, 835, 284, 787, 262, 49176, 4011, 11970, 11, 290, 356, 3751, 703, 428, 1517, 714, 2222, 514, 284, 1679, 28642, 290, 284, 838, 28642, 13, 775, 772, 11638, 503, 703, 284, 779, 262, 4463, 37, 2767, 284, 8494, 262, 734, 1353, 2761, 19640, 4250, 337, 2640, 37, 2767, 82, 1909, 960, 25120, 13991, 286, 848, 1684, 23235, 290, 13991, 287, 8946, 4129, 357, 740, 306, 262, 5253, 422, 262, 2723, 284, 262, 14782, 737, 1406, 356, 14486, 257, 1256, 286, 11823, 2761, 290, 3751, 326, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 460, 8494, 606, 13, 1320, 373, 1107, 262, 717, 640, 326, 262, 2831, 4762, 612, 373, 1204, 685, 8499, 1679, 28642, 4083, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1867, 423, 587, 262, 6459, 287, 1972, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 284, 1910, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 554, 3227, 11, 612, 389, 734, 3006, 25, 1881, 318, 1972, 262, 9138, 12291, 6856, 880, 13, 1649, 345, 751, 257, 957, 11, 788, 345, 423, 284, 787, 1654, 262, 957, 447, 247, 82, 6001, 290, 9647, 389, 8187, 13, 18578, 257, 5749, 17385, 318, 262, 10375, 1022, 262, 49176, 290, 262, 10349, 1486, 13, 8180, 468, 262, 4414, 286, 852, 257, 31677, 11521, 1664, 810, 262, 15441, 290, 1579, 9251, 670, 739, 262, 976, 9753, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 1867, 546, 262, 584, 1486, 345, 5150, 284, 41649, 4537, 11, 262, 19255, 33, 12809, 40, 30, 1374, 857, 326, 1486, 670, 11, 290, 703, 468, 340, 587, 37335, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 12809, 40, 468, 257, 7679, 286, 1035, 8927, 351, 257, 7888, 7679, 286, 29867, 319, 1353, 13, 5455, 286, 257, 6546, 3218, 2835, 31489, 11, 19255, 33, 318, 588, 257, 7888, 11, 6228, 31489, 960, 505, 286, 883, 16001, 11376, 289, 4629, 326, 447, 247, 82, 2562, 284, 4836, 780, 340, 447, 247, 82, 2048, 588, 9154, 13, 921, 460, 25394, 351, 530, 7660, 422, 262, 1353, 11, 780, 262, 31489, 318, 845, 7888, 11, 523, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 284, 4574, 866, 881, 13, 198, 9865, 44, 468, 587, 1642, 12809, 40, 20399, 329, 812, 11, 290, 772, 1909, 340, 3544, 546, 2319, 12, 21533, 12, 400, 624, 29867, 13, 1675, 651, 284, 1160, 12, 21533, 49176, 2546, 11, 345, 423, 284, 779, 845, 7888, 11, 910, 11, 642, 12, 21533, 29867, 13, 1649, 356, 5150, 428, 11, 8168, 287, 262, 995, 714, 2148, 12809, 40, 47294, 689, 351, 884, 7888, 290, 8187, 29867, 2646, 13, 10579, 15709, 40077, 318, 845, 7888, 26, 340, 447, 247, 82, 691, 546, 1315, 29867, 23235, 393, 523, 287, 20735, 13, 887, 262, 4998, 1517, 318, 11, 734, 812, 2084, 11, 281, 12809, 40, 32305, 1664, 1444, 1406, 578, 66, 3414, 326, 484, 460, 787, 884, 257, 7888, 2646, 11, 290, 484, 423, 1813, 8405, 284, 867, 2706, 11, 1390, 19764, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 4463, 37, 2767, 1007, 46334, 389, 262, 717, 284, 1910, 11, 475, 714, 19255, 33, 12809, 40, 1007, 46334, 6165, 1592, 503, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 17962, 287, 6244, 11, 1111, 4463, 37, 2767, 290, 19255, 33, 12809, 40, 547, 5610, 287, 262, 4037, 8987, 5567, 8899, 329, 311, 5314, 12920, 669, 357, 2043, 6998, 737, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 281, 2831, 11529, 286, 644, 447, 247, 82, 2622, 284, 1394, 262, 2831, 1016, 13, 1119, 389, 262, 691, 734, 326, 389, 5610, 355, 262, 1884, 41491, 286, 262, 1410, 283, 337, 2640, 37, 2767, 13, 198, 40, 892, 612, 447, 247, 82, 2119, 329, 1111, 11, 379, 1551, 287, 262, 1790, 3381, 13, 19255, 37000, 761, 1342, 9138, 290, 1486, 2478, 670, 621, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 11, 780, 19255, 37000, 8814, 319, 1223, 326, 262, 39290, 40990, 11372, 466, 407, 423, 284, 787, 13, 887, 262, 19255, 33, 266, 1878, 364, 1575, 3131, 1637, 960, 28116, 282, 3470, 5054, 517, 960, 568, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1016, 284, 751, 284, 262, 1575, 13, 1318, 743, 307, 10653, 287, 3335, 38876, 1575, 11, 543, 318, 2408, 284, 8636, 13, 198, 40, 892, 617, 2706, 11, 4084, 8180, 290, 617, 4025, 2706, 11, 481, 467, 351, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 11, 290, 617, 4833, 2706, 481, 467, 351, 19255, 37000, 13, 4874, 1111, 389, 287, 3227, 11, 788, 661, 481, 307, 1498, 284, 8996, 262, 4034, 1735, 416, 1735, 845, 3538, 960, 1169, 12446, 355, 880, 355, 262, 2854, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 8314, 530, 2897, 257, 1598, 4621, 625, 262, 584, 30, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 520, 8369, 351, 262, 31489, 23970, 11, 618, 345, 423, 257, 1263, 6546, 31489, 11, 345, 460, 3283, 517, 1459, 11, 523, 340, 447, 247, 82, 922, 329, 1029, 2866, 13, 1406, 326, 447, 247, 82, 1521, 314, 892, 262, 1588, 2706, 326, 460, 787, 262, 4896, 287, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 481, 2192, 466, 340, 11, 780, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 389, 21362, 13, 1114, 262, 2706, 326, 761, 284, 423, 257, 2068, 835, 284, 651, 3675, 2534, 28642, 11, 314, 892, 19255, 33, 318, 257, 13971, 3037, 11, 2592, 329, 883, 2706, 326, 1541, 423, 1998, 351, 262, 12809, 40, 13, 383, 1790, 4976, 11, 286, 1781, 11, 318, 262, 6228, 31489, 960, 4480, 884, 7888, 29867, 11, 1342, 1459, 2925, 832, 11, 543, 23677, 284, 2793, 2866, 13, 198, 40, 31909, 27217, 25, 2773, 2831, 2766, 423, 587, 10947, 355, 2282, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 1839, 447, 247, 83, 307, 355, 922, 329, 1877, 12, 6477, 5479, 355, 19255, 37000, 13, 198, 34, 831, 2229, 11256, 25, 314, 892, 4463, 37, 2767, 82, 389, 922, 329, 1877, 1176, 355, 880, 11, 475, 340, 857, 1011, 517, 4896, 284, 2222, 606, 284, 3227, 13, 314, 892, 257, 5448, 5449, 481, 3140, 518, 13, 383, 1109, 318, 11, 262, 734, 8514, 714, 763, 38476, 329, 257, 981, 11, 543, 318, 257, 922, 1517, 329, 262, 2831, 290, 3729, 257, 845, 922, 1517, 329, 7008, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,362

Ten Lessons from Wal-Mart Going Green - 2011 July-August The company once derided as the “bully of Bentonville” is now serious about green, having concluded that the clean, green, and least wasteful way of doing business is also the most profitable way of doing business. And what works for the world’s biggest company can work for anyone. So here are 10 lessons from Wal-Mart’s journey to the green side —five that apply to anyone, five aimed specifically at businesses. - Carbon = energy = money. Carbon comes from using energy. Energy costs money, which means cutting carbon saves the planet and saves you money. So do what Wal-Mart does: use energy-efficient lighting. Plant shade trees near your house or business. Insulate your attic and, if you have a flat roof, paint it white. Clean the filters in your refrigerator, heater, and AC. Small businesses that followed Wal-Mart’s advice have had their energy bills drop 20 to 60 percent by taking just those steps. - Waste = Money. If Wal-Mart stores in California can cut their waste by 81 percent, anything’s possible. So cut out the disposable water bottles, and use the tap and a glass. Make your own coffee instead of using all those disposable latte cups. Consider bulk foods (they’re cheaper) and products with a longer shelf life, such as organic milk, because a shocking third of our food ends up spoiled and in the trash. Compost. Recycle. Donate. Wal-Mart does all of this — and makes a cool $100 million a year from stuff it used to pay to have hauled to the landfill. - Make sustainability about health. Let’s be honest: we all say we want to be greener, but when it comes to voting with our time and our wallets, not so much. So when Wal-Mart wants to sell green, it emphasizes how sustainable choices are often healthy choices: organic baby food and clothes, for instance, are pesticide-free and therefore healthier for babies. And that does influence consumer behavior. - Start with quick wins. Wal-Mart caught sustainability fever by reducing the packaging on a single toy — and finding it simultaneously saved a forest and $2.5 million. What can a smaller business or household do? Switching out light bulbs will garner visible savings, as will washing in cold water. Or plant a vegetable garden nurtured with your own compost — the single most sustainable thing anyone can do. - listen to the kids. Wal-Mart is adopting sustainable business practices for two reasons: The fi rst is because, right now, sustainability boosts profi ts. The second has to do with the customers of tomorrow — our kids. Today’s Wal-Mart shoppers are not particularly motivated to buy green. But their kids are. - For Businesses: Sustainability starts at the top. no matter the size of the company, CEOs have to make sustainability their priority — and make their direct reports do the same. No one else can. - Everything is fair game. For a top-down sustainability mandate to succeed, it must “infect” thinking throughout a business. it can’t be the job of a separate sustainability team but rather the consideration of every department and line worker, from buyers to truck drivers to warehouse foremen. - Race to the top, not the bottom: Keeping the company at the point where emissions, waste, toxins, and sprawl are legal is a race to the bottom. New thinking about the environment perceives it as an opportunity to use sustainability for competitive advantage, a tool to make a business leaner, cleaner, and less wasteful, beyond anything that regulations require — a race to the top. - Burst the bubble, embrace the critics: When secretive, insular Wal-Mart decided to throw open its doors to critics, inviting environmentalists and activists inside the infamous “Bentonville Bubble,” organizations like the environmental Defense Fund, Conservation international, and the natural resources Defense Council were happy to lend their expertise for free. - Don’t wait for the market, lead it: Wal-Mart decided to get out in front of consumer demand on sustainability and found that it served the bottom line anyway — it pays to be green. But today’s sustainability eff orts mean the company will be ready when consumer demand does catch up.

[ 24893, 46885, 422, 6445, 12, 13143, 19219, 3469, 198, 12, 2813, 2901, 12, 17908, 198, 464, 1664, 1752, 4587, 1384, 355, 262, 564, 250, 65, 2132, 286, 20421, 261, 4244, 447, 251, 318, 783, 2726, 546, 4077, 11, 1719, 8391, 326, 262, 3424, 11, 4077, 11, 290, 1551, 45393, 835, 286, 1804, 1597, 318, 635, 262, 749, 17967, 835, 286, 1804, 1597, 13, 843, 644, 2499, 329, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 4094, 1664, 460, 670, 329, 2687, 13, 1406, 994, 389, 838, 11658, 422, 6445, 12, 13143, 447, 247, 82, 7002, 284, 262, 4077, 1735, 851, 13261, 326, 4174, 284, 2687, 11, 1936, 8998, 5734, 379, 5692, 13, 198, 12, 23699, 796, 2568, 796, 1637, 13, 23699, 2058, 422, 1262, 2568, 13, 6682, 3484, 1637, 11, 543, 1724, 7720, 6588, 16031, 262, 5440, 290, 16031, 345, 1637, 13, 1406, 466, 644, 6445, 12, 13143, 857, 25, 779, 2568, 12, 16814, 12019, 13, 16561, 17979, 7150, 1474, 534, 2156, 393, 1597, 13, 7088, 5039, 534, 46113, 290, 11, 611, 345, 423, 257, 6228, 9753, 11, 7521, 340, 2330, 13, 5985, 262, 16628, 287, 534, 30500, 11, 39844, 11, 290, 7125, 13, 10452, 5692, 326, 3940, 6445, 12, 13143, 447, 247, 82, 5608, 423, 550, 511, 2568, 9024, 4268, 1160, 284, 3126, 1411, 416, 2263, 655, 883, 4831, 13, 198, 12, 35304, 796, 12911, 13, 1002, 6445, 12, 13143, 7000, 287, 3442, 460, 2005, 511, 7030, 416, 9773, 1411, 11, 1997, 447, 247, 82, 1744, 13, 1406, 2005, 503, 262, 32445, 1660, 14096, 11, 290, 779, 262, 9814, 290, 257, 5405, 13, 6889, 534, 898, 6891, 2427, 286, 1262, 477, 883, 32445, 3042, 660, 14180, 13, 12642, 11963, 9013, 357, 9930, 447, 247, 260, 11721, 8, 290, 3186, 351, 257, 2392, 18316, 1204, 11, 884, 355, 10469, 7545, 11, 780, 257, 14702, 2368, 286, 674, 2057, 5645, 510, 34781, 290, 287, 262, 13913, 13, 3082, 455, 13, 3311, 39297, 13, 2094, 378, 13, 6445, 12, 13143, 857, 477, 286, 428, 851, 290, 1838, 257, 3608, 720, 3064, 1510, 257, 614, 422, 3404, 340, 973, 284, 1414, 284, 423, 43423, 284, 262, 47712, 13, 198, 12, 6889, 26809, 546, 1535, 13, 3914, 447, 247, 82, 307, 5508, 25, 356, 477, 910, 356, 765, 284, 307, 10536, 877, 11, 475, 618, 340, 2058, 284, 6709, 351, 674, 640, 290, 674, 29608, 11, 407, 523, 881, 13, 1406, 618, 6445, 12, 13143, 3382, 284, 3677, 4077, 11, 340, 31648, 703, 13347, 7747, 389, 1690, 5448, 7747, 25, 10469, 5156, 2057, 290, 8242, 11, 329, 4554, 11, 389, 36466, 12, 5787, 290, 4361, 22841, 329, 11903, 13, 843, 326, 857, 4588, 7172, 4069, 13, 198, 12, 7253, 351, 2068, 7864, 13, 6445, 12, 13143, 4978, 26809, 17372, 416, 8868, 262, 16846, 319, 257, 2060, 13373, 851, 290, 4917, 340, 11640, 7448, 257, 8222, 290, 720, 17, 13, 20, 1510, 13, 1867, 460, 257, 4833, 1597, 393, 6641, 466, 30, 14645, 278, 503, 1657, 34122, 481, 34679, 7424, 10653, 11, 355, 481, 20518, 287, 4692, 1660, 13, 1471, 4618, 257, 20236, 11376, 23868, 1522, 351, 534, 898, 36541, 851, 262, 2060, 749, 13347, 1517, 2687, 460, 466, 13, 198, 12, 6004, 284, 262, 3988, 13, 6445, 12, 13143, 318, 22868, 13347, 1597, 6593, 329, 734, 3840, 25, 383, 25912, 374, 301, 318, 780, 11, 826, 783, 11, 26809, 31822, 1534, 72, 40379, 13, 383, 1218, 468, 284, 466, 351, 262, 4297, 286, 9439, 851, 674, 3988, 13, 6288, 447, 247, 82, 6445, 12, 13143, 30303, 389, 407, 3573, 13338, 284, 2822, 4077, 13, 887, 511, 3988, 389, 13, 198, 12, 1114, 7320, 274, 25, 311, 19542, 1799, 4940, 379, 262, 1353, 13, 645, 2300, 262, 2546, 286, 262, 1664, 11, 32938, 423, 284, 787, 26809, 511, 8475, 851, 290, 787, 511, 1277, 3136, 466, 262, 976, 13, 1400, 530, 2073, 460, 13, 198, 12, 11391, 318, 3148, 983, 13, 1114, 257, 1353, 12, 2902, 26809, 14598, 284, 6758, 11, 340, 1276, 564, 250, 27816, 447, 251, 3612, 3690, 257, 1597, 13, 340, 460, 447, 247, 83, 307, 262, 1693, 286, 257, 4553, 26809, 1074, 475, 2138, 262, 9110, 286, 790, 5011, 290, 1627, 8383, 11, 422, 14456, 284, 7779, 6643, 284, 20933, 1674, 3653, 13, 198, 12, 12588, 284, 262, 1353, 11, 407, 262, 4220, 25, 33311, 262, 1664, 379, 262, 966, 810, 8971, 11, 7030, 11, 31930, 11, 290, 599, 13132, 389, 2742, 318, 257, 3234, 284, 262, 4220, 13, 968, 3612, 546, 262, 2858, 36974, 1083, 340, 355, 281, 3663, 284, 779, 26809, 329, 7606, 4621, 11, 257, 2891, 284, 787, 257, 1597, 10904, 263, 11, 21723, 11, 290, 1342, 45393, 11, 3675, 1997, 326, 6647, 2421, 851, 257, 3234, 284, 262, 1353, 13, 198, 12, 30635, 262, 14310, 11, 12553, 262, 9188, 25, 1649, 32654, 11, 1035, 934, 6445, 12, 13143, 3066, 284, 3714, 1280, 663, 8215, 284, 9188, 11, 23310, 40586, 290, 7941, 2641, 262, 16526, 564, 250, 33, 26673, 4244, 33691, 11, 447, 251, 5745, 588, 262, 6142, 5947, 7557, 11, 23702, 3230, 11, 290, 262, 3288, 4133, 5947, 4281, 547, 3772, 284, 22096, 511, 13572, 329, 1479, 13, 198, 12, 2094, 447, 247, 83, 4043, 329, 262, 1910, 11, 1085, 340, 25, 6445, 12, 13143, 3066, 284, 651, 503, 287, 2166, 286, 7172, 3512, 319, 26809, 290, 1043, 326, 340, 4983, 262, 4220, 1627, 6949, 851, 340, 13831, 284, 307, 4077, 13, 887, 1909, 447, 247, 82, 26809, 914, 393, 912, 1612, 262, 1664, 481, 307, 3492, 618, 7172, 3512, 857, 4929, 510, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

915

After God dramatically delivered Israel from slavery in Egypt, He brought them to Mount Sinai. There, He joined them to Himself in a sacred covenant. Among all the varied instructions He gave them there, how was beauty included? Exod. 25:1–9.1 The first half of the book of Exodus details the miraculous deliverance of Israel from Egypt. The second half of the book deals with issues that include beauty. The divine instructions of Exodus 25:1–9 are followed by Exodus 25:10–31:11, with God’s “blueprints” for the portable tent sanctuary, its furnishings, and the priestly vestments. FromExodus 35:1 to the end of the book (Exod. 40:38) are found God’s detailed descriptions, along with the record of the precise accomplishment of them. This record includes extensive details of artistry. This collection of details is tedious reading to many modern Christians. But it pleased God not only to present these many instructions to the newly-freed slaves but also to include them in Scripture. There are almost fifty chapters in the first five books of the Bible that record God’s precise directives regarding a beautiful sanctuary. He provides not only the architectural blueprints but also the exact directions for the furnishings. It is significant that on Mount Sinai God gave not only the Decalogue, His instructions for obedience within the covenant, but also specific directions of how to fashion a lavish structure involving almost every type of artistic skill. God was architect of it all, even inspiring the artisans to craft the minute details of decoration. Nothing was left to human devising. There are more chapters regarding the plans for, and consequent building of, this sanctuary and its furnishings than for any other subject in the first five books of Moses. If the earthly sanctuary was only a “shadow” of the heavenly, we can hardly begin to imagine the kind of beauty that must exist in the real sanctuary, the one that God Himself made. Why do you think it was important for the sanctuary to be so beautiful? Perhaps to give the people a sense of awe before the power and grandeur of God? Maybe to help them sense their own need before such grandeur? How can understanding the glory of the sanctuary better help us grasp the character of God in contrast to our own earthliness and sinfulness?

[ 3260, 1793, 12034, 6793, 2692, 422, 13503, 287, 6365, 11, 679, 3181, 606, 284, 5628, 33745, 13, 1318, 11, 679, 5399, 606, 284, 31657, 287, 257, 13626, 28173, 13, 9754, 477, 262, 15641, 7729, 679, 2921, 606, 612, 11, 703, 373, 8737, 3017, 30, 1475, 375, 13, 1679, 25, 16, 1906, 24, 13, 16, 198, 464, 717, 2063, 286, 262, 1492, 286, 38557, 3307, 262, 40336, 5203, 590, 286, 2692, 422, 6365, 13, 383, 1218, 2063, 286, 262, 1492, 7529, 351, 2428, 326, 2291, 8737, 13, 383, 11871, 7729, 286, 38557, 1679, 25, 16, 1906, 24, 389, 3940, 416, 38557, 1679, 25, 940, 1906, 3132, 25, 1157, 11, 351, 1793, 447, 247, 82, 564, 250, 17585, 17190, 447, 251, 329, 262, 17726, 11105, 24050, 11, 663, 34076, 654, 11, 290, 262, 11503, 306, 19750, 902, 13, 3574, 3109, 21878, 3439, 25, 16, 284, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1492, 357, 3109, 375, 13, 2319, 25, 2548, 8, 389, 1043, 1793, 447, 247, 82, 6496, 16969, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 1700, 286, 262, 7141, 29340, 286, 606, 13, 770, 1700, 3407, 7667, 3307, 286, 1242, 4592, 13, 198, 1212, 4947, 286, 3307, 318, 32460, 3555, 284, 867, 3660, 9316, 13, 887, 340, 10607, 1793, 407, 691, 284, 1944, 777, 867, 7729, 284, 262, 8308, 12, 69, 15977, 13384, 475, 635, 284, 2291, 606, 287, 25595, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 2048, 15334, 15754, 287, 262, 717, 1936, 3835, 286, 262, 9111, 326, 1700, 1793, 447, 247, 82, 7141, 34819, 5115, 257, 4950, 24050, 13, 679, 3769, 407, 691, 262, 27070, 4171, 17190, 475, 635, 262, 2748, 11678, 329, 262, 34076, 654, 13, 632, 318, 2383, 326, 319, 5628, 33745, 1793, 2921, 407, 691, 262, 4280, 30326, 11, 2399, 7729, 329, 28777, 1626, 262, 28173, 11, 475, 635, 2176, 11678, 286, 703, 284, 6977, 257, 38957, 4645, 7411, 2048, 790, 2099, 286, 17290, 5032, 13, 198, 13482, 373, 7068, 286, 340, 477, 11, 772, 20886, 262, 1242, 26100, 284, 5977, 262, 5664, 3307, 286, 42050, 13, 10528, 373, 1364, 284, 1692, 1614, 1710, 13, 1318, 389, 517, 15754, 5115, 262, 3352, 329, 11, 290, 4937, 298, 2615, 286, 11, 428, 24050, 290, 663, 34076, 654, 621, 329, 597, 584, 2426, 287, 262, 717, 1936, 3835, 286, 19010, 13, 198, 1532, 262, 39892, 24050, 373, 691, 257, 564, 250, 19106, 447, 251, 286, 262, 32271, 11, 356, 460, 8941, 2221, 284, 5967, 262, 1611, 286, 8737, 326, 1276, 2152, 287, 262, 1103, 24050, 11, 262, 530, 326, 1793, 31657, 925, 13, 198, 5195, 466, 345, 892, 340, 373, 1593, 329, 262, 24050, 284, 307, 523, 4950, 30, 8673, 284, 1577, 262, 661, 257, 2565, 286, 25030, 878, 262, 1176, 290, 4490, 23365, 286, 1793, 30, 6674, 284, 1037, 606, 2565, 511, 898, 761, 878, 884, 4490, 23365, 30, 1374, 460, 4547, 262, 13476, 286, 262, 24050, 1365, 1037, 514, 13180, 262, 2095, 286, 1793, 287, 6273, 284, 674, 898, 4534, 26061, 290, 7813, 15538, 30, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

491

In Python, for a binary file, I can write this: buf_size=1024*64 # this is an important size... with open(file, "rb") as f: while True: data=f.read(buf_size) if not data: break # deal with the data.... With a text file that I want to read line-by-line, I can write this: with open(file, "r") as file: for line in file: # deal with each line.... Which is shorthand for: with open(file, "r") as file: for line in iter(file.readline, ""): # deal with each line.... This idiom is documented in PEP 234 but I have failed to locate a similar idiom for binary files. I have tried this: >>> with open('dups.txt','rb') as f: ... for chunk in iter(f.read,''): ... i+=1 >>> i 1 # 30 MB file, i==1 means read in one go... I tried putting iter(f.read(buf_size),'') but that is a syntax error because of the parens after the callable in iter(). I know I could write a function, but is there way with the default idiom of for chunk in file: where I can use a buffer size versus a line oriented? Thanks for putting up with the Python newbie trying to write his first non-trivial and idiomatic Python script.

[ 818, 11361, 11, 329, 257, 13934, 2393, 11, 314, 460, 3551, 428, 25, 198, 29325, 62, 7857, 28, 35500, 9, 2414, 1303, 428, 318, 281, 1593, 2546, 986, 351, 1280, 7, 7753, 11, 366, 26145, 4943, 355, 277, 25, 981, 6407, 25, 1366, 28, 69, 13, 961, 7, 29325, 62, 7857, 8, 611, 407, 1366, 25, 2270, 1303, 1730, 351, 262, 1366, 1106, 198, 3152, 257, 2420, 2393, 326, 314, 765, 284, 1100, 1627, 12, 1525, 12, 1370, 11, 314, 460, 3551, 428, 25, 198, 4480, 1280, 7, 7753, 11, 366, 81, 4943, 355, 2393, 25, 329, 1627, 287, 2393, 25, 1303, 1730, 351, 1123, 1627, 1106, 198, 13828, 318, 45883, 329, 25, 198, 4480, 1280, 7, 7753, 11, 366, 81, 4943, 355, 2393, 25, 329, 1627, 287, 11629, 7, 7753, 13, 961, 1370, 11, 13538, 2599, 1303, 1730, 351, 1123, 1627, 1106, 198, 1212, 4686, 29005, 318, 12395, 287, 350, 8905, 34323, 475, 314, 423, 4054, 284, 17276, 257, 2092, 4686, 29005, 329, 13934, 3696, 13, 198, 40, 423, 3088, 428, 25, 198, 33409, 351, 1280, 10786, 646, 862, 13, 14116, 41707, 26145, 11537, 355, 277, 25, 2644, 329, 16058, 287, 11629, 7, 69, 13, 961, 14004, 2599, 2644, 1312, 47932, 16, 13163, 1312, 352, 1303, 1542, 10771, 2393, 11, 1312, 855, 16, 1724, 1100, 287, 530, 467, 986, 198, 40, 3088, 5137, 198, 2676, 7, 69, 13, 961, 7, 29325, 62, 7857, 828, 7061, 8, 475, 326, 318, 257, 15582, 4049, 780, 286, 262, 279, 5757, 82, 706, 262, 869, 540, 287, 11629, 22446, 198, 40, 760, 314, 714, 3551, 257, 2163, 11, 475, 318, 612, 835, 351, 262, 4277, 4686, 29005, 286, 198, 1640, 16058, 287, 2393, 25, 810, 314, 460, 779, 257, 11876, 2546, 9051, 257, 1627, 25921, 30, 198, 9690, 329, 5137, 510, 351, 262, 11361, 649, 12590, 2111, 284, 3551, 465, 717, 1729, 12, 83, 15104, 498, 290, 46205, 13730, 11361, 4226, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

320

Update: If you’re reading these words the peak of the Quadrantid Meteor Shower has passed. But if you missed it, you can check out this slideshow or check out the video embedded below the jump. Earlier: If you didn’t see any fireworks on New Year’s Eve, you might want to look to the skies tonight (well, technically very early tomorrow). That’s when the Quadrantid Meteor Shower will reach its peek visibility for the year. Between 3 a.m. and sunrise Thursday morning, as many as 120 meteors an hour fall to earth in the shower. That could make for quite a show, but there’s a problem for people who want to watch in Texas. Actually, there are two of them. Many parts of the state are expecting cloudy weather. That alone could be a Quandrantid killer for a lot of stargazers, specifically those in Central and East Texas. And even if you’re under clear skies tonight, the moon could get between you and the shooting stars. It will be in a bright gibbous phase, and all that light could overpower the view of weaker meteors. For those who are not likely to catch the show outdoors there is one final option, and it doesn’t involve stepping into the cold winter air. NASA will be live streaming a video of the shower from a camera mounted at its Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. It’s set to begin streaming at approximately 5 p.m. Central Time. If you still want to check the showers the old fashioned way, NASA has a few simple tips. To view Quadrantids, go outside and allow your eyes 30-45 minutes to adjust to the dark. Look straight up, allowing your eyes to take in as much of the sky as possible. It couldn’t get much more simple than that.

[ 10260, 25, 1002, 345, 447, 247, 260, 3555, 777, 2456, 262, 9103, 286, 262, 20648, 5250, 312, 25582, 911, 789, 468, 3804, 13, 887, 611, 345, 6825, 340, 11, 345, 460, 2198, 503, 428, 48828, 393, 2198, 503, 262, 2008, 14553, 2174, 262, 4391, 13, 198, 13689, 25, 1002, 345, 1422, 447, 247, 83, 766, 597, 26056, 319, 968, 6280, 447, 247, 82, 12882, 11, 345, 1244, 765, 284, 804, 284, 262, 24091, 9975, 357, 4053, 11, 14497, 845, 1903, 9439, 737, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 618, 262, 20648, 5250, 312, 25582, 911, 789, 481, 3151, 663, 27185, 20742, 329, 262, 614, 13, 198, 25262, 513, 257, 13, 76, 13, 290, 40048, 3635, 3329, 11, 355, 867, 355, 7982, 47091, 669, 281, 1711, 2121, 284, 4534, 287, 262, 14643, 13, 1320, 714, 787, 329, 2407, 257, 905, 11, 475, 612, 447, 247, 82, 257, 1917, 329, 661, 508, 765, 284, 2342, 287, 3936, 13, 18689, 11, 612, 389, 734, 286, 606, 13, 198, 7085, 3354, 286, 262, 1181, 389, 12451, 40026, 6193, 13, 1320, 3436, 714, 307, 257, 2264, 392, 5250, 312, 11868, 329, 257, 1256, 286, 336, 853, 1031, 364, 11, 5734, 883, 287, 5694, 290, 3687, 3936, 13, 843, 772, 611, 345, 447, 247, 260, 739, 1598, 24091, 9975, 11, 262, 8824, 714, 651, 1022, 345, 290, 262, 4395, 5788, 13, 632, 481, 307, 287, 257, 6016, 46795, 65, 516, 7108, 11, 290, 477, 326, 1657, 714, 42905, 262, 1570, 286, 17642, 47091, 669, 13, 198, 1890, 883, 508, 389, 407, 1884, 284, 4929, 262, 905, 24349, 612, 318, 530, 2457, 3038, 11, 290, 340, 1595, 447, 247, 83, 6211, 17413, 656, 262, 4692, 7374, 1633, 13, 198, 29998, 481, 307, 2107, 11305, 257, 2008, 286, 262, 14643, 422, 257, 4676, 12623, 379, 663, 13606, 4687, 13365, 3337, 287, 31926, 4244, 11, 9266, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 900, 284, 2221, 11305, 379, 6702, 642, 279, 13, 76, 13, 5694, 3862, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 991, 765, 284, 2198, 262, 32290, 262, 1468, 35458, 835, 11, 8884, 468, 257, 1178, 2829, 9040, 13, 198, 2514, 1570, 20648, 5250, 2340, 11, 467, 2354, 290, 1249, 534, 2951, 1542, 12, 2231, 2431, 284, 4532, 284, 262, 3223, 13, 6803, 3892, 510, 11, 5086, 534, 2951, 284, 1011, 287, 355, 881, 286, 262, 6766, 355, 1744, 13, 198, 1026, 3521, 447, 247, 83, 651, 881, 517, 2829, 621, 326, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

400

|Evolution of plants ferns The oldest Four very old plants Parka Myriapods Crock Hey (Seed) ferns Scorpion Lepidodendron Sigillaria Calamites Wood of Calamites Cordaites The leaf of Neuropteris Little animals Graissessac Psaronius Permian of Lodève Bayreuth Yorkshire Gymnosperm wood Tree fern Tempskya Palm wood Hardwood Manosque Links Eight fossils A concise report of the development of the flora I. Silurian and Devonian Carboniferous and Early Permian III. Permian - Early Cretaceous IV. Cretaceous - present | The oldest fossils of land plants visible with the naked eye are about 425 million years old. They are miniscule plants from the Mid-Silurian of Ireland en are called Cooksonia. Cooksonia plants had dichotomously divided little stems with small knobs at the end. These knobs were sporangia and they were filled with spores. During about 20 or 30 millions of years these were the most common plants. They became extinct at the end of the Early Devonian. In the photo on the left my finest specimen of Cooksonia. It comes from South Wales and measures 3.5 cm. Click on the photos for enlargement. Click here for more information Recently microscopic remains have been found in Oman indicating that land plants existed already 475 million years ago. Probably land plants have developed from green algae living in the sea. | During the Early Devonian, from about 410 million years ago, more variation came into the flora. New groups of plants came into existence, but still the plants were small (up to 50 cm). Flowers developed only 250 millions of years later. Leaves didn't exist either, except for the scalelike leaves, like those of the clubmosses (click the photo on the right). Several plants had spines (click photo on the left). These were not for defending the plant, for animal life on the land was still minimal and the land animals were very small (millipedes, collembolans, trigonotarbids ('spiders'), very small crustaceans, etc.). Probably the function of the spines was to enlarge the green surface and so to enhance the assimilation. Furthermore the spines could have given more hold to the plants in forming small bushes of plants of the same species, hanging more or less on each other. All plants of that period were cryptogams (plants with spores), like at present the mosses, the ferns, the clubmosses and the horsetails. But they are so different from the living plants, that in nearly all cases it is impossible to identify to which group of recent plants they belong. All those ancient plants have become extinct. Relatively little is known about these primitive plants, because only a small number of complete and well preserved plants have been found. In most cases the plants have been transported by rivers before they ended up in the mud and could fossilize. Therefore the plants were mostly cut to small pieces before getting fossil. There are only a limited number of places where plants from the Silurian, the Lower and Middle Devonian have been well preserved. | A huge source of information on the oldest land plants is the so called Rhynie chert. About 400 million years ago there was a kind of Yellowstone Park near the place where Rhynie is now situated (click on the photo on the left). There were erupting vulcanos and geysers belching boiling water, saturated with silicium. That is how a complete silicified marsh came into existence with exceptionally well preserved plants, even showing their cell structure. Many animals have also been found in the chert. The photo on the right shows a stem of the plant Rhynia (1.3 mm in diameter). Click here for a more extensive description of the Rhynie chert. |During the Middle Devonian the plants became taller and little trees arose, sized up to a couple of meters. Recently a trunk with attached crown has been discovered in the State of New York. This tree is called Eospermatopteris and it could be sized up to 8 m. It lived in the late Middle Devonian. Read more about this subject. From the Late Devonian, Archaeopteris (don't confuse it with the ancient bird Archaeopterix) is the most well-known tree. It was possibly a predecessor of the conifers and this tree could reach a height of 18 m. The drawing on the left is a reconstruction from the fine website Devonian Times. Especially in Belgium quite a number of plants from the Upper Devonian are found. An example is Rhacophyton, occurring in the region of Liège (click photo on the right), which could very well be a precursor of the ferns. It lacks still leaves, but it has small hooks at the end of the branches. |At the end of the Devonian the first plants with seeds came into being. The oldest seed plant of Europe has been found in Belgium and it is has got its name after the village of Moresnet: Moresnetia (click photo on the left). This plant has primitive seeds: they are not yet entirely enveloped, like modern seeds. Recently a precursor of this plant has been discovered in Belgium with still more primitive 'seeds'. Click here for the original paper. The seed plants have become more ande more important in the course of the hundreds of million years. It appeared to be a successful formula because nowadays by far most plants are seed plants. The free-sporing plants have been pushed into the background. Click here for a more extensive description of the early land plants.

[ 91, 15200, 2122, 286, 6134, 198, 69, 1142, 82, 383, 13325, 198, 15137, 845, 1468, 6134, 3250, 64, 2011, 380, 499, 12978, 9325, 694, 14690, 357, 50, 2308, 8, 277, 1142, 82, 48821, 42957, 312, 375, 437, 1313, 21984, 359, 10312, 2199, 321, 2737, 198, 22911, 286, 2199, 321, 2737, 21119, 64, 2737, 383, 12835, 286, 13782, 42104, 271, 7703, 4695, 7037, 747, 408, 330, 33610, 8045, 3754, 2448, 76, 666, 286, 45238, 14064, 303, 198, 15262, 260, 1071, 31157, 31187, 39369, 16321, 4898, 12200, 277, 1142, 5825, 862, 2584, 64, 18358, 4898, 6912, 3822, 1869, 418, 4188, 21691, 18087, 34066, 198, 32, 35327, 989, 286, 262, 2478, 286, 262, 48037, 198, 40, 13, 4243, 333, 666, 290, 6245, 27625, 198, 9914, 4189, 7087, 516, 290, 12556, 2448, 76, 666, 198, 10855, 13, 2448, 76, 666, 532, 12556, 327, 1186, 37797, 198, 3824, 13, 327, 1186, 37797, 532, 1944, 198, 91, 383, 13325, 34066, 286, 1956, 6134, 7424, 351, 262, 12105, 4151, 389, 198, 10755, 36959, 1510, 812, 1468, 13, 1119, 389, 949, 2304, 2261, 6134, 422, 262, 198, 22622, 12, 15086, 333, 666, 286, 7517, 551, 389, 1444, 198, 28937, 1559, 544, 13, 8261, 1559, 544, 6134, 550, 36638, 43125, 3481, 9086, 198, 31629, 21552, 351, 1402, 638, 8158, 379, 262, 886, 13, 2312, 638, 8158, 547, 35810, 648, 544, 198, 392, 484, 547, 5901, 351, 47306, 13, 5856, 546, 1160, 393, 1542, 5242, 286, 812, 198, 27218, 547, 262, 749, 2219, 6134, 13, 1119, 2627, 28881, 379, 262, 886, 286, 262, 198, 20457, 6245, 27625, 13, 554, 262, 4590, 319, 262, 1364, 616, 18822, 31674, 286, 198, 28937, 1559, 544, 13, 632, 2058, 422, 2520, 11769, 290, 5260, 513, 13, 20, 12067, 13, 6914, 198, 261, 262, 5205, 329, 26537, 972, 13, 6914, 198, 1456, 329, 517, 1321, 198, 24661, 41858, 3793, 423, 587, 1043, 287, 41782, 12739, 326, 1956, 6134, 11196, 1541, 45881, 1510, 812, 2084, 13, 18578, 1956, 6134, 423, 4166, 422, 4077, 33773, 2877, 287, 262, 5417, 13, 198, 91, 5856, 262, 12556, 6245, 27625, 11, 422, 546, 198, 33289, 1510, 812, 2084, 11, 517, 12291, 1625, 656, 262, 48037, 13, 968, 2628, 286, 198, 489, 1187, 1625, 656, 6224, 11, 475, 991, 262, 6134, 547, 1402, 357, 929, 284, 2026, 12067, 737, 198, 7414, 3618, 4166, 691, 8646, 5242, 286, 812, 1568, 13, 46597, 1422, 470, 2152, 2035, 11, 198, 16341, 329, 262, 16578, 417, 522, 5667, 11, 588, 883, 286, 262, 3430, 76, 793, 274, 357, 12976, 198, 1169, 4590, 319, 262, 826, 737, 198, 14945, 6134, 550, 599, 1127, 357, 12976, 4590, 319, 262, 1364, 737, 2312, 547, 407, 329, 11749, 262, 4618, 11, 329, 5044, 1204, 319, 262, 1956, 373, 991, 10926, 290, 262, 1956, 4695, 547, 845, 1402, 357, 17805, 541, 37507, 11, 6367, 23650, 504, 11, 5192, 261, 313, 38039, 2340, 19203, 2777, 4157, 33809, 845, 1402, 20048, 558, 504, 11, 3503, 15729, 18578, 262, 2163, 286, 262, 599, 1127, 373, 284, 27475, 262, 4077, 4417, 290, 523, 284, 9494, 262, 840, 42963, 13, 11399, 262, 599, 1127, 714, 423, 1813, 517, 1745, 284, 262, 6134, 287, 14583, 1402, 37413, 286, 6134, 286, 262, 976, 4693, 11, 10938, 517, 393, 1342, 319, 1123, 584, 13, 198, 3237, 6134, 286, 326, 2278, 547, 8194, 519, 4105, 357, 489, 1187, 351, 47306, 828, 588, 198, 265, 1944, 262, 42853, 274, 11, 262, 277, 1142, 82, 11, 262, 3430, 76, 793, 274, 290, 262, 45334, 316, 1768, 13, 887, 198, 9930, 389, 523, 1180, 422, 262, 2877, 6134, 11, 326, 287, 3016, 477, 2663, 340, 198, 271, 5340, 284, 5911, 284, 543, 1448, 286, 2274, 6134, 484, 5594, 13, 1439, 198, 25591, 6156, 6134, 423, 1716, 28881, 13, 198, 6892, 9404, 1310, 318, 1900, 546, 777, 20049, 6134, 11, 780, 691, 257, 1402, 1271, 286, 1844, 290, 880, 17232, 6134, 423, 587, 1043, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 262, 6134, 423, 587, 18665, 416, 18180, 878, 484, 4444, 510, 287, 262, 17492, 290, 714, 12584, 1096, 13, 8447, 262, 6134, 547, 4632, 2005, 284, 1402, 5207, 878, 1972, 12584, 13, 1318, 389, 691, 257, 3614, 1271, 286, 4113, 810, 6134, 422, 262, 4243, 333, 666, 11, 262, 16048, 290, 6046, 6245, 27625, 423, 587, 880, 17232, 13, 198, 91, 317, 3236, 2723, 286, 1321, 319, 262, 13325, 1956, 6134, 318, 262, 523, 198, 7174, 10323, 2047, 494, 21382, 83, 13, 198, 8585, 7337, 1510, 812, 2084, 612, 373, 257, 1611, 286, 47257, 3250, 1474, 262, 1295, 810, 10323, 2047, 494, 318, 783, 22765, 357, 12976, 319, 262, 4590, 319, 262, 1364, 737, 1318, 547, 17866, 278, 24477, 5171, 418, 290, 4903, 893, 364, 894, 10813, 24372, 1660, 11, 24725, 351, 3313, 291, 1505, 13, 1320, 318, 703, 257, 1844, 3313, 291, 1431, 22397, 1625, 656, 6224, 351, 24822, 880, 17232, 6134, 11, 772, 4478, 511, 2685, 4645, 13, 4650, 4695, 423, 635, 587, 1043, 287, 262, 21382, 83, 13, 383, 4590, 319, 262, 826, 2523, 257, 10717, 286, 262, 4618, 10323, 2047, 544, 357, 16, 13, 18, 8085, 287, 14753, 737, 6914, 994, 329, 257, 517, 7667, 6764, 286, 262, 10323, 2047, 494, 21382, 83, 13, 198, 91, 7191, 262, 6046, 6245, 27625, 262, 6134, 2627, 25242, 290, 1310, 7150, 198, 283, 577, 11, 19943, 510, 284, 257, 3155, 286, 10700, 13, 23413, 257, 21427, 351, 7223, 12389, 198, 10134, 587, 5071, 287, 262, 1812, 286, 968, 1971, 13, 770, 5509, 318, 1444, 198, 36, 418, 525, 6759, 32563, 271, 290, 340, 714, 307, 19943, 510, 284, 807, 285, 13, 632, 5615, 287, 262, 198, 17660, 6046, 6245, 27625, 13, 4149, 198, 3549, 546, 428, 2426, 13, 198, 4863, 262, 18319, 6245, 27625, 11, 32187, 32563, 271, 357, 9099, 470, 27531, 340, 351, 262, 6156, 6512, 32187, 32563, 844, 8, 318, 262, 749, 880, 12, 4002, 5509, 13, 632, 373, 5457, 257, 18476, 286, 262, 369, 361, 364, 290, 428, 5509, 714, 3151, 257, 6001, 286, 1248, 285, 13, 383, 8263, 319, 262, 1364, 318, 257, 25056, 422, 262, 3734, 3052, 6245, 27625, 3782, 13, 198, 48464, 287, 15664, 2407, 257, 1271, 286, 6134, 422, 262, 20390, 6245, 27625, 389, 1043, 13, 1052, 1672, 318, 10323, 330, 16982, 1122, 11, 14963, 287, 262, 3814, 286, 7455, 14064, 469, 357, 12976, 4590, 319, 262, 826, 828, 543, 714, 845, 880, 307, 257, 34826, 286, 262, 277, 1142, 82, 13, 632, 16523, 991, 5667, 11, 475, 340, 468, 1402, 26569, 379, 262, 886, 286, 262, 13737, 13, 198, 91, 2953, 262, 886, 286, 262, 6245, 27625, 262, 717, 6134, 351, 11904, 1625, 656, 198, 11873, 13, 383, 13325, 9403, 4618, 286, 2031, 468, 587, 1043, 287, 15664, 290, 340, 318, 198, 10134, 1392, 663, 1438, 706, 262, 7404, 286, 337, 2850, 3262, 25, 337, 2850, 3262, 544, 357, 12976, 198, 23074, 319, 262, 1364, 737, 770, 4618, 468, 20049, 11904, 25, 484, 389, 407, 1865, 198, 298, 557, 306, 16441, 276, 11, 588, 3660, 11904, 13, 23413, 257, 34826, 286, 428, 4618, 198, 10134, 587, 5071, 287, 15664, 351, 991, 517, 20049, 705, 325, 5379, 4458, 6914, 198, 1456, 329, 262, 2656, 3348, 13, 198, 464, 9403, 6134, 423, 1716, 517, 290, 68, 517, 1593, 287, 262, 1781, 286, 262, 5179, 286, 1510, 812, 13, 632, 4120, 284, 307, 257, 4388, 10451, 780, 26760, 416, 1290, 749, 6134, 389, 9403, 6134, 13, 383, 1479, 12, 82, 1819, 278, 6134, 423, 587, 7121, 656, 262, 4469, 13, 6914, 994, 329, 257, 517, 7667, 6764, 286, 262, 1903, 1956, 6134, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,245

Steeped in historical significance. And pretty to look at, too.. History As most would guess by the name alone, the Old Courthouse has moved on from its once pivotal role as the federal court in the city of St. Louis to being a charming historical landmark. Just two blocks from the Gateway Arch, the Courthouse has long provided a picturesque focus to the city's landscape, though its 150-year-plus history makes it much more than just eye candy. Inside the building, you can tour two restored courtrooms and several galleries dedicated to the rich history of St. Louis. Judgments Built in 1828, the Old Courthouse played host to some of the most important cases of the 19th century. The first two trials in the Dred Scott case took place here in 1847 and 1850, pivotal events that set the stage for the Civil War. A plaque on the west side of the courthouse commemorates the Dred Scott decisions and their importance. Also, in the 1870s, Virginia Minor sued for her right to vote in this courthouse.

[ 7447, 538, 276, 287, 6754, 12085, 13, 843, 2495, 284, 804, 379, 11, 1165, 492, 7443, 1081, 749, 561, 4724, 416, 262, 1438, 3436, 11, 262, 5706, 2734, 23931, 468, 3888, 319, 422, 663, 1752, 28992, 2597, 355, 262, 2717, 2184, 287, 262, 1748, 286, 520, 13, 5593, 284, 852, 257, 23332, 6754, 20533, 13, 2329, 734, 7021, 422, 262, 29916, 5579, 11, 262, 2734, 23931, 468, 890, 2810, 257, 5986, 4188, 2962, 284, 262, 1748, 338, 10747, 11, 996, 663, 6640, 12, 1941, 12, 9541, 2106, 1838, 340, 881, 517, 621, 655, 4151, 18550, 13, 14384, 262, 2615, 11, 345, 460, 4205, 734, 15032, 2184, 9649, 290, 1811, 38462, 7256, 284, 262, 5527, 2106, 286, 520, 13, 5593, 13, 198, 26141, 11726, 28477, 287, 1248, 2078, 11, 262, 5706, 2734, 23931, 2826, 2583, 284, 617, 286, 262, 749, 1593, 2663, 286, 262, 678, 400, 4289, 13, 383, 717, 734, 9867, 287, 262, 360, 445, 4746, 1339, 1718, 1295, 994, 287, 1248, 2857, 290, 35745, 11, 28992, 2995, 326, 900, 262, 3800, 329, 262, 7511, 1810, 13, 317, 35127, 319, 262, 7421, 1735, 286, 262, 33625, 28723, 689, 262, 360, 445, 4746, 5370, 290, 511, 6817, 13, 4418, 11, 287, 262, 37667, 82, 11, 6025, 15367, 16334, 329, 607, 826, 284, 3015, 287, 428, 33625, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

217

New study details lethal impacts of a fungicide commonly used on golf courses around the world By Summit Voice SUMMIT COUNTY — Despite the lessons learned from the effects of DDT, people continue to use chemicals in the same organochlorine family, to the detriment of natural ecosystems. Now, University of South Florida researchers have shown that one of the world’s most common fungicides is lethal to a wide variety of freshwater organisms and essentially crashes ecosystems from the bottom up. Biologists Taegan McMahon and Jason Rohr tested the effects of Chlorothalonil, a common fungicides used pervasively on food crops and golf courses. Even at levels below those deemed safe by the EPA, the chemical killed amphibians, snails, zooplankton, algae, and aquatic plants The loss of these herbivores and plants freed the algae from predation and competition, which eventually resulted in algal blooms that were similar to the effects of eutrophication. “Some species were able to recover from the chemical assault, but the ecosystem was fundamentally changed after its exposure to chlorothalonil,” Rohr said. The four-week study was conducted in a series of 300-gallon tanks used to mimic pond conditions. It follows a 2011 laboratory study conducted by McMahon and Rohr that found that ecologically-relevant concentrations of chlorothalonil killed four species of amphibians. “Although our new study is the only reported community- and ecosystem-level experiment on chlorothalonil, our results are consistent with several direct toxicity studies conducted in the laboratory and with observations in the field,” McMahon said. Chlorothalonil kills molds and fungus by disrupting cellular respiration, an essential process for most multicellular organisms on the planet. Like the infamous DDT, chlorothalonil is a member of the organochlorine chemical family. “In addition, to reducing biodiversity and altering ecosystem functions, chlorothalonil reduced the decomposition of waste, an important service that freshwater ecosystems provide to humans,” McMahon added. “Interest in the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions stems at least partly from the concern that anthropogenically-driven declines in biodiversity will reduce or alter the benefits offered by ecosystems,” Rohr said. “Surprisingly, however, this is one of the first studies to actually manipulate an anthropogenic factor and link it to changes in ecosystem functions mediated by declines in biodiversity.” “This is important because many species in ecosystems might contribute little to ecosystem functions or are functionally redundant with other species, and thus declines in biodiversity do not always affect the functions and services of ecosystems,” Rohr said. McMahon and Rohr encourage further research on effects of anthropogenic factors on ecosystem functions in systems with complex food webs and the re-evaluation of the safety of chlorothalonil.

[ 3791, 2050, 3307, 17769, 12751, 286, 257, 31317, 5285, 8811, 973, 319, 13126, 10902, 1088, 262, 995, 198, 3886, 20014, 15282, 198, 50, 5883, 36393, 41012, 851, 7945, 262, 11658, 4499, 422, 262, 3048, 286, 20084, 51, 11, 661, 2555, 284, 779, 12910, 287, 262, 976, 1618, 5374, 4685, 500, 1641, 11, 284, 262, 42959, 286, 3288, 30020, 13, 198, 3844, 11, 2059, 286, 2520, 4744, 4837, 423, 3402, 326, 530, 286, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 749, 2219, 31317, 16751, 318, 17769, 284, 257, 3094, 4996, 286, 40941, 20296, 290, 6986, 17616, 30020, 422, 262, 4220, 510, 13, 198, 23286, 9251, 309, 3609, 1030, 33984, 290, 8982, 32694, 81, 6789, 262, 3048, 286, 609, 4685, 849, 40755, 346, 11, 257, 2219, 31317, 16751, 973, 583, 11017, 2280, 319, 2057, 14450, 290, 13126, 10902, 13, 3412, 379, 2974, 2174, 883, 10762, 3338, 416, 262, 10193, 11, 262, 5931, 2923, 38255, 1547, 11, 3013, 1768, 11, 1976, 11224, 75, 962, 1122, 11, 33773, 11, 290, 37115, 6134, 383, 2994, 286, 777, 21047, 452, 2850, 290, 6134, 13459, 262, 33773, 422, 2747, 341, 290, 5449, 11, 543, 4191, 8724, 287, 435, 13528, 24924, 3150, 326, 547, 2092, 284, 262, 3048, 286, 304, 315, 10051, 3299, 13, 198, 447, 250, 4366, 4693, 547, 1498, 284, 8551, 422, 262, 5931, 4641, 11, 475, 262, 13187, 373, 17640, 3421, 706, 663, 7111, 284, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 11, 447, 251, 32694, 81, 531, 13, 198, 464, 1440, 12, 10464, 2050, 373, 5952, 287, 257, 2168, 286, 5867, 12, 39580, 261, 11657, 973, 284, 26332, 16723, 3403, 13, 632, 5679, 257, 2813, 14010, 2050, 5952, 416, 33984, 290, 32694, 81, 326, 1043, 326, 9940, 13437, 12, 49659, 14587, 286, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 2923, 1440, 4693, 286, 38255, 1547, 13, 198, 447, 250, 7003, 674, 649, 2050, 318, 262, 691, 2098, 2055, 12, 290, 13187, 12, 5715, 6306, 319, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 11, 674, 2482, 389, 6414, 351, 1811, 1277, 28152, 3640, 5952, 287, 262, 14010, 290, 351, 13050, 287, 262, 2214, 11, 447, 251, 33984, 531, 13, 198, 1925, 4685, 849, 40755, 346, 12847, 285, 10119, 290, 39526, 416, 37915, 19824, 1217, 15297, 11, 281, 6393, 1429, 329, 749, 1963, 501, 32771, 20296, 319, 262, 5440, 13, 4525, 262, 16526, 20084, 51, 11, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 318, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 1618, 5374, 4685, 500, 5931, 1641, 13, 198, 447, 250, 818, 3090, 11, 284, 8868, 37589, 290, 29057, 13187, 5499, 11, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 5322, 262, 26969, 9150, 286, 7030, 11, 281, 1593, 2139, 326, 40941, 30020, 2148, 284, 5384, 11, 447, 251, 33984, 2087, 13, 198, 447, 250, 19302, 287, 262, 2776, 1022, 37589, 290, 13187, 5499, 21552, 379, 1551, 11476, 422, 262, 2328, 326, 17911, 6644, 1146, 12, 15808, 24459, 287, 37589, 481, 4646, 393, 8343, 262, 4034, 4438, 416, 30020, 11, 447, 251, 32694, 81, 531, 13, 564, 250, 14214, 20859, 11, 2158, 11, 428, 318, 530, 286, 262, 717, 3640, 284, 1682, 18510, 281, 17911, 15147, 5766, 290, 2792, 340, 284, 2458, 287, 13187, 5499, 36631, 416, 24459, 287, 37589, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 1212, 318, 1593, 780, 867, 4693, 287, 30020, 1244, 8676, 1310, 284, 13187, 5499, 393, 389, 48410, 30806, 351, 584, 4693, 11, 290, 4145, 24459, 287, 37589, 466, 407, 1464, 2689, 262, 5499, 290, 2594, 286, 30020, 11, 447, 251, 32694, 81, 531, 13, 198, 9742, 44, 30491, 290, 32694, 81, 7898, 2252, 2267, 319, 3048, 286, 17911, 15147, 5087, 319, 13187, 5499, 287, 3341, 351, 3716, 2057, 2639, 290, 262, 302, 12, 18206, 2288, 286, 262, 3747, 286, 20207, 849, 40755, 346, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

604

The 1st Octet already specify the network class (1-127: A, 128-191: B, 192-223: C etc.). A, B, or C implies the number of octets for network (respectively, 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, 255.255.255.0), which automatically tells you how many hosts is allowed for each class of While this was historically true. This hasn't been true for years. Years ago 188.8.131.52/8 was given out in pieces to various ISPs. (I believe this was mostly to cable providers.) Even when it was true for network assignments, netmasks were necessary for internal networks to simplify routing. Efficient routing of a network like 10.0.0.0/8 requires subdivision into smaller networks. This may be a simple scheme using /16 and /8 subdivisions, but is more likely to be classless subdivision. Larger subnets make more efficient use of address space (over 99% of a /24 is available for devices, while only 50% of a /30 is available. The local network is routed directly from the device, while other addresses are passed through a router. Hosts with multiple interfaces may be connected to networks of different sizes. For sub-nets without multi-homed hosts a /24 contains more addresses than is required. Most routers I have worked with have 24, 48, or 96 ports and can be supported with /27, /26, or /25 sub-nets. This allows some extra addresses for DCHP and/or multi-homing. Organizations may standardize on allocating sub-nets of /24 or /23 for routing. Since a IPv4 address already gives the information of the network and and host, why do we >still need a subnet mask? Many devices use a default netmask of /24 which in many cases matches the size of the local subnet (localnet) assigned to the router. This is equally applicable to classes A, B, and C. Unless the subnet size matches the default subnet a netmask is required. If addresses are specified using CIDR format, the netmask and network can be calculated from the address. If not the network can be calculated from the address and netmask. It is not possible to reliably calculate the netmask from the address and network. Providing a gateway (router) address for a subnet allows the default route to be configured allowing routing to addresses outside the subnet.

[ 464, 352, 301, 2556, 316, 1541, 11986, 262, 3127, 1398, 357, 16, 12, 16799, 25, 317, 11, 13108, 12, 26492, 25, 347, 11, 198, 17477, 12, 22047, 25, 327, 3503, 15729, 317, 11, 347, 11, 393, 327, 15565, 262, 1271, 286, 19318, 1039, 329, 3127, 198, 7, 15008, 2280, 11, 14280, 13, 15, 13, 15, 13, 15, 11, 14280, 13, 13381, 13, 15, 13, 15, 11, 14280, 13, 13381, 13, 13381, 13, 15, 828, 543, 198, 2306, 296, 4142, 4952, 345, 703, 867, 11453, 318, 3142, 329, 1123, 1398, 286, 198, 3633, 428, 373, 15074, 2081, 13, 770, 5818, 470, 587, 2081, 329, 812, 13, 13212, 2084, 27778, 13, 23, 13, 22042, 13, 4309, 14, 23, 373, 1813, 503, 287, 5207, 284, 2972, 28677, 13, 357, 40, 1975, 428, 373, 4632, 284, 7862, 9549, 2014, 198, 6104, 618, 340, 373, 2081, 329, 3127, 25815, 11, 2010, 5356, 591, 547, 3306, 329, 5387, 7686, 284, 30276, 28166, 13, 412, 5632, 28166, 286, 257, 3127, 588, 838, 13, 15, 13, 15, 13, 15, 14, 23, 4433, 29648, 656, 4833, 7686, 13, 770, 743, 307, 257, 2829, 7791, 1262, 1220, 1433, 290, 1220, 23, 45944, 3279, 11, 475, 318, 517, 1884, 284, 307, 1398, 1203, 29648, 13, 406, 32270, 850, 45938, 787, 517, 6942, 779, 286, 2209, 2272, 357, 2502, 7388, 4, 286, 257, 1220, 1731, 318, 1695, 329, 4410, 11, 981, 691, 2026, 4, 286, 257, 1220, 1270, 318, 1695, 13, 198, 464, 1957, 3127, 318, 42101, 3264, 422, 262, 3335, 11, 981, 584, 9405, 389, 3804, 832, 257, 20264, 13, 14504, 82, 351, 3294, 20314, 743, 307, 5884, 284, 7686, 286, 1180, 10620, 13, 198, 1890, 850, 12, 45938, 1231, 5021, 12, 71, 12657, 11453, 257, 1220, 1731, 4909, 517, 9405, 621, 318, 2672, 13, 4042, 41144, 314, 423, 3111, 351, 423, 1987, 11, 4764, 11, 393, 9907, 14090, 290, 460, 307, 4855, 351, 1220, 1983, 11, 1220, 2075, 11, 393, 1220, 1495, 850, 12, 45938, 13, 770, 3578, 617, 3131, 9405, 329, 360, 3398, 47, 290, 14, 273, 5021, 12, 71, 3383, 13, 41846, 743, 3210, 1096, 319, 477, 27123, 850, 12, 45938, 286, 1220, 1731, 393, 1220, 1954, 329, 28166, 13, 198, 6385, 257, 25961, 19, 2209, 1541, 3607, 262, 1321, 286, 262, 3127, 290, 290, 2583, 11, 1521, 466, 356, 1875, 24219, 761, 257, 850, 3262, 9335, 30, 198, 7085, 4410, 779, 257, 4277, 2010, 27932, 286, 1220, 1731, 543, 287, 867, 2663, 7466, 262, 2546, 286, 262, 1957, 850, 3262, 357, 12001, 3262, 8, 8686, 284, 262, 20264, 13, 770, 318, 8603, 9723, 284, 6097, 317, 11, 347, 11, 290, 327, 13, 17486, 262, 850, 3262, 2546, 7466, 262, 4277, 850, 3262, 257, 2010, 27932, 318, 2672, 13, 198, 1532, 9405, 389, 7368, 1262, 327, 2389, 49, 5794, 11, 262, 2010, 27932, 290, 3127, 460, 307, 10488, 422, 262, 2209, 13, 1002, 407, 262, 3127, 460, 307, 10488, 422, 262, 2209, 290, 2010, 27932, 13, 632, 318, 407, 1744, 284, 26995, 15284, 262, 2010, 27932, 422, 262, 2209, 290, 3127, 13, 198, 15946, 2530, 257, 24308, 357, 472, 353, 8, 2209, 329, 257, 850, 3262, 3578, 262, 4277, 6339, 284, 307, 17839, 5086, 28166, 284, 9405, 2354, 262, 850, 3262, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

535

Select the product you need help with - Internet Explorer - Windows Phone - More products Detailed Explanation of FAT Boot Sector Article ID: 140418 - View products that this article applies to. This article was previously published under Q140418 Understanding the content and function of a file system "boot sector" can be helpful when troubleshooting boot failures or disk corruption. From time to time, usually due to hardware failure or virus infection, a boot sector may become corrupted. If the partition is the active primary partition, or a partition containing operating system files, this can prevent the system from starting. Otherwise, it may simply prevent access to data on the drive. Usually, if you suspect disk corruption, it is best to use commercial anti- virus or disk recovery software. In some cases, however, detailed knowledge of the boot sector can come in handy. This article explains the various fields of a FAT boot sector. Using the following information, it may be possible to manually repair a damaged FAT boot sector. In order to attempt such a repair, disk editing tools capable of editing raw disk sectors are required. This article does not discuss specific tools which can be used to perform such a repair operations. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the following information, different operating systems, including future versions of Microsoft operating systems, may use different data structures. Therefore you should make use of the following information at your own risk. Background and TerminologyIn this document, a "file system boot sector" is the first physical sector on a logical volume. A logical volume might be a primary partition, a logical drive in an extended partition, or a composite of two or more partitions, as is the case with mirrors, stripe sets, and volume sets. On floppy disks, the boot sector is the first sector on the disk. In the case of hard drives, the first sector is referred to as the "Master Boot Record" or "MBR." This MBR is different from a file system boot sector and contains a partition table, which describes the layout of logical partitions on that hard drive. The file system boot sector would be the first sector in one of those partitions. The Boot ProcessThe boot process of 80x86-based personal computers (as opposed to RISC- based systems) makes direct use of a file system boot sector for executing instructions. The initial boot process can be summarized as follows: In the case of FAT volumes which have Windows NT installed, the FAT boot sector is responsible for identifying the location of the file "NTLDR" on the volume, loading it into memory, and transferring control to it. Inside the FAT Boot SectorBecause the MBR transfers CPU execution to the boot sector, the first few bytes of the FAT boot sector must be valid executable instructions for an 80x86 CPU. In practice these first instructions constitute a "jump" instruction and occupy the first 3 bytes of the boot sector. This jump serves to skip over the next several bytes which are not "executable." Following the jump instruction is an 8 byte "OEM ID". This is typically a string of characters that identifies the operating system that formatted the volume. Following the OEM ID is a structure known as the BIOS Parameter Block, or "BPB." Taken as a whole, the BPB provides enough information for the executable portion of the boot sector to be able to locate the NTLDR file. Because the BPB always starts at the same offset, standard parameters are always in a known location. Because the first instruction in the boot sector is a jump, the BPB can be extended in the future, provided new information is appended to the end. In such a case, the jump instruction would only need a minor adjustment. Also, the actual executable code can be fairly generic. All the variability associated with running on disks of different sizes and geometries is encapsulated in the BPB. The BPB is stored in a packed (that is, unaligned) format. The following table lists the byte offset of each field in the BPB. A description of each field follows the table. Bytes Per Sector: This is the size of a hardware sector and for most disks in use in the United States, the value of this field will be 512. Field Offset Length ----- ------ ------ Bytes Per Sector 11 2 Sectors Per Cluster 13 1 Reserved Sectors 14 2 FATs 16 1 Root Entries 17 2 Small Sectors 19 2 Media Descriptor 21 1 Sectors Per FAT 22 2 Sectors Per Track 24 2 Heads 26 2 Hidden Sectors 28 4 Large Sectors 32 4 Sectors Per Cluster: Because FAT is limited in the number of clusters (or "allocation units") that it can track, large volumes are supported by increasing the number of sectors per cluster. The cluster factor for a FAT volume is entirely dependent on the size of the volume. Valid values for this field are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128. Query in the Microsoft Knowledge Base for the term "Default Cluster Size" for more information on this subject. Reserved Sectors: This represents the number of sectors preceding the start of the first FAT, including the boot sector itself. It should always have a value of at least 1. FATs: This is the number of copies of the FAT table stored on the disk. Typically, the value of this field is 2. Root Entries: This is the total number of file name entries that can be stored in the root directory of the volume. On a typical hard drive, the value of this field is 512. Note, however, that one entry is always used as a Volume Label, and that files with long file names will use up multiple entries per file. This means the largest number of files in the root directory is typically 511, but that you will run out of entries before that if long file names are used. Small Sectors: This field is used to store the number of sectors on the disk if the size of the volume is small enough. For larger volumes, this field has a value of 0, and we refer instead to the "Large Sectors" value which comes later. Media Descriptor: This byte provides information about the media being used. The following table lists some of the recognized media descriptor values and their associated media. Note that the media descriptor byte may be associated with more than one disk capacity. Sectors Per FAT: This is the number of sectors occupied by each of the FATs on the volume. Given this information, together with the number of FATs and reserved sectors listed above, we can compute where the root directory begins. Given the number of entries in the root directory, we can also compute where the user data area of the disk begins. Byte Capacity Media Size and Type F0 2.88 MB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 36-sector F0 1.44 MB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 18-sector F9 720 KB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 9-sector F9 1.2 MB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 15-sector FD 360 KB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 9-sector FF 320 KB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 8-sector FC 180 KB 5.25-inch, 1-sided, 9-sector FE 160 KB 5.25-inch, 1-sided, 8-sector F8 ----- Fixed disk Sectors Per Track and Heads: These values are a part of the apparent disk geometry in use when the disk was formatted. Hidden Sectors: This is the number of sectors on the physical disk preceding the start of the volume. (that is, before the boot sector itself) It is used during the boot sequence in order to calculate the absolute offset to the root directory and data areas. Large Sectors: If the Small Sectors field is zero, this field contains the total number of sectors used by the FAT volume. Some additional fields follow the standard BIOS Parameter Block and constitute an "extended BIOS Parameter Block." The next fields are: Physical Drive Number: This is related to the BIOS physical drive number. Floppy drives are numbered starting with 0x00 for the A: drive, while physical hard disks are numbered starting with 0x80. Typically, you would set this value prior to issuing an INT 13 BIOS call in order to specify the device to access. The on-disk value stored in this field is typically 0x00 for floppies and 0x80 for hard disks, regardless of how many physical disk drives exist, because the value is only relevant if the device is a boot device. Field Offset Length ----- ------ ------ Physical Drive Number 36 1 Current Head 37 1 Signature 38 1 ID 39 4 Volume Label 43 11 System ID 54 8 Current Head: This is another field typically used when doing INT13 BIOS calls. The value would originally have been used to store the track on which the boot record was located, but the value stored on disk is not currently used as such. Therefore, Windows NT uses this field to store two flags: ID: The ID is a random serial number assigned at format time in order to aid in distinguishing one disk from another. Volume Label: This field was used to store the volume label, but the volume label is now stored as a special file in the root directory. System ID: This field is either "FAT12" or "FAT16," depending on the format of the disk. On a bootable volume, the area following the Extended BIOS Parameter Block is typically executable boot code. This code is responsible for performing whatever actions are necessary to continue the boot-strap process. On Windows NT systems, this boot code will identify the location of the NTLDR file, load it into memory, and transfer execution to that file. Even on a non-bootable floppy disk, there is executable code in this area. The code necessary to print the familiar message, "Non-system disk or disk error" is found on most standard, MS-DOS formatted floppy disks that were not formatted with the "system" option. Finally, the last two bytes in any boot sector always have the hexidecimal values: 0x55 0xAA. TroubleshootingIf you suspect that a FAT boot sector is corrupt, you can check several of the fields listed above to see whether the values listed there make sense. For example, BytesPerSector will be 512 in the vast majority of cases. You would also expect to see text strings in the executable code section of the boot sector that are appropriate for the operating system that formatted the disk. Typical text strings on FAT volumes formatted by MS-DOS include: "Invalid system disk."; "Disk I/O error."; "Replace the disk, and then press any key"; "Non-System disk or disk error"; "Replace and press any key when ready."; and "Disk Boot failure." Text strings on FAT volumes formatted by Windows NT include: "BOOT: Couldn't find NTLDR."; "I/O error reading disk."; and "Please insert another disk." You should not regard this list as being all-inclusive. If you find other messages in the boot sector, this does not necessarily indicate that there is a problem with the boot sector. Different versions of MS-DOS and Windows NT will sometimes have slightly different message strings in their boot sectors. On the other hand, if you find no text whatsoever, or if the text is clearly not related to MS-DOS or Windows NT, you should consider the possibility that your boot sector may have been infected by a virus or that some other form of data corruption may have taken place. To recover from a boot sector that has been infected by a virus, it is usually best to use a commercial anti-virus program. Many viruses will do much more than just write data to the boot sector, so manual repair of the boot sector is not recommended, as it may not completely eliminate the virus and in some cases, may do more harm than good. If you suspect that the boot sector was damaged for some other reason, it is usually best to use commercial disk recovery tools. While it may be possible to recover from boot sector damage without resorting to reformatting the drive by manually modifying the fields described above, manual editing of boot sectors should only be attempted as a last resort and cannot be guaranteed to work in situations where other disk structures may also have been damaged. Article ID: 140418 - Last Review: December 6, 2003 - Revision: 3.0

[ 17563, 262, 1720, 345, 761, 1037, 351, 198, 12, 4455, 19142, 198, 12, 3964, 14484, 198, 12, 3125, 3186, 198, 32080, 50125, 341, 286, 47200, 18892, 25892, 198, 14906, 4522, 25, 1478, 3023, 1507, 532, 3582, 3186, 326, 428, 2708, 8991, 284, 13, 198, 1212, 2708, 373, 4271, 3199, 739, 1195, 1415, 3023, 1507, 198, 43467, 262, 2695, 290, 2163, 286, 257, 2393, 1080, 366, 18769, 6567, 1, 460, 307, 7613, 618, 14979, 35486, 6297, 15536, 393, 11898, 9253, 13, 198, 4863, 640, 284, 640, 11, 3221, 2233, 284, 6890, 5287, 393, 9471, 10280, 11, 257, 6297, 6567, 743, 1716, 26940, 13, 1002, 262, 18398, 318, 262, 4075, 4165, 18398, 11, 393, 257, 18398, 7268, 5361, 1080, 3696, 11, 428, 460, 2948, 262, 1080, 422, 3599, 13, 15323, 11, 340, 743, 2391, 2948, 1895, 284, 1366, 319, 262, 3708, 13, 198, 37887, 11, 611, 345, 4099, 11898, 9253, 11, 340, 318, 1266, 284, 779, 5068, 3098, 12, 9471, 393, 11898, 7628, 3788, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 11, 2158, 11, 6496, 3725, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 460, 1282, 287, 15728, 13, 198, 1212, 2708, 6688, 262, 2972, 7032, 286, 257, 47200, 6297, 6567, 13, 8554, 262, 1708, 1321, 11, 340, 743, 307, 1744, 284, 14500, 9185, 257, 9694, 47200, 6297, 6567, 13, 554, 1502, 284, 2230, 884, 257, 9185, 11, 11898, 12857, 4899, 6007, 286, 12857, 8246, 11898, 16020, 389, 2672, 13, 770, 2708, 857, 407, 2112, 2176, 4899, 543, 460, 307, 973, 284, 1620, 884, 257, 9185, 4560, 13, 198, 3633, 790, 3626, 468, 587, 925, 284, 4155, 262, 9922, 286, 262, 1708, 1321, 11, 1180, 5361, 3341, 11, 1390, 2003, 6300, 286, 5413, 5361, 3341, 11, 743, 779, 1180, 1366, 8573, 13, 8447, 345, 815, 787, 779, 286, 262, 1708, 1321, 379, 534, 898, 2526, 13, 198, 21756, 290, 15527, 1435, 818, 428, 3188, 11, 257, 366, 7753, 1080, 6297, 6567, 1, 318, 262, 717, 3518, 6567, 319, 257, 12219, 6115, 13, 317, 12219, 6115, 1244, 307, 257, 4165, 18398, 11, 257, 12219, 3708, 287, 281, 7083, 18398, 11, 393, 257, 24185, 286, 734, 393, 517, 43869, 11, 355, 318, 262, 1339, 351, 22353, 11, 39858, 5621, 11, 290, 6115, 5621, 13, 198, 2202, 49415, 32505, 11, 262, 6297, 6567, 318, 262, 717, 6567, 319, 262, 11898, 13, 554, 262, 1339, 286, 1327, 10182, 11, 262, 717, 6567, 318, 6412, 284, 355, 262, 366, 18254, 18892, 13266, 1, 393, 366, 10744, 49, 526, 770, 10771, 49, 318, 1180, 422, 257, 2393, 1080, 6297, 6567, 290, 4909, 257, 18398, 3084, 11, 543, 8477, 262, 12461, 286, 12219, 43869, 319, 326, 1327, 3708, 13, 383, 2393, 1080, 6297, 6567, 561, 307, 262, 717, 6567, 287, 530, 286, 883, 43869, 13, 198, 464, 18892, 10854, 464, 6297, 1429, 286, 4019, 87, 4521, 12, 3106, 2614, 9061, 357, 292, 6886, 284, 371, 37719, 12, 1912, 3341, 8, 1838, 1277, 779, 286, 257, 2393, 1080, 6297, 6567, 329, 23710, 7729, 13, 383, 4238, 6297, 1429, 460, 307, 31880, 355, 5679, 25, 198, 818, 262, 1339, 286, 47200, 15343, 543, 423, 3964, 24563, 6589, 11, 262, 47200, 6297, 6567, 318, 4497, 329, 13720, 262, 4067, 286, 262, 2393, 366, 11251, 43, 7707, 1, 319, 262, 6115, 11, 11046, 340, 656, 4088, 11, 290, 26140, 1630, 284, 340, 13, 198, 24441, 262, 47200, 18892, 25892, 8128, 262, 10771, 49, 16395, 9135, 9706, 284, 262, 6297, 6567, 11, 262, 717, 1178, 9881, 286, 262, 47200, 6297, 6567, 1276, 307, 4938, 28883, 7729, 329, 281, 4019, 87, 4521, 9135, 13, 554, 3357, 777, 717, 7729, 15613, 257, 366, 43327, 1, 12064, 290, 22265, 262, 717, 513, 9881, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 13, 770, 4391, 9179, 284, 14267, 625, 262, 1306, 1811, 9881, 543, 389, 407, 366, 18558, 18187, 526, 198, 14291, 262, 4391, 12064, 318, 281, 807, 18022, 366, 46, 3620, 4522, 1911, 770, 318, 6032, 257, 4731, 286, 3435, 326, 21079, 262, 5361, 1080, 326, 39559, 262, 6115, 13, 198, 14291, 262, 29671, 4522, 318, 257, 4645, 1900, 355, 262, 27553, 25139, 2357, 9726, 11, 393, 366, 20866, 33, 526, 30222, 355, 257, 2187, 11, 262, 20997, 33, 3769, 1576, 1321, 329, 262, 28883, 6903, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 284, 307, 1498, 284, 17276, 262, 399, 14990, 7707, 2393, 13, 4362, 262, 20997, 33, 1464, 4940, 379, 262, 976, 11677, 11, 3210, 10007, 389, 1464, 287, 257, 1900, 4067, 13, 4362, 262, 717, 12064, 287, 262, 6297, 6567, 318, 257, 4391, 11, 262, 20997, 33, 460, 307, 7083, 287, 262, 2003, 11, 2810, 649, 1321, 318, 598, 1631, 284, 262, 886, 13, 554, 884, 257, 1339, 11, 262, 4391, 12064, 561, 691, 761, 257, 4159, 15068, 13, 4418, 11, 262, 4036, 28883, 2438, 460, 307, 6547, 14276, 13, 1439, 262, 25364, 3917, 351, 2491, 319, 32505, 286, 1180, 10620, 290, 4903, 908, 1678, 318, 32652, 4817, 287, 262, 20997, 33, 13, 198, 464, 20997, 33, 318, 8574, 287, 257, 11856, 357, 5562, 318, 11, 555, 41634, 8, 5794, 13, 383, 1708, 3084, 8341, 262, 18022, 11677, 286, 1123, 2214, 287, 262, 20997, 33, 13, 317, 6764, 286, 1123, 2214, 5679, 262, 3084, 13, 198, 45992, 2448, 25892, 25, 770, 318, 262, 2546, 286, 257, 6890, 6567, 290, 329, 749, 32505, 287, 779, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 262, 1988, 286, 428, 2214, 481, 307, 22243, 13, 198, 15878, 3242, 2617, 22313, 37404, 40103, 40103, 2750, 4879, 2448, 25892, 1367, 362, 24062, 669, 2448, 38279, 1511, 352, 33876, 24062, 669, 1478, 362, 47200, 82, 1467, 352, 20410, 7232, 1678, 1596, 362, 10452, 24062, 669, 678, 362, 6343, 2935, 6519, 273, 2310, 352, 24062, 669, 2448, 47200, 2534, 362, 24062, 669, 2448, 17762, 1987, 362, 34838, 2608, 362, 20458, 24062, 669, 2579, 604, 13601, 24062, 669, 3933, 604, 198, 50, 478, 669, 2448, 38279, 25, 4362, 47200, 318, 3614, 287, 262, 1271, 286, 23163, 357, 273, 366, 439, 5040, 4991, 4943, 326, 340, 460, 2610, 11, 1588, 15343, 389, 4855, 416, 3649, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 583, 13946, 13, 383, 13946, 5766, 329, 257, 47200, 6115, 318, 5000, 10795, 319, 262, 2546, 286, 262, 6115, 13, 48951, 3815, 329, 428, 2214, 389, 352, 11, 362, 11, 604, 11, 807, 11, 1467, 11, 3933, 11, 5598, 11, 290, 13108, 13, 43301, 287, 262, 5413, 20414, 7308, 329, 262, 3381, 366, 19463, 38279, 12849, 1, 329, 517, 1321, 319, 428, 2426, 13, 198, 4965, 8520, 24062, 669, 25, 770, 6870, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 18148, 262, 923, 286, 262, 717, 47200, 11, 1390, 262, 6297, 6567, 2346, 13, 632, 815, 1464, 423, 257, 1988, 286, 379, 1551, 352, 13, 198, 37, 1404, 82, 25, 770, 318, 262, 1271, 286, 9088, 286, 262, 47200, 3084, 8574, 319, 262, 11898, 13, 27095, 11, 262, 1988, 286, 428, 2214, 318, 362, 13, 198, 30016, 7232, 1678, 25, 770, 318, 262, 2472, 1271, 286, 2393, 1438, 12784, 326, 460, 307, 8574, 287, 262, 6808, 8619, 286, 262, 6115, 13, 1550, 257, 7226, 1327, 3708, 11, 262, 1988, 286, 428, 2214, 318, 22243, 13, 5740, 11, 2158, 11, 326, 530, 5726, 318, 1464, 973, 355, 257, 14701, 36052, 11, 290, 326, 3696, 351, 890, 2393, 3891, 481, 779, 510, 3294, 12784, 583, 2393, 13, 770, 1724, 262, 4387, 1271, 286, 3696, 287, 262, 6808, 8619, 318, 6032, 642, 1157, 11, 475, 326, 345, 481, 1057, 503, 286, 12784, 878, 326, 611, 890, 2393, 3891, 389, 973, 13, 198, 18712, 24062, 669, 25, 770, 2214, 318, 973, 284, 3650, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 319, 262, 11898, 611, 262, 2546, 286, 262, 6115, 318, 1402, 1576, 13, 1114, 4025, 15343, 11, 428, 2214, 468, 257, 1988, 286, 657, 11, 290, 356, 3522, 2427, 284, 262, 366, 21968, 24062, 669, 1, 1988, 543, 2058, 1568, 13, 198, 13152, 2935, 6519, 273, 25, 770, 18022, 3769, 1321, 546, 262, 2056, 852, 973, 13, 383, 1708, 3084, 8341, 617, 286, 262, 8018, 2056, 43087, 3815, 290, 511, 3917, 2056, 13, 5740, 326, 262, 2056, 43087, 18022, 743, 307, 3917, 351, 517, 621, 530, 11898, 5339, 13, 198, 50, 478, 669, 2448, 47200, 25, 770, 318, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 12030, 416, 1123, 286, 262, 47200, 82, 319, 262, 6115, 13, 11259, 428, 1321, 11, 1978, 351, 262, 1271, 286, 47200, 82, 290, 10395, 16020, 5610, 2029, 11, 356, 460, 24061, 810, 262, 6808, 8619, 6140, 13, 11259, 262, 1271, 286, 12784, 287, 262, 6808, 8619, 11, 356, 460, 635, 24061, 810, 262, 2836, 1366, 1989, 286, 262, 11898, 6140, 13, 198, 40778, 29765, 6343, 12849, 290, 5994, 376, 15, 362, 13, 3459, 10771, 513, 13, 20, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 4570, 12, 34914, 376, 15, 352, 13, 2598, 10771, 513, 13, 20, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 1248, 12, 34914, 376, 24, 26250, 14204, 513, 13, 20, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 860, 12, 34914, 376, 24, 352, 13, 17, 10771, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 1315, 12, 34914, 30002, 11470, 14204, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 860, 12, 34914, 18402, 20959, 14204, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 362, 12, 22339, 11, 807, 12, 34914, 10029, 11546, 14204, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 352, 12, 22339, 11, 860, 12, 34914, 18630, 13454, 14204, 642, 13, 1495, 12, 8589, 11, 352, 12, 22339, 11, 807, 12, 34914, 376, 23, 37404, 10832, 11898, 198, 50, 478, 669, 2448, 17762, 290, 34838, 25, 2312, 3815, 389, 257, 636, 286, 262, 4156, 11898, 22939, 287, 779, 618, 262, 11898, 373, 39559, 13, 198, 41691, 24062, 669, 25, 770, 318, 262, 1271, 286, 16020, 319, 262, 3518, 11898, 18148, 262, 923, 286, 262, 6115, 13, 357, 5562, 318, 11, 878, 262, 6297, 6567, 2346, 8, 632, 318, 973, 1141, 262, 6297, 8379, 287, 1502, 284, 15284, 262, 4112, 11677, 284, 262, 6808, 8619, 290, 1366, 3006, 13, 198, 21968, 24062, 669, 25, 1002, 262, 10452, 24062, 669, 2214, 318, 6632, 11, 428, 2214, 4909, 262, 2472, 1271, 286, 16020, 973, 416, 262, 47200, 6115, 13, 198, 4366, 3224, 7032, 1061, 262, 3210, 27553, 25139, 2357, 9726, 290, 15613, 281, 366, 2302, 1631, 27553, 25139, 2357, 9726, 526, 383, 1306, 7032, 389, 25, 198, 31611, 9974, 7913, 25, 770, 318, 3519, 284, 262, 27553, 3518, 3708, 1271, 13, 1610, 26696, 10182, 389, 25840, 3599, 351, 657, 87, 405, 329, 262, 317, 25, 3708, 11, 981, 3518, 1327, 32505, 389, 25840, 3599, 351, 657, 87, 1795, 13, 27095, 11, 345, 561, 900, 428, 1988, 3161, 284, 19089, 281, 17828, 1511, 27553, 869, 287, 1502, 284, 11986, 262, 3335, 284, 1895, 13, 383, 319, 12, 39531, 1988, 8574, 287, 428, 2214, 318, 6032, 657, 87, 405, 329, 5530, 381, 444, 290, 657, 87, 1795, 329, 1327, 32505, 11, 7692, 286, 703, 867, 3518, 11898, 10182, 2152, 11, 780, 262, 1988, 318, 691, 5981, 611, 262, 3335, 318, 257, 6297, 3335, 13, 198, 15878, 3242, 2617, 22313, 37404, 40103, 40103, 16331, 9974, 7913, 4570, 352, 9236, 7123, 5214, 352, 34894, 4353, 352, 4522, 5014, 604, 14701, 36052, 5946, 1367, 4482, 4522, 7175, 807, 198, 11297, 7123, 25, 770, 318, 1194, 2214, 6032, 973, 618, 1804, 17828, 1485, 27553, 3848, 13, 383, 1988, 561, 6198, 423, 587, 973, 284, 3650, 262, 2610, 319, 543, 262, 6297, 1700, 373, 5140, 11, 475, 262, 1988, 8574, 319, 11898, 318, 407, 3058, 973, 355, 884, 13, 8447, 11, 3964, 24563, 3544, 428, 2214, 284, 3650, 734, 9701, 25, 198, 2389, 25, 383, 4522, 318, 257, 4738, 11389, 1271, 8686, 379, 5794, 640, 287, 1502, 284, 6133, 287, 38607, 530, 11898, 422, 1194, 13, 198, 31715, 36052, 25, 770, 2214, 373, 973, 284, 3650, 262, 6115, 6167, 11, 475, 262, 6115, 6167, 318, 783, 8574, 355, 257, 2041, 2393, 287, 262, 6808, 8619, 13, 198, 11964, 4522, 25, 770, 2214, 318, 2035, 366, 37, 1404, 1065, 1, 393, 366, 37, 1404, 1433, 553, 6906, 319, 262, 5794, 286, 262, 11898, 13, 198, 2202, 257, 6297, 540, 6115, 11, 262, 1989, 1708, 262, 24204, 27553, 25139, 2357, 9726, 318, 6032, 28883, 6297, 2438, 13, 770, 2438, 318, 4497, 329, 9489, 4232, 4028, 389, 3306, 284, 2555, 262, 6297, 12, 26418, 1429, 13, 1550, 3964, 24563, 3341, 11, 428, 6297, 2438, 481, 5911, 262, 4067, 286, 262, 399, 14990, 7707, 2393, 11, 3440, 340, 656, 4088, 11, 290, 4351, 9706, 284, 326, 2393, 13, 3412, 319, 257, 1729, 12, 18769, 540, 49415, 11898, 11, 612, 318, 28883, 2438, 287, 428, 1989, 13, 383, 2438, 3306, 284, 3601, 262, 5385, 3275, 11, 366, 15419, 12, 10057, 11898, 393, 11898, 4049, 1, 318, 1043, 319, 749, 3210, 11, 6579, 12, 35178, 39559, 49415, 32505, 326, 547, 407, 39559, 351, 262, 366, 10057, 1, 3038, 13, 198, 11158, 11, 262, 938, 734, 9881, 287, 597, 6297, 6567, 1464, 423, 262, 17910, 485, 66, 4402, 3815, 25, 657, 87, 2816, 657, 87, 3838, 13, 198, 51, 472, 7689, 35486, 1532, 345, 4099, 326, 257, 47200, 6297, 6567, 318, 10622, 11, 345, 460, 2198, 1811, 286, 262, 7032, 5610, 2029, 284, 766, 1771, 262, 3815, 5610, 612, 787, 2565, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 2750, 4879, 5990, 50, 9250, 481, 307, 22243, 287, 262, 5909, 3741, 286, 2663, 13, 921, 561, 635, 1607, 284, 766, 2420, 13042, 287, 262, 28883, 2438, 2665, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 326, 389, 5035, 329, 262, 5361, 1080, 326, 39559, 262, 11898, 13, 198, 31467, 605, 2420, 13042, 319, 47200, 15343, 39559, 416, 6579, 12, 35178, 2291, 25, 366, 44651, 1080, 11898, 526, 26, 366, 40961, 314, 14, 46, 4049, 526, 26, 366, 3041, 5372, 262, 11898, 11, 290, 788, 1803, 597, 1994, 8172, 366, 15419, 12, 11964, 11898, 393, 11898, 4049, 8172, 366, 3041, 5372, 290, 1803, 597, 1994, 618, 3492, 526, 26, 290, 366, 40961, 18892, 5287, 526, 8255, 13042, 319, 47200, 15343, 39559, 416, 3964, 24563, 2291, 25, 366, 8202, 2394, 25, 10347, 77, 470, 1064, 399, 14990, 7707, 526, 26, 366, 40, 14, 46, 4049, 3555, 11898, 526, 26, 290, 366, 5492, 7550, 1194, 11898, 526, 921, 815, 407, 2754, 428, 1351, 355, 852, 477, 12, 259, 5731, 13, 1002, 345, 1064, 584, 6218, 287, 262, 6297, 6567, 11, 428, 857, 407, 6646, 7603, 326, 612, 318, 257, 1917, 351, 262, 6297, 6567, 13, 20615, 6300, 286, 6579, 12, 35178, 290, 3964, 24563, 481, 3360, 423, 4622, 1180, 3275, 13042, 287, 511, 6297, 16020, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 611, 345, 1064, 645, 2420, 16014, 11, 393, 611, 262, 2420, 318, 4084, 407, 3519, 284, 6579, 12, 35178, 393, 3964, 24563, 11, 345, 815, 2074, 262, 5885, 326, 534, 6297, 6567, 743, 423, 587, 14112, 416, 257, 9471, 393, 326, 617, 584, 1296, 286, 1366, 9253, 743, 423, 2077, 1295, 13, 198, 2514, 8551, 422, 257, 6297, 6567, 326, 468, 587, 14112, 416, 257, 9471, 11, 340, 318, 3221, 1266, 284, 779, 257, 5068, 3098, 12, 85, 19397, 1430, 13, 4650, 20547, 481, 466, 881, 517, 621, 655, 3551, 1366, 284, 262, 6297, 6567, 11, 523, 10107, 9185, 286, 262, 6297, 6567, 318, 407, 7151, 11, 355, 340, 743, 407, 3190, 11005, 262, 9471, 290, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 743, 466, 517, 4419, 621, 922, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 4099, 326, 262, 6297, 6567, 373, 9694, 329, 617, 584, 1738, 11, 340, 318, 3221, 1266, 284, 779, 5068, 11898, 7628, 4899, 13, 2893, 340, 743, 307, 1744, 284, 8551, 422, 6297, 6567, 2465, 1231, 12600, 278, 284, 4975, 265, 889, 262, 3708, 416, 14500, 30620, 262, 7032, 3417, 2029, 11, 10107, 12857, 286, 6297, 16020, 815, 691, 307, 7482, 355, 257, 938, 12600, 290, 2314, 307, 11462, 284, 670, 287, 7445, 810, 584, 11898, 8573, 743, 635, 423, 587, 9694, 13, 198, 14906, 4522, 25, 1478, 3023, 1507, 532, 4586, 6602, 25, 3426, 718, 11, 5816, 532, 46604, 25, 513, 13, 15, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,619

'Global Warming is real' declares new scientific work from an independent group of researchers called the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature Study. The research team is at least partially funded by the Koch Brothers who fund several climate denial groups. The team was setup to identify flaws in the climate science of global average temperature trends, but has confirmed the analysis undertaken by NASA, NOAA and the Hadley Centre that about 1 degree Celsius of global warming has occurred since 1950. The study confirmed that "We are seeing substantial global warming" and subtantially eliminated arguments that heat island effects, temperature station quality, and the risk of data selection bias had more than a very modest or marginal impact on the trend for increasing global average temperatures. Related Commentary: Nature Different method, same result: global warming is real | Climate Progress Hot Dog Bites Skeptical Man: Koch-Funded Berkeley Temperature Study Does “Confirm the Reality of Global Warming” Four research papers have been released for public discussion with a view for them all to be submitted for peer review and eventually published. The research team was lead by Professor Richard Muller, a physicist at the University of California at Berkeley and included Saul Perlmutter who was recently announced as a winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics (for his work in cosmology). Muller criticised the global temperature trend during 2004 in an article in Technology Review, alledging that the "hockey stick" of global temperatures was broken. "Our biggest surprise was that the new results agreed so closely with the warming values published previously by other teams in the U.S. and the U.K.,” Muller said. “This confirms that these studies were done carefully and that potential biases identified by climate change skeptics did not seriously affect their conclusions." The study ruled out of contention the urban heat island effect and poor station quality in terms of bias in the results by NASA, NOAA and the Hadley Centre. Robert Rohde, lead scientist for Berkeley Earth, noted that "the Berkeley Earth analysis is the first study to address the issue of data selection bias, by using nearly all of the available data, which includes about 5 times as many station locations as were reviewed by prior groups." In a related study published this week - Effects of Urban Surfaces and White Roofs on Global and Regional Climate - Stanford University researchers have quantified the contribution of the heat islands on a global basis for the first time, showing that the contribution to global warming from urban heat islands is very modest compared with what greenhouse gas emissions contribute. The study also ran a simulation for the geoengineering solution of painting roofs white in urban areas to enhance local cooling. The cooling effect does work, but it also marginally increases warming on a global scale. Professor Jacobson advised it was better to Install solar panels to combat Global Warming rather than paint roofs white. On the urban heat island effect the BEST study reported "The urban heat island effect is locally large and real, but does not contribute significantly to the average land temperature rise. That’s because the urban regions of the Earth amount to less than 1% of the land area". On temperature sites the BEST study detailed "About 1/3 of temperature sites around the world reported global cooling over the past 70 years (including much of the United States and northern Europe). But 2/3 of the sites show warming. Individual temperature histories reported from a single location are frequently noisy and/or unreliable, and it is always necessary to compare and combine many records to understand the true pattern of global warming." "The large number of sites reporting cooling might help explain some of the skepticism of global warming,” Rohde commented. “Global warming is too slow for humans to feel directly, and if your local weather man tells you that temperatures are the same or cooler than they were a hundred years ago it is easy to believe him." The research looked in some depth into the allegations by Anthony Watts that temperature results were skewed in the US due to "poor" station data. The research identified that these stations showed the same pattern of global warming as stations ranked “OK”. "Absolute temperatures of poor stations may be higher and less accurate, but the overall global warming trend is the same, and the Berkeley Earth analysis concludes that there is not any undue bias from including poor stations in the survey." The website explains in depth the methodology of the research and also publishes full datasets which required combining data from different sites and formats and building from scratch a statistical analysis of the data. While the research identifies that the same degree of global warming is ocurring as other well known analyses, it hasn't made an independent assessment of how much of the observed warming is due to human actions according to Richard Muller. Scientists from Australian and the UK have commented on the release of these papers. Several commented that the papers need to undergo the peer review process. “I think it would be very unwise to comment until the peer review process has completed. If we have learned anything over the last couple of years it is surely that ensuring the rigour of the science is paramount - however good the "scoop" might seem." said Professor Chris Rapley, Professor of Climate Science at UCL Professor Neville Nicholls from the School of Geography and Environmental Science at Monash University, Melbourne said "Only those most desperate to dismiss global warming have tried to blame urbanization for the observed warming. But I guess it is always good to have yet another group confirm decades of work by climate scientists. Perhaps this will finally put to rest the furphy that the warming is caused by urbanization. I won't hold my breath though. I guess those spreading misinformation about warming will just move on to another one of their furphies." Professor Dave Griggs, CEO of ClimateWorks Australia and Director of the Monash Sustainability Institute, Melbourne said that: "The paper confirms previous work that the observed warming of the Earth since the beginning of the 20th Century cannot be attributed to the urban heat island (UHI) effect." "This comes as no surprise to climate scientists who take great care to take account of this effect in their work. It also confirms findings from other studies using very different methods. For example, looking at temperature trends on windy days and calm days also show no difference contrary to what you would expect from the urban heat island as the heat would build up more on calm days. So, hopefully this paper will help to put this urban (heat island) myth to bed." said Dave Griggs. Professor Simon Tett, Head of Global Change Research Institute School of Geosciences at the University of Edinburgh, said: "Earlier analysis, including that from the [Hadley] Climatic Research Unit, using a restricted set of temperature records, to avoid urban warming, show large scale warming. Comparison of that data with climate models leads to the conclusion that anthropogenic drivers are responsible for the late 20th century warming. The BEST study, assuming its results are similar after peer review, would not change that view." Bob Ward, Policy and Communications Director, Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics (LSE), said: "This new study confirms what we already knew. The warming of the land areas of the Earth since the 19th century cannot be explained by the impact of cities growing to engulf rural weather stations. So-called 'sceptics' should now drop their thoroughly discredited claims that the increase in global average temperature could be attributed to the impact of growing cities, which create an urban heat island effect. This claim was always dubious as oceans also show the same level of warming as land areas." "The warming of the Earth is unequivocal and, as every major scientific organisation in the world has pointed out, the overwhelming evidence indicates that this warming is being driven by the unarguable increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere." "More broadly this study also proves once again how false it was for 'sceptics' to allege that the e-mails hacked from the University of East Anglia proved that the Climatic Research Unit's land temperature record had been doctored. Several independent inquiries, and now this study, have shown that allegation to be entirely untrue. It is now time for an apology from all those, including US Presidential hopeful Rick Perry, who have made false claims that the evidence for global warming has been faked by climate scientists." concluded Bob Ward. - Berkeley Earth Summary of Findings, 20 October, 2011 - Cooling the Warming Debate - Berkeley Earth Releases Global Land Warming Analysis (PDF) - Australian Science Media Centre, 21 October 2011 - RAPID REACTION: New data on climate change from the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature (BEST) project – experts respond - Image - Decadal Land-Surface Average Temperature from Berkeley Earth

[ 6, 22289, 370, 18052, 318, 1103, 6, 24183, 649, 5654, 670, 422, 281, 4795, 1448, 286, 4837, 1444, 262, 14727, 3668, 20321, 34467, 12481, 13, 383, 2267, 1074, 318, 379, 1551, 12387, 10588, 416, 262, 17009, 16055, 508, 1814, 1811, 4258, 14425, 2628, 13, 383, 1074, 373, 9058, 284, 5911, 17978, 287, 262, 4258, 3783, 286, 3298, 2811, 5951, 11257, 11, 475, 468, 4999, 262, 3781, 21846, 416, 8884, 11, 36184, 290, 262, 11161, 1636, 9072, 326, 546, 352, 4922, 34186, 286, 3298, 9917, 468, 5091, 1201, 11445, 13, 198, 464, 2050, 4999, 326, 366, 1135, 389, 4379, 8904, 3298, 9917, 1, 290, 13284, 415, 1927, 15254, 7159, 326, 4894, 7022, 3048, 11, 5951, 4429, 3081, 11, 290, 262, 2526, 286, 1366, 6356, 10690, 550, 517, 621, 257, 845, 12949, 393, 14461, 2928, 319, 262, 5182, 329, 3649, 3298, 2811, 10101, 13, 198, 9819, 45465, 25, 10362, 20615, 2446, 11, 976, 1255, 25, 3298, 9917, 318, 1103, 930, 13963, 18387, 6964, 8532, 347, 2737, 19460, 457, 605, 1869, 25, 17009, 12, 24553, 276, 14727, 34467, 12481, 8314, 564, 250, 18546, 2533, 262, 22520, 286, 8060, 370, 18052, 447, 251, 198, 15137, 2267, 9473, 423, 587, 2716, 329, 1171, 5114, 351, 257, 1570, 329, 606, 477, 284, 307, 8948, 329, 12720, 2423, 290, 4191, 3199, 13, 383, 2267, 1074, 373, 1085, 416, 8129, 6219, 47508, 11, 257, 33013, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 3442, 379, 14727, 290, 3017, 31603, 24316, 76, 10381, 508, 373, 2904, 3414, 355, 257, 8464, 286, 262, 2813, 20715, 15895, 287, 23123, 357, 1640, 465, 670, 287, 8615, 29126, 737, 47508, 23894, 262, 3298, 5951, 5182, 1141, 5472, 287, 281, 2708, 287, 8987, 6602, 11, 477, 276, 2667, 326, 262, 366, 71, 8337, 4859, 1, 286, 3298, 10101, 373, 5445, 13, 198, 1, 5122, 4094, 5975, 373, 326, 262, 649, 2482, 4987, 523, 7173, 351, 262, 9917, 3815, 3199, 4271, 416, 584, 3466, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 290, 262, 471, 13, 42, 1539, 447, 251, 47508, 531, 13, 564, 250, 1212, 19623, 326, 777, 3640, 547, 1760, 7773, 290, 326, 2785, 29275, 5174, 416, 4258, 1487, 37972, 750, 407, 6411, 2689, 511, 13242, 526, 198, 464, 2050, 8879, 503, 286, 22627, 262, 7876, 4894, 7022, 1245, 290, 3595, 4429, 3081, 287, 2846, 286, 10690, 287, 262, 2482, 416, 8884, 11, 36184, 290, 262, 11161, 1636, 9072, 13, 5199, 32694, 2934, 11, 1085, 11444, 329, 14727, 3668, 11, 4367, 326, 366, 1169, 14727, 3668, 3781, 318, 262, 717, 2050, 284, 2209, 262, 2071, 286, 1366, 6356, 10690, 11, 416, 1262, 3016, 477, 286, 262, 1695, 1366, 11, 543, 3407, 546, 642, 1661, 355, 867, 4429, 7064, 355, 547, 11765, 416, 3161, 2628, 526, 198, 818, 257, 3519, 2050, 3199, 428, 1285, 532, 17417, 286, 14665, 4198, 32186, 290, 2635, 35271, 82, 319, 8060, 290, 15994, 13963, 532, 13863, 2059, 4837, 423, 5554, 1431, 262, 10156, 286, 262, 4894, 14807, 319, 257, 3298, 4308, 329, 262, 717, 640, 11, 4478, 326, 262, 10156, 284, 3298, 9917, 422, 7876, 4894, 14807, 318, 845, 12949, 3688, 351, 644, 16325, 3623, 8971, 8676, 13, 383, 2050, 635, 4966, 257, 18640, 329, 262, 40087, 40321, 4610, 286, 12036, 42251, 2330, 287, 7876, 3006, 284, 9494, 1957, 15134, 13, 383, 15134, 1245, 857, 670, 11, 475, 340, 635, 44108, 5732, 9917, 319, 257, 3298, 5046, 13, 8129, 12806, 1559, 13030, 340, 373, 1365, 284, 15545, 6591, 13043, 284, 5249, 8060, 370, 18052, 2138, 621, 7521, 42251, 2330, 13, 198, 2202, 262, 7876, 4894, 7022, 1245, 262, 38502, 2050, 2098, 366, 464, 7876, 4894, 7022, 1245, 318, 15726, 1588, 290, 1103, 11, 475, 857, 407, 8676, 5566, 284, 262, 2811, 1956, 5951, 4485, 13, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 780, 262, 7876, 7652, 286, 262, 3668, 2033, 284, 1342, 621, 352, 4, 286, 262, 1956, 1989, 1911, 198, 2202, 5951, 5043, 262, 38502, 2050, 6496, 366, 8585, 352, 14, 18, 286, 5951, 5043, 1088, 262, 995, 2098, 3298, 15134, 625, 262, 1613, 4317, 812, 357, 8201, 881, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 290, 7840, 2031, 737, 887, 362, 14, 18, 286, 262, 5043, 905, 9917, 13, 18629, 5951, 25985, 2098, 422, 257, 2060, 4067, 389, 6777, 31210, 290, 14, 273, 29954, 11, 290, 340, 318, 1464, 3306, 284, 8996, 290, 12082, 867, 4406, 284, 1833, 262, 2081, 3912, 286, 3298, 9917, 526, 198, 1, 464, 1588, 1271, 286, 5043, 6447, 15134, 1244, 1037, 4727, 617, 286, 262, 25858, 286, 3298, 9917, 11, 447, 251, 32694, 2934, 16476, 13, 564, 250, 22289, 9917, 318, 1165, 3105, 329, 5384, 284, 1254, 3264, 11, 290, 611, 534, 1957, 6193, 582, 4952, 345, 326, 10101, 389, 262, 976, 393, 19346, 621, 484, 547, 257, 3470, 812, 2084, 340, 318, 2562, 284, 1975, 683, 526, 198, 464, 2267, 3114, 287, 617, 6795, 656, 262, 7636, 416, 9953, 27555, 326, 5951, 2482, 547, 37543, 287, 262, 1294, 2233, 284, 366, 36672, 1, 4429, 1366, 13, 383, 2267, 5174, 326, 777, 8985, 3751, 262, 976, 3912, 286, 3298, 9917, 355, 8985, 10307, 564, 250, 11380, 447, 251, 13, 366, 24849, 3552, 10101, 286, 3595, 8985, 743, 307, 2440, 290, 1342, 7187, 11, 475, 262, 4045, 3298, 9917, 5182, 318, 262, 976, 11, 290, 262, 14727, 3668, 3781, 18978, 326, 612, 318, 407, 597, 38826, 10690, 422, 1390, 3595, 8985, 287, 262, 5526, 526, 198, 464, 3052, 6688, 287, 6795, 262, 20411, 286, 262, 2267, 290, 635, 34134, 1336, 40522, 543, 2672, 19771, 1366, 422, 1180, 5043, 290, 17519, 290, 2615, 422, 12692, 257, 13905, 3781, 286, 262, 1366, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 2267, 21079, 326, 262, 976, 4922, 286, 3298, 9917, 318, 267, 66, 14924, 355, 584, 880, 1900, 13523, 11, 340, 5818, 470, 925, 281, 4795, 8922, 286, 703, 881, 286, 262, 6515, 9917, 318, 2233, 284, 1692, 4028, 1864, 284, 6219, 47508, 13, 198, 29193, 422, 6638, 290, 262, 3482, 423, 16476, 319, 262, 2650, 286, 777, 9473, 13, 12168, 16476, 326, 262, 9473, 761, 284, 17777, 262, 12720, 2423, 1429, 13, 564, 250, 40, 892, 340, 561, 307, 845, 555, 3083, 284, 2912, 1566, 262, 12720, 2423, 1429, 468, 5668, 13, 1002, 356, 423, 4499, 1997, 625, 262, 938, 3155, 286, 812, 340, 318, 10403, 326, 13359, 262, 7805, 454, 286, 262, 3783, 318, 37352, 532, 2158, 922, 262, 366, 82, 1073, 404, 1, 1244, 1283, 526, 531, 8129, 5180, 12281, 1636, 11, 8129, 286, 13963, 5800, 379, 471, 5097, 198, 25031, 35840, 12760, 33421, 422, 262, 3961, 286, 2269, 4867, 290, 13272, 5800, 379, 2892, 1077, 2059, 11, 14819, 531, 366, 10049, 883, 749, 12111, 284, 6735, 3298, 9917, 423, 3088, 284, 8138, 7876, 1634, 329, 262, 6515, 9917, 13, 887, 314, 4724, 340, 318, 1464, 922, 284, 423, 1865, 1194, 1448, 6216, 4647, 286, 670, 416, 4258, 5519, 13, 8673, 428, 481, 3443, 1234, 284, 1334, 262, 9230, 6883, 326, 262, 9917, 318, 4073, 416, 7876, 1634, 13, 314, 1839, 470, 1745, 616, 8033, 996, 13, 314, 4724, 883, 14342, 32805, 546, 9917, 481, 655, 1445, 319, 284, 1194, 530, 286, 511, 9230, 19380, 526, 198, 25031, 9935, 1902, 20340, 11, 6123, 286, 13963, 23044, 4505, 290, 5890, 286, 262, 2892, 1077, 311, 19542, 1799, 5136, 11, 14819, 531, 326, 25, 366, 464, 3348, 19623, 2180, 670, 326, 262, 6515, 9917, 286, 262, 3668, 1201, 262, 3726, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 13641, 2314, 307, 14183, 284, 262, 7876, 4894, 7022, 357, 52, 25374, 8, 1245, 526, 198, 1, 1212, 2058, 355, 645, 5975, 284, 4258, 5519, 508, 1011, 1049, 1337, 284, 1011, 1848, 286, 428, 1245, 287, 511, 670, 13, 632, 635, 19623, 6373, 422, 584, 3640, 1262, 845, 1180, 5050, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 2045, 379, 5951, 11257, 319, 2344, 88, 1528, 290, 9480, 1528, 635, 905, 645, 3580, 10388, 284, 644, 345, 561, 1607, 422, 262, 7876, 4894, 7022, 355, 262, 4894, 561, 1382, 510, 517, 319, 9480, 1528, 13, 1406, 11, 11481, 428, 3348, 481, 1037, 284, 1234, 428, 7876, 357, 25080, 7022, 8, 7918, 284, 3996, 526, 531, 9935, 1902, 20340, 13, 198, 25031, 11288, 309, 3087, 11, 7123, 286, 8060, 9794, 4992, 5136, 3961, 286, 2269, 418, 979, 3007, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 23475, 11, 531, 25, 198, 1, 13689, 3781, 11, 1390, 326, 422, 262, 685, 25383, 1636, 60, 28573, 1512, 4992, 11801, 11, 1262, 257, 10770, 900, 286, 5951, 4406, 11, 284, 3368, 7876, 9917, 11, 905, 1588, 5046, 9917, 13, 34420, 286, 326, 1366, 351, 4258, 4981, 5983, 284, 262, 7664, 326, 17911, 15147, 6643, 389, 4497, 329, 262, 2739, 1160, 400, 4289, 9917, 13, 383, 38502, 2050, 11, 13148, 663, 2482, 389, 2092, 706, 12720, 2423, 11, 561, 407, 1487, 326, 1570, 526, 198, 18861, 12150, 11, 7820, 290, 14620, 5890, 11, 17113, 400, 321, 5136, 329, 13963, 9794, 290, 262, 9344, 379, 262, 3576, 3961, 286, 18963, 357, 43, 5188, 828, 531, 25, 198, 1, 1212, 649, 2050, 19623, 644, 356, 1541, 2993, 13, 383, 9917, 286, 262, 1956, 3006, 286, 262, 3668, 1201, 262, 678, 400, 4289, 2314, 307, 4893, 416, 262, 2928, 286, 4736, 3957, 284, 30443, 10016, 6193, 8985, 13, 1406, 12, 7174, 705, 82, 984, 873, 6, 815, 783, 4268, 511, 13770, 41882, 3667, 326, 262, 2620, 287, 3298, 2811, 5951, 714, 307, 14183, 284, 262, 2928, 286, 3957, 4736, 11, 543, 2251, 281, 7876, 4894, 7022, 1245, 13, 770, 1624, 373, 1464, 25292, 355, 23744, 635, 905, 262, 976, 1241, 286, 9917, 355, 1956, 3006, 526, 198, 1, 464, 9917, 286, 262, 3668, 318, 33923, 4374, 290, 11, 355, 790, 1688, 5654, 12684, 287, 262, 995, 468, 6235, 503, 11, 262, 9721, 2370, 9217, 326, 428, 9917, 318, 852, 7986, 416, 262, 555, 853, 7153, 2620, 287, 16325, 3623, 14587, 287, 262, 8137, 526, 198, 1, 5167, 18633, 428, 2050, 635, 17021, 1752, 757, 703, 3991, 340, 373, 329, 705, 82, 984, 873, 6, 284, 33831, 326, 262, 304, 12, 26165, 19957, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 3687, 2895, 24660, 8302, 326, 262, 28573, 1512, 4992, 11801, 338, 1956, 5951, 1700, 550, 587, 10412, 1850, 13, 12168, 4795, 23538, 11, 290, 783, 428, 2050, 11, 423, 3402, 326, 24389, 284, 307, 5000, 35212, 13, 632, 318, 783, 640, 329, 281, 17029, 422, 477, 883, 11, 1390, 1294, 17471, 17836, 8759, 14105, 11, 508, 423, 925, 3991, 3667, 326, 262, 2370, 329, 3298, 9917, 468, 587, 49184, 416, 4258, 5519, 526, 8391, 5811, 12150, 13, 198, 12, 14727, 3668, 21293, 286, 9938, 654, 11, 1160, 3267, 11, 2813, 532, 15226, 278, 262, 370, 18052, 41029, 532, 198, 24814, 13490, 3668, 48691, 8060, 6379, 370, 18052, 14691, 357, 20456, 8, 198, 12, 6638, 5800, 6343, 9072, 11, 2310, 3267, 2813, 532, 371, 2969, 2389, 4526, 44710, 25, 968, 1366, 319, 4258, 1487, 422, 262, 14727, 3668, 20321, 34467, 357, 33, 6465, 8, 1628, 784, 6154, 3031, 198, 12, 7412, 532, 4280, 31682, 6379, 12, 14214, 2550, 13475, 34467, 422, 14727, 3668, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,806

STEM | News Google Gives 15,000 Raspberry Pi Computer Boards to UK Students The Raspberry Pi Model B computer board The Raspberry Pi Foundation has received a grant from Google Giving to provide students in the United Kingdom with 15,000 Raspberry Pi Model B computer boards for learning to program. The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a charitable organization in the UK that develops the credit-card sized ARM processor-based computer boards. Students can connect an SD memory card, keyboard, mouse, and display, and then install Linux and learn to program the devices. The Raspberry Pi Foundation, Google, and six UK educational partners will work together to identify the students who will receive the Raspberry Pi devices. The educational partners are CoderDojo, Code Club, Computing at School, Generating Genius, Teach First, and OCR. The Raspberry Pi Foundation already offers a free Raspberry Pi Education Manual from Computing at School, which guides students through the process of learning to program the devices using the Scratch and Python programming languages, as well as how to use the Linux command line interface. As part of the Google Giving program, OCR will be creating 15,000 free teaching and learning packs to accompany the devices. "This is a brilliant way for us to find kids all over the country whose aptitude for computing can now be explored properly," wrote a Raspberry Pi Foundation representative in a blog post. "We believe that access to tools is a fundamental necessity in finding out who you are and what you're good at. We want those tools to be within everybody's grasp, right from the start." The Raspberry Pi devices are available in two models. The grant from Google will provide students with the higher-end Model B devices, which include 512 MB of RAM, two USB ports, and an Ethernet port. The Model A devices include 256 MB of RAM, one USB port, and no Eithernet port. Further information about the Raspberry Pi computer boards can be found on the Raspberry Pi Foundation's site. Leila Meyer is a technology writer based in British Columbia. She can be reached at [email protected].

[ 25361, 930, 3000, 198, 11708, 402, 1083, 1315, 11, 830, 24244, 13993, 13851, 48606, 284, 3482, 14882, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 9104, 347, 3644, 3096, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 5693, 468, 2722, 257, 7264, 422, 3012, 35603, 284, 2148, 2444, 287, 262, 1578, 7526, 351, 1315, 11, 830, 24244, 13993, 9104, 347, 3644, 11490, 329, 4673, 284, 1430, 13, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 5693, 318, 257, 21803, 4009, 287, 262, 3482, 326, 21126, 262, 3884, 12, 9517, 19943, 20359, 12649, 12, 3106, 3644, 11490, 13, 14882, 460, 2018, 281, 9834, 4088, 2657, 11, 10586, 11, 10211, 11, 290, 3359, 11, 290, 788, 2721, 7020, 290, 2193, 284, 1430, 262, 4410, 13, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 5693, 11, 3012, 11, 290, 2237, 3482, 9856, 4887, 481, 670, 1978, 284, 5911, 262, 2444, 508, 481, 3328, 262, 24244, 13993, 4410, 13, 383, 9856, 4887, 389, 327, 12342, 5211, 7639, 11, 6127, 6289, 11, 38589, 379, 3961, 11, 2980, 803, 32562, 11, 42015, 3274, 11, 290, 440, 9419, 13, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 5693, 1541, 4394, 257, 1479, 24244, 13993, 7868, 17969, 422, 38589, 379, 3961, 11, 543, 17555, 2444, 832, 262, 1429, 286, 4673, 284, 1430, 262, 4410, 1262, 262, 1446, 36722, 290, 11361, 8300, 8950, 11, 355, 880, 355, 703, 284, 779, 262, 7020, 3141, 1627, 7071, 13, 1081, 636, 286, 262, 3012, 35603, 1430, 11, 440, 9419, 481, 307, 4441, 1315, 11, 830, 1479, 7743, 290, 4673, 15186, 284, 13873, 262, 4410, 13, 198, 1, 1212, 318, 257, 10457, 835, 329, 514, 284, 1064, 3988, 477, 625, 262, 1499, 3025, 15409, 3984, 329, 14492, 460, 783, 307, 18782, 6105, 553, 2630, 257, 24244, 13993, 5693, 8852, 287, 257, 4130, 1281, 13, 366, 1135, 1975, 326, 1895, 284, 4899, 318, 257, 7531, 14564, 287, 4917, 503, 508, 345, 389, 290, 644, 345, 821, 922, 379, 13, 775, 765, 883, 4899, 284, 307, 1626, 7288, 338, 13180, 11, 826, 422, 262, 923, 526, 198, 464, 24244, 13993, 4410, 389, 1695, 287, 734, 4981, 13, 383, 7264, 422, 3012, 481, 2148, 2444, 351, 262, 2440, 12, 437, 9104, 347, 4410, 11, 543, 2291, 22243, 10771, 286, 13931, 11, 734, 8450, 14090, 11, 290, 281, 31903, 2493, 13, 383, 9104, 317, 4410, 2291, 17759, 10771, 286, 13931, 11, 530, 8450, 2493, 11, 290, 645, 15467, 3262, 2493, 13, 198, 13518, 1321, 546, 262, 24244, 13993, 3644, 11490, 460, 307, 1043, 319, 262, 24244, 13993, 5693, 338, 2524, 13, 198, 3123, 10102, 23975, 318, 257, 3037, 6260, 1912, 287, 3517, 9309, 13, 1375, 460, 307, 4251, 379, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

433

Explanation: Please wait while one of the largest mobile machines in the world crosses the road. The machine pictured above is a bucket-wheel excavator used in modern surface mining. Machines like this have given humanity the ability to mine minerals and change the face of planet Earth in new and dramatic ways. Some open pit mines, for example, are visible from orbit. The largest excavators are over 200 meters long and 100 meters high, now dwarfing the huge NASA Crawler that transports space shuttles to the launch pads. Bucket-wheel excavators can dig a hole the length of a football field to over 25 meters deep in a single day. They may take a while to cross a road, though, with a top speed under one kilometer per hour.

[ 3109, 11578, 341, 25, 4222, 4043, 981, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 5175, 8217, 287, 262, 995, 24234, 262, 2975, 13, 383, 4572, 17915, 2029, 318, 257, 19236, 12, 22001, 22659, 1352, 973, 287, 3660, 4417, 9691, 13, 31182, 588, 428, 423, 1813, 9265, 262, 2694, 284, 6164, 21622, 290, 1487, 262, 1986, 286, 5440, 3668, 287, 649, 290, 10092, 2842, 13, 2773, 1280, 6028, 18446, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 389, 7424, 422, 13066, 13, 383, 4387, 22659, 2024, 389, 625, 939, 10700, 890, 290, 1802, 10700, 1029, 11, 783, 24603, 278, 262, 3236, 8884, 20177, 1754, 326, 45245, 2272, 4423, 83, 829, 284, 262, 4219, 21226, 13, 48353, 12, 22001, 22659, 2024, 460, 3100, 257, 7604, 262, 4129, 286, 257, 4346, 2214, 284, 625, 1679, 10700, 2769, 287, 257, 2060, 1110, 13, 1119, 743, 1011, 257, 981, 284, 3272, 257, 2975, 11, 996, 11, 351, 257, 1353, 2866, 739, 530, 11866, 263, 583, 1711, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

156

New feat for Colombia’s urban innovator: slum escalators MEDELLIN, Colombia — The upper reaches of a mountainside slum called Comuna 13 are so steep that streets give way to staircases. To get home, many residents here used to climb the equivalent of a 28-story building. But last year, Medellin officials installed a $7 million outdoor escalator — the first ever designed for a slum. The ride to the top now takes five minutes. “It’s a relief because we no longer have to climb all those steps on foot,” said Jose Ivan Taborda, 69, who has lived in Comuna 13 all his life. “The escalator is comfortable, especially for older people.” Rising above tin-roofed shanties with laundry hanging from clotheslines, the escalator, which has a bright orange roof, seems a little out of place. Many slum residents had never before ridden an escalator so city officials organized field trips to shopping malls so they could practice. But rather than an extravagance, the electric staircase is part of a broader plan to reduce crime and improve living conditions in Medellin, the hometown of the late drug kingpin Pablo Escobar and the former murder capital of the world. While police work is important, a major part of the strategy is to install public transportation and link these systems to newly built parks, libraries and community centers that encourage people to reclaim their neighborhoods from drug-dealing gangs. Comuna 13 and other slums were founded by people displaced by Colombia’s guerrilla war. Many relocated to Medellin, which sits in a river valley, and built illegal settlements high on the mountaintops overlooking the city center. Isolated and ignored by politicians, many slum residents became gunmen for the Medellin cartel or joined guerrilla or paramilitary units that later controlled the neighborhoods. “This displaced population didn’t feel like they were part of the city,” said Laura Isaza, a consultant for ACI Medellin, an organization focused on bringing foreign investment to the city. “These people used to say: ‘I live in this neighborhood and I don’t live in Medellin.’ So, one of our first steps was to try to gain their confidence and to make them feel that they are part of our city.” One of the main projects integrating Medellin is a network of cable cars that opened in 2004. The aerial trams carry people from the mountaintop slums to the subway system, giving them access to the rest of the city. Unlike exhaust-spewing buses, the system is quiet — and efficient. Reaching downtown via cable cars and the subway now takes 45 minutes rather than two-and-a-half hours. The gondolas move 20,000 people a day. They’re so popular they’ve inspired similar cable car networks in the mountainside ghettos of Rio de Janeiro and Caracas. While the view high above the slums is impressive, some cable car passengers opt to read during the ride. They can check out books from a handsome new library and community center, designed by Bogota architect Giancarlo Mazzanti, that sits next to one of the cable car stations in the Santo Domingo slum. Several subway stations house smaller libraries carrying everything from self-help manuals to James Joyce’s “Ulysses.” “We are trying to promote reading among the commuters,” said Ana Maria Rosario, the librarian at one of the subway stations. “Like they say, if you can’t bring Mohamed to the mountain, bring the mountain to Mohamed.” Many of these experiments were cited last month when Medellin was named — along with New York and Tel Aviv — as one of the world’s most innovative cities in a competition sponsored by The Wall Street Journal, Citi, and the Washington-based Urban Land Institute. The winner, which will be chosen by the public through an online poll will be announced in January. Medellin was selected for its “progress and potential” and was also cited for cutting CO2 emissions by 175,000 tons annually and for reducing crime. Although the annual murder rate remains high, it has been cut in half over the last decade and now stands at about 50 homicides per 100,000 people. That’s well below New Orleans’ rate of more than 70, but still over three times that of Miami. In lauding the innovation displayed by Medellin and the other finalists, Anita Kramer of the Urban Land Institute said the reforms “reflect remarkable forward-thinking decisions on the part of municipal leadership. Taken together, they provide models for the world.” But not everyone is convinced. John Hernandez, a holistic healer who lives in Comuna 13, says the flashy new projects have distracted people’s attention from lingering issues. He says gangs still control the city slums where they sell drugs and extort businesses. City officials, he said, “are sweeping those problems under the rug.” Indeed, when a reporter showed up to visit the escalator, city officials at first hesitated at providing a tour of the area due to recent gang shootouts. But at the same time, there are clear signs of progress. Tourists now come to slums to ride the escalator and cable cars. Property values in Comuna 13 and other barrios are on the rise. What’s more, Colombian and foreign investors have shown new interest in Medellin. Over the past five years, Hewlett-Packard, Kimberly Clark and Unisys have all opened production and research centers in Medellin. Though much work remains, Isaza of ACI Medellin says she believes the city has turned a corner. “We still have a pretty difficult city and we are still struggling against violence in our city.” Isaza said. “But conflict in Medellin has changed … We don’t have this huge war we had before. This is a conflict that could only be ended through real opportunities for the people.”

[ 3791, 2218, 329, 21291, 447, 247, 82, 7876, 6237, 1352, 25, 1017, 388, 12221, 2024, 198, 30733, 23304, 1268, 11, 21291, 851, 383, 6727, 12229, 286, 257, 12269, 485, 1017, 388, 1444, 955, 9613, 1511, 389, 523, 14559, 326, 6483, 1577, 835, 284, 18761, 33964, 13, 1675, 651, 1363, 11, 867, 5085, 994, 973, 284, 12080, 262, 7548, 286, 257, 2579, 12, 13571, 2615, 13, 198, 1537, 938, 614, 11, 2019, 695, 259, 2828, 6589, 257, 720, 22, 1510, 15162, 12221, 1352, 851, 262, 717, 1683, 3562, 329, 257, 1017, 388, 13, 383, 6594, 284, 262, 1353, 783, 2753, 1936, 2431, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 257, 8259, 780, 356, 645, 2392, 423, 284, 12080, 477, 883, 4831, 319, 2366, 11, 447, 251, 531, 5264, 21798, 16904, 585, 64, 11, 8644, 11, 508, 468, 5615, 287, 955, 9613, 1511, 477, 465, 1204, 13, 564, 250, 464, 12221, 1352, 318, 6792, 11, 2592, 329, 4697, 661, 13, 447, 251, 198, 49, 1710, 2029, 19783, 12, 305, 1659, 276, 427, 415, 444, 351, 25724, 10938, 422, 8242, 6615, 11, 262, 12221, 1352, 11, 543, 468, 257, 6016, 10912, 9753, 11, 2331, 257, 1310, 503, 286, 1295, 13, 4650, 1017, 388, 5085, 550, 1239, 878, 46715, 281, 12221, 1352, 523, 1748, 2828, 8389, 2214, 13229, 284, 9735, 43890, 523, 484, 714, 3357, 13, 198, 1537, 2138, 621, 281, 36827, 590, 11, 262, 5186, 27656, 318, 636, 286, 257, 11622, 1410, 284, 4646, 4065, 290, 2987, 2877, 3403, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 11, 262, 20994, 286, 262, 2739, 2563, 5822, 11635, 33185, 16319, 30973, 290, 262, 1966, 5123, 3139, 286, 262, 995, 13, 198, 3633, 1644, 670, 318, 1593, 11, 257, 1688, 636, 286, 262, 4811, 318, 284, 2721, 1171, 9358, 290, 2792, 777, 3341, 284, 8308, 3170, 14860, 11, 12782, 290, 2055, 10399, 326, 7898, 661, 284, 28232, 511, 14287, 422, 2563, 12, 67, 26919, 22561, 13, 198, 5377, 9613, 1511, 290, 584, 1017, 5700, 547, 9393, 416, 661, 20085, 416, 21291, 447, 247, 82, 42049, 1175, 13, 4650, 34233, 284, 2019, 695, 259, 11, 543, 10718, 287, 257, 7850, 19272, 11, 290, 3170, 5293, 18573, 1029, 319, 262, 3817, 2913, 2840, 34603, 262, 1748, 3641, 13, 1148, 50027, 290, 9514, 416, 7602, 11, 867, 1017, 388, 5085, 2627, 35141, 329, 262, 2019, 695, 259, 34430, 393, 5399, 42049, 393, 43542, 4991, 326, 1568, 6856, 262, 14287, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1212, 20085, 3265, 1422, 447, 247, 83, 1254, 588, 484, 547, 636, 286, 262, 1748, 11, 447, 251, 531, 16753, 1148, 7056, 11, 257, 17028, 329, 7125, 40, 2019, 695, 259, 11, 281, 4009, 5670, 319, 6079, 3215, 4896, 284, 262, 1748, 13, 564, 250, 4711, 661, 973, 284, 910, 25, 564, 246, 40, 2107, 287, 428, 6232, 290, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 2107, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 13, 447, 247, 1406, 11, 530, 286, 674, 717, 4831, 373, 284, 1949, 284, 4461, 511, 6628, 290, 284, 787, 606, 1254, 326, 484, 389, 636, 286, 674, 1748, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 1388, 4493, 32029, 2019, 695, 259, 318, 257, 3127, 286, 7862, 5006, 326, 4721, 287, 5472, 13, 383, 17789, 491, 4105, 3283, 661, 422, 262, 3817, 2913, 404, 1017, 5700, 284, 262, 19612, 1080, 11, 3501, 606, 1895, 284, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 1748, 13, 198, 18521, 12142, 12, 2777, 413, 278, 16893, 11, 262, 1080, 318, 5897, 851, 290, 6942, 13, 797, 8103, 9436, 2884, 7862, 5006, 290, 262, 19612, 783, 2753, 4153, 2431, 2138, 621, 734, 12, 392, 12, 64, 12, 13959, 2250, 13, 383, 308, 623, 12456, 1445, 1160, 11, 830, 661, 257, 1110, 13, 1119, 447, 247, 260, 523, 2968, 484, 447, 247, 303, 7867, 2092, 7862, 1097, 7686, 287, 262, 12269, 485, 308, 17442, 418, 286, 15338, 390, 42799, 290, 1879, 40263, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 1570, 1029, 2029, 262, 1017, 5700, 318, 8036, 11, 617, 7862, 1097, 10405, 2172, 284, 1100, 1141, 262, 6594, 13, 1119, 460, 2198, 503, 3835, 422, 257, 22665, 649, 5888, 290, 2055, 3641, 11, 3562, 416, 21555, 4265, 7068, 30851, 7718, 5439, 337, 8101, 17096, 11, 326, 10718, 1306, 284, 530, 286, 262, 7862, 1097, 8985, 287, 262, 10844, 78, 360, 3383, 78, 1017, 388, 13, 12168, 19612, 8985, 2156, 4833, 12782, 6872, 2279, 422, 2116, 12, 16794, 41371, 284, 3700, 25936, 447, 247, 82, 564, 250, 52, 35670, 274, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 1135, 389, 2111, 284, 7719, 3555, 1871, 262, 36799, 11, 447, 251, 531, 17639, 14200, 10018, 4982, 11, 262, 300, 35808, 379, 530, 286, 262, 19612, 8985, 13, 564, 250, 7594, 484, 910, 11, 611, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 2222, 27469, 284, 262, 8598, 11, 2222, 262, 8598, 284, 27469, 13, 447, 251, 198, 7085, 286, 777, 10256, 547, 9181, 938, 1227, 618, 2019, 695, 259, 373, 3706, 851, 1863, 351, 968, 1971, 290, 12088, 28890, 851, 355, 530, 286, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 749, 13097, 4736, 287, 257, 5449, 15901, 416, 383, 5007, 3530, 4913, 11, 327, 8846, 11, 290, 262, 2669, 12, 3106, 14665, 6379, 5136, 13, 383, 8464, 11, 543, 481, 307, 7147, 416, 262, 1171, 832, 281, 2691, 3278, 481, 307, 3414, 287, 3269, 13, 198, 9921, 695, 259, 373, 6163, 329, 663, 564, 250, 33723, 290, 2785, 447, 251, 290, 373, 635, 9181, 329, 7720, 7375, 17, 8971, 416, 19038, 11, 830, 10860, 13844, 290, 329, 8868, 4065, 13, 4900, 262, 5079, 5123, 2494, 3793, 1029, 11, 340, 468, 587, 2005, 287, 2063, 625, 262, 938, 5707, 290, 783, 6296, 379, 546, 2026, 33025, 583, 1802, 11, 830, 661, 13, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 880, 2174, 968, 12255, 447, 247, 2494, 286, 517, 621, 4317, 11, 475, 991, 625, 1115, 1661, 326, 286, 8437, 13, 198, 818, 28907, 278, 262, 11044, 9066, 416, 2019, 695, 259, 290, 262, 584, 43736, 11, 38992, 41454, 286, 262, 14665, 6379, 5136, 531, 262, 12506, 564, 250, 35051, 11004, 2651, 12, 28973, 5370, 319, 262, 636, 286, 13474, 5531, 13, 30222, 1978, 11, 484, 2148, 4981, 329, 262, 995, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1537, 407, 2506, 318, 9431, 13, 198, 7554, 24687, 11, 257, 42923, 44325, 508, 3160, 287, 955, 9613, 1511, 11, 1139, 262, 43115, 649, 4493, 423, 22943, 661, 447, 247, 82, 3241, 422, 28528, 2428, 13, 679, 1139, 22561, 991, 1630, 262, 1748, 1017, 5700, 810, 484, 3677, 5010, 290, 1070, 419, 5692, 13, 2254, 2828, 11, 339, 531, 11, 564, 250, 533, 18404, 883, 2761, 739, 262, 14477, 13, 447, 251, 198, 17854, 11, 618, 257, 9095, 3751, 510, 284, 3187, 262, 12221, 1352, 11, 1748, 2828, 379, 717, 41723, 379, 4955, 257, 4205, 286, 262, 1989, 2233, 284, 2274, 7706, 2686, 5269, 13, 887, 379, 262, 976, 640, 11, 612, 389, 1598, 5895, 286, 4371, 13, 198, 39152, 1023, 783, 1282, 284, 1017, 5700, 284, 6594, 262, 12221, 1352, 290, 7862, 5006, 13, 14161, 3815, 287, 955, 9613, 1511, 290, 584, 2318, 380, 418, 389, 319, 262, 4485, 13, 1867, 447, 247, 82, 517, 11, 40351, 290, 3215, 7713, 423, 3402, 649, 1393, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 13, 198, 5886, 262, 1613, 1936, 812, 11, 30446, 15503, 12, 11869, 446, 11, 48685, 11264, 290, 791, 271, 893, 423, 477, 4721, 3227, 290, 2267, 10399, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 13, 7486, 881, 670, 3793, 11, 1148, 7056, 286, 7125, 40, 2019, 695, 259, 1139, 673, 5804, 262, 1748, 468, 2900, 257, 5228, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1135, 991, 423, 257, 2495, 2408, 1748, 290, 356, 389, 991, 9648, 1028, 3685, 287, 674, 1748, 13, 447, 251, 1148, 7056, 531, 13, 564, 250, 1537, 5358, 287, 2019, 695, 259, 468, 3421, 3926, 775, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 428, 3236, 1175, 356, 550, 878, 13, 770, 318, 257, 5358, 326, 714, 691, 307, 4444, 832, 1103, 6443, 329, 262, 661, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,303

Project Part I: Definition This week’s scenario: You are an employee of Cereals Incorporated, a large manufacturer of breakfast food products. Your supervisor, Madison County, approaches you because she knows you recently took a course on gamification, which she has heard will revolutionize marketing. She tells you that Cereals Inc. is about to release a new line of ready-to-eat breakfast pastries, and she wants to know whether to use gamification as part of the marketing strategy. The breakfast pastries will be aimed at the 18-35 age bracket. Surveys show members of this demographic often skip breakfast because they don’t want to eat the typical cereals of their youth, and they are too active to cook their own breakfasts. Market research indicates that the pastries are likely to appeal more to women than men by a 65%-35% ratio. Cereals Inc. has a 35% share of the overall breakfast food market, but only a 10% share of the fragmented ready-to-eat segment. Provide as many reasons as you can why gamification could be a useful technique to apply to the situation your manager has presented to you. Explain why these reasons address the specific scenario provided. At this stage, focus on the problem rather than the solution. In other words, describe the goals of the project, not the particular game elements or other techniques you plan to use. We strongly encourage you to watch this week’s lecture segments before attempting this assignment. In this paper I will show how Cereals Inc. can use gamification to: a) Increase the overall market and its market share in the ready-to-eat breakfast pastries segment. b) Identify customers’ needs. The theoretical framework is based on Nicole Lazzaro’s Altered States in Why We Play Games: Four Keys to More Emotion Without Story, hereafter mentioned as “FourKeys” and the “Dynamics” aspect in The Pyramid of Gamification Elements. Hereafter mentioned as “ThePyramid”. Please note that I sometime use the word player as a synonym for customers. 1. How gamification can increase the market/market share by forming customers habit. In this case the demographic target group often skips breakfast. By associating eating breakfast pastries with the right emotion one might increase the number of times the player eats breakfast and thereby increases the overall market and Cereals Inc. market share. One aspect of FourKeys regarding emotions is that many “Players treasure the enjoyment from their internal experiences in reaction to the visceral, behavior, cognitive, and social properties” (page7) In the light of the “ThePyramid”one may argue that a well made gamification structure which focuses on generating emotion through behavioral components like the change of eating habits, can help form a habit that addresses the problem of the target group skipping breakfast. 2. How gamification can identify customers needs. By letting the individual player give and receive feedback on what is important for them, Cereals Inc. can gain valuable consumer insights. FourKeys has identified that some players focus on “Being better at something that matters” (page5). By using “ThePyramid” progression aspect to show the player journey and the making of meaningful choices (eating healthy breakfast) a gamified breakfast could include a daily feedback from the player to Cereals Inc.

[ 16775, 2142, 314, 25, 30396, 198, 1212, 1285, 447, 247, 82, 8883, 25, 198, 1639, 389, 281, 6538, 286, 26532, 874, 3457, 40132, 11, 257, 1588, 11554, 286, 12607, 2057, 3186, 13, 3406, 21277, 11, 14909, 3418, 11, 10581, 345, 780, 673, 4206, 345, 2904, 1718, 257, 1781, 319, 9106, 2649, 11, 543, 673, 468, 2982, 481, 5854, 1096, 7124, 13, 198, 3347, 4952, 345, 326, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 318, 546, 284, 2650, 257, 649, 1627, 286, 3492, 12, 1462, 12, 4098, 12607, 1613, 1678, 11, 290, 673, 3382, 284, 760, 1771, 284, 779, 9106, 2649, 355, 636, 286, 262, 7124, 4811, 13, 383, 12607, 1613, 1678, 481, 307, 8998, 379, 262, 1248, 12, 2327, 2479, 19096, 13, 28095, 893, 905, 1866, 286, 428, 16728, 1690, 14267, 12607, 780, 484, 836, 447, 247, 83, 765, 284, 4483, 262, 7226, 6736, 874, 286, 511, 6205, 11, 290, 484, 389, 1165, 4075, 284, 4255, 511, 898, 2270, 69, 5773, 13, 5991, 2267, 9217, 326, 262, 1613, 1678, 389, 1884, 284, 5198, 517, 284, 1466, 621, 1450, 416, 257, 6135, 33963, 2327, 4, 8064, 13, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 468, 257, 3439, 4, 2648, 286, 262, 4045, 12607, 2057, 1910, 11, 475, 691, 257, 838, 4, 2648, 286, 262, 41630, 3492, 12, 1462, 12, 4098, 10618, 13, 198, 15946, 485, 355, 867, 3840, 355, 345, 460, 1521, 9106, 2649, 714, 307, 257, 4465, 8173, 284, 4174, 284, 262, 3074, 534, 4706, 468, 5545, 284, 345, 13, 48605, 1521, 777, 3840, 2209, 262, 2176, 8883, 2810, 13, 1629, 428, 3800, 11, 2962, 319, 262, 1917, 2138, 621, 262, 4610, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 6901, 262, 4661, 286, 262, 1628, 11, 407, 262, 1948, 983, 4847, 393, 584, 7605, 345, 1410, 284, 779, 13, 775, 7634, 7898, 345, 284, 2342, 428, 1285, 447, 247, 82, 19143, 17894, 878, 9361, 428, 16237, 13, 198, 818, 428, 3348, 314, 481, 905, 703, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 460, 779, 9106, 2649, 284, 25, 198, 64, 8, 25285, 262, 4045, 1910, 290, 663, 1910, 2648, 287, 262, 3492, 12, 1462, 12, 4098, 12607, 1613, 1678, 10618, 13, 198, 65, 8, 11440, 1958, 4297, 447, 247, 2476, 13, 198, 464, 16200, 9355, 318, 1912, 319, 25176, 406, 8101, 12022, 447, 247, 82, 978, 4400, 1829, 287, 4162, 775, 3811, 5776, 25, 6675, 26363, 284, 3125, 2295, 9650, 9170, 8362, 11, 49912, 4750, 355, 564, 250, 15137, 40729, 447, 251, 290, 262, 564, 250, 35, 4989, 873, 447, 251, 4843, 287, 383, 41450, 286, 14014, 2649, 26632, 13, 3423, 8499, 4750, 355, 564, 250, 464, 20519, 20255, 447, 251, 13, 198, 5492, 3465, 326, 314, 17291, 779, 262, 1573, 2137, 355, 257, 6171, 5177, 329, 4297, 13, 198, 16, 13, 1374, 9106, 2649, 460, 2620, 262, 1910, 14, 10728, 2648, 416, 14583, 4297, 7947, 13, 198, 818, 428, 1339, 262, 16728, 2496, 1448, 1690, 1341, 2419, 12607, 13, 2750, 2570, 803, 6600, 12607, 1613, 1678, 351, 262, 826, 9942, 530, 1244, 2620, 262, 1271, 286, 1661, 262, 2137, 25365, 12607, 290, 12839, 5732, 262, 4045, 1910, 290, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 1910, 2648, 13, 198, 3198, 4843, 286, 6675, 40729, 5115, 10825, 318, 326, 867, 564, 250, 24860, 14068, 262, 23334, 422, 511, 5387, 6461, 287, 6317, 284, 262, 38259, 11, 4069, 11, 10870, 11, 290, 1919, 6608, 447, 251, 357, 7700, 22, 8, 198, 818, 262, 1657, 286, 262, 564, 250, 464, 20519, 20255, 447, 251, 505, 743, 7267, 326, 257, 880, 925, 9106, 2649, 4645, 543, 13692, 319, 15453, 9942, 832, 17211, 6805, 588, 262, 1487, 286, 6600, 13870, 11, 460, 1037, 1296, 257, 7947, 326, 9405, 262, 1917, 286, 262, 2496, 1448, 31017, 12607, 13, 198, 17, 13, 1374, 9106, 2649, 460, 5911, 4297, 2476, 13, 198, 3886, 9616, 262, 1981, 2137, 1577, 290, 3328, 7538, 319, 644, 318, 1593, 329, 606, 11, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 460, 4461, 8119, 7172, 17218, 13, 198, 15137, 40729, 468, 5174, 326, 617, 1938, 2962, 319, 564, 250, 18357, 1365, 379, 1223, 326, 6067, 447, 251, 357, 7700, 20, 737, 2750, 1262, 564, 250, 464, 20519, 20255, 447, 251, 17085, 4843, 284, 905, 262, 2137, 7002, 290, 262, 1642, 286, 11570, 7747, 357, 30041, 5448, 12607, 8, 257, 9106, 1431, 12607, 714, 2291, 257, 4445, 7538, 422, 262, 2137, 284, 26532, 874, 3457, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

716

Probability and Statistics: Combinations Word Problems Submit your word problem: Many students learning probability and statistics find combinations difficult. They feel overwhelmed with combinations homework, tests and projects. And it is not always easy to find combinations tutor who is both good and affordable. Now finding combinations help is easy. For your combinations homework, combinations tests, combinations projects, and combinations tutoring needs, TuLyn is a one-stop solution. You can master hundreds of math topics by using TuLyn. At TuLyn, we have over 2000 math video tutorial clips including combinations videos , combinations practice word problems , combinations questions and answers , and combinations worksheets Our combinations videos replace text-based tutorials and give you better step-by-step explanations of combinations. Watch each video repeatedly until you understand how to approach combinations problems and how to solve them. - Hundreds of video tutorials on combinations make it easy for you to better understand the concept. How to do better on combinations: TuLyn makes combinations easy. Probability and Statistics: Combinations WordProblems A mall has 12 clothing stores A mall has 12 clothing stores, 9 shoe stores and 5 electrical stores. In how many ways can a person shopping at this mall go to 5 clothing ... A jar of marbles contains 6 yellow and 8 red marbles A jar of marbles contains 6 yellow and 8 red marbles. Three marbles are selected at random. a) How many different groups of three marbles are possible? b) How many groups of three marbles will contain only red ... John wants to paint four rooms John wants to paint four rooms in his house, each a different color and he may choose from seven different colors of ... Steve and Joe were discussing Steve and Joe were discussing how many different five-card combinations of standard playing cards have exactly two ...

[ 2964, 65, 1799, 290, 14370, 25, 14336, 7352, 9678, 32093, 198, 45135, 534, 1573, 1917, 25, 198, 7085, 2444, 4673, 12867, 290, 7869, 1064, 17790, 2408, 13, 1119, 1254, 20974, 351, 17790, 26131, 11, 5254, 290, 4493, 13, 843, 340, 318, 407, 1464, 2562, 284, 1064, 17790, 48680, 508, 318, 1111, 922, 290, 10935, 13, 2735, 4917, 17790, 1037, 198, 271, 2562, 13, 1114, 534, 17790, 26131, 11, 17790, 5254, 11, 17790, 4493, 11, 290, 17790, 9732, 3255, 2476, 11, 16749, 37207, 318, 257, 530, 12, 11338, 4610, 13, 921, 460, 4958, 5179, 286, 10688, 10233, 416, 1262, 16749, 37207, 13, 198, 2953, 16749, 37207, 11, 356, 423, 625, 4751, 10688, 2008, 11808, 19166, 1390, 17790, 5861, 198, 11, 17790, 3357, 1573, 2761, 198, 11, 17790, 2683, 290, 7429, 198, 11, 290, 17790, 2499, 258, 1039, 198, 5122, 17790, 5861, 198, 33491, 2420, 12, 3106, 27992, 290, 1577, 345, 1365, 2239, 12, 1525, 12, 9662, 18681, 286, 17790, 13, 6305, 1123, 2008, 7830, 1566, 345, 1833, 703, 284, 3164, 17790, 2761, 290, 703, 284, 8494, 606, 13, 198, 12, 32636, 286, 2008, 27992, 319, 17790, 787, 340, 2562, 329, 345, 284, 1365, 1833, 262, 3721, 13, 198, 2437, 284, 466, 1365, 319, 17790, 25, 16749, 37207, 1838, 17790, 2562, 13, 198, 2964, 65, 1799, 290, 14370, 25, 14336, 7352, 9678, 2964, 22143, 198, 32, 17374, 468, 1105, 9528, 7000, 198, 32, 17374, 468, 1105, 9528, 7000, 11, 860, 17292, 7000, 290, 642, 12278, 7000, 13, 554, 703, 867, 2842, 460, 257, 1048, 9735, 379, 428, 17374, 467, 284, 642, 9528, 2644, 198, 32, 17379, 286, 1667, 7689, 4909, 718, 7872, 290, 807, 2266, 1667, 7689, 198, 32, 17379, 286, 1667, 7689, 4909, 718, 7872, 290, 807, 2266, 1667, 7689, 13, 7683, 1667, 7689, 389, 6163, 379, 4738, 13, 198, 64, 8, 1374, 867, 1180, 2628, 286, 1115, 1667, 7689, 389, 1744, 30, 198, 65, 8, 1374, 867, 2628, 286, 1115, 1667, 7689, 481, 3994, 691, 2266, 2644, 198, 7554, 3382, 284, 7521, 1440, 9519, 198, 7554, 3382, 284, 7521, 1440, 9519, 287, 465, 2156, 11, 1123, 257, 1180, 3124, 290, 339, 743, 3853, 422, 3598, 1180, 7577, 286, 2644, 198, 19206, 290, 5689, 547, 11142, 198, 19206, 290, 5689, 547, 11142, 703, 867, 1180, 1936, 12, 9517, 17790, 286, 3210, 2712, 4116, 423, 3446, 734, 2644, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

387

Light glowing from a "super-Earth" planet beyond our solar system has been detected by Nasa’s Spitzer Telescope. Until now, scientists have never been able to detect infrared light emanating from 55 Cancri E, a super-hot extrasolar planet twice the size and eight times the mass of our own. 55 Cancri E is one of five exoplanets orbiting a bright star named 55 Cancri in a solar system lying in the constellation of Cancer (The Crab). Previously, Spitzer and other telescopes were able to study the planet by observing how the light from 55 Cancri changed as the planet passed in front of the star. In the new study, Spitzer instead measured how much infrared light came from the planet itself – revealing some of the planet’s major features. At 41-light years from Earth, the giant planet is considered uninhabitable. The giant planet is tidally locked, so one side always faces the star. The telescope found that the sun-facing side is extremely hot, indicating the planet probably does not have a substantial atmosphere to carry the sun's heat to the unlit side. [Related content: Amazing Nasa footage shows how the Earth looks from space] On its sun-facing side, the surface has a temperature of 1,727 Celsius – or 3,140 degrees Fahrenheit – That’s hot enough to melt silver or aluminium. The new findings are consistent with a previous theory that 55 Cancri E is a water world: A rocky core surrounded by a layer of water in a "supercritical" state where it is both liquid and gas, and topped by a blanket of steam. Bill Danchi, Spitzer programme scientist at NASA, said: “Spitzer has amazed us yet again. The spacecraft is pioneering the study of atmospheres of distant planets and paving the way for NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope to apply a similar technique on potentially habitable planets.” Michael Werner, who also works on the Spitzer project, added: “When we conceived of Spitzer more than 40 years ago, exoplanets hadn't even been discovered. Because Spitzer was built very well, it's been able to adapt to this new field and make historic advances such as this.” The planet was first discovered in 2004 and the new findings are published in the current issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters.

[ 15047, 21377, 422, 257, 366, 16668, 12, 22840, 1, 5440, 3675, 674, 6591, 1080, 468, 587, 12326, 416, 48673, 447, 247, 82, 1338, 10557, 36789, 13, 198, 18273, 783, 11, 5519, 423, 1239, 587, 1498, 284, 4886, 30624, 1657, 49085, 422, 5996, 327, 1192, 380, 412, 11, 257, 2208, 12, 8940, 33849, 6192, 5440, 5403, 262, 2546, 290, 3624, 1661, 262, 2347, 286, 674, 898, 13, 198, 2816, 327, 1192, 380, 412, 318, 530, 286, 1936, 409, 46853, 1039, 40462, 257, 6016, 3491, 3706, 5996, 327, 1192, 380, 287, 257, 6591, 1080, 9105, 287, 262, 38712, 286, 15523, 357, 464, 32379, 737, 198, 36837, 11, 1338, 10557, 290, 584, 42067, 547, 1498, 284, 2050, 262, 5440, 416, 21769, 703, 262, 1657, 422, 5996, 327, 1192, 380, 3421, 355, 262, 5440, 3804, 287, 2166, 286, 262, 3491, 13, 198, 818, 262, 649, 2050, 11, 1338, 10557, 2427, 8630, 703, 881, 30624, 1657, 1625, 422, 262, 5440, 2346, 784, 13477, 617, 286, 262, 5440, 447, 247, 82, 1688, 3033, 13, 198, 2953, 6073, 12, 2971, 812, 422, 3668, 11, 262, 6175, 5440, 318, 3177, 26329, 5976, 4674, 13, 198, 464, 6175, 5440, 318, 29770, 453, 8970, 11, 523, 530, 1735, 1464, 6698, 262, 3491, 13, 383, 24344, 1043, 326, 262, 4252, 12, 29532, 1735, 318, 4457, 3024, 11, 12739, 262, 5440, 2192, 857, 407, 423, 257, 8904, 8137, 284, 3283, 262, 4252, 338, 4894, 284, 262, 9642, 270, 1735, 13, 198, 58, 9819, 2695, 25, 23181, 48673, 9640, 2523, 703, 262, 3668, 3073, 422, 2272, 60, 198, 2202, 663, 4252, 12, 29532, 1735, 11, 262, 4417, 468, 257, 5951, 286, 352, 11, 47760, 34186, 784, 393, 513, 11, 15187, 7370, 35935, 784, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 3024, 1576, 284, 16867, 8465, 393, 40412, 13, 198, 464, 649, 6373, 389, 6414, 351, 257, 2180, 4583, 326, 5996, 327, 1192, 380, 412, 318, 257, 1660, 995, 25, 317, 26898, 4755, 11191, 416, 257, 7679, 286, 1660, 287, 257, 366, 16668, 34666, 1, 1181, 810, 340, 318, 1111, 8122, 290, 3623, 11, 290, 20633, 416, 257, 18447, 286, 13324, 13, 198, 17798, 360, 3702, 72, 11, 1338, 10557, 11383, 11444, 379, 8884, 11, 531, 25, 564, 250, 4561, 10557, 468, 24562, 514, 1865, 757, 13, 383, 16807, 318, 36304, 262, 2050, 286, 6904, 19079, 286, 12899, 14705, 290, 47711, 262, 835, 329, 8884, 338, 7865, 3700, 25130, 4687, 36789, 284, 4174, 257, 2092, 8173, 319, 6196, 49055, 14705, 13, 447, 251, 198, 13256, 48642, 11, 508, 635, 2499, 319, 262, 1338, 10557, 1628, 11, 2087, 25, 564, 250, 2215, 356, 21581, 286, 1338, 10557, 517, 621, 2319, 812, 2084, 11, 409, 46853, 1039, 8020, 470, 772, 587, 5071, 13, 4362, 1338, 10557, 373, 3170, 845, 880, 11, 340, 338, 587, 1498, 284, 6068, 284, 428, 649, 2214, 290, 787, 9566, 14901, 884, 355, 428, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 5440, 373, 717, 5071, 287, 5472, 290, 262, 649, 6373, 389, 3199, 287, 262, 1459, 2071, 286, 8304, 10051, 15380, 4913, 24501, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

498

Places - Franklin, “Canaday-I-O” The major recurring theme in these folksongs from Maine and Maritime Canada is the flow of cultural products and people within the area of New Hampshire, Maine, and eastern Canada. But while this cultural and demographic exchange helped define the region, it did not mean there was no rivalry or animosity between states, provinces, or nations. Within the woods song-making tradition was a subset of satirical songs that ranged from poking fun at individuals and places to utterly scandalizing them, and this was very much alive in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. In some labor traditions, this type of song served as a form of protest, but among lumbermen this was not usually the case. What purpose did they serve? Some scholars suggest they served as a means of control over bosses, preventing them from being hard-driving skinflints. The argument suggests that as a boss, if someone “songed” you, then other men would know not to go to work for you and business would collapse. Yet, so many satirical songs were written that if this were the case, then no one would have been able to find men willing to work in the woods. It was more likely that this was primarily a way of blowing off steam after a hard day, week, or winter in the woods. “Canaday-I-O” is thus an interesting case in point, as it takes this latter point to its extreme. The song did not merely mock an individual or a single lumber outfit; rather, it attacked the entire Canadian lumbering industry. Scholars generally attribute the song to Ephraim Braley, a Maine woodsman, and point to 1854 as its probable date of origin. Of course, Canada was not yet an independent nation, and the song cites “Three Rivers” (or, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec) as the launching point for the woods crew, thus the song may be more specifically criticizing Quebec alone and not all of Canada. “Canaday-I-O” was based on an English sea song called “Canada-I-O,” and ultimately an even older love song called “Caledonia.” From Maine, the song carried westward, morphing into complaints about woods work in Pennsylvania and Michigan, and eventually a gripe song about skinning buffalo called “The Buffalo Skinners,” which was found in Texas. In this song, a “preacher of the gospel” convinces some Mainers to travel to Quebec for a winter. This was not, however, a man of the cloth recruiting loggers. According to Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, this was a slang term for an agent who hired men to work in the woods. The version of the song heard here is slightly shorter than versions collected elsewhere, such as the one printed in Eckstorm and Smyth’s Minstrelsy of Maine. These forgotten verses do not change the story, they just make the winter in Canada seem slightly less disastrous. Come all ye jolly lumbermen, and listen to my song, But do not get discouraged, the length it is not long, Concerning of some lumbermen, who did agree to go And spend one pleasant winter up in Canaday-I-O. It happened late one season in the fall of fifty-three, That a preacher of the gospel one morning came to me; Says he: “My jolly fellow, how would you like to go And spend one pleasant winter up in Canaday-I-O?” To him I quickly made reply, and unto him did say: “In going out to Canaday depends upon the pay. If you will pay good wages, my passage to and fro, Then I think I’ll go along with you to Canaday-I-O.” “Yes, we will pay good wages, and will pay your passage out, Provided you sign papers that you will stay the route; But if you do get homesick, and swear that home you’ll go, We never can your passage pay from Canaday-I-O.” It was by his gift of flattery he enlisted quite a train, Some twenty-five or thirty, both well and able men; We had a pleasant journey o’er the road we had to go ‘Til we landed at Three Rivers, up in Canaday-I-O. But there our joys were ended, and our sorrows did begin; Fields, Phillips, and Norcross they then came marching in; They scattered us all directions, some where I do not know, Among those jabbering Frenchmen up in Canaday-I-O. After we had suffered there some eight or ten long weeks We arrived at headquarters, up among the lakes; We thought we’d find a paradise, at least they told us so, God grant there may is no worse a hell than Canaday-I-O! To describe what we have suffered here is beyond the art of man, But to give a fair description I will do the best I can; Our food the dogs would snarl at, our beds were on the snow, We suffered worse than murderers up in Canaday-I-O. But now our lumbering is over and we are returning home, To greet our wives and sweethearts and never more to roam, To greet our friends and neighbors; we tell them not to go To that gosh darn forsaken place called Canaday-I-O. Sources: For “Canaday-I-O” see Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy and Mary Winslow Smyth. Minstrelsy of Maine: Folk-Songs and Ballads of the Woods and the Coast. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1927, 21-25; Gray, Ronald Palmer. Songs and Ballads of the Maine Lumberjacks with Other Songs from Maine. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1924, 37-40; Linscott, Eloise Hubbard. Folk Songs of Old New England. New York: MacMillan Co., 1939, 181-83; Fowke, Edith. Lumbering Songs from the Northern Woods. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970, 28-29; & Fowke, Edith Fulton and Richard Johnston. Folk Songs of Canada. Waterloo, Ontario: Waterloo Music Company, 1954, 68-69. For “Canada-I-O” see Leach, MacEdward. Folk Ballads and Songs of the Lower Labrador Coast. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1965, 230-31; Huntington, E. G. Sam Henry’s Songs of the People. Revised, with additions and indexes by Lani Herrmann. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990, 333-34. Also see Laws. G. Malcolm. Native American Balladry. Philadelphia: The American Folklore Society, 1964, 155 (C17); & discussion in Ives, Edward D. Larry Gorman: The Man Who Made the Songs. Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions, 1993, 170, 181.

[ 3646, 2114, 532, 14021, 11, 564, 250, 6090, 43593, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 198, 464, 1688, 24824, 7505, 287, 777, 7974, 28079, 422, 15080, 290, 45411, 3340, 318, 262, 5202, 286, 6467, 3186, 290, 661, 1626, 262, 1989, 286, 968, 13910, 11, 15080, 11, 290, 10183, 3340, 13, 887, 981, 428, 6467, 290, 16728, 5163, 4193, 8160, 262, 3814, 11, 340, 750, 407, 1612, 612, 373, 645, 26390, 393, 49212, 1022, 2585, 11, 17812, 11, 393, 7027, 13, 12511, 262, 16479, 3496, 12, 8601, 6761, 373, 257, 24637, 286, 40557, 7259, 326, 17929, 422, 39048, 1257, 379, 3925, 290, 4113, 284, 15950, 10731, 2890, 606, 11, 290, 428, 373, 845, 881, 6776, 287, 262, 38131, 1578, 1829, 290, 10183, 3340, 13, 554, 617, 4827, 15421, 11, 428, 2099, 286, 3496, 4983, 355, 257, 1296, 286, 5402, 11, 475, 1871, 34840, 3653, 428, 373, 407, 3221, 262, 1339, 13, 1867, 4007, 750, 484, 4691, 30, 2773, 9123, 1950, 484, 4983, 355, 257, 1724, 286, 1630, 625, 17317, 11, 12174, 606, 422, 852, 1327, 12, 24255, 4168, 2704, 29503, 13, 383, 4578, 5644, 326, 355, 257, 6478, 11, 611, 2130, 564, 250, 34050, 276, 447, 251, 345, 11, 788, 584, 1450, 561, 760, 407, 284, 467, 284, 670, 329, 345, 290, 1597, 561, 9807, 13, 6430, 11, 523, 867, 40557, 7259, 547, 3194, 326, 611, 428, 547, 262, 1339, 11, 788, 645, 530, 561, 423, 587, 1498, 284, 1064, 1450, 4684, 284, 670, 287, 262, 16479, 13, 632, 373, 517, 1884, 326, 428, 373, 7525, 257, 835, 286, 19280, 572, 13324, 706, 257, 1327, 1110, 11, 1285, 11, 393, 7374, 287, 262, 16479, 13, 198, 447, 250, 6090, 43593, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 318, 4145, 281, 3499, 1339, 287, 966, 11, 355, 340, 2753, 428, 6846, 966, 284, 663, 3257, 13, 383, 3496, 750, 407, 6974, 15290, 281, 1981, 393, 257, 2060, 34840, 16313, 26, 2138, 11, 340, 7384, 262, 2104, 5398, 34840, 278, 2831, 13, 26381, 4143, 11688, 262, 3496, 284, 412, 746, 430, 320, 1709, 16730, 11, 257, 15080, 16479, 805, 11, 290, 966, 284, 1248, 4051, 355, 663, 17939, 3128, 286, 8159, 13, 3226, 1781, 11, 3340, 373, 407, 1865, 281, 4795, 3277, 11, 290, 262, 3496, 23474, 564, 250, 12510, 18280, 447, 251, 357, 273, 11, 8498, 271, 12, 49, 452, 494, 411, 11, 14778, 8, 355, 262, 13925, 966, 329, 262, 16479, 5462, 11, 4145, 262, 3496, 743, 307, 517, 5734, 26816, 14778, 3436, 290, 407, 477, 286, 3340, 13, 564, 250, 6090, 43593, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 373, 1912, 319, 281, 3594, 5417, 3496, 1444, 564, 250, 17940, 12, 40, 12, 46, 11, 447, 251, 290, 6165, 281, 772, 4697, 1842, 3496, 1444, 564, 250, 34, 3021, 11339, 13, 447, 251, 3574, 15080, 11, 262, 3496, 5281, 7421, 904, 11, 38837, 722, 656, 9687, 546, 16479, 670, 287, 9589, 290, 7055, 11, 290, 4191, 257, 11120, 431, 3496, 546, 4168, 768, 45019, 1444, 564, 250, 464, 14905, 17847, 2741, 11, 447, 251, 543, 373, 1043, 287, 3936, 13, 554, 428, 3496, 11, 257, 564, 250, 3866, 3493, 286, 262, 21443, 447, 251, 9120, 728, 617, 8774, 364, 284, 3067, 284, 14778, 329, 257, 7374, 13, 770, 373, 407, 11, 2158, 11, 257, 582, 286, 262, 16270, 16517, 2604, 5355, 13, 4784, 284, 376, 42883, 27583, 45232, 12135, 11, 428, 373, 257, 39306, 3381, 329, 281, 5797, 508, 9657, 1450, 284, 670, 287, 262, 16479, 13, 383, 2196, 286, 262, 3496, 2982, 994, 318, 4622, 12238, 621, 6300, 7723, 8057, 11, 884, 355, 262, 530, 10398, 287, 45232, 12135, 290, 45083, 400, 447, 247, 82, 1855, 301, 2411, 1837, 286, 15080, 13, 2312, 11564, 24752, 466, 407, 1487, 262, 1621, 11, 484, 655, 787, 262, 7374, 287, 3340, 1283, 4622, 1342, 20756, 13, 198, 16773, 477, 9838, 474, 5098, 34840, 3653, 11, 290, 6004, 284, 616, 3496, 11, 198, 1537, 466, 407, 651, 30170, 11, 262, 4129, 340, 318, 407, 890, 11, 198, 3103, 41981, 286, 617, 34840, 3653, 11, 508, 750, 4236, 284, 467, 198, 1870, 4341, 530, 15497, 7374, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 1026, 3022, 2739, 530, 1622, 287, 262, 2121, 286, 15334, 12, 15542, 11, 198, 2504, 257, 39797, 286, 262, 21443, 530, 3329, 1625, 284, 502, 26, 198, 50, 592, 339, 25, 564, 250, 3666, 474, 5098, 5891, 11, 703, 561, 345, 588, 284, 467, 198, 1870, 4341, 530, 15497, 7374, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 30, 447, 251, 198, 2514, 683, 314, 2952, 925, 10971, 11, 290, 12722, 683, 750, 910, 25, 198, 447, 250, 818, 1016, 503, 284, 2294, 323, 8338, 2402, 262, 1414, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 481, 1414, 922, 9400, 11, 616, 10066, 284, 290, 8400, 11, 198, 6423, 314, 892, 314, 447, 247, 297, 467, 1863, 351, 345, 284, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 5297, 11, 356, 481, 1414, 922, 9400, 11, 290, 481, 1414, 534, 10066, 503, 11, 198, 15946, 1384, 345, 1051, 9473, 326, 345, 481, 2652, 262, 6339, 26, 198, 1537, 611, 345, 466, 651, 5682, 624, 11, 290, 21192, 326, 1363, 345, 447, 247, 297, 467, 11, 198, 1135, 1239, 460, 534, 10066, 1414, 422, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1026, 373, 416, 465, 6979, 286, 781, 16296, 339, 30166, 2407, 257, 4512, 11, 198, 4366, 8208, 12, 13261, 393, 12277, 11, 1111, 880, 290, 1498, 1450, 26, 198, 1135, 550, 257, 15497, 7002, 267, 447, 247, 263, 262, 2975, 356, 550, 284, 467, 198, 447, 246, 51, 346, 356, 11406, 379, 7683, 18280, 11, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 1537, 612, 674, 8716, 82, 547, 4444, 11, 290, 674, 24140, 82, 750, 2221, 26, 198, 15878, 82, 11, 17630, 11, 290, 5414, 19692, 484, 788, 1625, 26409, 287, 26, 198, 2990, 16830, 514, 477, 11678, 11, 617, 810, 314, 466, 407, 760, 11, 198, 14311, 883, 33896, 527, 278, 4141, 3653, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 3260, 356, 550, 6989, 612, 617, 3624, 393, 3478, 890, 2745, 198, 1135, 5284, 379, 10043, 11, 510, 1871, 262, 24768, 26, 198, 1135, 1807, 356, 447, 247, 67, 1064, 257, 31354, 11, 379, 1551, 484, 1297, 514, 523, 11, 198, 13482, 7264, 612, 743, 318, 645, 4785, 257, 5968, 621, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 0, 198, 2514, 6901, 644, 356, 423, 6989, 994, 318, 3675, 262, 1242, 286, 582, 11, 198, 1537, 284, 1577, 257, 3148, 6764, 314, 481, 466, 262, 1266, 314, 460, 26, 198, 5122, 2057, 262, 6844, 561, 3013, 7063, 379, 11, 674, 20237, 547, 319, 262, 6729, 11, 198, 1135, 6989, 4785, 621, 38313, 510, 287, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 1537, 783, 674, 34840, 278, 318, 625, 290, 356, 389, 8024, 1363, 11, 198, 2514, 12589, 674, 17743, 290, 6029, 258, 5889, 290, 1239, 517, 284, 35563, 11, 198, 2514, 12589, 674, 2460, 290, 12020, 26, 356, 1560, 606, 407, 284, 467, 198, 2514, 326, 308, 3768, 39189, 46931, 1685, 1295, 1444, 2294, 323, 12, 40, 12, 46, 13, 198, 21188, 25, 1114, 564, 250, 6090, 43593, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 766, 45232, 12135, 11, 376, 42883, 27583, 290, 5335, 24423, 9319, 45083, 400, 13, 1855, 301, 2411, 1837, 286, 15080, 25, 36111, 12, 50, 28079, 290, 6932, 5643, 286, 262, 16483, 290, 262, 8545, 13, 6182, 290, 968, 1971, 25, 367, 619, 1122, 337, 733, 2815, 5834, 11, 36565, 11, 2310, 12, 1495, 26, 12723, 11, 14430, 18918, 13, 31772, 290, 6932, 5643, 286, 262, 15080, 406, 4494, 73, 4595, 351, 3819, 31772, 422, 15080, 13, 14457, 25, 11131, 2059, 4332, 11, 37547, 11, 5214, 12, 1821, 26, 406, 1040, 14612, 11, 2574, 25678, 34342, 13, 36111, 31772, 286, 5706, 968, 4492, 13, 968, 1971, 25, 4100, 22603, 272, 1766, 1539, 24414, 11, 30110, 12, 5999, 26, 376, 322, 365, 11, 1717, 342, 13, 406, 4494, 278, 31772, 422, 262, 8342, 16483, 13, 9533, 25, 2059, 286, 3936, 4332, 11, 8069, 11, 2579, 12, 1959, 26, 1222, 376, 322, 365, 11, 1717, 342, 44373, 290, 6219, 28972, 13, 36111, 31772, 286, 3340, 13, 36782, 11, 10553, 25, 36782, 7849, 5834, 11, 24718, 11, 8257, 12, 3388, 13, 1114, 564, 250, 17940, 12, 40, 12, 46, 447, 251, 766, 1004, 620, 11, 4100, 43982, 13, 36111, 6932, 5643, 290, 31772, 286, 262, 16048, 45246, 8545, 13, 14074, 25, 2351, 9594, 286, 3340, 11, 17672, 11, 18395, 12, 3132, 26, 40644, 11, 412, 13, 402, 13, 3409, 8616, 447, 247, 82, 31772, 286, 262, 4380, 13, 31492, 11, 351, 19885, 290, 39199, 416, 406, 3216, 2332, 81, 9038, 13, 21891, 25, 2059, 286, 7859, 4332, 11, 6303, 11, 23460, 12, 2682, 13, 4418, 766, 21153, 13, 402, 13, 20002, 13, 12547, 1605, 6932, 324, 563, 13, 8857, 25, 383, 1605, 36111, 31131, 7023, 11, 17575, 11, 20708, 357, 34, 1558, 1776, 1222, 5114, 287, 314, 1158, 11, 10443, 360, 13, 13633, 402, 26183, 25, 383, 1869, 5338, 14446, 262, 31772, 13, 18669, 713, 261, 11, 41354, 25, 46317, 15016, 1717, 1756, 11, 9656, 11, 16677, 11, 30110, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,531

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has a well established role in the Convention process in communicating scientific information to the Convention through its regular assessment reports and its wide range of special reports and technical papers. Although it does not carry out its own research, it plays a key role in assessing the information from worldwide climate research in peer-reviewed literature, journals, books and other sources. It also has an important function in identifying priority needs for further research activities. Research on climate and issues connected with climate change is carried out nationally, regionally and internationally. Internationally, climate-related research is coordinated by a variety of international programmes and organizations; some of the major ones being the International Council for Science (ICSU), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), DIVERSITAS. In addition, a number of regional networks promote and support climate-relevant research activities, including activities to enhance research capacity in the regions, such as the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) and the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN). The UNFCCC secretariat works in close collaboration with a variety of international and regional research programmes and organizations active in climate change-related research and facilitates dialogue and communication on the research needs and priorities expressed by Parties of the Convention to the scientific community. In addition, Parties regularly report on their national and cooperative research activities and their contributions to climate science, as well as emerging research needs and priorities, in their

[ 464, 4225, 31353, 18810, 319, 13963, 9794, 357, 4061, 4093, 8, 468, 257, 880, 4920, 2597, 287, 262, 11680, 198, 14681, 287, 22889, 5654, 1321, 284, 262, 11680, 832, 663, 3218, 8922, 198, 48922, 290, 663, 3094, 2837, 286, 2041, 3136, 290, 6276, 9473, 13, 4900, 340, 857, 407, 3283, 503, 198, 896, 898, 2267, 11, 340, 5341, 257, 1994, 2597, 287, 24171, 262, 1321, 422, 8688, 4258, 2267, 287, 198, 33350, 12, 32974, 9285, 11, 22790, 11, 3835, 290, 584, 4237, 13, 632, 635, 468, 281, 1593, 2163, 287, 198, 738, 4035, 8475, 2476, 329, 2252, 2267, 4568, 13, 198, 25104, 319, 4258, 290, 2428, 5884, 351, 4258, 1487, 318, 5281, 503, 18845, 11, 3814, 453, 198, 392, 19765, 13, 2445, 15208, 11, 4258, 12, 5363, 2267, 318, 22080, 416, 257, 4996, 286, 198, 45609, 23698, 290, 5745, 26, 617, 286, 262, 1688, 3392, 852, 262, 4037, 4281, 198, 1640, 5800, 357, 2149, 12564, 828, 262, 2159, 13963, 4992, 35232, 357, 54, 9419, 47, 828, 262, 4037, 198, 10082, 22829, 1906, 23286, 22829, 35232, 357, 3528, 20866, 828, 262, 4037, 5524, 41265, 35232, 319, 8060, 198, 47213, 9794, 357, 40, 39, 6322, 828, 360, 30194, 2043, 1921, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 257, 1271, 286, 7915, 7686, 7719, 290, 198, 11284, 4258, 12, 49659, 2267, 4568, 11, 1390, 4568, 284, 9494, 2267, 5339, 287, 198, 1169, 7652, 11, 884, 355, 262, 4225, 12, 7437, 5136, 329, 8060, 9794, 4992, 357, 3539, 40, 8, 290, 262, 198, 38555, 12, 22933, 7311, 329, 8060, 9794, 4992, 357, 2969, 45, 737, 198, 464, 4725, 37, 46361, 3200, 21621, 2499, 287, 1969, 12438, 351, 257, 4996, 286, 3230, 290, 7915, 198, 34033, 23698, 290, 5745, 4075, 287, 4258, 1487, 12, 5363, 2267, 290, 42699, 198, 38969, 5119, 290, 6946, 319, 262, 2267, 2476, 290, 15369, 6241, 416, 32024, 286, 262, 198, 3103, 4018, 284, 262, 5654, 2055, 13, 198, 818, 3090, 11, 32024, 7987, 989, 319, 511, 2260, 290, 22849, 2267, 4568, 290, 511, 198, 3642, 2455, 507, 284, 4258, 3783, 11, 355, 880, 355, 11823, 2267, 2476, 290, 15369, 11, 287, 511, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

350

SOME SAY the custom of bobbing for apples dates all the way back to pre-Christian Ireland and the pagan festival of Samhain, though there's little documentary evidence to support this. Apple bobbing also been popularly associated with Pomona, the ancient Roman goddess of fruits, trees, and gardens in whose honor a festival was supposedly held each year on November first. But that, too, stands on shaky historical ground, apparently, as some question whether such a festival ever actually existed. We can say with more certainty that the game of apple bobbing goes back at least a few hundred years, that it originated in the British Isles (Ireland and Scotland in particular), and that it originally had something to do with fortune telling. British author W. H. Davenport Adams, who attributed belief in the prognosticative power of apples to "old Celtic fairy lore," described the game as follows in his 1902 book, Curiosities of Superstition: [The apples] are thrown into a tub of water, and you endeavour to catch one in your mouth as they bob round and round in provoking fashion. When you have caught one, you peel it carefully, and pass the long strip of peel thrice, sunwise, round your head; after which you throw it over your shoulder, and it falls to the ground in the shape of the initial letter of your true love's name. Other Halloween divination games traditionally played in various parts of Great Britain included "snap apple" similar to bobbing for apples except the fruit is hung from the ceiling on strings and naming nutshells after prospective love interests and placing them near a fire to see which would burn steadily indicating true love and which would crack or pop and fly off the hearth revealing a passing fancy. Accordingly, Halloween used to be known as "Snap-Apple Night" or "Nutcrack Night" in places where these customs were observed. • Traditional Halloween Divination Games from Ireland - StartPage.ie • Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History - by Lesley Pratt Bannatyne

[ 50, 13649, 45687, 262, 2183, 286, 29202, 4623, 329, 22514, 9667, 477, 262, 835, 736, 284, 662, 12, 20298, 7517, 290, 262, 36164, 10876, 286, 3409, 71, 391, 11, 996, 612, 338, 1310, 11648, 2370, 284, 1104, 428, 13, 4196, 29202, 4623, 635, 587, 2968, 306, 3917, 351, 25505, 4450, 11, 262, 6156, 7993, 22215, 286, 15921, 11, 7150, 11, 290, 25476, 287, 3025, 7522, 257, 10876, 373, 13519, 2714, 1123, 614, 319, 3389, 717, 13, 887, 326, 11, 1165, 11, 6296, 319, 35335, 6754, 2323, 11, 5729, 11, 355, 617, 1808, 1771, 884, 257, 10876, 1683, 1682, 11196, 13, 198, 1135, 460, 910, 351, 517, 18979, 326, 262, 983, 286, 17180, 29202, 4623, 2925, 736, 379, 1551, 257, 1178, 3470, 812, 11, 326, 340, 20973, 287, 262, 3517, 36217, 357, 49752, 290, 8838, 287, 1948, 828, 290, 326, 340, 6198, 550, 1223, 284, 466, 351, 15807, 5149, 13, 3517, 1772, 370, 13, 367, 13, 360, 4005, 634, 12620, 11, 508, 14183, 4901, 287, 262, 1172, 43758, 876, 1176, 286, 22514, 284, 366, 727, 27986, 25607, 24044, 553, 3417, 262, 983, 355, 5679, 287, 465, 45611, 1492, 11, 4424, 4267, 871, 286, 3115, 301, 653, 25, 198, 58, 464, 22514, 60, 389, 8754, 656, 257, 12202, 286, 1660, 11, 290, 345, 47054, 284, 4929, 530, 287, 534, 5422, 355, 484, 29202, 2835, 290, 2835, 287, 45625, 6977, 13, 1649, 345, 423, 4978, 530, 11, 345, 31738, 340, 7773, 11, 290, 1208, 262, 890, 10283, 286, 31738, 5636, 501, 11, 4252, 3083, 11, 2835, 534, 1182, 26, 706, 543, 345, 3714, 340, 625, 534, 8163, 11, 290, 340, 8953, 284, 262, 2323, 287, 262, 5485, 286, 262, 4238, 3850, 286, 534, 2081, 1842, 338, 1438, 13, 198, 6395, 16032, 2659, 1883, 1830, 16083, 2826, 287, 2972, 3354, 286, 3878, 5491, 3017, 366, 45380, 17180, 1, 2092, 284, 29202, 4623, 329, 22514, 2845, 262, 8234, 318, 9174, 422, 262, 13387, 319, 13042, 290, 19264, 43875, 82, 706, 17530, 1842, 5353, 290, 12560, 606, 1474, 257, 2046, 284, 766, 543, 561, 4245, 18434, 12739, 2081, 1842, 290, 543, 561, 8469, 393, 1461, 290, 6129, 572, 262, 3285, 400, 13477, 257, 6427, 14996, 13, 28386, 11, 16032, 973, 284, 307, 1900, 355, 366, 43826, 12, 16108, 5265, 1, 393, 366, 49004, 6098, 441, 5265, 1, 287, 4113, 810, 777, 17112, 547, 6515, 13, 198, 3581, 29065, 16032, 4777, 1883, 5776, 422, 7517, 532, 7253, 9876, 13, 494, 198, 3581, 16032, 25, 1052, 1605, 22770, 11, 1052, 1605, 7443, 532, 416, 11732, 1636, 34780, 347, 1236, 265, 39547, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

424

The highly anticipated second edition of Understanding by Design poses the core, essential questions of understanding and design, and provides readers with practical solutions for the teacher-designer. The book opens by analyzing the logic of backward design as an alternative to coverage and activity-oriented plans. Though backward from habit, this approach brings more focus and coherence to instruction. The book proposes a multifaceted approach, with the six “facets” of understanding. The facets combine with backward design to provide a powerful, expanded array of practical tools and strategies for designing curriculum, instruction, and assessments that lead students at all grade levels to genuine understanding. The second edition, a refined work, has been thoroughly and extensively revised, updated, and expanded, including improvement of the UbD Template, the key terms of UbD, dozens of worksheets, and some of the larger concepts. The authors have successfully put together a text that demonstrates what best practice in the design of learning looks like, enhancing for its audience their capability for creating more engaging and effective learning, whether the student is a third grader, a college freshman, or a faculty member.

[ 464, 4047, 14486, 1218, 8313, 286, 28491, 416, 8495, 17313, 262, 4755, 11, 6393, 2683, 286, 4547, 290, 1486, 11, 290, 3769, 7183, 351, 8472, 8136, 329, 262, 4701, 12, 26124, 263, 13, 383, 1492, 9808, 416, 22712, 262, 9156, 286, 19528, 1486, 355, 281, 5559, 284, 5197, 290, 3842, 12, 17107, 3352, 13, 7486, 19528, 422, 7947, 11, 428, 3164, 6774, 517, 2962, 290, 763, 23545, 284, 12064, 13, 383, 1492, 26017, 257, 43543, 23253, 276, 3164, 11, 351, 262, 2237, 564, 250, 38942, 1039, 447, 251, 286, 4547, 13, 383, 44497, 12082, 351, 19528, 1486, 284, 2148, 257, 3665, 11, 9902, 7177, 286, 8472, 4899, 290, 10064, 329, 18492, 20583, 11, 12064, 11, 290, 21837, 326, 1085, 2444, 379, 477, 9559, 2974, 284, 8768, 4547, 13, 198, 464, 1218, 8313, 11, 257, 20449, 670, 11, 468, 587, 13770, 290, 20823, 15556, 11, 6153, 11, 290, 9902, 11, 1390, 9025, 286, 262, 12021, 35, 37350, 11, 262, 1994, 2846, 286, 12021, 35, 11, 9264, 286, 2499, 258, 1039, 11, 290, 617, 286, 262, 4025, 10838, 13, 383, 7035, 423, 7675, 1234, 1978, 257, 2420, 326, 15687, 644, 1266, 3357, 287, 262, 1486, 286, 4673, 3073, 588, 11, 27496, 329, 663, 5386, 511, 12971, 329, 4441, 517, 11932, 290, 4050, 4673, 11, 1771, 262, 3710, 318, 257, 2368, 3915, 263, 11, 257, 4152, 18621, 11, 393, 257, 12829, 2888, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

231

Geocaching isn’t just for science class or the serious geography geek! A cache is simply a hiding place, and caching is hiding something like a treasure. Nature is full of treasures waiting to be explored. A popular movement called “geocaching” gets folks outside with their GPS units to find treasures hidden by other geocachers. If you haven’t tried it yet, it’s great fun! (www.geocaching.com) Folks are geocaching all over the world! Many educators are taking that idea to the classroom to do campus investigations. Now you might expect that it’s the science teacher out looking at nature, but surprise your students in English Language Arts class with an outdoors writing assignment! Realizing that not all classrooms are created equally, here are some low-tech options as well as the spiffy high-tech ones. Either have students locate specific cached items or let them explore the landscape for surprises. Anyway you do it, get creative and allow the students to explore their creativity. 1. Create a map of your site with destinations. Use a hand-drawn map with destinations or use a tool like Sketch-A-Map (http://edgis.org/sketch) to create your map for students. 2. Students can create a poem or story based on the destinations on the map. Nature is an excellent way to pull more adjectives out of a student. I used a similar activity with my students in my book, Reading, Writing and Thinking around the Globe: Geospatial Technologies for English Language Arts Classroom and Beyond (www.barbareeduke.com) where students create topographic and geographic definitions for words. Visualizing vocabulary can help cement those words into a student’s personal dictionary. 1. Using your school’s or a set of loaner GPS units (www.gisetc.com). Set up waypoints with caches. Perhaps the students find words, phrases or starters for writing assignments. They could take photos and return to the classroom with real experiences. Don’t think that you have to have green spaces and trees to make this work. Urban explorations could be quite powerful as well! Perhaps tell the stories of graffiti or buildings changing over time. 2. Perhaps you decide to pair the GPS units with cameras (a reason for kids to use those cell phones) to create a photo essay. Just ask National Geographic if photos have a story to tell (http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/?source=NavPhoHome)! 3. Another option is to use a smart phone application. I have a GPS app on my iPhone (MotionX GPS) that integrates a picture and text with my waypoint. I can email this waypoint with the photo and text attached, and then view it in a virtual globe application like ArcGIS Explorer (http://www.esri.com/arcgisexplorer) or Google Earth (http://earth.google.com), another educational reason for kids to use that cell phone at school. Because applications like ArcGIS Explorer are equipped with a simple presentation creator, as a next step, you could combine all the stories and photos for a class-wide virtual tour. 4. For the more adventurous, you might like to check out a project called “confluencing” (www.confluence.org). This calls for a GPS unit and some planning. Check out some of my adventures with my friend, Dr. Joseph Kerski. (http://www.confluence.org/confluence.php?visitid=14853). The post-adventure writing is the star here. You could take this same approach with your geocaching explorations as well, a detailed story of who, what, where, when, why and how is great practice for all those persuasive writing assignments! The moral of the story here is: expand the borders of your classroom. Think beyond the text book and computer screen. Engage students with outdoor spatial experiences and watch their writing transform!

[ 10082, 420, 8103, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 655, 329, 3783, 1398, 393, 262, 2726, 27876, 27314, 0, 317, 12940, 318, 2391, 257, 11816, 1295, 11, 290, 40918, 318, 11816, 1223, 588, 257, 14068, 13, 10362, 318, 1336, 286, 29561, 4953, 284, 307, 18782, 13, 317, 2968, 3356, 1444, 564, 250, 469, 420, 8103, 447, 251, 3011, 7974, 2354, 351, 511, 15472, 4991, 284, 1064, 29561, 7104, 416, 584, 4903, 420, 17892, 13, 1002, 345, 4398, 447, 247, 83, 3088, 340, 1865, 11, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1049, 1257, 0, 357, 2503, 13, 469, 420, 8103, 13, 785, 8, 30938, 591, 389, 4903, 420, 8103, 477, 625, 262, 995, 0, 198, 7085, 30770, 389, 2263, 326, 2126, 284, 262, 15806, 284, 466, 7611, 10986, 13, 2735, 345, 1244, 1607, 326, 340, 447, 247, 82, 262, 3783, 4701, 503, 2045, 379, 3450, 11, 475, 5975, 534, 2444, 287, 3594, 15417, 11536, 1398, 351, 281, 24349, 3597, 16237, 0, 6416, 2890, 326, 407, 477, 32579, 389, 2727, 8603, 11, 994, 389, 617, 1877, 12, 13670, 3689, 355, 880, 355, 262, 599, 733, 88, 1029, 12, 13670, 3392, 13, 15467, 423, 2444, 17276, 2176, 39986, 3709, 393, 1309, 606, 7301, 262, 10747, 329, 24072, 13, 21836, 345, 466, 340, 11, 651, 7325, 290, 1249, 262, 2444, 284, 7301, 511, 16389, 13, 198, 16, 13, 13610, 257, 3975, 286, 534, 2524, 351, 23982, 13, 5765, 257, 1021, 12, 41549, 3975, 351, 23982, 393, 779, 257, 2891, 588, 17001, 12, 32, 12, 13912, 357, 4023, 1378, 276, 70, 271, 13, 2398, 14, 82, 7126, 354, 8, 284, 2251, 534, 3975, 329, 2444, 13, 198, 17, 13, 14882, 460, 2251, 257, 21247, 393, 1621, 1912, 319, 262, 23982, 319, 262, 3975, 13, 10362, 318, 281, 6275, 835, 284, 2834, 517, 31129, 1083, 503, 286, 257, 3710, 13, 314, 973, 257, 2092, 3842, 351, 616, 2444, 287, 616, 1492, 11, 11725, 11, 22183, 290, 30707, 1088, 262, 18260, 25, 2269, 2117, 34961, 21852, 329, 3594, 15417, 11536, 5016, 3823, 290, 12197, 357, 2503, 13, 5657, 49382, 276, 4649, 13, 785, 8, 810, 2444, 2251, 1353, 6826, 290, 22987, 17336, 329, 2456, 13, 15612, 2890, 25818, 460, 1037, 20534, 883, 2456, 656, 257, 3710, 447, 247, 82, 2614, 22155, 13, 198, 16, 13, 8554, 534, 1524, 447, 247, 82, 393, 257, 900, 286, 8063, 263, 15472, 4991, 357, 2503, 13, 70, 271, 14784, 13, 785, 737, 5345, 510, 835, 13033, 351, 50177, 13, 8673, 262, 2444, 1064, 2456, 11, 20144, 393, 19896, 329, 3597, 25815, 13, 1119, 714, 1011, 5205, 290, 1441, 284, 262, 15806, 351, 1103, 6461, 13, 2094, 447, 247, 83, 892, 326, 345, 423, 284, 423, 4077, 9029, 290, 7150, 284, 787, 428, 670, 13, 14665, 39180, 602, 714, 307, 2407, 3665, 355, 880, 0, 8673, 1560, 262, 3923, 286, 28530, 393, 6832, 5609, 625, 640, 13, 198, 17, 13, 8673, 345, 5409, 284, 5166, 262, 15472, 4991, 351, 9073, 357, 64, 1738, 329, 3988, 284, 779, 883, 2685, 9512, 8, 284, 2251, 257, 4590, 14268, 13, 2329, 1265, 2351, 33636, 611, 5205, 423, 257, 1621, 284, 1560, 357, 4023, 1378, 38611, 4867, 13, 14648, 469, 6826, 13, 785, 14, 38611, 4867, 20924, 10459, 28, 30575, 2725, 78, 16060, 31520, 198, 18, 13, 6023, 3038, 318, 284, 779, 257, 4451, 3072, 3586, 13, 314, 423, 257, 15472, 598, 319, 616, 7133, 357, 45740, 55, 15472, 8, 326, 48105, 257, 4286, 290, 2420, 351, 616, 835, 4122, 13, 314, 460, 3053, 428, 835, 4122, 351, 262, 4590, 290, 2420, 7223, 11, 290, 788, 1570, 340, 287, 257, 7166, 13342, 3586, 588, 10173, 38, 1797, 19142, 357, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 274, 380, 13, 785, 14, 5605, 70, 786, 87, 489, 11934, 8, 393, 3012, 3668, 357, 4023, 1378, 16442, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 828, 1194, 9856, 1738, 329, 3988, 284, 779, 326, 2685, 3072, 379, 1524, 13, 4362, 5479, 588, 10173, 38, 1797, 19142, 389, 10911, 351, 257, 2829, 10470, 13172, 11, 355, 257, 1306, 2239, 11, 345, 714, 12082, 477, 262, 3923, 290, 5205, 329, 257, 1398, 12, 4421, 7166, 4205, 13, 198, 19, 13, 1114, 262, 517, 39770, 11, 345, 1244, 588, 284, 2198, 503, 257, 1628, 1444, 564, 250, 10414, 2290, 9532, 447, 251, 357, 2503, 13, 10414, 23079, 13, 2398, 737, 770, 3848, 329, 257, 15472, 4326, 290, 617, 5410, 13, 6822, 503, 617, 286, 616, 17545, 351, 616, 1545, 11, 1583, 13, 7212, 49521, 4106, 13, 357, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 10414, 23079, 13, 2398, 14, 10414, 23079, 13, 10121, 30, 4703, 270, 312, 28, 18294, 4310, 737, 383, 1281, 12, 324, 5388, 3597, 318, 262, 3491, 994, 13, 921, 714, 1011, 428, 976, 3164, 351, 534, 4903, 420, 8103, 39180, 602, 355, 880, 11, 257, 6496, 1621, 286, 508, 11, 644, 11, 810, 11, 618, 11, 1521, 290, 703, 318, 1049, 3357, 329, 477, 883, 40116, 3597, 25815, 0, 198, 464, 6573, 286, 262, 1621, 994, 318, 25, 4292, 262, 11637, 286, 534, 15806, 13, 11382, 3675, 262, 2420, 1492, 290, 3644, 3159, 13, 1985, 496, 2444, 351, 15162, 21739, 6461, 290, 2342, 511, 3597, 6121, 0, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

847

The United States’ National POW/MIA Recognition Day is observed across the nation on the third Friday of September each year. Americans take this time to remember prisoners of war (POW) and recognize those who are still missing in action (MIA). Many veterans organizations commemorate this day by setting an extra space at an empty table and saying a few words of remembrance. Known as the “POW/MIA Table Ceremony”, it reminds us that we can “Never Forget” the soldiers of America who have not come home: -As you entered the dining area this evening, you may have noticed a small table in the place of honor near our head table. It is set for one. The military caste is filled with symbolism. This table is our way of symbolizing the fact that the members of our profession of arms are missing from our midst. They are commonly called, POW/MIA. We call them brothers. They are unable to be with us this evening and so we remember them because of their incarceration. - This table set for one is small, symbolizing the frailty of one prisoner alone against his oppressors. Remember! - The tablecloth is white, symbolizing the purity of their intentions to respond to their country’s call to arms. Remember! - The single rose displayed in a vase reminds us of the families and loved ones of our comrades-in-arms who kept the faith awaiting their return. Remember! - The red ribbon tied so prominently on the vase is reminiscent of the red ribbon worn upon the lapel and breasts of thousands who bear witness to their unyielding determination to demand a proper accounting of our missing. Remember! - A slice of lemon is on the bread plate to remind us of their bitter fate. Remember! - There is salt upon the bread plate symbolic of families’ tears as they wait. Remember! - The glass is inverted, they cannot toast with us this night. Remember! - The chair, the chair is empty, they are not here. Remember!” The National League of Families’ POW/MIA flag symbolizes the United States’ resolve to never forget POWs or those who served their country in conflicts and are still missing. Newt Heisley designed the flag. The flag’s design features a silhouette of a young man, which is based on Mr Heisley’s son, who was medically discharged from the military. As Mr Heisley looked at his returning son’s gaunt features, he imagined what life was for those behind barbed wire fences on foreign shores. He then sketched the profile of his son as the new flag’s design was created in his mind. The flag features a white disk bearing in black silhouette a man’s bust, a watch tower with a guard on patrol, and a strand of barbed wire. White letters “POW” and “MIA”, with a white five-pointed star in between, are typed above the disk. Below the disk is a black and white wreath above the motto “You Are Not Forgotten” written in white, capital letters. The POW/MIA flag can be displayed on Armed Forces Day, Memorial Day, Flag Day, Independence Day, Patriot Day and Veterans Day. The POW/MIA flag can be seen displayed on these memorial holidays and remembrance days at State Capitols, the White House, the Korean War Veterans Memorial the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, national cemeteries, various government buildings, and major military installations.

[ 464, 1578, 1829, 447, 247, 2351, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 31517, 653, 3596, 318, 6515, 1973, 262, 3277, 319, 262, 2368, 3217, 286, 2693, 1123, 614, 13, 3399, 1011, 428, 640, 284, 3505, 10577, 286, 1175, 357, 47, 3913, 8, 290, 7564, 883, 508, 389, 991, 4814, 287, 2223, 357, 44, 3539, 737, 198, 7085, 11255, 5745, 40243, 428, 1110, 416, 4634, 281, 3131, 2272, 379, 281, 6565, 3084, 290, 2282, 257, 1178, 2456, 286, 44827, 13, 29454, 355, 262, 564, 250, 47, 3913, 14, 44, 3539, 8655, 26532, 9926, 447, 251, 11, 340, 17603, 514, 326, 356, 460, 564, 250, 12295, 29624, 447, 251, 262, 5795, 286, 2253, 508, 423, 407, 1282, 1363, 25, 198, 12, 1722, 345, 5982, 262, 17423, 1989, 428, 6180, 11, 345, 743, 423, 6810, 257, 1402, 3084, 287, 262, 1295, 286, 7522, 1474, 674, 1182, 3084, 13, 632, 318, 900, 329, 530, 13, 198, 464, 2422, 30747, 318, 5901, 351, 36913, 13, 770, 3084, 318, 674, 835, 286, 6194, 2890, 262, 1109, 326, 262, 1866, 286, 674, 7573, 286, 5101, 389, 4814, 422, 674, 15925, 13, 198, 2990, 389, 8811, 1444, 11, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 13, 775, 869, 606, 9397, 13, 1119, 389, 5906, 284, 307, 351, 514, 428, 6180, 290, 523, 356, 3505, 606, 780, 286, 511, 27224, 13, 198, 12, 770, 3084, 900, 329, 530, 318, 1402, 11, 6194, 2890, 262, 5306, 6267, 286, 530, 17234, 3436, 1028, 465, 35035, 669, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 3084, 44905, 318, 2330, 11, 6194, 2890, 262, 25590, 286, 511, 14953, 284, 3031, 284, 511, 1499, 447, 247, 82, 869, 284, 5101, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 2060, 8278, 9066, 287, 257, 410, 589, 17603, 514, 286, 262, 4172, 290, 6151, 3392, 286, 674, 24863, 12, 259, 12, 8357, 508, 4030, 262, 4562, 21859, 511, 1441, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 2266, 29092, 8165, 523, 31015, 319, 262, 410, 589, 318, 24960, 286, 262, 2266, 29092, 12666, 2402, 262, 14779, 417, 290, 17515, 286, 4138, 508, 6842, 4973, 284, 511, 555, 88, 30449, 12123, 284, 3512, 257, 1774, 14317, 286, 674, 4814, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 317, 16416, 286, 18873, 318, 319, 262, 8509, 7480, 284, 7101, 514, 286, 511, 12922, 10030, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 1318, 318, 8268, 2402, 262, 8509, 7480, 18975, 286, 4172, 447, 247, 10953, 355, 484, 4043, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 5405, 318, 37204, 11, 484, 2314, 27805, 351, 514, 428, 1755, 13, 11436, 0, 198, 12, 383, 5118, 11, 262, 5118, 318, 6565, 11, 484, 389, 407, 994, 13, 11436, 0, 447, 251, 198, 464, 2351, 4041, 286, 25813, 447, 247, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 6056, 6194, 4340, 262, 1578, 1829, 447, 247, 10568, 284, 1239, 6044, 24148, 82, 393, 883, 508, 4983, 511, 1499, 287, 12333, 290, 389, 991, 4814, 13, 198, 3791, 83, 679, 271, 1636, 3562, 262, 6056, 13, 383, 6056, 447, 247, 82, 1486, 3033, 257, 41834, 286, 257, 1862, 582, 11, 543, 318, 1912, 319, 1770, 679, 271, 1636, 447, 247, 82, 3367, 11, 508, 373, 35031, 26476, 422, 262, 2422, 13, 1081, 1770, 679, 271, 1636, 3114, 379, 465, 8024, 3367, 447, 247, 82, 308, 12968, 3033, 11, 339, 15758, 644, 1204, 373, 329, 883, 2157, 2318, 3077, 6503, 35771, 319, 3215, 29963, 13, 679, 788, 28427, 1740, 262, 7034, 286, 465, 3367, 355, 262, 649, 6056, 447, 247, 82, 1486, 373, 2727, 287, 465, 2000, 13, 198, 464, 6056, 3033, 257, 2330, 11898, 14121, 287, 2042, 41834, 257, 582, 447, 247, 82, 13076, 11, 257, 2342, 10580, 351, 257, 4860, 319, 13969, 11, 290, 257, 37923, 286, 2318, 3077, 6503, 13, 2635, 7475, 564, 250, 47, 3913, 447, 251, 290, 564, 250, 44, 3539, 447, 251, 11, 351, 257, 2330, 1936, 12, 4122, 276, 3491, 287, 1022, 11, 389, 25683, 2029, 262, 11898, 13, 10383, 262, 11898, 318, 257, 2042, 290, 2330, 266, 19367, 2029, 262, 33600, 564, 250, 1639, 4231, 1892, 28586, 447, 251, 3194, 287, 2330, 11, 3139, 7475, 13, 198, 464, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 6056, 460, 307, 9066, 319, 16657, 12700, 3596, 11, 14861, 3596, 11, 19762, 3596, 11, 20153, 3596, 11, 26888, 3596, 290, 18950, 3596, 13, 383, 24148, 14, 44, 3539, 6056, 460, 307, 1775, 9066, 319, 777, 17357, 17122, 290, 44827, 1528, 379, 1812, 4476, 270, 10220, 11, 262, 2635, 2097, 11, 262, 6983, 1810, 18950, 14861, 262, 10836, 18950, 14861, 11, 2260, 269, 368, 2357, 444, 11, 2972, 1230, 6832, 11, 290, 1688, 2422, 26162, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

751

Learn how to protect yourself, identify and manage sexually transmitted diseases that can managed yet not be cured. Among this group are Herpes, HPV and HIV. Listen in to sex educator Amy Levine from Cherry TV as she provides all you need to know to stay safe. Hi! Welcome to Cherry TV's Fresh Advice. My name is Amy Levine. Today, we're talking about viral sexually transmitted diseases, STDs that can be treated but not cured. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that one in four Americans have an STD. So it's important to be aware and understand that any new partner you hook up with, could potentially be infected. Viral STDs are caused by a virus, meaning there are treatments to make the disease manageable, but no cure. Common viral infections include Herpes, HPV and HIV, all of which I will talk about today. Here are the basics. First is Herpes. It's estimated that one in five people have genital herpes. This STD is transmitted to direct skin to skin contact with an infected area, whether or not symptoms are present during sex. Females and males are both at risk. If there are signs, they can look like a nick, cut, rash, blister, or sore, on or around the genital area or anus. There could be one or there could be more. These can be caused by the two types of Herpes, 1 and 2. Herpes 1 is often on the mouth and known as cold sores that can also be transmitted through kissing. A herpes infection can feel like the flu. When you're infected with the virus, it's possible to have no visible signs when it's latent in your body. However, once it becomes active, the outbreaks can occur more frequently with or without the symptoms. When someone has herpes they can take daily suppressive therapy, medication that can lower the chance of passing it on to sex partners, or when someone has an outbreak, they can take medicine to make the outbreak subside faster. A lot of people have herpes, so the stigma has lessened over the years. Well, it can be a nuisance, it's doesn't lead to serious health problems. The next is HPV. This STD is the most common. Some estimate that 80% of sexually active people will get HPV at some points in their lives. It's spread through vaginal and/or anal sex with an infected partner. There are many types of HPV, but most people who have genital HPV, don't even know they have it, since there are often no symptoms, plus it often goes away by itself without causing any sort of detectable health problem. However, if you have it, you can transmit it. When symptoms occur, they are usually in the form of flat or raised warts on or around the female and male genitals, anus and the woman cervix. Some warts can grow in size and need to removed by a health practitioner. Some strains of HPV don't cause warts, because cell changes. The cervix is the most common area it affects. If undetected, in some cases, this type of HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer. Gardasil is a vaccine that prevents some of the most common kinds of HPV infection. It can protect against the two types that cause cervical cancer and two types that cause genital warts. This vaccine is highly recommended for all females, 11-26 years old, and is most effective in those who have not been infected with these types of HPV. Women can be tested by a healthcare provider for the presence of the HPV virus, but men can't. They often never know they have it yet pass it on to their partner. Last, we have HIV and AIDS. HIV is sexually transmitted through blood, vaginal and seminal fluids during vaginal, anal and/or oral sex. The virus can be present in pre-ejaculate and menstrual fluid, but not saliva. Many people have HIV, but experience no symptoms for years. So they don't even know they're infected. When symptoms do occur, they are often mistaken for the flu. HIV can lead to AIDS, which is usually fatal. AIDS damages the immune system making one susceptible to all kinds of infections. While many people have died of AIDS, some people live for decades with HIV. At this point, there is no vaccine. Other viral STDs include Hepatitis B and molluscum contagiosum. You can find out more about them as well as testing and treatment options for all STDs through the resources listed at the end. To protect yourself and your partner from STDs, there are three things to keep in mind. First, use condom from the start of sexual encounters involving vaginal, anal and/or oral sex, dental dams on a woman. It's the only sure-fire way to reduce your risk. Second, if you or your partner have contracted a viral STD, it's important that this information is disclosed before you become intimate. Being honest isn't always easy, but it's the right thing to do. Third, it's important that you and your partner, both know it's normal for each of you. So if symptoms are present you know and can get checked out by your doctor or by going to a clinic like Planned Parenthood, right away. For more information, visit the following websites. www.cdcnpin.org/stdawareness/ www.ashastd.org Thanks for watching. I am Amy Levine with Cherry TV's Fresh Advice on cherrytv.com. Check out our archives for more great sex information.

[ 20238, 703, 284, 1805, 3511, 11, 5911, 290, 6687, 11363, 18307, 10040, 326, 460, 5257, 1865, 407, 307, 30703, 13, 9754, 428, 1448, 389, 2332, 12272, 11, 32395, 290, 10498, 13, 20600, 287, 284, 1714, 45562, 14235, 38294, 422, 23165, 3195, 355, 673, 3769, 477, 345, 761, 284, 760, 284, 2652, 3338, 13, 198, 17250, 0, 19134, 284, 23165, 3195, 338, 20138, 42708, 13, 2011, 1438, 318, 14235, 38294, 13, 6288, 11, 356, 821, 3375, 546, 14416, 11363, 18307, 10040, 11, 3563, 30832, 326, 460, 307, 5716, 475, 407, 30703, 13, 383, 22223, 329, 17344, 6779, 290, 18313, 7746, 326, 530, 287, 1440, 3399, 423, 281, 48571, 13, 1406, 340, 338, 1593, 284, 307, 3910, 290, 1833, 326, 597, 649, 5212, 345, 8011, 510, 351, 11, 714, 6196, 307, 14112, 13, 16310, 282, 3563, 30832, 389, 4073, 416, 257, 9471, 11, 3616, 612, 389, 13820, 284, 787, 262, 4369, 36426, 11, 475, 645, 13996, 13, 8070, 14416, 16079, 2291, 2332, 12272, 11, 32395, 290, 10498, 11, 477, 286, 543, 314, 481, 1561, 546, 1909, 13, 3423, 389, 262, 19165, 13, 3274, 318, 2332, 12272, 13, 632, 338, 6108, 326, 530, 287, 1936, 661, 423, 24678, 45287, 13, 770, 48571, 318, 18307, 284, 1277, 4168, 284, 4168, 2800, 351, 281, 14112, 1989, 11, 1771, 393, 407, 7460, 389, 1944, 1141, 1714, 13, 44727, 290, 10835, 389, 1111, 379, 2526, 13, 1002, 612, 389, 5895, 11, 484, 460, 804, 588, 257, 14428, 11, 2005, 11, 28509, 11, 40770, 11, 393, 19597, 11, 319, 393, 1088, 262, 24678, 1989, 393, 47285, 13, 1318, 714, 307, 530, 393, 612, 714, 307, 517, 13, 2312, 460, 307, 4073, 416, 262, 734, 3858, 286, 2332, 12272, 11, 352, 290, 362, 13, 2332, 12272, 352, 318, 1690, 319, 262, 5422, 290, 1900, 355, 4692, 264, 2850, 326, 460, 635, 307, 18307, 832, 25847, 13, 317, 45287, 10280, 460, 1254, 588, 262, 6562, 13, 1649, 345, 821, 14112, 351, 262, 9471, 11, 340, 338, 1744, 284, 423, 645, 7424, 5895, 618, 340, 338, 41270, 287, 534, 1767, 13, 2102, 11, 1752, 340, 4329, 4075, 11, 262, 35198, 460, 3051, 517, 6777, 351, 393, 1231, 262, 7460, 13, 1649, 2130, 468, 45287, 484, 460, 1011, 4445, 802, 3314, 9102, 11, 14103, 326, 460, 2793, 262, 2863, 286, 6427, 340, 319, 284, 1714, 4887, 11, 393, 618, 2130, 468, 281, 17645, 11, 484, 460, 1011, 9007, 284, 787, 262, 17645, 850, 1589, 5443, 13, 317, 1256, 286, 661, 423, 45287, 11, 523, 262, 26695, 468, 1342, 2945, 625, 262, 812, 13, 3894, 11, 340, 460, 307, 257, 36212, 11, 340, 338, 1595, 470, 1085, 284, 2726, 1535, 2761, 13, 383, 1306, 318, 32395, 13, 770, 48571, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 13, 2773, 8636, 326, 4019, 4, 286, 11363, 4075, 661, 481, 651, 32395, 379, 617, 2173, 287, 511, 3160, 13, 632, 338, 4104, 832, 30131, 290, 14, 273, 2037, 1714, 351, 281, 14112, 5212, 13, 1318, 389, 867, 3858, 286, 32395, 11, 475, 749, 661, 508, 423, 24678, 32395, 11, 836, 470, 772, 760, 484, 423, 340, 11, 1201, 612, 389, 1690, 645, 7460, 11, 5556, 340, 1690, 2925, 1497, 416, 2346, 1231, 6666, 597, 3297, 286, 44187, 1535, 1917, 13, 2102, 11, 611, 345, 423, 340, 11, 345, 460, 21937, 340, 13, 1649, 7460, 3051, 11, 484, 389, 3221, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 6228, 393, 4376, 266, 5889, 319, 393, 1088, 262, 4048, 290, 4257, 35853, 11, 47285, 290, 262, 2415, 28987, 844, 13, 2773, 266, 5889, 460, 1663, 287, 2546, 290, 761, 284, 4615, 416, 257, 1535, 32110, 13, 2773, 21245, 286, 32395, 836, 470, 2728, 266, 5889, 11, 780, 2685, 2458, 13, 383, 28987, 844, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 1989, 340, 10975, 13, 1002, 40615, 11197, 11, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 428, 2099, 286, 32395, 10280, 460, 1085, 284, 36012, 4890, 13, 12790, 292, 346, 318, 257, 12319, 326, 15174, 617, 286, 262, 749, 2219, 6982, 286, 32395, 10280, 13, 632, 460, 1805, 1028, 262, 734, 3858, 326, 2728, 36012, 4890, 290, 734, 3858, 326, 2728, 24678, 266, 5889, 13, 770, 12319, 318, 4047, 7151, 329, 477, 12366, 11, 1367, 12, 2075, 812, 1468, 11, 290, 318, 749, 4050, 287, 883, 508, 423, 407, 587, 14112, 351, 777, 3858, 286, 32395, 13, 6926, 460, 307, 6789, 416, 257, 11409, 10131, 329, 262, 4931, 286, 262, 32395, 9471, 11, 475, 1450, 460, 470, 13, 1119, 1690, 1239, 760, 484, 423, 340, 1865, 1208, 340, 319, 284, 511, 5212, 13, 4586, 11, 356, 423, 10498, 290, 20408, 13, 10498, 318, 11363, 18307, 832, 2910, 11, 30131, 290, 38915, 28704, 1141, 30131, 11, 2037, 290, 14, 273, 12886, 1714, 13, 383, 9471, 460, 307, 1944, 287, 662, 12, 68, 30482, 5039, 290, 37230, 11711, 11, 475, 407, 40333, 13, 4650, 661, 423, 10498, 11, 475, 1998, 645, 7460, 329, 812, 13, 1406, 484, 836, 470, 772, 760, 484, 821, 14112, 13, 1649, 7460, 466, 3051, 11, 484, 389, 1690, 16011, 329, 262, 6562, 13, 10498, 460, 1085, 284, 20408, 11, 543, 318, 3221, 10800, 13, 20408, 12616, 262, 10900, 1080, 1642, 530, 22084, 284, 477, 6982, 286, 16079, 13, 2893, 867, 661, 423, 3724, 286, 20408, 11, 617, 661, 2107, 329, 4647, 351, 10498, 13, 1629, 428, 966, 11, 612, 318, 645, 12319, 13, 3819, 14416, 3563, 30832, 2291, 32308, 265, 11815, 347, 290, 285, 692, 16241, 388, 34335, 4267, 388, 13, 921, 460, 1064, 503, 517, 546, 606, 355, 880, 355, 4856, 290, 3513, 3689, 329, 477, 3563, 30832, 832, 262, 4133, 5610, 379, 262, 886, 13, 1675, 1805, 3511, 290, 534, 5212, 422, 3563, 30832, 11, 612, 389, 1115, 1243, 284, 1394, 287, 2000, 13, 3274, 11, 779, 33791, 422, 262, 923, 286, 3206, 16925, 7411, 30131, 11, 2037, 290, 14, 273, 12886, 1714, 11, 22727, 40907, 319, 257, 2415, 13, 632, 338, 262, 691, 1654, 12, 6495, 835, 284, 4646, 534, 2526, 13, 5498, 11, 611, 345, 393, 534, 5212, 423, 23407, 257, 14416, 48571, 11, 340, 338, 1593, 326, 428, 1321, 318, 16404, 878, 345, 1716, 16584, 13, 11204, 5508, 2125, 470, 1464, 2562, 11, 475, 340, 338, 262, 826, 1517, 284, 466, 13, 10467, 11, 340, 338, 1593, 326, 345, 290, 534, 5212, 11, 1111, 760, 340, 338, 3487, 329, 1123, 286, 345, 13, 1406, 611, 7460, 389, 1944, 345, 760, 290, 460, 651, 10667, 503, 416, 534, 6253, 393, 416, 1016, 284, 257, 15760, 588, 18451, 18461, 11, 826, 1497, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 11, 3187, 262, 1708, 9293, 13, 7324, 13, 10210, 31522, 11635, 13, 2398, 14, 19282, 47812, 14, 7324, 13, 1077, 459, 67, 13, 2398, 6930, 329, 4964, 13, 314, 716, 14235, 38294, 351, 23165, 3195, 338, 20138, 42708, 319, 23612, 14981, 13, 785, 13, 6822, 503, 674, 22415, 329, 517, 1049, 1714, 1321, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,125

Laura formed as a slightly unusual sub-tropical storm in the northern mid-Atlantic on September 29, 2008. Subtropical storms are hybrids of tropical storm systems and extratropical storms, forming in cooler waters farther north (or south) of the usual hurricane formation regions. Laura formed quite far north, well away from major land masses. As of September 30, the National Hurricane Center predicted that the storm could hit Scotland by October 4. With peak sustained winds of around 95 kilometers per hour (55 miles per hour), Laura was a powerful storm, but not hurricane strength. It was unlikely that the storm would ever become a hurricane, but forecasters expected the storm to remain near its September 30 strength for several days. This data visualization was made with observations from the QuikSCAT satellite taken on September 30, 2008, at 5:39 a.m. local time (7:39 UTC). It shows Laura as a tight ball of circular winds around a calmer core. The image depicts wind speed in color and wind direction with small barbs. White barbs point to areas of heavy rain. QuikSCAT measurements of the wind strength of Laura and other cyclones (the generic term for typhoons, hurricanes, and similar storms) can be slower than actual wind speeds. QuikSCAT’s scatterometer sends pulses of microwave energy through the atmosphere to the ocean surface and measures the energy that bounces back from the wind-roughened surface. The energy of the microwave pulses changes depending on wind speed and direction. To relate the radar signal to actual wind speed, scientists compare measurements taken from buoys and other ground stations to data the satellite acquired at the same time and place. Because the high wind speeds generated by cyclones are rare, scientists do not have corresponding ground information to know how to translate data from the satellite for wind speeds above 50 knots (about 93 km/hr or 58 mph). Peak winds in Laura measured in other ways are near this extreme limit, so values from QuikSCAT may not be reliable near the core of the storm system. Also, the unusually heavy rain found in a cyclone distorts the microwave pulses in a number of ways, making a conversion to exact wind speed difficult. Instead, the scatterometer provides a nice picture of the relative wind speeds within the storm and shows wind direction.

[ 43687, 7042, 355, 257, 4622, 8468, 850, 12, 48385, 605, 6388, 287, 262, 7840, 3095, 12, 41120, 319, 2693, 2808, 11, 3648, 13, 3834, 48385, 605, 20228, 389, 45456, 286, 19690, 6388, 3341, 290, 1070, 10366, 1773, 605, 20228, 11, 14583, 287, 19346, 10150, 18485, 5093, 357, 273, 5366, 8, 286, 262, 6678, 23964, 9978, 7652, 13, 16753, 7042, 2407, 1290, 5093, 11, 880, 1497, 422, 1688, 1956, 14568, 13, 1081, 286, 2693, 1542, 11, 262, 2351, 16004, 3337, 11001, 326, 262, 6388, 714, 2277, 8838, 416, 3267, 604, 13, 2080, 9103, 12605, 13520, 286, 1088, 6957, 18212, 583, 1711, 357, 2816, 4608, 583, 1711, 828, 16753, 373, 257, 3665, 6388, 11, 475, 407, 23964, 4202, 13, 632, 373, 7485, 326, 262, 6388, 561, 1683, 1716, 257, 23964, 11, 475, 1674, 26248, 2938, 262, 6388, 284, 3520, 1474, 663, 2693, 1542, 4202, 329, 1811, 1528, 13, 198, 1212, 1366, 32704, 373, 925, 351, 13050, 422, 262, 2264, 1134, 6173, 1404, 11210, 2077, 319, 2693, 1542, 11, 3648, 11, 379, 642, 25, 2670, 257, 13, 76, 13, 1957, 640, 357, 22, 25, 2670, 18119, 737, 632, 2523, 16753, 355, 257, 5381, 2613, 286, 18620, 13520, 1088, 257, 2386, 647, 4755, 13, 383, 2939, 28539, 2344, 2866, 287, 3124, 290, 2344, 4571, 351, 1402, 2318, 1443, 13, 2635, 2318, 1443, 966, 284, 3006, 286, 4334, 6290, 13, 198, 4507, 1134, 6173, 1404, 13871, 286, 262, 2344, 4202, 286, 16753, 290, 584, 11700, 1952, 357, 1169, 14276, 3381, 329, 37428, 13022, 11, 40370, 11, 290, 2092, 20228, 8, 460, 307, 13611, 621, 4036, 2344, 12055, 13, 2264, 1134, 6173, 1404, 447, 247, 82, 41058, 15635, 12800, 37783, 286, 27000, 2568, 832, 262, 8137, 284, 262, 9151, 4417, 290, 5260, 262, 2568, 326, 49623, 736, 422, 262, 2344, 12, 472, 70, 831, 276, 4417, 13, 383, 2568, 286, 262, 27000, 37783, 2458, 6906, 319, 2344, 2866, 290, 4571, 13, 198, 2514, 15124, 262, 13428, 6737, 284, 4036, 2344, 2866, 11, 5519, 8996, 13871, 2077, 422, 809, 19417, 290, 584, 2323, 8985, 284, 1366, 262, 11210, 9477, 379, 262, 976, 640, 290, 1295, 13, 4362, 262, 1029, 2344, 12055, 7560, 416, 11700, 1952, 389, 4071, 11, 5519, 466, 407, 423, 11188, 2323, 1321, 284, 760, 703, 284, 15772, 1366, 422, 262, 11210, 329, 2344, 12055, 2029, 2026, 33620, 357, 10755, 10261, 10571, 14, 11840, 393, 7618, 16462, 737, 23974, 13520, 287, 16753, 8630, 287, 584, 2842, 389, 1474, 428, 3257, 4179, 11, 523, 3815, 422, 2264, 1134, 6173, 1404, 743, 407, 307, 9314, 1474, 262, 4755, 286, 262, 6388, 1080, 13, 198, 7583, 11, 262, 23708, 4334, 6290, 1043, 287, 257, 11700, 505, 1233, 2096, 262, 27000, 37783, 287, 257, 1271, 286, 2842, 11, 1642, 257, 11315, 284, 2748, 2344, 2866, 2408, 13, 5455, 11, 262, 41058, 15635, 3769, 257, 3621, 4286, 286, 262, 3585, 2344, 12055, 1626, 262, 6388, 290, 2523, 2344, 4571, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

481

The Savage Islands, or Ilhas Selvagens in Portuguese, are a small archipelago in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean between the archipelago of Madeira to the north and the Canary Islands to the south. Like these other island groups, the Savage Islands are thought to have been produced by volcanism related to a mantle plume or “hot spot.” Typically, volcanoes are fueled by magma being generated where tectonic plates are colliding or being pulled apart. The active volcanoes remain at the plate boundaries, even as the plates shift. Mantle plumes, in contrast, are relatively fixed regions of upwelling magma that can feed volcanoes on an overlying tectonic plate. When a tectonic plate passes over the mantle plume, active volcanoes form, but they become dormant as they are carried away from the hot spot on the moving tectonic plate. Over geologic time, this creates a line of older, extinct volcanoes, seamounts, and islands extending from the active volcanoes that are currently over the plume. These two astronaut photographs illustrate the northern (top) and southern (bottom) Savage Islands. The two views were taken 13 seconds apart from the International Space Station; the geographic center points of the images are separated by about 15 kilometers. Selvagem Grande, with an approximate area of 4 square kilometers, is the largest of the islands. The smaller and more irregularly-shaped Ilhéus do Norte, Ilhéu de Fora, and Selvagem Pequena are visible at the center of the lower image. Spain and Portugal both claim sovereignty over the Savage Islands. All of the islands of the archipelago are ringed by bright white breaking waves along the fringing beaches. Reefs that surround the Savage Islands make it very difficult to land boats there, and there is no permanent settlement on the islands. The islands serve as nesting sites for several species of seabird including petrels and shearwaters, and they are included on the tentative list of additional UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

[ 464, 22287, 12010, 11, 393, 13778, 10134, 15300, 29821, 641, 287, 21813, 11, 389, 257, 1402, 3934, 40634, 3839, 287, 262, 10183, 2258, 10596, 10692, 1022, 262, 3934, 40634, 3839, 286, 14446, 8704, 284, 262, 5093, 290, 262, 50206, 12010, 284, 262, 5366, 13, 4525, 777, 584, 7022, 2628, 11, 262, 22287, 12010, 389, 1807, 284, 423, 587, 4635, 416, 17516, 1042, 3519, 284, 257, 32107, 458, 2454, 393, 564, 250, 8940, 4136, 13, 447, 251, 198, 49321, 11, 17516, 3028, 389, 24959, 416, 2153, 2611, 852, 7560, 810, 256, 478, 9229, 13375, 389, 2927, 2530, 393, 852, 5954, 5475, 13, 383, 4075, 17516, 3028, 3520, 379, 262, 7480, 13215, 11, 772, 355, 262, 13375, 6482, 13, 337, 16941, 458, 8139, 11, 287, 6273, 11, 389, 5365, 5969, 7652, 286, 510, 4053, 278, 2153, 2611, 326, 460, 3745, 17516, 3028, 319, 281, 625, 3157, 256, 478, 9229, 7480, 13, 1649, 257, 256, 478, 9229, 7480, 8318, 625, 262, 32107, 458, 2454, 11, 4075, 17516, 3028, 1296, 11, 475, 484, 1716, 41038, 355, 484, 389, 5281, 1497, 422, 262, 3024, 4136, 319, 262, 3867, 256, 478, 9229, 7480, 13, 3827, 4903, 20781, 640, 11, 428, 8075, 257, 1627, 286, 4697, 11, 28881, 17516, 3028, 11, 15787, 608, 82, 11, 290, 14807, 16610, 422, 262, 4075, 17516, 3028, 326, 389, 3058, 625, 262, 458, 2454, 13, 198, 4711, 734, 33779, 12566, 19418, 262, 7840, 357, 4852, 8, 290, 8372, 357, 22487, 8, 22287, 12010, 13, 383, 734, 5009, 547, 2077, 1511, 4201, 5475, 422, 262, 4037, 4687, 9327, 26, 262, 22987, 3641, 2173, 286, 262, 4263, 389, 11266, 416, 546, 1315, 18212, 13, 15300, 29821, 368, 29073, 11, 351, 281, 27665, 1989, 286, 604, 6616, 18212, 11, 318, 262, 4387, 286, 262, 14807, 13, 383, 4833, 290, 517, 21388, 306, 12, 16760, 13778, 71, 2634, 385, 466, 15209, 68, 11, 13778, 71, 2634, 84, 390, 1114, 64, 11, 290, 15300, 29821, 368, 2631, 421, 8107, 389, 7424, 379, 262, 3641, 286, 262, 2793, 2939, 13, 8602, 290, 19101, 1111, 1624, 18582, 625, 262, 22287, 12010, 13, 198, 3237, 286, 262, 14807, 286, 262, 3934, 40634, 3839, 389, 5858, 276, 416, 6016, 2330, 7163, 9813, 1863, 262, 1216, 14146, 25585, 13, 34151, 82, 326, 4573, 262, 22287, 12010, 787, 340, 845, 2408, 284, 1956, 16659, 612, 11, 290, 612, 318, 645, 7748, 9443, 319, 262, 14807, 13, 383, 14807, 4691, 355, 46282, 5043, 329, 1811, 4693, 286, 384, 397, 1447, 1390, 4273, 2411, 82, 290, 673, 283, 41555, 11, 290, 484, 389, 3017, 319, 262, 38358, 1351, 286, 3224, 49372, 2159, 18518, 37034, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

432

Can you imagine living back in the day of Fred Flintstone? Where cars were powered by feet instead of gasoline, and traveling by air consisted of climbing on top of the next available pterodactyl instead of sitting comfortably inside of an airplane. And instead of the ever present email we have today, the Flintstones had to chisel out their notes in stone, which never took more than a few seconds, and then a bird that needed to make a living would grip the stone in its beak and fly it to the proper recipient. Birds must have been smarter back then and their beaks stronger than they are today. Thank goodness technology has evolved and we don't have to worry about chiseling out a business report or family newsletter anymore. Today we just go to the nearest computer, open up the word processing software and type away. Within a brief period of time we have a nice-looking, completely legible piece of information that we can print out or for faster service, we can email a document anywhere in the world and it shows up in minutes. We have definitely come a long way since the Fred Flintstone days. So how did word processors evolve? Wikipedia states that IBM invented the term "word processing" in the 1960s. By 1971 it was officially recognized by the New York Times as a "buzz word." However, back then word processors were much different than they are in today's modern society. When the term was first used it referred to typing on semi-automatic typewriters and using dictating machines. Information was typed and then stored on magnetic tape or cards that could later be used for corrections and additional copies. However, if you were typing a form letter each one still had to be inserted into the typewriter to change in the variable data such as names and dates. Later a calculator and word processors were interfaced to come up with an even more modern word processing system. Each time the enter key was pressed the typed data would be stored on a cassette tape. The information could later be viewed and edited. After realizing what a breakthrough this had become, innovations continued. The next idea was to add a screen. No more printing out page after page to review corrected information and text. This was definitely something that would help companies and individuals alike in their scribing needs. Secretaries became worried that they would lose their jobs because they would have no place in the office workforce. However, just the opposite came true. Faster and more efficient typing on word processors meant more could be done in a short amount of time. Office productivity increased. Transformation of word processors continued through to the addition of being able to hook up an apparatus to print these now nearly-flawless documents. Adding to the building blocks of the word processing evolution came along the ability to prints drafts using dot matrix printers and on up the line through the laser printers we use today. During the rise of word processors personal computers were making their way into more and more homes. As the process unfolded, word processors were linked to computers and then eventually morphed into the available software packages we use today. Can't decide which word processing application is right for you? Check out our word processing software review. At TopTenREVIEWS We Do the Research So You Don't Have To.™

[ 6090, 345, 5967, 2877, 736, 287, 262, 1110, 286, 8559, 21660, 6440, 30, 6350, 5006, 547, 13232, 416, 3625, 2427, 286, 21408, 11, 290, 11300, 416, 1633, 19954, 286, 14281, 319, 1353, 286, 262, 1306, 1695, 279, 353, 375, 529, 2645, 2427, 286, 5586, 24341, 2641, 286, 281, 19401, 13, 843, 2427, 286, 262, 1683, 1944, 3053, 356, 423, 1909, 11, 262, 21660, 28750, 550, 284, 442, 36811, 503, 511, 4710, 287, 7815, 11, 543, 1239, 1718, 517, 621, 257, 1178, 4201, 11, 290, 788, 257, 6512, 326, 2622, 284, 787, 257, 2877, 561, 11762, 262, 7815, 287, 663, 307, 461, 290, 6129, 340, 284, 262, 1774, 17800, 13, 27124, 1276, 423, 587, 23714, 736, 788, 290, 511, 307, 4730, 7387, 621, 484, 389, 1909, 13, 198, 10449, 20437, 3037, 468, 12572, 290, 356, 836, 470, 423, 284, 5490, 546, 442, 271, 10809, 503, 257, 1597, 989, 393, 1641, 13129, 7471, 13, 6288, 356, 655, 467, 284, 262, 16936, 3644, 11, 1280, 510, 262, 1573, 7587, 3788, 290, 2099, 1497, 13, 12511, 257, 4506, 2278, 286, 640, 356, 423, 257, 3621, 12, 11534, 11, 3190, 1232, 856, 3704, 286, 1321, 326, 356, 460, 3601, 503, 393, 329, 5443, 2139, 11, 356, 460, 3053, 257, 3188, 6609, 287, 262, 995, 290, 340, 2523, 510, 287, 2431, 13, 775, 423, 4753, 1282, 257, 890, 835, 1201, 262, 8559, 21660, 6440, 1528, 13, 198, 2396, 703, 750, 1573, 20399, 18101, 30, 198, 48845, 2585, 326, 19764, 15646, 262, 3381, 366, 4775, 7587, 1, 287, 262, 9507, 82, 13, 2750, 16382, 340, 373, 8720, 8018, 416, 262, 968, 1971, 3782, 355, 257, 366, 65, 4715, 1573, 526, 2102, 11, 736, 788, 1573, 20399, 547, 881, 1180, 621, 484, 389, 287, 1909, 338, 3660, 3592, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 3381, 373, 717, 973, 340, 6412, 284, 19720, 319, 10663, 12, 37800, 49938, 799, 364, 290, 1262, 8633, 803, 8217, 13, 6188, 373, 25683, 290, 788, 8574, 319, 14091, 9154, 393, 4116, 326, 714, 1568, 307, 973, 329, 26251, 290, 3224, 9088, 13, 2102, 11, 611, 345, 547, 19720, 257, 1296, 3850, 1123, 530, 991, 550, 284, 307, 18846, 656, 262, 49938, 43407, 284, 1487, 287, 262, 7885, 1366, 884, 355, 3891, 290, 9667, 13, 198, 18602, 257, 28260, 290, 1573, 20399, 547, 9556, 2286, 284, 1282, 510, 351, 281, 772, 517, 3660, 1573, 7587, 1080, 13, 5501, 640, 262, 3802, 1994, 373, 12070, 262, 25683, 1366, 561, 307, 8574, 319, 257, 42812, 9154, 13, 383, 1321, 714, 1568, 307, 9569, 290, 13012, 13, 198, 3260, 20060, 644, 257, 19304, 428, 550, 1716, 11, 25438, 3767, 13, 383, 1306, 2126, 373, 284, 751, 257, 3159, 13, 1400, 517, 13570, 503, 2443, 706, 2443, 284, 2423, 19267, 1321, 290, 2420, 13, 770, 373, 4753, 1223, 326, 561, 1037, 2706, 290, 3925, 12936, 287, 511, 629, 23098, 2476, 13, 3943, 3166, 2627, 7960, 326, 484, 561, 4425, 511, 3946, 780, 484, 561, 423, 645, 1295, 287, 262, 2607, 16433, 13, 2102, 11, 655, 262, 6697, 1625, 2081, 13, 38996, 290, 517, 6942, 19720, 319, 1573, 20399, 4001, 517, 714, 307, 1760, 287, 257, 1790, 2033, 286, 640, 13, 4452, 13714, 3220, 13, 198, 8291, 1161, 286, 1573, 20399, 3767, 832, 284, 262, 3090, 286, 852, 1498, 284, 8011, 510, 281, 21152, 284, 3601, 777, 783, 3016, 12, 2704, 707, 1203, 4963, 13, 18247, 284, 262, 2615, 7021, 286, 262, 1573, 7587, 6954, 1625, 1863, 262, 2694, 284, 20842, 30247, 1262, 16605, 17593, 34654, 290, 319, 510, 262, 1627, 832, 262, 12855, 34654, 356, 779, 1909, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 4485, 286, 1573, 20399, 2614, 9061, 547, 1642, 511, 835, 656, 517, 290, 517, 5682, 13, 1081, 262, 1429, 34660, 11, 1573, 20399, 547, 6692, 284, 9061, 290, 788, 4191, 49976, 656, 262, 1695, 3788, 10392, 356, 779, 1909, 13, 198, 6090, 470, 5409, 543, 1573, 7587, 3586, 318, 826, 329, 345, 30, 6822, 503, 674, 1573, 7587, 3788, 2423, 13, 198, 2953, 5849, 24893, 2200, 28206, 50, 775, 2141, 262, 4992, 1406, 921, 2094, 470, 8192, 1675, 13, 8151, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

672

Definition: Dust Mites Dust mites are microscopic bugs that live in household dust. They work their way into soft places like pillows, blankets, mattresses, and stuffed animals. Many people with asthma are allergic to dust - but in fact it's the droppings produced by the mites in the dust, along with the body fragments of dead dust mites, that really cause allergic reactions. When breathed in, these can lead a person to develop allergy or asthma symptoms.

[ 36621, 25, 16240, 337, 2737, 198, 43767, 285, 2737, 389, 41858, 11316, 326, 2107, 287, 6641, 8977, 13, 1119, 670, 511, 835, 656, 2705, 4113, 588, 9582, 1666, 11, 34794, 11, 23963, 16746, 11, 290, 22259, 4695, 13, 4650, 661, 351, 28438, 389, 31856, 284, 8977, 532, 475, 287, 1109, 340, 338, 262, 3102, 37840, 4635, 416, 262, 285, 2737, 287, 262, 8977, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 1767, 21441, 286, 2636, 8977, 285, 2737, 11, 326, 1107, 2728, 31856, 12737, 13, 1649, 39545, 287, 11, 777, 460, 1085, 257, 1048, 284, 1205, 36197, 393, 28438, 7460, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

98

FAQs: Japan nuclear concerns What is the current risk of radiation-related health problems in Japan for those residing near the reactor in comparison to those in other parts of Japan? - During the early phase of the nuclear emergency radiation-related health were dependant on exposure, which is turn were due to several things, including: the amount and type of radiation released from the reactor; weather conditions, such as wind and rain; a person’s proximity to the plant; and the amount of time spent in irradiated areas. - The Government of Japan’s early actions in response to events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant were in line with the existing recommendations for radiation exposure. The Government has evacuated individuals who were living within a 20-kilometre radius around the Fukushima Daiichi plant. Those living between 20 km and 30 km from the plant were asked to evacuate voluntarily. In general, people living farther away of the site of the event are at lower risk than those who live nearby. - In light of evolving new information on levels of environmental radioactivity in the 20-30 km zone and some surrounding areas beyond the 30km zone, the Government of Japan established new planned evacuation zones from which residents were relocated to temporary housing based on the estimated cumulative doses they may receive in the 1 year following the accident. - In addition, an emergency evacuation preparedness zone was also identified in which residents were asked to prepare their affairs in case they were asked to evacuate. These zones also follow administrative boundaries and extend beyond the 30 km radius. Is there a risk of radioactive exposure from food contamination? - Yes, there is a risk of exposure as a result of contamination in food. - However, contaminated food would have to be consumed over prolonged periods to represent a risk to human health. - The radioactive iodine and caesium in concentrations above the Japanese regulatory limits have been detected in some food commodities as a result of food monitoring - Japanese authorities have advised residents to avoid these food and have implemented measures to prevent their sale and distribution. Are there health risks to people living outside of Japan from radiation emitted into the atmosphere from damaged Japanese nuclear power plants? Thus far, there are no health risks to people living in other countries from radioactive material released into the atmosphere from the Japanese nuclear power plants. Radiation levels measured to date in other countries are far below the level of background radiation that most people are exposed to in every day circumstances. Radiation levels have been monitored by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), which operates 63 surveillance stations around the world.

[ 42680, 82, 25, 2869, 4523, 4786, 198, 2061, 318, 262, 1459, 2526, 286, 11881, 12, 5363, 1535, 2761, 287, 2869, 329, 883, 35173, 1474, 262, 21905, 287, 7208, 284, 883, 287, 584, 3354, 286, 2869, 30, 198, 12, 5856, 262, 1903, 7108, 286, 262, 4523, 6334, 11881, 12, 5363, 1535, 547, 4745, 415, 319, 7111, 11, 543, 318, 1210, 547, 2233, 284, 1811, 1243, 11, 1390, 25, 262, 2033, 290, 2099, 286, 11881, 2716, 422, 262, 21905, 26, 6193, 3403, 11, 884, 355, 2344, 290, 6290, 26, 257, 1048, 447, 247, 82, 20387, 284, 262, 4618, 26, 290, 262, 2033, 286, 640, 3377, 287, 47537, 12931, 3006, 13, 198, 12, 383, 5070, 286, 2869, 447, 247, 82, 1903, 4028, 287, 2882, 284, 2995, 379, 262, 34170, 39604, 16590, 4523, 1176, 4618, 547, 287, 1627, 351, 262, 4683, 10763, 329, 11881, 7111, 13, 383, 5070, 468, 23724, 3925, 508, 547, 2877, 1626, 257, 1160, 12, 34553, 908, 260, 16874, 1088, 262, 34170, 39604, 16590, 4618, 13, 5845, 2877, 1022, 1160, 10571, 290, 1542, 10571, 422, 262, 4618, 547, 1965, 284, 36316, 22295, 13, 554, 2276, 11, 661, 2877, 18485, 1497, 286, 262, 2524, 286, 262, 1785, 389, 379, 2793, 2526, 621, 883, 508, 2107, 6716, 13, 198, 12, 554, 1657, 286, 21568, 649, 1321, 319, 2974, 286, 6142, 5243, 21797, 287, 262, 1160, 12, 1270, 10571, 6516, 290, 617, 7346, 3006, 3675, 262, 1542, 13276, 6516, 11, 262, 5070, 286, 2869, 4920, 649, 6027, 24663, 14123, 422, 543, 5085, 547, 34233, 284, 8584, 5627, 1912, 319, 262, 6108, 23818, 16376, 484, 743, 3328, 287, 262, 352, 614, 1708, 262, 5778, 13, 198, 12, 554, 3090, 11, 281, 6334, 24663, 5597, 1108, 6516, 373, 635, 5174, 287, 543, 5085, 547, 1965, 284, 8335, 511, 9674, 287, 1339, 484, 547, 1965, 284, 36316, 13, 2312, 14123, 635, 1061, 11553, 13215, 290, 9117, 3675, 262, 1542, 10571, 16874, 13, 198, 3792, 612, 257, 2526, 286, 25521, 7111, 422, 2057, 22733, 30, 198, 12, 3363, 11, 612, 318, 257, 2526, 286, 7111, 355, 257, 1255, 286, 22733, 287, 2057, 13, 198, 12, 2102, 11, 23543, 2057, 561, 423, 284, 307, 13529, 625, 20573, 9574, 284, 2380, 257, 2526, 284, 1692, 1535, 13, 198, 12, 383, 25521, 50047, 290, 1275, 274, 1505, 287, 14587, 2029, 262, 4960, 11344, 7095, 423, 587, 12326, 287, 617, 2057, 24392, 355, 257, 1255, 286, 2057, 9904, 198, 12, 4960, 4773, 423, 13030, 5085, 284, 3368, 777, 2057, 290, 423, 9177, 5260, 284, 2948, 511, 5466, 290, 6082, 13, 198, 8491, 612, 1535, 7476, 284, 661, 2877, 2354, 286, 2869, 422, 11881, 31234, 656, 262, 8137, 422, 9694, 4960, 4523, 1176, 6134, 30, 198, 19093, 1290, 11, 612, 389, 645, 1535, 7476, 284, 661, 2877, 287, 584, 2678, 422, 25521, 2587, 2716, 656, 262, 8137, 422, 262, 4960, 4523, 1176, 6134, 13, 47532, 2974, 8630, 284, 3128, 287, 584, 2678, 389, 1290, 2174, 262, 1241, 286, 4469, 11881, 326, 749, 661, 389, 7362, 284, 287, 790, 1110, 5917, 13, 198, 15546, 3920, 2974, 423, 587, 20738, 416, 262, 38397, 2870, 4513, 329, 262, 40917, 19229, 12, 14402, 12, 30457, 21345, 12275, 357, 4177, 33, 10468, 828, 543, 14051, 8093, 8452, 8985, 1088, 262, 995, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

535

A world in which tigers and other wild species are safe from harm and humans are encouraged to live in climate-harmony with natural ecosystems. To help protect India’s biodiversity and threatened wildernesses by supporting and motivating forest departments, non-government organisations and individuals. To highlight the value of ecosystem services and to educate the public on the relationship between biodiversity and climate change. The primary objective of WCT is to preserve, protect and conserve wildlife and natural ecosystems, terrestrial and aquatic. WCT intends to achieve this by: - Supporting catalysing climate change mitigation and adaptation process through the restoration of degraded and fragmented ecosystems. - Creating awareness amongst masses regarding the relationship between forests, biodiversity, water, climate change and human beings. - Providing support for government and/or private institutions to strengthen conservation action for species and habitats. - Providing for social welfare including medical and educational/vocational support to communities residing around protected areas. - Providing financial support to scientific institutions and non-governmental organisations working towards conservation of nature and wildlife and also towards the mitigation of climate change. - Highlighting the connection between ecosystem services, and the quality of human life for the benefit of policy makers in government and the corporate sector and the general public.

[ 32, 995, 287, 543, 43114, 290, 584, 4295, 4693, 389, 3338, 422, 4419, 290, 5384, 389, 10085, 284, 2107, 287, 4258, 12, 29155, 1647, 351, 3288, 30020, 13, 198, 2514, 1037, 1805, 3794, 447, 247, 82, 37589, 290, 8556, 22775, 274, 416, 6493, 290, 46891, 8222, 13346, 11, 1729, 12, 14480, 16435, 290, 3925, 13, 1675, 7238, 262, 1988, 286, 13187, 2594, 290, 284, 20771, 262, 1171, 319, 262, 2776, 1022, 37589, 290, 4258, 1487, 13, 198, 464, 4165, 9432, 286, 370, 4177, 318, 284, 12201, 11, 1805, 290, 45075, 15599, 290, 3288, 30020, 11, 35609, 290, 37115, 13, 370, 4177, 19582, 284, 4620, 428, 416, 25, 198, 12, 44188, 3797, 26266, 278, 4258, 1487, 33585, 290, 16711, 1429, 832, 262, 19414, 286, 41604, 290, 41630, 30020, 13, 198, 12, 30481, 9359, 12077, 14568, 5115, 262, 2776, 1022, 17039, 11, 37589, 11, 1660, 11, 4258, 1487, 290, 1692, 9791, 13, 198, 12, 7518, 2530, 1104, 329, 1230, 290, 14, 273, 2839, 6712, 284, 12160, 14903, 2223, 329, 4693, 290, 35308, 13, 198, 12, 7518, 2530, 329, 1919, 9490, 1390, 3315, 290, 9856, 14, 18893, 864, 1104, 284, 5348, 35173, 1088, 6861, 3006, 13, 198, 12, 7518, 2530, 3176, 1104, 284, 5654, 6712, 290, 1729, 12, 31353, 16435, 1762, 3371, 14903, 286, 3450, 290, 15599, 290, 635, 3371, 262, 33585, 286, 4258, 1487, 13, 198, 12, 3334, 43351, 262, 4637, 1022, 13187, 2594, 11, 290, 262, 3081, 286, 1692, 1204, 329, 262, 4414, 286, 2450, 14429, 287, 1230, 290, 262, 6355, 6567, 290, 262, 2276, 1171, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

257

The Maldives has set itself a tough target to be the world’s first UNESCO Biosphere reserve nation and it aims to win the accolade by 2017. The Indian Ocean nation has put together an implementation plan to run between 2013 and 2017 that will see more than half of the nations island atolls implementing the ‘Biosphere Approach’ management plan. Once over half the islands come nder the new plan it will trigger the ability for the nation to apply to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to have the entire country and its Exclusive Economic Zone classed as a Biosphere Reserve. The whole country of Maldives will be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve by 2017 – where public support for conservation of the country’s remarkable environment secures a vibrant green economy and a good quality of life for all Maldivians. “The whole country of Maldives will be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve by 2017 – where public support for conservation of the country’s remarkable environment secures a vibrant green economy and a good quality of life for all Maldivians,” said Dr Mariyam Shakeela, Minister of Environment and Energy, Republic of Maldives. The implementation plan, Maldives as a Biosphere Reserve: An Implementation Plan 2013-2017, sets a road-map for 2013 to 2017, after which the plan will be updated based on progress and lessons learned. The plan will be implemented by and for different atolls in a stepwise fashion, based on their readiness to adopt the “Biosphere Approach”. The plan was endorsed by the cabinet of Ministers in January 2013, showing the commitment from all stakeholders to this plan. The President of the Maldives signalled intentions in June 2012, at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, RIO+20 meeting in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to significantly ramp up efforts to protect the marine environment. The president outlined plans to implement a de-centralised system for environmental management and sustainable development, and was inspired by the success achieved in designating Baa Atoll as the first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Maldives. Become a ‘nation biosphere reserve’ will also lead to the Maldives becoming a champion of the Aichi Targets. These targets form the basis of an internationally agreed strategy to address the loss of global biodiversity. There are 20 targets that signatory nations have agreed to meet by the year 2020, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Executive Secretary Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias said: “This pledge from the Maldives is extraordinary in size and potential impact. We should expect that it will be an inspiration to other CBD Parties, including Small Island Developing States and donor countries, to work harder toward the achievement of all of the Aichi Targets.” “Global progress in the development of marine protected areas and in the sustainable management of fish stocks is lagging considerably,” he added. “Although there are still more than seven years before the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its 20 Aichi Targets are to be fully implemented, as agreed in Nagoya at CBD COP 10, we will only reach these targets by making ambitious pledges as the Maldives has now done.”

[ 464, 37490, 1083, 468, 900, 2346, 257, 5802, 2496, 284, 307, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 717, 49372, 8436, 22829, 11515, 3277, 290, 340, 12031, 284, 1592, 262, 45667, 671, 416, 2177, 13, 383, 3942, 10692, 3277, 468, 1234, 1978, 281, 7822, 1410, 284, 1057, 1022, 2211, 290, 2177, 326, 481, 766, 517, 621, 2063, 286, 262, 7027, 7022, 379, 33421, 15427, 262, 564, 246, 23286, 22829, 38066, 447, 247, 4542, 1410, 13, 198, 7454, 625, 2063, 262, 14807, 1282, 299, 1082, 262, 649, 1410, 340, 481, 7616, 262, 2694, 329, 262, 3277, 284, 4174, 284, 262, 1578, 7973, 30038, 11, 22060, 290, 23897, 12275, 357, 4944, 43311, 8, 284, 423, 262, 2104, 1499, 290, 663, 35651, 11279, 13035, 1398, 276, 355, 257, 8436, 22829, 12224, 13, 198, 464, 2187, 1499, 286, 37490, 1083, 481, 307, 257, 49372, 8436, 22829, 12224, 416, 2177, 784, 810, 1171, 1104, 329, 14903, 286, 262, 1499, 447, 247, 82, 11004, 2858, 792, 942, 257, 21266, 4077, 3773, 290, 257, 922, 3081, 286, 1204, 329, 477, 37490, 452, 1547, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 2187, 1499, 286, 37490, 1083, 481, 307, 257, 49372, 8436, 22829, 12224, 416, 2177, 784, 810, 1171, 1104, 329, 14903, 286, 262, 1499, 447, 247, 82, 11004, 2858, 792, 942, 257, 21266, 4077, 3773, 290, 257, 922, 3081, 286, 1204, 329, 477, 37490, 452, 1547, 11, 447, 251, 531, 1583, 1526, 7745, 321, 41113, 10304, 11, 4139, 286, 9344, 290, 6682, 11, 2066, 286, 37490, 1083, 13, 198, 464, 7822, 1410, 11, 37490, 1083, 355, 257, 8436, 22829, 12224, 25, 1052, 46333, 5224, 2211, 12, 5539, 11, 5621, 257, 2975, 12, 8899, 329, 2211, 284, 2177, 11, 706, 543, 262, 1410, 481, 307, 6153, 1912, 319, 4371, 290, 11658, 4499, 13, 198, 464, 1410, 481, 307, 9177, 416, 290, 329, 1180, 379, 33421, 287, 257, 2239, 3083, 6977, 11, 1912, 319, 511, 30618, 284, 11206, 262, 564, 250, 23286, 22829, 38066, 447, 251, 13, 383, 1410, 373, 17441, 416, 262, 13447, 286, 36647, 287, 3269, 2211, 11, 4478, 262, 7901, 422, 477, 26138, 284, 428, 1410, 13, 198, 464, 1992, 286, 262, 37490, 1083, 1051, 4262, 14953, 287, 2795, 2321, 11, 379, 262, 4725, 8785, 319, 45276, 7712, 11, 371, 9399, 10, 1238, 3249, 287, 15338, 390, 42799, 11, 7595, 11, 284, 5566, 10454, 510, 4040, 284, 1805, 262, 16050, 2858, 13, 383, 1893, 16493, 3352, 284, 3494, 257, 390, 12, 31463, 1417, 1080, 329, 6142, 4542, 290, 13347, 2478, 11, 290, 373, 7867, 416, 262, 1943, 8793, 287, 1486, 803, 347, 7252, 1629, 692, 355, 262, 717, 49372, 8436, 22829, 12224, 287, 37490, 1083, 13, 198, 39649, 462, 257, 564, 246, 25729, 3182, 22829, 11515, 447, 247, 481, 635, 1085, 284, 262, 37490, 1083, 5033, 257, 8783, 286, 262, 317, 16590, 31089, 1039, 13, 2312, 6670, 1296, 262, 4308, 286, 281, 19765, 4987, 4811, 284, 2209, 262, 2994, 286, 3298, 37589, 13, 1318, 389, 1160, 6670, 326, 1051, 2870, 7027, 423, 4987, 284, 1826, 416, 262, 614, 12131, 11, 198, 3103, 4018, 319, 32827, 36188, 357, 34, 14529, 8, 10390, 4986, 9718, 377, 952, 12880, 260, 8704, 390, 22862, 4496, 360, 4448, 531, 25, 198, 447, 250, 1212, 13995, 422, 262, 37490, 1083, 318, 11359, 287, 2546, 290, 2785, 2928, 13, 775, 815, 1607, 326, 340, 481, 307, 281, 12141, 284, 584, 27147, 32024, 11, 1390, 10452, 5451, 6013, 278, 1829, 290, 17052, 2678, 11, 284, 670, 7069, 3812, 262, 13293, 286, 477, 286, 262, 317, 16590, 31089, 1039, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 22289, 4371, 287, 262, 2478, 286, 16050, 6861, 3006, 290, 287, 262, 13347, 4542, 286, 5916, 14420, 318, 300, 16406, 15394, 11, 447, 251, 339, 2087, 13, 564, 250, 7003, 612, 389, 991, 517, 621, 3598, 812, 878, 262, 2813, 12, 42334, 24999, 5224, 329, 347, 2101, 1608, 290, 663, 1160, 317, 16590, 31089, 1039, 389, 284, 307, 3938, 9177, 11, 355, 4987, 287, 15196, 23790, 379, 27147, 27975, 838, 11, 356, 481, 691, 3151, 777, 6670, 416, 1642, 14742, 31241, 355, 262, 37490, 1083, 468, 783, 1760, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

677

Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence" - S: (v) compel, oblige, obligate (force somebody to do something) "We compel all students to fill out this form" - direct troponym / full troponym - S: (v) force, thrust (impose urgently, importunately, or inexorably) "She forced her diet fads on him" - S: (v) stick, sting (saddle with something disagreeable or disadvantageous) "They stuck me with the dinner bill"; "I was stung with a huge tax bill" - S: (v) walk (make walk) "He walks the horse up the mountain"; "Walk the dog twice a day" - S: (v) parade, exhibit, march (walk ostentatiously) "She parades her new husband around town" - S: (v) march (cause to march or go at a marching pace) "They marched the mules into the desert" - S: (v) coerce, hale, squeeze, pressure, force (to cause to do through pressure or necessity, by physical, moral or intellectual means) "She forced him to take a job in the city"; "He squeezed her for information" - S: (v) turn up the heat, turn up the pressure (apply great or increased pressure) "The Democrats turned up the heat on their candidate to concede the election" - S: (v) drive (to compel or force or urge relentlessly or exert coercive pressure on, or motivate strongly) "She is driven by her passion" - S: (v) bludgeon (overcome or coerce as if by using a heavy club) "The teacher bludgeoned the students into learning the math formulas" - S: (v) steamroller, steamroll (bring to a specified state by overwhelming force or pressure) "The Senator steamrollered the bill to defeat" - S: (v) squeeze for (squeeze someone for money, information, etc.) - S: (v) dragoon, sandbag, railroad (compel by coercion, threats, or crude means) "They sandbagged him to make dinner for everyone" - S: (v) terrorize, terrorise (coerce by violence or with threats) - S: (v) bring oneself (cause to undertake a certain action, usually used in the negative) "He could not bring himself to call his parents" - S: (v) clamor (compel someone to do something by insistent clamoring) "They clamored the mayor into building a new park" - S: (v) condemn (compel or force into a particular state or activity) "His devotion to his sick wife condemned him to a lonely existence" - S: (v) shame (compel through a sense of shame) "She shamed him into making amends" - S: (v) enforce, implement, apply (ensure observance of laws and rules) "Apply the rules to everyone" - S: (v) run, execute (carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine) "Run the dishwasher"; "run a new program on the Mac"; "the computer executed the instruction" - S: (v) execute (carry out the legalities of) "execute a will or a deed" - S: (v) give (execute and deliver) "Give bond" - S: (v) enforce, impose, constrain (compel to behave in a certain way) "Social relations impose courtesy"; "duty constrains one to act often contrary to one's desires or inclinations" - direct hypernym / inherited hypernym / sister term - S: (v) induce, stimulate, cause, have, get, make (cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner) "The ads induced me to buy a VCR"; "My children finally got me to buy a computer"; "My wife made me buy a new sofa" - derivationally related form - W: (n) compulsion [Related to: compel] (using force to cause something to occur) "though pressed into rugby under compulsion I began to enjoy the game"; "they didn't have to use coercion" - W: (n) obligation [Related to: oblige, obligate] (the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force) "we must instill a sense of duty in our children"; "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty"- John D.Rockefeller Jr - sentence frame - S: (v) oblige, bind, hold, obligate (bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted) "He's held by a contract"; "I'll hold you by your promise" - S: (v) oblige, accommodate (provide a service or favor for someone) "We had to oblige him"

[ 9218, 25, 366, 50, 11097, 796, 5438, 16065, 2617, 357, 43616, 5109, 8, 2316, 11, 366, 54, 11097, 796, 5438, 9678, 357, 2588, 605, 8, 2316, 198, 23114, 3689, 329, 2565, 25, 357, 4743, 793, 8, 366, 272, 1672, 6827, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 33729, 11, 6263, 68, 11, 6263, 378, 357, 3174, 8276, 284, 466, 1223, 8, 366, 1135, 33729, 477, 2444, 284, 6070, 503, 428, 1296, 1, 198, 12, 1277, 14673, 5177, 1220, 1336, 14673, 5177, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 2700, 11, 14613, 357, 320, 3455, 37788, 11, 1330, 403, 1286, 11, 393, 16087, 273, 1346, 8, 366, 3347, 4137, 607, 5496, 277, 5643, 319, 683, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 4859, 11, 24276, 357, 82, 37382, 351, 1223, 12546, 540, 393, 21407, 516, 8, 366, 2990, 7819, 502, 351, 262, 8073, 2855, 8172, 366, 40, 373, 336, 2150, 351, 257, 3236, 1687, 2855, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 2513, 357, 15883, 2513, 8, 366, 1544, 11114, 262, 8223, 510, 262, 8598, 8172, 366, 35963, 262, 3290, 5403, 257, 1110, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 16134, 11, 15866, 11, 9960, 357, 11152, 23619, 298, 265, 6819, 8, 366, 3347, 1582, 2367, 607, 649, 5229, 1088, 3240, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 9960, 357, 25587, 284, 9960, 393, 467, 379, 257, 26409, 8761, 8, 366, 2990, 23558, 262, 285, 5028, 656, 262, 10326, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 31255, 344, 11, 289, 1000, 11, 21229, 11, 3833, 11, 2700, 357, 1462, 2728, 284, 466, 832, 3833, 393, 14564, 11, 416, 3518, 11, 6573, 393, 9028, 1724, 8, 366, 3347, 4137, 683, 284, 1011, 257, 1693, 287, 262, 1748, 8172, 366, 1544, 29650, 607, 329, 1321, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 1210, 510, 262, 4894, 11, 1210, 510, 262, 3833, 357, 39014, 1049, 393, 3220, 3833, 8, 366, 464, 4956, 2900, 510, 262, 4894, 319, 511, 4540, 284, 33760, 262, 3071, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 3708, 357, 1462, 33729, 393, 2700, 393, 14960, 37952, 393, 17596, 47236, 3833, 319, 11, 393, 35065, 7634, 8, 366, 3347, 318, 7986, 416, 607, 7506, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 698, 463, 6281, 357, 2502, 2958, 393, 31255, 344, 355, 611, 416, 1262, 257, 4334, 3430, 8, 366, 464, 4701, 698, 463, 6281, 276, 262, 2444, 656, 4673, 262, 10688, 32126, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 13324, 10646, 11, 13324, 2487, 357, 48580, 284, 257, 7368, 1181, 416, 9721, 2700, 393, 3833, 8, 366, 464, 8962, 13324, 3225, 293, 445, 262, 2855, 284, 7433, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 21229, 329, 357, 16485, 1453, 2736, 2130, 329, 1637, 11, 1321, 11, 3503, 2014, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 6715, 2049, 11, 6450, 21454, 11, 24337, 357, 5589, 417, 416, 32000, 11, 7432, 11, 393, 14897, 1724, 8, 366, 2990, 6450, 65, 14655, 683, 284, 787, 8073, 329, 2506, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 3246, 1096, 11, 3246, 786, 357, 1073, 263, 344, 416, 3685, 393, 351, 7432, 8, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 2222, 27186, 357, 25587, 284, 25340, 257, 1728, 2223, 11, 3221, 973, 287, 262, 4633, 8, 366, 1544, 714, 407, 2222, 2241, 284, 869, 465, 3397, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 30726, 273, 357, 5589, 417, 2130, 284, 466, 1223, 416, 1035, 7609, 30726, 3255, 8, 366, 2990, 30726, 1850, 262, 9591, 656, 2615, 257, 649, 3952, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 15402, 357, 5589, 417, 393, 2700, 656, 257, 1948, 1181, 393, 3842, 8, 366, 6653, 25808, 284, 465, 6639, 3656, 15006, 683, 284, 257, 21757, 6224, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 10195, 357, 5589, 417, 832, 257, 2565, 286, 10195, 8, 366, 3347, 427, 2434, 683, 656, 1642, 716, 2412, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 4605, 11, 3494, 11, 4174, 357, 641, 495, 3799, 590, 286, 3657, 290, 3173, 8, 366, 44836, 262, 3173, 284, 2506, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 1057, 11, 12260, 357, 34993, 503, 257, 1429, 393, 1430, 11, 355, 319, 257, 3644, 393, 257, 4572, 8, 366, 10987, 262, 9433, 45146, 8172, 366, 5143, 257, 649, 1430, 319, 262, 4100, 8172, 366, 1169, 3644, 10945, 262, 12064, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 12260, 357, 34993, 503, 262, 2742, 871, 286, 8, 366, 41049, 257, 481, 393, 257, 28637, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 1577, 357, 41049, 290, 5203, 8, 366, 23318, 6314, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 4605, 11, 13551, 11, 1500, 3201, 357, 5589, 417, 284, 17438, 287, 257, 1728, 835, 8, 366, 20636, 2316, 13551, 12537, 8172, 366, 26278, 1500, 81, 1299, 530, 284, 719, 1690, 10388, 284, 530, 338, 15997, 393, 13358, 7352, 1, 198, 12, 1277, 8718, 3281, 76, 1220, 19552, 8718, 3281, 76, 1220, 6621, 3381, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 21155, 11, 26020, 11, 2728, 11, 423, 11, 651, 11, 787, 357, 25587, 284, 466, 26, 2728, 284, 719, 287, 257, 7368, 5642, 8, 366, 464, 9011, 18268, 502, 284, 2822, 257, 569, 9419, 8172, 366, 3666, 1751, 3443, 1392, 502, 284, 2822, 257, 3644, 8172, 366, 3666, 3656, 925, 502, 2822, 257, 649, 34902, 1, 198, 12, 16124, 15208, 3519, 1296, 198, 12, 370, 25, 357, 77, 8, 198, 5589, 15204, 685, 9819, 284, 25, 33729, 60, 357, 3500, 2700, 284, 2728, 1223, 284, 3051, 8, 366, 2016, 12070, 656, 22948, 739, 48672, 314, 2540, 284, 2883, 262, 983, 8172, 366, 9930, 1422, 470, 423, 284, 779, 32000, 1, 198, 12, 370, 25, 357, 77, 8, 198, 672, 4604, 341, 685, 9819, 284, 25, 6263, 68, 11, 6263, 378, 60, 357, 1169, 1919, 2700, 326, 37354, 345, 284, 262, 10902, 286, 2223, 12284, 416, 326, 2700, 8, 366, 732, 1276, 916, 359, 257, 2565, 286, 7077, 287, 674, 1751, 8172, 366, 16833, 826, 15565, 257, 5798, 26, 790, 3663, 11, 281, 12990, 26, 790, 7797, 11, 257, 7077, 26793, 1757, 360, 13, 49, 420, 31424, 7504, 198, 12, 6827, 5739, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 6263, 68, 11, 11007, 11, 1745, 11, 6263, 378, 357, 21653, 416, 281, 12990, 26, 2728, 284, 307, 37816, 8, 366, 1544, 338, 2714, 416, 257, 2775, 8172, 366, 40, 1183, 1745, 345, 416, 534, 6991, 1, 198, 12, 311, 25, 357, 85, 8, 6263, 68, 11, 15550, 357, 15234, 485, 257, 2139, 393, 2661, 329, 2130, 8, 366, 1135, 550, 284, 6263, 68, 683, 1, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,107

Updated Mon, Feb 27, 2012 12:36 pm On this edition of Conversations from Studio B, Jim Fuller and Bill Walker talk with Chris Meekins of the North Carolina State Archives. The trio discuss the Burnside Expedition, a series of battles fought along the North Carolina coast under the command of Brig. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, which culminated in the Union occupation of Roanoke Island, New Bern, Morehead City, Beaufort and Washington. For more information, visit the North Carolina State Archives' Sesquicentennial Blog. Slideshow: The Burnside Expedition Brig. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside Flag captured by Union forces from the Confederate gunboat Fanny during the Battle of Elizabeth City, Feb. 10, 1862 Medal of Honor recipient John Davis risked life and limb by sitting on an open powder keg to keep it from catching fire General Ambrose E. Burnside and Commander Stephen C. Rowan issued this proclamation as outreach to the people of North Carolina during the Burnside Expedition Post-battle sketch of the positions and fortifications of both forces during the Battle of New Bern, N.C.

[ 17354, 2892, 11, 3158, 2681, 11, 2321, 1105, 25, 2623, 9114, 198, 2202, 428, 8313, 286, 32200, 602, 422, 11733, 347, 11, 5395, 31863, 290, 3941, 10120, 1561, 351, 5180, 2185, 988, 1040, 286, 262, 2258, 5913, 1812, 22275, 13, 198, 464, 19886, 2112, 262, 8942, 1589, 38076, 11, 257, 2168, 286, 10181, 8350, 1863, 262, 2258, 5913, 7051, 739, 262, 3141, 286, 16917, 13, 5215, 13, 45263, 412, 13, 8942, 1589, 11, 543, 45200, 287, 262, 4479, 13755, 286, 5564, 272, 2088, 5451, 11, 968, 6206, 11, 3125, 2256, 2254, 11, 32831, 3319, 290, 2669, 13, 198, 1890, 517, 1321, 11, 3187, 262, 2258, 5913, 1812, 22275, 6, 311, 274, 421, 36712, 27779, 14001, 13, 198, 11122, 42286, 25, 383, 8942, 1589, 38076, 198, 33, 4359, 13, 5215, 13, 45263, 412, 13, 8942, 1589, 198, 34227, 7907, 416, 4479, 3386, 422, 262, 21900, 2485, 24482, 376, 7737, 1141, 262, 5838, 286, 10674, 2254, 11, 3158, 13, 838, 11, 49658, 198, 9921, 282, 286, 21071, 17800, 1757, 7802, 42179, 1204, 290, 25035, 416, 5586, 319, 281, 1280, 11913, 885, 70, 284, 1394, 340, 422, 16508, 2046, 198, 12218, 45263, 412, 13, 8942, 1589, 290, 13353, 7970, 327, 13, 11314, 272, 4884, 428, 39862, 355, 23424, 284, 262, 661, 286, 2258, 5913, 1141, 262, 8942, 1589, 38076, 198, 6307, 12, 38471, 17548, 286, 262, 6116, 290, 6285, 6637, 286, 1111, 3386, 1141, 262, 5838, 286, 968, 6206, 11, 399, 13, 34, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

242

The physical things and the human society have formed into the world we live in. However, the emergence of information technologies enables a new infrastructure for a technical, economic and social revolution, which have changed the world we are used to. Cyber-physical systems couple the cyber aspects of computing and communications with the physical aspects of dynamics that must abide by the laws of physics. Social computing has become more widely known because of proliferation of online social networking in recent years. With the advent of ubiquitous sensing, future social networks will become cyber-physical, combining measured elements of the physical world. The convergence of computational and physical processes as well as human’s social behaviors exhibits a variety of complicated characteristics, which leads to a lot of challenges. TOPICS OF INTEREST Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: - Track 1: Cyber-physical systems and society - Track 2: Social computing - Track 3: Pervasive/ubiquitous computing - Track 4: Sensor/actuator networks - Track 5: Security, privacy, and trust - Track 6: Applications and services Submission Due: June 15, 2011 (firm) Notification of Acceptance: July 15, 2011 Final Manuscript Due: August 15, 2011 More info here.

[ 464, 3518, 1243, 290, 262, 1692, 3592, 423, 7042, 656, 262, 995, 356, 2107, 287, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 22106, 286, 1321, 8514, 13536, 257, 649, 6884, 329, 257, 6276, 11, 3034, 290, 1919, 5854, 11, 543, 423, 3421, 262, 995, 356, 389, 973, 284, 13, 15101, 12, 42854, 3341, 3155, 262, 10075, 7612, 286, 14492, 290, 8062, 351, 262, 3518, 7612, 286, 17262, 326, 1276, 27851, 416, 262, 3657, 286, 11887, 13, 5483, 14492, 468, 1716, 517, 6768, 1900, 780, 286, 25068, 286, 2691, 1919, 19140, 287, 2274, 812, 13, 2080, 262, 19980, 286, 27888, 34244, 11, 2003, 1919, 7686, 481, 1716, 10075, 12, 42854, 11, 19771, 8630, 4847, 286, 262, 3518, 995, 13, 383, 40826, 286, 31350, 290, 3518, 7767, 355, 880, 355, 1692, 447, 247, 82, 1919, 14301, 27508, 257, 4996, 286, 8253, 9695, 11, 543, 5983, 284, 257, 1256, 286, 6459, 13, 198, 35222, 19505, 3963, 23255, 6465, 198, 25902, 286, 1393, 2291, 11, 475, 389, 407, 3614, 284, 25, 198, 12, 17762, 352, 25, 15101, 12, 42854, 3341, 290, 3592, 198, 12, 17762, 362, 25, 5483, 14492, 198, 12, 17762, 513, 25, 350, 712, 17443, 14, 549, 1557, 22109, 14492, 198, 12, 17762, 604, 25, 35367, 14, 529, 84, 1352, 7686, 198, 12, 17762, 642, 25, 4765, 11, 6782, 11, 290, 3774, 198, 12, 17762, 718, 25, 26622, 290, 2594, 198, 7004, 3411, 14444, 25, 2795, 1315, 11, 2813, 357, 69, 2533, 8, 198, 3673, 2649, 286, 21699, 590, 25, 2901, 1315, 11, 2813, 198, 19006, 1869, 15817, 14444, 25, 2932, 1315, 11, 2813, 198, 5167, 7508, 994, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

265

|Direct Imaging of Asymmetric Magnetization Reversal| The phenomenon of exchange bias has transformed how data is read on magnetic hard disks and created an explosion in their information storage density. However, it remains poorly understood, and even the fundamental mechanism of magnetic reversal for exchange-biased systems in changing magnetic fields is unclear. By using x-ray photoemission electron microscopy at the ALS to directly image the magnetic structure of an exchange-biased film, a team from the University of Washington and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory has identified separate magnetic-reversal mechanisms in the two branches of a hysteresis loop. This advance in fundamental understanding will provide new insights for developing the next generation of information storage and sensing devices where exchange bias is expected to play a critical role. There are two basic energies involved in the manipulation and control of the magnetic properties of materials. Exchange controls magnetic order, and anisotropy controls magnetic orientation. A soft ferromagnet such as iron has a large exchange parameter but a small anisotropy, making ferromagnetic order stable at higher temperatures but with an unpredictable orientation of the magnetization, especially in structures of nanoscale dimensions. On the other hand, many antiferromagnets have weak exchange interactions (low ordering or Néel temperatures) but large anisotropies that result in very stable orientations. Exchange bias arises when a thin ferromagnetic film is grown on an antiferromagnet and the resulting heterostructure is cooled in a magnetic field through the Néel temperature of the antiferromagnet. As a result of exchange coupling between the layers, the ferromagnet both retains a stable order and gains a higher anisotropy at room temperature. Moreover, the unidirectional character of the anisotropy results in a shifted hysteresis loop that is now centered on a non-zero magnetic field. This exchange bias makes the ferromagnet an excellent magnetic reference layer in modern nanolayer magnetic devices because it is very difficult to demagnetize it. More than fifty years of research has provided varying insight into the exchange-bias phenomenon but not yet a comprehensive description of all its salient features. To gain more insight, the Washington–Stanford team resorted to x-ray photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) imaging of high-quality single-crystal ferromagnetic iron epitaxially grown on antiferromagnetic MnPd (all on an MgO substrate), samples that had been previously well-characterized magnetically and structurally. At an iron absorption resonance, absorption of circularly polarized x rays at ALS Beamline 184.108.40.206 is sensitive to the angle between the magnetization within a ferromagnetic domain and the polarization vector. With the PEEM-2 microscope, this x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) effect allows an exact determination of the direction of the local domain magnetization at the surface of ferromagnets with a spatial resolution of 50 nm or less. By means of XMCD measurements taken at points in hysteresis loops with the applied field in different crystallographic directions of the iron ferromagnet, the team has accumulated the first direct imaging evidence for an asymmetry in the magnetic-reversal mechanism in exchange-biased systems, evidence that until now has only been inferred indirectly by measurements such as neutron scattering. Normally, magnetic reversal in ferromagnets occurs either by coherent rotation of magnetic moments in the domain or by nucleation and growth of reverse domains. Generally, the mechanism is determined by the material microstructure and is symmetric with respect to the applied field, i.e., it is the same in both branches of the hysteresis loop. However, the team found that in exchanged-biased ferromagnetic iron, the magnetization reversal occurs by moment rotation for decreasing fields, while it proceeds by domain nucleation and growth for increasing fields. The observed domains are also consistent with the crystallography of the bilayers and favor a configuration that minimizes the overall magnetostatic energy of the ferromagnetic layer. Research conducted by P. Blomqvist and K.M. Krishnan (University of Washington) and H. Ohldag (Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory). Research funding: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Operation of the ALS is supported by BES. Publication about this research: P. Blomqvist, K.M. Krishnan, and H. Ohldag, "Direct imaging of asymmetric magnetization reversal in exchange-biased Fe/MnPd bilayers by x-ray photoemission electron microscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 107203 (2005).

[ 91, 13470, 48656, 286, 1081, 26621, 19482, 32079, 1634, 797, 690, 282, 91, 198, 464, 10733, 286, 5163, 10690, 468, 14434, 703, 1366, 318, 1100, 319, 14091, 1327, 32505, 290, 2727, 281, 11278, 287, 511, 1321, 6143, 12109, 13, 2102, 11, 340, 3793, 13455, 7247, 11, 290, 772, 262, 7531, 9030, 286, 14091, 27138, 329, 5163, 12, 38002, 3341, 287, 5609, 14091, 7032, 318, 10061, 13, 2750, 1262, 2124, 12, 2433, 4590, 368, 1480, 11538, 21145, 11081, 379, 262, 27249, 284, 3264, 2939, 262, 14091, 4645, 286, 281, 5163, 12, 38002, 2646, 11, 257, 1074, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 2669, 290, 262, 13863, 16065, 354, 10599, 1313, 47532, 18643, 468, 5174, 4553, 14091, 12, 260, 690, 282, 11701, 287, 262, 734, 13737, 286, 257, 2537, 4169, 411, 271, 9052, 13, 770, 5963, 287, 7531, 4547, 481, 2148, 649, 17218, 329, 5922, 262, 1306, 5270, 286, 1321, 6143, 290, 34244, 4410, 810, 5163, 10690, 318, 2938, 284, 711, 257, 4688, 2597, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 734, 4096, 27598, 2950, 287, 262, 17512, 290, 1630, 286, 262, 14091, 6608, 286, 5696, 13, 12516, 6973, 14091, 1502, 11, 290, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 6973, 14091, 12852, 13, 317, 2705, 11354, 398, 363, 3262, 884, 355, 6953, 468, 257, 1588, 5163, 11507, 475, 257, 1402, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 11, 1642, 11354, 398, 25145, 1502, 8245, 379, 2440, 10101, 475, 351, 281, 22900, 12852, 286, 262, 19972, 1634, 11, 2592, 287, 8573, 286, 15709, 17500, 1000, 15225, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 867, 1885, 7087, 398, 4660, 1039, 423, 4939, 5163, 12213, 357, 9319, 16216, 393, 399, 2634, 417, 10101, 8, 475, 1588, 281, 271, 34248, 444, 326, 1255, 287, 845, 8245, 11367, 602, 13, 198, 3109, 3803, 10690, 22068, 618, 257, 7888, 11354, 398, 25145, 2646, 318, 7334, 319, 281, 1885, 7087, 398, 363, 3262, 290, 262, 7186, 14445, 455, 5620, 318, 32162, 287, 257, 14091, 2214, 832, 262, 399, 2634, 417, 5951, 286, 262, 1885, 7087, 398, 363, 3262, 13, 1081, 257, 1255, 286, 5163, 40204, 1022, 262, 11685, 11, 262, 11354, 398, 363, 3262, 1111, 27452, 257, 8245, 1502, 290, 8810, 257, 2440, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 379, 2119, 5951, 13, 10968, 11, 262, 555, 312, 4154, 282, 2095, 286, 262, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 2482, 287, 257, 14869, 2537, 4169, 411, 271, 9052, 326, 318, 783, 19254, 319, 257, 1729, 12, 22570, 14091, 2214, 13, 770, 5163, 10690, 1838, 262, 11354, 398, 363, 3262, 281, 6275, 14091, 4941, 7679, 287, 3660, 15709, 349, 2794, 14091, 4410, 780, 340, 318, 845, 2408, 284, 1357, 363, 3262, 1096, 340, 13, 198, 5167, 621, 15334, 812, 286, 2267, 468, 2810, 15874, 11281, 656, 262, 5163, 12, 65, 4448, 10733, 475, 407, 1865, 257, 9815, 6764, 286, 477, 663, 49156, 3033, 13, 1675, 4461, 517, 11281, 11, 262, 2669, 1906, 32140, 3841, 1074, 44635, 284, 2124, 12, 2433, 4590, 368, 1480, 11538, 21145, 11081, 357, 11401, 3620, 8, 19560, 286, 1029, 12, 13237, 2060, 12, 20470, 7757, 11354, 398, 25145, 6953, 21240, 897, 1927, 7334, 319, 1885, 7087, 398, 25145, 36030, 47, 67, 357, 439, 319, 281, 337, 70, 46, 32305, 828, 8405, 326, 550, 587, 4271, 880, 12, 22769, 1143, 19972, 1146, 290, 2878, 20221, 13, 198, 2953, 281, 6953, 24774, 29371, 11, 24774, 286, 18620, 306, 46469, 2124, 24823, 379, 27249, 25855, 1370, 28598, 13, 15711, 13, 1821, 13, 22136, 318, 8564, 284, 262, 9848, 1022, 262, 19972, 1634, 1626, 257, 11354, 398, 25145, 7386, 290, 262, 42704, 15879, 13, 2080, 262, 18468, 3620, 12, 17, 36396, 11, 428, 2124, 12, 2433, 14091, 18620, 36638, 305, 1042, 357, 37643, 8610, 8, 1245, 3578, 281, 2748, 12123, 286, 262, 4571, 286, 262, 1957, 7386, 19972, 1634, 379, 262, 4417, 286, 11354, 398, 4660, 1039, 351, 257, 21739, 6323, 286, 2026, 28642, 393, 1342, 13, 198, 3886, 1724, 286, 1395, 44, 8610, 13871, 2077, 379, 2173, 287, 2537, 4169, 411, 271, 23607, 351, 262, 5625, 2214, 287, 1180, 31578, 6826, 11678, 286, 262, 6953, 11354, 398, 363, 3262, 11, 262, 1074, 468, 22425, 262, 717, 1277, 19560, 2370, 329, 281, 30372, 11973, 287, 262, 14091, 12, 260, 690, 282, 9030, 287, 5163, 12, 38002, 3341, 11, 2370, 326, 1566, 783, 468, 691, 587, 41240, 20762, 416, 13871, 884, 355, 49810, 45765, 13, 198, 43625, 11, 14091, 27138, 287, 11354, 398, 4660, 1039, 8833, 2035, 416, 24870, 13179, 286, 14091, 7188, 287, 262, 7386, 393, 416, 17751, 341, 290, 3349, 286, 9575, 18209, 13, 23904, 11, 262, 9030, 318, 5295, 416, 262, 2587, 4580, 301, 5620, 290, 318, 23606, 19482, 351, 2461, 284, 262, 5625, 2214, 11, 1312, 13, 68, 1539, 340, 318, 262, 976, 287, 1111, 13737, 286, 262, 2537, 4169, 411, 271, 9052, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 1074, 1043, 326, 287, 22112, 12, 38002, 11354, 398, 25145, 6953, 11, 262, 19972, 1634, 27138, 8833, 416, 2589, 13179, 329, 24030, 7032, 11, 981, 340, 15740, 416, 7386, 17751, 341, 290, 3349, 329, 3649, 7032, 13, 383, 6515, 18209, 389, 635, 6414, 351, 262, 31578, 4867, 286, 262, 47027, 6962, 290, 2661, 257, 8398, 326, 10356, 4340, 262, 4045, 19972, 455, 1512, 2568, 286, 262, 11354, 398, 25145, 7679, 13, 198, 25104, 5952, 416, 350, 13, 1086, 296, 44179, 396, 290, 509, 13, 44, 13, 31372, 12647, 357, 21009, 286, 2669, 8, 290, 367, 13, 3966, 335, 363, 357, 32140, 3841, 16065, 354, 10599, 1313, 47532, 18643, 737, 198, 25104, 4918, 25, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 6682, 11, 4452, 286, 14392, 6682, 13473, 357, 33, 1546, 737, 14680, 286, 262, 27249, 318, 4855, 416, 347, 1546, 13, 198, 15202, 341, 546, 428, 2267, 25, 350, 13, 1086, 296, 44179, 396, 11, 509, 13, 44, 13, 31372, 12647, 11, 290, 367, 13, 3966, 335, 363, 11, 366, 13470, 19560, 286, 30372, 19482, 19972, 1634, 27138, 287, 5163, 12, 38002, 5452, 14, 44, 77, 47, 67, 47027, 6962, 416, 2124, 12, 2433, 4590, 368, 1480, 11538, 21145, 11081, 553, 8687, 13, 5416, 13, 406, 3087, 13, 10048, 11, 16226, 22416, 357, 14315, 737, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,000

MISR Views Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the Appalachian Mountains Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) images of Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the Appalachian Mountains acquired on March 24, 2000 during Terra orbit 1417. The large image on the right was taken by the MISR camera viewing straight down (nadir). The series of smaller images, from top to bottom, respectively, were taken by cameras viewing 70.5 degrees forward, 45.6 degrees forward, 45.6 degrees aftward, and 70.5 degrees aftward of nadir. These images cover the environs of Newark, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond. Differences in brightness, color, and contrast as a function of view angle are visible over both land and water. Scientists are using MISR data to monitor changes in clouds, Earth's surface, and pollution particles in the air, and to assess their impact on climate. Credit: Image Credit: NASA/GSFC/JPL, MISR Science Team.

[ 44, 1797, 49, 29978, 19603, 4696, 11, 28250, 49528, 4696, 11, 290, 262, 45375, 21124, 198, 29800, 12, 9248, 48656, 13058, 305, 49, 9189, 15635, 357, 44, 1797, 49, 8, 4263, 286, 19603, 4696, 11, 28250, 49528, 4696, 11, 290, 262, 45375, 21124, 9477, 319, 2805, 1987, 11, 4751, 1141, 24118, 13066, 1478, 1558, 13, 383, 1588, 2939, 319, 262, 826, 373, 2077, 416, 262, 50029, 49, 4676, 11681, 3892, 866, 357, 77, 324, 343, 737, 383, 2168, 286, 4833, 4263, 11, 422, 1353, 284, 4220, 11, 8148, 11, 547, 2077, 416, 9073, 11681, 4317, 13, 20, 7370, 2651, 11, 4153, 13, 21, 7370, 2651, 11, 4153, 13, 21, 7370, 46088, 904, 11, 290, 4317, 13, 20, 7370, 46088, 904, 286, 299, 324, 343, 13, 2312, 4263, 3002, 262, 17365, 343, 684, 286, 30970, 11, 8857, 11, 10346, 11, 2669, 11, 290, 16940, 13, 41937, 287, 22204, 11, 3124, 11, 290, 6273, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 1570, 9848, 389, 7424, 625, 1111, 1956, 290, 1660, 13, 23782, 389, 1262, 50029, 49, 1366, 284, 5671, 2458, 287, 15114, 11, 3668, 338, 4417, 11, 290, 12231, 13166, 287, 262, 1633, 11, 290, 284, 4659, 511, 2928, 319, 4258, 13, 198, 23690, 25, 7412, 10504, 25, 8884, 14, 14313, 4851, 14, 41, 6489, 11, 50029, 49, 5800, 4816, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

217

App DescriptionDownload this application and watch all episodes of Ramanand Sagar's Mahabharata (hindi) with english subtitles. This is a series of TV shows that have left an incredible impression in hearts and minds of viewers world wide. The Mahabharata is The longest Sanskrit epic ever written, Mahabharata has a collection of more than 74,000 verses, divided into 18 books. The Mahabharata story is much revered in India and basically among the Hindus. The Mahabharata contains the Bhagawad Gita, the famous gospel of duty that was taught to the great warrior, Arjuna by Lord Krishna. The Mahabharata dwells on the aspect of the important goals of a human being in his mortal life. The epic aims at making people realize the relation between the individual and the society and how they both are inter dependent on each other. Read on further a summary of Mahabharata, the greatest epic ever. The epic revolves around the struggle for the throne of the kingdom of Hastinapura. The struggle is between two branches of the same family, the Kauravas and Pandavas. The Kauravas were collectively the hundred sons of the blind king Dhritarashtra and the Pandavas were the five sons of Pandu, who died of a curse. The five brothers named Yudhisthira (eldest son), Arjuna, Bheema, Nakula and Sahdeva were always obedient and dutiful, which made them the most loved in the kingdom. Each of the Pandavas had a special virtue in them that made them stand apart from the rest of the world. This made the Kauravas hate them and they planned many devious ways to get rid of them. As time went by, the Pandavas got married and shared a common wife named Draupadi. The Kauravas got even more enraged and challenged the Pandavas to a game of gamble. The Pandavas lost and were banished from the kingdom for an exile of 12 years. There was a condition that if they were recognized by the end of 12 years, they would have to begin from scratch. One of the most important and dramatic character in this epic is Lord Krishna. He was the sole advisor, guide and true friend of the Pandavas and helped them in each and every difficulty in their exile. He is said to be the incarnation of God, who came to earth in human form to relieve the world of evil people and restore faith in his devotees. During the great battle of Kurukshetra fought between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, Lord Krishna took upon himself the duty of driving Arjuna's chariot. He imparted the valuable and practical lessons of the Bhagawad Gita, a text of the conversation between Lord Krishna and Arjuna, where Lord Krishna shows Arjuna a glimpse of his majestic divine form. The Pandavas won the battle and ruled over Hastinapura for a number of years. It is said that Dhritarashtra and his wife retired into the forest to lead a stress-free life of an ascetic and Krishna left after around thirty six years after the battle took place. When the Pandavas realized that it was time to leave this earth, they all set out on a journey towards the North on foot. It is said that the gates of heaven opened on the northern horizon. One by one they dropped dead, until Yudhisthira finally reached the gates of heaven to be united once again with his brothers and wife. February 15, 2013 Initial Release

[ 4677, 12489, 10002, 428, 3586, 290, 2342, 477, 8640, 286, 7431, 272, 392, 25605, 283, 338, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 357, 71, 521, 72, 8, 351, 46932, 44344, 13, 770, 318, 257, 2168, 286, 3195, 2523, 326, 423, 1364, 281, 8082, 10647, 287, 11954, 290, 9017, 286, 10209, 995, 3094, 13, 198, 464, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 318, 383, 14069, 46178, 12191, 1683, 3194, 11, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 468, 257, 4947, 286, 517, 621, 8915, 11, 830, 24752, 11, 9086, 656, 1248, 3835, 13, 383, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 1621, 318, 881, 37184, 287, 3794, 290, 6209, 1871, 262, 33735, 13, 383, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 4909, 262, 16581, 363, 707, 324, 402, 5350, 11, 262, 5863, 21443, 286, 7077, 326, 373, 7817, 284, 262, 1049, 16491, 11, 943, 73, 9613, 416, 4453, 38594, 13, 383, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 14046, 82, 319, 262, 4843, 286, 262, 1593, 4661, 286, 257, 1692, 852, 287, 465, 22122, 1204, 13, 383, 12191, 12031, 379, 1642, 661, 6537, 262, 8695, 1022, 262, 1981, 290, 262, 3592, 290, 703, 484, 1111, 389, 987, 10795, 319, 1123, 584, 13, 4149, 319, 2252, 257, 10638, 286, 8882, 397, 9869, 1045, 11, 262, 6000, 12191, 1683, 13, 383, 12191, 38228, 1088, 262, 6531, 329, 262, 19262, 286, 262, 13239, 286, 33268, 259, 499, 5330, 13, 383, 6531, 318, 1022, 734, 13737, 286, 262, 976, 1641, 11, 262, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 290, 16492, 615, 292, 13, 383, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 547, 21329, 262, 3470, 11989, 286, 262, 7770, 5822, 20529, 799, 283, 38535, 290, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 547, 262, 1936, 11989, 286, 16492, 84, 11, 508, 3724, 286, 257, 17328, 13, 383, 1936, 9397, 3706, 575, 463, 10034, 71, 8704, 357, 68, 335, 395, 3367, 828, 943, 73, 9613, 11, 347, 258, 19687, 11, 22255, 4712, 290, 22982, 7959, 64, 547, 1464, 41652, 290, 288, 315, 4135, 11, 543, 925, 606, 262, 749, 6151, 287, 262, 13239, 13, 5501, 286, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 550, 257, 2041, 14675, 287, 606, 326, 925, 606, 1302, 5475, 422, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 995, 13, 770, 925, 262, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 5465, 606, 290, 484, 6027, 867, 390, 1442, 2842, 284, 651, 5755, 286, 606, 13, 1081, 640, 1816, 416, 11, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 1392, 6405, 290, 4888, 257, 2219, 3656, 3706, 12458, 929, 9189, 13, 383, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 1392, 772, 517, 37530, 290, 12827, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 284, 257, 983, 286, 32385, 13, 383, 16492, 615, 292, 2626, 290, 547, 43926, 422, 262, 13239, 329, 281, 24329, 286, 1105, 812, 13, 1318, 373, 257, 4006, 326, 611, 484, 547, 8018, 416, 262, 886, 286, 1105, 812, 11, 484, 561, 423, 284, 2221, 422, 12692, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 749, 1593, 290, 10092, 2095, 287, 428, 12191, 318, 4453, 38594, 13, 679, 373, 262, 6195, 20685, 11, 5698, 290, 2081, 1545, 286, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 290, 4193, 606, 287, 1123, 290, 790, 8722, 287, 511, 24329, 13, 679, 318, 531, 284, 307, 262, 29185, 286, 1793, 11, 508, 1625, 284, 4534, 287, 1692, 1296, 284, 26958, 262, 995, 286, 6181, 661, 290, 11169, 4562, 287, 465, 24103, 274, 13, 5856, 262, 1049, 3344, 286, 509, 14717, 591, 3202, 430, 8350, 1022, 262, 509, 2899, 615, 292, 290, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 11, 4453, 38594, 1718, 2402, 2241, 262, 7077, 286, 5059, 943, 73, 9613, 338, 1149, 5151, 13, 679, 848, 19112, 262, 8119, 290, 8472, 11658, 286, 262, 16581, 363, 707, 324, 402, 5350, 11, 257, 2420, 286, 262, 5273, 1022, 4453, 38594, 290, 943, 73, 9613, 11, 810, 4453, 38594, 2523, 943, 73, 9613, 257, 19350, 286, 465, 45308, 11871, 1296, 13, 383, 16492, 615, 292, 1839, 262, 3344, 290, 8879, 625, 33268, 259, 499, 5330, 329, 257, 1271, 286, 812, 13, 632, 318, 531, 326, 20529, 799, 283, 38535, 290, 465, 3656, 9880, 656, 262, 8222, 284, 1085, 257, 5503, 12, 5787, 1204, 286, 281, 10570, 5139, 290, 38594, 1364, 706, 1088, 12277, 2237, 812, 706, 262, 3344, 1718, 1295, 13, 1649, 262, 16492, 615, 292, 6939, 326, 340, 373, 640, 284, 2666, 428, 4534, 11, 484, 477, 900, 503, 319, 257, 7002, 3371, 262, 2258, 319, 2366, 13, 632, 318, 531, 326, 262, 17435, 286, 9538, 4721, 319, 262, 7840, 17810, 13, 1881, 416, 530, 484, 5710, 2636, 11, 1566, 575, 463, 10034, 71, 8704, 3443, 4251, 262, 17435, 286, 9538, 284, 307, 16503, 1752, 757, 351, 465, 9397, 290, 3656, 13, 198, 21816, 1315, 11, 2211, 20768, 13868, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

752

Alternate Names : Sexual Abuse, Sexual Assault Rape is the physical act of attacking another person and forcing that person to have sex. It is the illegal sexual penetration of any body opening. Rape can happen to men, women, and children. It is often violent, although sometimes the threat is only implied. Rape can also occur without the victim knowing about it. This can happen if the victim is unconscious, intoxicated, or high on drugs. Male rapists usually have an extreme hatred for women. They may feel inadequate and have problems with sexual performance. At least half the time, the rapist knows the victim and works or lives near the victim. Most rapes are planned ahead of time by the attacker. More than half of sexual assaults involve a weapon. What is the information for this topic? Following are some safety measures to help prevent rape when you are at home or in your car: Don't let a stranger into the house without proper identification. Don't list a first name on a mailbox or in a phone book. Have the key ready before reaching the door of a car or house. Keep a light on at all entrances. Keep doors and windows locked. Look in the car before entering. Make arrangements with a neighbor for assistance in emergency situations. Set the house lights to go on and off with a timer. Other safety measures you can take to help prevent rape are as follows: Appear strong and confident. Avoid isolated and secluded areas. Don't walk or jog alone at night. Look for unusual behavior in those around you. Scream loudly if attacked. Sit in lighted areas and near other people such as the driver when using public transportation. When someone has been raped, the rape should immediately be reported to the police. The victim should be taken to a medical facility and examined. The person should not bathe before this examination, as evidence might be destroyed. Additionally, clothing or samples of clothing might be collected by the police as evidence. During this exam, a healthcare provider will take the following steps: check for bruises, bite marks, and other trauma remove pubic hair samples take swabs from the anus and mouth take swabs from the vaginal area if the victim is a female test for pregnancy if the victim is a female, and provide emergency contraception as needed test for sexually transmitted diseases and provide treatment as needed The provider will treat all cuts and wounds. But often the emotional wounds are more severe than the physical wounds. It is very important that the victim get counseling and therapy. A local rape crisis center can help the victim through this trauma. Recovery from rape varies from person to person. Usually the physical wounds heal quickly. Mental wounds can last for many years after the attack. A rape victim may be viewed as suffering a posttraumatic stress disorder. This usually has an acute phase, lasting a few days to a few weeks, which is followed by a long-term process of recovery. Many rape victims suffer from the following: If the person doesn't receive effective treatment, he or she may experience these difficulties: inability to establish long-term relationships problems with sex Rape victims can go on to lead normal lives. But it's very important to their mental health that they get proper counseling. Healthcare providers can help the victim work through many of the problems that result from rape. They help monitor the victim's healing, both physically and mentally.

[ 23081, 378, 28531, 1058, 19536, 24221, 11, 19536, 15590, 198, 49, 1758, 318, 262, 3518, 719, 286, 9274, 1194, 1048, 290, 10833, 326, 1048, 284, 423, 1714, 13, 632, 318, 262, 5293, 3206, 23271, 286, 597, 1767, 4756, 13, 35286, 460, 1645, 284, 1450, 11, 1466, 11, 290, 1751, 13, 632, 318, 1690, 6590, 11, 3584, 3360, 262, 2372, 318, 691, 17142, 13, 35286, 460, 635, 3051, 1231, 262, 3117, 6970, 546, 340, 13, 770, 460, 1645, 611, 262, 3117, 318, 14917, 11, 35344, 11, 393, 1029, 319, 5010, 13, 198, 25486, 38466, 3221, 423, 281, 3257, 13763, 329, 1466, 13, 1119, 743, 1254, 20577, 290, 423, 2761, 351, 3206, 2854, 13, 1629, 1551, 2063, 262, 640, 11, 262, 38007, 4206, 262, 3117, 290, 2499, 393, 3160, 1474, 262, 3117, 13, 4042, 37459, 389, 6027, 4058, 286, 640, 416, 262, 15250, 13, 3125, 621, 2063, 286, 3206, 21832, 6211, 257, 4282, 13, 198, 2061, 318, 262, 1321, 329, 428, 7243, 30, 198, 14291, 389, 617, 3747, 5260, 284, 1037, 2948, 7262, 618, 345, 389, 379, 1363, 393, 287, 534, 1097, 25, 198, 3987, 470, 1309, 257, 16195, 656, 262, 2156, 1231, 1774, 11795, 13, 198, 3987, 470, 1351, 257, 717, 1438, 319, 257, 37282, 393, 287, 257, 3072, 1492, 13, 198, 11980, 262, 1994, 3492, 878, 8978, 262, 3420, 286, 257, 1097, 393, 2156, 13, 198, 15597, 257, 1657, 319, 379, 477, 43818, 13, 198, 15597, 8215, 290, 9168, 8970, 13, 198, 8567, 287, 262, 1097, 878, 8218, 13, 198, 12050, 14752, 351, 257, 4780, 329, 6829, 287, 6334, 7445, 13, 198, 7248, 262, 2156, 7588, 284, 467, 319, 290, 572, 351, 257, 19781, 13, 198, 6395, 3747, 5260, 345, 460, 1011, 284, 1037, 2948, 7262, 389, 355, 5679, 25, 198, 4677, 451, 1913, 290, 6563, 13, 198, 38618, 11557, 290, 384, 10341, 3006, 13, 198, 3987, 470, 2513, 393, 48342, 3436, 379, 1755, 13, 198, 8567, 329, 8468, 4069, 287, 883, 1088, 345, 13, 198, 3351, 1476, 23112, 611, 7384, 13, 198, 46655, 287, 1657, 276, 3006, 290, 1474, 584, 661, 884, 355, 262, 4639, 618, 1262, 1171, 9358, 13, 198, 2215, 2130, 468, 587, 16110, 11, 262, 7262, 815, 3393, 307, 2098, 284, 262, 1644, 13, 383, 3117, 815, 307, 2077, 284, 257, 3315, 6841, 290, 11068, 13, 383, 1048, 815, 407, 7365, 258, 878, 428, 12452, 11, 355, 2370, 1244, 307, 6572, 13, 12032, 11, 9528, 393, 8405, 286, 9528, 1244, 307, 7723, 416, 262, 1644, 355, 2370, 13, 198, 7191, 428, 2814, 11, 257, 11409, 10131, 481, 1011, 262, 1708, 4831, 25, 198, 9122, 329, 42232, 11, 13197, 8849, 11, 290, 584, 14649, 198, 28956, 2240, 291, 4190, 8405, 198, 20657, 1509, 8937, 422, 262, 47285, 290, 5422, 198, 20657, 1509, 8937, 422, 262, 30131, 1989, 611, 262, 3117, 318, 257, 4048, 198, 9288, 329, 10241, 611, 262, 3117, 318, 257, 4048, 11, 290, 2148, 6334, 27503, 355, 2622, 198, 9288, 329, 11363, 18307, 10040, 290, 2148, 3513, 355, 2622, 198, 464, 10131, 481, 2190, 477, 6630, 290, 14129, 13, 887, 1690, 262, 7016, 14129, 389, 517, 6049, 621, 262, 3518, 14129, 13, 632, 318, 845, 1593, 326, 262, 3117, 651, 21951, 290, 9102, 13, 317, 1957, 7262, 4902, 3641, 460, 1037, 262, 3117, 832, 428, 14649, 13, 198, 6690, 6560, 422, 7262, 17806, 422, 1048, 284, 1048, 13, 19672, 262, 3518, 14129, 12035, 2952, 13, 21235, 14129, 460, 938, 329, 867, 812, 706, 262, 1368, 13, 317, 7262, 3117, 743, 307, 9569, 355, 7195, 257, 1281, 41521, 5503, 8967, 13, 770, 3221, 468, 281, 14352, 7108, 11, 15727, 257, 1178, 1528, 284, 257, 1178, 2745, 11, 543, 318, 3940, 416, 257, 890, 12, 4354, 1429, 286, 7628, 13, 4650, 7262, 4970, 8659, 422, 262, 1708, 25, 198, 1532, 262, 1048, 1595, 470, 3328, 4050, 3513, 11, 339, 393, 673, 743, 1998, 777, 13156, 25, 198, 259, 1799, 284, 4474, 890, 12, 4354, 6958, 198, 1676, 22143, 351, 1714, 198, 49, 1758, 4970, 460, 467, 319, 284, 1085, 3487, 3160, 13, 887, 340, 338, 845, 1593, 284, 511, 5110, 1535, 326, 484, 651, 1774, 21951, 13, 30289, 9549, 460, 1037, 262, 3117, 670, 832, 867, 286, 262, 2761, 326, 1255, 422, 7262, 13, 1119, 1037, 5671, 262, 3117, 338, 11516, 11, 1111, 10170, 290, 14946, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

711

News: News Archives Science Translational Medicine: High-Speed Test Can Diagnose Genetic Disorders in Newborns New whole-genome sequencing technology can diagnose genetic disorders in newborn babies in intensive care units in just a few days, according a new study appearing in the 3 October issue of the journal Science Translational Medicine. The technique’s main revolutionary feature is speed—a 50-hour turnaround time for genetic results compared to the few weeks needed using current methods. The genetic test could potentially shorten the time it takes to get a diagnosis, jumpstart any available treatments, and lessen the time to genetic counseling for anxious parents. “These programs help us answer the question of what genes we should be looking at, what parts of the genome are relevant to the symptoms that a patient has, and what should we look at in more detail,” said Neil Miller, director of informatics at the Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine at Children’s Mercy Hospital, during a 2 October teleconference with reporters. In genetic diseases for which treatments exist, rapid diagnosis is critical for neonatal interventions. [Image © 2012 Sarah Maxey Photography] Called SSAGA, the technology allows any physician to order a complex genomic test with a few clicks. Using DNA extracted from a drop of the baby’s blood, computers analyze the child’s genome and map it to a set of nearly 7500 disease-related genes and genetic diseases, many of which may not familiar to the ordering physician. Doctors then press buttons to enter data that represent the disease features they are seeing in a patient, and the system then looks for changes in the baby’s DNA code that explain his or her illness. The whole process is performed in roughly two days and is ideal for use in neonatal intensive care units. The researchers were able to make a definitive diagnosis in three out of the four babies they tested with the new technique. Such rapid diagnosis can make a dramatic difference to a baby’s health. There are about 500 genetic diseases for which treatments are available. For example, phenylketonuria, or PKU, is a genetic disease that affects newborns and leads to intellectual disability and seizures. Yet early diagnosis and subsequent treatment (a diet lacking the amino acid phenylalanine) allows children to have a normal mental development and lifespan. “Importantly, [the technique] also allows us to have accurate genetic counseling regarding the risk for parents to have another affected baby and make informative decisions about their reproductive future,” said Carol Saunders, clinical director at Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri. “For example, we worked with a family to find a diagnosis, and they now know the gene that caused two stillbirths in the only two pregnancies that they have had,” Saunders added. “They are now pursuing genetic diagnosis so that they can have a healthy baby.” The research team plans to broaden the test to 100 or more babies in order to pinpoint the exact benefits, costs, and potential problems of testing. The researchers also believe they can trim total testing time down from 50 hours to 36 hours by the end of the year. 3 October 2012

[ 9980, 25, 3000, 22275, 198, 26959, 3602, 75, 864, 11558, 25, 3334, 12, 22785, 6208, 1680, 31549, 577, 42295, 37966, 287, 968, 6286, 82, 198, 3791, 2187, 12, 5235, 462, 32841, 3037, 460, 37489, 8513, 11916, 287, 23856, 11903, 287, 18590, 1337, 4991, 287, 655, 257, 1178, 1528, 11, 1864, 257, 649, 2050, 12655, 287, 262, 513, 3267, 2071, 286, 262, 3989, 5800, 3602, 75, 864, 11558, 13, 198, 464, 8173, 447, 247, 82, 1388, 12253, 3895, 318, 2866, 960, 64, 2026, 12, 9769, 34217, 640, 329, 8513, 2482, 3688, 284, 262, 1178, 2745, 2622, 1262, 1459, 5050, 13, 383, 8513, 1332, 714, 6196, 45381, 262, 640, 340, 2753, 284, 651, 257, 13669, 11, 4391, 9688, 597, 1695, 13820, 11, 290, 40856, 262, 640, 284, 8513, 21951, 329, 18116, 3397, 13, 198, 447, 250, 4711, 4056, 1037, 514, 3280, 262, 1808, 286, 644, 10812, 356, 815, 307, 2045, 379, 11, 644, 3354, 286, 262, 19270, 389, 5981, 284, 262, 7460, 326, 257, 5827, 468, 11, 290, 644, 815, 356, 804, 379, 287, 517, 3703, 11, 447, 251, 531, 15929, 7920, 11, 3437, 286, 4175, 23372, 379, 262, 3337, 329, 13457, 11439, 5215, 10179, 11558, 379, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 30759, 9256, 11, 1141, 257, 362, 3267, 5735, 41124, 351, 7638, 13, 198, 818, 8513, 10040, 329, 543, 13820, 2152, 11, 5801, 13669, 318, 4688, 329, 25988, 10254, 19901, 13, 198, 58, 5159, 10673, 2321, 10490, 5436, 2959, 32461, 60, 198, 34, 4262, 311, 4090, 9273, 11, 262, 3037, 3578, 597, 14325, 284, 1502, 257, 3716, 45752, 1332, 351, 257, 1178, 25785, 13, 8554, 7446, 21242, 422, 257, 4268, 286, 262, 5156, 447, 247, 82, 2910, 11, 9061, 16602, 262, 1200, 447, 247, 82, 19270, 290, 3975, 340, 284, 257, 900, 286, 3016, 767, 4059, 4369, 12, 5363, 10812, 290, 8513, 10040, 11, 867, 286, 543, 743, 407, 5385, 284, 262, 16216, 14325, 13, 198, 47087, 788, 1803, 12163, 284, 3802, 1366, 326, 2380, 262, 4369, 3033, 484, 389, 4379, 287, 257, 5827, 11, 290, 262, 1080, 788, 3073, 329, 2458, 287, 262, 5156, 447, 247, 82, 7446, 2438, 326, 4727, 465, 393, 607, 8526, 13, 383, 2187, 1429, 318, 6157, 287, 7323, 734, 1528, 290, 318, 7306, 329, 779, 287, 25988, 10254, 18590, 1337, 4991, 13, 383, 4837, 547, 1498, 284, 787, 257, 17347, 13669, 287, 1115, 503, 286, 262, 1440, 11903, 484, 6789, 351, 262, 649, 8173, 13, 198, 16678, 5801, 13669, 460, 787, 257, 10092, 3580, 284, 257, 5156, 447, 247, 82, 1535, 13, 1318, 389, 546, 5323, 8513, 10040, 329, 543, 13820, 389, 1695, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 6566, 2645, 7126, 261, 34484, 11, 393, 29673, 52, 11, 318, 257, 8513, 4369, 326, 10975, 23856, 82, 290, 5983, 284, 9028, 14013, 290, 24715, 13, 6430, 1903, 13669, 290, 8840, 3513, 357, 64, 5496, 14394, 262, 23206, 7408, 6566, 2645, 25786, 500, 8, 3578, 1751, 284, 423, 257, 3487, 5110, 2478, 290, 30458, 13, 198, 447, 250, 20939, 3875, 11, 685, 1169, 8173, 60, 635, 3578, 514, 284, 423, 7187, 8513, 21951, 5115, 262, 2526, 329, 3397, 284, 423, 1194, 5676, 5156, 290, 787, 30304, 5370, 546, 511, 18391, 2003, 11, 447, 251, 531, 5074, 35896, 11, 8668, 3437, 379, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 30759, 9256, 287, 9470, 2254, 11, 11565, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1890, 1672, 11, 356, 3111, 351, 257, 1641, 284, 1064, 257, 13669, 11, 290, 484, 783, 760, 262, 9779, 326, 4073, 734, 991, 24280, 82, 287, 262, 691, 734, 33593, 326, 484, 423, 550, 11, 447, 251, 35896, 2087, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 389, 783, 15461, 8513, 13669, 523, 326, 484, 460, 423, 257, 5448, 5156, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 2267, 1074, 3352, 284, 44870, 262, 1332, 284, 1802, 393, 517, 11903, 287, 1502, 284, 30534, 262, 2748, 4034, 11, 3484, 11, 290, 2785, 2761, 286, 4856, 13, 383, 4837, 635, 1975, 484, 460, 15797, 2472, 4856, 640, 866, 422, 2026, 2250, 284, 4570, 2250, 416, 262, 886, 286, 262, 614, 13, 198, 18, 3267, 2321, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

665

Cowie, Daniel B. The following data is extracted from A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans. Daniel B. Cowie. In an article on other pages of this publication will be found some account of the salt industry in Kansas and some mention of the more prominent mines and companies. One of the most striking figures in the development of the salt industry in Kansas was the late James Cowie, Sr., and the above named is a son of that salt pioneer and is now general superintendent of the Independent Salt Company at Kanopolis. The Cowie family are Scotch people, and in Scotland they were also identified with mining. The grandfather of Daniel was George Cowie, who spent his life in Scotland and was a successful coal contractor. James Cowie, Sr., was born in Stirlingshire, Scotland, in 1839. He grew up and married there and from an early age was a coal miner. Prior to his coming to America he was general manager for one of the largest coal companies in Scotland, having supervision over ten diffierent coal properties. On coming to the United States in 1884 he entered the employ of the H. C. Frick Coal Company at Connellsville, Pennsylvania. James Cowie, Sr., came to Kanopolis, Kansas, in 1889. The credit is given him for originating the salt mining industry of Kansas and he was known in the press and to the general public as the "salt king." As manager of the Royal Salt Company he put in the first salt mine in Kansas just east of the city limits of Kanopolis. He managed that company until 1905 and then organized the Crystal Salt Company, of which he was manager and part owner. He bought from the Kanopolis townsite the salt rights underneath the town. The Crystal mine is just outside the limits of Kanopolis but its tunnels and underground work are partly beneath the town itself. At the time of his death James Cowie, Sr., was managing director of the Crystal Salt Company and also owned between 5,000 and 6,000 town lots in Kanopolis. Previously he was owner of about forty buildings in the town but had sold this part of his real estate. As an American citizen James Cowie, Sr., was a republican, was an active Presbyterian, and served a number of terms as mayor of Kanopolis and well justified the honors bestowed upon him by efficient service in the administration of municipal affairs. James Cowie, Sr., married Elizabeth Barrowman. She was born in Scotland in 1842 and died at Kanopolis in 1915, while her husband passed away there in 1911. Her father, George Barrowman, was a prominent coal contractor in Scotland, where he died. James Cowie and wife had five children. George, the oldest, is manager of the Standard Salt Company at Little River, Kansas. James Cowie, Jr., is president of the Exchange State Bank of Kanopolis and is also mine foreman under his brother Daniel. Daniel is the third in the family. Janette married Samuel Hogsett, a loan and real estate man at Kansas City, Missouri. Elizabeth, the youngest child, is the wife of George P. Kelly, of Kansas City, Missouri. Mr. Kelly is president of the American Salt and Coal Company of Lyons, Kansas, and at this writing is installing one of the largest combination rock salt and evaporation salt plants in the United States. The evaporation works are already in operation and the rock salt mines will be completed and in a producing state within six months. Daniel B. Cowie, son of James Cowie, Sr., was born at Kylswith, Stirlingshire, Scotland, March 20, 1869, and was fifteen years of age when the family came to the United States. He received his education in the public schools of Stirlingshire and for two years taught school in Scotland. At the age of eighteen he began working as a miner, and had an intimate experience with that industry in every capacity from tapper boy to general superintendent. Under his father he became expert in all branches of salt mining and manufacture. He was general superintendent of the Kingman Salt Company at Kingman, Kansas, until the plant was burned in 1903, after which he returned to Kanopolis and was general superintendent of the Crystal Salt Company and since 1913 had been superintendent of the Independent Salt Company. For 3½ years prior to 1915 Mr. Cowie was at Detroit, Michigan, his services being employed to straighten out the tangled affairs of the rock salt plant, wherein was involved an investment of over $1,000,000. The plant was in the hands of a receiver and the expert ability of Mr. Cowie was called into service, and he not only put the plant on its feet but developed it so that now it is one of the best salt mine propositions in the United States. Mr. Cowie lives close to the Independent Salt Company's plant and in the superintendent's house furnished by the company. He owned six dwelling houses in Kanopolis, a farm of eighty acres near the city, and is a stockholder and director in the Exchange State Bank. His fellow citizens have honored him with the office of mayor two terms and with that of city clerk two terms. For fifteen consecutive years he was a member of the school board and since 1913 had again been on the board and is now treasurer. He is a republican, an elder in the Presbyterian Church, is past master of Kingman Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, a member of the Royal Arch Chapter and the Knights Templar Commandery at Kingman, is past noble grand of Kingman Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, past master workman of Kingman Lodge, Ancient Order of United Workmen, and charter member of Kanopolis Camp of the Modern Woodmen of America. Mr. Cowie enjoys an ideal home life and had a large and happy family. He first married at Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in 1891, Miss Allie Matthews. She died in 1897, leaving two daughters: Elizabeth, now the wife of William McVittie, a member of the city fire department of Detroit, Michigan; and Janette, living at home. In 1900, at Emporia, Kansas, Mr. Cowie married Miss Ruth A. Haley, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Haley. Her mother is deceased and her father still lives on a farm near Emporia. Mr. and Mrs. Cowie have seven children: Anna, born in 1901; Daniel, Jr., born in 1903; Margaret, born in 1905; Jane, born in 1907; Dorothy, born in 1909; Evelyn, born in 1911; and James, born in 1914. Source: A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans

[ 40147, 494, 11, 7806, 347, 13, 198, 464, 1708, 1366, 318, 21242, 422, 317, 8997, 7443, 286, 9470, 290, 509, 504, 504, 13, 198, 19962, 347, 13, 10417, 494, 13, 554, 281, 2708, 319, 584, 5468, 286, 428, 9207, 481, 307, 1043, 617, 1848, 286, 262, 8268, 2831, 287, 9470, 290, 617, 3068, 286, 262, 517, 9208, 18446, 290, 2706, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 749, 8871, 5538, 287, 262, 2478, 286, 262, 8268, 2831, 287, 9470, 373, 262, 2739, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 290, 262, 2029, 3706, 318, 257, 3367, 286, 326, 8268, 29570, 290, 318, 783, 2276, 32958, 286, 262, 13362, 13754, 5834, 379, 14248, 47575, 13, 198, 464, 10417, 494, 1641, 389, 46755, 661, 11, 290, 287, 8838, 484, 547, 635, 5174, 351, 9691, 13, 383, 17695, 286, 7806, 373, 4502, 10417, 494, 11, 508, 3377, 465, 1204, 287, 8838, 290, 373, 257, 4388, 5655, 17195, 13, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 373, 4642, 287, 520, 1901, 654, 10695, 11, 8838, 11, 287, 1248, 2670, 13, 679, 6348, 510, 290, 6405, 612, 290, 422, 281, 1903, 2479, 373, 257, 5655, 16285, 13, 14481, 284, 465, 2406, 284, 2253, 339, 373, 2276, 4706, 329, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 5655, 2706, 287, 8838, 11, 1719, 20865, 625, 3478, 814, 494, 1156, 5655, 6608, 13, 1550, 2406, 284, 262, 1578, 1829, 287, 1248, 5705, 339, 5982, 262, 1873, 286, 262, 367, 13, 327, 13, 1305, 624, 12896, 5834, 379, 1482, 10076, 82, 4244, 11, 9589, 13, 198, 14731, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 1625, 284, 14248, 47575, 11, 9470, 11, 287, 49545, 13, 383, 3884, 318, 1813, 683, 329, 37962, 262, 8268, 9691, 2831, 286, 9470, 290, 339, 373, 1900, 287, 262, 1803, 290, 284, 262, 2276, 1171, 355, 262, 366, 82, 2501, 5822, 526, 1081, 4706, 286, 262, 8111, 13754, 5834, 339, 1234, 287, 262, 717, 8268, 6164, 287, 9470, 655, 7627, 286, 262, 1748, 7095, 286, 14248, 47575, 13, 679, 5257, 326, 1664, 1566, 37166, 290, 788, 8389, 262, 12969, 13754, 5834, 11, 286, 543, 339, 373, 4706, 290, 636, 4870, 13, 679, 5839, 422, 262, 14248, 47575, 11684, 578, 262, 8268, 2489, 14638, 262, 3240, 13, 383, 12969, 6164, 318, 655, 2354, 262, 7095, 286, 14248, 47575, 475, 663, 22642, 290, 11447, 670, 389, 11476, 11061, 262, 3240, 2346, 13, 1629, 262, 640, 286, 465, 1918, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 373, 11149, 3437, 286, 262, 12969, 13754, 5834, 290, 635, 6898, 1022, 642, 11, 830, 290, 718, 11, 830, 3240, 6041, 287, 14248, 47575, 13, 29875, 339, 373, 4870, 286, 546, 16571, 6832, 287, 262, 3240, 475, 550, 2702, 428, 636, 286, 465, 1103, 7964, 13, 1081, 281, 1605, 9511, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 373, 257, 41477, 11, 373, 281, 4075, 44150, 11, 290, 4983, 257, 1271, 286, 2846, 355, 9591, 286, 14248, 47575, 290, 880, 14460, 262, 25279, 40293, 2402, 683, 416, 6942, 2139, 287, 262, 3662, 286, 13474, 9674, 13, 198, 14731, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 6405, 10674, 2409, 808, 805, 13, 1375, 373, 4642, 287, 8838, 287, 1248, 3682, 290, 3724, 379, 14248, 47575, 287, 32062, 11, 981, 607, 5229, 3804, 1497, 612, 287, 32216, 13, 2332, 2988, 11, 4502, 2409, 808, 805, 11, 373, 257, 9208, 5655, 17195, 287, 8838, 11, 810, 339, 3724, 13, 3700, 10417, 494, 290, 3656, 550, 1936, 1751, 13, 4502, 11, 262, 13325, 11, 318, 4706, 286, 262, 8997, 13754, 5834, 379, 7703, 5866, 11, 9470, 13, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 7504, 1539, 318, 1893, 286, 262, 12516, 1812, 5018, 286, 14248, 47575, 290, 318, 635, 6164, 1674, 805, 739, 465, 3956, 7806, 13, 7806, 318, 262, 2368, 287, 262, 1641, 13, 2365, 5857, 6405, 17100, 22411, 17744, 11, 257, 8063, 290, 1103, 7964, 582, 379, 9470, 2254, 11, 11565, 13, 10674, 11, 262, 18887, 1200, 11, 318, 262, 3656, 286, 4502, 350, 13, 9077, 11, 286, 9470, 2254, 11, 11565, 13, 1770, 13, 9077, 318, 1893, 286, 262, 1605, 13754, 290, 12896, 5834, 286, 43728, 11, 9470, 11, 290, 379, 428, 3597, 318, 15975, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 6087, 3881, 8268, 290, 819, 499, 6944, 8268, 6134, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 383, 819, 499, 6944, 2499, 389, 1541, 287, 4905, 290, 262, 3881, 8268, 18446, 481, 307, 5668, 290, 287, 257, 9194, 1181, 1626, 2237, 1933, 13, 198, 19962, 347, 13, 10417, 494, 11, 3367, 286, 3700, 10417, 494, 11, 21714, 1539, 373, 4642, 379, 39859, 2032, 342, 11, 520, 1901, 654, 10695, 11, 8838, 11, 2805, 1160, 11, 1248, 3388, 11, 290, 373, 17280, 812, 286, 2479, 618, 262, 1641, 1625, 284, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 679, 2722, 465, 3707, 287, 262, 1171, 4266, 286, 520, 1901, 654, 10695, 290, 329, 734, 812, 7817, 1524, 287, 8838, 13, 1629, 262, 2479, 286, 29095, 339, 2540, 1762, 355, 257, 16285, 11, 290, 550, 281, 16584, 1998, 351, 326, 2831, 287, 790, 5339, 422, 256, 11463, 2933, 284, 2276, 32958, 13, 198, 9203, 465, 2988, 339, 2627, 5887, 287, 477, 13737, 286, 8268, 9691, 290, 6161, 13, 679, 373, 2276, 32958, 286, 262, 2677, 805, 13754, 5834, 379, 2677, 805, 11, 9470, 11, 1566, 262, 4618, 373, 11544, 287, 41625, 11, 706, 543, 339, 4504, 284, 14248, 47575, 290, 373, 2276, 32958, 286, 262, 12969, 13754, 5834, 290, 1201, 35145, 550, 587, 32958, 286, 262, 13362, 13754, 5834, 13, 1114, 513, 23141, 812, 3161, 284, 32062, 1770, 13, 10417, 494, 373, 379, 8488, 11, 7055, 11, 465, 2594, 852, 9322, 284, 3892, 268, 503, 262, 41431, 9674, 286, 262, 3881, 8268, 4618, 11, 22881, 373, 2950, 281, 4896, 286, 625, 720, 16, 11, 830, 11, 830, 13, 383, 4618, 373, 287, 262, 2832, 286, 257, 9733, 290, 262, 5887, 2694, 286, 1770, 13, 10417, 494, 373, 1444, 656, 2139, 11, 290, 339, 407, 691, 1234, 262, 4618, 319, 663, 3625, 475, 4166, 340, 523, 326, 783, 340, 318, 530, 286, 262, 1266, 8268, 6164, 40743, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 198, 5246, 13, 10417, 494, 3160, 1969, 284, 262, 13362, 13754, 5834, 338, 4618, 290, 287, 262, 32958, 338, 2156, 30760, 416, 262, 1664, 13, 679, 6898, 2237, 26765, 7777, 287, 14248, 47575, 11, 257, 5318, 286, 37516, 16051, 1474, 262, 1748, 11, 290, 318, 257, 4283, 13829, 290, 3437, 287, 262, 12516, 1812, 5018, 13, 198, 6653, 5891, 4290, 423, 21014, 683, 351, 262, 2607, 286, 9591, 734, 2846, 290, 351, 326, 286, 1748, 21120, 734, 2846, 13, 1114, 17280, 12785, 812, 339, 373, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 1524, 3096, 290, 1201, 35145, 550, 757, 587, 319, 262, 3096, 290, 318, 783, 43428, 13, 679, 318, 257, 41477, 11, 281, 10550, 287, 262, 44150, 4564, 11, 318, 1613, 4958, 286, 2677, 805, 27046, 11, 13406, 3232, 290, 21699, 276, 337, 2812, 11, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 8111, 5579, 7006, 290, 262, 15188, 41741, 9455, 1924, 379, 2677, 805, 11, 318, 1613, 15581, 4490, 286, 2677, 805, 27046, 11, 13362, 8284, 286, 20664, 21710, 1666, 11, 1613, 4958, 670, 805, 286, 2677, 805, 27046, 11, 13406, 8284, 286, 1578, 5521, 3653, 11, 290, 17422, 2888, 286, 14248, 47575, 5425, 286, 262, 12495, 5326, 3653, 286, 2253, 13, 198, 5246, 13, 10417, 494, 20393, 281, 7306, 1363, 1204, 290, 550, 257, 1588, 290, 3772, 1641, 13, 679, 717, 6405, 379, 4479, 12735, 11, 9589, 11, 287, 1248, 6420, 11, 4544, 1439, 494, 22233, 13, 1375, 3724, 287, 49429, 11, 4305, 734, 14850, 25, 10674, 11, 783, 262, 3656, 286, 3977, 1982, 53, 715, 494, 11, 257, 2888, 286, 262, 1748, 2046, 5011, 286, 8488, 11, 7055, 26, 290, 2365, 5857, 11, 2877, 379, 1363, 13, 554, 21489, 11, 379, 2295, 1819, 544, 11, 9470, 11, 1770, 13, 10417, 494, 6405, 4544, 22132, 317, 13, 30646, 11, 4957, 286, 1770, 13, 290, 9074, 13, 17100, 30646, 13, 2332, 2802, 318, 20117, 290, 607, 2988, 991, 3160, 319, 257, 5318, 1474, 2295, 1819, 544, 13, 1770, 13, 290, 9074, 13, 10417, 494, 423, 3598, 1751, 25, 11735, 11, 4642, 287, 39923, 26, 7806, 11, 7504, 1539, 4642, 287, 41625, 26, 19579, 11, 4642, 287, 37166, 26, 12091, 11, 4642, 287, 41435, 26, 40349, 11, 4642, 287, 41507, 26, 12882, 6213, 11, 4642, 287, 32216, 26, 290, 3700, 11, 4642, 287, 26833, 13, 198, 7416, 25, 317, 8997, 7443, 286, 9470, 290, 509, 504, 504, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,382

Iglesia Evangélica Luterana Boliviana (Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church) (IELB) The Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church grew out of the work of the World Mission Prayer League from the USA, among Aymara Indians. In 1972, the American missionaries left the country, as the local people claimed greater participation in the decision-making bodies of the church. The Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church was constituted that same year. The church is composed entirely of indigenous people. It is the largest Amerindian Lutheran church on the continent. The IELB's main priority is to promote a holistic approach to evangelism and service. The church is involved in a variety of projects: alternative agriculture, animal husbandry, provision of drinking water, educational campaigns to prevent cholera, formal education (elementary school), vocational training, and communication.

[ 40, 70, 829, 544, 4319, 648, 2634, 677, 64, 406, 11894, 2271, 10797, 452, 7484, 357, 33, 349, 452, 666, 27834, 605, 43772, 4564, 8, 357, 40, 3698, 33, 8, 198, 464, 10797, 452, 666, 27834, 605, 43772, 4564, 6348, 503, 286, 262, 670, 286, 262, 2159, 12633, 33189, 4041, 422, 262, 4916, 11, 1871, 317, 4948, 3301, 12746, 13, 554, 16101, 11, 262, 1605, 37458, 1364, 262, 1499, 11, 355, 262, 1957, 661, 4752, 3744, 10270, 287, 262, 2551, 12, 8601, 5920, 286, 262, 4928, 13, 383, 10797, 452, 666, 27834, 605, 43772, 4564, 373, 27276, 326, 976, 614, 13, 383, 4928, 318, 13160, 5000, 286, 17673, 661, 13, 632, 318, 262, 4387, 33391, 521, 666, 43772, 4928, 319, 262, 15549, 13, 198, 464, 314, 3698, 33, 338, 1388, 8475, 318, 284, 7719, 257, 42923, 3164, 284, 17138, 1042, 290, 2139, 13, 383, 4928, 318, 2950, 287, 257, 4996, 286, 4493, 25, 5559, 14510, 11, 5044, 5229, 563, 11, 8287, 286, 7722, 1660, 11, 9856, 9964, 284, 2948, 442, 349, 8607, 11, 8766, 3707, 357, 30854, 560, 1524, 828, 48368, 3047, 11, 290, 6946, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

187

Students who struggle with reading or school need caring adults to represent them. Being an advocate for a student can mean learning new terms, knowing your rights, and insisting that your student gets the help he or she needs to have the best opportunity to succeed. See the articles below to get started and visit our sister website LD OnLine. Sort by: Date Title Children who struggle with reading often need extra help. This help usually comes from the school, but some parents choose to look outside the school for professionals who can assess, diagnose, tutor, or provide other education services. The following article provides information on how to find the right person for your child. Parents are often the best educational advocates for their children, especially children with a learning disability. The Coordinated Campaign for Learning Disabilities (CCLD) has developed the following tips to help parents champion their child. Literacy programs seem to have sprung up everywhere, but how can you tell the good ones from the bad ones? This guide identifies the key elements to consider in evaluating adolescent literacy programs. This is a cautionary tale, not just for people who have no real idea of what a learning disability is and probably suspect the whole thing is an overindulgent scam, but also for any parent of a child struggling mightily through school. This checklist prepared by the PACER Center will help parents prepare for and get the most out of Individualized Education Plan (IEP) meetings with the school staff. "Solution Shop" is a counseling and study skills program designed to address the academic needs of struggling middle school students. In this program, the school counselor serves the critical role of developing and providing appropriate interventions, which range from individual and group counseling, study skills instruction, parent consultation, behavioral contracts, math and reading tutoring, and teacher meetings. Learn to develop the evidence you need to support your belief that your child is not receiving the right help in school. Peter and Pamela Wright, from Wrightslaw, tell you how to interpret and chart your child's test scores, graph your child's progress, and successfully communicate with the educators who make decisions about your child.

[ 28239, 508, 6531, 351, 3555, 393, 1524, 761, 18088, 6490, 284, 2380, 606, 13, 11204, 281, 12811, 329, 257, 3710, 460, 1612, 4673, 649, 2846, 11, 6970, 534, 2489, 11, 290, 23630, 326, 534, 3710, 3011, 262, 1037, 339, 393, 673, 2476, 284, 423, 262, 1266, 3663, 284, 6758, 13, 4091, 262, 6685, 2174, 284, 651, 2067, 290, 3187, 674, 6621, 3052, 27178, 1550, 13949, 13, 198, 42758, 416, 25, 7536, 11851, 198, 26829, 508, 6531, 351, 3555, 1690, 761, 3131, 1037, 13, 770, 1037, 3221, 2058, 422, 262, 1524, 11, 475, 617, 3397, 3853, 284, 804, 2354, 262, 1524, 329, 11153, 508, 460, 4659, 11, 37489, 11, 48680, 11, 393, 2148, 584, 3707, 2594, 13, 383, 1708, 2708, 3769, 1321, 319, 703, 284, 1064, 262, 826, 1048, 329, 534, 1200, 13, 198, 42969, 389, 1690, 262, 1266, 9856, 11009, 329, 511, 1751, 11, 2592, 1751, 351, 257, 4673, 14013, 13, 383, 22819, 3898, 13718, 329, 18252, 3167, 5738, 357, 4093, 11163, 8, 468, 4166, 262, 1708, 9040, 284, 1037, 3397, 8783, 511, 1200, 13, 198, 43460, 1590, 4056, 1283, 284, 423, 39388, 510, 8347, 11, 475, 703, 460, 345, 1560, 262, 922, 3392, 422, 262, 2089, 3392, 30, 770, 5698, 21079, 262, 1994, 4847, 284, 2074, 287, 22232, 28680, 31231, 4056, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 257, 13041, 560, 12838, 11, 407, 655, 329, 661, 508, 423, 645, 1103, 2126, 286, 644, 257, 4673, 14013, 318, 290, 2192, 4099, 262, 2187, 1517, 318, 281, 625, 521, 377, 6783, 19126, 11, 475, 635, 329, 597, 2560, 286, 257, 1200, 9648, 1244, 813, 832, 1524, 13, 198, 1212, 41859, 5597, 416, 262, 16741, 1137, 3337, 481, 1037, 3397, 8335, 329, 290, 651, 262, 749, 503, 286, 18629, 1143, 7868, 5224, 357, 40, 8905, 8, 8292, 351, 262, 1524, 3085, 13, 198, 1, 46344, 13705, 1, 318, 257, 21951, 290, 2050, 4678, 1430, 3562, 284, 2209, 262, 8233, 2476, 286, 9648, 3504, 1524, 2444, 13, 554, 428, 1430, 11, 262, 1524, 31928, 9179, 262, 4688, 2597, 286, 5922, 290, 4955, 5035, 19901, 11, 543, 2837, 422, 1981, 290, 1448, 21951, 11, 2050, 4678, 12064, 11, 2560, 18103, 11, 17211, 8592, 11, 10688, 290, 3555, 9732, 3255, 11, 290, 4701, 8292, 13, 198, 20238, 284, 1205, 262, 2370, 345, 761, 284, 1104, 534, 4901, 326, 534, 1200, 318, 407, 6464, 262, 826, 1037, 287, 1524, 13, 5613, 290, 43341, 12206, 11, 422, 15634, 2337, 6270, 11, 1560, 345, 703, 284, 6179, 290, 8262, 534, 1200, 338, 1332, 8198, 11, 4823, 534, 1200, 338, 4371, 11, 290, 7675, 10996, 351, 262, 30770, 508, 787, 5370, 546, 534, 1200, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

435

Atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain bacteria, including Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. It is called “atypical” because the symptoms differ from those of pneumonia due to other common bacteria. Mycoplasma pneumonia is a type of atypical pneumonia. It is caused by the bacteria M. pneumoniae. It typically affects people younger than age 40. For more information on this type of pneumonia, see: Mycoplasma pneumonia Pneumonia due to chlamydia-related bacteria occurs year round and accounts for 5 - 15% of all pneumonias. It is usually mild. Pneumonia due to Legionella is seen more often in middle-aged and older adults, smokers, and those with chronic illnesses or a weak immune system. It can be more severe. Pneumonia due to mycoplasma and chlamydophila bacteria is usually mild. Pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila gets worse during the first 4 - 6 days, and then improves over 4 - 5 days. Even though symptoms will improve, it may take a while for them to go away completely. The most common symptoms of pneumonia are: Cough (with Legionella pneumonia, you may cough up bloody mucus) Fever, which may be mild or high Shortness of breath (may only occur when you climb stairs) Other symptoms include: Chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough Confusion, especially in older people or those with Legionella pneumonia Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue Muscle aches and joint stiffness Sweating and clammy skin Less common symptoms include: Diarrhea (especially with Legionella pneumonia) Ear pain (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Eye pain or soreness (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Neck lump (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Rash (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Sore throat (with mycoplasma pneumonia) Signs and tests Persons with suspected pneumonia should have a complete medical evaluation. It may be hard for your health care provider to tell whether you have pneumonia or bronchitis, so you may need a chest x-ray. Depending on the severity of the illness, other tests may be done, including: Control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen), or acetaminophen. DO NOT give aspirin to children. Do not take cough medicines without first talking to your doctor. Cough medicines may make it harder for your body to cough up the extra sputum. Drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm. Get a lot of rest. Have someone else do household chores. Antibiotics are used to treat atypical pneumonia. You may be able to take antibiotics by mouth at home. If you have severe atypical pneumonia, you will likely be admitted to a hospital, where you will be given antibiotics through a vein (intravenously), as well as oxygen. Antibiotics are used for 2 weeks or more Antibiotics used to treat atypical pneumonia include: Fluoroquinolones (such as levofloxacin) Tetracyclines (such as tetracycline or doxycycline) Most patients with pneumonia due to mycoplasma or chlamydophila do well with the right antibiotics. Legionella pneumonia can be severe, leading to problems in patients with kidney failure, diabetes, COPD, and a weak immune system. It can lead to death. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. InfectiousD iseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:S27-S72. Torres A, Menendez R, Wunderink R. Pyogenic bacterial pneumonia and lung abscess. In: Mason RJ, VC Broaddus, Martin TR, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 32. David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.

[ 32, 28004, 605, 35647, 10229, 284, 35647, 4073, 416, 1728, 11492, 11, 1390, 15778, 12627, 29631, 2522, 10102, 11, 2011, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 68, 11, 290, 609, 2543, 5173, 2522, 10102, 35647, 68, 13, 632, 318, 1444, 564, 250, 265, 4464, 605, 447, 251, 780, 262, 7460, 13238, 422, 883, 286, 35647, 2233, 284, 584, 2219, 11492, 13, 198, 3666, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 318, 257, 2099, 286, 379, 4464, 605, 35647, 13, 632, 318, 4073, 416, 262, 11492, 337, 13, 35647, 68, 13, 632, 6032, 10975, 661, 7099, 621, 2479, 2319, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 319, 428, 2099, 286, 35647, 11, 766, 25, 2011, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 198, 47, 25668, 11339, 2233, 284, 442, 2543, 30708, 12, 5363, 11492, 8833, 614, 2835, 290, 5504, 329, 642, 532, 1315, 4, 286, 477, 29631, 261, 4448, 13, 632, 318, 3221, 11607, 13, 198, 47, 25668, 11339, 2233, 284, 15778, 12627, 318, 1775, 517, 1690, 287, 3504, 12, 1886, 290, 4697, 6490, 11, 24109, 11, 290, 883, 351, 10726, 24024, 393, 257, 4939, 10900, 1080, 13, 632, 460, 307, 517, 6049, 13, 198, 47, 25668, 11339, 2233, 284, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 290, 442, 2543, 5173, 2522, 10102, 11492, 318, 3221, 11607, 13, 198, 47, 25668, 11339, 2233, 284, 15778, 12627, 29631, 2522, 10102, 3011, 4785, 1141, 262, 717, 604, 532, 718, 1528, 11, 290, 788, 19575, 625, 604, 532, 642, 1528, 13, 198, 6104, 996, 7460, 481, 2987, 11, 340, 743, 1011, 257, 981, 329, 606, 284, 467, 1497, 3190, 13, 198, 464, 749, 2219, 7460, 286, 35647, 389, 25, 198, 34, 619, 357, 4480, 15778, 12627, 35647, 11, 345, 743, 22094, 510, 15222, 30322, 385, 8, 198, 37, 964, 11, 543, 743, 307, 11607, 393, 1029, 198, 16438, 1108, 286, 8033, 357, 11261, 691, 3051, 618, 345, 12080, 16046, 8, 198, 6395, 7460, 2291, 25, 198, 45170, 2356, 326, 3011, 4785, 618, 345, 18044, 7744, 393, 22094, 198, 18546, 4241, 11, 2592, 287, 4697, 661, 393, 883, 351, 15778, 12627, 35647, 198, 43, 793, 286, 20788, 11, 1877, 2568, 11, 290, 18787, 198, 10694, 2375, 936, 956, 290, 6466, 49586, 198, 40783, 803, 290, 30726, 1820, 4168, 198, 22058, 2219, 7460, 2291, 25, 198, 18683, 3258, 21632, 357, 16480, 351, 15778, 12627, 35647, 8, 198, 8419, 2356, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 24876, 2356, 393, 19597, 1108, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 8199, 694, 23844, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 49, 1077, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 50, 382, 13589, 357, 4480, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 35647, 8, 198, 11712, 82, 290, 5254, 198, 30946, 684, 351, 9885, 35647, 815, 423, 257, 1844, 3315, 12660, 13, 632, 743, 307, 1327, 329, 534, 1535, 1337, 10131, 284, 1560, 1771, 345, 423, 35647, 393, 18443, 354, 11815, 11, 523, 345, 743, 761, 257, 7721, 2124, 12, 2433, 13, 23591, 319, 262, 19440, 286, 262, 8526, 11, 584, 5254, 743, 307, 1760, 11, 1390, 25, 198, 15988, 534, 17372, 351, 49550, 11, 1729, 1706, 47502, 3098, 12, 32272, 5010, 357, 47549, 47954, 11, 884, 355, 24283, 929, 305, 41037, 393, 25422, 13907, 268, 828, 393, 25174, 5669, 47806, 13, 8410, 5626, 1577, 49550, 284, 1751, 13, 198, 5211, 407, 1011, 22094, 23533, 1231, 717, 3375, 284, 534, 6253, 13, 327, 619, 23533, 743, 787, 340, 7069, 329, 534, 1767, 284, 22094, 510, 262, 3131, 599, 315, 388, 13, 198, 6187, 676, 6088, 286, 28704, 284, 1037, 40953, 3200, 507, 290, 2222, 510, 872, 1455, 76, 13, 198, 3855, 257, 1256, 286, 1334, 13, 8192, 2130, 2073, 466, 6641, 46173, 13, 198, 13217, 571, 18296, 389, 973, 284, 2190, 379, 4464, 605, 35647, 13, 198, 1639, 743, 307, 1498, 284, 1011, 22392, 416, 5422, 379, 1363, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 6049, 379, 4464, 605, 35647, 11, 345, 481, 1884, 307, 6848, 284, 257, 4436, 11, 810, 345, 481, 307, 1813, 22392, 832, 257, 27208, 357, 600, 430, 574, 3481, 828, 355, 880, 355, 11863, 13, 198, 13217, 571, 18296, 389, 973, 329, 362, 2745, 393, 517, 198, 13217, 571, 18296, 973, 284, 2190, 379, 4464, 605, 35647, 2291, 25, 198, 37, 2290, 16522, 21915, 349, 1952, 357, 10508, 355, 23145, 1659, 75, 1140, 330, 259, 8, 198, 51, 21879, 1590, 565, 1127, 357, 10508, 355, 256, 21879, 1590, 565, 500, 393, 466, 5431, 15539, 500, 8, 198, 6943, 3871, 351, 35647, 2233, 284, 616, 66, 20106, 11797, 393, 442, 2543, 5173, 2522, 10102, 466, 880, 351, 262, 826, 22392, 13, 15778, 12627, 35647, 460, 307, 6049, 11, 3756, 284, 2761, 287, 3871, 351, 21919, 5287, 11, 12593, 11, 27975, 35, 11, 290, 257, 4939, 10900, 1080, 13, 632, 460, 1085, 284, 1918, 13, 198, 49846, 695, 9131, 11, 370, 4625, 676, 34359, 11, 1052, 27624, 27206, 317, 11, 2123, 435, 13, 26065, 699, 35, 318, 68, 1386, 7023, 286, 2253, 14, 7437, 13002, 330, 291, 7023, 11529, 9949, 319, 262, 4542, 286, 2055, 12, 43561, 1202, 35647, 287, 6490, 13, 11834, 26065, 3167, 13, 4343, 26, 2598, 25, 50, 1983, 12, 50, 4761, 13, 198, 15884, 411, 317, 11, 6065, 41913, 371, 11, 370, 4625, 676, 371, 13, 9485, 15147, 23462, 35647, 290, 12317, 2352, 919, 13, 554, 25, 14737, 46642, 11, 26706, 2806, 2860, 385, 11, 5780, 7579, 11, 2123, 435, 11, 1225, 82, 13, 12164, 290, 399, 6959, 447, 247, 82, 8255, 2070, 286, 1874, 4063, 2870, 11558, 13, 642, 400, 1225, 13, 8857, 11, 11243, 25, 50, 32818, 25974, 49663, 26, 3050, 25, 354, 499, 3933, 13, 198, 11006, 327, 13, 27436, 14597, 11, 6711, 11, 10670, 11, 8129, 286, 11558, 11, 7458, 286, 3611, 11558, 11, 2732, 286, 11558, 11, 2059, 286, 2669, 3961, 286, 11558, 13, 33089, 11161, 73, 2403, 324, 271, 11, 10670, 11, 15286, 8129, 286, 11558, 11, 7458, 286, 21624, 36639, 11, 1439, 26079, 290, 17684, 7276, 11, 2059, 286, 9589, 11, 8857, 11, 8147, 13, 4418, 11765, 416, 3271, 1168, 12311, 11, 10670, 11, 337, 7801, 11, 8366, 5890, 11, 317, 13, 35, 13, 32, 13, 44, 13, 3893, 23555, 11, 12119, 844, 11, 3457, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,021

AfriGeneas Health and Wellness Forum Obesity and African Americans Statistics from the Office of Minority Health: - African American women have the highest rates of being overweight or obese compared to other groups in the U.S. About four out of five African American women are overweight or obese.1 - In 2005, African Americans were 1.4 times as likely to be obese as Non- Hispanic Whites. - From 2001-2004, African American women were 70% more likely to be obese than Non-Hispanic White women. - In 2003-2004, African American children between ages 6 -17 were 1.3 times as likely to be overweight than Non-Hispanic Whites. Messages In This Thread

[ 17584, 380, 39358, 292, 3893, 290, 3894, 1108, 14867, 198, 5944, 11924, 290, 5510, 3399, 198, 48346, 422, 262, 4452, 286, 29980, 3893, 25, 198, 12, 5510, 1605, 1466, 423, 262, 4511, 3965, 286, 852, 22652, 393, 20779, 3688, 284, 584, 2628, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 7994, 1440, 503, 286, 1936, 5510, 1605, 1466, 389, 22652, 393, 20779, 13, 16, 198, 12, 554, 5075, 11, 5510, 3399, 547, 352, 13, 19, 1661, 355, 1884, 284, 307, 20779, 355, 8504, 12, 16949, 29290, 13, 198, 12, 3574, 5878, 12, 15724, 11, 5510, 1605, 1466, 547, 4317, 4, 517, 1884, 284, 307, 20779, 621, 8504, 12, 43830, 2635, 1466, 13, 198, 12, 554, 5816, 12, 15724, 11, 5510, 1605, 1751, 1022, 9337, 718, 532, 1558, 547, 352, 13, 18, 1661, 355, 1884, 284, 307, 22652, 621, 8504, 12, 43830, 29290, 13, 198, 36479, 1095, 554, 770, 14122, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

148

TAU Researchers Part of Team of International Scientists to Uncover the "God Particle" Wednesday, July 25, 2012 Higgs boson particle crucial for explaining how the universe was built Tel Aviv University's Prof. Yaron Oz, dean of TAU's Faculty of Exact Sciences, and Prof. Aharon Levy of TAU's School of Physics and Astronomy were among the theoretical and experimental physicists who made the groundbreaking discovery of a particle known as the Higgs boson or "God particle," a key to understanding how the universe was built. The discovery was made at Geneva's European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) and announced in early July. First proposed in 1964 by a team of six physicists, including University of Edinburgh Professor Peter Higgs, the particle is said to explain the existence of mass. In particle physics, bosons are one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particles. The Higgs boson is the final building block, missing until now from the "Standard Model," which describes the structure of matter in the universe. The model is to physicists what the theory of evolution is to biologists. Prof. Yaron Oz Albert Einstein would have been "very happy" at the discovery, Prof. Oz noted. The term "God particle" originated with Prof. Max Lederman, an American experimental physicist who won the Nobel Prize in physics for his work with neutrinos. Prof. Lederman wrote a book using the term, "by which he meant the mysterious particle that's part of everything," Prof. Levy says. "Particle physics aims at understanding what conditions created the Big Bang that created the Universe, to look backwards as much as possible at that event." Prof. Oz congratulated the group of researchers not only on their scientific achievement but also on their ability to put political considerations aside and work together for the good of humanity. Calling the huge CERN facility "what the UN should be," he said that "everybody is devoted to making the discovery as a team, without any politics or vested interests. I even worked with Iranians there, and there was never a harsh word between us. We all just want to understand. It was has already been proven that the nationals of the world can function together harmoniously for joint targets."

[ 5603, 52, 26685, 2142, 286, 4816, 286, 4037, 23782, 284, 791, 9631, 262, 366, 13482, 2142, 1548, 1, 3583, 11, 2901, 1679, 11, 2321, 198, 39, 20340, 37284, 261, 18758, 8780, 329, 11170, 703, 262, 6881, 373, 3170, 198, 33317, 28890, 2059, 338, 4415, 13, 575, 8045, 18024, 11, 34798, 286, 21664, 52, 338, 35262, 286, 1475, 529, 13473, 11, 290, 4415, 13, 7900, 8045, 32036, 286, 21664, 52, 338, 3961, 286, 23123, 290, 25398, 9145, 547, 1871, 262, 16200, 290, 11992, 37898, 508, 925, 262, 31088, 9412, 286, 257, 18758, 1900, 355, 262, 367, 20340, 37284, 261, 393, 366, 13482, 18758, 553, 257, 1994, 284, 4547, 703, 262, 6881, 373, 3170, 13, 383, 9412, 373, 925, 379, 20552, 338, 3427, 18643, 329, 2142, 1548, 23123, 357, 34, 28778, 8, 290, 3414, 287, 1903, 2901, 13, 198, 5962, 5150, 287, 17575, 416, 257, 1074, 286, 2237, 37898, 11, 1390, 2059, 286, 23475, 8129, 5613, 367, 20340, 11, 262, 18758, 318, 531, 284, 4727, 262, 6224, 286, 2347, 13, 554, 18758, 11887, 11, 37284, 684, 389, 530, 286, 262, 734, 7531, 6097, 286, 850, 47116, 13166, 13, 383, 367, 20340, 37284, 261, 318, 262, 2457, 2615, 2512, 11, 4814, 1566, 783, 422, 262, 366, 23615, 9104, 553, 543, 8477, 262, 4645, 286, 2300, 287, 262, 6881, 13, 383, 2746, 318, 284, 37898, 644, 262, 4583, 286, 6954, 318, 284, 43149, 13, 198, 15404, 13, 575, 8045, 18024, 198, 42590, 24572, 561, 423, 587, 366, 548, 3772, 1, 379, 262, 9412, 11, 4415, 13, 18024, 4367, 13, 198, 464, 3381, 366, 13482, 18758, 1, 20973, 351, 4415, 13, 5436, 22964, 2224, 11, 281, 1605, 11992, 33013, 508, 1839, 262, 20715, 15895, 287, 11887, 329, 465, 670, 351, 22190, 81, 11996, 13, 4415, 13, 22964, 2224, 2630, 257, 1492, 1262, 262, 3381, 11, 366, 1525, 543, 339, 4001, 262, 11428, 18758, 326, 338, 636, 286, 2279, 553, 4415, 13, 32036, 1139, 13, 366, 7841, 1548, 11887, 12031, 379, 4547, 644, 3403, 2727, 262, 4403, 9801, 326, 2727, 262, 11950, 11, 284, 804, 16196, 355, 881, 355, 1744, 379, 326, 1785, 526, 198, 15404, 13, 18024, 47630, 262, 1448, 286, 4837, 407, 691, 319, 511, 5654, 13293, 475, 635, 319, 511, 2694, 284, 1234, 1964, 18506, 7263, 290, 670, 1978, 329, 262, 922, 286, 9265, 13, 32677, 262, 3236, 327, 28778, 6841, 366, 10919, 262, 4725, 815, 307, 553, 339, 531, 326, 366, 16833, 2618, 318, 13378, 284, 1642, 262, 9412, 355, 257, 1074, 11, 1231, 597, 4819, 393, 32789, 5353, 13, 314, 772, 3111, 351, 34608, 612, 11, 290, 612, 373, 1239, 257, 11859, 1573, 1022, 514, 13, 775, 477, 655, 765, 284, 1833, 13, 632, 373, 468, 1541, 587, 9157, 326, 262, 22970, 286, 262, 995, 460, 2163, 1978, 25625, 6819, 329, 6466, 6670, 526, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

464

Using Bone Marrow to Protect the Brain Tuesday, September 20, 2011 Stem cell technology from TAU research begins clinical trial for Lou Gehrig's disease The ability to produce neuroprotectors, proteins that protect the human brain against neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and ALS, is the holy grail of brain research. A technology developed at Tel Aviv University does just that, and it's now out of the lab and in hospitals to begin clinical trials with patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Developed by Prof. Daniel Offen and Prof. Eldad Melamed of TAU's Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, the technology is now a patent-pending process that takes stem cells from a patient's own bone marrow and causes them to differentiate into astrocyte-like cells, which are responsible for the well-being of the brain's neurons. The cells release neurotrophic factors, or neuroprotectants, which have been shown to play a key role in reducing the progress of ALS, a debilitating disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in paralysis of a patient's limbs and organ function. The research has appeared in the Journal of Stem Cells Reviews and Reports and a number of other publications. Trials in Jerusalem and Boston This stem cell technology, says Prof. Offen, represents 10 years of development. Inspired by advances in embryonic stem cell research and its huge potential — but trying to bypass the ethical and safety issues — Prof. Offen and his fellow researchers turned to stem cells derived from a patient's own bone marrow. After coaxing the cells to differentiate into astrocyte-like cells, whose natural function is to guard the brain's neurons and prevent deterioration, the researchers began testing the concept in animal models. "In the mouse model," Prof. Offen explains, "we were able to show that the bone marrow derived stem cells prevent degeneration in the brain following injection of selective neurotoxins." Researchers also demonstrated that transplantation of these cells increased the survival rate in the mouse model of ALS and significantly delayed the progress of motor dysfunction. According to Prof. Offen, this is a uniquely successful method for differentiating bone marrow stem cells into astrocyte-like cells without manipulating the genetic material of the cell itself. They are the first team of researchers to demonstrate the efficacy of this technology in vivo in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. The technology was licensed to BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics that has developed it into a clinical grade product called NurOwn™, which is now being used in a clinical trial at Jerusalem's Hadassah Medical Center. BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics has recently struck an agreement to expand clinical trials to Massachusetts General Hospital in collaboration with the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Home-grown therapy — and talent The ongoing clinical studies are aimed at evaluating the safety and the efficacy of this treatment, says Prof. Offen. Because the original cells are drawn from the patients themselves, he adds, the body should have no adverse reactions. Although the current study targets ALS, these cells have the potential to treat a broad range of neurodegenerative conditions, including Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. For many conditions, explains Prof. Offen, the current available treatments only attempt to alleviate the symptoms of these diseases rather than repair existing damage. BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics, the company that is developing the technology, is a spin-off of TAU, Prof. Offen notes. The university has spearheaded the invention involved, and a number of the researchers working within the company graduated from TAU. For more news about stem cell research from Tel Aviv University, click here.

[ 12814, 21717, 1526, 808, 284, 21916, 262, 14842, 3431, 11, 2693, 1160, 11, 2813, 198, 1273, 368, 2685, 3037, 422, 21664, 52, 2267, 6140, 8668, 4473, 329, 4768, 49588, 4359, 338, 4369, 198, 464, 2694, 284, 4439, 7669, 35499, 669, 11, 15568, 326, 1805, 262, 1692, 3632, 1028, 7669, 13500, 877, 876, 11916, 884, 355, 31618, 338, 290, 27249, 11, 318, 262, 11386, 7933, 346, 286, 3632, 2267, 13, 317, 3037, 4166, 379, 12088, 28890, 2059, 857, 655, 326, 11, 290, 340, 338, 783, 503, 286, 262, 2248, 290, 287, 11301, 284, 2221, 8668, 9867, 351, 3871, 7195, 422, 38544, 313, 18191, 25653, 46225, 357, 23333, 828, 635, 1900, 355, 4768, 49588, 4359, 338, 4369, 13, 198, 19246, 276, 416, 4415, 13, 7806, 3242, 268, 290, 4415, 13, 19208, 324, 5616, 2434, 286, 21664, 52, 338, 49175, 1754, 35262, 286, 11558, 290, 376, 25328, 5714, 8366, 4992, 3337, 11, 262, 3037, 318, 783, 257, 12701, 12, 79, 1571, 1429, 326, 2753, 10717, 4778, 422, 257, 5827, 338, 898, 9970, 44173, 290, 5640, 606, 284, 28754, 656, 6468, 305, 948, 660, 12, 2339, 4778, 11, 543, 389, 4497, 329, 262, 880, 12, 11873, 286, 262, 3632, 338, 16890, 13, 383, 4778, 2650, 42181, 18191, 5087, 11, 393, 7669, 35499, 1187, 11, 543, 423, 587, 3402, 284, 711, 257, 1994, 2597, 287, 8868, 262, 4371, 286, 27249, 11, 257, 41378, 4369, 16264, 416, 262, 10393, 25419, 341, 286, 5584, 16890, 11, 7186, 287, 35858, 286, 257, 5827, 338, 21755, 290, 1618, 2163, 13, 198, 464, 2267, 468, 4120, 287, 262, 4913, 286, 520, 368, 39794, 20871, 290, 17905, 290, 257, 1271, 286, 584, 16125, 13, 198, 14824, 874, 287, 10843, 290, 6182, 198, 1212, 10717, 2685, 3037, 11, 1139, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 11, 6870, 838, 812, 286, 2478, 13, 45827, 416, 14901, 287, 49710, 10717, 2685, 2267, 290, 663, 3236, 2785, 851, 475, 2111, 284, 17286, 262, 15028, 290, 3747, 2428, 851, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 290, 465, 5891, 4837, 2900, 284, 10717, 4778, 10944, 422, 257, 5827, 338, 898, 9970, 44173, 13, 198, 3260, 37700, 278, 262, 4778, 284, 28754, 656, 6468, 305, 948, 660, 12, 2339, 4778, 11, 3025, 3288, 2163, 318, 284, 4860, 262, 3632, 338, 16890, 290, 2948, 38495, 11, 262, 4837, 2540, 4856, 262, 3721, 287, 5044, 4981, 13, 366, 818, 262, 10211, 2746, 553, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 6688, 11, 366, 732, 547, 1498, 284, 905, 326, 262, 9970, 44173, 10944, 10717, 4778, 2948, 25419, 341, 287, 262, 3632, 1708, 16954, 286, 21792, 42181, 1140, 1040, 526, 26685, 635, 9555, 326, 23319, 341, 286, 777, 4778, 3220, 262, 9441, 2494, 287, 262, 10211, 2746, 286, 27249, 290, 5566, 11038, 262, 4371, 286, 5584, 19327, 13, 198, 4821, 284, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 11, 428, 318, 257, 24139, 4388, 2446, 329, 1180, 26336, 9970, 44173, 10717, 4778, 656, 6468, 305, 948, 660, 12, 2339, 4778, 1231, 29349, 262, 8513, 2587, 286, 262, 2685, 2346, 13, 1119, 389, 262, 717, 1074, 286, 4837, 284, 10176, 262, 20179, 286, 428, 3037, 287, 34714, 287, 2972, 4981, 286, 7669, 13500, 877, 876, 10040, 13, 198, 464, 3037, 373, 11971, 284, 14842, 32173, 12440, 12634, 1758, 48063, 326, 468, 4166, 340, 656, 257, 8668, 9559, 1720, 1444, 49281, 23858, 8151, 11, 543, 318, 783, 852, 973, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 379, 10843, 338, 11161, 562, 993, 8366, 3337, 13, 14842, 32173, 12440, 12634, 1758, 48063, 468, 2904, 7425, 281, 4381, 284, 4292, 8668, 9867, 284, 10140, 3611, 9256, 287, 12438, 351, 262, 2059, 286, 10140, 8366, 3961, 13, 198, 16060, 12, 22377, 9102, 851, 290, 7401, 198, 464, 7044, 8668, 3640, 389, 8998, 379, 22232, 262, 3747, 290, 262, 20179, 286, 428, 3513, 11, 1139, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 13, 4362, 262, 2656, 4778, 389, 7428, 422, 262, 3871, 2405, 11, 339, 6673, 11, 262, 1767, 815, 423, 645, 12681, 12737, 13, 198, 7003, 262, 1459, 2050, 6670, 27249, 11, 777, 4778, 423, 262, 2785, 284, 2190, 257, 3154, 2837, 286, 7669, 13500, 877, 876, 3403, 11, 1390, 31618, 338, 290, 40644, 338, 10040, 13, 1114, 867, 3403, 11, 6688, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 11, 262, 1459, 1695, 13820, 691, 2230, 284, 30885, 262, 7460, 286, 777, 10040, 2138, 621, 9185, 4683, 2465, 13, 198, 44687, 32173, 12440, 12634, 1758, 48063, 11, 262, 1664, 326, 318, 5922, 262, 3037, 11, 318, 257, 7906, 12, 2364, 286, 21664, 52, 11, 4415, 13, 3242, 268, 4710, 13, 383, 6403, 468, 46766, 262, 14250, 2950, 11, 290, 257, 1271, 286, 262, 4837, 1762, 1626, 262, 1664, 18303, 422, 21664, 52, 13, 198, 1890, 517, 1705, 546, 10717, 2685, 2267, 422, 12088, 28890, 2059, 11, 3904, 994, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

775

Courtesy of Purdue Extension Before farmers go full throttle into the 2012 planting season, they would be wise to inspect what's left of their 2011 corn crop for signs of mold, says a Purdue University agricultural engineer. Richard Stroshine said he has heard scattered reports of Indiana farmers finding higher-than-normal percentages of moldy, discolored kernels when they've removed corn from storage facilities. Elevators and other buyers of corn pay less for mold-contaminated grain, if they buy it at all. Corn stored in bins since the fall harvest could be at a heightened threat for mold, Stroshine said. The reason? A winter that wasn't cold enough for long enough to protect the grain from fungal infection. Moldy corn can contain toxins harmful - even fatal - to livestock. Much of the corn grown in Indiana is used as animal feed. "Farmers should constantly be checking their grain for mold growth," Stroshine said. "If they find mold, they've got to get that corn out of the bin as soon as possible so that it doesn't spread to other grain in the bin." A typical winter with air temperatures regularly near or below freezing allows corn to be cooled to temperatures near freezing, inhibiting mold development. That is particularly important when corn is stored at or above 15 percent moisture. This past winter saw many days above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, creating conditions more favorable for mold growth. When mold risks are high, farmers should take steps to evenly cool the grain in the bin. A common practice, known as coring, involves taking one or more truckloads of corn from the bin and leveling the crop that remains. The process removes fine material that often accumulates in the center - or core - of the bin, filling air pockets between kernels and restricting air circulation. To ensure even airflow distribution, farmers should maintain a level surface at the top of the bin. Without sufficient and uniform air movement in the bin, heat can build up in some areas and promote mold growth. Farmers who cored their bins reduced the likelihood of mold problems this spring but still should keep an eye on their leftover crop, Stroshine said. Those who didn't perform coring operations will need to be even more vigilant, he said. Bins should be visually inspected and grain temperatures monitored weekly, Stroshine said. He recommended running bin fans for 30 minutes before entering the storage facility to conduct an inspection. "Aeration will push musty odors, which are indicative of mold growth, to the headspace of the bin," he said. "If the problems are deeper in the bin it will take longer for odors to reach the surface. So you could run the fans another 2-4 hours and check again.

[ 31825, 286, 34699, 27995, 198, 8421, 9818, 467, 1336, 29976, 656, 262, 2321, 26630, 1622, 11, 484, 561, 307, 10787, 284, 10104, 644, 338, 1364, 286, 511, 2813, 11676, 13833, 329, 5895, 286, 15936, 11, 1139, 257, 34699, 2059, 14240, 11949, 13, 198, 22245, 30183, 19489, 531, 339, 468, 2982, 16830, 3136, 286, 10278, 9818, 4917, 2440, 12, 14813, 12, 11265, 28071, 286, 15936, 88, 11, 1221, 349, 1850, 50207, 618, 484, 1053, 4615, 11676, 422, 6143, 7291, 13, 37881, 2024, 290, 584, 14456, 286, 11676, 1414, 1342, 329, 15936, 12, 3642, 321, 3898, 13020, 11, 611, 484, 2822, 340, 379, 477, 13, 198, 41389, 8574, 287, 41701, 1201, 262, 2121, 13222, 714, 307, 379, 257, 25556, 2372, 329, 15936, 11, 30183, 19489, 531, 13, 383, 1738, 30, 317, 7374, 326, 2492, 470, 4692, 1576, 329, 890, 1576, 284, 1805, 262, 13020, 422, 1257, 13528, 10280, 13, 198, 44, 727, 88, 11676, 460, 3994, 31930, 13568, 532, 772, 10800, 532, 284, 24424, 13, 13111, 286, 262, 11676, 7334, 287, 10278, 318, 973, 355, 5044, 3745, 13, 198, 1, 48412, 364, 815, 7558, 307, 10627, 511, 13020, 329, 15936, 3349, 553, 30183, 19489, 531, 13, 366, 1532, 484, 1064, 15936, 11, 484, 1053, 1392, 284, 651, 326, 11676, 503, 286, 262, 9874, 355, 2582, 355, 1744, 523, 326, 340, 1595, 470, 4104, 284, 584, 13020, 287, 262, 9874, 526, 198, 32, 7226, 7374, 351, 1633, 10101, 7987, 1474, 393, 2174, 20884, 3578, 11676, 284, 307, 32162, 284, 10101, 1474, 20884, 11, 11062, 1780, 15936, 2478, 13, 1320, 318, 3573, 1593, 618, 11676, 318, 8574, 379, 393, 2029, 1315, 1411, 20160, 13, 770, 1613, 7374, 2497, 867, 1528, 2029, 2026, 7370, 35935, 11, 4441, 3403, 517, 17070, 329, 15936, 3349, 13, 198, 2215, 15936, 7476, 389, 1029, 11, 9818, 815, 1011, 4831, 284, 21894, 3608, 262, 13020, 287, 262, 9874, 13, 317, 2219, 3357, 11, 1900, 355, 1162, 278, 11, 9018, 2263, 530, 393, 517, 7779, 46030, 286, 11676, 422, 262, 9874, 290, 34661, 262, 13833, 326, 3793, 13, 383, 1429, 20694, 3734, 2587, 326, 1690, 10507, 15968, 287, 262, 3641, 532, 393, 4755, 532, 286, 262, 9874, 11, 12591, 1633, 16511, 1022, 50207, 290, 28267, 1633, 19133, 13, 198, 2514, 4155, 772, 45771, 6082, 11, 9818, 815, 5529, 257, 1241, 4417, 379, 262, 1353, 286, 262, 9874, 13, 9170, 6751, 290, 8187, 1633, 3356, 287, 262, 9874, 11, 4894, 460, 1382, 510, 287, 617, 3006, 290, 7719, 15936, 3349, 13, 198, 48412, 364, 508, 269, 1850, 511, 41701, 5322, 262, 14955, 286, 15936, 2761, 428, 6076, 475, 991, 815, 1394, 281, 4151, 319, 511, 39191, 13833, 11, 30183, 19489, 531, 13, 5845, 508, 1422, 470, 1620, 1162, 278, 4560, 481, 761, 284, 307, 772, 517, 30257, 11, 339, 531, 13, 198, 33, 1040, 815, 307, 22632, 34295, 290, 13020, 10101, 20738, 10273, 11, 30183, 19489, 531, 13, 679, 7151, 2491, 9874, 3296, 329, 1542, 2431, 878, 8218, 262, 6143, 6841, 284, 3189, 281, 15210, 13, 198, 1, 32, 263, 341, 481, 4574, 1276, 88, 16298, 669, 11, 543, 389, 29105, 286, 15936, 3349, 11, 284, 262, 1182, 13200, 286, 262, 9874, 553, 339, 531, 13, 366, 1532, 262, 2761, 389, 9211, 287, 262, 9874, 340, 481, 1011, 2392, 329, 16298, 669, 284, 3151, 262, 4417, 13, 1406, 345, 714, 1057, 262, 3296, 1194, 362, 12, 19, 2250, 290, 2198, 757, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

561

Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Institute of Bankers The Chartered Institute of Bankers (CIB) was founded in 1879, as the professional body for members of the banking profession in the United Kingdom. It was granted its royal charter in 1988. In 2000 it rebranded itself as the Institute of Financial Services, reflecting the changing needs for professionalism across a wide range of financial services. The CIB was, and continues to be, an important aid to the professionalism of bankers. After studying a series of Banking related topics and passing exams, and after working for a minimum period within the Banking Industry, it is possible to be elected to an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers. The letters ACIB continue to demonstrate to others the experience and academic standards of the designee. In the last two decades of the 20th century, the Financial Services Industry underwent significant change. Retail banks transformed themselves from transaction oriented deposit taking and lending institutions into deliverers of retail financial services. At the same time, additional complexity was introduced into the less retail forms of banking. New investment products developed. International finance became more complex. Derivatives became available to hedge risk, or in some cases to amplify risk. The distinctions between retail banks, investment banks, building societies, insurance companies and other financial services institutions became blurred. Institutions complimented their own services with additional ranges of services offered by other institutions. It became possible to satisfy all needs for financial services through one financial institution. The CIB needed to respond to changes in the industry. In 1986, its professional exams were linked to and moderated by UMIST. Any student passing the exams required to attain ACIB status is now awarded a BSc(Hons) in financial services, underscoring the academic standards achieved by professional bankers. Today the CIB provides courses leading to qualifications in all areas of the financial services industry, and it has a vision to be a school of finance that is recognised for the excellence and relevance of its range of qualifications. In addition to providing education, the CIB also organises regionally based events to enable members to both network and keep abreast of developments within their fields of interest. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

[ 26959, 7011, 4935, 36732, 198, 6310, 3678, 286, 5018, 364, 198, 464, 22086, 1068, 5136, 286, 5018, 364, 357, 34, 9865, 8, 373, 9393, 287, 1248, 3720, 11, 355, 262, 4708, 1767, 329, 1866, 286, 262, 11754, 7573, 287, 262, 1578, 7526, 13, 632, 373, 7520, 663, 15100, 17422, 287, 12122, 13, 554, 4751, 340, 302, 35559, 2346, 355, 262, 5136, 286, 11302, 6168, 11, 20252, 262, 5609, 2476, 329, 42554, 1973, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 3176, 2594, 13, 198, 464, 327, 9865, 373, 11, 290, 4477, 284, 307, 11, 281, 1593, 6133, 284, 262, 42554, 286, 25091, 13, 2293, 11065, 257, 2168, 286, 35385, 3519, 10233, 290, 6427, 26420, 11, 290, 706, 1762, 329, 257, 5288, 2278, 1626, 262, 35385, 17420, 11, 340, 318, 1744, 284, 307, 7018, 284, 281, 22669, 286, 262, 22086, 1068, 5136, 286, 5018, 364, 13, 383, 7475, 7125, 9865, 2555, 284, 10176, 284, 1854, 262, 1998, 290, 8233, 5423, 286, 262, 1486, 1453, 13, 198, 818, 262, 938, 734, 4647, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 11, 262, 11302, 6168, 17420, 25289, 2383, 1487, 13, 26702, 6341, 14434, 2405, 422, 8611, 25921, 14667, 2263, 290, 20983, 6712, 656, 1619, 425, 27736, 286, 6308, 3176, 2594, 13, 1629, 262, 976, 640, 11, 3224, 13357, 373, 5495, 656, 262, 1342, 6308, 5107, 286, 11754, 13, 968, 4896, 3186, 4166, 13, 4037, 9604, 2627, 517, 3716, 13, 9626, 452, 2929, 2627, 1695, 284, 19859, 2526, 11, 393, 287, 617, 2663, 284, 47366, 2526, 13, 383, 36640, 1022, 6308, 6341, 11, 4896, 6341, 11, 2615, 14515, 11, 5096, 2706, 290, 584, 3176, 2594, 6712, 2627, 38258, 13, 37931, 3508, 19370, 276, 511, 898, 2594, 351, 3224, 16069, 286, 2594, 4438, 416, 584, 6712, 13, 632, 2627, 1744, 284, 15959, 477, 2476, 329, 3176, 2594, 832, 530, 3176, 9901, 13, 198, 464, 327, 9865, 2622, 284, 3031, 284, 2458, 287, 262, 2831, 13, 554, 12113, 11, 663, 4708, 26420, 547, 6692, 284, 290, 7019, 515, 416, 44352, 8808, 13, 4377, 3710, 6427, 262, 26420, 2672, 284, 18188, 7125, 9865, 3722, 318, 783, 11343, 257, 347, 3351, 7, 39, 684, 8, 287, 3176, 2594, 11, 27840, 3255, 262, 8233, 5423, 8793, 416, 4708, 25091, 13, 198, 8888, 262, 327, 9865, 3769, 10902, 3756, 284, 24751, 287, 477, 3006, 286, 262, 3176, 2594, 2831, 11, 290, 340, 468, 257, 5761, 284, 307, 257, 1524, 286, 9604, 326, 318, 20915, 329, 262, 25230, 290, 23082, 286, 663, 2837, 286, 24751, 13, 198, 818, 3090, 284, 4955, 3707, 11, 262, 327, 9865, 635, 1618, 2696, 3814, 453, 1912, 2995, 284, 7139, 1866, 284, 1111, 3127, 290, 1394, 450, 260, 459, 286, 13312, 1626, 511, 7032, 286, 1393, 13, 198, 464, 10154, 286, 428, 2708, 318, 11971, 422, 7324, 13, 31266, 13, 2398, 739, 262, 22961, 3232, 43925, 13789, 13, 6914, 994, 284, 766, 262, 13245, 4866, 290, 6634, 3307, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

476

Printer friendly version Lightweight True Random Number Generators A Step Closer 17 September 2010 Queen's University, Belfast The widespread use of true random number generators (TRNGs) has taken a step closer following the creation of the most lightweight designs to date by researchers at Queen’s University Belfast’s Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (ECIT). Members of the Institute’s cryptography research team have produced a series of circuits that are up to 50 per cent smaller than anything else currently available. Optimised for digital circuits, FPGA and ASIC, they push efficiency to the limit by using just one logic gate, one look-up table and four transistors respectively. TRNGs are essential for IT security because virtually any security application relies on unpredictable numbers such as cryptographic keys. Current systems however are either too expensive or are not fast enough for many applications. That is why more nimble pseudo-random number generators are in widespread use even though the sequences they generate can be detected under certain types of attack, making them much less secure. The approach of ECIT researchers Jiang Wu and Dr Máire O’Neill has been to use the white noise inside the circuit to generate the randomness, effectively simulating the toss of a coin. To do this, they developed a new mechanism to measure the noise and generate the random output. “The most challenging part of the work was to find the new mechanism that can effectively sample the noise,” said Wu. “True random number generators have been extensively studied in recent years; many very efficient designs based on different noise measurement mechanisms have been proposed. It was not clear if more efficient designs were even possible. After investigating several candidates, finally we found a successful one.” The next step is to find ways of making the generators sufficiently robust to be embedded in devices such as mobile phones, smartcards and RFID tags, and – where they are used for security applications - to secure them from attack and develop appropriate countermeasures. Other related work currently underway at ECIT includes designs for highly efficient physical unclonable functions (PUFs). These authenticate individual chips by extracting and identifying – but without revealing - their unique fingerprints which can then be used in a variety of security applications.

[ 6836, 3849, 8030, 2196, 198, 15047, 6551, 6407, 14534, 7913, 2980, 2024, 317, 5012, 1012, 13416, 198, 1558, 2693, 3050, 198, 32466, 338, 2059, 11, 29713, 198, 464, 10095, 779, 286, 2081, 4738, 1271, 27298, 357, 5446, 10503, 82, 8, 468, 2077, 257, 2239, 5699, 1708, 262, 6282, 286, 262, 749, 18700, 9824, 284, 3128, 416, 4837, 379, 7542, 447, 247, 82, 2059, 29713, 447, 247, 82, 5136, 286, 27828, 11, 14620, 290, 6188, 8987, 357, 2943, 2043, 737, 198, 25341, 286, 262, 5136, 447, 247, 82, 45898, 2267, 1074, 423, 4635, 257, 2168, 286, 24907, 326, 389, 510, 284, 2026, 583, 1247, 4833, 621, 1997, 2073, 3058, 1695, 13, 30011, 1417, 329, 4875, 24907, 11, 376, 6968, 32, 290, 48445, 11, 484, 4574, 9332, 284, 262, 4179, 416, 1262, 655, 530, 9156, 8946, 11, 530, 804, 12, 929, 3084, 290, 1440, 1007, 46334, 8148, 13, 198, 5446, 10503, 82, 389, 6393, 329, 7283, 2324, 780, 9826, 597, 2324, 3586, 16507, 319, 22900, 3146, 884, 355, 40705, 8251, 13, 9236, 3341, 2158, 389, 2035, 1165, 5789, 393, 389, 407, 3049, 1576, 329, 867, 5479, 13, 1320, 318, 1521, 517, 299, 34477, 24543, 12, 25120, 1271, 27298, 389, 287, 10095, 779, 772, 996, 262, 16311, 484, 7716, 460, 307, 12326, 739, 1728, 3858, 286, 1368, 11, 1642, 606, 881, 1342, 5713, 13, 198, 464, 3164, 286, 13182, 2043, 4837, 32294, 18027, 290, 1583, 337, 6557, 557, 440, 447, 247, 26538, 468, 587, 284, 779, 262, 2330, 7838, 2641, 262, 10349, 284, 7716, 262, 4738, 1108, 11, 6840, 985, 8306, 262, 12153, 286, 257, 10752, 13, 1675, 466, 428, 11, 484, 4166, 257, 649, 9030, 284, 3953, 262, 7838, 290, 7716, 262, 4738, 5072, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 749, 9389, 636, 286, 262, 670, 373, 284, 1064, 262, 649, 9030, 326, 460, 6840, 6291, 262, 7838, 11, 447, 251, 531, 18027, 13, 198, 447, 250, 17821, 4738, 1271, 27298, 423, 587, 20823, 9713, 287, 2274, 812, 26, 867, 845, 6942, 9824, 1912, 319, 1180, 7838, 15558, 11701, 423, 587, 5150, 13, 632, 373, 407, 1598, 611, 517, 6942, 9824, 547, 772, 1744, 13, 2293, 10240, 1811, 5871, 11, 3443, 356, 1043, 257, 4388, 530, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 1306, 2239, 318, 284, 1064, 2842, 286, 1642, 262, 27298, 17338, 12373, 284, 307, 14553, 287, 4410, 884, 355, 5175, 9512, 11, 4451, 27761, 290, 20445, 2389, 15940, 11, 290, 784, 810, 484, 389, 973, 329, 2324, 5479, 532, 284, 5713, 606, 422, 1368, 290, 1205, 5035, 3753, 47336, 13, 198, 6395, 3519, 670, 3058, 17715, 379, 13182, 2043, 3407, 9824, 329, 4047, 6942, 3518, 555, 565, 261, 540, 5499, 357, 5105, 42388, 737, 2312, 8323, 5344, 1981, 12014, 416, 37895, 290, 13720, 784, 475, 1231, 13477, 532, 511, 3748, 34290, 543, 460, 788, 307, 973, 287, 257, 4996, 286, 2324, 5479, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

472

Population Guide: Dairy How Many Is Too Many? An effective control program keeps horn fly levels to fewer than 50 per animal. This at-a-glance-guide will help you easily evaluate the effect that horn flies currently have on your herd. Keep these other assessment tips in mind, too. - The horn fly is charcoal gray and approximately five millimeters long (half the size of a typical house fly). - Adult horn flies are located on the backs of cattle, often clustering on the midline and spreading down the sides. Sometimes, they settle around the base of cattle horns. When the weather is hot, they may move onto the animals' undersides. - It's easiest to make the most accurate estimate in the morning, when horn flies are on the upper sides of the cows. |Average to Below||Unacceptable|

[ 45251, 10005, 25, 46579, 198, 2437, 4650, 1148, 14190, 4650, 30, 198, 2025, 4050, 1630, 1430, 7622, 12718, 6129, 2974, 284, 7380, 621, 2026, 583, 5044, 13, 770, 379, 12, 64, 12, 4743, 590, 12, 41311, 481, 1037, 345, 3538, 13446, 262, 1245, 326, 12718, 17607, 3058, 423, 319, 534, 27638, 13, 9175, 777, 584, 8922, 9040, 287, 2000, 11, 1165, 13, 198, 12, 383, 12718, 6129, 318, 33512, 12768, 290, 6702, 1936, 3939, 31551, 890, 357, 13959, 262, 2546, 286, 257, 7226, 2156, 6129, 737, 198, 12, 21171, 12718, 17607, 389, 5140, 319, 262, 12983, 286, 17025, 11, 1690, 32966, 1586, 319, 262, 3095, 1370, 290, 14342, 866, 262, 5389, 13, 8975, 11, 484, 12259, 1088, 262, 2779, 286, 17025, 26771, 13, 1649, 262, 6193, 318, 3024, 11, 484, 743, 1445, 4291, 262, 4695, 6, 14584, 1460, 13, 198, 12, 632, 338, 16638, 284, 787, 262, 749, 7187, 8636, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 618, 12718, 17607, 389, 319, 262, 6727, 5389, 286, 262, 22575, 13, 198, 91, 26287, 284, 10383, 15886, 3118, 16037, 91, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

176

by Jos Van der Poel Down’s syndrome is a genetic disorder (in stead of two these persons have three chromosomes 21) that besides a number of physical characteristics leads to intellectual impairment. It occurs in one out of every 1.000 births. Life expectancy of people with Down’s syndrome has increased substantially over the last century: about 50 % of them will reach the age of 60. Because of the trisomie 21 people with Down’s syndrome have an overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein. Amyloid is the main ingredient of the plaques, which are found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Symptoms and course Not all persons with Down’s syndrome show evidence of cognitive deterioration or other clinical evidence of dementia even after extended periods of observation. Clinical symptoms at first are increasing depression, indifference and a decline in social communication. Later symptoms are: seizures in previously unaffected persons, changes in personality, loss of memory and general functions, long periods of inactivity or apathy, hyperactive reflexes, loss of activity of daily skills, visual retention deficits, loss of speech, disorientation, increase in stereotyped behaviour and abnormal neurological signs. Especially for brothers and sisters who are confronted with the responsibility for (the care of) their sibling with Down’s syndrome when their parents have died. It is distressing when this person develops Alzheimer’s disease at a relatively young age. Not only are they loosing the person they (often) love very much, but the burden of care gets heavier. Causes and risk factors In Down’s syndrome the development of Alzheimer’s disease seems to be linked directly to the overexposure to APP. The ApoE2 gene seems to have a protective effect in Down’s syndrome too, but whether ApoE4 increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in Down’s syndrome is not clear yet. Men and women seem to be equally susceptible. Down’s syndrome originates in an extra copy of chromosome 21. At least 36 % of the people with Down’s syndrome aged 50 – 59 years and 65 % aged 60 and older are affected by dementia. Brain changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease are found in 96 % of all adults with Down’s syndrome. Diagnosing dementia in people with Down’s syndrome is very difficult, as the dementia symptoms are often masked by the existing intellectual impairment. Several screening and evaluation procedures have been developed. These evaluations must be performed at select intervals, thus comparing with the person’s previous score. Definitive diagnosis is only available after death. Care and treatment Because of limited personel in small scale living settings for people with an intellectual impairment, persons with dementia often have to move (back) to an institution for mentally retarded people. Research has shown that donepezil (Aricept®) has a positive though not significant effect. Ongoing research/Clinical trials Erasmus University Rotterdam (Evenhuis HM) - Beer EFG de; De effecten van donepezil bij Downsyndroom; Down + Up 2003; 62 - Lott IT, Head E; Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: a link between development and aging; Ment Ret Dev Dis 2001; 7 - Visser FE; Down en Alzheimer in perspectief; dissertation 1996 - Down’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease; Briefing North West Training & Development Team (1995) - Dementia an Intellectual Disabilities; Fact sheet Alzheimer’s Disease International (s.a.) Last Updated: vendredi 09 octobre 2009

[ 1525, 22568, 6656, 4587, 7695, 417, 198, 8048, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 318, 257, 8513, 8967, 357, 259, 7978, 286, 734, 777, 6506, 423, 1115, 42742, 2310, 8, 326, 13769, 257, 1271, 286, 3518, 9695, 5983, 284, 9028, 23992, 13, 198, 1026, 8833, 287, 530, 503, 286, 790, 352, 13, 830, 27244, 13, 5155, 29098, 286, 661, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 468, 3220, 13788, 625, 262, 938, 4289, 25, 546, 2026, 4064, 286, 606, 481, 3151, 262, 2479, 286, 3126, 13, 4362, 286, 262, 491, 271, 296, 494, 2310, 661, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 423, 281, 43656, 42372, 2234, 286, 262, 716, 2645, 1868, 34826, 7532, 13, 1703, 2645, 1868, 318, 262, 1388, 18734, 286, 262, 458, 46806, 11, 543, 389, 1043, 287, 262, 14290, 286, 661, 351, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 13, 198, 43094, 35533, 290, 1781, 198, 3673, 477, 6506, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 905, 2370, 286, 10870, 38495, 393, 584, 8668, 2370, 286, 27886, 772, 706, 7083, 9574, 286, 13432, 13, 198, 2601, 32352, 7460, 379, 717, 389, 3649, 8862, 11, 34324, 290, 257, 7794, 287, 1919, 6946, 13, 11450, 7460, 389, 25, 24715, 287, 4271, 35290, 6506, 11, 2458, 287, 8806, 11, 2994, 286, 4088, 290, 2276, 5499, 11, 890, 9574, 286, 287, 21797, 393, 2471, 10036, 11, 8718, 5275, 24133, 274, 11, 2994, 286, 3842, 286, 4445, 4678, 11, 5874, 21545, 22729, 11, 2994, 286, 4046, 11, 595, 13989, 341, 11, 2620, 287, 29248, 276, 9172, 290, 18801, 30232, 5895, 13, 198, 48464, 329, 9397, 290, 15153, 508, 389, 16675, 351, 262, 5798, 329, 357, 1169, 1337, 286, 8, 511, 33423, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 618, 511, 3397, 423, 3724, 13, 632, 318, 1233, 11697, 618, 428, 1048, 21126, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 379, 257, 5365, 1862, 2479, 13, 1892, 691, 389, 484, 2376, 2752, 262, 1048, 484, 357, 28950, 8, 1842, 845, 881, 11, 475, 262, 10538, 286, 1337, 3011, 20140, 13, 198, 24334, 2664, 290, 2526, 5087, 198, 818, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 262, 2478, 286, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 2331, 284, 307, 6692, 3264, 284, 262, 43656, 87, 26205, 284, 43504, 13, 383, 5949, 78, 36, 17, 9779, 2331, 284, 423, 257, 14153, 1245, 287, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 1165, 11, 475, 1771, 5949, 78, 36, 19, 5732, 262, 2526, 286, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 287, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 318, 407, 1598, 1865, 13, 6065, 290, 1466, 1283, 284, 307, 8603, 22084, 13, 198, 8048, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 8159, 689, 287, 281, 3131, 4866, 286, 34348, 2310, 13, 198, 2953, 1551, 4570, 4064, 286, 262, 661, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 9722, 2026, 784, 7863, 812, 290, 6135, 4064, 9722, 3126, 290, 4697, 389, 5676, 416, 27886, 13, 14842, 2458, 3917, 351, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 389, 1043, 287, 9907, 4064, 286, 477, 6490, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 13, 198, 18683, 4660, 2752, 27886, 287, 661, 351, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 14027, 318, 845, 2408, 11, 355, 262, 27886, 7460, 389, 1690, 29229, 416, 262, 4683, 9028, 23992, 13, 12168, 14135, 290, 12660, 9021, 423, 587, 4166, 13, 2312, 34109, 1276, 307, 6157, 379, 2922, 20016, 11, 4145, 14176, 351, 262, 1048, 447, 247, 82, 2180, 4776, 13, 46634, 13669, 318, 691, 1695, 706, 1918, 13, 198, 17784, 290, 3513, 198, 8128, 286, 3614, 1048, 417, 287, 1402, 5046, 2877, 6460, 329, 661, 351, 281, 9028, 23992, 11, 6506, 351, 27886, 1690, 423, 284, 1445, 357, 1891, 8, 284, 281, 9901, 329, 14946, 34445, 661, 13, 4992, 468, 3402, 326, 1760, 46057, 346, 357, 3163, 501, 457, 7461, 8, 468, 257, 3967, 996, 407, 2383, 1245, 13, 198, 46, 782, 40519, 2267, 14, 2601, 32352, 9867, 198, 9139, 8597, 385, 2059, 18481, 353, 11043, 357, 6104, 13415, 271, 25904, 8, 198, 12, 16971, 412, 30386, 390, 26, 1024, 1245, 268, 5719, 1760, 46057, 346, 275, 2926, 5588, 1837, 358, 3823, 26, 5588, 1343, 3205, 5816, 26, 8190, 198, 12, 406, 1252, 7283, 11, 7123, 412, 26, 5588, 14027, 290, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 25, 257, 2792, 1022, 2478, 290, 14736, 26, 31879, 4990, 6245, 3167, 5878, 26, 767, 198, 12, 569, 747, 263, 18630, 26, 5588, 551, 22434, 287, 6009, 2086, 26, 46793, 8235, 198, 12, 5588, 447, 247, 82, 27109, 290, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 17344, 26, 22821, 278, 2258, 2688, 13614, 1222, 7712, 4816, 357, 21908, 8, 198, 12, 360, 972, 544, 281, 42443, 3167, 5738, 26, 19020, 9629, 22434, 447, 247, 82, 17344, 4037, 357, 82, 13, 64, 2014, 198, 5956, 19433, 25, 10817, 445, 72, 7769, 19318, 672, 260, 3717, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

775

In 1621, the Plymouth colonists and Wampanoag Indians shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations in the colonies. For more than two centuries, days of thanksgiving were celebrated by individual colonies and states. It wasn't until October 1777 that all 13 colonies celebrated day of Thanksgiving. The very first national day of Thanksgiving was held in 1789, when President George Washington proclaimed Thursday, Nov. 26, to be "a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness." Though a national day of Thanksgiving was declared in 1789, Thanksgiving was not an annual celebration. We owe the modern concept of Thanksgiving to poet and editor, Sarah Josepha Hale. Hale wrote the famous nursery rhyme, "Mary Had a Little Lamb," and was editor of "Godey's Lady's Book." She spent 40 years advocating for a national, annual Thanksgiving holiday. In the years leading up to the Civil War, she saw the holiday as a way to infuse hope and belief in the nation and the constitution. So, when the United States was torn in half during the Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln was searching for a way to bring the nation together, he discussed the matter with Hale. On Oct. 3, 1863, Lincoln issued a Thanksgiving Proclamation that declared the last Thursday in November (based on Washington's date) to be a day of "thanksgiving and praise." For the first time, Thanksgiving became a national, annual holiday with a specific date. For 75 years after Lincoln issued his Thanksgiving Proclamation, succeeding presidents honored the tradition and annually issued their own Thanksgiving Proclamation, declaring the last Thursday in November as the day of Thanksgiving. However, in 1939, during the Great Depression, the date of Thanksgiving was scheduled to be Nov. 30. Retailers complained to President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) that this only left 24 shopping days to Christmas and begged him to push Thanksgiving just one week earlier. It was determined that most people do their Christmas shopping after Thanksgiving and retailers hope that with an extra week of shopping, people would buy more. When FDR announced his Thanksgiving Proclamation in 1939, he declared the date of Thanksgiving to be Thursday, Nov. 23, the second-to-last Thursday of the month. The new date for Thanksgiving caused a lot of confusion. Calendars were now incorrect. Schools who had planned vacations and tests now had to reschedule. Thanksgiving had been a big day for football games, as it is today, so the game schedule had to be examined. Before 1939, governors followed the president in officially proclaiming the same day as Thanksgiving for their state. In 1939, many governors did not agree with FDR's decision to change the date and refused to follow him. The country became split on which Thanksgiving they should observe. Twenty-three states followed FDR's change. Twenty-three other states disagreed with FDR and kept the traditional date for Thanksgiving. Two states, Colorado and Texas, decided to honor both dates. This idea of two Thanksgiving days split some families because not everyone had the same day off work. Did it work? The answer was no. Businesses reported that the spending was approximately the same but the distribution of the shopping was changed. For those states who celebrated the earlier Thanksgiving date, the shopping was evenly distributed throughout the season. For those states that kept the traditional date, businesses experienced a bulk of shopping in the last week before Christmas. In 1940, FDR again announced Thanksgiving to be the second-to-last Thursday of the month. This time, 31 states followed him with the earlier date and 17 kept the traditional date. Confusion over two Thanksgivings continued. Lincoln established the Thanksgiving holiday to bring the country together, but the confusion over the date change was tearing it apart. On Dec. 26, 1941, Congress passed a law declaring that Thanksgiving would occur every year on the fourth Thursday of November.

[ 818, 1467, 2481, 11, 262, 42125, 43430, 290, 370, 696, 5733, 363, 12746, 4888, 281, 23608, 13222, 26951, 326, 318, 10810, 1909, 355, 530, 286, 262, 717, 21494, 22861, 287, 262, 20848, 13, 1114, 517, 621, 734, 10675, 11, 1528, 286, 5176, 13992, 547, 13943, 416, 1981, 20848, 290, 2585, 13, 198, 1026, 2492, 470, 1566, 3267, 1596, 3324, 326, 477, 1511, 20848, 13943, 1110, 286, 21494, 13, 198, 464, 845, 717, 2260, 1110, 286, 21494, 373, 2714, 287, 1596, 4531, 11, 618, 1992, 4502, 2669, 25546, 3635, 11, 5267, 13, 2608, 11, 284, 307, 366, 64, 1110, 286, 1171, 5176, 13992, 290, 11443, 284, 307, 6515, 416, 25937, 351, 14066, 11954, 262, 867, 6737, 23866, 286, 33987, 1793, 2592, 416, 1527, 1284, 606, 281, 3663, 4167, 1346, 284, 4474, 257, 1296, 286, 1230, 329, 511, 3747, 290, 12157, 526, 198, 10915, 257, 2260, 1110, 286, 21494, 373, 6875, 287, 1596, 4531, 11, 21494, 373, 407, 281, 5079, 14395, 13, 198, 1135, 19059, 262, 3660, 3721, 286, 21494, 284, 21810, 290, 5464, 11, 10490, 7212, 64, 35056, 13, 35056, 2630, 262, 5863, 41326, 40005, 1326, 11, 366, 24119, 11161, 257, 7703, 21114, 553, 290, 373, 5464, 286, 366, 38, 1098, 88, 338, 11182, 338, 4897, 526, 1375, 3377, 2319, 812, 24950, 329, 257, 2260, 11, 5079, 21494, 9912, 13, 198, 818, 262, 812, 3756, 510, 284, 262, 7511, 1810, 11, 673, 2497, 262, 9912, 355, 257, 835, 284, 1167, 1904, 2911, 290, 4901, 287, 262, 3277, 290, 262, 11784, 13, 1406, 11, 618, 262, 1578, 1829, 373, 12445, 287, 2063, 1141, 262, 7511, 1810, 290, 1992, 16660, 12406, 373, 10342, 329, 257, 835, 284, 2222, 262, 3277, 1978, 11, 339, 6693, 262, 2300, 351, 35056, 13, 198, 2202, 2556, 13, 513, 11, 47072, 11, 12406, 4884, 257, 21494, 1041, 20931, 326, 6875, 262, 938, 3635, 287, 3389, 357, 3106, 319, 2669, 338, 3128, 8, 284, 307, 257, 1110, 286, 366, 27547, 13992, 290, 13463, 526, 198, 1890, 262, 717, 640, 11, 21494, 2627, 257, 2260, 11, 5079, 9912, 351, 257, 2176, 3128, 13, 198, 1890, 5441, 812, 706, 12406, 4884, 465, 21494, 1041, 20931, 11, 34195, 19033, 21014, 262, 6761, 290, 13844, 4884, 511, 898, 21494, 1041, 20931, 11, 18684, 262, 938, 3635, 287, 3389, 355, 262, 1110, 286, 21494, 13, 198, 4864, 11, 287, 24414, 11, 1141, 262, 3878, 22483, 11, 262, 3128, 286, 21494, 373, 7530, 284, 307, 5267, 13, 1542, 13, 198, 9781, 603, 364, 13832, 284, 1992, 14021, 360, 13, 19297, 357, 37, 7707, 8, 326, 428, 691, 1364, 1987, 9735, 1528, 284, 6786, 290, 32946, 683, 284, 4574, 21494, 655, 530, 1285, 2961, 13, 632, 373, 5295, 326, 749, 661, 466, 511, 6786, 9735, 706, 21494, 290, 16167, 2911, 326, 351, 281, 3131, 1285, 286, 9735, 11, 661, 561, 2822, 517, 13, 198, 2215, 47700, 3414, 465, 21494, 1041, 20931, 287, 24414, 11, 339, 6875, 262, 3128, 286, 21494, 284, 307, 3635, 11, 5267, 13, 2242, 11, 262, 1218, 12, 1462, 12, 12957, 3635, 286, 262, 1227, 13, 198, 464, 649, 3128, 329, 21494, 4073, 257, 1256, 286, 10802, 13, 2199, 44942, 547, 783, 11491, 13, 20357, 508, 550, 6027, 48695, 290, 5254, 783, 550, 284, 581, 2395, 5950, 13, 21494, 550, 587, 257, 1263, 1110, 329, 4346, 1830, 11, 355, 340, 318, 1909, 11, 523, 262, 983, 7269, 550, 284, 307, 11068, 13, 198, 8421, 24414, 11, 26824, 3940, 262, 1893, 287, 8720, 46431, 262, 976, 1110, 355, 21494, 329, 511, 1181, 13, 554, 24414, 11, 867, 26824, 750, 407, 4236, 351, 47700, 338, 2551, 284, 1487, 262, 3128, 290, 6520, 284, 1061, 683, 13, 383, 1499, 2627, 6626, 319, 543, 21494, 484, 815, 12414, 13, 198, 34096, 12, 15542, 2585, 3940, 47700, 338, 1487, 13, 22381, 12, 15542, 584, 2585, 27884, 351, 47700, 290, 4030, 262, 4569, 3128, 329, 21494, 13, 4930, 2585, 11, 7492, 290, 3936, 11, 3066, 284, 7522, 1111, 9667, 13, 198, 1212, 2126, 286, 734, 21494, 1528, 6626, 617, 4172, 780, 407, 2506, 550, 262, 976, 1110, 572, 670, 13, 198, 11633, 340, 670, 30, 198, 464, 3280, 373, 645, 13, 7320, 274, 2098, 326, 262, 4581, 373, 6702, 262, 976, 475, 262, 6082, 286, 262, 9735, 373, 3421, 13, 198, 1890, 883, 2585, 508, 13943, 262, 2961, 21494, 3128, 11, 262, 9735, 373, 21894, 9387, 3690, 262, 1622, 13, 1114, 883, 2585, 326, 4030, 262, 4569, 3128, 11, 5692, 5924, 257, 11963, 286, 9735, 287, 262, 938, 1285, 878, 6786, 13, 198, 818, 16236, 11, 47700, 757, 3414, 21494, 284, 307, 262, 1218, 12, 1462, 12, 12957, 3635, 286, 262, 1227, 13, 770, 640, 11, 3261, 2585, 3940, 683, 351, 262, 2961, 3128, 290, 1596, 4030, 262, 4569, 3128, 13, 7326, 4241, 625, 734, 6930, 70, 452, 654, 3767, 13, 198, 43, 11690, 4920, 262, 21494, 9912, 284, 2222, 262, 1499, 1978, 11, 475, 262, 10802, 625, 262, 3128, 1487, 373, 24447, 340, 5475, 13, 1550, 4280, 13, 2608, 11, 23234, 11, 3162, 3804, 257, 1099, 18684, 326, 21494, 561, 3051, 790, 614, 319, 262, 5544, 3635, 286, 3389, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

843

Identifying Hurdles to Renewable Electricity Transmission SOURCE: AP/Thanassis Stavrakis This article contains a correction. Download this report (pdf) The next administration will face an extensive list of simultaneous policy challenges, not least of which include an international financial crisis, two wars abroad, and the growing climate crisis. While President Barack Obama navigates which issues and policies to prioritize, an essential element of our nation’s economic recovery must be investing in a clean energy economy in order to create jobs and spur economic growth and prosperity, while at the same time fighting global warming and addressing national security. This report seeks to highlight the multiple challenges and opportunities for action to vastly increase our nation’s renewable energy generation and connect this clean energy to the grid via advanced electrical transmission construction. Identifying the significant, but by no means insurmountable, obstacles to implementing this vision is the first step toward designing policy solutions that enable investments to not only significantly reduce our nation’s global warming emissions but also to put us on a path to a clean energy future. Our electricity grid is an integral but often overlooked element in the shift to a low-carbon economy. The current grid configuration cannot handle the growth in electricity demand expected over the next few decades unless we act quickly to modernize it. Grid modernization must be compatible with scaling up renewable energy generation, including the ability to incorporate intermittent renewable electricity generation, and carrying renewable power to city centers, which in many cases will require long-distance transmission. Additional important modernization efforts also include grid expansion, improved connectivity between different U.S. regions, increased efficiency of electricity transmission, improved security to ensure reliable supply of electricity, and adoption of smart grid technologies. The electricity grid in the United States is often heralded as one of the world’s first great technological achievements in modern history. The grid pioneered national access to electricity and spurred prosperity, and it now represents a central piece of economic and societal infrastructure. But nearly a century after grid construction began, no major updates have occurred. In a recent publication, the Department of Energy frames the issue well: If Alexander Bell were to see his original invention—the telephone—today, he would be blown away by the progress of telecommunications. In stark contrast, not much has changed for electricity distribution and technologies since Thomas Edison’s time. Currently, the United States derives only 2 to 3 percent of its electricity from renewable sources, excluding hydropower. A national Renewable Portfolio Standard, or RPS—which sets a target percentage of renewable energy generation by a certain year—would dramatically increase this percentage and can serve as an important step toward establishing a low-carbon economy and combating global warming. President-elect Obama has endorsed a national RPS of 10 percent by 2012 and 25 percent by 2025. In the absence of federal leadership, 27 states and the District of Columbia have established state-level RPS requirements, and six additional states have explicit renewable electricity goals. Thus, about 70 percent of the U.S. population is currently under a renewable electricity mandate or goal. Reaching the target set by any type of renewable portfolio standard requires grid modernization and new transmission, yet how to proceed is a contentious and difficult policy challenge. A timely example is unfolding in Minnesota, where Xcel Energy and other regional utilities are working on a project called CapX 2020 to add more than 700 miles of new transmission in order to help meet the state RPS. The project is encountering a variety of obstacles, which reveal the difficulty that scaling up renewable electricity production is likely to face. Implementation hurdles to CapX 2020 and other projects include environmental, public, and political concerns, siting authority, permit approval procedures, and environmental impact assessments. We will explore these issues here and briefly discuss other challenges that must be addressed, such as a qualified workforce, grid access, and cost recovery for new construction. Even though new construction of renewable energy facilities and transmission lines offers significant environmental benefits—including reducing greenhouse gas emissions—any new construction risks facing public opposition for aesthetic, economic, or environmental reasons. Typical objections include charges that new construction obstructs views, reduces property values, and could harm endangered species and habitats. One project that faced widespread public opposition is the offshore wind farm called Cape Wind in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the Nantucket Sound. The project was first proposed in 2001 and its developer spent years fighting public claims that the farm would be a visual sore, negatively affect tourism to the region, and threaten birds, bottom-dwelling fish species, and boat navigation. This type of opposition is frequently called the not-in-my-backyard syndrome, or NIMBY, which describes a common tendency for people to favor a project until it directly affects them. Six years after Cape Wind was proposed, in January 2008, the U.S. Minerals Management Service completed an environmental impact statement and approved the wind farm, concluding it would not have a significant, lasting effect on wildlife, tourism, or navigation. Efforts must be made to both integrate the public’s concern and expedite such decision-making processes. The opportunities to modernize the grid and the added urgency to combat global warming highlight the need to act quickly. Involving constituents early in the decision-making process can help temper public opposition to renewable energy infrastructure. Working with different constituencies so that they understand the energy and global warming challenge and the employment and economic growth opportunities associated with clean energy infrastructure can generate greater support for these projects, too. One successful case study is the western United States. Both the Western Governors’ Association and individual states like Colorado have aggressively pursued initiatives to expand renewable energy capacity on the grid. This year the WGA launched the Western Renewable Energy Zones Project to expedite the development and delivery of clean and renewable energy, and last year Colorado passed legislation (SB 100) requiring utilities to identify renewable energy resources and plan transmission lines to harness those resources. To accomplish these projects, WGA and Colorado have embarked on thorough stakeholder processes to ensure that invested voices have the opportunity to be heard. As a result, the West is making notable progress toward constructing the necessary renewable energy transmission infrastructure. In contrast, Pennsylvania and surrounding Mid-Atlantic states have seen opposition erupt over a transmission corridor designation, mainly due to the lack of sufficient consultation with the public and with state and local authorities. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires the Secretary of Energy to designate National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors, or NIETCs, in areas experiencing electricity transmission constraints or congestion. The law also grants the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission backstop eminent domain authority to grant permits for interstate transmission lines if a transmission developer is not able to site a line at the state level after a year or under certain other conditions, and the line is in an NIETC. Eminent domain authority allows the federal government to bypass or override state or local decisions on electricity transmission siting in the name of national interest, even when facing objections from states, localities, or private property owners. With this authority, the federal government has identified two NIETC corridors, one in the Southwest consisting of parts of Southern California and Western Arizona and the other in the Mid-Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic NIETC spans large parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, and has also drawn significant opposition. In Pennsylvania, the NIETC encompasses 50 of the state’s 67 counties, and includes historic sites, agricultural land, protected habitats, and national parks. During the public comment period, over 2,000 replies were submitted expressing concern over the corridor, and the extent of land incorporated caused Governor Ed Rendell to describe the designation “so broad as to be meaningless.” At least 14 senators representing Mid-Atlantic states are also opposed to the corridor. No fewer than three bills have been introduced in Congress to repeal or modify the federal government’s eminent domain authority in response to the Mid-Atlantic NIETC’s designation. These examples shed light on a hurdle to new transmission and generation: The conflict over federal versus state jurisdiction over new transmission projects and authority over siting decisions. Navigating this question is proving to be politically contentious and time-consuming. Another pending conflict is in the Southwest, where Southern California Edison has launched a pre-filing consultation process with FERC in an effort to build a new transmission line between Arizona and Southern California after failing to reach agreement about this new line with Arizona. There is still much to be done to facilitate work between federal and state authorities to determine new transmission corridors. This is especially important in light of the increasing demand for new transmission to meet new electricity demand, stabilize the grid, and facilitate connecting renewable electricity to the grid. Permit Approval Procedures Another hurdle to siting renewable energy infrastructure is that permit criterion, application, and review processes are inconsistent across municipalities, counties, states, and the federal government. Efforts must be ramped up to develop an integrated strategy for working across jurisdictions and federal agencies to ensure swift and comprehensive review and permitting. A wind farm proposal, for example, could fall to any one of eight federal agencies, but there is no streamlined process for coordinated action. Developing greater coordination across agencies and between state and federal government will be critical in order to reach ambitious goals for renewable energy penetration in our electrical supply. In the three years since the Energy Policy Act of 2005 encouraged renewable energy development on federal land, the Bureau of Land Management has yet to approve a single concentrated solar or solar PV facility. Additionally, during the summer of 2008, the BLM attempted to entirely freeze solar applications on BLM-managed land until it could sort out its environmental assessment. However, the agency’s attempted moratorium was met with fervent protest and the decision was reversed within months. Another example occured in October 2008, when the Department of Interior announced it compiled a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for geothermal applications on federally owned or managed land; however, the Environmental Protection Agency has raised concerns about groundwater and air quality impacts regarding the PEIS. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires coordinated effort by the secretaries of agriculture, commerce, defense, energy, and interior, in consultation with FERC, other governments, industries, and other interested parties to designate energy corridors for oil, gas, and hydrogen pipelines as well as electricity transmission and distribution facilities on federal lands, in part in an to attempt to reduce federal siting hurdles experienced by energy developers. Recently, the federal government designated the West-wide energy corridor, which stretches across 11 states and covers nearly 3 million acres. Western states that the corridor affects have made recent attempts to prioritize renewable energy generation and transmission, such as through the Western Renewable Energy Zones Project. The West-wide designation has met with public opposition because of claims it should have given greater prioritization to renewable electricity, and that the involved federal agencies did not adequately consult regional or local entities before creating the energy corridors on protected federal lands, such as New Mexico’s Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Utah’s Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, and Arches National Park. This experience makes it clear that there are many priorities to consider as we develop our nation’s energy resources. While difficult choices between conflicting priorities will continue to arise, there will also be opportunities to address these challenges as efforts to scale up renewable energy proceed. One of the goals of new renewable energy infrastructure and supporting electrical grid investments to connect areas of high renewable energy potential to regions of the country with the greatest demand is to advance the environmental goal of reducing our nation’s greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a shift to a low-carbon economy. The Center for American Progress has argued that federal permitting of new projects that require environmental impact statements under the National Environmental Policy Act should not only consider greenhouse gas emissions resulting from those projects, but also the projected impacts of global warming on these projects to ensure responsible spending of taxpayer dollars. Thus, when weighed against high-carbon energy development projects, renewable projects should be accelerated given global warming considerations. Yet new construction and development invariably have environmental impacts, and environmental review is indispensable to understand a project’s impact on natural habitats and wildlife, endangered species, water supply, water quality, and air quality. Decisions must be considered given regulation set by the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Water Act, among others. Recently the Environmental Protection Agency warned that the evaluation drafted by the Interior Department—the PEIS mentioned above—does not adequately consider geothermal energy’s effect on water quality. In the millions of acres identified by the DOI for geothermal development, there are 23 aquifers that people depend on for drinking water. Before moving forward on a large scale, the EPA argues we need a concrete understanding of if and how much water supply could be depleted (particularly in the West). Still, the environmental impact of renewable energy is estimated to be far less than that of fossil fuels, particularly in terms of water withdrawal and land disturbance. Renewable electricity-generating technologies are estimated to use tens of billions of gallons less water than thermoelectric power plants. Coal mining is estimated to disrupt 400,000 hectares of U.S. land each year. In contrast, a Department of Energy scenario that sketches how to acquire 20 percent of our nation’s electricity from wind power by 2030 suggests that wind farms would cause a one-time disruption of 100,000 to 250,000 hectares. That is, if they cannot be sited on previously disturbed lands, such as “brownfield” sites. California has expressed a preference for siting new renewable energy generation on brownfield sites because reusing the land reduces environmental degradation, and the California Energy Commission wishes to see environmental criterion that weighs this benefit. A qualified workforce, grid access, and the question of cost recovery are additional challenges to address. Despite the political interest, enthusiasm, and necessity to revamp our energy and electricity infrastructure, we have not yet adequately invested in facilitating a ramped-up clean energy and transmission workforce, including engineers, manufacturers, and construction workers. A 2006 study by the National Renewable Energy Lab identified the shortage of skills and training as a leading non-technical barrier causing a bottleneck in the future growth of the renewable energy and energy-efficiency industries. This growing skills shortage is occurring even as the American Public Power Association reports that half of current utility workers will retire within the next decade. Policymakers must work to remedy this shortfall through comprehensive low-carbon energy and workforce training programs. We have the opportunity to create a truly national electricity grid that facilitates renewable energy access. Currently, we do not have one, large grid; we have three, separate regional grids called Interconnects—the Western Interconnect, the Eastern Interconnect, and the Texas Interconnect. The current capacity to transmit electricity across interconnects is very limited. Therefore the grid’s current structure prohibits states with abundant solar or wind energy from transmitting large amounts of this power between interconnects, a technical barrier to transporting electricity to where it could be most needed. Ensuring renewable energy access to transmission infrastructure—existing infrastructure as well as new transmission lines—is another imperative. Part of this challenge requires load integration between renewable and traditional sources. Because renewable electricity is an emerging market with fresh actors, certain energy providers have yet to prioritize renewable electricity and are in the process of learning the best techniques to integrate renewable energy, especially since it is often an intermittent source. Yet transmission lines are in high demand, and new transmission networks also need to be built out. As the example of the West-wide corridor illustrates, renewable energy still needs to emerge as a priority in planning stages so that it is not disadvantaged in terms of accessing transmission capacity. Finally, utilities, developers, and policymakers have to decide how to distribute costs and create a plan to pay for renewable energy transmission infrastructure. Should electricity ratepayers who benefit see a slight increase in prices, or should a renewable energy-compatible overhaul be something that taxpayers help fund in the greater interest of their state, region, or nation? Here, too, we may need innovation and a national approach to problem solving. Traditional strategies for rate recovery allocate the costs of new projects to those rate payers who benefit, but this regional allocation of costs may not be sufficient when the benefits of improved reliability and greater use of clean energy are benefits that accrue to the nation at large, or the scope of the benefits is much larger than any single utility or service area. In these cases, there may be strong reasons for a federal commitment to take on the costs of upgrading our electrical infrastructure to provide a truly national clean energy network. Regardless of the ultimate resolution of this question, it is a near certainty that innovative financing and policy tools will be important moving forward. Our economy is in trouble, and a massive investment in clean energy must be part of the solution. We are in need of major investments to rejuvenate communities, create new markets and growing industries, and create jobs rebuilding our infrastructure. At the same time we also need to take significant steps to reduce our nation’s greenhouse gas emissions. America’s electricity grid is a vulnerable intersection of our national security interests and our energy and economic security as well, yet it can be a tremendous source of inspiration for America’s spirit of innovation, and a good way to invest in a more prosperous future. A clean energy economy is not only better for the environment, but it is also more modern, more efficient, safer, and enables tremendous cost savings for American workers and their employers. As the Obama administration sets its priorities, it must take a close look at new renewable electricity generation and the advanced transmission that will be required to take wind, solar, and geothermal to a national scale. As the administration lays new plans for infrastructure, government at all stages must be engaged in finding new solutions and new opportunities for collaboration to meet our shared national interest in building a green, prosperous, and vibrant low-carbon economy. Special thanks to Bracken Hendricks and Benjamin Goldstein. Download this report (pdf) Read more about our energy policy on the Energy and Environment page. To speak with our experts on this topic, please contact: Print: Katie Peters (economy, education, health care, gun-violence prevention) 202.741.6285 or [email protected] Print: Anne Shoup (foreign policy and national security, energy, LGBT issues) 202.481.7146 or [email protected] Print: Crystal Patterson (immigration) 202.478.6350 or [email protected] Print: Madeline Meth (women's issues, poverty, Legal Progress) 202.741.6277 or [email protected] Print: Tanya Arditi (Spanish language and ethnic media) 202.741.6258 or [email protected] TV: Lindsay Hamilton 202.483.2675 or [email protected] Radio: Madeline Meth 202.741.6277 or [email protected] Web: Andrea Peterson 202.481.8119 or [email protected]

[ 33234, 4035, 367, 2799, 829, 284, 29479, 540, 42048, 41653, 198, 47690, 25, 3486, 14, 817, 272, 20297, 520, 615, 17716, 271, 198, 1212, 2708, 4909, 257, 17137, 13, 198, 10002, 428, 989, 357, 12315, 8, 198, 464, 1306, 3662, 481, 1986, 281, 7667, 1351, 286, 29526, 2450, 6459, 11, 407, 1551, 286, 543, 2291, 281, 3230, 3176, 4902, 11, 734, 9976, 10522, 11, 290, 262, 3957, 4258, 4902, 13, 2893, 1992, 8732, 2486, 20436, 689, 543, 2428, 290, 4788, 284, 32980, 11, 281, 6393, 5002, 286, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 3034, 7628, 1276, 307, 14771, 287, 257, 3424, 2568, 3773, 287, 1502, 284, 2251, 3946, 290, 26724, 3034, 3349, 290, 19519, 11, 981, 379, 262, 976, 640, 4330, 3298, 9917, 290, 13593, 2260, 2324, 13, 198, 1212, 989, 12932, 284, 7238, 262, 3294, 6459, 290, 6443, 329, 2223, 284, 22056, 2620, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 15713, 2568, 5270, 290, 2018, 428, 3424, 2568, 284, 262, 10706, 2884, 6190, 12278, 11478, 5103, 13, 11440, 4035, 262, 2383, 11, 475, 416, 645, 1724, 49741, 14948, 540, 11, 17648, 284, 15427, 428, 5761, 318, 262, 717, 2239, 3812, 18492, 2450, 8136, 326, 7139, 11115, 284, 407, 691, 5566, 4646, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 3298, 9917, 8971, 475, 635, 284, 1234, 514, 319, 257, 3108, 284, 257, 3424, 2568, 2003, 13, 198, 5122, 8744, 10706, 318, 281, 19287, 475, 1690, 21655, 5002, 287, 262, 6482, 284, 257, 1877, 12, 29255, 3773, 13, 383, 1459, 10706, 8398, 2314, 5412, 262, 3349, 287, 8744, 3512, 2938, 625, 262, 1306, 1178, 4647, 4556, 356, 719, 2952, 284, 3660, 1096, 340, 13, 24846, 49400, 1276, 307, 11670, 351, 20796, 510, 15713, 2568, 5270, 11, 1390, 262, 2694, 284, 19330, 38361, 15713, 8744, 5270, 11, 290, 6872, 15713, 1176, 284, 1748, 10399, 11, 543, 287, 867, 2663, 481, 2421, 890, 12, 30246, 11478, 13, 15891, 1593, 49400, 4040, 635, 2291, 10706, 7118, 11, 6596, 19843, 1022, 1180, 471, 13, 50, 13, 7652, 11, 3220, 9332, 286, 8744, 11478, 11, 6596, 2324, 284, 4155, 9314, 5127, 286, 8744, 11, 290, 12695, 286, 4451, 10706, 8514, 13, 198, 464, 8744, 10706, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 318, 1690, 28783, 276, 355, 530, 286, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 717, 1049, 14614, 16970, 287, 3660, 2106, 13, 383, 10706, 43185, 2260, 1895, 284, 8744, 290, 34601, 19519, 11, 290, 340, 783, 6870, 257, 4318, 3704, 286, 3034, 290, 26877, 6884, 13, 887, 3016, 257, 4289, 706, 10706, 5103, 2540, 11, 645, 1688, 5992, 423, 5091, 13, 554, 257, 2274, 9207, 11, 262, 2732, 286, 6682, 13431, 262, 2071, 880, 25, 1002, 10009, 7459, 547, 284, 766, 465, 2656, 14250, 960, 1169, 11426, 960, 40838, 11, 339, 561, 307, 16318, 1497, 416, 262, 4371, 286, 27473, 13, 554, 19278, 6273, 11, 407, 881, 468, 3421, 329, 8744, 6082, 290, 8514, 1201, 5658, 37448, 447, 247, 82, 640, 13, 198, 21327, 11, 262, 1578, 1829, 37453, 691, 362, 284, 513, 1411, 286, 663, 8744, 422, 15713, 4237, 11, 23494, 7409, 1773, 789, 13, 317, 2260, 29479, 540, 4347, 13652, 8997, 11, 393, 371, 3705, 960, 4758, 5621, 257, 2496, 5873, 286, 15713, 2568, 5270, 416, 257, 1728, 614, 960, 19188, 12034, 2620, 428, 5873, 290, 460, 4691, 355, 281, 1593, 2239, 3812, 15010, 257, 1877, 12, 29255, 3773, 290, 40975, 3298, 9917, 13, 1992, 12, 9509, 2486, 468, 17441, 257, 2260, 371, 3705, 286, 838, 1411, 416, 2321, 290, 1679, 1411, 416, 32190, 13, 554, 262, 8889, 286, 2717, 5531, 11, 2681, 2585, 290, 262, 5665, 286, 9309, 423, 4920, 1181, 12, 5715, 371, 3705, 5359, 11, 290, 2237, 3224, 2585, 423, 7952, 15713, 8744, 4661, 13, 6660, 11, 546, 4317, 1411, 286, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3265, 318, 3058, 739, 257, 15713, 8744, 14598, 393, 3061, 13, 198, 3041, 8103, 262, 2496, 900, 416, 597, 2099, 286, 15713, 15320, 3210, 4433, 10706, 49400, 290, 649, 11478, 11, 1865, 703, 284, 5120, 318, 257, 27154, 290, 2408, 2450, 4427, 13, 317, 19376, 1672, 318, 34502, 287, 8919, 11, 810, 1395, 5276, 6682, 290, 584, 7915, 20081, 389, 1762, 319, 257, 1628, 1444, 4476, 55, 12131, 284, 751, 517, 621, 13037, 4608, 286, 649, 11478, 287, 1502, 284, 1037, 1826, 262, 1181, 371, 3705, 13, 383, 1628, 318, 42398, 257, 4996, 286, 17648, 11, 543, 7766, 262, 8722, 326, 20796, 510, 15713, 8744, 3227, 318, 1884, 284, 1986, 13, 198, 3546, 32851, 34283, 284, 4476, 55, 12131, 290, 584, 4493, 2291, 6142, 11, 1171, 11, 290, 1964, 4786, 11, 1650, 278, 4934, 11, 8749, 7546, 9021, 11, 290, 6142, 2928, 21837, 13, 775, 481, 7301, 777, 2428, 994, 290, 11589, 2112, 584, 6459, 326, 1276, 307, 9469, 11, 884, 355, 257, 10617, 16433, 11, 10706, 1895, 11, 290, 1575, 7628, 329, 649, 5103, 13, 198, 6104, 996, 649, 5103, 286, 15713, 2568, 7291, 290, 11478, 3951, 4394, 2383, 6142, 4034, 960, 8201, 8868, 16325, 3623, 8971, 960, 1092, 649, 5103, 7476, 6476, 1171, 5471, 329, 19713, 11, 3034, 11, 393, 6142, 3840, 13, 48752, 21954, 2291, 4530, 326, 649, 5103, 26520, 82, 5009, 11, 12850, 3119, 3815, 11, 290, 714, 4419, 22700, 4693, 290, 35308, 13, 198, 3198, 1628, 326, 7452, 10095, 1171, 5471, 318, 262, 18479, 2344, 5318, 1444, 15725, 3086, 287, 15725, 18720, 11, 10140, 11, 287, 262, 399, 415, 38811, 9506, 13, 383, 1628, 373, 717, 5150, 287, 5878, 290, 663, 8517, 3377, 812, 4330, 1171, 3667, 326, 262, 5318, 561, 307, 257, 5874, 19597, 11, 22533, 2689, 19277, 284, 262, 3814, 11, 290, 16180, 10087, 11, 4220, 12, 67, 4053, 278, 5916, 4693, 11, 290, 8848, 16408, 13, 770, 2099, 286, 5471, 318, 6777, 1444, 262, 407, 12, 259, 12, 1820, 12, 1891, 9413, 14027, 11, 393, 399, 3955, 17513, 11, 543, 8477, 257, 2219, 13542, 329, 661, 284, 2661, 257, 1628, 1566, 340, 3264, 10975, 606, 13, 9699, 812, 706, 15725, 3086, 373, 5150, 11, 287, 3269, 3648, 11, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 29295, 874, 8549, 4809, 5668, 281, 6142, 2928, 2643, 290, 6325, 262, 2344, 5318, 11, 31083, 340, 561, 407, 423, 257, 2383, 11, 15727, 1245, 319, 15599, 11, 19277, 11, 393, 16408, 13, 27848, 2096, 1276, 307, 925, 284, 1111, 19386, 262, 1171, 447, 247, 82, 2328, 290, 13604, 578, 884, 2551, 12, 8601, 7767, 13, 198, 464, 6443, 284, 3660, 1096, 262, 10706, 290, 262, 2087, 25615, 284, 5249, 3298, 9917, 7238, 262, 761, 284, 719, 2952, 13, 10001, 10890, 22573, 1903, 287, 262, 2551, 12, 8601, 1429, 460, 1037, 4124, 1171, 5471, 284, 15713, 2568, 6884, 13, 14594, 351, 1180, 43742, 523, 326, 484, 1833, 262, 2568, 290, 3298, 9917, 4427, 290, 262, 7184, 290, 3034, 3349, 6443, 3917, 351, 3424, 2568, 6884, 460, 7716, 3744, 1104, 329, 777, 4493, 11, 1165, 13, 198, 3198, 4388, 1339, 2050, 318, 262, 8830, 1578, 1829, 13, 5747, 262, 4885, 40056, 447, 247, 5396, 290, 1981, 2585, 588, 7492, 423, 19855, 19189, 15446, 284, 4292, 15713, 2568, 5339, 319, 262, 10706, 13, 770, 614, 262, 370, 9273, 5611, 262, 4885, 29479, 540, 6682, 1168, 1952, 4935, 284, 13604, 578, 262, 2478, 290, 7585, 286, 3424, 290, 15713, 2568, 11, 290, 938, 614, 7492, 3804, 5520, 357, 16811, 1802, 8, 10616, 20081, 284, 5911, 15713, 2568, 4133, 290, 1410, 11478, 3951, 284, 19356, 883, 4133, 13, 1675, 9989, 777, 4493, 11, 370, 9273, 290, 7492, 423, 36385, 319, 9321, 10171, 13829, 7767, 284, 4155, 326, 13356, 10839, 423, 262, 3663, 284, 307, 2982, 13, 1081, 257, 1255, 11, 262, 2688, 318, 1642, 12411, 4371, 3812, 30580, 262, 3306, 15713, 2568, 11478, 6884, 13, 554, 6273, 11, 9589, 290, 7346, 7215, 12, 41120, 2585, 423, 1775, 5471, 17866, 625, 257, 11478, 20749, 22566, 11, 8384, 2233, 284, 262, 3092, 286, 6751, 18103, 351, 262, 1171, 290, 351, 1181, 290, 1957, 4773, 13, 198, 464, 6682, 7820, 2191, 286, 5075, 4433, 262, 4986, 286, 6682, 284, 32781, 2351, 12033, 13944, 41653, 2744, 6058, 669, 11, 393, 24947, 2767, 32274, 11, 287, 3006, 13456, 8744, 11478, 17778, 393, 28014, 13, 383, 1099, 635, 11455, 262, 5618, 6682, 38018, 4513, 736, 11338, 37820, 7386, 4934, 284, 7264, 13892, 329, 33078, 11478, 3951, 611, 257, 11478, 8517, 318, 407, 1498, 284, 2524, 257, 1627, 379, 262, 1181, 1241, 706, 257, 614, 393, 739, 1728, 584, 3403, 11, 290, 262, 1627, 318, 287, 281, 24947, 2767, 34, 13, 412, 19669, 7386, 4934, 3578, 262, 2717, 1230, 284, 17286, 393, 20957, 1181, 393, 1957, 5370, 319, 8744, 11478, 1650, 278, 287, 262, 1438, 286, 2260, 1393, 11, 772, 618, 6476, 21954, 422, 2585, 11, 1957, 871, 11, 393, 2839, 3119, 4393, 13, 2080, 428, 4934, 11, 262, 2717, 1230, 468, 5174, 734, 24947, 2767, 34, 32807, 11, 530, 287, 262, 24320, 17747, 286, 3354, 286, 8050, 3442, 290, 4885, 7943, 290, 262, 584, 287, 262, 7215, 12, 41120, 13, 198, 464, 7215, 12, 41120, 24947, 2767, 34, 32727, 1588, 3354, 286, 968, 1971, 11, 9589, 11, 19603, 11, 290, 10769, 11, 290, 468, 635, 7428, 2383, 5471, 13, 554, 9589, 11, 262, 24947, 2767, 34, 38932, 2026, 286, 262, 1181, 447, 247, 82, 8275, 14683, 11, 290, 3407, 9566, 5043, 11, 14240, 1956, 11, 6861, 35308, 11, 290, 2260, 14860, 13, 5856, 262, 1171, 2912, 2278, 11, 625, 362, 11, 830, 20616, 547, 8948, 16621, 2328, 625, 262, 20749, 11, 290, 262, 6287, 286, 1956, 16560, 4073, 10807, 1717, 28703, 695, 284, 6901, 262, 22566, 564, 250, 568, 3154, 355, 284, 307, 24513, 13, 447, 251, 1629, 1551, 1478, 15469, 10200, 7215, 12, 41120, 2585, 389, 635, 6886, 284, 262, 20749, 13, 1400, 7380, 621, 1115, 9024, 423, 587, 5495, 287, 3162, 284, 14634, 393, 13096, 262, 2717, 1230, 447, 247, 82, 37820, 7386, 4934, 287, 2882, 284, 262, 7215, 12, 41120, 24947, 2767, 34, 447, 247, 82, 22566, 13, 198, 4711, 6096, 14999, 1657, 319, 257, 36633, 284, 649, 11478, 290, 5270, 25, 383, 5358, 625, 2717, 9051, 1181, 12934, 625, 649, 11478, 4493, 290, 4934, 625, 1650, 278, 5370, 13, 13244, 29129, 428, 1808, 318, 17742, 284, 307, 11889, 27154, 290, 640, 12, 35873, 13, 6023, 13310, 5358, 318, 287, 262, 24320, 11, 810, 8050, 3442, 37448, 468, 5611, 257, 662, 12, 69, 4386, 18103, 1429, 351, 376, 47691, 287, 281, 3626, 284, 1382, 257, 649, 11478, 1627, 1022, 7943, 290, 8050, 3442, 706, 9894, 284, 3151, 4381, 546, 428, 649, 1627, 351, 7943, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 991, 881, 284, 307, 1760, 284, 15570, 670, 1022, 2717, 290, 1181, 4773, 284, 5004, 649, 11478, 32807, 13, 770, 318, 2592, 1593, 287, 1657, 286, 262, 3649, 3512, 329, 649, 11478, 284, 1826, 649, 8744, 3512, 11, 32411, 262, 10706, 11, 290, 15570, 14320, 15713, 8744, 284, 262, 10706, 13, 198, 5990, 2781, 20010, 2100, 43698, 198, 6610, 36633, 284, 1650, 278, 15713, 2568, 6884, 318, 326, 8749, 34054, 11, 3586, 11, 290, 2423, 7767, 389, 18326, 1973, 29364, 11, 14683, 11, 2585, 11, 290, 262, 2717, 1230, 13, 27848, 2096, 1276, 307, 10454, 276, 510, 284, 1205, 281, 11521, 4811, 329, 1762, 1973, 25281, 290, 2717, 5942, 284, 4155, 14622, 290, 9815, 2423, 290, 29256, 13, 317, 2344, 5318, 6961, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 714, 2121, 284, 597, 530, 286, 3624, 2717, 5942, 11, 475, 612, 318, 645, 39673, 1429, 329, 22080, 2223, 13, 6013, 278, 3744, 19877, 1973, 5942, 290, 1022, 1181, 290, 2717, 1230, 481, 307, 4688, 287, 1502, 284, 3151, 14742, 4661, 329, 15713, 2568, 23271, 287, 674, 12278, 5127, 13, 198, 818, 262, 1115, 812, 1201, 262, 6682, 7820, 2191, 286, 5075, 10085, 15713, 2568, 2478, 319, 2717, 1956, 11, 262, 9840, 286, 6379, 8549, 468, 1865, 284, 14762, 257, 2060, 17298, 6591, 393, 6591, 31392, 6841, 13, 12032, 11, 1141, 262, 3931, 286, 3648, 11, 262, 45188, 7482, 284, 5000, 16611, 6591, 5479, 319, 45188, 12, 39935, 1956, 1566, 340, 714, 3297, 503, 663, 6142, 8922, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 4086, 447, 247, 82, 7482, 41772, 373, 1138, 351, 28866, 298, 5402, 290, 262, 2551, 373, 17687, 1626, 1933, 13, 198, 6610, 1672, 1609, 1522, 287, 3267, 3648, 11, 618, 262, 2732, 286, 19614, 3414, 340, 14102, 257, 6118, 13849, 13272, 17677, 21983, 329, 4903, 49723, 5479, 319, 33710, 6898, 393, 5257, 1956, 26, 2158, 11, 262, 13272, 9985, 7732, 468, 4376, 4786, 546, 34573, 290, 1633, 3081, 12751, 5115, 262, 18468, 1797, 13, 198, 464, 6682, 7820, 2191, 286, 5075, 4433, 22080, 3626, 416, 262, 49431, 286, 14510, 11, 19497, 11, 3761, 11, 2568, 11, 290, 11087, 11, 287, 18103, 351, 376, 47691, 11, 584, 6905, 11, 11798, 11, 290, 584, 4609, 4671, 284, 32781, 2568, 32807, 329, 3056, 11, 3623, 11, 290, 17669, 31108, 355, 880, 355, 8744, 11478, 290, 6082, 7291, 319, 2717, 8604, 11, 287, 636, 287, 281, 284, 2230, 284, 4646, 2717, 1650, 278, 34283, 5924, 416, 2568, 6505, 13, 23413, 11, 262, 2717, 1230, 11032, 262, 2688, 12, 4421, 2568, 20749, 11, 543, 23687, 1973, 1367, 2585, 290, 8698, 3016, 513, 1510, 16051, 13, 4885, 2585, 326, 262, 20749, 10975, 423, 925, 2274, 6370, 284, 32980, 15713, 2568, 5270, 290, 11478, 11, 884, 355, 832, 262, 4885, 29479, 540, 6682, 1168, 1952, 4935, 13, 198, 464, 2688, 12, 4421, 22566, 468, 1138, 351, 1171, 5471, 780, 286, 3667, 340, 815, 423, 1813, 3744, 19086, 1634, 284, 15713, 8744, 11, 290, 326, 262, 2950, 2717, 5942, 750, 407, 22668, 5725, 7915, 393, 1957, 12066, 878, 4441, 262, 2568, 32807, 319, 6861, 2717, 8604, 11, 884, 355, 968, 5828, 447, 247, 82, 1001, 2991, 1616, 64, 2351, 18006, 22433, 11, 10202, 447, 247, 82, 5675, 520, 958, 7442, 12, 47051, 282, 12427, 2351, 33075, 11, 290, 943, 2052, 2351, 3250, 13, 770, 1998, 1838, 340, 1598, 326, 612, 389, 867, 15369, 284, 2074, 355, 356, 1205, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 2568, 4133, 13, 2893, 2408, 7747, 1022, 24916, 15369, 481, 2555, 284, 15058, 11, 612, 481, 635, 307, 6443, 284, 2209, 777, 6459, 355, 4040, 284, 5046, 510, 15713, 2568, 5120, 13, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 4661, 286, 649, 15713, 2568, 6884, 290, 6493, 12278, 10706, 11115, 284, 2018, 3006, 286, 1029, 15713, 2568, 2785, 284, 7652, 286, 262, 1499, 351, 262, 6000, 3512, 318, 284, 5963, 262, 6142, 3061, 286, 8868, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 16325, 3623, 8971, 290, 284, 15570, 257, 6482, 284, 257, 1877, 12, 29255, 3773, 13, 383, 3337, 329, 1605, 18387, 468, 7189, 326, 2717, 29256, 286, 649, 4493, 326, 2421, 6142, 2928, 6299, 739, 262, 2351, 13272, 7820, 2191, 815, 407, 691, 2074, 16325, 3623, 8971, 7186, 422, 883, 4493, 11, 475, 635, 262, 13301, 12751, 286, 3298, 9917, 319, 777, 4493, 284, 4155, 4497, 4581, 286, 14776, 5054, 13, 6660, 11, 618, 20261, 1028, 1029, 12, 29255, 2568, 2478, 4493, 11, 15713, 4493, 815, 307, 23312, 1813, 3298, 9917, 18506, 13, 6430, 649, 5103, 290, 2478, 31338, 423, 6142, 12751, 11, 290, 6142, 2423, 318, 35669, 284, 1833, 257, 1628, 447, 247, 82, 2928, 319, 3288, 35308, 290, 15599, 11, 22700, 4693, 11, 1660, 5127, 11, 1660, 3081, 11, 290, 1633, 3081, 13, 4280, 3279, 1276, 307, 3177, 1813, 9001, 900, 416, 262, 5268, 19041, 28540, 2191, 290, 262, 5985, 5638, 2191, 11, 1871, 1854, 13, 198, 24661, 262, 13272, 9985, 7732, 7728, 326, 262, 12660, 15937, 416, 262, 19614, 2732, 960, 1169, 18468, 1797, 4750, 2029, 960, 22437, 407, 22668, 2074, 4903, 49723, 2568, 447, 247, 82, 1245, 319, 1660, 3081, 13, 554, 262, 5242, 286, 16051, 5174, 416, 262, 40722, 329, 4903, 49723, 2478, 11, 612, 389, 2242, 14839, 361, 364, 326, 661, 4745, 319, 329, 7722, 1660, 13, 7413, 3867, 2651, 319, 257, 1588, 5046, 11, 262, 10193, 11673, 356, 761, 257, 10017, 4547, 286, 611, 290, 703, 881, 1660, 5127, 714, 307, 34069, 357, 31722, 287, 262, 2688, 737, 198, 9590, 11, 262, 6142, 2928, 286, 15713, 2568, 318, 6108, 284, 307, 1290, 1342, 621, 326, 286, 12584, 18017, 11, 3573, 287, 2846, 286, 1660, 15220, 290, 1956, 30497, 13, 29479, 540, 8744, 12, 8612, 803, 8514, 389, 6108, 284, 779, 11192, 286, 13188, 286, 23239, 1342, 1660, 621, 21969, 2577, 801, 1173, 1176, 6134, 13, 12896, 9691, 318, 6108, 284, 10114, 7337, 11, 830, 43025, 286, 471, 13, 50, 13, 1956, 1123, 614, 13, 554, 6273, 11, 257, 2732, 286, 6682, 8883, 326, 34035, 703, 284, 12831, 1160, 1411, 286, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 8744, 422, 2344, 1176, 416, 25054, 5644, 326, 2344, 15893, 561, 2728, 257, 530, 12, 2435, 19911, 286, 1802, 11, 830, 284, 8646, 11, 830, 43025, 13, 1320, 318, 11, 611, 484, 2314, 307, 264, 863, 319, 4271, 24069, 8604, 11, 884, 355, 564, 250, 33282, 3245, 447, 251, 5043, 13, 3442, 468, 6241, 257, 12741, 329, 1650, 278, 649, 15713, 2568, 5270, 319, 7586, 3245, 5043, 780, 302, 3500, 262, 1956, 12850, 6142, 27486, 11, 290, 262, 3442, 6682, 4513, 12802, 284, 766, 6142, 34054, 326, 24034, 428, 4414, 13, 198, 32, 10617, 16433, 11, 10706, 1895, 11, 290, 262, 1808, 286, 1575, 7628, 389, 3224, 6459, 284, 2209, 13, 198, 8332, 262, 1964, 1393, 11, 17131, 11, 290, 14564, 284, 2710, 696, 674, 2568, 290, 8744, 6884, 11, 356, 423, 407, 1865, 22668, 13356, 287, 36045, 257, 10454, 276, 12, 929, 3424, 2568, 290, 11478, 16433, 11, 1390, 12037, 11, 11372, 11, 290, 5103, 3259, 13, 317, 4793, 2050, 416, 262, 2351, 29479, 540, 6682, 3498, 5174, 262, 18772, 286, 4678, 290, 3047, 355, 257, 3756, 1729, 12, 47944, 13054, 6666, 257, 49936, 287, 262, 2003, 3349, 286, 262, 15713, 2568, 290, 2568, 12, 45888, 11798, 13, 770, 3957, 4678, 18772, 318, 14963, 772, 355, 262, 1605, 5094, 4333, 5396, 3136, 326, 2063, 286, 1459, 10361, 3259, 481, 8058, 1626, 262, 1306, 5707, 13, 7820, 6620, 1276, 670, 284, 21210, 428, 41688, 832, 9815, 1877, 12, 29255, 2568, 290, 16433, 3047, 4056, 13, 198, 1135, 423, 262, 3663, 284, 2251, 257, 4988, 2260, 8744, 10706, 326, 42699, 15713, 2568, 1895, 13, 16888, 11, 356, 466, 407, 423, 530, 11, 1588, 10706, 26, 356, 423, 1115, 11, 4553, 7915, 50000, 1444, 4225, 8443, 82, 960, 1169, 4885, 4225, 8443, 11, 262, 8345, 4225, 8443, 11, 290, 262, 3936, 4225, 8443, 13, 383, 1459, 5339, 284, 21937, 8744, 1973, 987, 8443, 82, 318, 845, 3614, 13, 8447, 262, 10706, 447, 247, 82, 1459, 4645, 24059, 2585, 351, 23263, 6591, 393, 2344, 2568, 422, 39573, 1588, 6867, 286, 428, 1176, 1022, 987, 8443, 82, 11, 257, 6276, 13054, 284, 32331, 8744, 284, 810, 340, 714, 307, 749, 2622, 13, 198, 4834, 82, 870, 15713, 2568, 1895, 284, 11478, 6884, 960, 25687, 6884, 355, 880, 355, 649, 11478, 3951, 960, 271, 1194, 23602, 13, 2142, 286, 428, 4427, 4433, 3440, 11812, 1022, 15713, 290, 4569, 4237, 13, 4362, 15713, 8744, 318, 281, 11823, 1910, 351, 4713, 10544, 11, 1728, 2568, 9549, 423, 1865, 284, 32980, 15713, 8744, 290, 389, 287, 262, 1429, 286, 4673, 262, 1266, 7605, 284, 19386, 15713, 2568, 11, 2592, 1201, 340, 318, 1690, 281, 38361, 2723, 13, 6430, 11478, 3951, 389, 287, 1029, 3512, 11, 290, 649, 11478, 7686, 635, 761, 284, 307, 3170, 503, 13, 1081, 262, 1672, 286, 262, 2688, 12, 4421, 20749, 21290, 11, 15713, 2568, 991, 2476, 284, 14740, 355, 257, 8475, 287, 5410, 9539, 523, 326, 340, 318, 407, 36327, 287, 2846, 286, 22534, 11478, 5339, 13, 198, 11158, 11, 20081, 11, 6505, 11, 290, 29484, 423, 284, 5409, 703, 284, 14983, 3484, 290, 2251, 257, 1410, 284, 1414, 329, 15713, 2568, 11478, 6884, 13, 10358, 8744, 2494, 45773, 508, 4414, 766, 257, 3731, 2620, 287, 4536, 11, 393, 815, 257, 15713, 2568, 12, 38532, 18708, 307, 1223, 326, 14086, 1037, 1814, 287, 262, 3744, 1393, 286, 511, 1181, 11, 3814, 11, 393, 3277, 30, 3423, 11, 1165, 11, 356, 743, 761, 11044, 290, 257, 2260, 3164, 284, 1917, 18120, 13, 198, 48485, 10064, 329, 2494, 7628, 31935, 262, 3484, 286, 649, 4493, 284, 883, 2494, 1414, 364, 508, 4414, 11, 475, 428, 7915, 20157, 286, 3484, 743, 407, 307, 6751, 618, 262, 4034, 286, 6596, 17843, 290, 3744, 779, 286, 3424, 2568, 389, 4034, 326, 697, 24508, 284, 262, 3277, 379, 1588, 11, 393, 262, 8354, 286, 262, 4034, 318, 881, 4025, 621, 597, 2060, 10361, 393, 2139, 1989, 13, 554, 777, 2663, 11, 612, 743, 307, 1913, 3840, 329, 257, 2717, 7901, 284, 1011, 319, 262, 3484, 286, 25485, 674, 12278, 6884, 284, 2148, 257, 4988, 2260, 3424, 2568, 3127, 13, 22250, 286, 262, 8713, 6323, 286, 428, 1808, 11, 340, 318, 257, 1474, 18979, 326, 13097, 15435, 290, 2450, 4899, 481, 307, 1593, 3867, 2651, 13, 198, 5122, 3773, 318, 287, 5876, 11, 290, 257, 4858, 4896, 287, 3424, 2568, 1276, 307, 636, 286, 262, 4610, 13, 775, 389, 287, 761, 286, 1688, 11115, 284, 46834, 378, 5348, 11, 2251, 649, 5939, 290, 3957, 11798, 11, 290, 2251, 3946, 25448, 674, 6884, 13, 1629, 262, 976, 640, 356, 635, 761, 284, 1011, 2383, 4831, 284, 4646, 674, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 16325, 3623, 8971, 13, 198, 18165, 447, 247, 82, 8744, 10706, 318, 257, 8826, 16246, 286, 674, 2260, 2324, 5353, 290, 674, 2568, 290, 3034, 2324, 355, 880, 11, 1865, 340, 460, 307, 257, 12465, 2723, 286, 12141, 329, 2253, 447, 247, 82, 4437, 286, 11044, 11, 290, 257, 922, 835, 284, 1325, 287, 257, 517, 32757, 2003, 13, 317, 3424, 2568, 3773, 318, 407, 691, 1365, 329, 262, 2858, 11, 475, 340, 318, 635, 517, 3660, 11, 517, 6942, 11, 14178, 11, 290, 13536, 12465, 1575, 10653, 329, 1605, 3259, 290, 511, 11390, 13, 1081, 262, 2486, 3662, 5621, 663, 15369, 11, 340, 1276, 1011, 257, 1969, 804, 379, 649, 15713, 8744, 5270, 290, 262, 6190, 11478, 326, 481, 307, 2672, 284, 1011, 2344, 11, 6591, 11, 290, 4903, 49723, 284, 257, 2260, 5046, 13, 1081, 262, 3662, 26614, 649, 3352, 329, 6884, 11, 1230, 379, 477, 9539, 1276, 307, 7953, 287, 4917, 649, 8136, 290, 649, 6443, 329, 12438, 284, 1826, 674, 4888, 2260, 1393, 287, 2615, 257, 4077, 11, 32757, 11, 290, 21266, 1877, 12, 29255, 3773, 13, 198, 13409, 5176, 284, 1709, 441, 268, 42476, 290, 14533, 45655, 13, 198, 10002, 428, 989, 357, 12315, 8, 198, 5569, 517, 546, 674, 2568, 2450, 319, 262, 6682, 290, 9344, 2443, 13, 198, 2514, 2740, 351, 674, 6154, 319, 428, 7243, 11, 3387, 2800, 25, 198, 18557, 25, 24721, 15722, 357, 13926, 88, 11, 3707, 11, 1535, 1337, 11, 2485, 12, 37502, 14196, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 22, 3901, 13, 21, 26279, 393, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 18557, 25, 15397, 911, 10486, 357, 38823, 2450, 290, 2260, 2324, 11, 2568, 11, 9916, 2428, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 40271, 13, 22, 20964, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 198, 18557, 25, 12969, 27042, 357, 47620, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 29059, 13, 5066, 1120, 393, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 18557, 25, 4627, 4470, 39675, 357, 25878, 338, 2428, 11, 8098, 11, 16027, 18387, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 22, 3901, 13, 21, 27019, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 198, 18557, 25, 309, 34183, 943, 5266, 72, 357, 43584, 3303, 290, 9450, 2056, 8, 198, 19004, 13, 22, 3901, 13, 21, 25600, 393, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 6849, 25, 33127, 11582, 198, 19004, 13, 38783, 13, 2075, 2425, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 198, 26093, 25, 4627, 4470, 39675, 198, 19004, 13, 22, 3901, 13, 21, 27019, 393, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 13908, 25, 23174, 18914, 198, 19004, 13, 40271, 13, 6659, 1129, 393, 3053, 31, 20688, 13, 785, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

3,934

Every generation has to reinvent the practice of computer programming. In the 1950s the key innovations were programming languages such as Fortran and Lisp. The 1960s and '70s saw a crusade to root out "spaghetti code" and replace it with "structured programming." Since the 1980s software development has been dominated by a methodology known as object-oriented programming, or OOP. Now there are signs that OOP may be running out of oomph, and discontented programmers are once again casting about for the next big idea. It's time to look at what might await us in the post-OOP era (apart from an unfortunate acronym). The Tar Pit The architects of the earliest computer systems gave little thought to software. (The very word was still a decade in the future.) Building the machine itself was the serious intellectual challenge; converting mathematical formulas into program statements looked like a routine clerical task. The awful truth came out soon enough. Maurice V. Wilkes, who wrote what may have been the first working computer program, had his personal epiphany in 1949, when "the realization came over me with full force that a good part of the remainder of my life was going to be spent in finding errors in my own programs." Half a century later, we're still debugging. The very first programs were written in pure binary notation: Both data and instructions had to be encoded in long, featureless strings of 1s and 0s. Moreover, it was up to the programmer to keep track of where everything was stored in the machine's memory. Before you could call a subroutine, you had to calculate its address. The technology that lifted these burdens from the programmer was assembly language, in which raw binary codes were replaced by symbols such as load, store, add, sub. The symbols were translated into binary by a program called an assembler, which also calculated addresses. This was the first of many instances in which the computer was recruited to help with its own programming. Assembly language was a crucial early advance, but still the programmer had to keep in mind all the minutiae in the instruction set of a specific computer. Evaluating a short mathematical expression such as x2+y2 might require dozens of assembly-language instructions. Higher-level languages freed the programmer to think in terms of variables and equations rather than registers and addresses. In Fortran, for example, x2+y2 would be written simply as X**2+Y**2. Expressions of this kind are translated into binary form by a program called a compiler. With Fortran and the languages that followed, programmers finally had the tools they needed to get into really serious trouble. By the 1960s large software projects were notorious for being late, overbudget and buggy; soon came the appalling news that the cost of software was overtaking that of hardware. Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., who managed the OS/360 software program at IBM, called large-system programming a "tar pit" and remarked, "Everyone seems to have been surprised by the stickiness of the problem." One response to this crisis was structured programming, a reform movement whose manifesto was Edsger W. Dijkstra's brief letter to the editor titled "Go to statement considered harmful." Structured programs were to be built out of subunits that have a single entrance point and a single exit (eschewing the goto command, which allows jumps into or out of the middle of a routine). Three such constructs were recommended: sequencing (do A, then B, then C), alternation (either do A or do B) and iteration (repeat A until some condition is satisfied). Corrado Böhm and Giuseppe Jacopini proved that these three idioms are sufficient to express essentially all programs. Structured programming came packaged with a number of related principles and imperatives. Top-down design and stepwise refinement urged the programmer to set forth the broad outlines of a procedure first and only later fill in the details. Modularity called for self-contained units with simple interfaces between them. Encapsulation, or data hiding, required that the internal workings of a module be kept private, so that later changes to the module would not affect other areas of the program. All of these ideas have proved their worth and remain a part of software practice today. But they did not rescue programmers from the tar pit. Nouns and Verbs The true history of software development is not a straight line but a meandering river with dozens of branches. Some of the tributaries—functional programming, declarative programming, methods based on formal proofs of correctness—are no less interesting than the mainstream, but here I have room to explore only one channel: object- Consider a program for manipulating simple geometric figures. In a non-OOP environment, you might begin by writing a series of procedures with names such as rotate, scale, reflect, calculate-area, calculate-perimeter. Each of these verblike procedures could be applied to triangles, squares, circles and many other shapes; the figures themselves are nounlike entities embodied in data structures separate from the procedures. For example, a triangle might by represented by an array of three vertices, where each vertex is a pair of x and y coordinates. Applying the rotate procedure to this data structure would alter the coordinates and thereby turn the triangle. What's the matter with this scheme? One likely source of trouble is that the procedures and the data structures are separate but interdependent. If you change your mind about the implementation of triangles—perhaps using a linked list of points instead of an array—you must remember to change all the procedures that might ever be applied to a triangle. Also, choosing different representations for some of the figures becomes awkward. If you describe a circle in terms of a center and a radius rather than a set of vertices, all the procedures have to treat circles as a special case. Yet another pitfall is that the data structures are public property, and the procedures that share them may not always play nicely together. A figure altered by one procedure might no longer be valid input for another. Object-oriented programming addresses these issues by packing both data and procedures—both nouns and verbs—into a single object. An object named triangle would have inside it some data structure representing a three-sided shape, but it would also include the procedures (called methods in this context) for acting on the data. To rotate a triangle, you send a message to the triangle object, telling it to rotate itself. Sending and receiving messages is the only way objects communicate with one another; outsiders are not allowed direct access to the data. Because only the object's own methods know about the internal data structures, it's easier to keep them in sync. This scheme would not have much appeal if every time you wanted to create a triangle, you had to write out all the necessary data structures and methods—but that's not how it works. You define the class triangle just once; individual triangles are created as instances of the class. A mechanism called inheritance takes this idea a step further. You might define a more-general class polygon, which would have triangle as a subclass, along with other subclasses such as quadrilateral, pentagon and hexagon. Some methods would be common to all polygons; one example is the calculation of perimeter, which can be done by adding the lengths of the sides, no matter how many sides there are. If you define the method calculate-perimeter in the class polygon, all the subclasses inherit this code. Object-oriented programming traces its heritage back to simula, a programming language devised in the 1960s by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Some object-oriented ideas were also anticipated by David L. Parnas. And the Sketchpad system of Ivan Sutherland was yet another source of inspiration. The various threads came together when Alan Kay and his colleagues created the Smalltalk language at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s. Within a decade several more object-oriented languages were in use, most notably Bjarne Stroustrup's C++, and later Java. Object-oriented features have also been retrofitted onto older languages, such as Lisp. As OOP has transformed the way programs are written, there has also been a major shift in the nature of the programs themselves. In the software-engineering literature of the 1960s and '70s, example programs tend to have a sausage-grinder structure: Inputs enter at one end, and outputs emerge at the other. An example is a compiler, which transforms source code into machine code. Programs written in this style have not disappeared, but they are no longer the center of attention. The emphasis now is on interactive software with a graphical user interface. Programming manuals for object-oriented languages are all about windows and menus and mouse clicks. In other words, OOP is not just a different solution; it also solves a different problem. Aspects and Objects Most of the post-OOP initiatives do not aim to supplant object-oriented programming; they seek to refine or improve or reinvigorate it. A case in point is aspect-oriented programming, or AOP. The classic challenge in writing object-oriented programs is finding the right decomposition into classes and objects. Returning to the example of a program for playing with geometric figures, a typical instance of the class pentagon might look like this: . But this object is also a pentagon: . And so is this: . To accommodate the differences between these figures, you could introduce subclasses of pentagon—perhaps named convex-pentagon, non-convex-pentagon and five-pointed-star. But then you would have to do the same thing for hexagons, heptagons and so forth, which soon becomes tedious. Moreover, this classification would give you no way to write methods that apply, say, to all convex polygons but to no others. An alternative decomposition would divide the polygon class into convex-polygon and non-convex-polygon, then subdivide the latter class into simple-polygon and self-intersecting-polygon. With this choice, however, you lose the ability to address all five-sided figures as a group. One solution to this quandary is multiple inheritance—allowing a class to have more than one parent. Thus a five-pointed star could be a subclass both of pentagon and of self-intersecting-polygon and could inherit methods from both. The wisdom of this arrangement is a matter of eternal controversy in the OOP community. Aspect-oriented programming takes another approach to dealing with "crosscutting" issues that cannot easily be arranged in a treelike hierarchy. An example in the geometry program might be the need to update a display window every time a figure is moved or modified. The straightforward OOP solution is to have each method that changes the appearance of a figure (such as rotate or scale) send a message to a display-manager object, telling the display what needs to be redrawn. But hundreds of methods could send such messages. Even apart from the boredom of writing the same code over and over, there is the worry that the interface to the display manager might change someday, requiring many methods to be revised. The AOP answer is to isolate the display-update "aspect" of the program in a module of its own. The programmer writes one instance of the code that calls for a display update, along with a specification of all the occasions on which that code is to be invoked—for example, whenever a rotate method is executed. Then even though the text of the rotate method does not mention display updating, the appropriate message is sent at the appropriate time. An AOP system called AspectJ, developed by Gregor Kiczales and a group of colleagues at Xerox PARC, works as an extension of the Java language. AOP is particularly attractive for implementing ubiquitous tasks such as error-handling, the logging of events, and synchronizing multiple threads of execution, which might otherwise be scattered throughout a program. But there are dissenting views. Jörg Kienzle and Rachid Guerraoui report on an attempt to build a transaction- processing system with AspectJ, where the key requirement is that transactions be executed completely or not at all (so that the system cannot debit one account without crediting another). They found it difficult to cleanly isolate this property as an aspect. Surely the most obvious place to look for help with programming a computer is the computer itself. If Fortran can be compiled into machine code, then why not transform some higher-level description or specification directly into a ready-to-run program? This is an old dream. It lives on under names such as generative programming, metaprogramming and intentional programming. In general, fully automatic programming remains beyond our reach, but there is one area where the idea has solid theoretical underpinnings as well as a record of practical success: in the building of compilers. Instead of hand-crafting a compiler for a specific programming language, the common practice is to write a grammar for the language and then generate the compiler with a program called a compiler compiler. (The best-known of these programs is Yacc, which stands for "yet another compiler compiler.") Generative programming would adapt this model to other domains. For example, a program generator for the kind of software that controls printers and other peripheral devices would accept a grammar-like description of the device and produce an appropriately specialized program. Another kind of generator might assemble "protocol stacks" for computer networking. Krzysztof Czarnecki and Ulrich W. Eisenecker compare a generative-programming system to a factory for manufacturing automobiles. Building the factory is more work than building a single car by hand, but the factory can produce thousands of cars. Moreover, if the factory is designed well, it can turn out many different models just by changing the specifications. Likewise generative programming would create families of programs tailored to diverse circumstances but all assembled from similar components. The Quality Without a Name Another new programming methodology draws its inspiration from an unexpected quarter. Although the term "computer architecture" goes back to the dawn of the industry, it was nonetheless a surprise when a band of software designers became disciples of a bricks-and-steel architect, Christopher Alexander. Even Alexander was surprised. Alexander is known for the enigmatic thesis that well-designed buildings and towns must have "the quality without a name." He explains: "The fact that this quality cannot be named does not mean that it is vague or imprecise. It is impossible to name because it is unerringly precise." Does that answer your question? Even if the quality had a name, it's not clear how one would turn it into a prescription for building good houses—or good software. Fortunately, Alexander is more explicit elsewhere in his writings. He urges architects to exploit recurrent patterns observed in both problems and solutions. For the pattern of events labeled "watching the world go by," a good solution is probably going to look something like a front porch. Taken over into the world of software, this approach leads to a catalogue of design patterns for solving specific, recurring problems in object-oriented programming. For example, a pattern named Bridge deals with the problem of setting up communications between two objects that may not know of each other's existence at the time a program is written. A pattern named Composite handles the situation where a single object and a collection of multiple objects have to be given the same status, as is often the case with files and directories of files. Over the past 10 years a sizable community has grown up around the pattern idea. There are dozens of books, web sites and an annual conference called Pattern Languages of Programming, or PLoP. Compared with earlier reform movements in computing, the pattern community sounds a little unfocused and New Age. Whereas structured programming was founded on a proof that three specific structures suffice to express all algorithms, there is nothing resembling such a proof to justify the selection of ideas included in catalogues of design patterns. As a matter of fact, the whole idea of proofs seems to be out of favor in the pattern community. Software Jeremiahs usually preach that programming should be an engineering profession, guided by standards analogous to building codes, or else it should be a branch of applied mathematics, with programs constructed like mathematical proofs. The pattern movement rejects both of these ideals and suggests instead that programmers are like carpenters or stonemasons—stewards of a body of knowledge gained by experience and passed along by tradition and apprenticeship. This is a movement of practitioners, not academics. Pattern advocates express particular contempt for the notion that programming might someday be taken over entirely by the computer. Automating a craft, they argue, is not only infeasible but also undesirable. The rhetoric of the pattern movement may sound like the ranting of a fringe group, but pattern methods have been adopted in several large organizations producing large—and successful—software systems. (When you make a phone call, you may well be relying on the work of programmers seeking out the quality without a name.) Moreover, beyond the rhetoric, the writings of the software-patterns community can be quite down-to-earth and pragmatic. If the pattern community is on the radical fringe, how far out is extreme programming (or, as it is sometimes spelled, eXtreme programming)? For the leaders of this movement, the issue is not so much the nature of the software itself but the way programming projects are organized and managed. They want to peel away layers of bureaucracy and jettison most of the stages of analysis, planning, testing, review and documentation that slow down software development. Just let programmers program! The recommended protocol is to work in pairs, two programmers huddling over a single keyboard, checking their own work as they go along. Is it a fad? A cult? Although the name may evoke a culture of body piercing and bungee jumping, extreme programming seems to have gained a foothold among the pinstriped suits. The first major project completed under the method was a payroll system for a transnational automobile manufacturer. Ask Me About My OOP Diet Frederick Brooks, who wrote of the tar pit in the 1960s, followed up in 1987 with an essay on the futility of seeking a "silver bullet," a single magical remedy for all of software's ills. Techniques such as object-oriented programming might alleviate "accidental difficulties" of software development, he said, but the essential complexity cannot be wished away. This pronouncement that the disease is incurable made everyone feel better. But it deterred no one from proposing remedies. After several weeks' immersion in the how-to-program literature, I am reminded of the shelves upon shelves of diet books in the self-help department of my local bookstore. In saying this I mean no disrespect to either genre. Most diet books, somewhere deep inside, offer sound advice: Eat less, exercise more. Most programming manuals also give wise counsel: Modularize, encapsulate. But surveying the hundreds of titles in both categories leaves me with a nagging doubt: The very multiplicity of answers undermines them all. Isn't it likely that we'd all be thinner, and we'd all have better software, if there were just one true diet, and one true programming methodology? Maybe that day will come. In the meantime, I'm going on a spaghetti-code diet. © Brian Hayes

[ 6109, 5270, 468, 284, 36608, 262, 3357, 286, 3644, 8300, 13, 554, 262, 11445, 82, 262, 1994, 25438, 547, 8300, 8950, 884, 355, 6401, 2596, 290, 38593, 13, 383, 9507, 82, 290, 705, 2154, 82, 2497, 257, 39856, 284, 6808, 503, 366, 2777, 35812, 2438, 1, 290, 6330, 340, 351, 366, 7249, 1522, 8300, 526, 4619, 262, 7169, 82, 3788, 2478, 468, 587, 13354, 416, 257, 20411, 1900, 355, 2134, 12, 17107, 8300, 11, 393, 440, 3185, 13, 2735, 612, 389, 5895, 326, 440, 3185, 743, 307, 2491, 503, 286, 267, 296, 746, 11, 290, 16141, 4714, 24867, 389, 1752, 757, 13092, 546, 329, 262, 1306, 1263, 2126, 13, 632, 338, 640, 284, 804, 379, 644, 1244, 25507, 514, 287, 262, 1281, 12, 46, 3185, 6980, 357, 499, 433, 422, 281, 14855, 38787, 737, 198, 464, 14110, 16889, 198, 464, 29518, 286, 262, 14555, 3644, 3341, 2921, 1310, 1807, 284, 3788, 13, 357, 464, 845, 1573, 373, 991, 257, 5707, 287, 262, 2003, 2014, 11819, 262, 4572, 2346, 373, 262, 2726, 9028, 4427, 26, 23202, 18069, 32126, 656, 1430, 6299, 3114, 588, 257, 8027, 13451, 605, 4876, 13, 383, 12659, 3872, 1625, 503, 2582, 1576, 13, 32839, 569, 13, 5187, 5209, 11, 508, 2630, 644, 743, 423, 587, 262, 717, 1762, 3644, 1430, 11, 550, 465, 2614, 2462, 49915, 287, 24977, 11, 618, 366, 1169, 23258, 1625, 625, 502, 351, 1336, 2700, 326, 257, 922, 636, 286, 262, 17675, 286, 616, 1204, 373, 1016, 284, 307, 3377, 287, 4917, 8563, 287, 616, 898, 4056, 526, 13139, 257, 4289, 1568, 11, 356, 821, 991, 28769, 13, 198, 464, 845, 717, 4056, 547, 3194, 287, 5899, 13934, 33274, 25, 5747, 1366, 290, 7729, 550, 284, 307, 30240, 287, 890, 11, 3895, 1203, 13042, 286, 352, 82, 290, 657, 82, 13, 10968, 11, 340, 373, 510, 284, 262, 24292, 284, 1394, 2610, 286, 810, 2279, 373, 8574, 287, 262, 4572, 338, 4088, 13, 7413, 345, 714, 869, 257, 850, 81, 28399, 11, 345, 550, 284, 15284, 663, 2209, 13, 198, 464, 3037, 326, 13663, 777, 27127, 422, 262, 24292, 373, 10474, 3303, 11, 287, 543, 8246, 13934, 12416, 547, 6928, 416, 14354, 884, 355, 3440, 11, 3650, 11, 751, 11, 850, 13, 383, 14354, 547, 14251, 656, 13934, 416, 257, 1430, 1444, 281, 11156, 1754, 11, 543, 635, 10488, 9405, 13, 770, 373, 262, 717, 286, 867, 10245, 287, 543, 262, 3644, 373, 18774, 284, 1037, 351, 663, 898, 8300, 13, 198, 49670, 3303, 373, 257, 8780, 1903, 5963, 11, 475, 991, 262, 24292, 550, 284, 1394, 287, 2000, 477, 262, 949, 315, 33100, 287, 262, 12064, 900, 286, 257, 2176, 3644, 13, 26439, 11927, 257, 1790, 18069, 5408, 884, 355, 2124, 17, 10, 88, 17, 1244, 2421, 9264, 286, 10474, 12, 16129, 7729, 13, 16038, 12, 5715, 8950, 13459, 262, 24292, 284, 892, 287, 2846, 286, 9633, 290, 27490, 2138, 621, 28441, 290, 9405, 13, 554, 6401, 2596, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 2124, 17, 10, 88, 17, 561, 307, 3194, 2391, 355, 1395, 1174, 17, 10, 56, 1174, 17, 13, 10604, 507, 286, 428, 1611, 389, 14251, 656, 13934, 1296, 416, 257, 1430, 1444, 257, 17050, 13, 198, 3152, 6401, 2596, 290, 262, 8950, 326, 3940, 11, 24867, 3443, 550, 262, 4899, 484, 2622, 284, 651, 656, 1107, 2726, 5876, 13, 2750, 262, 9507, 82, 1588, 3788, 4493, 547, 18192, 329, 852, 2739, 11, 625, 37315, 290, 46542, 26, 2582, 1625, 262, 34130, 1705, 326, 262, 1575, 286, 3788, 373, 9929, 868, 326, 286, 6890, 13, 26113, 350, 13, 17704, 11, 7504, 1539, 508, 5257, 262, 7294, 14, 15277, 3788, 1430, 379, 19764, 11, 1444, 1588, 12, 10057, 8300, 257, 366, 18870, 6028, 1, 290, 24998, 11, 366, 16190, 2331, 284, 423, 587, 6655, 416, 262, 4859, 1272, 286, 262, 1917, 526, 198, 3198, 2882, 284, 428, 4902, 373, 20793, 8300, 11, 257, 4975, 3356, 3025, 29960, 373, 1717, 82, 1362, 370, 13, 360, 45961, 12044, 338, 4506, 3850, 284, 262, 5464, 11946, 366, 5247, 284, 2643, 3177, 13568, 526, 32112, 1522, 4056, 547, 284, 307, 3170, 503, 286, 850, 41667, 326, 423, 257, 2060, 10384, 966, 290, 257, 2060, 8420, 357, 274, 2395, 5469, 262, 43197, 3141, 11, 543, 3578, 18045, 656, 393, 503, 286, 262, 3504, 286, 257, 8027, 737, 7683, 884, 34175, 547, 7151, 25, 32841, 357, 4598, 317, 11, 788, 347, 11, 788, 327, 828, 3983, 341, 357, 31336, 466, 317, 393, 466, 347, 8, 290, 24415, 357, 44754, 317, 1566, 617, 4006, 318, 11378, 737, 2744, 81, 4533, 347, 9101, 23940, 290, 8118, 1904, 27768, 8445, 404, 5362, 8302, 326, 777, 1115, 46205, 3150, 389, 6751, 284, 4911, 6986, 477, 4056, 13, 198, 44909, 1522, 8300, 1625, 25555, 351, 257, 1271, 286, 3519, 7811, 290, 11071, 2929, 13, 5849, 12, 2902, 1486, 290, 2239, 3083, 47517, 11643, 262, 24292, 284, 900, 6071, 262, 3154, 27430, 286, 257, 8771, 717, 290, 691, 1568, 6070, 287, 262, 3307, 13, 3401, 33737, 1444, 329, 2116, 12, 45964, 4991, 351, 2829, 20314, 1022, 606, 13, 14711, 1686, 1741, 11, 393, 1366, 11816, 11, 2672, 326, 262, 5387, 35084, 286, 257, 8265, 307, 4030, 2839, 11, 523, 326, 1568, 2458, 284, 262, 8265, 561, 407, 2689, 584, 3006, 286, 262, 1430, 13, 1439, 286, 777, 4213, 423, 8302, 511, 2861, 290, 3520, 257, 636, 286, 3788, 3357, 1909, 13, 887, 484, 750, 407, 9992, 24867, 422, 262, 13422, 6028, 13, 198, 45, 977, 82, 290, 4643, 1443, 198, 464, 2081, 2106, 286, 3788, 2478, 318, 407, 257, 3892, 1627, 475, 257, 502, 42454, 7850, 351, 9264, 286, 13737, 13, 2773, 286, 262, 256, 2455, 3166, 960, 45124, 8300, 11, 2377, 283, 876, 8300, 11, 5050, 1912, 319, 8766, 39197, 286, 29409, 960, 533, 645, 1342, 3499, 621, 262, 8661, 11, 475, 994, 314, 423, 2119, 284, 7301, 691, 530, 6518, 25, 2134, 12, 198, 19626, 257, 1430, 329, 29349, 2829, 38445, 5538, 13, 554, 257, 1729, 12, 46, 3185, 2858, 11, 345, 1244, 2221, 416, 3597, 257, 2168, 286, 9021, 351, 3891, 884, 355, 23064, 11, 5046, 11, 4079, 11, 15284, 12, 20337, 11, 15284, 12, 525, 16912, 13, 5501, 286, 777, 15942, 2339, 9021, 714, 307, 5625, 284, 44360, 11, 24438, 11, 13332, 290, 867, 584, 15268, 26, 262, 5538, 2405, 389, 23227, 2339, 12066, 34413, 287, 1366, 8573, 4553, 422, 262, 9021, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 22950, 1244, 416, 7997, 416, 281, 7177, 286, 1115, 9421, 1063, 11, 810, 1123, 37423, 318, 257, 5166, 286, 2124, 290, 331, 22715, 13, 2034, 3157, 262, 23064, 8771, 284, 428, 1366, 4645, 561, 8343, 262, 22715, 290, 12839, 1210, 262, 22950, 13, 198, 2061, 338, 262, 2300, 351, 428, 7791, 30, 1881, 1884, 2723, 286, 5876, 318, 326, 262, 9021, 290, 262, 1366, 8573, 389, 4553, 475, 987, 21186, 13, 1002, 345, 1487, 534, 2000, 546, 262, 7822, 286, 44360, 960, 28998, 1262, 257, 6692, 1351, 286, 2173, 2427, 286, 281, 7177, 960, 5832, 1276, 3505, 284, 1487, 477, 262, 9021, 326, 1244, 1683, 307, 5625, 284, 257, 22950, 13, 4418, 11, 11236, 1180, 24612, 329, 617, 286, 262, 5538, 4329, 13006, 13, 1002, 345, 6901, 257, 9197, 287, 2846, 286, 257, 3641, 290, 257, 16874, 2138, 621, 257, 900, 286, 9421, 1063, 11, 477, 262, 9021, 423, 284, 2190, 13332, 355, 257, 2041, 1339, 13, 6430, 1194, 6028, 7207, 318, 326, 262, 1366, 8573, 389, 1171, 3119, 11, 290, 262, 9021, 326, 2648, 606, 743, 407, 1464, 711, 16576, 1978, 13, 317, 3785, 14294, 416, 530, 8771, 1244, 645, 2392, 307, 4938, 5128, 329, 1194, 13, 198, 10267, 12, 17107, 8300, 9405, 777, 2428, 416, 24157, 1111, 1366, 290, 9021, 960, 16885, 23227, 82, 290, 41781, 960, 20424, 257, 2060, 2134, 13, 1052, 2134, 3706, 22950, 561, 423, 2641, 340, 617, 1366, 4645, 10200, 257, 1115, 12, 22339, 5485, 11, 475, 340, 561, 635, 2291, 262, 9021, 357, 7174, 5050, 287, 428, 4732, 8, 329, 7205, 319, 262, 1366, 13, 1675, 23064, 257, 22950, 11, 345, 3758, 257, 3275, 284, 262, 22950, 2134, 11, 5149, 340, 284, 23064, 2346, 13, 32038, 290, 6464, 6218, 318, 262, 691, 835, 5563, 10996, 351, 530, 1194, 26, 29028, 389, 407, 3142, 1277, 1895, 284, 262, 1366, 13, 4362, 691, 262, 2134, 338, 898, 5050, 760, 546, 262, 5387, 1366, 8573, 11, 340, 338, 4577, 284, 1394, 606, 287, 17510, 13, 198, 1212, 7791, 561, 407, 423, 881, 5198, 611, 790, 640, 345, 2227, 284, 2251, 257, 22950, 11, 345, 550, 284, 3551, 503, 477, 262, 3306, 1366, 8573, 290, 5050, 960, 4360, 326, 338, 407, 703, 340, 2499, 13, 921, 8160, 262, 1398, 22950, 655, 1752, 26, 1981, 44360, 389, 2727, 355, 10245, 286, 262, 1398, 13, 317, 9030, 1444, 24155, 2753, 428, 2126, 257, 2239, 2252, 13, 921, 1244, 8160, 257, 517, 12, 24622, 1398, 7514, 14520, 11, 543, 561, 423, 22950, 355, 257, 47611, 11, 1863, 351, 584, 850, 37724, 884, 355, 15094, 81, 14796, 11, 28145, 1840, 290, 17910, 1840, 13, 2773, 5050, 561, 307, 2219, 284, 477, 25052, 684, 26, 530, 1672, 318, 262, 17952, 286, 25317, 11, 543, 460, 307, 1760, 416, 4375, 262, 20428, 286, 262, 5389, 11, 645, 2300, 703, 867, 5389, 612, 389, 13, 1002, 345, 8160, 262, 2446, 15284, 12, 525, 16912, 287, 262, 1398, 7514, 14520, 11, 477, 262, 850, 37724, 16955, 428, 2438, 13, 198, 10267, 12, 17107, 8300, 20675, 663, 15012, 736, 284, 985, 4712, 11, 257, 8300, 3303, 28964, 287, 262, 9507, 82, 416, 30093, 12, 41, 22436, 41471, 290, 44467, 17735, 36232, 13, 2773, 2134, 12, 17107, 4213, 547, 635, 14486, 416, 3271, 406, 13, 350, 1501, 292, 13, 843, 262, 17001, 15636, 1080, 286, 21798, 47793, 373, 1865, 1194, 2723, 286, 12141, 13, 383, 2972, 14390, 1625, 1978, 618, 12246, 17356, 290, 465, 7810, 2727, 262, 10452, 16620, 3303, 379, 262, 44264, 1140, 44878, 34317, 4992, 3337, 287, 262, 8069, 82, 13, 12511, 257, 5707, 1811, 517, 2134, 12, 17107, 8950, 547, 287, 779, 11, 749, 14660, 347, 9491, 710, 520, 472, 301, 12618, 338, 327, 4880, 11, 290, 1568, 7349, 13, 9515, 12, 17107, 3033, 423, 635, 587, 12175, 38631, 4291, 4697, 8950, 11, 884, 355, 38593, 13, 198, 1722, 440, 3185, 468, 14434, 262, 835, 4056, 389, 3194, 11, 612, 468, 635, 587, 257, 1688, 6482, 287, 262, 3450, 286, 262, 4056, 2405, 13, 554, 262, 3788, 12, 40321, 9285, 286, 262, 9507, 82, 290, 705, 2154, 82, 11, 1672, 4056, 4327, 284, 423, 257, 31889, 12, 2164, 5540, 4645, 25, 23412, 82, 3802, 379, 530, 886, 11, 290, 23862, 14740, 379, 262, 584, 13, 1052, 1672, 318, 257, 17050, 11, 543, 31408, 2723, 2438, 656, 4572, 2438, 13, 26179, 3194, 287, 428, 3918, 423, 407, 12120, 11, 475, 484, 389, 645, 2392, 262, 3641, 286, 3241, 13, 383, 12476, 783, 318, 319, 14333, 3788, 351, 257, 27831, 2836, 7071, 13, 30297, 41371, 329, 2134, 12, 17107, 8950, 389, 477, 546, 9168, 290, 26798, 290, 10211, 25785, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 440, 3185, 318, 407, 655, 257, 1180, 4610, 26, 340, 635, 39107, 257, 1180, 1917, 13, 198, 1722, 38046, 290, 35832, 198, 6943, 286, 262, 1281, 12, 46, 3185, 15446, 466, 407, 4031, 284, 6019, 415, 2134, 12, 17107, 8300, 26, 484, 5380, 284, 35139, 393, 2987, 393, 6865, 85, 328, 16262, 340, 13, 317, 1339, 287, 966, 318, 4843, 12, 17107, 8300, 11, 393, 317, 3185, 13, 198, 464, 6833, 4427, 287, 3597, 2134, 12, 17107, 4056, 318, 4917, 262, 826, 26969, 9150, 656, 6097, 290, 5563, 13, 42882, 284, 262, 1672, 286, 257, 1430, 329, 2712, 351, 38445, 5538, 11, 257, 7226, 4554, 286, 262, 1398, 28145, 1840, 1244, 804, 588, 428, 25, 764, 887, 428, 2134, 318, 635, 257, 28145, 1840, 25, 764, 843, 523, 318, 428, 25, 764, 1675, 15550, 262, 5400, 1022, 777, 5538, 11, 345, 714, 10400, 850, 37724, 286, 28145, 1840, 960, 28998, 3706, 24748, 87, 12, 16923, 1840, 11, 1729, 12, 1102, 303, 87, 12, 16923, 1840, 290, 1936, 12, 4122, 276, 12, 7364, 13, 887, 788, 345, 561, 423, 284, 466, 262, 976, 1517, 329, 17910, 34765, 11, 339, 457, 34765, 290, 523, 6071, 11, 543, 2582, 4329, 32460, 13, 10968, 11, 428, 17923, 561, 1577, 345, 645, 835, 284, 3551, 5050, 326, 4174, 11, 910, 11, 284, 477, 24748, 87, 25052, 684, 475, 284, 645, 1854, 13, 1052, 5559, 26969, 9150, 561, 14083, 262, 7514, 14520, 1398, 656, 24748, 87, 12, 35428, 14520, 290, 1729, 12, 1102, 303, 87, 12, 35428, 14520, 11, 788, 45944, 485, 262, 6846, 1398, 656, 2829, 12, 35428, 14520, 290, 2116, 12, 3849, 8831, 278, 12, 35428, 14520, 13, 2080, 428, 3572, 11, 2158, 11, 345, 4425, 262, 2694, 284, 2209, 477, 1936, 12, 22339, 5538, 355, 257, 1448, 13, 198, 3198, 4610, 284, 428, 627, 392, 560, 318, 3294, 24155, 960, 439, 7855, 257, 1398, 284, 423, 517, 621, 530, 2560, 13, 6660, 257, 1936, 12, 4122, 276, 3491, 714, 307, 257, 47611, 1111, 286, 28145, 1840, 290, 286, 2116, 12, 3849, 8831, 278, 12, 35428, 14520, 290, 714, 16955, 5050, 422, 1111, 13, 383, 11501, 286, 428, 13888, 318, 257, 2300, 286, 15851, 10386, 287, 262, 440, 3185, 2055, 13, 198, 1722, 806, 12, 17107, 8300, 2753, 1194, 3164, 284, 7219, 351, 366, 19692, 29753, 1, 2428, 326, 2314, 3538, 307, 14921, 287, 257, 2054, 417, 522, 18911, 13, 1052, 1672, 287, 262, 22939, 1430, 1244, 307, 262, 761, 284, 4296, 257, 3359, 4324, 790, 640, 257, 3785, 318, 3888, 393, 9518, 13, 383, 15836, 440, 3185, 4610, 318, 284, 423, 1123, 2446, 326, 2458, 262, 5585, 286, 257, 3785, 357, 10508, 355, 23064, 393, 5046, 8, 3758, 257, 3275, 284, 257, 3359, 12, 37153, 2134, 11, 5149, 262, 3359, 644, 2476, 284, 307, 2266, 5791, 13, 887, 5179, 286, 5050, 714, 3758, 884, 6218, 13, 3412, 5475, 422, 262, 43515, 286, 3597, 262, 976, 2438, 625, 290, 625, 11, 612, 318, 262, 5490, 326, 262, 7071, 284, 262, 3359, 4706, 1244, 1487, 25580, 11, 10616, 867, 5050, 284, 307, 15556, 13, 383, 317, 3185, 3280, 318, 284, 28091, 262, 3359, 12, 19119, 366, 292, 806, 1, 286, 262, 1430, 287, 257, 8265, 286, 663, 898, 13, 383, 24292, 6797, 530, 4554, 286, 262, 2438, 326, 3848, 329, 257, 3359, 4296, 11, 1863, 351, 257, 20855, 286, 477, 262, 12432, 319, 543, 326, 2438, 318, 284, 307, 24399, 960, 1640, 1672, 11, 8797, 257, 23064, 2446, 318, 10945, 13, 3244, 772, 996, 262, 2420, 286, 262, 23064, 2446, 857, 407, 3068, 3359, 19698, 11, 262, 5035, 3275, 318, 1908, 379, 262, 5035, 640, 13, 198, 2025, 317, 3185, 1080, 1444, 1081, 806, 41, 11, 4166, 416, 8547, 273, 509, 28051, 2040, 290, 257, 1448, 286, 7810, 379, 44264, 1140, 350, 25793, 11, 2499, 355, 281, 7552, 286, 262, 7349, 3303, 13, 317, 3185, 318, 3573, 10966, 329, 15427, 27888, 8861, 884, 355, 4049, 12, 4993, 1359, 11, 262, 18931, 286, 2995, 11, 290, 18305, 2890, 3294, 14390, 286, 9706, 11, 543, 1244, 4306, 307, 16830, 3690, 257, 1430, 13, 887, 612, 389, 39527, 5009, 13, 449, 30570, 70, 509, 2013, 89, 293, 290, 371, 620, 312, 30059, 430, 280, 72, 989, 319, 281, 2230, 284, 1382, 257, 8611, 12, 198, 36948, 1080, 351, 1081, 806, 41, 11, 810, 262, 1994, 9079, 318, 326, 8945, 307, 10945, 3190, 393, 407, 379, 477, 357, 568, 326, 262, 1080, 2314, 30977, 530, 1848, 1231, 2600, 1780, 1194, 737, 1119, 1043, 340, 2408, 284, 3424, 306, 28091, 428, 3119, 355, 281, 4843, 13, 198, 19457, 306, 262, 749, 3489, 1295, 284, 804, 329, 1037, 351, 8300, 257, 3644, 318, 262, 3644, 2346, 13, 1002, 6401, 2596, 460, 307, 14102, 656, 4572, 2438, 11, 788, 1521, 407, 6121, 617, 2440, 12, 5715, 6764, 393, 20855, 3264, 656, 257, 3492, 12, 1462, 12, 5143, 1430, 30, 770, 318, 281, 1468, 4320, 13, 632, 3160, 319, 739, 3891, 884, 355, 1152, 876, 8300, 11, 1138, 499, 39529, 2229, 290, 21391, 8300, 13, 198, 818, 2276, 11, 3938, 11353, 8300, 3793, 3675, 674, 3151, 11, 475, 612, 318, 530, 1989, 810, 262, 2126, 468, 4735, 16200, 739, 79, 3732, 654, 355, 880, 355, 257, 1700, 286, 8472, 1943, 25, 287, 262, 2615, 286, 552, 34393, 13, 5455, 286, 1021, 12, 3323, 278, 257, 17050, 329, 257, 2176, 8300, 3303, 11, 262, 2219, 3357, 318, 284, 3551, 257, 23491, 329, 262, 3303, 290, 788, 7716, 262, 17050, 351, 257, 1430, 1444, 257, 17050, 17050, 13, 357, 464, 1266, 12, 4002, 286, 777, 4056, 318, 575, 4134, 11, 543, 6296, 329, 366, 25907, 1194, 17050, 17050, 19570, 198, 8645, 876, 8300, 561, 6068, 428, 2746, 284, 584, 18209, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 1430, 17301, 329, 262, 1611, 286, 3788, 326, 6973, 34654, 290, 584, 25514, 4410, 561, 2453, 257, 23491, 12, 2339, 6764, 286, 262, 3335, 290, 4439, 281, 20431, 16976, 1430, 13, 6023, 1611, 286, 17301, 1244, 25432, 366, 11235, 4668, 24285, 1, 329, 3644, 19140, 13, 198, 42, 81, 89, 893, 89, 1462, 69, 327, 41046, 27235, 72, 290, 16322, 7527, 370, 13, 412, 271, 1734, 15280, 8996, 257, 1152, 876, 12, 23065, 2229, 1080, 284, 257, 8860, 329, 9138, 44820, 13, 11819, 262, 8860, 318, 517, 670, 621, 2615, 257, 2060, 1097, 416, 1021, 11, 475, 262, 8860, 460, 4439, 4138, 286, 5006, 13, 10968, 11, 611, 262, 8860, 318, 3562, 880, 11, 340, 460, 1210, 503, 867, 1180, 4981, 655, 416, 5609, 262, 20640, 13, 22660, 1152, 876, 8300, 561, 2251, 4172, 286, 4056, 27571, 284, 10084, 5917, 475, 477, 16030, 422, 2092, 6805, 13, 198, 464, 14156, 9170, 257, 6530, 198, 6610, 649, 8300, 20411, 14293, 663, 12141, 422, 281, 10059, 3860, 13, 4900, 262, 3381, 366, 33215, 10959, 1, 2925, 736, 284, 262, 17577, 286, 262, 2831, 11, 340, 373, 19018, 257, 5975, 618, 257, 4097, 286, 3788, 15441, 2627, 23351, 286, 257, 28902, 12, 392, 12, 44822, 7068, 11, 12803, 10009, 13, 3412, 10009, 373, 6655, 13, 198, 38708, 318, 1900, 329, 262, 48584, 21554, 326, 880, 12, 30473, 6832, 290, 11684, 1276, 423, 366, 1169, 3081, 1231, 257, 1438, 526, 679, 6688, 25, 366, 464, 1109, 326, 428, 3081, 2314, 307, 3706, 857, 407, 1612, 326, 340, 318, 13443, 393, 848, 8344, 786, 13, 632, 318, 5340, 284, 1438, 780, 340, 318, 555, 263, 1806, 306, 7141, 526, 8314, 326, 3280, 534, 1808, 30, 198, 6104, 611, 262, 3081, 550, 257, 1438, 11, 340, 338, 407, 1598, 703, 530, 561, 1210, 340, 656, 257, 15077, 329, 2615, 922, 7777, 960, 273, 922, 3788, 13, 20525, 11, 10009, 318, 517, 7952, 8057, 287, 465, 19336, 13, 679, 28804, 29518, 284, 14561, 42465, 7572, 6515, 287, 1111, 2761, 290, 8136, 13, 1114, 262, 3912, 286, 2995, 15494, 366, 50042, 262, 995, 467, 416, 553, 257, 922, 4610, 318, 2192, 1016, 284, 804, 1223, 588, 257, 2166, 33179, 13, 30222, 625, 656, 262, 995, 286, 3788, 11, 428, 3164, 5983, 284, 257, 34614, 286, 1486, 7572, 329, 18120, 2176, 11, 24824, 2761, 287, 2134, 12, 17107, 8300, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 3912, 3706, 10290, 7529, 351, 262, 1917, 286, 4634, 510, 8062, 1022, 734, 5563, 326, 743, 407, 760, 286, 1123, 584, 338, 6224, 379, 262, 640, 257, 1430, 318, 3194, 13, 317, 3912, 3706, 49355, 17105, 262, 3074, 810, 257, 2060, 2134, 290, 257, 4947, 286, 3294, 5563, 423, 284, 307, 1813, 262, 976, 3722, 11, 355, 318, 1690, 262, 1339, 351, 3696, 290, 29196, 286, 3696, 13, 198, 5886, 262, 1613, 838, 812, 257, 34282, 2055, 468, 7334, 510, 1088, 262, 3912, 2126, 13, 1318, 389, 9264, 286, 3835, 11, 3992, 5043, 290, 281, 5079, 4495, 1444, 23939, 42860, 286, 30297, 11, 393, 9297, 78, 47, 13, 27492, 351, 2961, 4975, 8650, 287, 14492, 11, 262, 3912, 2055, 5238, 257, 1310, 28312, 290, 968, 7129, 13, 28016, 20793, 8300, 373, 9393, 319, 257, 6617, 326, 1115, 2176, 8573, 34302, 284, 4911, 477, 16113, 11, 612, 318, 2147, 29474, 884, 257, 6617, 284, 12051, 262, 6356, 286, 4213, 3017, 287, 18388, 947, 286, 1486, 7572, 13, 1081, 257, 2300, 286, 1109, 11, 262, 2187, 2126, 286, 39197, 2331, 284, 307, 503, 286, 2661, 287, 262, 3912, 2055, 13, 198, 25423, 40192, 82, 3221, 32950, 326, 8300, 815, 307, 281, 8705, 7573, 11, 17455, 416, 5423, 34657, 284, 2615, 12416, 11, 393, 2073, 340, 815, 307, 257, 8478, 286, 5625, 19473, 11, 351, 4056, 12006, 588, 18069, 39197, 13, 383, 3912, 3356, 28317, 1111, 286, 777, 22247, 290, 5644, 2427, 326, 24867, 389, 588, 1097, 16923, 364, 393, 336, 261, 368, 2812, 960, 301, 413, 1371, 286, 257, 1767, 286, 3725, 8618, 416, 1998, 290, 3804, 1863, 416, 6761, 290, 38523, 1056, 13, 770, 318, 257, 3356, 286, 24068, 11, 407, 22321, 13, 23939, 11009, 4911, 1948, 18035, 329, 262, 9495, 326, 8300, 1244, 25580, 307, 2077, 625, 5000, 416, 262, 3644, 13, 17406, 803, 257, 5977, 11, 484, 7267, 11, 318, 407, 691, 1167, 30412, 856, 475, 635, 38117, 13, 198, 464, 13214, 286, 262, 3912, 3356, 743, 2128, 588, 262, 374, 20482, 286, 257, 26821, 1448, 11, 475, 3912, 5050, 423, 587, 8197, 287, 1811, 1588, 5745, 9194, 1588, 960, 392, 4388, 960, 43776, 3341, 13, 357, 2215, 345, 787, 257, 3072, 869, 11, 345, 743, 880, 307, 17965, 319, 262, 670, 286, 24867, 6095, 503, 262, 3081, 1231, 257, 1438, 2014, 10968, 11, 3675, 262, 13214, 11, 262, 19336, 286, 262, 3788, 12, 33279, 82, 2055, 460, 307, 2407, 866, 12, 1462, 12, 16442, 290, 33119, 13, 198, 1532, 262, 3912, 2055, 318, 319, 262, 7702, 26821, 11, 703, 1290, 503, 318, 3257, 8300, 357, 273, 11, 355, 340, 318, 3360, 32213, 11, 304, 55, 83, 2182, 8300, 19427, 1114, 262, 2766, 286, 428, 3356, 11, 262, 2071, 318, 407, 523, 881, 262, 3450, 286, 262, 3788, 2346, 475, 262, 835, 8300, 4493, 389, 8389, 290, 5257, 13, 1119, 765, 284, 31738, 1497, 11685, 286, 25250, 290, 474, 3087, 1653, 749, 286, 262, 9539, 286, 3781, 11, 5410, 11, 4856, 11, 2423, 290, 10314, 326, 3105, 866, 3788, 2478, 13, 2329, 1309, 24867, 1430, 0, 383, 7151, 8435, 318, 284, 670, 287, 14729, 11, 734, 24867, 289, 4185, 1359, 625, 257, 2060, 10586, 11, 10627, 511, 898, 670, 355, 484, 467, 1863, 13, 1148, 340, 257, 277, 324, 30, 317, 2285, 30, 4900, 262, 1438, 743, 44672, 257, 3968, 286, 1767, 30662, 290, 28773, 29622, 14284, 11, 3257, 8300, 2331, 284, 423, 8618, 257, 48271, 1871, 262, 6757, 36311, 276, 14803, 13, 383, 717, 1688, 1628, 5668, 739, 262, 2446, 373, 257, 22235, 1080, 329, 257, 1007, 14648, 27930, 11554, 13, 198, 25214, 2185, 7994, 2011, 440, 3185, 16292, 198, 30847, 41556, 17704, 11, 508, 2630, 286, 262, 13422, 6028, 287, 262, 9507, 82, 11, 3940, 510, 287, 12923, 351, 281, 14268, 319, 262, 13294, 879, 286, 6095, 257, 366, 40503, 10492, 553, 257, 2060, 10883, 21210, 329, 477, 286, 3788, 338, 220, 2171, 13, 49686, 884, 355, 2134, 12, 17107, 8300, 1244, 30885, 366, 4134, 35182, 13156, 1, 286, 3788, 2478, 11, 339, 531, 11, 475, 262, 6393, 13357, 2314, 307, 16555, 1497, 13, 770, 28942, 434, 326, 262, 4369, 318, 753, 11970, 925, 2506, 1254, 1365, 13, 887, 340, 2206, 445, 645, 530, 422, 24634, 29604, 13, 198, 3260, 1811, 2745, 6, 36375, 287, 262, 703, 12, 1462, 12, 23065, 9285, 11, 314, 716, 14516, 286, 262, 20726, 2402, 20726, 286, 5496, 3835, 287, 262, 2116, 12, 16794, 5011, 286, 616, 1957, 44346, 13, 554, 2282, 428, 314, 1612, 645, 23797, 284, 2035, 12121, 13, 4042, 5496, 3835, 11, 7382, 2769, 2641, 11, 2897, 2128, 5608, 25, 27574, 1342, 11, 5517, 517, 13, 4042, 8300, 41371, 635, 1577, 10787, 7739, 25, 3401, 934, 1096, 11, 32652, 5039, 13, 887, 6549, 1112, 262, 5179, 286, 8714, 287, 1111, 9376, 5667, 502, 351, 257, 299, 16406, 4719, 25, 383, 845, 15082, 8467, 286, 7429, 37001, 606, 477, 13, 25110, 470, 340, 1884, 326, 356, 1549, 477, 307, 30125, 11, 290, 356, 1549, 477, 423, 1365, 3788, 11, 611, 612, 547, 655, 530, 2081, 5496, 11, 290, 530, 2081, 8300, 20411, 30, 198, 13300, 326, 1110, 481, 1282, 13, 554, 262, 14324, 11, 314, 1101, 1016, 319, 257, 48241, 12, 8189, 5496, 13, 198, 16224, 8403, 25109, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

4,039

Each month there is a special South Carolina token or medal that is highlighted as the Token or Medal of the Month. This month we will showcase an interesting early 20th century trade token from the city of Charleston. The city of Charleston has always played a significant role in the history of the state of South Carolina. From its beginnings in 1670 as a small colonial settlement at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, through its growing importance as a seaport for the fledgling nation, to its part as the incendiary flashpoint in the sectional conflict which became the Civil War, the city has enjoyed a prominence that seemingly lifted it above similar communities in the state. It is no small wonder then, that some of its citizens thought the city to occupy a pedestal raised above its South Carolina neighbors. It was this feeling of superiority that occasionally led some Charlestonians to consider themselves immune from the laws and social mores governing the rest of the state. And this sentiment, in turn, gave rise to the issuance of this month's token, which so publicly flaunted Charleston's opposition to the state dispensary law and the temperance movement behind it. On its surface, the 29mm aluminum token shown above does not appear to carry any hint of its true nature. The innocuous inscription on the obverse reads GOOD FOR 5¢ IN TRADE AT CHICCO'S CAFE. The pictorial of the blindfolded tiger on the reverse, however, is a blatant advertisement for the "supposedly" clandestine saloon which Vincent Chicco operated in conjunction with his cafe. And, as such, the token speaks volumes on Charleston's open opposition to the state legislature's attempts to outlaw saloons and the sale of liquor by the drink in the late 1890s and early 1900s. During the aforementioned time period hundreds of "blind tigers," as they were commonly called, sprung up in Charleston and other cities in South Carolina. The illegal drinking establishments were a logical response to Governor Ben Tillman's attempt to legislate the drinking habits of a populace which liked its liquor. Tillman had much difficulty in controlling the "blind tigers" across the state, but especially so in the city of Charleston. Several times during his tenure in office he had to send out state constables to arrest any proprietors they could catch selling alcohol illegally. Vincent Chicco was one of the first people arrested after the enactment of Tillman's dispensary bill. A scant two weeks after the bill became law, Chicco was arrested and brought before a judge for illegal liquor sales. The details of his arrest and subsequent legal proceedings were covered prominently in the Charleston newspapers and Chicco's case became infamous. Despite his brush with the law, he continued to sell alcohol to his customers in open defiance of the dispensary law and was subsequently arrested at least three times, in 1901, 1902, and 1903. Chicco apparently operated more than one clandestine saloon, and became known as the "King of the Blind Tigers." His main base of operations was at 83 Market Street, where he and his growing family lived in an apartment above the premises. At times Chicco's business was listed in the city directories as a grocery, a delicatessen, a cafe, and a restaurant. Prior to July 1893, when the dispensary act came into effect, Chicco was listed as a saloonkeeper. In 1894 and beyond, his business was never again described as a saloon, but his advertisements in the city directories certainly made it known that he sold wines and liquors. Chicco parlayed his notoriety for opposing the dispensary law into his election to the Charleston City Council as alderman for his ward. He was elected to five consecutive terms and for his earnestness in representing the members of his district he gained the unofficial epithet "Mayor of Ward 3." Chicco died in 1928 at the age of 78. His obituary in the Charleston newspaper characterized him as "possessing a forceful personality" and a "raconteur of ability." The newspaper mentioned his emigration to this country from Italy as a teenager after a short stint as a merchant seaman. Chicco then worked on one of the local railroads for a short period, after which he was employed as a policeman for the city of Charleston. He started his saloon business in 1892. He married Miss Mary Ann Burke of Charleston and had four children, Joseph, Vincent, Jr., Natalie, and an unidentified daughter. Incidentally, the term "blind tiger" as a synonym for an illegal drinking establishment can be traced back to the 1850s. A sister term "blind pig" dates from the 1870s. The terms derive from clandestine establishments that would advertise exotic animals on their window blinds, charging admission to see the said animals, which of course were not inside. Once admitted, patrons were then served with the illegal refreshment of their choice. The following limerick summarizes the ruse: On the store, though behind it you'd find Neither bengal nor cat, Just a liquor-filled vat And the patrons who paid didn't mind. Copyright 2006 by Tony Chibbaro. The South Carolina Dispensary & Embossed S.C. Whiskey Bottles & Jugs, 1865-1915 by Harvey S. Teal and Rita Foster Wallace, Midlands Printing Company, Camden, S.C., 2005. South Carolina Postcards, Volume I, Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester Counties by Howard Woody and Thomas L. Johnson, Arcadia Publishing Company, Charleston, S.C., 1997. The Red Tape Cocktail: Charleston's Reaction to the South Carolina Dispensary System by Helen Glenn Smith, published in Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, College of Charleston, Volume 4, 2005: pp 195-217, College of Charleston, 2005. Chicco Funeral This Afternoon in News & Courier, October 26, 1928. OEDILF: The Omnificent English Dictionary in Limerick Form online at http://www.oedilf.com. If you collect or have a casual interest in South Carolina tokens or tokens issued by cotton mills, lumber companies, or other types of businesses, you may want to purchase my book, South Carolina Tokens and its three supplements. To read a description of these standard references, please click on this link: Books. Token or Medal of the Month Main Page A Short History of Token Use in South Carolina South Carolina Trade Tokens for Sale - Page 1 South Carolina Trade Tokens for Sale - Page 2 Other South Carolina Exonumia for Sale Trade Tokens from Other States for Sale eBay Auction Listings South Carolina Stereoviews The Charleston Exposition Links to Other Sites

[ 10871, 1227, 612, 318, 257, 2041, 2520, 5913, 11241, 393, 18279, 326, 318, 14537, 355, 262, 29130, 393, 9064, 286, 262, 16061, 13, 770, 1227, 356, 481, 21742, 281, 3499, 1903, 1160, 400, 4289, 3292, 11241, 422, 262, 1748, 286, 26070, 13, 198, 464, 1748, 286, 26070, 468, 1464, 2826, 257, 2383, 2597, 287, 262, 2106, 286, 262, 1181, 286, 2520, 5913, 13, 3574, 663, 33875, 287, 1467, 2154, 355, 257, 1402, 17091, 9443, 379, 262, 1013, 23079, 286, 262, 20899, 290, 10382, 18280, 11, 832, 663, 3957, 6817, 355, 257, 384, 499, 419, 329, 262, 48525, 3277, 11, 284, 663, 636, 355, 262, 47716, 7644, 4122, 287, 262, 2665, 282, 5358, 543, 2627, 262, 7511, 1810, 11, 262, 1748, 468, 8359, 257, 31198, 326, 9775, 13663, 340, 2029, 2092, 5348, 287, 262, 1181, 13, 632, 318, 645, 1402, 4240, 788, 11, 326, 617, 286, 663, 4290, 1807, 262, 1748, 284, 22265, 257, 14238, 282, 4376, 2029, 663, 2520, 5913, 12020, 13, 198, 1026, 373, 428, 4203, 286, 26883, 326, 10491, 2957, 617, 26070, 1547, 284, 2074, 2405, 10900, 422, 262, 3657, 290, 1919, 517, 82, 15030, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 1181, 13, 843, 428, 15598, 11, 287, 1210, 11, 2921, 4485, 284, 262, 30145, 286, 428, 1227, 338, 11241, 11, 543, 523, 7271, 781, 20227, 26070, 338, 5471, 284, 262, 1181, 50136, 1099, 290, 262, 4124, 590, 3356, 2157, 340, 13, 198, 2202, 663, 4417, 11, 262, 2808, 3020, 15955, 11241, 3402, 2029, 857, 407, 1656, 284, 3283, 597, 9254, 286, 663, 2081, 3450, 13, 383, 45427, 40189, 319, 262, 909, 4399, 9743, 21090, 7473, 642, 44359, 3268, 7579, 19266, 5161, 5870, 2149, 8220, 6, 50, 7257, 15112, 13, 383, 2862, 5132, 286, 262, 7770, 11379, 276, 26241, 319, 262, 9575, 11, 2158, 11, 318, 257, 29000, 15422, 329, 262, 366, 18608, 1335, 306, 1, 39903, 3664, 2049, 543, 18653, 48854, 1073, 12228, 287, 17856, 351, 465, 26725, 13, 843, 11, 355, 884, 11, 262, 11241, 9209, 15343, 319, 26070, 338, 1280, 5471, 284, 262, 1181, 15928, 338, 6370, 284, 23716, 3664, 13022, 290, 262, 5466, 286, 20030, 416, 262, 4144, 287, 262, 2739, 31982, 82, 290, 1903, 21489, 82, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 20794, 640, 2278, 5179, 286, 366, 27461, 43114, 553, 355, 484, 547, 8811, 1444, 11, 39388, 510, 287, 26070, 290, 584, 4736, 287, 2520, 5913, 13, 383, 5293, 7722, 33228, 547, 257, 12219, 2882, 284, 10807, 3932, 17888, 805, 338, 2230, 284, 3560, 378, 262, 7722, 13870, 286, 257, 39003, 543, 8288, 663, 20030, 13, 17888, 805, 550, 881, 8722, 287, 12755, 262, 366, 27461, 43114, 1, 1973, 262, 1181, 11, 475, 2592, 523, 287, 262, 1748, 286, 26070, 13, 12168, 1661, 1141, 465, 17081, 287, 2607, 339, 550, 284, 3758, 503, 1181, 1500, 2977, 284, 3251, 597, 38090, 669, 484, 714, 4929, 6301, 5548, 15572, 13, 18653, 48854, 1073, 373, 530, 286, 262, 717, 661, 5169, 706, 262, 28547, 286, 17888, 805, 338, 50136, 2855, 13, 317, 35183, 734, 2745, 706, 262, 2855, 2627, 1099, 11, 48854, 1073, 373, 5169, 290, 3181, 878, 257, 5052, 329, 5293, 20030, 4200, 13, 383, 3307, 286, 465, 3251, 290, 8840, 2742, 13106, 547, 5017, 31015, 287, 262, 26070, 14741, 290, 48854, 1073, 338, 1339, 2627, 16526, 13, 7945, 465, 14093, 351, 262, 1099, 11, 339, 3767, 284, 3677, 5548, 284, 465, 4297, 287, 1280, 35287, 286, 262, 50136, 1099, 290, 373, 12412, 5169, 379, 1551, 1115, 1661, 11, 287, 39923, 11, 45611, 11, 290, 41625, 13, 198, 1925, 291, 1073, 5729, 12228, 517, 621, 530, 39903, 3664, 2049, 11, 290, 2627, 1900, 355, 262, 366, 15708, 286, 262, 24507, 17662, 526, 2399, 1388, 2779, 286, 4560, 373, 379, 9698, 5991, 3530, 11, 810, 339, 290, 465, 3957, 1641, 5615, 287, 281, 7962, 2029, 262, 17095, 13, 1629, 1661, 48854, 1073, 338, 1597, 373, 5610, 287, 262, 1748, 29196, 355, 257, 16918, 11, 257, 8675, 265, 44483, 11, 257, 26725, 11, 290, 257, 7072, 13, 14481, 284, 2901, 48889, 11, 618, 262, 50136, 719, 1625, 656, 1245, 11, 48854, 1073, 373, 5610, 355, 257, 3664, 2049, 13884, 13, 554, 1248, 5824, 290, 3675, 11, 465, 1597, 373, 1239, 757, 3417, 355, 257, 3664, 2049, 11, 475, 465, 25210, 287, 262, 1748, 29196, 3729, 925, 340, 1900, 326, 339, 2702, 30680, 290, 14756, 669, 13, 198, 1925, 291, 1073, 1582, 10724, 276, 465, 46283, 329, 12330, 262, 50136, 1099, 656, 465, 3071, 284, 262, 26070, 2254, 4281, 355, 257, 335, 2224, 329, 465, 15305, 13, 679, 373, 7018, 284, 1936, 12785, 2846, 290, 329, 465, 23176, 1108, 287, 10200, 262, 1866, 286, 465, 4783, 339, 8618, 262, 27220, 21240, 3202, 366, 37396, 286, 12150, 513, 526, 48854, 1073, 3724, 287, 35768, 379, 262, 2479, 286, 8699, 13, 2399, 909, 270, 2838, 287, 262, 26070, 7533, 16264, 683, 355, 366, 79, 793, 27289, 257, 42262, 8806, 1, 290, 257, 366, 81, 7807, 660, 333, 286, 2694, 526, 383, 7533, 4750, 465, 795, 4254, 284, 428, 1499, 422, 8031, 355, 257, 15287, 706, 257, 1790, 22966, 355, 257, 20729, 384, 10546, 13, 48854, 1073, 788, 3111, 319, 530, 286, 262, 1957, 6787, 21372, 329, 257, 1790, 2278, 11, 706, 543, 339, 373, 9322, 355, 257, 32166, 329, 262, 1748, 286, 26070, 13, 679, 2067, 465, 3664, 2049, 1597, 287, 1248, 5892, 13, 679, 6405, 4544, 5335, 5506, 23259, 286, 26070, 290, 550, 1440, 1751, 11, 7212, 11, 18653, 11, 7504, 1539, 35571, 11, 290, 281, 27022, 4957, 13, 198, 25517, 23961, 11, 262, 3381, 366, 27461, 26241, 1, 355, 257, 6171, 5177, 329, 281, 5293, 7722, 9323, 460, 307, 23246, 736, 284, 262, 35745, 82, 13, 317, 6621, 3381, 366, 27461, 12967, 1, 9667, 422, 262, 37667, 82, 13, 383, 2846, 27099, 422, 39903, 33228, 326, 561, 32740, 21036, 4695, 319, 511, 4324, 7770, 82, 11, 11642, 13938, 284, 766, 262, 531, 4695, 11, 543, 286, 1781, 547, 407, 2641, 13, 4874, 6848, 11, 25720, 547, 788, 4983, 351, 262, 5293, 14976, 434, 286, 511, 3572, 13, 383, 1708, 1761, 41556, 46145, 262, 374, 1904, 25, 198, 2202, 262, 3650, 11, 996, 2157, 340, 345, 1549, 1064, 198, 27270, 275, 1516, 282, 4249, 3797, 11, 198, 5703, 257, 20030, 12, 20286, 410, 265, 198, 1870, 262, 25720, 508, 3432, 1422, 470, 2000, 13, 198, 15269, 4793, 416, 8832, 609, 571, 5657, 78, 13, 198, 464, 2520, 5913, 36060, 641, 560, 1222, 13302, 793, 276, 311, 13, 34, 13, 28424, 2539, 14835, 829, 1222, 449, 10339, 11, 47801, 12, 1129, 1314, 416, 14943, 311, 13, 1665, 282, 290, 42605, 18489, 17161, 11, 47989, 44118, 5834, 11, 43084, 11, 311, 13, 34, 1539, 5075, 13, 198, 14942, 5913, 2947, 27761, 11, 14701, 314, 11, 26070, 11, 14727, 11, 290, 12528, 35983, 2764, 444, 416, 8442, 37684, 290, 5658, 406, 13, 5030, 11, 10173, 29523, 23499, 5834, 11, 26070, 11, 311, 13, 34, 1539, 8309, 13, 198, 464, 2297, 40849, 23769, 13199, 25, 26070, 338, 39912, 284, 262, 2520, 5913, 36060, 641, 560, 4482, 416, 22695, 17551, 4176, 11, 3199, 287, 609, 2118, 296, 10036, 25, 16328, 6602, 286, 4698, 17680, 4992, 11, 3961, 286, 5524, 871, 290, 5483, 13473, 11, 5535, 286, 26070, 11, 14701, 604, 11, 5075, 25, 9788, 24793, 12, 24591, 11, 5535, 286, 26070, 11, 5075, 13, 198, 1925, 291, 1073, 11138, 1691, 770, 2293, 6357, 287, 3000, 1222, 34268, 11, 3267, 2608, 11, 35768, 13, 198, 46, 1961, 4146, 37, 25, 383, 31816, 21559, 3594, 28261, 287, 7576, 41556, 5178, 2691, 379, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 78, 276, 346, 69, 13, 785, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 2824, 393, 423, 257, 9341, 1393, 287, 2520, 5913, 16326, 393, 16326, 4884, 416, 15985, 41999, 11, 34840, 2706, 11, 393, 584, 3858, 286, 5692, 11, 345, 743, 765, 284, 5001, 616, 1492, 11, 2520, 5913, 47365, 290, 663, 1115, 20864, 13, 1675, 1100, 257, 6764, 286, 777, 3210, 10288, 11, 3387, 3904, 319, 428, 2792, 25, 13661, 13, 198, 30642, 393, 9064, 286, 262, 16061, 8774, 7873, 198, 32, 10073, 7443, 286, 29130, 5765, 287, 2520, 5913, 198, 14942, 5913, 9601, 47365, 329, 16467, 532, 7873, 352, 198, 14942, 5913, 9601, 47365, 329, 16467, 532, 7873, 362, 198, 6395, 2520, 5913, 1475, 261, 388, 544, 329, 16467, 198, 35965, 47365, 422, 3819, 1829, 329, 16467, 198, 68, 15262, 36071, 7343, 654, 198, 14942, 5913, 520, 567, 709, 769, 82, 198, 464, 26070, 1475, 9150, 198, 31815, 284, 3819, 37034, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,398

March 2003 | Monitor on Psychology | Vol. 34 No. 3 COVER: Cover topic: Anger - When anger's a plus Despite its mixed reputation, anger can play a constructive role at home, at work and in the national consciousness, psychologists are finding - Angry thoughts, at-risk hearts Researchers are exploring whether angry and hostile people's coping and social support affect their risk for poor cardiovascular health. - Hostility associated with immune function Aggression and hostility can affect tumor necrosis factor — a protein that is released by immune cells and other tissues. - 'Goo, gaa, grr?' Researchers are still looking for consensus on how and when anger first appears in infants. - Anger across the gender divide Researchers strive to understand how men and women experience and express anger. - Advances in anger management Researchers and practitioners are examining what works best for managing problem anger. Honeybees can use short-term memory to alternate between two food sources, a new study suggests. - Study shows high rates of mental disorders among detained youth - New database will help dispatch psychologists to disasters - Psychologist/engineer team builds robot that senses emotions - P. Kennedy will receive award at State Leadership Conference - Foundation accepting applications for Seligman positive psychology award - Study examines neural correlates of sympathy - Even hands-free cell phones may impair driving - Members expand mission statement, student representation, membership category - Make plans for 2003 regional psychological association meetings Allegations of politicization are threatening the credibility of the federal government's scientific advisory committees. HIPAA's minimum necessary requirement was created to limit the amount of patient information that managed-care companies can request. A psychosocial treatment model at Walter Reed Army Medical Center helps breast cancer patients and their partners find comfort and answers. As more children survive cancer, psychologists are helping them overcome the academic, social and cognitive obstacles that result from the disease and its treatments. A new APA interdivisional coalition aims to showcase psychology's research findings on education to the public and policy-makers. Is the nation's rise in nontraditional faculty for better or worse? Psychologists journey to Antarctica to evaluate those stationed there during the severe winters. Organizers hope that changes introduced at APA's 2002 Annual Convention will pave the way to increased attendance at future conventions. Interdisciplinary psychology programs focused on the underserved have secured $2 million in federal funding. Nominate your colleagues now for next year's Annual Convention. PUBLIC POLICY UPDATE Health and education programs facing termination could use psychologists' advocacy.

[ 16192, 5816, 930, 18289, 319, 18430, 930, 4709, 13, 4974, 1400, 13, 513, 198, 8220, 5959, 25, 17546, 7243, 25, 46061, 198, 12, 1649, 8993, 338, 257, 5556, 198, 8332, 663, 7668, 8507, 11, 8993, 460, 711, 257, 26938, 2597, 379, 1363, 11, 379, 670, 290, 287, 262, 2260, 10510, 11, 30842, 389, 4917, 198, 12, 31900, 6066, 11, 379, 12, 19121, 11954, 198, 25606, 389, 13504, 1771, 7954, 290, 12524, 661, 338, 35326, 290, 1919, 1104, 2689, 511, 2526, 329, 3595, 21134, 1535, 13, 198, 12, 14504, 879, 3917, 351, 10900, 2163, 198, 46384, 2234, 290, 23594, 460, 2689, 22359, 27576, 37172, 5766, 851, 257, 7532, 326, 318, 2716, 416, 10900, 4778, 290, 584, 21379, 13, 198, 12, 705, 38, 2238, 11, 308, 7252, 11, 1036, 81, 8348, 198, 25606, 389, 991, 2045, 329, 11529, 319, 703, 290, 618, 8993, 717, 3568, 287, 18775, 13, 198, 12, 46061, 1973, 262, 5279, 14083, 198, 25606, 22076, 284, 1833, 703, 1450, 290, 1466, 1998, 290, 4911, 8993, 13, 198, 12, 8007, 1817, 287, 8993, 4542, 198, 25606, 290, 24068, 389, 17247, 644, 2499, 1266, 329, 11149, 1917, 8993, 13, 198, 39, 1419, 41712, 460, 779, 1790, 12, 4354, 4088, 284, 13527, 1022, 734, 2057, 4237, 11, 257, 649, 2050, 5644, 13, 198, 12, 12481, 2523, 1029, 3965, 286, 5110, 11916, 1871, 14847, 6205, 198, 12, 968, 6831, 481, 1037, 27965, 30842, 284, 24193, 198, 12, 7562, 7451, 14, 18392, 263, 1074, 12188, 9379, 326, 17627, 10825, 198, 12, 350, 13, 10401, 481, 3328, 5764, 379, 1812, 26935, 8785, 198, 12, 5693, 12598, 5479, 329, 15300, 328, 805, 3967, 15119, 5764, 198, 12, 12481, 28025, 17019, 42567, 286, 20242, 198, 12, 3412, 2832, 12, 5787, 2685, 9512, 743, 17253, 5059, 198, 12, 12688, 4292, 4365, 2643, 11, 3710, 10552, 11, 9931, 6536, 198, 12, 6889, 3352, 329, 5816, 7915, 10590, 8112, 8292, 198, 2348, 1455, 602, 286, 31723, 1634, 389, 11123, 262, 16532, 286, 262, 2717, 1230, 338, 5654, 20852, 17460, 13, 198, 39, 4061, 3838, 338, 5288, 3306, 9079, 373, 2727, 284, 4179, 262, 2033, 286, 5827, 1321, 326, 5257, 12, 6651, 2706, 460, 2581, 13, 198, 32, 3795, 418, 9402, 3513, 2746, 379, 15819, 16105, 5407, 8366, 3337, 5419, 9296, 4890, 3871, 290, 511, 4887, 1064, 4467, 290, 7429, 13, 198, 1722, 517, 1751, 7866, 4890, 11, 30842, 389, 5742, 606, 10980, 262, 8233, 11, 1919, 290, 10870, 17648, 326, 1255, 422, 262, 4369, 290, 663, 13820, 13, 198, 32, 649, 3486, 32, 987, 21426, 282, 9906, 12031, 284, 21742, 15119, 338, 2267, 6373, 319, 3707, 284, 262, 1171, 290, 2450, 12, 6620, 13, 198, 3792, 262, 3277, 338, 4485, 287, 45930, 6335, 1859, 12829, 329, 1365, 393, 4785, 30, 198, 31923, 9251, 7002, 284, 30185, 284, 13446, 883, 25967, 612, 1141, 262, 6049, 45764, 13, 198, 26121, 11341, 2911, 326, 2458, 5495, 379, 3486, 32, 338, 6244, 16328, 11680, 481, 23000, 262, 835, 284, 3220, 14858, 379, 2003, 21396, 13, 198, 9492, 40625, 15119, 4056, 5670, 319, 262, 14584, 8520, 423, 13659, 720, 17, 1510, 287, 2717, 4918, 13, 198, 45, 296, 4559, 534, 7810, 783, 329, 1306, 614, 338, 16328, 11680, 13, 198, 5105, 32936, 20634, 2149, 56, 35717, 198, 18081, 290, 3707, 4056, 6476, 19883, 714, 779, 30842, 6, 15364, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

545

Thursday, July 19, 2012 Come learn about a local endangered species. On August 8th my wife Pam and I will be part of a panel discussion at the Aquarium of the Pacific on a population of an endangered species that has chosen an improbable environmental niche in which to survive, the Green Sea Turtles of the San Gabriel River. Not much is known about the Green Sea Turtles that take refuge in the warm water produced by power-plants on the river that provide electricity to parts of Los Angeles and Orange County. These turtles are more normally associated with the warmer waters of Mexico and Hawaii. Dan Lawson of NOAA, Pam and the Aquarium vet Lance Adams will talk about the recent research on these animals and the rehabilitation and tracking of stranded turtles. Many of my sea turtle images will be used in the talks and I’ll also be part of the panel discussion. Since 2008 my wife Pam and I have been making regular treks to the San Gabriel River to gather information on these urban sea turtles. Pam taking notes on turtle sightings and incidental sightings of other wildlife while I photograph the brief instances that these sea turtles are at the surface. The Aquarium shares the data that we gather with the NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service. How hard is it to photograph an urban sea turtle in the murky waters of the San Gabriel River? Unlike the sea lions and sea otters that I work with at the Aquarium I can’t tell these wild sea turtles to come up exactly when and where I want them to. To give you an idea of the short window of opportunity I have while trying to photograph these turtles try this exercise. Place your camera in your right hand and hold it at your waist. Take a coin and place it on your left hand thumb in a flipping position. Flip the coin in the air while at the same time bringing your camera up to your eyes. Before the coin hits the ground you have to find it in your viewfinder, focus and shoot a picture of it. That’s about how much time you have to photograph a sea turtle when it surfaces, takes a breath and dives. Fortunately I do have a way of increasing my chances of getting a good shot of a sea turtle. When photographing any animal it helps to know your subjects. When the Aquarium of the Pacific opened in 1998 one of my duties along with taking care of the pinniped was to help out in caring for the four green sea turtles then on exhibit. This experience helps me understand a little bit of turtle behavior and helps me predict when and where they may surface in the river. I basically figure out a spot in the river where there is a high probability of a sea turtle surfacing, the approximate time between surfacing and hold my camera in a ready position in anticipation. It seems to work. Come on down to the Aquarium of the Pacific on Wednesday August 8th and learn more about these local urban sea turtles. Have Something to Say? Leave a Comment! All blogs and comments represent the views of the individual authors and not necessarily those of the Aquarium.

[ 25381, 11, 2901, 678, 11, 2321, 198, 16773, 2193, 546, 257, 1957, 22700, 4693, 13, 198, 2202, 2932, 807, 400, 616, 3656, 24497, 290, 314, 481, 307, 636, 286, 257, 6103, 5114, 379, 262, 11446, 17756, 286, 262, 8211, 319, 257, 3265, 286, 281, 22700, 4693, 326, 468, 7147, 281, 40494, 6142, 21404, 287, 543, 284, 7866, 11, 262, 3469, 6896, 44356, 286, 262, 2986, 17371, 5866, 13, 198, 3673, 881, 318, 1900, 546, 262, 3469, 6896, 44356, 326, 1011, 5473, 287, 262, 5814, 1660, 4635, 416, 1176, 12, 489, 1187, 319, 262, 7850, 326, 2148, 8744, 284, 3354, 286, 5401, 5652, 290, 11942, 3418, 13, 2312, 36288, 389, 517, 7685, 3917, 351, 262, 23254, 10150, 286, 5828, 290, 13708, 13, 6035, 35892, 286, 36184, 11, 24497, 290, 262, 11446, 17756, 20202, 18990, 12620, 481, 1561, 546, 262, 2274, 2267, 319, 777, 4695, 290, 262, 23668, 290, 9646, 286, 28553, 36288, 13, 4650, 286, 616, 5417, 28699, 4263, 481, 307, 973, 287, 262, 6130, 290, 314, 447, 247, 297, 635, 307, 636, 286, 262, 6103, 5114, 13, 198, 6385, 3648, 616, 3656, 24497, 290, 314, 423, 587, 1642, 3218, 2054, 591, 284, 262, 2986, 17371, 5866, 284, 6431, 1321, 319, 777, 7876, 5417, 36288, 13, 24497, 2263, 4710, 319, 28699, 36242, 290, 40521, 36242, 286, 584, 15599, 981, 314, 8408, 262, 4506, 10245, 326, 777, 5417, 36288, 389, 379, 262, 4417, 13, 383, 11446, 17756, 7303, 262, 1366, 326, 356, 6431, 351, 262, 36184, 447, 247, 82, 2351, 11000, 49179, 4809, 13, 198, 2437, 1327, 318, 340, 284, 8408, 281, 7876, 5417, 28699, 287, 262, 39574, 10150, 286, 262, 2986, 17371, 5866, 30, 12101, 262, 5417, 31420, 290, 5417, 30972, 1010, 326, 314, 670, 351, 379, 262, 11446, 17756, 314, 460, 447, 247, 83, 1560, 777, 4295, 5417, 36288, 284, 1282, 510, 3446, 618, 290, 810, 314, 765, 606, 284, 13, 1675, 1577, 345, 281, 2126, 286, 262, 1790, 4324, 286, 3663, 314, 423, 981, 2111, 284, 8408, 777, 36288, 1949, 428, 5517, 13, 8474, 534, 4676, 287, 534, 826, 1021, 290, 1745, 340, 379, 534, 16139, 13, 7214, 257, 10752, 290, 1295, 340, 319, 534, 1364, 1021, 15683, 287, 257, 33097, 2292, 13, 29583, 262, 10752, 287, 262, 1633, 981, 379, 262, 976, 640, 6079, 534, 4676, 510, 284, 534, 2951, 13, 7413, 262, 10752, 7127, 262, 2323, 345, 423, 284, 1064, 340, 287, 534, 1570, 22805, 11, 2962, 290, 2686, 257, 4286, 286, 340, 13, 1320, 447, 247, 82, 546, 703, 881, 640, 345, 423, 284, 8408, 257, 5417, 28699, 618, 340, 16649, 11, 2753, 257, 8033, 290, 46638, 13, 198, 31276, 314, 466, 423, 257, 835, 286, 3649, 616, 8395, 286, 1972, 257, 922, 2823, 286, 257, 5417, 28699, 13, 1649, 10079, 722, 597, 5044, 340, 5419, 284, 760, 534, 7481, 13, 1649, 262, 11446, 17756, 286, 262, 8211, 4721, 287, 7795, 530, 286, 616, 10741, 1863, 351, 2263, 1337, 286, 262, 279, 3732, 46647, 373, 284, 1037, 503, 287, 18088, 329, 262, 1440, 4077, 5417, 36288, 788, 319, 15866, 13, 770, 1998, 5419, 502, 1833, 257, 1310, 1643, 286, 28699, 4069, 290, 5419, 502, 4331, 618, 290, 810, 484, 743, 4417, 287, 262, 7850, 13, 314, 6209, 3785, 503, 257, 4136, 287, 262, 7850, 810, 612, 318, 257, 1029, 12867, 286, 257, 5417, 28699, 9053, 4092, 11, 262, 27665, 640, 1022, 9053, 4092, 290, 1745, 616, 4676, 287, 257, 3492, 2292, 287, 24054, 13, 632, 2331, 284, 670, 13, 198, 16773, 319, 866, 284, 262, 11446, 17756, 286, 262, 8211, 319, 3583, 2932, 807, 400, 290, 2193, 517, 546, 777, 1957, 7876, 5417, 36288, 13, 198, 11980, 13742, 284, 13816, 30, 17446, 257, 18957, 0, 198, 3237, 19118, 290, 3651, 2380, 262, 5009, 286, 262, 1981, 7035, 290, 407, 6646, 883, 286, 262, 11446, 17756, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

631

The Douglasfir is to the world of trees what a decathlon winner is to the Olympics. This tree is an all-around champion. It is one of our most important lumber species, a magnificent ornamental tree, and one of the most popular Christmas trees in America. Additionally, a large number of bird and animal species find shelter and food in its majestic foliage. This magnificent evergreen has a dense, cone-shape when young becoming more open and pyramid-shaped with maturity. It has a straight trunk with thin, smooth bark with resin blisters when young becoming thicker and furrowed on older trees. It reaches 40'-80', 12'-20' spread in the home landscape to over 200' in natural conditions. Coast Douglasfir needles are a dark yellow green although on some trees bluish green. In Rocky Mountain Douglasfir, the needles are blue green, but occasionally are yellowish green. The light brown, 3"-4" cones grow downward on the branches with distinctive 3-pointed bracts protruding from the between the scales. The Coast Douglasfir grows best in deep, moist, well drained, acid or neutral soil with atmospheric moisture, but the hardier Rocky Mountain variety is found in its native range on rocky mountain slopes. It does not tolerate dry, poor soils, and breakage is common on the side exposed to high winds. (zones 4-6) Douglasfir seeds are used by blue grouse,songbirds, squirrels, rabbits, and other rodents and small animals. Antelope, deer, elk, mountain goats, and mountain sheep eat the twigs and foliage. It provides excellent cover for a wide range of animals. While the Douglasfir may have first been introduced to cultivation by botanist-explorer David Douglas in 1826, its importance to American history continues unabated. As well as being the country's top source of lumber today, the Douglasfir also helped settle the West, providing railroad ties and telephone/telegraph poles. The Douglasfir was crucial to American soldiers in World War II as well, being used for everything from GIs' foot lockers to portable huts and even the rails of stretchers that carried many a soldier from battle. But perhaps one contribution of the Douglasfir symbolizes its place in America's evolving history more than any other. When in 1925 the time came to restore the masts of "Old Ironsides," the USS Constitution, sufficiently grand White Pine trees could no longer be found. Today, Old Ironsides proudly sails in the Boston Navy Yard under the power of three Douglasfir masts. There are two geographical varieties of Douglasfir: Coast Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii native to British Columbia along the Pacific coast to central California and western Nevada; Rocky Mountain Douglasfir native to the inland mountains of the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains from central British Columbia south to northern and central Mexico. The Coastal variety is faster growing, long-lived, and can reach over 300' tall. The needles are usually a dark yellow-green although some trees they may be bluish green. Rocky Mountain Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca is hardier, slower growing, shorter lived and seldom grows over 130' tall. The needles are shorter and bluish green although in some trees may be yellowish green. The cones are barely 3" in length with bracts bent upwards. Douglasfir is written as one word or hyphenated to show it is not a true fir. Sensitive to drought conditions; requires good drainage. The needles are spiral, simple, 1-1/2 inches long, shining, shade of green depends upon the variety, two bands of stomata beneath. Coast Douglasfir has dark yellow-green, occasionally bluish-green needles. Rocky Mountain Douglasfir has shorter, bluish-green, occasionally yellowish green needles. male is red female is green with prominent bracts The light brown, oval, pendulous cones are 3-4 inches long with prominent 3-pointed bracts that protrude between the scales.

[ 464, 15796, 69, 343, 318, 284, 262, 995, 286, 7150, 644, 257, 875, 50236, 8464, 318, 284, 262, 14935, 13, 770, 5509, 318, 281, 477, 12, 14145, 8783, 13, 632, 318, 530, 286, 674, 749, 1593, 34840, 4693, 11, 257, 25023, 25322, 6860, 5509, 11, 290, 530, 286, 262, 749, 2968, 6786, 7150, 287, 2253, 13, 12032, 11, 257, 1588, 1271, 286, 6512, 290, 5044, 4693, 1064, 11772, 290, 2057, 287, 663, 45308, 44689, 13, 198, 1212, 25023, 1683, 14809, 468, 257, 15715, 11, 27763, 12, 43358, 618, 1862, 5033, 517, 1280, 290, 27944, 12, 16760, 351, 24841, 13, 632, 468, 257, 3892, 21427, 351, 7888, 11, 7209, 21405, 351, 36536, 698, 6223, 618, 1862, 5033, 29175, 290, 9230, 808, 276, 319, 4697, 7150, 13, 632, 12229, 2319, 29001, 1795, 3256, 1105, 29001, 1238, 6, 4104, 287, 262, 1363, 10747, 284, 625, 939, 6, 287, 3288, 3403, 13, 8545, 15796, 69, 343, 25209, 389, 257, 3223, 7872, 4077, 3584, 319, 617, 7150, 698, 32091, 4077, 13, 554, 24534, 9638, 15796, 69, 343, 11, 262, 25209, 389, 4171, 4077, 11, 475, 10491, 389, 7872, 680, 4077, 13, 383, 1657, 7586, 11, 513, 26793, 19, 1, 47314, 1663, 20841, 319, 262, 13737, 351, 18778, 513, 12, 4122, 276, 275, 974, 82, 39701, 26570, 422, 262, 1022, 262, 16252, 13, 383, 8545, 15796, 69, 343, 13676, 1266, 287, 2769, 11, 13394, 11, 880, 29738, 11, 7408, 393, 8500, 9260, 351, 20938, 20160, 11, 475, 262, 1327, 959, 24534, 9638, 4996, 318, 1043, 287, 663, 6868, 2837, 319, 26898, 8598, 35082, 13, 632, 857, 407, 21923, 5894, 11, 3595, 38750, 11, 290, 2270, 496, 318, 2219, 319, 262, 1735, 7362, 284, 1029, 13520, 13, 357, 89, 1952, 604, 12, 21, 8, 198, 40287, 14391, 69, 343, 11904, 389, 973, 416, 4171, 1132, 325, 11, 34050, 32002, 11, 33039, 82, 11, 33043, 11, 290, 584, 41093, 290, 1402, 4695, 13, 3738, 47329, 11, 20096, 11, 1288, 74, 11, 8598, 35199, 11, 290, 8598, 15900, 4483, 262, 665, 9235, 290, 44689, 13, 632, 3769, 6275, 3002, 329, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 4695, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 15796, 69, 343, 743, 423, 717, 587, 5495, 284, 23089, 416, 10214, 272, 396, 12, 20676, 11934, 3271, 15796, 287, 1248, 2075, 11, 663, 6817, 284, 1605, 2106, 4477, 40986, 515, 13, 1081, 880, 355, 852, 262, 1499, 338, 1353, 2723, 286, 34840, 1909, 11, 262, 15796, 69, 343, 635, 4193, 12259, 262, 2688, 11, 4955, 24337, 8470, 290, 11426, 14, 660, 16606, 24971, 13, 383, 15796, 69, 343, 373, 8780, 284, 1605, 5795, 287, 2159, 1810, 2873, 355, 880, 11, 852, 973, 329, 2279, 422, 402, 3792, 6, 2366, 5793, 364, 284, 17726, 289, 5500, 290, 772, 262, 27587, 286, 5759, 3533, 326, 5281, 867, 257, 10686, 422, 3344, 13, 887, 3737, 530, 10156, 286, 262, 15796, 69, 343, 6194, 4340, 663, 1295, 287, 2253, 338, 21568, 2106, 517, 621, 597, 584, 13, 1649, 287, 36864, 262, 640, 1625, 284, 11169, 262, 285, 5773, 286, 366, 19620, 5686, 684, 1460, 553, 262, 23116, 7965, 11, 17338, 4490, 2635, 23076, 7150, 714, 645, 2392, 307, 1043, 13, 6288, 11, 5706, 5686, 684, 1460, 23017, 48370, 287, 262, 6182, 8565, 30822, 739, 262, 1176, 286, 1115, 15796, 69, 343, 285, 5773, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 734, 27465, 20328, 286, 15796, 69, 343, 25, 8545, 15796, 69, 343, 11, 49693, 463, 1747, 30302, 1450, 89, 444, 4178, 1401, 13, 1450, 89, 444, 4178, 6868, 284, 3517, 9309, 1863, 262, 8211, 7051, 284, 4318, 3442, 290, 8830, 12087, 26, 24534, 9638, 15796, 69, 343, 6868, 284, 262, 37874, 12269, 286, 262, 8211, 20572, 290, 262, 24534, 21124, 422, 4318, 3517, 9309, 5366, 284, 7840, 290, 4318, 5828, 13, 383, 43513, 4996, 318, 5443, 3957, 11, 890, 12, 24489, 11, 290, 460, 3151, 625, 5867, 6, 7331, 13, 383, 25209, 389, 3221, 257, 3223, 7872, 12, 14809, 3584, 617, 7150, 484, 743, 307, 698, 32091, 4077, 13, 24534, 9638, 15796, 69, 343, 11, 49693, 463, 1747, 30302, 1450, 89, 444, 4178, 1401, 13, 1278, 559, 6888, 318, 1327, 959, 11, 13611, 3957, 11, 12238, 5615, 290, 25129, 13676, 625, 11323, 6, 7331, 13, 383, 25209, 389, 12238, 290, 698, 32091, 4077, 3584, 287, 617, 7150, 743, 307, 7872, 680, 4077, 13, 383, 47314, 389, 8523, 513, 1, 287, 4129, 351, 275, 974, 82, 17157, 21032, 13, 198, 40287, 14391, 69, 343, 318, 3194, 355, 530, 1573, 393, 5328, 831, 515, 284, 905, 340, 318, 407, 257, 2081, 37979, 13, 198, 50, 18464, 284, 18393, 3403, 26, 4433, 922, 37664, 13, 198, 464, 25209, 389, 23642, 11, 2829, 11, 352, 12, 16, 14, 17, 8331, 890, 11, 22751, 11, 17979, 286, 4077, 8338, 2402, 262, 4996, 11, 734, 11760, 286, 336, 296, 1045, 11061, 13, 8545, 15796, 69, 343, 468, 3223, 7872, 12, 14809, 11, 10491, 698, 32091, 12, 14809, 25209, 13, 24534, 9638, 15796, 69, 343, 468, 12238, 11, 698, 32091, 12, 14809, 11, 10491, 7872, 680, 4077, 25209, 13, 198, 22606, 318, 2266, 198, 24724, 318, 4077, 351, 9208, 275, 974, 82, 198, 464, 1657, 7586, 11, 41186, 11, 44017, 6985, 47314, 389, 513, 12, 19, 8331, 890, 351, 9208, 513, 12, 4122, 276, 275, 974, 82, 326, 39701, 2507, 1022, 262, 16252, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

872

SAN MARINO, CA.- Drawing on the unparalleled manuscripts collection on the topic held by The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens , a major exhibition illuminates the remarkable changes wrought in the United States by the planning, construction, and completion of the transcontinental railroad. Visions of Empire: The Quest for a Railroad Across America, 18401880, on view April 21 through July 23 in the MaryLou and George Boone Gallery, coincides with the 150th anniversary of the 1862 Pacific Railroad Act, which led to the rail connection between the Missouri River and the Pacific Ocean. The exhibition features some 200 items, the vast majority from The Huntingtonincluding maps, photographs, illustrations, newspapers, magazines, letters, and diaries, most of which have never before been on public display. Visions of Empire is our first large-scale effort to share with the public The Huntingtons trove of materials relating to the history of the American railroad, said David Zeidberg, Avery Director of the Library. With his purchase of a few major collections early in the 20th century, Henry Huntington brought together hundreds upon hundreds of the most significant books and pamphlets on the trans-Mississippi West. Those materials, combined with the scores of invaluable manuscript, photographic, and ephemera collections on the West acquired over the succeeding decades, form a massive foundation for what we hope will be an extraordinary exhibition. Peter Blodgett, H. Russell Smith Foundation Curator of Western Historical Manuscripts at The Huntington and curator of the exhibition, has chosen to tell a couple of stories. As much as the exhibition will cover the technological marvels, engineering feats, and entrepreneurial audacity of the railroad age, it also tells the story of how the vision of American continental expansion evolved through a range of historical contextsfrom the age of Andrew Jackson through the Gold Rush, Civil War, and Gilded Age of the late 19th century, says Blodgett. Beginning with the handful of passionate and obstinate dreamers before the Civil War who first imagined a railroad stretching to the Pacific Ocean, Visions of Empire portrays the drive to move westward in the face of unrelenting geographic obstacles. Published engravings and original drawings from the 1830s and 40s depict romanticized landscapes navigable only by foot or on horseback, by wagon or by boat. One such example is the exquisite hand-illustrated diary of British army officer William Fairholme, which captures the landscape of the southern Great Plains in the 1840s; others include several of the hundreds of drawings by gold seeker J. Goldsborough Bruff as he takes part in the harrowing overland migration to Gold Rush California. Karl Bodmers hand-colored engravings of steamboats on western rivers from Maximilian of Wieds Travels in the Interior of North America (ca. 1834) not only represent one of the first great visual epics of Western American history, according to Blodgett, but they portray the early appearance of the new technology of steam power beyond the Mississippi, a generation before the arrival of the train. Such images, reflecting the increasing movement of people and goods west in the 1840s, helped to fuel widespread popular debate about railroad expansion across western plains and mountains to the Pacific Coast. In 1845, New York merchant Asa Whitney submitted a petition to the U. S. Congress proposing the construction of a railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean, igniting a debate that would unfold over the ensuing decades. The exhibition features letters, newspaper articles, railroad convention proceedings, and speeches in Congress that depict the points of view in play. These many perspectives echo the multitude of hopes and dreams that different individuals held for their futures, from profit-hungry railroad entrepreneurs and financiers pursuing federal largesse to Chinese and Irish laborers attracted by the promise of work involved in laying nearly 1,700 miles of track. Throughout the exhibition, says Blodgett, visitors will encounter the voices of many Americans celebrating, critiquing, commending, and condemning the new world being stitched together in those decades with iron rails. Structured chronologically, the exhibition consists of six sections, beginning with a prologue called Early Visions and Visionaries. From there, visitors will follow the narrative through four major sections: Charting the Course, 184062; Launching the Enterprise, 186265; Spanning the Continent, 186569; and Creating a New Country, 186980. An epilogue will take visitors to the cusp of the 20th century: Iron Horse America. Rare items from The Huntingtons collections will be supplemented with several loans for the installation, including artifacts such as hands tools used by railroad laborers, a payroll sheet for Chinese employees of the Central Pacific Railroad, and advertising cards for clipper ships carrying goods and passengers to Gold Rush California. Part of the exhibition takes a deeper look at the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Act. Here visitors can engage in exploring physical evidence in a more immersive and interactive mode. Hundreds of the Huntington's Alfred A. Hart photographs will be on view for the first time in a striking wall-sized installation. Some of these will also be able to be seen close-up through a stereographic viewer, a 19th-century apparatus that brings a dramatic three-dimensionality to images of landscapes, laborers, campsites, and supplies of the 19th-century West. Other highlights of this area include a hands-on Morse code station, where visitors can try their hand at the new communications system sweeping the country at the time, and a "walkable" map of the United States tracing the route of the transcontinental railroad. A Widespread Impact While the development of California and the West provided the allure for a transcontinental railroad, Visions of Empire tells an even broader, national storyone tied to the railroads place in American aspirations to dominate international trade and commerce with Asia, in the evolving role of the federal government in the life of the nation, and in the efforts to preserve the Union during the American Civil War. A ballot from the presidential election of 1856, showing the last name of Republican John C. Frémont emblazoned across an image of a steaming locomotive, advertises the first national candidate to associate himself with the idea of a transcontinental railroad. Abraham Lincoln, the successful Republican candidate in 1860, signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, mindful of the importance of the West to the preservation of the Union. The launching of the first American transcontinental railroad during the 1860s represented a new and dynamic phase in the enduring struggle among Americans over what role they imagined government should play in building a nation and shaping a social order. Visions of Empire depicts the monumental challenges faced by this great enterprise, as captured in survey reports, engineering sketches, treaties with Indians, photographs and engravings of toiling construction crews, and correspondence highlighting the triumphs and travails of the so-called Big FourMark Hopkins, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, and Collis P. Huntington (uncle to Henry E. Huntington, founder of The Huntington). Elsewhere in the exhibition, maps, photographs, and political cartoons trace the progress of this great endeavor and evolving popular attitudes toward it. Early maps offer glimpses of the young American republic pushing its web of market places and depots westward, while later versions depict the routes and towns that proliferated from Missouri to California in the wake of the meeting of the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific in 1869. Similarly, during the 1850s and early 60s, publications such as Harpers Weekly, Leslies Illustrated News, and the London Illustrated News portrayed these events in human terms through detailed engravings based on the burgeoning practice of photography. By the late 1860s, as photographic technology advanced, book publishers began issuing volumes filled with massive plate photographs, such as Andrew J. Russells The Great West Illustrated (1869). While many of those photographs echoed images from the 1840s with their romanticized views of the open landscape, many also captured the human toll of the brutal labor required to span the continent. Cartoonists, such as the celebrated Thomas Nast, added yet another layer of interpretation for readers as they mocked wealthy businessmen, lampooned corrupt politicians, or demonized Chinese immigrants. The Transformation of American Society Long before the last spike was hammered in place, when the east- and westbound tracks finally met at Utahs Promontory Summit on May 10, 1869, the first locomotives traveling west unleashed irrevocable social, political, and economic changes. Completion of this initial enterprise only accelerated the pace of such changes, including the inauguration of other transcontinental lines. To illuminate the decade following completion of the transcontinental railroad, Visions of Empire incorporates the letters and diaries of engineers, travelers, and investors who experienced first-hand the triumphs and the failures that characterized this massive undertaking. Outlining the rise of new railroads, communities, and industries across the West, it emphasizes the rapid pace of change in the 1870s spurred by this crossing of the continent. The era of exploration and discovery had quickly given way to a new age of tourism, as travelers could now see captivating landscape from their railroad car windows rather than simply in books or newspapers. Transportation became associated with luxury, as railroad lines used gloriously colorful lithographic posters to advertise the comforts of traveling east to westand west to eastin elegant compartments and dining cars. John Gasts famous painting American Progress (1872), as reproduced in the 1874 edition of Crofutts Trans-continental Tourist, demonstrates that notions of empire had become as expansive as the views captured by photographers such as Alfred A. Hart and as wondrous as the poetry of Walt Whitman, whose poem A Passage to India, in printed broadside form, is displayed. Singing my days, wrote the beloved poet, Singing the great achievements of the present, Singing the strong, light works of engineers . . . . I see over my own continent the Pacific Railroad, surmounting every barrier; I see continual trains of cars winding along the Platte, carrying freight and passengers. Contrasting with Whitmans exuberant and celebratory prose, however, are other texts that remind the viewer of the inextricable link between the expansive march of railroads across the West and the conquest of native peoples such as the Sioux and the Cheyenne, the corruption of politicians and corporate officials, and the havoc wrought by the unceasing exploitation of the land and its resources.

[ 36753, 18805, 46016, 11, 7257, 7874, 198, 25302, 278, 319, 262, 39235, 36578, 4947, 319, 262, 7243, 2714, 416, 383, 40644, 10074, 11, 3683, 50004, 11, 290, 18579, 36684, 29330, 198, 11, 257, 1688, 17127, 2801, 7230, 689, 262, 11004, 2458, 38733, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 416, 262, 5410, 11, 5103, 11, 290, 11939, 286, 262, 1007, 35415, 24337, 13, 569, 3279, 286, 8065, 25, 383, 6785, 329, 257, 36289, 27497, 2253, 11, 1248, 21844, 41655, 11, 319, 1570, 3035, 2310, 832, 2901, 2242, 287, 262, 5335, 24016, 290, 4502, 44317, 12917, 11, 47387, 351, 262, 6640, 400, 11162, 286, 262, 49658, 8211, 36289, 2191, 11, 543, 2957, 284, 262, 6787, 4637, 1022, 262, 11565, 5866, 290, 262, 8211, 10692, 13, 383, 17127, 3033, 617, 939, 3709, 11, 262, 5909, 3741, 422, 383, 40644, 8201, 8739, 11, 12566, 11, 27128, 11, 14741, 11, 16695, 11, 7475, 11, 290, 2566, 3166, 11, 749, 286, 543, 423, 1239, 878, 587, 319, 1171, 3359, 13, 198, 53, 3279, 286, 8065, 318, 674, 717, 1588, 12, 9888, 3626, 284, 2648, 351, 262, 1171, 383, 22059, 27288, 42377, 286, 5696, 11270, 284, 262, 2106, 286, 262, 1605, 24337, 11, 531, 3271, 9033, 312, 3900, 11, 29218, 5890, 286, 262, 10074, 13, 2080, 465, 5001, 286, 257, 1178, 1688, 17268, 1903, 287, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 11, 8616, 40644, 3181, 1978, 5179, 2402, 5179, 286, 262, 749, 2383, 3835, 290, 31461, 5289, 319, 262, 1007, 12, 17140, 747, 12715, 2688, 13, 5845, 5696, 11, 5929, 351, 262, 8198, 286, 30438, 17116, 11, 35788, 11, 290, 2462, 39557, 64, 17268, 319, 262, 2688, 9477, 625, 262, 34195, 4647, 11, 1296, 257, 4858, 8489, 329, 644, 356, 2911, 481, 307, 281, 11359, 17127, 13, 198, 19727, 1086, 375, 1136, 83, 11, 367, 13, 11563, 4176, 5693, 4424, 1352, 286, 4885, 23121, 1869, 15817, 82, 379, 383, 40644, 290, 46132, 286, 262, 17127, 11, 468, 7147, 284, 1560, 257, 3155, 286, 3923, 13, 1081, 881, 355, 262, 17127, 481, 3002, 262, 14614, 22672, 82, 11, 8705, 35664, 11, 290, 39365, 2709, 4355, 286, 262, 24337, 2479, 11, 340, 635, 4952, 262, 1621, 286, 703, 262, 5761, 286, 1605, 29843, 7118, 12572, 832, 257, 2837, 286, 6754, 26307, 6738, 262, 2479, 286, 6858, 6612, 832, 262, 3561, 13063, 11, 7511, 1810, 11, 290, 402, 46158, 7129, 286, 262, 2739, 678, 400, 4289, 11, 1139, 1086, 375, 1136, 83, 13, 198, 45198, 351, 262, 10089, 286, 15347, 290, 9710, 4559, 4320, 364, 878, 262, 7511, 1810, 508, 717, 15758, 257, 24337, 20880, 284, 262, 8211, 10692, 11, 569, 3279, 286, 8065, 44771, 262, 3708, 284, 1445, 7421, 904, 287, 262, 1986, 286, 23232, 36589, 22987, 17648, 13, 26372, 1786, 42335, 290, 2656, 23388, 422, 262, 45440, 82, 290, 2319, 82, 19583, 14348, 1143, 32964, 20436, 540, 691, 416, 2366, 393, 319, 8223, 1891, 11, 416, 31860, 393, 416, 8848, 13, 1881, 884, 1672, 318, 262, 40123, 1021, 12, 359, 436, 4111, 26339, 286, 3517, 5428, 3818, 3977, 7011, 3937, 1326, 11, 543, 23007, 262, 10747, 286, 262, 8372, 3878, 31981, 287, 262, 47784, 82, 26, 1854, 2291, 1811, 286, 262, 5179, 286, 23388, 416, 3869, 45993, 449, 13, 3561, 82, 17913, 8274, 487, 355, 339, 2753, 636, 287, 262, 45736, 625, 1044, 13472, 284, 3561, 13063, 3442, 13, 15415, 26285, 11056, 1021, 12, 25717, 1786, 42335, 286, 13324, 46058, 319, 8830, 18180, 422, 5436, 26641, 666, 286, 370, 798, 82, 48899, 287, 262, 19614, 286, 2258, 2253, 357, 6888, 13, 1248, 2682, 8, 407, 691, 2380, 530, 286, 262, 717, 1049, 5874, 2462, 873, 286, 4885, 1605, 2106, 11, 1864, 284, 1086, 375, 1136, 83, 11, 475, 484, 10993, 262, 1903, 5585, 286, 262, 649, 3037, 286, 13324, 1176, 3675, 262, 13797, 11, 257, 5270, 878, 262, 10325, 286, 262, 4512, 13, 198, 16678, 4263, 11, 20252, 262, 3649, 3356, 286, 661, 290, 7017, 7421, 287, 262, 47784, 82, 11, 4193, 284, 5252, 10095, 2968, 4384, 546, 24337, 7118, 1973, 8830, 36149, 290, 12269, 284, 262, 8211, 8545, 13, 554, 1248, 2231, 11, 968, 1971, 20729, 1081, 64, 34701, 8948, 257, 8853, 284, 262, 471, 13, 311, 13, 3162, 24634, 262, 5103, 286, 257, 24337, 422, 6233, 7055, 284, 262, 8211, 10692, 11, 3627, 1780, 257, 4384, 326, 561, 16631, 625, 262, 29543, 4647, 13, 198, 464, 17127, 3033, 7475, 11, 7533, 6685, 11, 24337, 9831, 13106, 11, 290, 18138, 287, 3162, 326, 19583, 262, 2173, 286, 1570, 287, 711, 13, 2312, 867, 22582, 9809, 262, 24124, 286, 7176, 290, 10625, 326, 1180, 3925, 2714, 329, 511, 25650, 11, 422, 7630, 12, 43274, 563, 24337, 17038, 290, 17240, 979, 364, 15461, 2717, 2552, 35270, 284, 3999, 290, 8685, 41075, 12725, 416, 262, 6991, 286, 670, 2950, 287, 16299, 3016, 352, 11, 9879, 4608, 286, 2610, 13, 198, 26797, 262, 17127, 11, 1139, 1086, 375, 1136, 83, 11, 9692, 481, 8791, 262, 10839, 286, 867, 3399, 17499, 11, 1955, 1557, 278, 11, 725, 1571, 11, 290, 31568, 262, 649, 995, 852, 336, 10981, 1978, 287, 883, 4647, 351, 6953, 27587, 13, 198, 44909, 1522, 16199, 13437, 11, 262, 17127, 10874, 286, 2237, 9004, 11, 3726, 351, 257, 13286, 5119, 1444, 12556, 569, 3279, 290, 19009, 3166, 13, 3574, 612, 11, 9692, 481, 1061, 262, 8689, 832, 1440, 1688, 9004, 25, 22086, 278, 262, 20537, 11, 47784, 5237, 26, 19826, 10813, 262, 14973, 11, 28481, 22980, 26, 49101, 768, 262, 45778, 11, 47801, 3388, 26, 290, 30481, 257, 968, 12946, 11, 1248, 3388, 1795, 13, 1052, 2462, 346, 5119, 481, 1011, 9692, 284, 262, 269, 17723, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 25, 7931, 18455, 2253, 13, 198, 26737, 3709, 422, 383, 22059, 27288, 17268, 481, 307, 41610, 351, 1811, 10021, 329, 262, 9988, 11, 1390, 20316, 884, 355, 2832, 4899, 973, 416, 24337, 41075, 11, 257, 22235, 9629, 329, 3999, 4409, 286, 262, 5694, 8211, 36289, 11, 290, 8560, 4116, 329, 537, 14710, 7937, 6872, 7017, 290, 10405, 284, 3561, 13063, 3442, 13, 198, 7841, 286, 262, 17127, 2753, 257, 9211, 804, 379, 262, 8211, 36289, 290, 21821, 2191, 13, 3423, 9692, 460, 8209, 287, 13504, 3518, 2370, 287, 257, 517, 31403, 290, 14333, 4235, 13, 32636, 286, 262, 40644, 338, 22044, 317, 13, 11345, 12566, 481, 307, 319, 1570, 329, 262, 717, 640, 287, 257, 8871, 3355, 12, 13982, 9988, 13, 2773, 286, 777, 481, 635, 307, 1498, 284, 307, 1775, 1969, 12, 929, 832, 257, 10268, 6826, 19091, 11, 257, 678, 400, 12, 14792, 21152, 326, 6774, 257, 10092, 1115, 12, 46156, 1483, 284, 4263, 286, 32964, 11, 41075, 11, 11665, 2737, 11, 290, 9416, 286, 262, 678, 400, 12, 14792, 2688, 13, 3819, 11330, 286, 428, 1989, 2291, 257, 2832, 12, 261, 44049, 2438, 4429, 11, 810, 9692, 460, 1949, 511, 1021, 379, 262, 649, 8062, 1080, 18404, 262, 1499, 379, 262, 640, 11, 290, 257, 366, 11152, 540, 1, 3975, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 35328, 262, 6339, 286, 262, 1007, 35415, 24337, 13, 198, 32, 370, 9790, 17677, 198, 3633, 262, 2478, 286, 3442, 290, 262, 2688, 2810, 262, 477, 495, 329, 257, 1007, 35415, 24337, 11, 569, 3279, 286, 8065, 4952, 281, 772, 11622, 11, 2260, 1621, 505, 8165, 284, 262, 6787, 21372, 1295, 287, 1605, 27337, 284, 17863, 3230, 3292, 290, 19497, 351, 7229, 11, 287, 262, 21568, 2597, 286, 262, 2717, 1230, 287, 262, 1204, 286, 262, 3277, 11, 290, 287, 262, 4040, 284, 12201, 262, 4479, 1141, 262, 1605, 7511, 1810, 13, 198, 32, 11100, 422, 262, 4787, 3071, 286, 1248, 3980, 11, 4478, 262, 938, 1438, 286, 3415, 1757, 327, 13, 1305, 2634, 8691, 795, 2436, 5168, 276, 1973, 281, 2939, 286, 257, 2876, 3723, 33334, 19138, 11, 6728, 2696, 262, 717, 2260, 4540, 284, 11602, 2241, 351, 262, 2126, 286, 257, 1007, 35415, 24337, 13, 16660, 12406, 11, 262, 4388, 3415, 4540, 287, 37637, 11, 4488, 262, 8211, 36289, 2191, 286, 49658, 11, 33798, 286, 262, 6817, 286, 262, 2688, 284, 262, 22459, 286, 262, 4479, 13, 383, 13925, 286, 262, 717, 1605, 1007, 35415, 24337, 1141, 262, 37637, 82, 7997, 257, 649, 290, 8925, 7108, 287, 262, 24056, 6531, 1871, 3399, 625, 644, 2597, 484, 15758, 1230, 815, 711, 287, 2615, 257, 3277, 290, 23610, 257, 1919, 1502, 13, 198, 53, 3279, 286, 8065, 28539, 262, 36364, 6459, 7452, 416, 428, 1049, 13953, 11, 355, 7907, 287, 5526, 3136, 11, 8705, 34035, 11, 30734, 351, 12746, 11, 12566, 290, 1786, 42335, 286, 284, 4386, 5103, 18936, 11, 290, 22440, 21292, 262, 15499, 82, 290, 1291, 85, 1768, 286, 262, 523, 12, 7174, 4403, 6675, 9704, 21183, 11, 7516, 9325, 15280, 11, 406, 8822, 13863, 11, 290, 7778, 271, 350, 13, 40644, 357, 29942, 284, 8616, 412, 13, 40644, 11, 9119, 286, 383, 40644, 737, 198, 49374, 287, 262, 17127, 11, 8739, 11, 12566, 11, 290, 1964, 30070, 12854, 262, 4371, 286, 428, 1049, 28251, 290, 21568, 2968, 14479, 3812, 340, 13, 12556, 8739, 2897, 41226, 274, 286, 262, 1862, 1605, 17146, 7796, 663, 3992, 286, 1910, 4113, 290, 1207, 1747, 7421, 904, 11, 981, 1568, 6300, 19583, 262, 11926, 290, 11684, 326, 19873, 515, 422, 11565, 284, 3442, 287, 262, 7765, 286, 262, 3249, 286, 262, 4479, 8211, 36289, 290, 262, 5694, 8211, 287, 1248, 3388, 13, 15298, 11, 1141, 262, 35745, 82, 290, 1903, 3126, 82, 11, 16125, 884, 355, 2113, 19276, 18168, 11, 11732, 13508, 36000, 3000, 11, 290, 262, 3576, 36000, 3000, 19152, 777, 2995, 287, 1692, 2846, 832, 6496, 1786, 42335, 1912, 319, 262, 38935, 3357, 286, 16223, 13, 198, 3886, 262, 2739, 37637, 82, 11, 355, 35788, 3037, 6190, 11, 1492, 17604, 2540, 19089, 15343, 5901, 351, 4858, 7480, 12566, 11, 884, 355, 6858, 449, 13, 11563, 82, 383, 3878, 2688, 36000, 357, 1507, 3388, 737, 2893, 867, 286, 883, 12566, 22211, 4263, 422, 262, 47784, 82, 351, 511, 14348, 1143, 5009, 286, 262, 1280, 10747, 11, 867, 635, 7907, 262, 1692, 13592, 286, 262, 12399, 4827, 2672, 284, 11506, 262, 15549, 13, 46838, 1023, 11, 884, 355, 262, 13943, 5658, 399, 459, 11, 2087, 1865, 1194, 7679, 286, 10794, 329, 7183, 355, 484, 29180, 11574, 34643, 11, 20450, 2049, 276, 10622, 7602, 11, 393, 3222, 1143, 3999, 7971, 13, 198, 464, 49127, 286, 1605, 7023, 198, 14617, 878, 262, 938, 20240, 373, 41223, 287, 1295, 11, 618, 262, 7627, 12, 290, 7421, 7784, 8339, 3443, 1138, 379, 10202, 82, 10335, 756, 652, 20014, 319, 1737, 838, 11, 1248, 3388, 11, 262, 717, 33334, 313, 1083, 11300, 7421, 28136, 11331, 18893, 540, 1919, 11, 1964, 11, 290, 3034, 2458, 13, 955, 24547, 286, 428, 4238, 13953, 691, 23312, 262, 8761, 286, 884, 2458, 11, 1390, 262, 23166, 286, 584, 1007, 35415, 3951, 13, 198, 2514, 38407, 262, 5707, 1708, 11939, 286, 262, 1007, 35415, 24337, 11, 569, 3279, 286, 8065, 33181, 262, 7475, 290, 2566, 3166, 286, 12037, 11, 23325, 11, 290, 7713, 508, 5924, 717, 12, 4993, 262, 15499, 82, 290, 262, 15536, 326, 16264, 428, 4858, 25971, 13, 3806, 21310, 262, 4485, 286, 649, 6787, 21372, 11, 5348, 11, 290, 11798, 1973, 262, 2688, 11, 340, 31648, 262, 5801, 8761, 286, 1487, 287, 262, 37667, 82, 34601, 416, 428, 12538, 286, 262, 15549, 13, 383, 6980, 286, 13936, 290, 9412, 550, 2952, 1813, 835, 284, 257, 649, 2479, 286, 19277, 11, 355, 23325, 714, 783, 766, 3144, 39438, 10747, 422, 511, 24337, 1097, 9168, 2138, 621, 2391, 287, 3835, 393, 14741, 13, 15198, 2627, 3917, 351, 13064, 11, 355, 24337, 3951, 973, 26996, 6819, 20239, 24491, 6826, 19379, 284, 32740, 262, 401, 47378, 286, 11300, 7627, 284, 7421, 392, 7421, 284, 7627, 259, 19992, 552, 32514, 290, 17423, 5006, 13, 198, 7554, 402, 5773, 5863, 12036, 1605, 18387, 357, 1507, 4761, 828, 355, 31759, 287, 262, 1248, 4524, 8313, 286, 9325, 69, 315, 912, 3602, 12, 35415, 9852, 396, 11, 15687, 326, 26226, 286, 13735, 550, 1716, 355, 31316, 355, 262, 5009, 7907, 416, 26474, 884, 355, 22044, 317, 13, 11345, 290, 355, 3135, 7596, 355, 262, 19518, 286, 18935, 47958, 11, 3025, 21247, 317, 46169, 284, 3794, 11, 287, 10398, 3154, 1589, 1296, 11, 318, 9066, 13, 5573, 278, 616, 1528, 11, 2630, 262, 14142, 21810, 11, 5573, 278, 262, 1049, 16970, 286, 262, 1944, 11, 5573, 278, 262, 1913, 11, 1657, 2499, 286, 12037, 764, 764, 764, 764, 314, 766, 625, 616, 898, 15549, 262, 8211, 36289, 11, 969, 14948, 278, 790, 13054, 26, 314, 766, 37639, 13404, 286, 5006, 28967, 1863, 262, 32715, 660, 11, 6872, 30724, 290, 10405, 13, 198, 4264, 5685, 278, 351, 13183, 16221, 409, 18478, 415, 290, 4681, 2870, 27149, 11, 2158, 11, 389, 584, 13399, 326, 7101, 262, 19091, 286, 262, 287, 2302, 1173, 540, 2792, 1022, 262, 31316, 9960, 286, 6787, 21372, 1973, 262, 2688, 290, 262, 29179, 286, 6868, 14366, 884, 355, 262, 37903, 290, 262, 2580, 88, 29727, 11, 262, 9253, 286, 7602, 290, 6355, 2828, 11, 290, 262, 29860, 38733, 416, 262, 555, 344, 2313, 17238, 286, 262, 1956, 290, 663, 4133, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,161

Types of Arthritis There are over 100 types of arthritis, and these diseases affect more than 46 million individuals in the U.S. alone. This figure is expected to breach the 60 million mark before 2030. Various types of arthritis are unique and distinct from each other and each type has its own treatment approach. This highlights the necessity and importance of accurate tests and diagnostic procedures in determining the specific type of arthritis that a person is suffering from. Once you are able to isolate the triggers of the pain and inflammation associated with the disease, then you will be able to undertake the necessary steps in finding relief from the effects of the disease and maintain a relatively normal daily routine. Diversity of the Types of Arthritis If you live long enough, there is a strong likelihood that you will experience a touch of at least one of the more than 100 types of arthritis. This chronic medical condition can take the form of a mild tendinitis and bursitis or a debilitating systemic disease like rheumatoid arthritis. There are also some forms of arthritis and arthritis-related conditions such as fibromyalgia and systemic lupus erythematosus that are widespread and affect different parts of the body. Arthritis is not a medical condition of the old. There are certain types of the disease that specifically affect infants and children, and these include juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis. There are also a significant number of men and women who are suffering from this disease at the prime of their lives. A common denominator for these types of arthritis is the presence of musculoskeletal and joint pain, and this is the primary reason why these conditions are collectively referred to as arthritis. Major types of arthritis include: This type of arthritis is a degenerative disease and is also referred to as arthrosis, degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It is a medical condition that is characterized by low-grade inflammation which triggers persistent pain in the affected joints. This condition is the result of the progressive deterioration of the cartilage, and its deteriorated condition affects its capacity to protect and act as cushion of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints. It is a painful and debilitating inflammatory condition and can lead to substantial impairment of normal mobility as a result of the persistent pain and damage to the affected joint. Rheumatoid is also a systemic condition and can affect the extra-articular tissues in various parts of the body. These include the muscles, lungs, hearts, blood vessels and the skin. The highest incidence of the disease is observed in men and women within the 30-60 years age range. Gout is characterized by the sudden and severe episodes which usually affect the big toe, although any joint is prone to these gout attacks. This type of arthritis is a metabolic problem brought about by the accumulation of uric acid in the bloodstream. The precursor of the condition is the buildup of harmful crystals in the joints and other parts of the body. Specific medications and proper diet are essential in the control and management of gout. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the spine. In its advanced stage, the condition is characterized by the stiffness of the spine and fusion of the vertebrae. In most cases, it is more difficult to detect and diagnose the disease in women than in men. The persistent pain and discomfort are the results of the inflammation in the vertebrae or spinal joints. Aside from the fusion of the vertebrae, the abnormal bone growth can lead to immobility and forward-stooped posture. Ankylosing spondylitis can also lead to stiffness, pain and inflammation on the other parts of the body, including the joints of the hands and feet, heels, ribs, hips and shoulders. There are also some rare cases where the disease can affect the eyes, a condition known as Uveitis or Iritis, as well as the heart and lungs. Juvenile arthritis, or simply JA, is a chronic disease that is associated with the inflammation of one or several joints. This disease affects individuals below the age of 16. The inflammation is the common denominator of the various forms of juvenile arthritis, although such forms of the disease have distinct nuances and require different treatment modes. Psoriatic arthritis is the type of arthritis that is common in patients who are suffering from a chronic skin disorder known as psoriasis. It has some similarities with rheumatoid arthritis, although most patients who have psoriatic arthritis exhibit mild to moderate symptoms. This chronic disorder affects both men and women, and it can lead to further complications and serious health problems when left untreated. The progress of the disease is generally slow and affects specific joints. Septic arthritis is brought about by haematogenous spread of infection, although there are instances where the condition is triggered by the introduction of infecting agents from adjacent infection, as in the case of osteomyelitis, or through a penetrating wound. The condition is common in children and premature neonates, although it can also affect the elderly and individuals who are immune suppressed. There is no cure for arthritis, but there are several treatment modes that we can use to alleviate or mitigate the effects of the disease. Among your options are several natural arthritis treatment options that have been proven to be effective and safe when used in the management of the disease.

[ 31431, 286, 943, 34043, 198, 1858, 389, 625, 1802, 3858, 286, 37954, 11, 290, 777, 10040, 2689, 517, 621, 6337, 1510, 3925, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3436, 13, 770, 3785, 318, 2938, 284, 13694, 262, 3126, 1510, 1317, 878, 25054, 13, 26386, 3858, 286, 37954, 389, 3748, 290, 7310, 422, 1123, 584, 290, 1123, 2099, 468, 663, 898, 3513, 3164, 13, 770, 11330, 262, 14564, 290, 6817, 286, 7187, 5254, 290, 23584, 9021, 287, 13213, 262, 2176, 2099, 286, 37954, 326, 257, 1048, 318, 7195, 422, 13, 198, 7454, 345, 389, 1498, 284, 28091, 262, 20022, 286, 262, 2356, 290, 20881, 3917, 351, 262, 4369, 11, 788, 345, 481, 307, 1498, 284, 25340, 262, 3306, 4831, 287, 4917, 8259, 422, 262, 3048, 286, 262, 4369, 290, 5529, 257, 5365, 3487, 4445, 8027, 13, 198, 35, 1608, 286, 262, 24897, 286, 943, 34043, 198, 1532, 345, 2107, 890, 1576, 11, 612, 318, 257, 1913, 14955, 326, 345, 481, 1998, 257, 3638, 286, 379, 1551, 530, 286, 262, 517, 621, 1802, 3858, 286, 37954, 13, 770, 10726, 3315, 4006, 460, 1011, 262, 1296, 286, 257, 11607, 4327, 259, 11815, 290, 275, 1834, 11815, 393, 257, 41378, 21971, 4369, 588, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 13, 1318, 389, 635, 617, 5107, 286, 37954, 290, 37954, 12, 5363, 3403, 884, 355, 12900, 50228, 47111, 290, 21971, 300, 929, 385, 220, 1924, 1169, 6759, 418, 385, 326, 389, 10095, 290, 2689, 1180, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 198, 3163, 34043, 318, 407, 257, 3315, 4006, 286, 262, 1468, 13, 1318, 389, 1728, 3858, 286, 262, 4369, 326, 5734, 2689, 18775, 290, 1751, 11, 290, 777, 2291, 21904, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 290, 384, 17459, 37954, 13, 1318, 389, 635, 257, 2383, 1271, 286, 1450, 290, 1466, 508, 389, 7195, 422, 428, 4369, 379, 262, 6994, 286, 511, 3160, 13, 317, 2219, 31457, 1352, 329, 777, 3858, 286, 37954, 318, 262, 4931, 286, 1928, 3129, 418, 365, 47293, 290, 6466, 2356, 11, 290, 428, 318, 262, 4165, 1738, 1521, 777, 3403, 389, 21329, 6412, 284, 355, 37954, 13, 198, 24206, 3858, 286, 37954, 2291, 25, 198, 1212, 2099, 286, 37954, 318, 257, 25419, 876, 4369, 290, 318, 635, 6412, 284, 355, 610, 400, 37172, 11, 25419, 876, 6466, 4369, 393, 25419, 876, 37954, 13, 440, 4169, 78, 11999, 27398, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 2099, 286, 37954, 13, 632, 318, 257, 3315, 4006, 326, 318, 16264, 416, 1877, 12, 9526, 20881, 543, 20022, 16218, 2356, 287, 262, 5676, 24039, 13, 770, 4006, 318, 262, 1255, 286, 262, 10393, 38495, 286, 262, 6383, 50006, 11, 290, 663, 44525, 4006, 10975, 663, 5339, 284, 1805, 290, 719, 355, 33579, 286, 262, 24039, 13, 198, 49, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 318, 257, 10726, 46938, 8967, 326, 7525, 10975, 262, 24039, 13, 632, 318, 257, 12132, 290, 41378, 23760, 4006, 290, 460, 1085, 284, 8904, 23992, 286, 3487, 15873, 355, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 16218, 2356, 290, 2465, 284, 262, 5676, 6466, 13, 371, 258, 27798, 1868, 318, 635, 257, 21971, 4006, 290, 460, 2689, 262, 3131, 12, 433, 13174, 21379, 287, 2972, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 2312, 2291, 262, 12749, 11, 21726, 11, 11954, 11, 2910, 14891, 290, 262, 4168, 13, 383, 4511, 18349, 286, 262, 4369, 318, 6515, 287, 1450, 290, 1466, 1626, 262, 1542, 12, 1899, 812, 2479, 2837, 13, 198, 38, 448, 318, 16264, 416, 262, 4802, 290, 6049, 8640, 543, 3221, 2689, 262, 1263, 21189, 11, 3584, 597, 6466, 318, 17592, 284, 777, 308, 448, 3434, 13, 770, 2099, 286, 37954, 318, 257, 19737, 1917, 3181, 546, 416, 262, 24106, 286, 2956, 291, 7408, 287, 262, 46005, 13, 383, 34826, 286, 262, 4006, 318, 262, 40502, 286, 13568, 24770, 287, 262, 24039, 290, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 17377, 17638, 290, 1774, 5496, 389, 6393, 287, 262, 1630, 290, 4542, 286, 308, 448, 13, 198, 2025, 2584, 75, 2752, 599, 623, 2645, 11815, 318, 257, 10726, 23760, 8967, 326, 10975, 262, 19656, 13, 554, 663, 6190, 3800, 11, 262, 4006, 318, 16264, 416, 262, 49586, 286, 262, 19656, 290, 21748, 286, 262, 30362, 16057, 68, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 11, 340, 318, 517, 2408, 284, 4886, 290, 37489, 262, 4369, 287, 1466, 621, 287, 1450, 13, 383, 16218, 2356, 290, 23597, 389, 262, 2482, 286, 262, 20881, 287, 262, 30362, 16057, 68, 393, 26234, 24039, 13, 28470, 422, 262, 21748, 286, 262, 30362, 16057, 68, 11, 262, 18801, 9970, 3349, 460, 1085, 284, 2296, 672, 879, 290, 2651, 12, 301, 11224, 276, 24521, 13, 198, 2025, 2584, 75, 2752, 599, 623, 2645, 11815, 460, 635, 1085, 284, 49586, 11, 2356, 290, 20881, 319, 262, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 11, 1390, 262, 24039, 286, 262, 2832, 290, 3625, 11, 18728, 11, 27105, 11, 21497, 290, 12450, 13, 1318, 389, 635, 617, 4071, 2663, 810, 262, 4369, 460, 2689, 262, 2951, 11, 257, 4006, 1900, 355, 471, 303, 11815, 393, 314, 27398, 11, 355, 880, 355, 262, 2612, 290, 21726, 13, 198, 33018, 574, 576, 37954, 11, 393, 2391, 41722, 11, 318, 257, 10726, 4369, 326, 318, 3917, 351, 262, 20881, 286, 530, 393, 1811, 24039, 13, 770, 4369, 10975, 3925, 2174, 262, 2479, 286, 1467, 13, 383, 20881, 318, 262, 2219, 31457, 1352, 286, 262, 2972, 5107, 286, 21904, 37954, 11, 3584, 884, 5107, 286, 262, 4369, 423, 7310, 42160, 290, 2421, 1180, 3513, 12881, 13, 198, 12016, 10145, 1512, 37954, 318, 262, 2099, 286, 37954, 326, 318, 2219, 287, 3871, 508, 389, 7195, 422, 257, 10726, 4168, 8967, 1900, 355, 26692, 273, 48455, 13, 632, 468, 617, 20594, 351, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 11, 3584, 749, 3871, 508, 423, 26692, 10145, 1512, 37954, 15866, 11607, 284, 10768, 7460, 13, 770, 10726, 8967, 10975, 1111, 1450, 290, 1466, 11, 290, 340, 460, 1085, 284, 2252, 19481, 290, 2726, 1535, 2761, 618, 1364, 41539, 13, 383, 4371, 286, 262, 4369, 318, 4143, 3105, 290, 10975, 2176, 24039, 13, 198, 14635, 291, 37954, 318, 3181, 546, 416, 387, 368, 265, 27897, 4104, 286, 10280, 11, 3584, 612, 389, 10245, 810, 262, 4006, 318, 13973, 416, 262, 9793, 286, 7580, 278, 6554, 422, 15909, 10280, 11, 355, 287, 262, 1339, 286, 32674, 9145, 417, 11815, 11, 393, 832, 257, 41456, 11699, 13, 383, 4006, 318, 2219, 287, 1751, 290, 19905, 25988, 689, 11, 3584, 340, 460, 635, 2689, 262, 13830, 290, 3925, 508, 389, 10900, 25822, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 645, 13996, 329, 37954, 11, 475, 612, 389, 1811, 3513, 12881, 326, 356, 460, 779, 284, 30885, 393, 24237, 262, 3048, 286, 262, 4369, 13, 9754, 534, 3689, 389, 1811, 3288, 37954, 3513, 3689, 326, 423, 587, 9157, 284, 307, 4050, 290, 3338, 618, 973, 287, 262, 4542, 286, 262, 4369, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,120

Dangerous Cooking Habits All men love barbecues but too much of them can be bad. Mom was right (sort of); burnt food can cause cancer so do not eat open-flame grilled food too often. But don't panic just yet; look at the details. Studies on animals have shown that charred and burnt meats are carcinogenic, and so is the smoke generated by burnt fat that drips from meat. On a more reassuring note, Alexis Currie-Williams, Nutrition and Physical Activity Manager for the American Cancer Society, states that, "while grilling foods may increase the risk for cancer, it's not at the top the cancer-causing list." In other words, grilling is bad, but not very bad, especially if proper cooking measures are taken. When grilling food from now on, don't: Avoid Genetically Modified foods for now. The GM food industry is still in its infancy, so we don't know how such foods can affect people. In rare cases, allergic reactions, nerve damage and poisoning have all been reported. Food makers must inform people which products are genetically modified so people could at least know what "can" have dangerous effects. Canola seeds, soya and maize are some of the most widely modified foods. Cooking foods properly, keeping the kitchen area and utensils clean to avoid cross-contamination, drinking pasteurized milk, and washing food before eating are all practices that can prevent Listeria. Listeria is a pathogen that makes people ill and causes meningitis. Vegetables, milk, cheese, meat, and seafood should all be handled carefully and properly. North Americans normally tend to avoid picking mushrooms themselves, but Eastern Europeans and Asians enjoy picking their own shrooms. This practice can be dangerous when the same wild species of mushrooms are consumed on different continents. Some mushrooms are safe in one part of the world, but can be poisonous in another, even though they are the same species. Possible microwave risks include increased LDL cholesterol levels (the bad kind). The study was conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and the University Institute of Biochemistry. On the other hand, most national safety agencies maintain that microwaves are safe. My suggestion is to use microwave ovens as little as possible. I myself don't even own one, yet I still manage to survive. Many of the aforementioned habits don't pose an immediate danger to your health, but long-term use and a combination of these might lead to problems later on in life. Don't overreact, just be mindful of the possibilities.

[ 35, 2564, 516, 33774, 19654, 896, 198, 3237, 1450, 1842, 2318, 9423, 947, 475, 1165, 881, 286, 606, 460, 307, 2089, 13, 11254, 373, 826, 357, 30619, 286, 1776, 22999, 2057, 460, 2728, 4890, 523, 466, 407, 4483, 1280, 12, 49621, 34240, 2057, 1165, 1690, 13, 887, 836, 470, 13619, 655, 1865, 26, 804, 379, 262, 3307, 13, 198, 45833, 319, 4695, 423, 3402, 326, 50045, 290, 22999, 32219, 389, 28164, 15147, 11, 290, 523, 318, 262, 7523, 7560, 416, 22999, 3735, 326, 1454, 862, 422, 6174, 13, 1550, 257, 517, 36450, 3465, 11, 31078, 4424, 5034, 12, 27869, 11, 23285, 290, 16331, 24641, 9142, 329, 262, 1605, 15523, 7023, 11, 2585, 326, 11, 366, 4514, 1036, 4509, 9013, 743, 2620, 262, 2526, 329, 4890, 11, 340, 338, 407, 379, 262, 1353, 262, 4890, 12, 6888, 3500, 1351, 526, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 1036, 4509, 318, 2089, 11, 475, 407, 845, 2089, 11, 2592, 611, 1774, 10801, 5260, 389, 2077, 13, 198, 2215, 1036, 4509, 2057, 422, 783, 319, 11, 836, 470, 25, 198, 38618, 5215, 16877, 40499, 9013, 329, 783, 13, 383, 6951, 2057, 2831, 318, 991, 287, 663, 38120, 11, 523, 356, 836, 470, 760, 703, 884, 9013, 460, 2689, 661, 13, 554, 4071, 2663, 11, 31856, 12737, 11, 16384, 2465, 290, 22475, 423, 477, 587, 2098, 13, 198, 24602, 14429, 1276, 4175, 661, 543, 3186, 389, 20807, 9518, 523, 661, 714, 379, 1551, 760, 644, 366, 5171, 1, 423, 4923, 3048, 13, 1680, 5708, 11904, 11, 523, 3972, 290, 49235, 389, 617, 286, 262, 749, 6768, 9518, 9013, 13, 198, 28937, 278, 9013, 6105, 11, 5291, 262, 9592, 1989, 290, 3384, 641, 4487, 3424, 284, 3368, 3272, 12, 3642, 24979, 11, 7722, 17008, 44796, 7545, 11, 290, 20518, 2057, 878, 6600, 389, 477, 6593, 326, 460, 2948, 406, 1694, 544, 13, 198, 43, 1694, 544, 318, 257, 3108, 6644, 326, 1838, 661, 2801, 290, 5640, 1450, 278, 11815, 13, 23892, 2977, 11, 7545, 11, 9891, 11, 6174, 11, 290, 31473, 815, 477, 307, 12118, 7773, 290, 6105, 13, 198, 14157, 3399, 7685, 4327, 284, 3368, 10868, 23452, 2405, 11, 475, 8345, 20006, 290, 30852, 2883, 10868, 511, 898, 427, 9649, 13, 198, 1212, 3357, 460, 307, 4923, 618, 262, 976, 4295, 4693, 286, 23452, 389, 13529, 319, 1180, 33431, 13, 2773, 23452, 389, 3338, 287, 530, 636, 286, 262, 995, 11, 475, 460, 307, 32199, 287, 1194, 11, 772, 996, 484, 389, 262, 976, 4693, 13, 198, 47, 4733, 27000, 7476, 2291, 3220, 37654, 18759, 2974, 357, 1169, 2089, 1611, 737, 383, 2050, 373, 5952, 416, 262, 14780, 5618, 5136, 286, 8987, 290, 262, 2059, 5136, 286, 8436, 37074, 13, 198, 2202, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 749, 2260, 3747, 5942, 5529, 326, 23479, 3080, 389, 3338, 13, 2011, 13052, 318, 284, 779, 27000, 14361, 82, 355, 1310, 355, 1744, 13, 314, 3589, 836, 470, 772, 898, 530, 11, 1865, 314, 991, 6687, 284, 7866, 13, 198, 7085, 286, 262, 20794, 13870, 836, 470, 12705, 281, 7103, 3514, 284, 534, 1535, 11, 475, 890, 12, 4354, 779, 290, 257, 6087, 286, 777, 1244, 1085, 284, 2761, 1568, 319, 287, 1204, 13, 2094, 470, 625, 45018, 11, 655, 307, 33798, 286, 262, 12779, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

536

Researchers Model Fetal-To-Adult Hemoglobin Switching: Important Step Towards Cure For Blood Diseases Researchers have engineered mice that model the switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin, an important step towards curing genetic blood diseases such as sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia. The research is published in the February 2011 issue of the journal Molecular and Cellular Biology. They also produced for the first time a mouse that synthesizes a distinct fetal-stage hemoglobin, which was necessary for modeling human hemoglobin disorders. These diseases manifest as misshapen hemoglobin, causing anemia, which can be severe, as well as other symptoms, which can range from minor to life-threatening. The cure would lie in causing the body to revert to use of fetal hemoglobin. “The motivation for our research is to understand the basic mechanisms of gene regulation in order to cure human disease,” says Thomas Ryan of the University of Alabama Birmingham, who led the research. “If we can figure out how to turn the fetal hemoglobin back on, or keep it from switching off, that would cure these diseases.” The new model “mimics precisely the timing in humans, completing the switch after birth,” says Ryan. “The previous models didn’t do that.” In earlier models, researchers inserted transgenes, large chunks of DNA containing the relevant genes, randomly into the mouse chromosome. In the new model, the investigators removed the adult mouse globin genes, and inserted the human fetal and adult genes in their places. The successful engineering of a mouse with a fetal-stage hemoglobin means that humanized mouse models with mutant human genes will not die in utero. While the basic principals behind the research are simple, the details are complex. For example, Ryan and Sean C. McConnell, a doctoral student who is the paper’s first author, had to deal with the fact that hemoglobin switching occurs twice in H. sapiens, from embryonic to fetal globin chains in early fetal life, and then to adult globin chains at birth, while wild type mice have a single switch from embryonic to adult chains early in fetal life. “Instead of the single hemoglobin switch that occurs in wild type mice, our humanized knock-in mice now have two hemoglobin switches, just like humans, from embryonic to fetal in early fetal life, and then fetal to adult at birth,” says Ryan. Hemoglobin switching is believed to have evolved to enable efficient transfer of oxygen from the mother’s hemoglobin to the higher oxygen affinity fetal hemoglobin in the placenta during fetal life. (S.C. McConnell, Y. Huo, S. Liu, and T.M. Ryan, 2011. Human globin knock-in mice complete fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switching in postnatal development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 31:876-883.)

[ 25606, 9104, 44649, 282, 12, 2514, 12, 42995, 15617, 49835, 14645, 278, 25, 28511, 5012, 49953, 36947, 1114, 7235, 39988, 198, 25606, 423, 23371, 10693, 326, 2746, 262, 5078, 422, 27652, 284, 4044, 16869, 49835, 11, 281, 1593, 2239, 3371, 46053, 8513, 2910, 10040, 884, 355, 6639, 293, 2685, 281, 22859, 290, 12159, 12, 11669, 21612, 20730, 13, 383, 2267, 318, 3199, 287, 262, 3945, 2813, 2071, 286, 262, 3989, 38275, 290, 50072, 24698, 13, 198, 2990, 635, 4635, 329, 262, 717, 640, 257, 10211, 326, 24983, 4340, 257, 7310, 27652, 12, 14247, 16869, 49835, 11, 543, 373, 3306, 329, 21128, 1692, 16869, 49835, 11916, 13, 2312, 10040, 10561, 355, 2051, 45897, 268, 16869, 49835, 11, 6666, 281, 22859, 11, 543, 460, 307, 6049, 11, 355, 880, 355, 584, 7460, 11, 543, 460, 2837, 422, 4159, 284, 1204, 12, 26159, 13, 383, 13996, 561, 6486, 287, 6666, 262, 1767, 284, 34052, 284, 779, 286, 27652, 16869, 49835, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 14052, 329, 674, 2267, 318, 284, 1833, 262, 4096, 11701, 286, 9779, 9001, 287, 1502, 284, 13996, 1692, 4369, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5658, 6047, 286, 262, 2059, 286, 9266, 18899, 11, 508, 2957, 262, 2267, 13, 564, 250, 1532, 356, 460, 3785, 503, 703, 284, 1210, 262, 27652, 16869, 49835, 736, 319, 11, 393, 1394, 340, 422, 15430, 572, 11, 326, 561, 13996, 777, 10040, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 649, 2746, 564, 250, 76, 320, 873, 10582, 262, 10576, 287, 5384, 11, 14339, 262, 5078, 706, 4082, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 6047, 13, 564, 250, 464, 2180, 4981, 1422, 447, 247, 83, 466, 326, 13, 447, 251, 554, 2961, 4981, 11, 4837, 18846, 1007, 5235, 274, 11, 1588, 22716, 286, 7446, 7268, 262, 5981, 10812, 11, 15456, 656, 262, 10211, 34348, 13, 554, 262, 649, 2746, 11, 262, 10093, 4615, 262, 4044, 10211, 15095, 259, 10812, 11, 290, 18846, 262, 1692, 27652, 290, 4044, 10812, 287, 511, 4113, 13, 198, 464, 4388, 8705, 286, 257, 10211, 351, 257, 27652, 12, 14247, 16869, 49835, 1724, 326, 1692, 1143, 10211, 4981, 351, 30118, 1692, 10812, 481, 407, 4656, 287, 3384, 3529, 13, 198, 3633, 262, 4096, 44998, 2157, 262, 2267, 389, 2829, 11, 262, 3307, 389, 3716, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 6047, 290, 11465, 327, 13, 18184, 11, 257, 40995, 3710, 508, 318, 262, 3348, 447, 247, 82, 717, 1772, 11, 550, 284, 1730, 351, 262, 1109, 326, 16869, 49835, 15430, 8833, 5403, 287, 367, 13, 31841, 10465, 11, 422, 49710, 284, 27652, 15095, 259, 14659, 287, 1903, 27652, 1204, 11, 290, 788, 284, 4044, 15095, 259, 14659, 379, 4082, 11, 981, 4295, 2099, 10693, 423, 257, 2060, 5078, 422, 49710, 284, 4044, 14659, 1903, 287, 27652, 1204, 13, 564, 250, 13193, 286, 262, 2060, 16869, 49835, 5078, 326, 8833, 287, 4295, 2099, 10693, 11, 674, 1692, 1143, 10643, 12, 259, 10693, 783, 423, 734, 16869, 49835, 18225, 11, 655, 588, 5384, 11, 422, 49710, 284, 27652, 287, 1903, 27652, 1204, 11, 290, 788, 27652, 284, 4044, 379, 4082, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 6047, 13, 198, 39, 368, 49835, 15430, 318, 4762, 284, 423, 12572, 284, 7139, 6942, 4351, 286, 11863, 422, 262, 2802, 447, 247, 82, 16869, 49835, 284, 262, 2440, 11863, 28430, 27652, 16869, 49835, 287, 262, 458, 12643, 64, 1141, 27652, 1204, 13, 198, 7, 50, 13, 34, 13, 18184, 11, 575, 13, 11256, 78, 11, 311, 13, 18258, 11, 290, 309, 13, 44, 13, 6047, 11, 2813, 13, 5524, 15095, 259, 10643, 12, 259, 10693, 1844, 27652, 12, 1462, 12, 49922, 16869, 49835, 15430, 287, 1281, 33150, 2478, 13, 17958, 13, 12440, 13, 38637, 13, 3261, 25, 23, 4304, 12, 49287, 2014, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

609

July Rendezvous with Vesta "We often refer to Vesta as the smallest terrestrial planet," said Christopher T. Russell, a UCLA professor of geophysics and space physics and the mission's principal investigator. "It has planetary features and basically the same structure as Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. But because it is so small, it does not have enough gravity to retain an atmosphere, or at least not to retain an atmosphere for very long. "There are many mysteries about Vesta," Russell said. "One of them is why Vesta is so bright. The Earth reflects a lot of sunlight — about 40 percent — because it has clouds and snow on the surface, while the moon reflects only about 10 percent of the light from the Sun back. Vesta is more like the Earth. Why? What on its surface is causing all that sunlight to be reflected? We'll find out." Dawn will map Vesta's surface, which Russell says may be similar to the moon's. He says he expects that the body's interior is layered, with a crust, a mantle and an iron core. He is eager to learn about this interior and how large the iron core is. Named for the ancient Roman goddess of the hearth, Vesta has been bombarded by meteorites for 4.5 billion years. "We expect to see a lot of craters," Russell said. "We know there is an enormous crater at the south pole that we can see with the Hubble Space Telescope. That crater, some 280 miles across, has released material into the asteroid belt. Small bits of Vesta are floating around and make their way all the way to the orbit of the Earth and fall in our atmosphere. About one in every 20 meteorites that falls on the surface of the Earth comes from Vesta. That has enabled us to learn a lot about Vesta before we even get there." Dawn will arrive at Vesta in July. Beginning in September, the spacecraft will orbit Vesta some 400 miles from its surface. It will then move closer, to about 125 miles from the surface, starting in November. By January of 2012, Russell expects high-resolution images and other data about surface composition. Dawn is arriving ahead of schedule and is expected to orbit Vesta for a year. Vesta, which orbits the Sun every 3.6 terrestrial years, has an oval, pumpkin-like shape and an average diameter of approximately 330 miles. Studies of meteorites found on Earth that are believed to have come from Vesta suggest that Vesta formed from galactic dust during the Solar System's first 3 million to 10 million years. Dawn's cameras should be able to see individual lava flows and craters tens of feet across on Vesta's surface. "We will scurry around when the data come in, trying to make maps of the surface and learning its exact shape and size," Russell said. Dawn has a high-quality camera, along with a back-up; a visible and near-infrared spectrometer that will identify minerals on the surface; and a gamma ray and neutron spectrometer that will reveal the abundance of elements such as iron and hydrogen, possibly from water, in the soil. Dawn will also probe Vesta's gravity with radio signals. The study of Vesta, however, is only half of Dawn's mission. The spacecraft will also conduct a detailed study of the structure and composition of the "dwarf planet" Ceres. Vesta and Ceres are the most massive objects in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Dawn's goals include determining the shape, size, composition, internal structure, and the tectonic and thermal evolution of both objects, and the mission is expected to reveal the conditions under which each of them formed. Dawn, only the second scientific mission to be powered by an advanced NASA technology known as ion propulsion, is also the first NASA mission to orbit two major objects. "Twice the bang for the buck on this mission," said Russell, who added that without ion propulsion, Dawn would have cost three times as much. UCLA graduate and postdoctoral students work with Russell on the mission. Now is an excellent opportunity for graduate students to join the project and help analyze the data, said Russell, who teaches planetary science to UCLA undergraduates and solar and space physics to undergraduates and graduate students. After orbiting Vesta, Dawn will leave for its three-year journey to Ceres, which could harbor substantial water or ice beneath its rock crust — and possibly life. On the way to Ceres, Dawn may visit another object. The spacecraft will rendezvous with Ceres and begin orbiting in 2015, conducting studies and observations for at least five months. Russell believes that Ceres and Vesta, formed almost 4.6 billion years ago, have preserved their early record, which was frozen into their ancient surfaces. "We're going back in time to the early solar system," he said.

[ 16157, 28703, 50063, 351, 569, 18059, 198, 1, 1135, 1690, 3522, 284, 569, 18059, 355, 262, 18197, 35609, 5440, 553, 531, 12803, 309, 13, 11563, 11, 257, 21750, 6240, 286, 4903, 2522, 23154, 290, 2272, 11887, 290, 262, 4365, 338, 10033, 20725, 13, 366, 1026, 468, 27047, 3033, 290, 6209, 262, 976, 4645, 355, 21673, 11, 21094, 11, 3668, 290, 8706, 13, 887, 780, 340, 318, 523, 1402, 11, 340, 857, 407, 423, 1576, 13522, 284, 12377, 281, 8137, 11, 393, 379, 1551, 407, 284, 12377, 281, 8137, 329, 845, 890, 13, 198, 1, 1858, 389, 867, 26045, 546, 569, 18059, 553, 11563, 531, 13, 366, 3198, 286, 606, 318, 1521, 569, 18059, 318, 523, 6016, 13, 383, 3668, 12497, 257, 1256, 286, 19606, 851, 546, 2319, 1411, 851, 780, 340, 468, 15114, 290, 6729, 319, 262, 4417, 11, 981, 262, 8824, 12497, 691, 546, 838, 1411, 286, 262, 1657, 422, 262, 3825, 736, 13, 569, 18059, 318, 517, 588, 262, 3668, 13, 4162, 30, 1867, 319, 663, 4417, 318, 6666, 477, 326, 19606, 284, 307, 12548, 30, 775, 1183, 1064, 503, 526, 198, 35, 3832, 481, 3975, 569, 18059, 338, 4417, 11, 543, 11563, 1139, 743, 307, 2092, 284, 262, 8824, 338, 13, 679, 1139, 339, 13423, 326, 262, 1767, 338, 11087, 318, 37748, 11, 351, 257, 20048, 11, 257, 32107, 290, 281, 6953, 4755, 13, 679, 318, 11069, 284, 2193, 546, 428, 11087, 290, 703, 1588, 262, 6953, 4755, 318, 13, 198, 45, 2434, 329, 262, 6156, 7993, 22215, 286, 262, 3285, 400, 11, 569, 18059, 468, 587, 5194, 10676, 416, 19999, 2737, 329, 604, 13, 20, 2997, 812, 13, 198, 1, 1135, 1607, 284, 766, 257, 1256, 286, 1067, 8605, 553, 11563, 531, 13, 366, 1135, 760, 612, 318, 281, 9812, 32593, 379, 262, 5366, 16825, 326, 356, 460, 766, 351, 262, 40455, 4687, 36789, 13, 1320, 32593, 11, 617, 21355, 4608, 1973, 11, 468, 2716, 2587, 656, 262, 27460, 10999, 13, 10452, 10340, 286, 569, 18059, 389, 12462, 1088, 290, 787, 511, 835, 477, 262, 835, 284, 262, 13066, 286, 262, 3668, 290, 2121, 287, 674, 8137, 13, 7994, 530, 287, 790, 1160, 19999, 2737, 326, 8953, 319, 262, 4417, 286, 262, 3668, 2058, 422, 569, 18059, 13, 1320, 468, 9343, 514, 284, 2193, 257, 1256, 546, 569, 18059, 878, 356, 772, 651, 612, 526, 198, 35, 3832, 481, 9240, 379, 569, 18059, 287, 2901, 13, 25976, 287, 2693, 11, 262, 16807, 481, 13066, 569, 18059, 617, 7337, 4608, 422, 663, 4417, 13, 632, 481, 788, 1445, 5699, 11, 284, 546, 13151, 4608, 422, 262, 4417, 11, 3599, 287, 3389, 13, 2750, 3269, 286, 2321, 11, 11563, 13423, 1029, 12, 29268, 4263, 290, 584, 1366, 546, 4417, 11742, 13, 12258, 318, 14820, 4058, 286, 7269, 290, 318, 2938, 284, 13066, 569, 18059, 329, 257, 614, 13, 198, 53, 18059, 11, 543, 37015, 262, 3825, 790, 513, 13, 21, 35609, 812, 11, 468, 281, 41186, 11, 30089, 12, 2339, 5485, 290, 281, 2811, 14753, 286, 6702, 25508, 4608, 13, 10422, 286, 19999, 2737, 1043, 319, 3668, 326, 389, 4762, 284, 423, 1282, 422, 569, 18059, 1950, 326, 569, 18059, 7042, 422, 44280, 8977, 1141, 262, 12347, 4482, 338, 717, 513, 1510, 284, 838, 1510, 812, 13, 198, 35, 3832, 338, 9073, 815, 307, 1498, 284, 766, 1981, 28856, 15623, 290, 1067, 8605, 11192, 286, 3625, 1973, 319, 569, 18059, 338, 4417, 13, 198, 1, 1135, 481, 629, 16682, 1088, 618, 262, 1366, 1282, 287, 11, 2111, 284, 787, 8739, 286, 262, 4417, 290, 4673, 663, 2748, 5485, 290, 2546, 553, 11563, 531, 13, 198, 35, 3832, 468, 257, 1029, 12, 13237, 4676, 11, 1863, 351, 257, 736, 12, 929, 26, 257, 7424, 290, 1474, 12, 10745, 25122, 5444, 398, 2357, 326, 481, 5911, 21622, 319, 262, 4417, 26, 290, 257, 34236, 26842, 290, 49810, 5444, 398, 2357, 326, 481, 7766, 262, 20038, 286, 4847, 884, 355, 6953, 290, 17669, 11, 5457, 422, 1660, 11, 287, 262, 9260, 13, 12258, 481, 635, 12774, 569, 18059, 338, 13522, 351, 5243, 10425, 13, 198, 464, 2050, 286, 569, 18059, 11, 2158, 11, 318, 691, 2063, 286, 12258, 338, 4365, 13, 383, 16807, 481, 635, 3189, 257, 6496, 2050, 286, 262, 4645, 290, 11742, 286, 262, 366, 67, 5767, 69, 5440, 1, 37449, 13, 569, 18059, 290, 37449, 389, 262, 749, 4858, 5563, 287, 262, 1388, 27460, 10999, 1022, 8706, 290, 22721, 13, 12258, 338, 4661, 2291, 13213, 262, 5485, 11, 2546, 11, 11742, 11, 5387, 4645, 11, 290, 262, 256, 478, 9229, 290, 18411, 6954, 286, 1111, 5563, 11, 290, 262, 4365, 318, 2938, 284, 7766, 262, 3403, 739, 543, 1123, 286, 606, 7042, 13, 198, 35, 3832, 11, 691, 262, 1218, 5654, 4365, 284, 307, 13232, 416, 281, 6190, 8884, 3037, 1900, 355, 22088, 38873, 11, 318, 635, 262, 717, 8884, 4365, 284, 13066, 734, 1688, 5563, 13, 198, 1, 5080, 501, 262, 20188, 329, 262, 10230, 319, 428, 4365, 553, 531, 11563, 11, 508, 2087, 326, 1231, 22088, 38873, 11, 12258, 561, 423, 1575, 1115, 1661, 355, 881, 13, 198, 52, 16827, 10428, 290, 1281, 44064, 2444, 670, 351, 11563, 319, 262, 4365, 13, 2735, 318, 281, 6275, 3663, 329, 10428, 2444, 284, 4654, 262, 1628, 290, 1037, 16602, 262, 1366, 11, 531, 11563, 11, 508, 17324, 27047, 3783, 284, 21750, 43485, 12632, 290, 6591, 290, 2272, 11887, 284, 43485, 12632, 290, 10428, 2444, 13, 198, 3260, 40462, 569, 18059, 11, 12258, 481, 2666, 329, 663, 1115, 12, 1941, 7002, 284, 37449, 11, 543, 714, 25451, 8904, 1660, 393, 4771, 11061, 663, 3881, 20048, 851, 290, 5457, 1204, 13, 1550, 262, 835, 284, 37449, 11, 12258, 743, 3187, 1194, 2134, 13, 383, 16807, 481, 9851, 50063, 351, 37449, 290, 2221, 40462, 287, 1853, 11, 14523, 3640, 290, 13050, 329, 379, 1551, 1936, 1933, 13, 198, 46325, 5804, 326, 37449, 290, 569, 18059, 11, 7042, 2048, 604, 13, 21, 2997, 812, 2084, 11, 423, 17232, 511, 1903, 1700, 11, 543, 373, 12912, 656, 511, 6156, 16649, 13, 198, 1, 1135, 821, 1016, 736, 287, 640, 284, 262, 1903, 6591, 1080, 553, 339, 531, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,016

Why does this galaxy have so many big black holes? No one is sure. What is sure is that NGC 922 is a ring galaxy created by the collision of a large and small galaxy about 300 million years ago. Like a rock thrown into a pond, the ancient collision sent ripples of high density gas out from the impact point near the center that partly condensed into stars. Pictured above is NGC 922 with its beautifully complex ring along the left side, as imaged recently by the Hubble Space Telescope. Observations of NGC 922 with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, however, show several glowing X-ray knots that are likely large black holes. The high number of massive black holes was somewhat surprising as the gas composition in NGC 922 -- rich in heavy elements -- should have discouraged almost anything so massive from forming. Research is sure to continue. spans about 75,000 light years, lies about 150 million light years away, and can be seen with a small telescope toward the constellation of the furnace (Fornax). Acknowledgement: Nick Rose

[ 5195, 857, 428, 16161, 423, 523, 867, 1263, 2042, 10421, 30, 198, 2949, 530, 318, 1654, 13, 198, 2061, 318, 1654, 318, 326, 198, 10503, 34, 860, 1828, 318, 257, 5858, 16161, 2727, 416, 262, 17661, 286, 257, 1588, 290, 1402, 16161, 546, 198, 6200, 1510, 812, 2084, 13, 198, 7594, 257, 3881, 8754, 656, 257, 16723, 11, 262, 198, 272, 3456, 17661, 1908, 374, 27844, 286, 198, 8929, 12109, 3623, 503, 422, 262, 2928, 966, 1474, 262, 3641, 326, 11476, 38784, 656, 5788, 13, 198, 21300, 1522, 2029, 318, 399, 15916, 860, 1828, 351, 663, 21104, 3716, 5858, 1863, 262, 1364, 1735, 11, 355, 545, 1886, 2904, 416, 262, 198, 16066, 903, 4687, 36789, 13, 198, 31310, 712, 602, 286, 399, 15916, 860, 1828, 351, 262, 198, 1925, 15918, 1395, 12, 2433, 25758, 11, 2158, 11, 905, 1811, 21377, 1395, 12, 2433, 33620, 326, 389, 1884, 1588, 2042, 10421, 13, 198, 464, 1029, 1271, 286, 4858, 2042, 10421, 373, 198, 82, 28030, 5183, 6452, 355, 262, 3623, 11742, 287, 198, 10503, 34, 860, 1828, 1377, 5527, 287, 4334, 4847, 1377, 815, 423, 30170, 2048, 1997, 523, 4858, 422, 14583, 13, 198, 25104, 318, 1654, 284, 2555, 13, 198, 2777, 504, 546, 5441, 11, 830, 1657, 812, 11, 7363, 546, 6640, 1510, 1657, 812, 1497, 11, 290, 460, 307, 1775, 351, 257, 1402, 24344, 3812, 262, 38712, 286, 262, 42227, 357, 37, 1211, 897, 737, 198, 39482, 16025, 25, 8047, 8049, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

242

Click Image to Enlarge Thanks to a metal oxide cathode rather than one based on graphite, this lithium-ion battery offers 35% greater range for electric vehicles. “Range anxiety,” or concern that electric vehicles (EVs) don’t pack enough power to get drivers everywhere they need to go in one charge, remains an issue. However, this could change thanks to the development of a new battery that offers 35% more range than existing technologies. The battery achieves this by integrating lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells with metal oxides to offer greater energy density, and thereby greater range. The battery is a result of work performed by battery supplier Axeon, engineering services firm Ricardo, and special-purpose vehicle builder Allied Vehicles. While most Li-ion battery cells feature graphite cathodes, this battery uses cathodes composed of nickel, cobalt and manganese. The engineers packaged the cells into pouch-like modular blocks, a design that reduces cell-level volume by 50% and mass by 30% compared to conventional batteries. A driver-assistance module that integrates radar and vision sensing to provide active safety features such as forward collision warning, adaptive headlight control and autono-mous braking has been developed by Delphi (delphi.com). This module, the RACam, is a single-box system that is small enough (123 x 68 x 38-mm) to be installed on the forward-facing side of a vehicle’s rearview mirror. What’s more, Delphi says it’s cheaper than conventional radar and vision systems, which are typically offered separately. The RACam is expected to launch in 2014. Although night-vision cameras are currently only offered on select premium vehicles, they’re expected to become more widespread as automakers look to enhance driver perception in dark and poor weather conditions. Northwestern University’s Center for Quantum Devices (cqd.eecs.northwestern.edu) may have a hand in this: its scientists have developed a next-generation camera that can be tuned to simultaneously absorb a range of infrared wavelengths and infrared bands. Today, the two types of commonly used infrared cameras are passive systems, which capture thermal radiation emitted by objects, and active systems, which use an infrared light source to provide high-resolution images of objects. Center for Quantum Devices director Manijeh Razeghi says that by absorbing infrared wavelengths and bands, their camera offers the benefits of both active and passive systems. Additionally, he says the camera features longer range detection and improved sensitivity for better overall performance.

[ 8164, 7412, 284, 2039, 11664, 198, 9690, 284, 257, 6147, 30788, 32171, 1098, 2138, 621, 530, 1912, 319, 4823, 578, 11, 428, 28444, 12, 295, 6555, 4394, 3439, 4, 3744, 2837, 329, 5186, 5672, 13, 198, 447, 250, 17257, 9751, 11, 447, 251, 393, 2328, 326, 5186, 5672, 357, 20114, 82, 8, 836, 447, 247, 83, 2353, 1576, 1176, 284, 651, 6643, 8347, 484, 761, 284, 467, 287, 530, 3877, 11, 3793, 281, 2071, 13, 2102, 11, 428, 714, 1487, 5176, 284, 262, 2478, 286, 257, 649, 6555, 326, 4394, 3439, 4, 517, 2837, 621, 4683, 8514, 13, 383, 6555, 41885, 428, 416, 32029, 28444, 12, 295, 357, 32304, 12, 295, 8, 4778, 351, 6147, 12018, 1460, 284, 2897, 3744, 2568, 12109, 11, 290, 12839, 3744, 2837, 13, 383, 6555, 318, 257, 1255, 286, 670, 6157, 416, 6555, 22693, 12176, 23277, 11, 8705, 2594, 4081, 38847, 11, 290, 2041, 12, 29983, 4038, 27098, 28234, 31365, 13, 198, 3633, 749, 7455, 12, 295, 6555, 4778, 3895, 4823, 578, 32171, 4147, 11, 428, 6555, 3544, 32171, 4147, 13160, 286, 30666, 11, 22843, 2501, 290, 582, 1030, 2771, 13, 383, 12037, 25555, 262, 4778, 656, 36594, 12, 2339, 26507, 7021, 11, 257, 1486, 326, 12850, 2685, 12, 5715, 6115, 416, 2026, 4, 290, 2347, 416, 1542, 4, 3688, 284, 10224, 13591, 13, 198, 32, 4639, 12, 562, 9311, 8265, 326, 48105, 13428, 290, 5761, 34244, 284, 2148, 4075, 3747, 3033, 884, 355, 2651, 17661, 6509, 11, 29605, 1182, 2971, 1630, 290, 1960, 29941, 12, 76, 516, 36682, 468, 587, 4166, 416, 4216, 34846, 357, 12381, 34846, 13, 785, 737, 770, 8265, 11, 262, 371, 2246, 321, 11, 318, 257, 2060, 12, 3524, 1080, 326, 318, 198, 17470, 1576, 357, 10163, 2124, 8257, 2124, 4353, 12, 3020, 8, 284, 307, 6589, 319, 262, 2651, 12, 29532, 1735, 286, 257, 4038, 447, 247, 82, 8286, 1177, 10162, 13, 1867, 447, 247, 82, 517, 11, 4216, 34846, 1139, 340, 447, 247, 82, 11721, 621, 10224, 13428, 290, 5761, 3341, 11, 543, 389, 6032, 4438, 13869, 13, 383, 371, 2246, 321, 318, 2938, 284, 4219, 287, 1946, 13, 198, 7003, 1755, 12, 10178, 9073, 389, 3058, 691, 4438, 319, 2922, 8683, 5672, 11, 484, 447, 247, 260, 2938, 284, 1716, 517, 10095, 355, 47296, 804, 284, 9494, 4639, 11202, 287, 3223, 290, 3595, 6193, 3403, 13, 30197, 2059, 447, 247, 82, 3337, 329, 29082, 29362, 357, 66, 80, 67, 13, 68, 721, 82, 13, 43588, 14197, 13, 15532, 8, 743, 423, 257, 1021, 287, 428, 25, 663, 5519, 423, 4166, 257, 1306, 12, 20158, 4676, 326, 460, 307, 16524, 284, 11640, 17565, 257, 2837, 286, 30624, 45656, 290, 30624, 11760, 13, 198, 8888, 11, 262, 734, 3858, 286, 8811, 973, 30624, 9073, 389, 14513, 3341, 11, 543, 8006, 18411, 11881, 31234, 416, 5563, 11, 290, 4075, 3341, 11, 543, 779, 281, 30624, 1657, 2723, 284, 2148, 1029, 12, 29268, 4263, 286, 5563, 13, 3337, 329, 29082, 29362, 3437, 1869, 2926, 17231, 371, 6201, 456, 72, 1139, 326, 416, 34418, 30624, 45656, 290, 11760, 11, 511, 4676, 4394, 262, 4034, 286, 1111, 4075, 290, 14513, 3341, 13, 12032, 11, 339, 1139, 262, 4676, 3033, 2392, 2837, 13326, 290, 6596, 14233, 329, 1365, 4045, 2854, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

538

How Are Women Faring In Ukraine? On the eve of the January 17 presidential elections in Ukraine, Olena Suslova, Chair of the Board at Women’s Information Consultative Center in Kiev, offers a glimpse of the status of women and women’s rights there. By Masum Momaya AWID: What is the status of women and women’s rights in Ukraine generally? Olena Suslova (O.S.): Women in Ukraine have equal constitutional rights as men in the economic, political, cultural and social fields, as well as in the family, but there is some difference between formal legal equality and reality. For example, women make up 48% of Ukraine’s labor force, and while our Constitution guarantees equal pay for equal work – and this is mostly observed – industries dominated by female workers have the lowest relative wages and are the ones most likely to be affected by wage arrears. Moreover, some employers refuse to hire younger women likely to become pregnant or women over 35. Generally, women also have fewer opportunities for career advancement. AWID: Will the upcoming (January 17) elections provide an opportunity to elect officials that might advance women’s rights or are the elections simply a formality? O.S.: The upcoming elections will elect the President but not officials, who will ultimately influence public policy. Depending on who is elected, new officials may be appointed, including diplomats and the Attorney General. However, under Ukraine’s constitution, the President has limited powers. In general, I don’t think that the upcoming elections will radically change public policies related to gender equality. AWID: Are women’s groups mobilizing around the elections? O.S.: No. This time women’s groups are not active themselves, and political parties are not mobilizing women either. AWID: Is there much political participation generally by women in Ukraine, as voters, candidates and officials? O.S.: Female voters in Ukraine are more engaged than male voters. As individuals, women more actively participate in campaigns and vote more often. In this upcoming election, 3 of the 18 candidates for Parliament are women. And currently, 75.5% of government officials are women, but most are not in positions of power. AWID: Are corruption and bureaucracy major factors in how people experience and interact with the political system? O.S.: Yes, corruption and bureaucracy influence how people interact with the political system; however other factors are important, too, including people’s ignorance of the political system, mutual bias and stereotypes, lack of activism and some “activist depression” after the Orange Revolution. AWID: Has the presence of a prominent woman leader, Yulia Tymoshenko, made any difference in terms of women’s rights? O.S.: No and yes. Yulia Tymoshenko is not considered by most to be a leader with feminist thinking and declarations. Usually she is gender neutral in her expressions and approaches, avoiding raising issues of women’s leadership and sometimes pointing out the masculinity of her own actions and those of “real men”. At the same time, by example, she has encouraged women to get more involved in politics and motivated women to be more insistent, confident and forthcoming in their career advancement. In my opinion, Tymoshenko walks a feminist path but is not ready to declare it. In previous years, she did a lot to support “big wise men” even after many of them betrayed her, but lately, she has finally understood that she needs to leave behind the “supportive” gender role. Now, she often talks about how badly men have managed our country and why we need to give women an opportunity. AWID: Ukraine has experienced much economic transition since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. What kinds of occupations do women work in? And what is the situation of women economically more recently amidst the global economic crisis? O.S.: Women in Ukraine have been economically active for many generations, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union has not decreased this. Still, most women work in “female” fields like education, trade and the hospitality industry. Now, though, more women work in “male” dominated fields like the military and information technology. There is not yet much research on the influence of the global economic crisis in Ukraine from a gender perspective, but, in general, the crisis has not hit Ukraine as hard as many other countries. We are not as integrated into the global economy as many other countries. Also, we went through a very harsh “vaccination” period during the first years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, when our economy experienced many shocks. Inflation rates during those years reached 1000%, and unemployment increased from practically zero to 5 – 10%. Women did a lot of compensating during this time. These economic shocks were compounded by a cultural shock in which people had to reformulate their words, actions and lives. So the current economic crisis is not as difficult as what we went through nearly 20 years ago. AWID: Does the Eastern Orthodox Church exert much influence on women’s rights today? O.S.: The influence of the Eastern Orthodox Church on women’s rights is not substantive in general. Traditional values such as the prohibition of abortion and the subordination of women are not visible in society as a whole and not aggressive. The church could have much influence within some families, but this is more exception than the rule. AWID: What is the status of sexual and reproductive rights for women in Ukraine? And are these rights complicated by Ukraine’s low birth rates and natalist policies? O.S.: Sexual and reproductive rights for women are not limited by law, and Ukraine has one of the highest abortion rates in the world. The government has been trying to encourage women to have children through financial incentives, but this policy has not been very effective, because, even with the incentives, people cannot afford to have children. Moreover, in rural areas, there is limited access to hospitals and health care. AWID: How strong are civil society and the women’s movement in Ukraine? Are they adequately resourced? And is the spirit of the Orange Revolution still alive in these movements? O.S.: Civil society in Ukraine has had more and less favorable times during its 20 years in existence. The Orange Revolution could be considered as an opportune moment for civil society despite deep disappointment among population related to lost expectations. The number of active NGOs including women’s ones is less than it was 10 years ago; however the quality of NGO work has grown. Because of the Orange Revolution, government bodies are more open and this has given civil society organizations more space to make change, including pushing for a more tolerant and human society. Some women’s NGOs became the first gender advisors of governors after the Equal Opportunity Law entered into force after the Orange Revolution in 2005. AWID: Is the concept of “rights” well received in Ukraine? O.S.: The perception of the concept of human rights in Ukraine has changed over time. In the first years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, donors and other stakeholders were excited to make it a “cure–all” for the ills of the dictatorship; later, it brought a lot of disappointment because changes didn’t take root and did not come so fast. Also, donors declared and supported this concept, but in practice were very often not sensitive; they ended up themselves violating these human rights. This led to a period when NGOs did not address rights visibly and directly. Now, we see some maturity of civil society in Ukraine, and this gives us the opportunity to return to this concept again at more deep and reflective level, converting it into more practical steps. The author would like to thank Betsy Hoody at the Global Fund for Women for her support with this interview.

[ 2437, 4231, 6926, 376, 1723, 554, 7049, 30, 198, 2202, 262, 28001, 286, 262, 3269, 1596, 4787, 7024, 287, 7049, 11, 6544, 8107, 8932, 75, 10071, 11, 9369, 286, 262, 5926, 379, 6926, 447, 247, 82, 6188, 21651, 876, 3337, 287, 22761, 11, 4394, 257, 19350, 286, 262, 3722, 286, 1466, 290, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 612, 13, 198, 3886, 11066, 388, 11254, 11729, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1867, 318, 262, 3722, 286, 1466, 290, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 287, 7049, 4143, 30, 198, 30098, 8107, 8932, 75, 10071, 357, 46, 13, 50, 47308, 6926, 287, 7049, 423, 4961, 9758, 2489, 355, 1450, 287, 262, 3034, 11, 1964, 11, 6467, 290, 1919, 7032, 11, 355, 880, 355, 287, 262, 1641, 11, 475, 612, 318, 617, 3580, 1022, 8766, 2742, 10537, 290, 3950, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 1466, 787, 510, 4764, 4, 286, 7049, 447, 247, 82, 4827, 2700, 11, 290, 981, 674, 7965, 19026, 4961, 1414, 329, 4961, 670, 784, 290, 428, 318, 4632, 6515, 784, 11798, 13354, 416, 4048, 3259, 423, 262, 9016, 3585, 9400, 290, 389, 262, 3392, 749, 1884, 284, 307, 5676, 416, 7699, 610, 260, 945, 13, 10968, 11, 617, 11390, 11148, 284, 11078, 7099, 1466, 1884, 284, 1716, 10423, 393, 1466, 625, 3439, 13, 23904, 11, 1466, 635, 423, 7380, 6443, 329, 3451, 27647, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 2561, 262, 7865, 357, 21339, 1596, 8, 7024, 2148, 281, 3663, 284, 1742, 2828, 326, 1244, 5963, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 393, 389, 262, 7024, 2391, 257, 1296, 1483, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 383, 7865, 7024, 481, 1742, 262, 1992, 475, 407, 2828, 11, 508, 481, 6165, 4588, 1171, 2450, 13, 23591, 319, 508, 318, 7018, 11, 649, 2828, 743, 307, 9899, 11, 1390, 24836, 290, 262, 8123, 3611, 13, 2102, 11, 739, 7049, 447, 247, 82, 11784, 11, 262, 1992, 468, 3614, 5635, 13, 554, 2276, 11, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 892, 326, 262, 7865, 7024, 481, 25330, 1487, 1171, 4788, 3519, 284, 5279, 10537, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 4231, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2628, 17754, 2890, 1088, 262, 7024, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 1400, 13, 770, 640, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2628, 389, 407, 4075, 2405, 11, 290, 1964, 4671, 389, 407, 17754, 2890, 1466, 2035, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1148, 612, 881, 1964, 10270, 4143, 416, 1466, 287, 7049, 11, 355, 4446, 11, 5871, 290, 2828, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 15396, 4446, 287, 7049, 389, 517, 7953, 621, 4257, 4446, 13, 1081, 3925, 11, 1466, 517, 10630, 8277, 287, 9964, 290, 3015, 517, 1690, 13, 554, 428, 7865, 3071, 11, 513, 286, 262, 1248, 5871, 329, 8411, 389, 1466, 13, 843, 3058, 11, 5441, 13, 20, 4, 286, 1230, 2828, 389, 1466, 11, 475, 749, 389, 407, 287, 6116, 286, 1176, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 4231, 9253, 290, 25250, 1688, 5087, 287, 703, 661, 1998, 290, 9427, 351, 262, 1964, 1080, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 3363, 11, 9253, 290, 25250, 4588, 703, 661, 9427, 351, 262, 1964, 1080, 26, 2158, 584, 5087, 389, 1593, 11, 1165, 11, 1390, 661, 447, 247, 82, 17010, 286, 262, 1964, 1080, 11, 13584, 10690, 290, 22364, 11, 3092, 286, 23034, 290, 617, 564, 250, 15791, 396, 8862, 447, 251, 706, 262, 11942, 9303, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 7875, 262, 4931, 286, 257, 9208, 2415, 3554, 11, 575, 43640, 309, 4948, 43934, 11, 925, 597, 3580, 287, 2846, 286, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 1400, 290, 3763, 13, 198, 56, 43640, 309, 4948, 43934, 318, 407, 3177, 416, 749, 284, 307, 257, 3554, 351, 14314, 3612, 290, 31713, 13, 19672, 673, 318, 5279, 8500, 287, 607, 14700, 290, 10581, 11, 14928, 8620, 2428, 286, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 5531, 290, 3360, 10609, 503, 262, 32690, 286, 607, 898, 4028, 290, 883, 286, 564, 250, 5305, 1450, 447, 251, 13, 198, 2953, 262, 976, 640, 11, 416, 1672, 11, 673, 468, 10085, 1466, 284, 651, 517, 2950, 287, 4819, 290, 13338, 1466, 284, 307, 517, 1035, 7609, 11, 6563, 290, 21220, 287, 511, 3451, 27647, 13, 198, 818, 616, 4459, 11, 309, 4948, 43934, 11114, 257, 14314, 3108, 475, 318, 407, 3492, 284, 13627, 340, 13, 554, 2180, 812, 11, 673, 750, 257, 1256, 284, 1104, 564, 250, 14261, 10787, 1450, 447, 251, 772, 706, 867, 286, 606, 26281, 607, 11, 475, 16537, 11, 673, 468, 3443, 7247, 326, 673, 2476, 284, 2666, 2157, 262, 564, 250, 11284, 425, 447, 251, 5279, 2597, 13, 2735, 11, 673, 1690, 6130, 546, 703, 11234, 1450, 423, 5257, 674, 1499, 290, 1521, 356, 761, 284, 1577, 1466, 281, 3663, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 7049, 468, 5924, 881, 3034, 6801, 1201, 262, 37494, 286, 262, 7570, 4479, 287, 10249, 13, 1867, 6982, 286, 23308, 466, 1466, 670, 287, 30, 843, 644, 318, 262, 3074, 286, 1466, 20324, 517, 2904, 31095, 262, 3298, 3034, 4902, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 6926, 287, 7049, 423, 587, 20324, 4075, 329, 867, 10439, 11, 290, 262, 37494, 286, 262, 7570, 4479, 468, 407, 11832, 428, 13, 7831, 11, 749, 1466, 670, 287, 564, 250, 24724, 447, 251, 7032, 588, 3707, 11, 3292, 290, 262, 33362, 2831, 13, 2735, 11, 996, 11, 517, 1466, 670, 287, 564, 250, 22606, 447, 251, 13354, 7032, 588, 262, 2422, 290, 1321, 3037, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 407, 1865, 881, 2267, 319, 262, 4588, 286, 262, 3298, 3034, 4902, 287, 7049, 422, 257, 5279, 6650, 11, 475, 11, 287, 2276, 11, 262, 4902, 468, 407, 2277, 7049, 355, 1327, 355, 867, 584, 2678, 13, 775, 389, 407, 355, 11521, 656, 262, 3298, 3773, 355, 867, 584, 2678, 13, 4418, 11, 356, 1816, 832, 257, 845, 11859, 564, 250, 37839, 1883, 447, 251, 2278, 1141, 262, 717, 812, 706, 262, 29930, 1358, 286, 262, 7570, 4479, 11, 618, 674, 3773, 5924, 867, 32392, 13, 554, 33521, 3965, 1141, 883, 812, 4251, 8576, 7441, 290, 10681, 3220, 422, 14547, 6632, 284, 642, 784, 838, 7225, 6926, 750, 257, 1256, 286, 7144, 803, 1141, 428, 640, 13, 198, 4711, 3034, 32392, 547, 36944, 416, 257, 6467, 6380, 287, 543, 661, 550, 284, 4975, 5039, 511, 2456, 11, 4028, 290, 3160, 13, 1406, 262, 1459, 3034, 4902, 318, 407, 355, 2408, 355, 644, 356, 1816, 832, 3016, 1160, 812, 2084, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 8314, 262, 8345, 17650, 4564, 17596, 881, 4588, 319, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 1909, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 383, 4588, 286, 262, 8345, 17650, 4564, 319, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2489, 318, 407, 28580, 287, 2276, 13, 29065, 3815, 884, 355, 262, 19548, 286, 7950, 290, 262, 21267, 1883, 286, 1466, 389, 407, 7424, 287, 3592, 355, 257, 2187, 290, 407, 8361, 13, 383, 4928, 714, 423, 881, 4588, 1626, 617, 4172, 11, 475, 428, 318, 517, 6631, 621, 262, 3896, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1867, 318, 262, 3722, 286, 3206, 290, 18391, 2489, 329, 1466, 287, 7049, 30, 843, 389, 777, 2489, 8253, 416, 7049, 447, 247, 82, 1877, 4082, 3965, 290, 299, 10254, 396, 4788, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 19536, 290, 18391, 2489, 329, 1466, 389, 407, 3614, 416, 1099, 11, 290, 7049, 468, 530, 286, 262, 4511, 7950, 3965, 287, 262, 995, 13, 383, 1230, 468, 587, 2111, 284, 7898, 1466, 284, 423, 1751, 832, 3176, 16538, 11, 475, 428, 2450, 468, 407, 587, 845, 4050, 11, 780, 11, 772, 351, 262, 16538, 11, 661, 2314, 5368, 284, 423, 1751, 13, 10968, 11, 287, 10016, 3006, 11, 612, 318, 3614, 1895, 284, 11301, 290, 1535, 1337, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1374, 1913, 389, 3026, 3592, 290, 262, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 3356, 287, 7049, 30, 4231, 484, 22668, 581, 30555, 30, 843, 318, 262, 4437, 286, 262, 11942, 9303, 991, 6776, 287, 777, 8650, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 7511, 3592, 287, 7049, 468, 550, 517, 290, 1342, 17070, 1661, 1141, 663, 1160, 812, 287, 6224, 13, 383, 11942, 9303, 714, 307, 3177, 355, 281, 1269, 419, 1726, 2589, 329, 3026, 3592, 3805, 2769, 18641, 1871, 3265, 3519, 284, 2626, 9027, 13, 198, 464, 1271, 286, 4075, 32507, 1390, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 3392, 318, 1342, 621, 340, 373, 838, 812, 2084, 26, 2158, 262, 3081, 286, 22142, 670, 468, 7334, 13, 4362, 286, 262, 11942, 9303, 11, 1230, 5920, 389, 517, 1280, 290, 428, 468, 1813, 3026, 3592, 5745, 517, 2272, 284, 787, 1487, 11, 1390, 7796, 329, 257, 517, 33435, 290, 1692, 3592, 13, 198, 4366, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 32507, 2627, 262, 717, 5279, 32456, 286, 26824, 706, 262, 28701, 32675, 3854, 5982, 656, 2700, 706, 262, 11942, 9303, 287, 5075, 13, 198, 12298, 2389, 25, 1148, 262, 3721, 286, 564, 250, 28046, 447, 251, 880, 2722, 287, 7049, 30, 198, 46, 13, 50, 11207, 383, 11202, 286, 262, 3721, 286, 1692, 2489, 287, 7049, 468, 3421, 625, 640, 13, 554, 262, 717, 812, 706, 262, 29930, 1358, 286, 262, 7570, 4479, 11, 13334, 290, 584, 26138, 547, 6568, 284, 787, 340, 257, 564, 250, 66, 495, 1906, 439, 447, 251, 329, 262, 220, 2171, 286, 262, 26457, 26, 1568, 11, 340, 3181, 257, 1256, 286, 18641, 780, 2458, 1422, 447, 247, 83, 1011, 6808, 290, 750, 407, 1282, 523, 3049, 13, 4418, 11, 13334, 6875, 290, 4855, 428, 3721, 11, 475, 287, 3357, 547, 845, 1690, 407, 8564, 26, 484, 4444, 510, 2405, 18134, 777, 1692, 2489, 13, 770, 2957, 284, 257, 2278, 618, 32507, 750, 407, 2209, 2489, 30544, 290, 3264, 13, 2735, 11, 356, 766, 617, 24841, 286, 3026, 3592, 287, 7049, 11, 290, 428, 3607, 514, 262, 3663, 284, 1441, 284, 428, 3721, 757, 379, 517, 2769, 290, 28962, 1241, 11, 23202, 340, 656, 517, 8472, 4831, 13, 198, 464, 1772, 561, 588, 284, 5875, 45775, 17233, 88, 379, 262, 8060, 7557, 329, 6926, 329, 607, 1104, 351, 428, 2720, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,653

Serious head injuries are rare in the wilderness. But get hit square on the melon by a falling rock, and the resulting brain swelling can cause dangerous intracranial pressure. Unlike skin gashes and broken bones, traumatic brain injuries don't always bleed or even cause pain, making early diagnosis tricky. Since brain injuries can occur without exterior wounds, the best indicator of serious trauma is a person's level of consciousness, says Jeffrey Isaac, curriculum director at Wilderness Medical Associates. Use the AVPU scale to establish a person's alertness and monitor any deterioration in brain function. The farther down the scale (A is the best, U the worst) the person registers, the more serious the brain injury. (A) Victim is Alert and oriented; he knows who he is, where he is, and what happened. (V) You get a response to Verbal stimuli, but victim is confused and disoriented. (P) Victim responds only to Painful stimuli, like pinching his arm or rubbing his breastbone. (U) Victim is Unresponsive to all of the above. Record any periods of unconsciousness. Blackouts lasting longer than two to three minutes indicate a serious head injury, especially if accompanied by persistent disorientation. Because brain swelling can develop slowly, evaluate the victim's mental state for 24 hours after the injury. Watch for behavioral indicators like combativeness, restlessness, or acting drunk, as well as severe headache, nausea, and persistent vomiting. Move the victim to a safer location if necessary. Don't leave a victim in a dangerous place or where you can't treat life-threatening injuries just because you are unable to stabilize the spine, says Isaac. Recent studies have shown that cervical spine damage occurs in a tiny percentange of victims with traumatic head injuries. As a result, new first aid protocols recommend spine "protection" over stabilization when hazardous conditions require moving the victim. Monitor a victim's breathing and pulse rate, and keep him hydrated and warm. Treat for shock by raising the legs while you gauge his level of consciousness. Initial disorientation or confusion can improve in a short period. The duration a person remains unconscious isn't as important as how quickly he returns to normal brain functioning, says Isaac. Contrary to popular belief, the victim of a head injury can doze or sleep as long as he is monitored and woken up every few hours to check alertness. Initiate immediate evacuation for victims whose alertness or memory remains severely altered, or worsens over time. Even if a victim recovers enough to walk out, he should still seek medical attention.

[ 7089, 699, 1182, 6821, 389, 4071, 287, 262, 22775, 13, 887, 651, 2277, 6616, 319, 262, 7758, 261, 416, 257, 7463, 3881, 11, 290, 262, 7186, 3632, 29844, 460, 2728, 4923, 9913, 330, 2596, 498, 3833, 13, 12101, 4168, 3623, 956, 290, 5445, 11945, 11, 25115, 3632, 6821, 836, 470, 1464, 30182, 393, 772, 2728, 2356, 11, 1642, 1903, 13669, 17198, 13, 198, 6385, 3632, 6821, 460, 3051, 1231, 20897, 14129, 11, 262, 1266, 16916, 286, 2726, 14649, 318, 257, 1048, 338, 1241, 286, 10510, 11, 1139, 19627, 19068, 11, 20583, 3437, 379, 40432, 8366, 29306, 13, 198, 11041, 262, 14661, 5105, 5046, 284, 4474, 257, 1048, 338, 7995, 1108, 290, 5671, 597, 38495, 287, 3632, 2163, 13, 383, 18485, 866, 262, 5046, 357, 32, 318, 262, 1266, 11, 471, 262, 5290, 8, 262, 1048, 28441, 11, 262, 517, 2726, 262, 3632, 5095, 13, 198, 7, 32, 8, 38901, 318, 23276, 290, 25921, 26, 339, 4206, 508, 339, 318, 11, 810, 339, 318, 11, 290, 644, 3022, 13, 198, 7, 53, 8, 921, 651, 257, 2882, 284, 4643, 6893, 25973, 11, 475, 3117, 318, 10416, 290, 595, 17107, 13, 198, 7, 47, 8, 38901, 20067, 691, 284, 15627, 913, 25973, 11, 588, 6757, 10813, 465, 3211, 393, 27714, 465, 9296, 15992, 13, 198, 7, 52, 8, 38901, 318, 791, 39772, 284, 477, 286, 262, 2029, 13, 198, 23739, 597, 9574, 286, 14917, 1108, 13, 2619, 5269, 15727, 2392, 621, 734, 284, 1115, 2431, 7603, 257, 2726, 1182, 5095, 11, 2592, 611, 11791, 416, 16218, 595, 13989, 341, 13, 198, 8128, 3632, 29844, 460, 1205, 6364, 11, 13446, 262, 3117, 338, 5110, 1181, 329, 1987, 2250, 706, 262, 5095, 13, 198, 10723, 329, 17211, 21337, 588, 5249, 6517, 11, 1334, 17587, 11, 393, 7205, 10785, 11, 355, 880, 355, 6049, 24902, 11, 32122, 11, 290, 16218, 30874, 13, 198, 21774, 262, 3117, 284, 257, 14178, 4067, 611, 3306, 13, 2094, 470, 2666, 257, 3117, 287, 257, 4923, 1295, 393, 810, 345, 460, 470, 2190, 1204, 12, 26159, 6821, 655, 780, 345, 389, 5906, 284, 32411, 262, 19656, 11, 1139, 19068, 13, 22926, 3640, 423, 3402, 326, 36012, 19656, 2465, 8833, 287, 257, 7009, 1411, 858, 286, 4970, 351, 25115, 1182, 6821, 13, 1081, 257, 1255, 11, 649, 717, 6133, 19565, 4313, 19656, 366, 42846, 1, 625, 43200, 618, 26082, 3403, 2421, 3867, 262, 3117, 13, 198, 35479, 257, 3117, 338, 12704, 290, 19445, 2494, 11, 290, 1394, 683, 7409, 4111, 290, 5814, 13, 11217, 329, 6380, 416, 8620, 262, 7405, 981, 345, 18266, 465, 1241, 286, 10510, 13, 198, 24243, 595, 13989, 341, 393, 10802, 460, 2987, 287, 257, 1790, 2278, 13, 383, 9478, 257, 1048, 3793, 14917, 2125, 470, 355, 1593, 355, 703, 2952, 339, 5860, 284, 3487, 3632, 15025, 11, 1139, 19068, 13, 198, 4264, 11619, 284, 2968, 4901, 11, 262, 3117, 286, 257, 1182, 5095, 460, 466, 2736, 393, 3993, 355, 890, 355, 339, 318, 20738, 290, 266, 4233, 510, 790, 1178, 2250, 284, 2198, 7995, 1108, 13, 198, 818, 8846, 378, 7103, 24663, 329, 4970, 3025, 7995, 1108, 393, 4088, 3793, 15052, 14294, 11, 393, 24476, 641, 625, 640, 13, 3412, 611, 257, 3117, 46773, 1576, 284, 2513, 503, 11, 339, 815, 991, 5380, 3315, 3241, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

541

Is the evidence strong enough to support a medieval Welsh settlement in North America? First recorded almost four hundred years after the lifetime of Madoc ap Owain Gwynedd, there is little to indicate that the story was known before Humphrey Llwyd. While there certainly were medieval stories about a Madoc, who seems to have been more well known in Flanders than in Wales, it is by no means certain that the Madoc of the stories and poems was Madoc ap Owain. All that can be said of the medieval romances is that they concern a sea-farer of some renown. That is as far as the medieval sources go. Where Humphrey Llwyd got the story is unknown. It is in none of the sources he translated into English and it is so far from the medieval versions that they cannot have been the sole inspiration. It is possible, perhaps even probable, that he simply made it up. As a proud Welshman at a time when the English government was doing its best to anglicise the recently-created province (following An Acte for Lawes & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme of 1536), making a claim that the Welsh had discovered the New World long before the English (and, indeed, the Spanish) had ever set foot there would have been a strike by Llwyd in favour of national pride. The flawed evidence of the Bat Creek Stone In 1991, archaeologists Robert C Mainfort Jr. and Mary L Kwas, writing in The Tennessee Anthropologist 16 (1) identified the hoaxer of the Bat Creek Stone as John Emmert, the assistant who claimed to have found it. Cyrus Thomas had doubts about Emmert’s abilities, believing his judgement to be impaired by the drink problem that eventually led to his sacking. Following a series of begging letters to Thomas, Emmert was reinstated in 1888, promising to give him “greater satisfaction than I ever did before” and agreeing with Thomas’s hypothesis that the Cherokees were the moundbuilders. Emmert certainly had the motive for producing a spectacular find and despite Cyrus Gordon’s identification of the script as Hebrew, it is passable for the Cherokee syllabary. Alas, the Cherokee syllabary was invented in 1819 by the native American silversmith Sequoyah (c 1767-1843, also known as George Gist/Guess/Guest) and a radiocarbon date on material from Mound 3 of 1605 ± 170 bp (409 ± 174 CE) is much too early. So, could Blackett and Wilson be right in identifying the inscription as sixth-century Welsh, in the Coelbren script? Once again, we find Coelbren to be a modern invention, having been first published in 1791 by Edward Williams (1747-1826, better known as Iolo Morganwg), a serial forger. Although claims have been made for an earlier origin (such as in the “Welsh runes” attributed to the scholar Nennius or Nemnivus and said to have been invented because an Englishman had taunted him that the Welsh had no writing system), nothing like Coelbren is attested before the time of Edward Williams. It is also evident that if it incorporates symbols for mutated consonants and such mutations are not written before the period of Middle Welsh orthography (twelfth to fourteenth centuries CE), long after the date claimed for the Bat Creek inscription by Wilson and Blackett, then Coelbren can be no earlier that the twelfth century CE. Dismissing the recent claims Wilson and Blackett are keen promoters of an alternative Arthurian archaeology that uses some very poor evidence that does not stand up to critical scrutiny. Indeed, there is even a suggestion that some of the evidence they use is fraudulent. Their frequent complaint that they are not taken seriously by academe is typical of Bad Archaeologists: they tell their readers that the reasons for being ignored are professional jealousies, an inability to see beyond accepted ideas and even darkly political conspiracies. Like so many other Bad Archaeologists they seem incapable of recognising that the real reason the professional archaeologists do not give them the recognition they believe they deserve is that their ideas are poorly thought out, supported by inadmissable evidence and, ultimately, rubbish.

[ 3792, 262, 2370, 1913, 1576, 284, 1104, 257, 19955, 22945, 9443, 287, 2258, 2253, 30, 198, 5962, 6264, 2048, 1440, 3470, 812, 706, 262, 10869, 286, 4627, 420, 2471, 11960, 391, 402, 27612, 6048, 11, 612, 318, 1310, 284, 7603, 326, 262, 1621, 373, 1900, 878, 32787, 4364, 18315, 86, 5173, 13, 2893, 612, 3729, 547, 19955, 3923, 546, 257, 4627, 420, 11, 508, 2331, 284, 423, 587, 517, 880, 1900, 287, 376, 32358, 621, 287, 11769, 11, 340, 318, 416, 645, 1724, 1728, 326, 262, 4627, 420, 286, 262, 3923, 290, 31888, 373, 4627, 420, 2471, 11960, 391, 13, 1439, 326, 460, 307, 531, 286, 262, 19955, 9267, 1817, 318, 326, 484, 2328, 257, 5417, 12, 9496, 81, 286, 617, 20287, 13, 1320, 318, 355, 1290, 355, 262, 19955, 4237, 467, 13, 198, 8496, 32787, 4364, 18315, 86, 5173, 1392, 262, 1621, 318, 6439, 13, 632, 318, 287, 4844, 286, 262, 4237, 339, 14251, 656, 3594, 290, 340, 318, 523, 1290, 422, 262, 19955, 6300, 326, 484, 2314, 423, 587, 262, 6195, 12141, 13, 632, 318, 1744, 11, 3737, 772, 17939, 11, 326, 339, 2391, 925, 340, 510, 13, 1081, 257, 6613, 22945, 805, 379, 257, 640, 618, 262, 3594, 1230, 373, 1804, 663, 1266, 284, 3550, 677, 786, 262, 2904, 12, 25598, 8473, 357, 27780, 278, 1052, 2191, 68, 329, 3854, 274, 1222, 4796, 284, 307, 949, 396, 445, 287, 11769, 287, 588, 1440, 1326, 355, 340, 318, 287, 428, 6416, 1326, 286, 1315, 2623, 828, 1642, 257, 1624, 326, 262, 22945, 550, 5071, 262, 968, 2159, 890, 878, 262, 3594, 357, 392, 11, 5600, 11, 262, 7897, 8, 550, 1683, 900, 2366, 612, 561, 423, 587, 257, 5587, 416, 18315, 86, 5173, 287, 7075, 286, 2260, 11293, 13, 198, 464, 19556, 2370, 286, 262, 6577, 13509, 8026, 198, 818, 10249, 11, 38967, 5199, 327, 8774, 3319, 7504, 13, 290, 5335, 406, 509, 9776, 11, 3597, 287, 383, 11287, 32898, 7451, 1467, 357, 16, 8, 5174, 262, 25943, 263, 286, 262, 6577, 13509, 8026, 355, 1757, 2295, 647, 83, 11, 262, 8796, 508, 4752, 284, 423, 1043, 340, 13, 34305, 5658, 550, 17188, 546, 2295, 647, 83, 447, 247, 82, 7883, 11, 14773, 465, 23071, 284, 307, 22753, 416, 262, 4144, 1917, 326, 4191, 2957, 284, 465, 264, 5430, 13, 14207, 257, 2168, 286, 26732, 7475, 284, 5658, 11, 2295, 647, 83, 373, 40685, 287, 49584, 11, 11781, 284, 1577, 683, 564, 250, 18223, 263, 14676, 621, 314, 1683, 750, 878, 447, 251, 290, 24093, 351, 5658, 447, 247, 82, 14078, 326, 262, 37156, 16683, 547, 262, 31446, 50034, 13, 2295, 647, 83, 3729, 550, 262, 20289, 329, 9194, 257, 15013, 1064, 290, 3805, 34305, 11646, 447, 247, 82, 11795, 286, 262, 4226, 355, 16505, 11, 340, 318, 1208, 540, 329, 262, 39476, 27226, 397, 560, 13, 45315, 11, 262, 39476, 27226, 397, 560, 373, 15646, 287, 1248, 1129, 416, 262, 6868, 1605, 3313, 690, 22947, 24604, 726, 993, 357, 66, 1596, 3134, 12, 1507, 3559, 11, 635, 1900, 355, 4502, 402, 396, 14, 8205, 408, 14, 42481, 8, 290, 257, 19772, 420, 42084, 3128, 319, 2587, 422, 337, 633, 513, 286, 1467, 2713, 6354, 16677, 275, 79, 357, 29416, 6354, 27621, 18671, 8, 318, 881, 1165, 1903, 13, 198, 2396, 11, 714, 2619, 3087, 290, 8127, 307, 826, 287, 13720, 262, 40189, 355, 11695, 12, 14792, 22945, 11, 287, 262, 1766, 417, 65, 918, 4226, 30, 4874, 757, 11, 356, 1064, 1766, 417, 65, 918, 284, 307, 257, 3660, 14250, 11, 1719, 587, 717, 3199, 287, 1596, 6420, 416, 10443, 6484, 357, 1558, 2857, 12, 1507, 2075, 11, 1365, 1900, 355, 314, 14057, 10805, 86, 70, 828, 257, 11389, 329, 1362, 13, 4900, 3667, 423, 587, 925, 329, 281, 2961, 8159, 357, 10508, 355, 287, 262, 564, 250, 54, 21564, 32326, 447, 251, 14183, 284, 262, 15606, 399, 1697, 3754, 393, 22547, 77, 452, 385, 290, 531, 284, 423, 587, 15646, 780, 281, 3594, 805, 550, 256, 20227, 683, 326, 262, 22945, 550, 645, 3597, 1080, 828, 2147, 588, 1766, 417, 65, 918, 318, 708, 7287, 878, 262, 640, 286, 10443, 6484, 13, 632, 318, 635, 10678, 326, 611, 340, 33181, 14354, 329, 48865, 44278, 1187, 290, 884, 23005, 389, 407, 3194, 878, 262, 2278, 286, 6046, 22945, 29617, 4867, 357, 4246, 44659, 284, 1440, 20283, 10675, 18671, 828, 890, 706, 262, 3128, 4752, 329, 262, 6577, 13509, 40189, 416, 8127, 290, 2619, 3087, 11, 788, 1766, 417, 65, 918, 460, 307, 645, 2961, 326, 262, 665, 44659, 4289, 18671, 13, 198, 35, 1042, 747, 278, 262, 2274, 3667, 198, 37349, 290, 2619, 3087, 389, 13795, 43381, 286, 281, 5559, 13514, 666, 16713, 1435, 326, 3544, 617, 845, 3595, 2370, 326, 857, 407, 1302, 510, 284, 4688, 14521, 13, 9676, 11, 612, 318, 772, 257, 13052, 326, 617, 286, 262, 2370, 484, 779, 318, 24627, 13, 5334, 10792, 8224, 326, 484, 389, 407, 2077, 6411, 416, 15574, 68, 318, 7226, 286, 7772, 32187, 9251, 25, 484, 1560, 511, 7183, 326, 262, 3840, 329, 852, 9514, 389, 4708, 19354, 444, 11, 281, 16612, 284, 766, 3675, 6292, 4213, 290, 772, 3223, 306, 1964, 29099, 13433, 13, 4525, 523, 867, 584, 7772, 32187, 9251, 484, 1283, 23402, 286, 3018, 1710, 326, 262, 1103, 1738, 262, 4708, 38967, 466, 407, 1577, 606, 262, 9465, 484, 1975, 484, 10925, 318, 326, 511, 4213, 389, 13455, 1807, 503, 11, 4855, 416, 287, 324, 3927, 540, 2370, 290, 11, 6165, 11, 35022, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

911

Household Dust and Allergies in Children The use of mattress covers on children’s beds, along with intensive education and assistance in dust-reduction measures in the home, prevents the development of allergies in children at high risk, according to a recent article in Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (2002;156:1021–7). Childhood allergies are a common and growing problem, and children who suffer from allergies frequently develop chronic allergic conditions, including asthma. In the United States, asthma is the most commonly diagnosed chronic disease of childhood, affecting nearly nine million children. Conventional medical management of childhood allergies and asthma includes the use of antihistamines, inhaled drugs that dilate the bronchial passages (bronchodilators), and inhaled and oral steroids. All of these medicines can have serious side effects, and a child’s likelihood of needing to continue treatment into adulthood is high. Antihistamines can affect the central nervous system, causing either overstimulation or sedation; bronchodilators can also stimulate the nervous system, causing anxiety and insomnia. Over long periods of time, inhaled steroids can damage the immune defenses of the respiratory system, leading to increased rates of infections, and oral steroids have negative effects on adrenal function and the entire immune system. For these reasons, preventive approaches should be pursued whenever possible. According to some, but not all, studies, dust mite allergy is a predictor of asthma and other types of chronic allergies such as eczema. One previous study found that reducing the amount of dust in children’s home environments prevented the development of dust mite allergies. Another study found that the use of mattress covers effectively reduced dust mite exposure in the home. In the current study, the combined effect of mattress covers and intensive dust reduction measures on the development of dust mite allergies was evaluated. The 566 European children who participated in this one-year study were between 18 months and five years of age. All had some allergy symptoms, such as asthma, hay fever, or eczema, but tests for dust mite allergy were negative. Each had at least one parent with allergy symptoms and positive results on the dust mite allergy test, putting these children at high risk for becoming allergic to dust mites themselves. The children were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Both groups’ parents received standard information about environmental influences on children’s health and recommendations for allergy prevention. Recommendations for allergy prevention included avoiding exposure to pets in bedrooms, ventilating bedrooms well, avoiding cigarette smoke, and washing bedding and cleaning bedrooms regularly to minimize dust. In addition, parents of children in the intervention group were given more detailed dust-reduction instructions and assistance, and a mattress cover to prevent dust accumulation on children’s beds. The children were evaluated for allergy symptoms after six months, and tests for dust mite allergies were repeated after one year. The percentage of children who had developed allergies to dust mites by the end of the trial was 6.5% in the group that received standard instructions, compared with only 3% in the intervention group. The results of this study add to a growing body of evidence that preventing exposure to house dust mites may significantly reduce the development of dust mite allergies, and therefore might decrease the incidence of childhood allergies and asthma. These measures should be recommended in conjunction with other allergy prevention approaches that have been shown to be effective. For example, observational studies have shown a 30 to 50% reduction in childhood asthma in those who receive exclusive breastfeeding for three months. Several studies have demonstrated a protective effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids. Restricting allergenic foods in the diets of nursing mothers and infants has been shown to prevent some types of allergies. Controlled trials have shown that probiotic supplements (which support the growth of healthy gut bacteria) and hydrolyzed milk formulas (in which potentially allergenic proteins are broken down to smaller, non-allergenic sizes) reduce allergies and asthma in infants. The cumulative effect of these preventive measures remains to be evaluated. Maureen Williams, ND, received her bachelor’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania and her Doctorate of Naturopathic Medicine from Bastyr University in Seattle, WA. She has a private practice in Quechee, Vermont, and does extensive work with traditional herbal medicine in Guatemala and Honduras. Dr. Williams is a regular contributor to Healthnotes Newswire. Copyright © 2003 Healthnotes, Inc. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of the Healthnotes® content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Healthnotes, Inc. Healthnotes Newswire is for educational or informational purposes only, and is not intended to diagnose or provide treatment for any condition. If you have any concerns about your own health, you should always consult with a healthcare professional. Healthnotes, Inc. shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. Healthnotes and the Healthnotes logo are registered trademarks of Healthnotes, Inc.

[ 18102, 2946, 16240, 290, 1439, 6422, 444, 287, 8990, 198, 464, 779, 286, 33388, 8698, 319, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 20237, 11, 1863, 351, 18590, 3707, 290, 6829, 287, 8977, 12, 445, 8110, 5260, 287, 262, 1363, 11, 15174, 262, 2478, 286, 36665, 287, 1751, 379, 1029, 2526, 11, 1864, 284, 257, 2274, 2708, 287, 22275, 286, 13457, 11439, 290, 1215, 23406, 11558, 357, 16942, 26, 21599, 25, 940, 2481, 1906, 22, 737, 198, 16424, 2894, 36665, 389, 257, 2219, 290, 3957, 1917, 11, 290, 1751, 508, 8659, 422, 36665, 6777, 1205, 10726, 31856, 3403, 11, 1390, 28438, 13, 554, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 28438, 318, 262, 749, 8811, 14641, 10726, 4369, 286, 9963, 11, 13891, 3016, 5193, 1510, 1751, 13, 1482, 20405, 3315, 4542, 286, 9963, 36665, 290, 28438, 3407, 262, 779, 286, 3098, 10034, 41047, 11, 25783, 3021, 5010, 326, 11844, 378, 262, 18443, 354, 498, 22674, 357, 65, 1313, 354, 375, 346, 2024, 828, 290, 25783, 3021, 290, 12886, 31397, 13, 1439, 286, 777, 23533, 460, 423, 2726, 1735, 3048, 11, 290, 257, 1200, 447, 247, 82, 14955, 286, 18139, 284, 2555, 3513, 656, 28003, 318, 1029, 13, 3738, 4449, 396, 41047, 460, 2689, 262, 4318, 10927, 1080, 11, 6666, 2035, 625, 42003, 1741, 393, 10081, 341, 26, 18443, 354, 375, 346, 2024, 460, 635, 26020, 262, 10927, 1080, 11, 6666, 9751, 290, 47104, 13, 3827, 890, 9574, 286, 640, 11, 25783, 3021, 31397, 460, 2465, 262, 10900, 18370, 286, 262, 22949, 1080, 11, 3756, 284, 3220, 3965, 286, 16079, 11, 290, 12886, 31397, 423, 4633, 3048, 319, 26999, 282, 2163, 290, 262, 2104, 10900, 1080, 13, 1114, 777, 3840, 11, 37197, 10581, 815, 307, 19189, 8797, 1744, 13, 198, 4821, 284, 617, 11, 475, 407, 477, 11, 3640, 11, 8977, 285, 578, 36197, 318, 257, 41568, 286, 28438, 290, 584, 3858, 286, 10726, 36665, 884, 355, 9940, 89, 19687, 13, 1881, 2180, 2050, 1043, 326, 8868, 262, 2033, 286, 8977, 287, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 1363, 12493, 13351, 262, 2478, 286, 8977, 285, 578, 36665, 13, 6023, 2050, 1043, 326, 262, 779, 286, 33388, 8698, 6840, 5322, 8977, 285, 578, 7111, 287, 262, 1363, 13, 554, 262, 1459, 2050, 11, 262, 5929, 1245, 286, 33388, 8698, 290, 18590, 8977, 7741, 5260, 319, 262, 2478, 286, 8977, 285, 578, 36665, 373, 16726, 13, 198, 464, 642, 2791, 3427, 1751, 508, 14888, 287, 428, 530, 12, 1941, 2050, 547, 1022, 1248, 1933, 290, 1936, 812, 286, 2479, 13, 1439, 550, 617, 36197, 7460, 11, 884, 355, 28438, 11, 27678, 17372, 11, 393, 9940, 89, 19687, 11, 475, 5254, 329, 8977, 285, 578, 36197, 547, 4633, 13, 5501, 550, 379, 1551, 530, 2560, 351, 36197, 7460, 290, 3967, 2482, 319, 262, 8977, 285, 578, 36197, 1332, 11, 5137, 777, 1751, 379, 1029, 2526, 329, 5033, 31856, 284, 8977, 285, 2737, 2405, 13, 383, 1751, 547, 15456, 8686, 284, 530, 286, 734, 2628, 13, 5747, 2628, 447, 247, 3397, 2722, 3210, 1321, 546, 6142, 16717, 319, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 1535, 290, 10763, 329, 36197, 14196, 13, 198, 41248, 602, 329, 36197, 14196, 3017, 14928, 7111, 284, 17252, 287, 38529, 11, 7435, 346, 803, 38529, 880, 11, 14928, 17779, 7523, 11, 290, 20518, 3996, 12083, 290, 12724, 38529, 7987, 284, 17775, 8977, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 3397, 286, 1751, 287, 262, 9572, 1448, 547, 1813, 517, 6496, 8977, 12, 445, 8110, 7729, 290, 6829, 11, 290, 257, 33388, 3002, 284, 2948, 8977, 24106, 319, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 20237, 13, 383, 1751, 547, 16726, 329, 36197, 7460, 706, 2237, 1933, 11, 290, 5254, 329, 8977, 285, 578, 36665, 547, 5100, 706, 530, 614, 13, 383, 5873, 286, 1751, 508, 550, 4166, 36665, 284, 8977, 285, 2737, 416, 262, 886, 286, 262, 4473, 373, 718, 13, 20, 4, 287, 262, 1448, 326, 2722, 3210, 7729, 11, 3688, 351, 691, 513, 4, 287, 262, 9572, 1448, 13, 198, 464, 2482, 286, 428, 2050, 751, 284, 257, 3957, 1767, 286, 2370, 326, 12174, 7111, 284, 2156, 8977, 285, 2737, 743, 5566, 4646, 262, 2478, 286, 8977, 285, 578, 36665, 11, 290, 4361, 1244, 10070, 262, 18349, 286, 9963, 36665, 290, 28438, 13, 2312, 5260, 815, 307, 7151, 287, 17856, 351, 584, 36197, 14196, 10581, 326, 423, 587, 3402, 284, 307, 4050, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 40118, 3640, 423, 3402, 257, 1542, 284, 2026, 4, 7741, 287, 9963, 28438, 287, 883, 508, 3328, 8568, 32613, 329, 1115, 1933, 13, 12168, 3640, 423, 9555, 257, 14153, 1245, 286, 15429, 30306, 351, 37615, 12, 18, 19251, 17045, 13, 37163, 278, 477, 263, 38516, 9013, 287, 262, 18977, 286, 19167, 12289, 290, 18775, 468, 587, 3402, 284, 2948, 617, 3858, 286, 36665, 13, 43253, 9867, 423, 3402, 326, 1861, 16357, 20864, 357, 4758, 1104, 262, 3349, 286, 5448, 12500, 11492, 8, 290, 17173, 306, 8863, 7545, 32126, 357, 259, 543, 6196, 477, 263, 38516, 15568, 389, 5445, 866, 284, 4833, 11, 1729, 12, 439, 263, 38516, 10620, 8, 4646, 36665, 290, 28438, 287, 18775, 13, 383, 23818, 1245, 286, 777, 37197, 5260, 3793, 284, 307, 16726, 13, 198, 21467, 49851, 6484, 11, 25524, 11, 2722, 607, 29384, 447, 247, 82, 4922, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 9589, 290, 607, 9356, 378, 286, 14393, 1434, 38829, 11558, 422, 17520, 2417, 2059, 287, 7312, 11, 16400, 13, 1375, 468, 257, 2839, 3357, 287, 4670, 2395, 68, 11, 16033, 11, 290, 857, 7667, 670, 351, 4569, 35867, 9007, 287, 32183, 290, 32982, 13, 1583, 13, 6484, 318, 257, 3218, 18920, 284, 3893, 17815, 968, 2032, 557, 13, 198, 15269, 10673, 5816, 3893, 17815, 11, 3457, 13, 1439, 2489, 10395, 13, 2066, 341, 393, 41425, 286, 262, 3893, 17815, 7461, 2695, 318, 27462, 12244, 1231, 262, 3161, 3194, 8281, 286, 3893, 17815, 11, 3457, 13, 3893, 17815, 968, 2032, 557, 318, 329, 9856, 393, 21524, 4959, 691, 11, 290, 318, 407, 5292, 284, 37489, 393, 2148, 3513, 329, 597, 4006, 13, 1002, 345, 423, 597, 4786, 546, 534, 898, 1535, 11, 345, 815, 1464, 5725, 351, 257, 11409, 4708, 13, 3893, 17815, 11, 3457, 13, 2236, 407, 307, 17583, 329, 597, 8563, 393, 16119, 287, 262, 2695, 11, 393, 329, 597, 4028, 2077, 287, 24126, 612, 261, 13, 3893, 17815, 290, 262, 3893, 17815, 11112, 389, 6823, 27346, 286, 3893, 17815, 11, 3457, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,043

Black-Scholes: The maths formula linked to the financial crash It's not every day that someone writes down an equation that ends up changing the world. But it does happen sometimes, and the world doesn't always change for the better. It has been argued that one formula known as Black-Scholes, along with its descendants, helped to blow up the financial world. Black-Scholes was first written down in the early 1970s but its story starts earlier than that, in the Dojima Rice Exchange in 17th Century Japan where futures contracts were written for rice traders. A simple futures contract says that I will agree to buy rice from you in one year's time, at a price that we agree right now. By the 20th Century the Chicago Board of Trade was providing a marketplace for traders to deal not only in futures but in options contracts. An example of an option is a contract where we agree that I can buy rice from you at any time over the next year, at a price that we agree right now - but I don't have to if I don't want to. You can imagine why this kind of contract might be useful. If I am running a big chain of hamburger restaurants, but I don't know how much beef I'll need to buy next year, and I am nervous that the price of beef might rise, well - all I need is to buy some options on beef. But then that leads to a very ticklish problem. How much should I be paying for those beef options? What are they worth? And that's where this world-changing equation, the Black-Scholes formula, can help. "The problem it's trying to solve is to define the value of the right, but not the obligation, to buy a particular asset at a specified price, within or at the end of a specified time period," says Professor Myron Scholes, professor of finance at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and - of course - co-inventor of the Black-Scholes formula. The young Scholes was fascinated by finance. As a teenager, he persuaded his mother to set up an account so that he could trade on the stock market. One of the amazing things about Scholes is that throughout his time as an undergraduate and then a doctoral student, he was half-blind. And so, he says, he got very good at listening and at thinking. When he was 26, an operation largely restored his sight. The next year, he became an assistant professor at MIT, and it was there that he stumbled upon the option-pricing puzzle. One part of the puzzle was this question of risk: the value of an option to buy beef at a price of - say - $2 (£1.23) a kilogram presumably depends on what the price of beef is, and how the price of beef is moving around. But the connection between the price of beef and the value of the beef option doesn't vary in a straightforward way - it depends how likely the option is to actually be used. That in turn depends on the option price and the beef price. All the variables seem to be tangled up in an impenetrable way. Scholes worked on the problem with his colleague, Fischer Black, and figured out that if I own just the right portfolio of beef, plus options to buy and sell beef, I have a delicious and totally risk-free portfolio. Since I already know the price of beef and the price of risk-free assets, by looking at the difference between them I can work out the price of these beef options. That's the basic idea. The details are hugely complicated. "It might have taken us a year, a year and a half to be able to solve and get the simple Black-Scholes formula," says Scholes. "But we had the actual underlying dynamics way before." The Black-Scholes method turned out to be a way not only to calculate value of options but all kinds of other financial assets. "We were like kids in a candy story in the sense that we described options everywhere, options were embedded in everything that we did in life," says Scholes. End Quote Professor Ian Stewart Warwick University By 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion (thousand million million) US dollars ” But Black and Scholes weren't the only kids in the candy store, says Ian Stewart, whose book argues that Black-Scholes was a dangerous invention. "What the equation did was give everyone the confidence to trade options and very quickly, much more complicated financial options known as derivatives," he says. Scholes thought his equation would be useful. He didn't expect it to transform the face of finance. But it quickly became obvious that it would. "About the time we had published this article, that's 1973, simultaneously or approximately a month thereafter, the Chicago Board Options Exchange started to trade call options on 16 stocks," he recalls. Scholes had just moved to the University of Chicago. He and his colleagues had already been teaching the Black-Scholes formula and methodology to students for several years. "There were many young traders who either had taken courses at MIT or Chicago in using the option pricing technology. On the other hand, there was a group of traders who had only intuition and previous experience. And in a very short period of time, the intuitive players were essentially eliminated by the more systematic players who had this pricing technology." More or Less: Behind the stats Listen to More or Less on BBC Radio 4 and the World Service, or download the free podcast That was just the beginning. "By 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion (thousand million million) US dollars - this is 10 times the total production of goods on the planet over its entire history," says Stewart. "OK, we're talking about the totals in a two-way trade, people are buying and people are selling and you're adding it all up as if it doesn't cancel out, but it was a huge trade." The Black-Scholes formula had passed the market test. But as banks and hedge funds relied more and more on their equations, they became more and more vulnerable to mistakes or over-simplifications in the mathematics. "The equation is based on the idea that big movements are actually very, very rare. The problem is that real markets have these big changes much more often that this model predicts," says Stewart. "And the other problem is that everyone's following the same mathematical principles, so they're all going to get the same answer." Now these were known problems. What was not clear was whether the problems were small enough to ignore, or well enough understood to fix. And then in the late 1990s, two remarkable things happened. "The inventors got the Nobel Prize for Economics," says Stewart. "I would argue they thoroughly deserved to get it." End Quote Ian Stewart University of Warwick Long-Term Capital Management showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically-based trading” Fischer Black died young, in 1995. When in 1997 Scholes won the Nobel memorial prize, he shared it not with Black but with Robert Merton, another option-pricing expert. Scholes' work had inspired a generation of mathematical wizards on Wall Street, and by this stage both he and Merton were players in the world of finance, as partners of a hedge fund called Long-Term Capital Management. "The whole idea of this company was that it was going to base its trading on mathematical principles such as the Black-Scholes equation. And it actually was amazingly successful to begin with," says Stewart. "It was outperforming the traditional companies quite noticeably and everything looked great." But it didn't end well. Long-Term Capital Management ran into, among other things, the Russian financial crisis. The firm lost $4bn (£2.5bn) in the course of six weeks. It was bailed out by a consortium of banks which had been assembled by the Federal Reserve. And - at the time - it was a very big story indeed. This was all happening in August and September of 1998, less than a year after Scholes had been awarded his Nobel prize. Stewart says the lessons from Long-Term Capital Management were obvious. "It showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically-based trading if you don't keep an eye on some of the indicators that the more conventional people would use," he says. "They [Long-Term Capital Management] were committed, pretty much, to just ploughing ahead with the system they had. And it went wrong." Scholes says that's not what happened at all. "It had nothing to do with equations and nothing to do with models," he says. "I was not running the firm, let me be very clear about that. There was not an ability to withstand the shock that occurred in the market in the summer and fall of late 1998. So it was just a matter of risk-taking. It wasn't a matter of modelling." This is something people were still arguing about a decade later. Was the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management an indictment of mathematical approaches to finance or, as Scholes says, was it simply a case of traders taking too much risk against the better judgement of the mathematical experts? Ten years after the Long-Term Capital Management bail-out, Lehman Brothers collapsed. And the debate over Black-Scholes and LTCM is now a broader debate over the role of mathematical equations in finance. Ian Stewart claims that the Black-Scholes equation changed the world. Does he really believe that mathematics caused the financial crisis? "It was abuse of their equation that caused trouble, and I don't think you can blame the inventors of an equation if somebody else comes along and uses it badly," he says. End Quote Myron Scholes The fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow” "And it wasn't just that equation. It was a whole generation of other mathematical models and all sorts of other techniques that followed on its heels. But it was one of the major discoveries that opened the door to all this." Black-Scholes changed the culture of Wall Street, from a place where people traded based on common sense, experience and intuition, to a place where the computer said yes or no. But is it really fair to blame Black-Scholes for what followed it? "The Black-Scholes technology has very specific rules and requirements," says Scholes. "That technology attracted or caused investment banks to hire people who had quantitative or mathematical skills. I accept that. They then developed products or technologies of their own." Not all of those subsequent technologies, says Scholes, were good enough. "[Some] had assumptions that were wrong, or they used data incorrectly to calibrate their models, or people who used [the] models didn't know how to use them." Scholes argues there is no going back. "The fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow, and will continue to evolve over time," he says. But for Ian Stewart, the story of Black-Scholes - and of Long-Term Capital Management - is a kind of morality tale. "It's very tempting to see the financial crisis and various things which led up to it as sort of the classic Greek tragedy of hubris begets nemesis," he says. "You try to fly, you fly too close to the sun, the wax holding your wings on melts and you fall down to the ground. My personal view is that it's not just tempting to do that but there is actually a certain amount of truth in that way of thinking. I think the bankers' hubris did indeed beget nemesis. But the big problem is that it wasn't the bankers on whom the nemesis descended - it was the rest of us." Additional reporting by Richard Knight

[ 9915, 12, 14874, 4316, 25, 383, 47761, 10451, 6692, 284, 262, 3176, 7014, 198, 1026, 338, 407, 790, 1110, 326, 2130, 6797, 866, 281, 16022, 326, 5645, 510, 5609, 262, 995, 13, 887, 340, 857, 1645, 3360, 11, 290, 262, 995, 1595, 470, 1464, 1487, 329, 262, 1365, 13, 632, 468, 587, 7189, 326, 530, 10451, 1900, 355, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 11, 1863, 351, 663, 25321, 11, 4193, 284, 6611, 510, 262, 3176, 995, 13, 198, 9915, 12, 14874, 4316, 373, 717, 3194, 866, 287, 262, 1903, 8069, 82, 475, 663, 1621, 4940, 2961, 621, 326, 11, 287, 262, 2141, 73, 8083, 13823, 12516, 287, 1596, 400, 13641, 2869, 810, 25650, 8592, 547, 3194, 329, 11464, 21703, 13, 317, 2829, 25650, 2775, 1139, 326, 314, 481, 4236, 284, 2822, 11464, 422, 345, 287, 530, 614, 338, 640, 11, 379, 257, 2756, 326, 356, 4236, 826, 783, 13, 198, 3886, 262, 1160, 400, 13641, 262, 4842, 5926, 286, 9601, 373, 4955, 257, 17432, 329, 21703, 284, 1730, 407, 691, 287, 25650, 475, 287, 3689, 8592, 13, 1052, 1672, 286, 281, 3038, 318, 257, 2775, 810, 356, 4236, 326, 314, 460, 2822, 11464, 422, 345, 379, 597, 640, 625, 262, 1306, 614, 11, 379, 257, 2756, 326, 356, 4236, 826, 783, 532, 475, 314, 836, 470, 423, 284, 611, 314, 836, 470, 765, 284, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 5967, 1521, 428, 1611, 286, 2775, 1244, 307, 4465, 13, 1002, 314, 716, 2491, 257, 1263, 6333, 286, 41478, 32650, 10808, 11, 475, 314, 836, 470, 760, 703, 881, 12023, 314, 1183, 761, 284, 2822, 1306, 614, 11, 290, 314, 716, 10927, 326, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 1244, 4485, 11, 880, 532, 477, 314, 761, 318, 284, 2822, 617, 3689, 319, 12023, 13, 198, 1537, 788, 326, 5983, 284, 257, 845, 4378, 1836, 1917, 13, 1374, 881, 815, 314, 307, 5989, 329, 883, 12023, 3689, 30, 1867, 389, 484, 2861, 30, 843, 326, 338, 810, 428, 995, 12, 22954, 16022, 11, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 11, 460, 1037, 13, 198, 1, 464, 1917, 340, 338, 2111, 284, 8494, 318, 284, 8160, 262, 1988, 286, 262, 826, 11, 475, 407, 262, 12990, 11, 284, 2822, 257, 1948, 11171, 379, 257, 7368, 2756, 11, 1626, 393, 379, 262, 886, 286, 257, 7368, 640, 2278, 553, 1139, 8129, 2011, 1313, 3059, 4316, 11, 6240, 286, 9604, 379, 262, 13863, 2059, 30930, 3961, 286, 7320, 290, 532, 286, 1781, 532, 763, 12, 259, 1151, 273, 286, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 13, 198, 464, 1862, 3059, 4316, 373, 30103, 416, 9604, 13, 1081, 257, 15287, 11, 339, 25562, 465, 2802, 284, 900, 510, 281, 1848, 523, 326, 339, 714, 3292, 319, 262, 4283, 1910, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 4998, 1243, 546, 3059, 4316, 318, 326, 3690, 465, 640, 355, 281, 22952, 290, 788, 257, 40995, 3710, 11, 339, 373, 2063, 12, 27461, 13, 843, 523, 11, 339, 1139, 11, 339, 1392, 845, 922, 379, 8680, 290, 379, 3612, 13, 198, 2215, 339, 373, 2608, 11, 281, 4905, 5688, 15032, 465, 6504, 13, 383, 1306, 614, 11, 339, 2627, 281, 8796, 6240, 379, 17168, 11, 290, 340, 373, 612, 326, 339, 24241, 2402, 262, 3038, 12, 1050, 6345, 15027, 13, 198, 3198, 636, 286, 262, 15027, 373, 428, 1808, 286, 2526, 25, 262, 1988, 286, 281, 3038, 284, 2822, 12023, 379, 257, 2756, 286, 532, 910, 532, 720, 17, 23068, 16, 13, 1954, 8, 257, 8769, 21857, 14572, 8338, 319, 644, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 318, 11, 290, 703, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 318, 3867, 1088, 13, 198, 1537, 262, 4637, 1022, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 290, 262, 1988, 286, 262, 12023, 3038, 1595, 470, 7565, 287, 257, 15836, 835, 532, 340, 8338, 703, 1884, 262, 3038, 318, 284, 1682, 307, 973, 13, 1320, 287, 1210, 8338, 319, 262, 3038, 2756, 290, 262, 12023, 2756, 13, 1439, 262, 9633, 1283, 284, 307, 41431, 510, 287, 281, 848, 268, 21879, 540, 835, 13, 198, 14874, 4316, 3111, 319, 262, 1917, 351, 465, 16008, 11, 30901, 2619, 11, 290, 11638, 503, 326, 611, 314, 898, 655, 262, 826, 15320, 286, 12023, 11, 5556, 3689, 284, 2822, 290, 3677, 12023, 11, 314, 423, 257, 12625, 290, 6635, 2526, 12, 5787, 15320, 13, 4619, 314, 1541, 760, 262, 2756, 286, 12023, 290, 262, 2756, 286, 2526, 12, 5787, 6798, 11, 416, 2045, 379, 262, 3580, 1022, 606, 314, 460, 670, 503, 262, 2756, 286, 777, 12023, 3689, 13, 1320, 338, 262, 4096, 2126, 13, 383, 3307, 389, 22641, 8253, 13, 198, 1, 1026, 1244, 423, 2077, 514, 257, 614, 11, 257, 614, 290, 257, 2063, 284, 307, 1498, 284, 8494, 290, 651, 262, 2829, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 553, 1139, 3059, 4316, 13, 366, 1537, 356, 550, 262, 4036, 10238, 17262, 835, 878, 526, 198, 464, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 2446, 2900, 503, 284, 307, 257, 835, 407, 691, 284, 15284, 1988, 286, 3689, 475, 477, 6982, 286, 584, 3176, 6798, 13, 366, 1135, 547, 588, 3988, 287, 257, 18550, 1621, 287, 262, 2565, 326, 356, 3417, 3689, 8347, 11, 3689, 547, 14553, 287, 2279, 326, 356, 750, 287, 1204, 553, 1139, 3059, 4316, 13, 198, 12915, 19879, 8129, 12930, 13671, 49398, 2059, 198, 3886, 4343, 262, 3292, 287, 28486, 8688, 373, 530, 15094, 81, 1131, 357, 400, 29910, 1510, 1510, 8, 1294, 5054, 564, 251, 198, 1537, 2619, 290, 3059, 4316, 6304, 470, 262, 691, 3988, 287, 262, 18550, 3650, 11, 1139, 12930, 13671, 11, 3025, 1492, 11673, 326, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 373, 257, 4923, 14250, 13, 198, 1, 2061, 262, 16022, 750, 373, 1577, 2506, 262, 6628, 284, 3292, 3689, 290, 845, 2952, 11, 881, 517, 8253, 3176, 3689, 1900, 355, 28486, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 14874, 4316, 1807, 465, 16022, 561, 307, 4465, 13, 679, 1422, 470, 1607, 340, 284, 6121, 262, 1986, 286, 9604, 13, 887, 340, 2952, 2627, 3489, 326, 340, 561, 13, 198, 1, 8585, 262, 640, 356, 550, 3199, 428, 2708, 11, 326, 338, 15674, 11, 11640, 393, 6702, 257, 1227, 19547, 11, 262, 4842, 5926, 18634, 12516, 2067, 284, 3292, 869, 3689, 319, 1467, 14420, 553, 339, 16865, 13, 198, 14874, 4316, 550, 655, 3888, 284, 262, 2059, 286, 4842, 13, 679, 290, 465, 7810, 550, 1541, 587, 7743, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 290, 20411, 284, 2444, 329, 1811, 812, 13, 198, 1, 1858, 547, 867, 1862, 21703, 508, 2035, 550, 2077, 10902, 379, 17168, 393, 4842, 287, 1262, 262, 3038, 13045, 3037, 13, 1550, 262, 584, 1021, 11, 612, 373, 257, 1448, 286, 21703, 508, 550, 691, 31563, 290, 2180, 1998, 13, 843, 287, 257, 845, 1790, 2278, 286, 640, 11, 262, 19933, 1938, 547, 6986, 15254, 416, 262, 517, 17895, 1938, 508, 550, 428, 13045, 3037, 526, 198, 5167, 393, 12892, 25, 20787, 262, 9756, 198, 23061, 284, 3125, 393, 12892, 319, 7823, 8829, 604, 290, 262, 2159, 4809, 11, 393, 4321, 262, 1479, 9905, 198, 2504, 373, 655, 262, 3726, 13, 198, 1, 3886, 4343, 262, 3292, 287, 28486, 8688, 373, 530, 15094, 81, 1131, 357, 400, 29910, 1510, 1510, 8, 1294, 5054, 532, 428, 318, 838, 1661, 262, 2472, 3227, 286, 7017, 319, 262, 5440, 625, 663, 2104, 2106, 553, 1139, 13671, 13, 366, 11380, 11, 356, 821, 3375, 546, 262, 26310, 287, 257, 734, 12, 1014, 3292, 11, 661, 389, 7067, 290, 661, 389, 6301, 290, 345, 821, 4375, 340, 477, 510, 355, 611, 340, 1595, 470, 14241, 503, 11, 475, 340, 373, 257, 3236, 3292, 526, 198, 464, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 10451, 550, 3804, 262, 1910, 1332, 13, 887, 355, 6341, 290, 19859, 5153, 17498, 517, 290, 517, 319, 511, 27490, 11, 484, 2627, 517, 290, 517, 8826, 284, 10135, 393, 625, 12, 14323, 489, 6637, 287, 262, 19473, 13, 198, 1, 464, 16022, 318, 1912, 319, 262, 2126, 326, 1263, 8650, 389, 1682, 845, 11, 845, 4071, 13, 383, 1917, 318, 326, 1103, 5939, 423, 777, 1263, 2458, 881, 517, 1690, 326, 428, 2746, 26334, 553, 1139, 13671, 13, 366, 1870, 262, 584, 1917, 318, 326, 2506, 338, 1708, 262, 976, 18069, 7811, 11, 523, 484, 821, 477, 1016, 284, 651, 262, 976, 3280, 526, 198, 3844, 777, 547, 1900, 2761, 13, 1867, 373, 407, 1598, 373, 1771, 262, 2761, 547, 1402, 1576, 284, 8856, 11, 393, 880, 1576, 7247, 284, 4259, 13, 843, 788, 287, 262, 2739, 6303, 82, 11, 734, 11004, 1243, 3022, 13, 198, 1, 464, 8067, 669, 1392, 262, 20715, 15895, 329, 18963, 553, 1139, 13671, 13, 366, 40, 561, 7267, 484, 13770, 20143, 284, 651, 340, 526, 198, 12915, 19879, 12930, 13671, 2059, 286, 49398, 198, 14617, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 3751, 262, 3514, 286, 428, 1611, 286, 11862, 1146, 12, 3106, 7313, 447, 251, 198, 37, 24645, 2619, 3724, 1862, 11, 287, 8735, 13, 1649, 287, 8309, 3059, 4316, 1839, 262, 20715, 17357, 11596, 11, 339, 4888, 340, 407, 351, 2619, 475, 351, 5199, 337, 29111, 11, 1194, 3038, 12, 1050, 6345, 5887, 13, 198, 14874, 4316, 6, 670, 550, 7867, 257, 5270, 286, 18069, 34836, 319, 5007, 3530, 11, 290, 416, 428, 3800, 1111, 339, 290, 337, 29111, 547, 1938, 287, 262, 995, 286, 9604, 11, 355, 4887, 286, 257, 19859, 1814, 1444, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 13, 198, 1, 464, 2187, 2126, 286, 428, 1664, 373, 326, 340, 373, 1016, 284, 2779, 663, 7313, 319, 18069, 7811, 884, 355, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 16022, 13, 843, 340, 1682, 373, 32513, 4388, 284, 2221, 351, 553, 1139, 13671, 13, 366, 1026, 373, 33597, 15464, 262, 4569, 2706, 2407, 33752, 290, 2279, 3114, 1049, 526, 198, 1537, 340, 1422, 470, 886, 880, 13, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 4966, 656, 11, 1871, 584, 1243, 11, 262, 3394, 3176, 4902, 13, 383, 4081, 2626, 720, 19, 9374, 23068, 17, 13, 20, 9374, 8, 287, 262, 1781, 286, 2237, 2745, 13, 632, 373, 47739, 503, 416, 257, 36451, 286, 6341, 543, 550, 587, 16030, 416, 262, 5618, 12224, 13, 843, 532, 379, 262, 640, 532, 340, 373, 257, 845, 1263, 1621, 5600, 13, 770, 373, 477, 5836, 287, 2932, 290, 2693, 286, 7795, 11, 1342, 621, 257, 614, 706, 3059, 4316, 550, 587, 11343, 465, 20715, 11596, 13, 198, 49328, 433, 1139, 262, 11658, 422, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 547, 3489, 13, 366, 1026, 3751, 262, 3514, 286, 428, 1611, 286, 11862, 1146, 12, 3106, 7313, 611, 345, 836, 470, 1394, 281, 4151, 319, 617, 286, 262, 21337, 326, 262, 517, 10224, 661, 561, 779, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 366, 2990, 685, 14617, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 60, 547, 5364, 11, 2495, 881, 11, 284, 655, 458, 619, 278, 4058, 351, 262, 1080, 484, 550, 13, 843, 340, 1816, 2642, 526, 198, 14874, 4316, 1139, 326, 338, 407, 644, 3022, 379, 477, 13, 366, 1026, 550, 2147, 284, 466, 351, 27490, 290, 2147, 284, 466, 351, 4981, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 366, 40, 373, 407, 2491, 262, 4081, 11, 1309, 502, 307, 845, 1598, 546, 326, 13, 1318, 373, 407, 281, 2694, 284, 25073, 262, 6380, 326, 5091, 287, 262, 1910, 287, 262, 3931, 290, 2121, 286, 2739, 7795, 13, 1406, 340, 373, 655, 257, 2300, 286, 2526, 12, 26103, 13, 632, 2492, 470, 257, 2300, 286, 38591, 526, 198, 1212, 318, 1223, 661, 547, 991, 11810, 546, 257, 5707, 1568, 13, 8920, 262, 9807, 286, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 281, 19975, 286, 18069, 10581, 284, 9604, 393, 11, 355, 3059, 4316, 1139, 11, 373, 340, 2391, 257, 1339, 286, 21703, 2263, 1165, 881, 2526, 1028, 262, 1365, 23071, 286, 262, 18069, 6154, 30, 198, 24893, 812, 706, 262, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 12274, 12, 448, 11, 29921, 805, 16055, 14707, 13, 843, 262, 4384, 625, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 290, 406, 4825, 44, 318, 783, 257, 11622, 4384, 625, 262, 2597, 286, 18069, 27490, 287, 9604, 13, 198, 37776, 13671, 3667, 326, 262, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 16022, 3421, 262, 995, 13, 8314, 339, 1107, 1975, 326, 19473, 4073, 262, 3176, 4902, 30, 198, 1, 1026, 373, 5076, 286, 511, 16022, 326, 4073, 5876, 11, 290, 314, 836, 470, 892, 345, 460, 8138, 262, 8067, 669, 286, 281, 16022, 611, 8276, 2073, 2058, 1863, 290, 3544, 340, 11234, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 12915, 19879, 2011, 1313, 3059, 4316, 198, 464, 7531, 2071, 318, 326, 26610, 8514, 287, 9604, 481, 7866, 11, 290, 481, 1663, 447, 251, 198, 1, 1870, 340, 2492, 470, 655, 326, 16022, 13, 632, 373, 257, 2187, 5270, 286, 584, 18069, 4981, 290, 477, 10524, 286, 584, 7605, 326, 3940, 319, 663, 18728, 13, 887, 340, 373, 530, 286, 262, 1688, 24362, 326, 4721, 262, 3420, 284, 477, 428, 526, 198, 9915, 12, 14874, 4316, 3421, 262, 3968, 286, 5007, 3530, 11, 422, 257, 1295, 810, 661, 14018, 1912, 319, 2219, 2565, 11, 1998, 290, 31563, 11, 284, 257, 1295, 810, 262, 3644, 531, 3763, 393, 645, 13, 198, 1537, 318, 340, 1107, 3148, 284, 8138, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 329, 644, 3940, 340, 30, 366, 464, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 3037, 468, 845, 2176, 3173, 290, 5359, 553, 1139, 3059, 4316, 13, 366, 2504, 3037, 12725, 393, 4073, 4896, 6341, 284, 11078, 661, 508, 550, 26610, 393, 18069, 4678, 13, 314, 2453, 326, 13, 1119, 788, 4166, 3186, 393, 8514, 286, 511, 898, 526, 198, 3673, 477, 286, 883, 8840, 8514, 11, 1139, 3059, 4316, 11, 547, 922, 1576, 13, 12878, 4366, 60, 550, 14895, 326, 547, 2642, 11, 393, 484, 973, 1366, 23175, 284, 33801, 378, 511, 4981, 11, 393, 661, 508, 973, 685, 1169, 60, 4981, 1422, 470, 760, 703, 284, 779, 606, 526, 198, 14874, 4316, 11673, 612, 318, 645, 1016, 736, 13, 366, 464, 7531, 2071, 318, 326, 26610, 8514, 287, 9604, 481, 7866, 11, 290, 481, 1663, 11, 290, 481, 2555, 284, 18101, 625, 640, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 1537, 329, 12930, 13671, 11, 262, 1621, 286, 2619, 12, 14874, 4316, 532, 290, 286, 5882, 12, 40596, 9747, 8549, 532, 318, 257, 1611, 286, 18016, 12838, 13, 366, 1026, 338, 845, 29850, 284, 766, 262, 3176, 4902, 290, 2972, 1243, 543, 2957, 510, 284, 340, 355, 3297, 286, 262, 6833, 8312, 13574, 286, 12575, 2442, 4123, 1039, 36945, 9339, 553, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 1, 1639, 1949, 284, 6129, 11, 345, 6129, 1165, 1969, 284, 262, 4252, 11, 262, 20302, 4769, 534, 12098, 319, 48813, 290, 345, 2121, 866, 284, 262, 2323, 13, 2011, 2614, 1570, 318, 326, 340, 338, 407, 655, 29850, 284, 466, 326, 475, 612, 318, 1682, 257, 1728, 2033, 286, 3872, 287, 326, 835, 286, 3612, 13, 314, 892, 262, 25091, 6, 12575, 2442, 750, 5600, 307, 1136, 36945, 9339, 13, 887, 262, 1263, 1917, 318, 326, 340, 2492, 470, 262, 25091, 319, 4150, 262, 36945, 9339, 23667, 532, 340, 373, 262, 1334, 286, 514, 526, 198, 17699, 6447, 416, 6219, 6700, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,470

Purim is a holiday celebration like no other Surrounded by a natural arena of sunset-tinged and snow-capped peaks, it is impossible to imagine a more wild and spectacular location than Lago Pehoé in southern Chile’s Torres del Paine National Park. The jaw-dropping scenery is also filled with wildlife, so between bouts of trekking, river rafting and horse riding, ticking off the park’s most iconic fauna comes remarkably easily to the curious traveller. Just a few decades ago the llama’s close cousin the guanaco was endangered, but now there are more than 3,000 of the camelids (also close relatives of the camel) living in the Torres del Paine National Park. They are a deceptively compact animal - just over 1m-high at the shoulder - but still easily spotted on the grassy tundra punctuating Torres del Paine’s dramatic combination of alpine lakes, soaring peaks and turquoise-tinged glaciers. Count on being greeted with a look that is a quizzical cross between “Can I help you?” and “What are you staring at?” More than 3,000 guanacos are apparently more than enough to sustain a growing population of pumas. The Patagonian puma is the southernmost of all mountain lions, and also one of the largest. Like any cat they are solitary and independent creatures, so any sightings are likely to be restricted to bigger than expected paw prints in the snow. Keep your eyes peeled for the more delicate prints of puma cubs, padding along beside their graceful, but powerful mothers. The Andean Grey Fox In the brutally pragmatic Patagonian eco-system, it is not just pumas targeting the guanacos. Getting close to a sleek Andean grey fox is surprisingly straight forward, especially if they are hungry and preoccupied with eating. They prefer target hares and rodents, but will happily chow down on any guanacos that have already been killed by pumas. The Andean Condor The surging and swirling thermals of Patagonia’s cliffs, peaks and valleys are the perfect environment for the mighty Andean condor. A wing-span of more than 3m – the largest of any land bird – enables these impressive scavengers to stay aloft with minimal effort. Explorer and naturalist Charles Darwin actually noted watching one soar for half an hour without moving its wings. Pack good binoculars for the best views of these magnificent birds. The South Andean Deer There are only around 2,000 of the endangered South Andean deer or huemul alive, which together with the Andean condor, is featured on Chile’s National Coat of Arms. Like the guanaco, the huemul is a relatively compact animal, standing around 1m high. Keep an eye on the stunning lakeside trek from Lago Pehoé to Glaciar Grey and you might be lucky. Hey, it has happened before.

[ 30026, 320, 318, 257, 9912, 14395, 588, 645, 584, 198, 14214, 39262, 416, 257, 3288, 13478, 286, 26428, 12, 889, 276, 290, 6729, 12, 66, 6320, 25740, 11, 340, 318, 5340, 284, 5967, 257, 517, 4295, 290, 15013, 4067, 621, 406, 3839, 2631, 8873, 2634, 287, 8372, 17456, 447, 247, 82, 27663, 1619, 350, 5718, 2351, 3250, 13, 383, 19218, 12, 37554, 31068, 318, 635, 5901, 351, 15599, 11, 523, 1022, 41764, 286, 30784, 3364, 11, 7850, 31812, 278, 290, 8223, 10311, 11, 40212, 572, 262, 3952, 447, 247, 82, 749, 14133, 277, 32837, 2058, 21196, 3538, 284, 262, 11040, 49130, 13, 198, 5703, 257, 1178, 4647, 2084, 262, 32660, 1689, 447, 247, 82, 1969, 16933, 262, 915, 272, 10602, 373, 22700, 11, 475, 783, 612, 389, 517, 621, 513, 11, 830, 286, 262, 41021, 2340, 357, 14508, 1969, 12772, 286, 262, 41021, 8, 2877, 287, 262, 27663, 1619, 350, 5718, 2351, 3250, 13, 1119, 389, 257, 390, 984, 2280, 16001, 5044, 532, 655, 625, 352, 76, 12, 8929, 379, 262, 8163, 532, 475, 991, 3538, 13489, 319, 262, 8701, 88, 256, 917, 430, 21025, 11927, 27663, 1619, 350, 5718, 447, 247, 82, 10092, 6087, 286, 435, 23908, 24768, 11, 32376, 25740, 290, 7858, 421, 25678, 12, 889, 276, 40509, 13, 2764, 319, 852, 21272, 351, 257, 804, 326, 318, 257, 48258, 605, 3272, 1022, 564, 250, 6090, 314, 1037, 345, 30, 447, 251, 290, 564, 250, 2061, 389, 345, 16143, 379, 30, 447, 251, 198, 5167, 621, 513, 11, 830, 915, 272, 330, 418, 389, 5729, 517, 621, 1576, 284, 8080, 257, 3957, 3265, 286, 279, 388, 292, 13, 383, 3208, 1840, 666, 279, 7487, 318, 262, 8372, 1712, 286, 477, 8598, 31420, 11, 290, 635, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 13, 4525, 597, 3797, 484, 389, 25565, 290, 4795, 8109, 11, 523, 597, 36242, 389, 1884, 284, 307, 10770, 284, 5749, 621, 2938, 41827, 20842, 287, 262, 6729, 13, 9175, 534, 2951, 42617, 329, 262, 517, 19217, 20842, 286, 279, 7487, 13617, 82, 11, 24511, 1863, 13970, 511, 44363, 11, 475, 3665, 12289, 13, 198, 464, 843, 11025, 13980, 5426, 198, 818, 262, 30040, 33119, 3208, 1840, 666, 34286, 12, 10057, 11, 340, 318, 407, 655, 279, 388, 292, 10822, 262, 915, 272, 330, 418, 13, 18067, 1969, 284, 257, 33143, 843, 11025, 13791, 21831, 318, 12362, 3892, 2651, 11, 2592, 611, 484, 389, 14720, 290, 662, 28756, 351, 6600, 13, 1119, 4702, 2496, 387, 411, 290, 41093, 11, 475, 481, 18177, 442, 322, 866, 319, 597, 915, 272, 330, 418, 326, 423, 1541, 587, 2923, 416, 279, 388, 292, 13, 198, 464, 843, 11025, 9724, 273, 198, 464, 44298, 290, 40431, 21969, 874, 286, 3208, 1840, 544, 447, 247, 82, 41724, 11, 25740, 290, 43088, 389, 262, 2818, 2858, 329, 262, 18680, 843, 11025, 1779, 273, 13, 317, 8539, 12, 12626, 286, 517, 621, 513, 76, 784, 262, 4387, 286, 597, 1956, 6512, 784, 13536, 777, 8036, 35998, 5355, 284, 2652, 435, 11205, 351, 10926, 3626, 13, 19142, 290, 3288, 396, 7516, 21450, 1682, 4367, 4964, 530, 48701, 329, 2063, 281, 1711, 1231, 3867, 663, 12098, 13, 6400, 922, 9874, 37320, 82, 329, 262, 1266, 5009, 286, 777, 25023, 10087, 13, 198, 464, 2520, 843, 11025, 34022, 198, 1858, 389, 691, 1088, 362, 11, 830, 286, 262, 22700, 2520, 843, 11025, 20096, 393, 289, 84, 368, 377, 6776, 11, 543, 1978, 351, 262, 843, 11025, 1779, 273, 11, 318, 8096, 319, 17456, 447, 247, 82, 2351, 39326, 286, 18368, 13, 4525, 262, 915, 272, 10602, 11, 262, 289, 84, 368, 377, 318, 257, 5365, 16001, 5044, 11, 5055, 1088, 352, 76, 1029, 13, 9175, 281, 4151, 319, 262, 13393, 24768, 485, 30784, 422, 406, 3839, 2631, 8873, 2634, 284, 42719, 12571, 13980, 290, 345, 1244, 307, 9670, 13, 14690, 11, 340, 468, 3022, 878, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

638

Question: Can you suggest some resources that will help me understand more about celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten-free diet? Answer: May is celiac awareness month so it is a great time to highlight some resources, guides, information sheets and articles about celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and the gluten-free diet. Explore and enjoy these links. Print them out. Hang them on your refrigerator or bring them grocery shopping with you. Use them as reference for yourself, and also share them with others in order to spread more awareness, visibility and knowledge about celiac disease. Basics on Celiac Disease, Gluten Sensitivity and the Gluten-Free Diet: If you are looking for a handout that explains the difference between celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, as well as an overview of the gluten-free diet, nutritional concerns, labeling, resources and helpful links– this guide is for you. A Quick Reference for Allowed & Non-Allowed Foods for the Gluten-Free Diet: The only treatment for celiac disease and gluten sensitivity is a gluten-free diet. And it can get confusing when it comes to what grains are a “GO” and what grains are a “NO”! All forms of wheat, rye and barley must strictly be avoided, including spelt, kamut, einkorn, emmer, faro, durum, couscous, semolina, bulgur and triticale. Barley malt, barley malt extract, barley malt flavor, brewer’s yeast, malt vinegar, as well as barley-based ale, beer and lager must also be avoided. Here is a more detailed list of foods allowed, to avoid and to question. Looking for Some Facts about Celiac Disease? This blog post addresses 10 facts about celiac disease that will help you understand the disease and better explain it to others. What is the Difference Between Celiac Disease, Gluten Sensitivity and a Wheat Allergy? This is one of the most common questions I receive. This blog post addresses facts and pointers regarding each of these conditions to help you understand the differences in these somewhat similar, yet very unique medical conditions. Nutrition and the Gluten-Free Diet? The gluten-free diet can create challenges when it comes to getting the proper nutrients. This chart provides a quick reference and ideas to improve the nutritional quality of your meals and snacks. Is the Gluten-Free Diet Healthy for Everyone? Gluten-free foods are popping up everywhere and the gluten-free diet is being promoted for everything that ails you. To separate the “wheat from the chaff” you need to check out the facts in this article. What’s New in the Gluten-Free World? Although there is still a lot we don’t know about celiac disease, there is a lot we do know, thanks to research efforts across the globe. This article recaps some of what we do know about the disease, as well as some important new developments in the gluten-free world. Finally, as a dietitian specializing in celiac disease and the gluten-free, my mission has been to provide consumers, health professionals, the food industry, media and others with accurate and practical information. One way I’ve accomplished this is through my book, Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Resource Guide, now in its 4th edition, 9th printing. In addition, my website www.glutenfreediet.ca, newsletter, blog and Q&A columns – like the Ask Shelley Case column on BeFreeForMe.com feature lots of free information. Happy reading! Ask Shelley Case is a feature of BeFreeForMe.com. It is published the second Tuesday of each month. Shelley Case, RD is a Consulting Dietitian, Speaker and Author of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Resource Guide. Visit Shelley and get more gluten-free tips & info at: GlutenFreeDiet.ca

[ 24361, 25, 1680, 345, 1950, 617, 4133, 326, 481, 1037, 502, 1833, 517, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 11, 21578, 14233, 290, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 30, 198, 33706, 25, 1737, 318, 18725, 9607, 9359, 1227, 523, 340, 318, 257, 1049, 640, 284, 7238, 617, 4133, 11, 17555, 11, 1321, 15747, 290, 6685, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 11, 21578, 14233, 290, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 13, 41401, 290, 2883, 777, 6117, 13, 12578, 606, 503, 13, 24300, 606, 319, 534, 30500, 393, 2222, 606, 16918, 9735, 351, 345, 13, 5765, 606, 355, 4941, 329, 3511, 11, 290, 635, 2648, 606, 351, 1854, 287, 1502, 284, 4104, 517, 9359, 11, 20742, 290, 3725, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 13, 198, 15522, 873, 319, 15248, 9607, 17344, 11, 2671, 7809, 14173, 11365, 290, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 25, 1002, 345, 389, 2045, 329, 257, 1021, 448, 326, 6688, 262, 3580, 1022, 18725, 9607, 4369, 290, 21578, 14233, 11, 355, 880, 355, 281, 16700, 286, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 11, 24000, 4786, 11, 27393, 11, 4133, 290, 7613, 6117, 1906, 428, 5698, 318, 329, 345, 13, 198, 32, 12029, 20984, 329, 1439, 6972, 1222, 8504, 12, 3237, 6972, 23201, 329, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 25, 383, 691, 3513, 329, 18725, 9607, 4369, 290, 21578, 14233, 318, 257, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 13, 843, 340, 460, 651, 15337, 618, 340, 2058, 284, 644, 21824, 389, 257, 564, 250, 11230, 447, 251, 290, 644, 21824, 389, 257, 564, 250, 15285, 447, 251, 0, 1439, 5107, 286, 17135, 11, 47553, 290, 38877, 1276, 14084, 307, 13941, 11, 1390, 599, 2120, 11, 479, 321, 315, 11, 304, 676, 1211, 11, 795, 647, 11, 1290, 78, 11, 22365, 388, 11, 13233, 66, 516, 11, 5026, 47196, 11, 4807, 45073, 290, 491, 270, 605, 68, 13, 2409, 1636, 26868, 11, 38877, 26868, 7925, 11, 38877, 26868, 9565, 11, 47695, 447, 247, 82, 20146, 11, 26868, 26600, 11, 355, 880, 355, 38877, 12, 3106, 31341, 11, 6099, 290, 300, 3536, 1276, 635, 307, 13941, 13, 3423, 318, 257, 517, 6496, 1351, 286, 9013, 3142, 11, 284, 3368, 290, 284, 1808, 13, 198, 15784, 329, 2773, 26972, 546, 15248, 9607, 17344, 30, 770, 4130, 1281, 9405, 838, 6419, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 326, 481, 1037, 345, 1833, 262, 4369, 290, 1365, 4727, 340, 284, 1854, 13, 198, 2061, 318, 262, 43795, 14307, 15248, 9607, 17344, 11, 2671, 7809, 14173, 11365, 290, 257, 34744, 1439, 26079, 30, 770, 318, 530, 286, 262, 749, 2219, 2683, 314, 3328, 13, 770, 4130, 1281, 9405, 6419, 290, 32007, 5115, 1123, 286, 777, 3403, 284, 1037, 345, 1833, 262, 5400, 287, 777, 6454, 2092, 11, 1865, 845, 3748, 3315, 3403, 13, 198, 49004, 10168, 290, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 30, 383, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 460, 2251, 6459, 618, 340, 2058, 284, 1972, 262, 1774, 20901, 13, 770, 8262, 3769, 257, 2068, 4941, 290, 4213, 284, 2987, 262, 24000, 3081, 286, 534, 13840, 290, 28487, 13, 198, 3792, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 30840, 329, 11075, 30, 2671, 7809, 12, 5787, 9013, 389, 26324, 510, 8347, 290, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 5496, 318, 852, 13722, 329, 2279, 326, 257, 4487, 345, 13, 1675, 4553, 262, 564, 250, 12491, 265, 422, 262, 442, 2001, 447, 251, 345, 761, 284, 2198, 503, 262, 6419, 287, 428, 2708, 13, 198, 2061, 447, 247, 82, 968, 287, 262, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 2159, 30, 4900, 612, 318, 991, 257, 1256, 356, 836, 447, 247, 83, 760, 546, 18725, 9607, 4369, 11, 612, 318, 257, 1256, 356, 466, 760, 11, 5176, 284, 2267, 4040, 1973, 262, 13342, 13, 770, 2708, 664, 1686, 617, 286, 644, 356, 466, 760, 546, 262, 4369, 11, 355, 880, 355, 617, 1593, 649, 13312, 287, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 995, 13, 198, 11158, 11, 355, 257, 5496, 270, 666, 40847, 287, 18725, 9607, 4369, 290, 262, 21578, 12, 5787, 11, 616, 4365, 468, 587, 284, 2148, 7008, 11, 1535, 11153, 11, 262, 2057, 2831, 11, 2056, 290, 1854, 351, 7187, 290, 8472, 1321, 13, 1881, 835, 314, 447, 247, 303, 13013, 428, 318, 832, 616, 1492, 11, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 25, 317, 40917, 20857, 10005, 11, 783, 287, 663, 604, 400, 8313, 11, 860, 400, 13570, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 616, 3052, 7324, 13, 4743, 7809, 69, 15977, 1155, 13, 6888, 11, 13129, 11, 4130, 290, 1195, 5, 32, 15180, 784, 588, 262, 16981, 46854, 8913, 5721, 319, 1355, 11146, 1890, 5308, 13, 785, 3895, 6041, 286, 1479, 1321, 13, 14628, 3555, 0, 198, 25214, 46854, 8913, 318, 257, 3895, 286, 1355, 11146, 1890, 5308, 13, 785, 13, 632, 318, 3199, 262, 1218, 3431, 286, 1123, 1227, 13, 46854, 8913, 11, 31475, 318, 257, 41005, 16292, 270, 666, 11, 14931, 290, 6434, 286, 2671, 7809, 12, 11146, 16292, 25, 317, 40917, 20857, 10005, 13, 16440, 46854, 290, 651, 517, 21578, 12, 5787, 9040, 1222, 7508, 379, 25, 2671, 7809, 11146, 35, 1155, 13, 6888, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

829

One of the world's most ancient societies has been given a legal buffer zone to guard it from the modern world. India's Supreme Court has banned all commercial and tourism activity near their habitat in the country's remote Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Indian Ocean. The ruling bars hotels and resorts from operating within a three-mile buffer zone around the Jarawa reserve, which is home to the Jarawa tribal people. The order means resorts that had opened nearby will have to close. The Jarawas are among the world's most ancient people, with many still hunting with bows and arrows and rubbing stones together to make fire. Scientists believe they were among the first people to migrate from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago. Jarawas did not have any contact with government authorities until 1996 and did not begin leaving their habitat until a few years ago, when they began moving out of the reserve in small groups for a brief while before returning. Scientists say there are around 320 Jarawa tribespeople living in the southern and middle Andaman islands. The Indian government has come under increasing criticism from rights activists for failing to protect the Jarawas. Critics say the local government has allowed unscrupulous tour operators to promote "human safaris." In 2002, the Supreme Court ordered that a road passing through the reserve be closed, but the local government still has not barred the Andaman Trunk Road, enabling tourist buses and vehicles to enter Jarawa habitats deep in the jungle. India's cabinet recently authorised stiff penalties for those trying to organise tours to Jarawa habitats or photographing the tribespeople. Last year, activists were outraged when media reports and videos surfaced of local policemen forcing bare-chested Jarawa women to dance for tourists in exchange for food. Survival International, a London-based international rights group for indigenous people, welcomed the new order, but said the Indian government has "missed" an opportunity by allowing the road to remain open to tourists.

[ 3198, 286, 262, 995, 338, 749, 6156, 14515, 468, 587, 1813, 257, 2742, 11876, 6516, 284, 4860, 340, 422, 262, 3660, 995, 13, 198, 21569, 338, 5617, 3078, 468, 9301, 477, 5068, 290, 19277, 3842, 1474, 511, 20018, 287, 262, 1499, 338, 6569, 843, 10546, 290, 8377, 30973, 14807, 287, 262, 3942, 10692, 13, 198, 464, 6922, 9210, 18505, 290, 43017, 422, 5361, 1626, 257, 1115, 12, 18085, 11876, 6516, 1088, 262, 15374, 6909, 11515, 11, 543, 318, 1363, 284, 262, 15374, 6909, 17054, 661, 13, 383, 1502, 1724, 43017, 326, 550, 4721, 6716, 481, 423, 284, 1969, 13, 198, 464, 15374, 707, 292, 389, 1871, 262, 995, 338, 749, 6156, 661, 11, 351, 867, 991, 10988, 351, 37469, 290, 20507, 290, 27714, 14966, 1978, 284, 787, 2046, 13, 23782, 1975, 484, 547, 1871, 262, 717, 661, 284, 32492, 422, 5478, 284, 7229, 1088, 4317, 11, 830, 812, 2084, 13, 198, 47511, 707, 292, 750, 407, 423, 597, 2800, 351, 1230, 4773, 1566, 8235, 290, 750, 407, 2221, 4305, 511, 20018, 1566, 257, 1178, 812, 2084, 11, 618, 484, 2540, 3867, 503, 286, 262, 11515, 287, 1402, 2628, 329, 257, 4506, 981, 878, 8024, 13, 23782, 910, 612, 389, 1088, 20959, 15374, 6909, 15663, 15332, 2877, 287, 262, 8372, 290, 3504, 843, 10546, 14807, 13, 198, 464, 3942, 1230, 468, 1282, 739, 3649, 7734, 422, 2489, 7941, 329, 9894, 284, 1805, 262, 15374, 707, 292, 13, 33385, 910, 262, 1957, 1230, 468, 3142, 28594, 46272, 4205, 12879, 284, 7719, 366, 10734, 1932, 20066, 526, 198, 818, 6244, 11, 262, 5617, 3078, 6149, 326, 257, 2975, 6427, 832, 262, 11515, 307, 4838, 11, 475, 262, 1957, 1230, 991, 468, 407, 23902, 262, 843, 10546, 833, 2954, 5567, 11, 15882, 18473, 16893, 290, 5672, 284, 3802, 15374, 6909, 35308, 2769, 287, 262, 20712, 13, 198, 21569, 338, 13447, 2904, 39019, 15175, 12970, 329, 883, 2111, 284, 42386, 21284, 284, 15374, 6909, 35308, 393, 10079, 722, 262, 15663, 15332, 13, 198, 5956, 614, 11, 7941, 547, 27697, 618, 2056, 3136, 290, 5861, 23786, 286, 1957, 33777, 10833, 6247, 12, 2395, 30679, 15374, 6909, 1466, 284, 9280, 329, 15930, 287, 5163, 329, 2057, 13, 198, 34652, 2473, 4037, 11, 257, 3576, 12, 3106, 3230, 2489, 1448, 329, 17673, 661, 11, 15846, 262, 649, 1502, 11, 475, 531, 262, 3942, 1230, 468, 366, 3927, 276, 1, 281, 3663, 416, 5086, 262, 2975, 284, 3520, 1280, 284, 15930, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

404

The Importance of Breakfast It often amazes me how people take better care of their cars than their bodies. I have yet to meet a person who said, “God has a plan as to when my car should ‘die’ and I do not need to worry about it. I don’t need to check or change the oil, or perform any routine maintenance. And I don’t need to worry about the type of gasoline I use.” We recognize the necessity of proper care to get the longest life and best performance out of our automobiles. When will we realize that proper care also gives our bodies the longest life and Today, a wealth of scientific research has confirmed that most of the leading causes of death and chronic diseases are preventable. We have been talking about the lifestyle factors that will help us improve our health. Adding breakfast to your eating pattern is a major step to improving your lifestyle. Well, why bother with breakfast? Food is fuel. Many studies have emphasized the importance of breakfast. If you want to make the most of your day, fuel your body early with the right stuff. AT A TIME: WHAT TO DO THE IMPORTANCE OF studies have even linked healthy breakfasts with less chronic disease, increased longevity and better health. Starting your day with a good breakfast boosts your energy, increases your attention span, and heightens your sense of well-being. You’ll be in better control of your emotions. A good breakfast is one that provides at least one third of the day’s calories. Most people give a variety of reasons for not eating breakfast. A common reason is that they are not hungry in the morning, which is a result of eating a full meal late in the evening or late snacking. When they go to bed, the body is still busy digesting all that food. Digestion then goes into a slower gear during the hours of sleep and there is still food in the stomach in the morning. The stomach needs a rest too. A tired stomach does not feel like digesting a big breakfast. When you get up in the morning, your glucose or blood sugar level is at its lowest point in the day. Glucose is the basic fuel for the brain and central nervous system. A good breakfast will keep you from being tired and irritable The effects of a skipped breakfast are short attention span, lack of alertness, longer reaction time, low blood sugar, decreased work productivity. Surely, breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Take time to eat a large, balanced breakfast. It’s a good investment of your time. Once you get into the habit of eating breakfast, you may feel hungry in the APPLICATION: HOW TO DO IT Breakfast is a great way to get more fiber into your diet. Plan wisely for a healthy breakfast. Many prepared cereals have added refined sugar, often hidden. Read labels carefully to select cereals prepared without excessive sugar, salt, fat, and excuse for not eating breakfast? • “No time?” How much time does it take to eat a bowl of cereal? Make toast and eat it on your way to work. Make your breakfast the night before. Making time for breakfast is making time to be healthy. • “Not hungry?” To get started, don’t eat anything after an early supper. Finish supper by 6:30 p.m. • “Might gain weight?” Eating breakfast will actually help you reach and maintain your healthy weight. Your appetite will be satisfied longer. You’ll be eating food when you can best burn the calories. You’ll feel great. Eat breakfast. • You “don’t like breakfast foods?” You don’t have to eat traditional breakfast foods. You can eat leftovers, or a sandwich. Any healthy food is fine. Caffeine may mask hunger. • You “don’t like eating breakfast?” It is in your best interest to eat breakfast. Take the step. Do the right thing. Eat breakfast. Simple, easy ways to add • Start Small. If your not a breakfast eater, begin with whole wheat toast and/or a piece of fruit. In a few days, add more food. • Choose Fruit for Breakfast. Fruit gives you fiber. Fresh fruit is the best choice. There are many to choose from: oranges, grapefruits, apples, bananas, grapes, kiwis, mangos, melons, berries. Eat two servings of fruit every morning. Canned fruit packed in juice is also a good choice. Add dried fruit to your cereal. • Eat High Fiber Hot Cereal. Hot cereal is the best choice, but there are several brands of cold cereal on the market that are high in fiber and low in sugar. Oatmeal is a favorite hot cereal. Try a seven grain cereal and experiment with different grains such as millet, brown rice, quinoa, corn grits for a variety. Try cooking grains in a crock pot overnight and it’s already the next morning. Or cook up a large batch and re-heat the next day. Make your own granola. Add a high fiber cereal to your favorite low fiber cereal. Gradually increase the amount of the high fiber cereal and decrease the amount of the low fiber cereal. For example, if you like cornflakes, add Wheat Chex to the cornflakes. Each morning add a little more Wheat Chex and a little less • Choose Whole Grain Bread. Eat two slices of toast in the morning or a whole grain bagel. Spread with fruit spread or applesauce or your favorite nut butter. • Make Healthy Pancakes or Waffles. Have you ever considered topping your pancakes or waffles with fruit? • Instead of scramble eggs try scrambled tofu. You’re in for a • The sky’s the limit. The only limitation is your imagination. Make it a priority. Eat breakfast. High fiber, ready to eat cereals and whole grain breads. --Choose a cereal with at least 3-5 grams of fiber per serving. --Choose cereal that have 5 grams or less of sugar per serving. Remember 4 grams of --Choose bread with at least 2 grams of dietary fiber per CHALLENGE: YOU CAN DO IT!! Try this simple experiment. Eat one or two servings of fresh fruit every for the next three weeks. Eat as many different kinds as you can find. And remember, Health is by Choice...not by chance! The choice is yours. You don’t have to be a statistic. By adopting a better diet and wiser lifestyle habits, you can live longer, feel better, and enjoy a healthier, more And remember, Health is by Choice...not by chance! The choice is yours. You don't have to be a statistic. By adopting a better diet and wiser lifestyle habits, you can live longer, feel better, and enjoy a healthier, more productive life. While it may be considered "helpful", individuals without a masters in health administration degree, nutrition & fitness degree, or even an MBA in healthcare degree are capable of taking care of their bodies. All a person needs is the motivation to be healthy! Nancy Schmieder works with the Better Living Ministries in Wayland , NY as a Certified Lifestyle Consultant and Specialist. The Better Living Ministries is a Community Resource for Lifestyle Education and Support. Health by Choice is a practical, simple journey on how to incorporate healthy habits into your lifestyle. Nancy is a Mother of five and she lives with her family in Springwater , NY . Her e-mail address is

[ 464, 17267, 590, 286, 32175, 198, 1026, 1690, 716, 36096, 502, 703, 198, 15332, 1011, 1365, 1337, 286, 511, 5006, 198, 14813, 511, 5920, 13, 314, 423, 1865, 284, 1826, 257, 198, 6259, 508, 531, 11, 564, 250, 13482, 468, 257, 1410, 355, 284, 198, 12518, 616, 1097, 815, 564, 246, 11979, 447, 247, 290, 314, 466, 407, 198, 31227, 284, 5490, 546, 340, 13, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 284, 198, 9122, 393, 1487, 262, 3056, 11, 393, 1620, 597, 198, 81, 28399, 9262, 13, 843, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 284, 198, 86, 5152, 546, 262, 2099, 286, 21408, 314, 779, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1135, 7564, 262, 14564, 286, 1774, 198, 6651, 284, 651, 262, 14069, 1204, 290, 1266, 198, 26585, 503, 286, 674, 44820, 13, 1649, 198, 10594, 356, 6537, 326, 1774, 1337, 635, 198, 70, 1083, 674, 5920, 262, 14069, 1204, 290, 198, 8888, 11, 257, 5129, 286, 198, 41355, 2267, 468, 4999, 326, 198, 1712, 286, 262, 3756, 5640, 286, 1918, 290, 198, 354, 4565, 10040, 389, 2948, 540, 13, 775, 198, 14150, 587, 3375, 546, 262, 12263, 198, 22584, 669, 326, 481, 1037, 514, 2987, 674, 198, 13948, 13, 18247, 12607, 284, 534, 6600, 198, 33279, 318, 257, 1688, 2239, 284, 10068, 198, 14108, 12263, 13, 3894, 11, 1521, 11393, 351, 198, 9032, 7217, 30, 7318, 318, 5252, 13, 4650, 3640, 198, 14150, 20047, 262, 6817, 286, 198, 9032, 7217, 13, 1002, 345, 765, 284, 787, 262, 749, 198, 1659, 534, 1110, 11, 5252, 534, 1767, 1903, 351, 198, 1169, 826, 3404, 13, 198, 1404, 317, 20460, 25, 25003, 5390, 8410, 198, 10970, 30023, 9863, 19240, 3963, 198, 19149, 444, 423, 772, 6692, 5448, 198, 9032, 69, 5773, 351, 1342, 10726, 4369, 11, 198, 24988, 839, 28188, 290, 1365, 1535, 13, 198, 22851, 534, 1110, 351, 257, 922, 12607, 198, 39521, 82, 534, 2568, 11, 5732, 534, 198, 1078, 1463, 11506, 11, 290, 6001, 641, 534, 2565, 198, 1659, 880, 12, 11873, 13, 921, 447, 247, 297, 307, 287, 1365, 198, 13716, 286, 534, 10825, 13, 317, 922, 198, 9032, 7217, 318, 530, 326, 3769, 379, 1551, 198, 505, 2368, 286, 262, 1110, 447, 247, 82, 14653, 13, 198, 6943, 661, 1577, 257, 198, 7785, 1905, 286, 3840, 329, 407, 6600, 198, 9032, 7217, 13, 317, 2219, 1738, 318, 326, 484, 198, 533, 407, 14720, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 543, 318, 198, 64, 1255, 286, 6600, 257, 1336, 9799, 2739, 287, 198, 1169, 6180, 393, 2739, 3013, 5430, 13, 1649, 484, 198, 2188, 284, 3996, 11, 262, 1767, 318, 991, 8179, 198, 12894, 37761, 477, 326, 2057, 13, 44255, 295, 788, 198, 2188, 274, 656, 257, 13611, 7733, 1141, 262, 2250, 198, 1659, 3993, 290, 612, 318, 991, 2057, 287, 262, 198, 301, 10806, 287, 262, 3329, 13, 383, 11384, 198, 50032, 257, 1334, 1165, 13, 317, 10032, 11384, 857, 198, 1662, 1254, 588, 16274, 278, 257, 1263, 12607, 13, 198, 2215, 345, 651, 510, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 534, 198, 4743, 1229, 577, 393, 2910, 7543, 1241, 318, 379, 663, 198, 9319, 395, 966, 287, 262, 1110, 13, 2671, 1229, 577, 318, 262, 198, 35487, 5252, 329, 262, 3632, 290, 4318, 198, 77, 712, 516, 1080, 13, 317, 922, 12607, 481, 198, 14894, 345, 422, 852, 10032, 290, 14709, 540, 198, 464, 3048, 286, 257, 26684, 198, 9032, 7217, 389, 1790, 3241, 11506, 11, 3092, 198, 1659, 7995, 1108, 11, 2392, 6317, 640, 11, 1877, 198, 18041, 7543, 11, 11832, 670, 198, 11167, 3458, 13, 28417, 11, 12607, 318, 262, 198, 1712, 1593, 9799, 286, 262, 1110, 13, 7214, 198, 2435, 284, 4483, 257, 1588, 11, 12974, 12607, 13, 198, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 257, 922, 4896, 286, 534, 640, 13, 198, 7454, 345, 651, 656, 262, 7947, 286, 6600, 198, 9032, 7217, 11, 345, 743, 1254, 14720, 287, 262, 198, 2969, 31484, 6234, 25, 29630, 5390, 8410, 7283, 198, 31737, 7217, 318, 257, 1049, 835, 198, 1462, 651, 517, 13608, 656, 534, 5496, 13, 5224, 198, 3083, 306, 329, 257, 5448, 12607, 13, 4650, 198, 3866, 29190, 6736, 874, 423, 2087, 20449, 198, 82, 35652, 11, 1690, 7104, 13, 4149, 14722, 198, 6651, 2759, 284, 2922, 6736, 874, 5597, 198, 19419, 13181, 7543, 11, 8268, 11, 3735, 11, 290, 198, 41194, 1904, 329, 407, 6600, 12607, 30, 198, 3581, 564, 250, 2949, 640, 30, 447, 251, 1374, 881, 198, 2435, 857, 340, 1011, 284, 4483, 257, 9396, 286, 198, 344, 5305, 30, 6889, 27805, 290, 4483, 340, 319, 534, 198, 1014, 284, 670, 13, 6889, 534, 12607, 262, 198, 3847, 878, 13, 16427, 640, 329, 12607, 198, 271, 1642, 640, 284, 307, 5448, 13, 198, 3581, 564, 250, 3673, 14720, 30, 447, 251, 1675, 198, 1136, 2067, 11, 836, 447, 247, 83, 4483, 1997, 706, 281, 198, 11458, 43743, 13, 32585, 43743, 416, 718, 25, 1270, 279, 13, 76, 13, 198, 3581, 564, 250, 44, 432, 4461, 198, 6551, 30, 447, 251, 37537, 12607, 481, 1682, 198, 16794, 345, 3151, 290, 5529, 534, 5448, 198, 6551, 13, 3406, 20788, 481, 307, 11378, 198, 6511, 263, 13, 921, 447, 247, 297, 307, 6600, 2057, 618, 345, 198, 5171, 1266, 4245, 262, 14653, 13, 921, 447, 247, 297, 1254, 198, 18223, 13, 27574, 12607, 13, 198, 3581, 921, 564, 250, 9099, 447, 247, 83, 588, 198, 9032, 7217, 9013, 30, 447, 251, 921, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 284, 4483, 198, 36380, 12607, 9013, 13, 921, 460, 4483, 198, 9464, 13801, 11, 393, 257, 20433, 13, 4377, 5448, 198, 19425, 318, 3734, 13, 327, 21223, 500, 743, 9335, 16460, 13, 198, 3581, 921, 564, 250, 9099, 447, 247, 83, 588, 6600, 198, 9032, 7217, 30, 447, 251, 632, 318, 287, 534, 1266, 1393, 198, 1462, 4483, 12607, 13, 7214, 262, 2239, 13, 2141, 262, 198, 3506, 1517, 13, 27574, 12607, 13, 198, 26437, 11, 2562, 2842, 284, 751, 198, 3581, 7253, 10452, 13, 1002, 198, 14108, 407, 257, 12607, 38338, 11, 2221, 351, 198, 1929, 2305, 17135, 27805, 290, 14, 273, 257, 3704, 286, 198, 34711, 13, 554, 257, 1178, 1528, 11, 751, 517, 2057, 13, 198, 3581, 17489, 22826, 329, 198, 31737, 7217, 13, 22826, 3607, 345, 13608, 13, 20138, 198, 34711, 318, 262, 1266, 3572, 13, 1318, 389, 867, 198, 1462, 3853, 422, 25, 48389, 11, 30777, 69, 50187, 11, 198, 1324, 829, 11, 35484, 11, 36656, 11, 479, 14246, 271, 11, 45663, 418, 11, 198, 17694, 684, 11, 36322, 13, 27574, 734, 43096, 286, 198, 34711, 790, 3329, 13, 327, 3577, 8234, 11856, 198, 259, 13135, 318, 635, 257, 922, 3572, 13, 3060, 198, 67, 2228, 8234, 284, 534, 33158, 13, 198, 3581, 27574, 3334, 29933, 6964, 198, 34, 567, 282, 13, 6964, 33158, 318, 262, 1266, 3572, 11, 198, 4360, 612, 389, 1811, 11394, 286, 4692, 198, 344, 5305, 319, 262, 1910, 326, 389, 1029, 287, 198, 69, 1856, 290, 1877, 287, 7543, 13, 440, 45280, 318, 257, 198, 35200, 3024, 33158, 13, 9993, 257, 3598, 13020, 198, 344, 5305, 290, 6306, 351, 1180, 198, 2164, 1299, 884, 355, 1465, 1616, 11, 7586, 11464, 11, 198, 421, 40564, 11, 11676, 34954, 82, 329, 257, 4996, 13, 9993, 198, 27916, 278, 21824, 287, 257, 6763, 694, 1787, 13417, 198, 392, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1541, 262, 1306, 3329, 13, 1471, 198, 27916, 510, 257, 1588, 15458, 290, 302, 12, 25080, 262, 198, 19545, 1110, 13, 6889, 534, 898, 19468, 5708, 13, 3060, 257, 198, 8929, 13608, 33158, 284, 534, 4004, 1877, 198, 69, 1856, 33158, 13, 17701, 935, 2620, 262, 198, 17287, 286, 262, 1029, 13608, 33158, 290, 198, 12501, 260, 589, 262, 2033, 286, 262, 1877, 13608, 198, 344, 5305, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 611, 345, 588, 198, 20772, 2704, 1124, 11, 751, 34744, 2580, 87, 284, 262, 198, 20772, 2704, 1124, 13, 5501, 3329, 751, 257, 1310, 198, 3549, 34744, 2580, 87, 290, 257, 1310, 1342, 198, 3581, 17489, 23431, 48692, 198, 33, 961, 13, 27574, 734, 24314, 286, 27805, 287, 262, 198, 43911, 393, 257, 2187, 13020, 6131, 417, 13, 31843, 198, 4480, 8234, 4104, 393, 22514, 559, 344, 393, 534, 198, 35200, 6701, 9215, 13, 198, 3581, 6889, 30840, 198, 47, 1192, 1124, 393, 370, 48501, 13, 8192, 345, 1683, 198, 5936, 3089, 34366, 534, 47008, 393, 198, 86, 48501, 351, 8234, 30, 198, 3581, 5455, 286, 36755, 198, 33856, 82, 1949, 34351, 40108, 13, 921, 447, 247, 260, 287, 329, 257, 198, 3581, 383, 6766, 447, 247, 82, 262, 4179, 13, 198, 464, 691, 17385, 318, 534, 13843, 13, 198, 12050, 340, 257, 8475, 13, 27574, 12607, 13, 198, 11922, 13608, 11, 3492, 284, 198, 4098, 6736, 874, 290, 2187, 13020, 8509, 82, 13, 198, 438, 31851, 257, 33158, 351, 379, 198, 293, 459, 513, 12, 20, 16379, 286, 13608, 583, 7351, 13, 198, 438, 31851, 33158, 326, 423, 198, 20, 16379, 393, 1342, 286, 7543, 583, 7351, 13, 198, 16676, 604, 16379, 286, 198, 438, 31851, 8509, 351, 379, 198, 293, 459, 362, 16379, 286, 15429, 13608, 583, 198, 3398, 7036, 1677, 8264, 25, 7013, 15628, 8410, 7283, 3228, 198, 23433, 428, 2829, 198, 23100, 3681, 13, 27574, 530, 393, 734, 43096, 286, 198, 48797, 8234, 790, 198, 1640, 262, 1306, 1115, 2745, 13, 27574, 355, 198, 21834, 1180, 6982, 355, 345, 460, 1064, 13, 198, 1870, 3505, 11, 3893, 318, 198, 1525, 18502, 986, 1662, 416, 2863, 0, 383, 3572, 318, 198, 88, 4662, 13, 921, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 284, 307, 257, 24696, 13, 198, 3886, 22868, 257, 1365, 5496, 290, 47897, 198, 75, 42004, 13870, 11, 345, 460, 2107, 2392, 11, 198, 36410, 1365, 11, 290, 2883, 257, 22841, 11, 517, 198, 1870, 3505, 11, 3893, 318, 416, 18502, 986, 1662, 416, 2863, 0, 383, 3572, 318, 12431, 13, 198, 1639, 836, 470, 423, 284, 307, 257, 24696, 13, 2750, 22868, 257, 1365, 5496, 290, 47897, 12263, 198, 5976, 896, 11, 345, 460, 2107, 2392, 11, 1254, 1365, 11, 290, 2883, 257, 22841, 11, 517, 198, 27781, 1204, 13, 2893, 340, 743, 307, 3177, 366, 16794, 913, 1600, 3925, 1231, 257, 198, 40706, 287, 1535, 3662, 4922, 11, 16633, 1222, 13547, 4922, 11, 393, 198, 10197, 281, 45517, 287, 11409, 4922, 389, 6007, 286, 2263, 1337, 286, 511, 5920, 13, 198, 3237, 257, 1048, 2476, 318, 262, 14052, 284, 307, 5448, 0, 198, 45, 3883, 3059, 76, 798, 263, 2499, 351, 262, 11625, 198, 36376, 1855, 32995, 287, 6378, 1044, 837, 6645, 355, 257, 198, 37608, 1431, 406, 42004, 21651, 415, 290, 198, 13409, 396, 13, 383, 11625, 13728, 1855, 32995, 198, 271, 257, 8108, 20857, 329, 406, 42004, 198, 41183, 290, 7929, 13, 3893, 416, 18502, 198, 271, 257, 8472, 11, 2829, 7002, 319, 703, 284, 198, 1939, 31150, 378, 5448, 13870, 656, 534, 198, 75, 42004, 13, 18496, 318, 257, 10584, 286, 1936, 290, 198, 7091, 3160, 351, 607, 1641, 287, 8225, 7050, 198, 11, 6645, 764, 2332, 304, 12, 4529, 2209, 318, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,818

The National Drought Mitigation Center in Lincoln, Nebraska,says drought has produced an above-normal wildfire potential this season along the leeward sides of all the Hawaiian Islands, including the western third of Hawaii Island. Most of our state has received above-normal precipitation, but not parts of Hawaii Island. The result: the danger of out-of-control brush fires is significant. Elsewhere on the United States mainland, the situation is similar. The NDMC says snowpack was disappointing in many states–in Colorado and Utah, they had only half the usual snowpack. Colorado had its first wildfire of 2012 last month in a conflagration that took 700 firefighters more than a week to control the fire. January and February were the driest on record in California. Hawaii County Fire Department warns residents to clear brush from near their houses, and to have an evacuation plan should there be a fire. They also warn that tossing lit cigarettes out of cars is not only illegal, but not trigger a fire. The National Drought Mitigation Center says areas on Hawaii Island and elsewhere that have not had soakings of brush, grass, and trees, and the wildfire fuels don’t have water and cannot resist fire. Hawaii Island’s west side usually has a rainy summer season and there have been some mauka showers, with residents hoping for more. Hilo has gotten lots of rain this winter, but other areas around the island vary in how much rain they’ve received. The NDMC, established in 1995, is based in the School of Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The organization helps people and institutions develop and implement measures to reduce societal vulnerability to drought, stressing preparedness and risk management rather than crisis management. It works with several different agencies to collaborate on drought issues–United States Department of Agriculture, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Geological Survey, the National Climate Data Center, and international organizations, among others.

[ 464, 2351, 360, 2909, 11707, 7065, 3337, 287, 12406, 11, 18329, 11, 82, 592, 18393, 468, 4635, 281, 2029, 12, 11265, 44508, 2785, 428, 1622, 1863, 262, 443, 413, 446, 5389, 286, 477, 262, 29827, 12010, 11, 1390, 262, 8830, 2368, 286, 13708, 5451, 13, 4042, 286, 674, 1181, 468, 2722, 2029, 12, 11265, 32025, 11, 475, 407, 3354, 286, 13708, 5451, 13, 383, 1255, 25, 262, 3514, 286, 503, 12, 1659, 12, 13716, 14093, 12252, 318, 2383, 13, 198, 49374, 319, 262, 1578, 1829, 22779, 11, 262, 3074, 318, 2092, 13, 383, 25524, 9655, 1139, 6729, 8002, 373, 17185, 287, 867, 2585, 1906, 259, 7492, 290, 10202, 11, 484, 550, 691, 2063, 262, 6678, 6729, 8002, 13, 7492, 550, 663, 717, 44508, 286, 2321, 938, 1227, 287, 257, 1013, 30909, 1358, 326, 1718, 13037, 22611, 517, 621, 257, 1285, 284, 1630, 262, 2046, 13, 3269, 290, 3945, 547, 262, 1454, 395, 319, 1700, 287, 3442, 13, 198, 33055, 42648, 3418, 3764, 2732, 22145, 5085, 284, 1598, 14093, 422, 1474, 511, 7777, 11, 290, 284, 423, 281, 24663, 1410, 815, 612, 307, 257, 2046, 13, 1119, 635, 9828, 326, 37432, 6578, 17626, 503, 286, 5006, 318, 407, 691, 5293, 11, 475, 407, 7616, 257, 2046, 13, 198, 464, 2351, 360, 2909, 11707, 7065, 3337, 1139, 3006, 319, 13708, 5451, 290, 8057, 326, 423, 407, 550, 33182, 654, 286, 14093, 11, 8701, 11, 290, 7150, 11, 290, 262, 44508, 18017, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 1660, 290, 2314, 4180, 2046, 13, 13708, 5451, 447, 247, 82, 7421, 1735, 3221, 468, 257, 37259, 3931, 1622, 290, 612, 423, 587, 617, 285, 559, 4914, 32290, 11, 351, 5085, 7725, 329, 517, 13, 367, 18526, 468, 7891, 6041, 286, 6290, 428, 7374, 11, 475, 584, 3006, 1088, 262, 7022, 7565, 287, 703, 881, 6290, 484, 447, 247, 303, 2722, 13, 198, 464, 25524, 9655, 11, 4920, 287, 8735, 11, 318, 1912, 287, 262, 3961, 286, 12068, 13864, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 18329, 12, 43, 11690, 13, 383, 4009, 5419, 661, 290, 6712, 1205, 290, 3494, 5260, 284, 4646, 26877, 15131, 284, 18393, 11, 43455, 5597, 1108, 290, 2526, 4542, 2138, 621, 4902, 4542, 13, 632, 2499, 351, 1811, 1180, 5942, 284, 30081, 319, 18393, 2428, 1906, 17013, 1829, 2732, 286, 19717, 11, 2351, 10692, 291, 290, 41516, 8694, 11, 1578, 1829, 34246, 13084, 11, 262, 2351, 13963, 6060, 3337, 11, 290, 3230, 5745, 11, 1871, 1854, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

404

Scientists identified seven new species of bamboo coral discovered on a NOAA-funded mission in the deep waters of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Six of these species may represent entirely new genera, a remarkable feat given the broad classification a genus represents. A genus is a major category in the classification of organisms, ranking above a species and below a family. Scientists expect to identify more new species as analysis of samples continues. "These discoveries are important, because deep-sea corals support diverse seafloor ecosystems and also because these corals may be among the first marine organisms to be affected by ocean acidification," said Richard Spinrad, Ph.D., NOAA's assistant administrator for Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Ocean acidification is a change in ocean chemistry due to excess carbon dioxide. Researchers have seen adverse changes in marine life with calcium-carbonate shells, such as corals, because of acidified ocean water. "Deep-sea bamboo corals also produce growth rings much as trees do, and can provide a much-needed view of how deep ocean conditions change through time," said Spinrad. Rob Dunbar, a Stanford University scientist, was studying long-term climate data by examining long-lived corals. "We found live, 4,000-year-old corals in the Monument meaning 4,000 years worth of information about what has been going on in the deep ocean interior." "Studying these corals can help us understand how they survive for such long periods of time as well as how they may respond to climate change in the future," said Dunbar. Among the other findings were a five-foot tall yellow bamboo coral tree that had never been described before, new beds of living deepwater coral and sponges, and a giant sponge scientists dubbed the "cauldron sponge," approximately three feet tall and three feet across. Scientists collected two other sponges which have not yet been anal |Contact: Christine Patrick|

[ 29193, 5174, 3598, 649, 4693, 286, 37252, 29537, 5071, 319, 257, 36184, 12, 18246, 4365, 287, 262, 2769, 10150, 286, 262, 14185, 993, 10235, 2616, 388, 11601, 10235, 365, 64, 11000, 2351, 33075, 13, 9699, 286, 777, 4693, 743, 2380, 5000, 649, 1152, 64, 11, 257, 11004, 2218, 1813, 262, 3154, 17923, 257, 34306, 6870, 13, 317, 34306, 318, 257, 1688, 6536, 287, 262, 17923, 286, 20296, 11, 12759, 2029, 257, 4693, 290, 2174, 257, 1641, 13, 23782, 1607, 284, 5911, 517, 649, 4693, 355, 3781, 286, 8405, 4477, 13, 198, 1, 4711, 24362, 389, 1593, 11, 780, 2769, 12, 8583, 1162, 874, 1104, 10084, 25127, 75, 2675, 30020, 290, 635, 780, 777, 1162, 874, 743, 307, 1871, 262, 717, 16050, 20296, 284, 307, 5676, 416, 9151, 7408, 2649, 553, 531, 6219, 28002, 6335, 11, 1380, 13, 35, 1539, 36184, 338, 8796, 18382, 329, 10692, 291, 290, 41516, 4992, 13, 10692, 7408, 2649, 318, 257, 1487, 287, 9151, 16585, 2233, 284, 6992, 6588, 17556, 13, 26685, 423, 1775, 12681, 2458, 287, 16050, 1204, 351, 19700, 12, 29255, 378, 19679, 11, 884, 355, 1162, 874, 11, 780, 286, 7408, 1431, 9151, 1660, 13, 198, 1, 29744, 12, 8583, 37252, 1162, 874, 635, 4439, 3349, 13917, 881, 355, 7150, 466, 11, 290, 460, 2148, 257, 881, 12, 27938, 1570, 286, 703, 2769, 9151, 3403, 1487, 832, 640, 553, 531, 28002, 6335, 13, 198, 14350, 5648, 5657, 11, 257, 13863, 2059, 11444, 11, 373, 11065, 890, 12, 4354, 4258, 1366, 416, 17247, 890, 12, 24489, 1162, 874, 13, 366, 1135, 1043, 2107, 11, 604, 11, 830, 12, 1941, 12, 727, 1162, 874, 287, 262, 33075, 3616, 604, 11, 830, 812, 2861, 286, 1321, 546, 644, 468, 587, 1016, 319, 287, 262, 2769, 9151, 11087, 526, 198, 1, 13007, 1112, 777, 1162, 874, 460, 1037, 514, 1833, 703, 484, 7866, 329, 884, 890, 9574, 286, 640, 355, 880, 355, 703, 484, 743, 3031, 284, 4258, 1487, 287, 262, 2003, 553, 531, 5648, 5657, 13, 198, 14311, 262, 584, 6373, 547, 257, 1936, 12, 5898, 7331, 7872, 37252, 29537, 5509, 326, 550, 1239, 587, 3417, 878, 11, 649, 20237, 286, 2877, 2769, 7050, 29537, 290, 599, 506, 274, 11, 290, 257, 6175, 40206, 5519, 17494, 262, 366, 66, 45637, 40206, 553, 6702, 1115, 3625, 7331, 290, 1115, 3625, 1973, 13, 23782, 7723, 734, 584, 599, 506, 274, 543, 423, 407, 1865, 587, 2037, 198, 91, 17829, 25, 26088, 9925, 91, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

406

Diamond Says Sleep With Your Kids, Spare Parents: Books Human beings and apes went their separate ways 6 million years ago, Jared Diamond notes near the beginning of “The World Until Yesterday.” Yet agriculture has been around for just 11,000 years, and the first state government arose only 5,400 years ago. In other words, life as we know it accounts for a small fraction of human history. By looking closely at the world’s last few “traditional” (i.e., tribal) societies -- especially in New Guinea, where he’s spent much of the past half-century -- Diamond shows what it must have been like before that. He deftly explodes a few myths, beginning with Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “speculative and ungrounded theory” that “humans were naturally compassionate in a state of nature, and that wars began only with the rise of states.” The reality was the opposite -- maniacal xenophobia and perennial war. If you encountered a stranger on your path, you had essentially two options: run or fight. The percentage of people that tribal societies typically lost in conflicts dwarfs German and Russian war losses during the 20th century (even if the numbers seem less dramatic at first because they aren’t in the millions). That’s why they’ve so often accepted state control with so little protest: Since states, for their own reasons, suppress tribal warfare, life under their authority is less dangerous and a lot more pleasant. “The World Until Yesterday” is packed with fascinating information of this kind. But because Diamond has constructed it as a series of lessons we can learn from what once were called primitive peoples, it’s also problematic. I don’t doubt his good faith when he declares, “My own outlook on life has been transformed and enriched by my years among one set of traditional societies, that of New Guinea.” (He previously wrote about these societies, among others, in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book, “Guns, Germs and Steel.”) But then what does he tell us we can learn from them? To value mediation as a method of settling legal disputes. To treat the elderly with greater dignity. To watch our salt and sugar intake. Fifty years of study -- for that? Diamond’s most intriguing discussion, in terms of novel and usable information, involves child rearing. I was happy to find him advocating, for example, that parents allow small children to share their beds; I’m still mad about how strictly my own parents barred me from theirs. But even when Diamond offers convincing arguments about “the precocious development of social skills” in the children of hunter-gatherers, he dulls them with an irritating habit of belaboring the hyper-obvious: “Naturally, I’m not saying that we should emulate all child-rearing practices of hunter-gatherers. I don’t recommend that we return to the hunter-gatherer practices of selective infanticide, high risk of death in childbirth and letting infants play with knives and get burned by fires.” Or, on the elderly: “I don’t know any individual American whose devoted care of his aged parents goes as far as pre- chewing their food, nor any who has strangled his aged parents and been publicly commended as a good son for doing so.” Much like his friends in the New Guinea jungle, for whom “there is no time pressure, no schedule,” Diamond is in no hurry to get where he’s going. What disturbs me more than the leisurely blandness of his style, though, is his apparent conviction (or maybe it came from his agent or his publisher) that he had to make his book relevant by delivering news you can use. The idea that knowledge isn’t sufficient in itself is depressing if not insulting. I was absorbed as I read “The World Before Yesterday.” But faced with the embarrassing question its subtitle poses -- “What Can We Learn From Traditional Societies?” -- I would have to answer: Not all that much. Muse highlights include Elin McCoy on wine. To contact the writer on the story: Craig Seligman at [email protected].

[ 47710, 28628, 17376, 2080, 3406, 17476, 11, 1338, 533, 28231, 25, 13661, 198, 20490, 9791, 290, 44621, 1816, 511, 4553, 2842, 718, 1510, 812, 2084, 11, 19116, 13566, 4710, 1474, 262, 3726, 286, 564, 250, 464, 2159, 14303, 34668, 13, 447, 251, 6430, 14510, 468, 587, 1088, 329, 655, 1367, 11, 830, 812, 11, 290, 262, 717, 1181, 1230, 21172, 691, 642, 11, 7029, 812, 2084, 13, 198, 818, 584, 2456, 11, 1204, 355, 356, 760, 340, 5504, 329, 257, 1402, 13390, 286, 1692, 2106, 13, 2750, 2045, 7173, 379, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 938, 1178, 564, 250, 36380, 447, 251, 357, 72, 13, 68, 1539, 17054, 8, 14515, 1377, 2592, 287, 968, 22777, 11, 810, 339, 447, 247, 82, 3377, 881, 286, 262, 1613, 2063, 12, 14792, 1377, 13566, 2523, 644, 340, 1276, 423, 587, 588, 878, 326, 13, 198, 1544, 46208, 306, 38711, 257, 1178, 22886, 11, 3726, 351, 11320, 12, 28821, 13281, 42849, 559, 447, 247, 82, 564, 250, 4125, 3129, 876, 290, 555, 2833, 276, 4583, 447, 251, 326, 564, 250, 40205, 547, 8752, 32533, 287, 257, 1181, 286, 3450, 11, 290, 326, 9976, 2540, 691, 351, 262, 4485, 286, 2585, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 3950, 373, 262, 6697, 1377, 45575, 282, 27132, 19851, 290, 39983, 1175, 13, 1002, 345, 12956, 257, 16195, 319, 534, 3108, 11, 345, 550, 6986, 734, 3689, 25, 1057, 393, 1907, 13, 198, 464, 5873, 286, 661, 326, 17054, 14515, 6032, 2626, 287, 12333, 15594, 9501, 2679, 290, 3394, 1175, 9089, 1141, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 357, 10197, 611, 262, 3146, 1283, 1342, 10092, 379, 717, 780, 484, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 287, 262, 5242, 737, 198, 2504, 447, 247, 82, 1521, 484, 447, 247, 303, 523, 1690, 6292, 1181, 1630, 351, 523, 1310, 5402, 25, 4619, 2585, 11, 329, 511, 898, 3840, 11, 18175, 17054, 15611, 11, 1204, 739, 511, 4934, 318, 1342, 4923, 290, 257, 1256, 517, 15497, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 2159, 14303, 34668, 447, 251, 318, 11856, 351, 13899, 1321, 286, 428, 1611, 13, 887, 780, 13566, 468, 12006, 340, 355, 257, 2168, 286, 11658, 356, 460, 2193, 422, 644, 1752, 547, 1444, 20049, 14366, 11, 340, 447, 247, 82, 635, 15833, 13, 198, 40, 836, 447, 247, 83, 4719, 465, 922, 4562, 618, 339, 24183, 11, 564, 250, 3666, 898, 19360, 319, 1204, 468, 587, 14434, 290, 35601, 416, 616, 812, 1871, 530, 900, 286, 4569, 14515, 11, 326, 286, 968, 22777, 13, 447, 251, 357, 1544, 4271, 2630, 546, 777, 14515, 11, 1871, 1854, 11, 287, 465, 44127, 15895, 12, 14463, 1492, 11, 564, 250, 38, 13271, 11, 13573, 907, 290, 7851, 13, 447, 251, 8, 198, 1537, 788, 644, 857, 339, 1560, 514, 356, 460, 2193, 422, 606, 30, 1675, 1988, 41077, 355, 257, 2446, 286, 25446, 2742, 18563, 13, 1675, 2190, 262, 13830, 351, 3744, 16247, 13, 1675, 2342, 674, 8268, 290, 7543, 10337, 13, 198, 37, 24905, 812, 286, 2050, 1377, 329, 326, 30, 198, 47710, 447, 247, 82, 749, 19827, 5114, 11, 287, 2846, 286, 5337, 290, 24284, 1321, 11, 9018, 1200, 302, 1723, 13, 314, 373, 3772, 284, 1064, 683, 24950, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 326, 3397, 1249, 1402, 1751, 284, 2648, 511, 20237, 26, 314, 447, 247, 76, 991, 8805, 546, 703, 14084, 616, 898, 3397, 23902, 502, 422, 22021, 13, 198, 1537, 772, 618, 13566, 4394, 17101, 7159, 546, 564, 250, 1169, 3718, 32346, 2478, 286, 1919, 4678, 447, 251, 287, 262, 1751, 286, 19177, 12, 41268, 1456, 3808, 11, 339, 19222, 82, 606, 351, 281, 42010, 7947, 286, 894, 397, 3255, 262, 8718, 12, 672, 1442, 25, 198, 447, 250, 44213, 11, 314, 447, 247, 76, 407, 2282, 326, 356, 815, 33836, 477, 1200, 12, 260, 1723, 6593, 286, 19177, 12, 41268, 1456, 3808, 13, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 4313, 326, 356, 1441, 284, 262, 19177, 12, 41268, 48386, 6593, 286, 21792, 1167, 5109, 485, 11, 1029, 2526, 286, 1918, 287, 43886, 290, 9616, 18775, 711, 351, 23110, 290, 651, 11544, 416, 12252, 13, 447, 251, 198, 5574, 11, 319, 262, 13830, 25, 564, 250, 40, 836, 447, 247, 83, 760, 597, 1981, 1605, 3025, 13378, 1337, 286, 465, 9722, 3397, 2925, 355, 1290, 355, 662, 12, 36615, 511, 2057, 11, 4249, 597, 508, 468, 965, 22393, 465, 9722, 3397, 290, 587, 7271, 725, 1631, 355, 257, 922, 3367, 329, 1804, 523, 13, 447, 251, 198, 20045, 588, 465, 2460, 287, 262, 968, 22777, 20712, 11, 329, 4150, 564, 250, 8117, 318, 645, 640, 3833, 11, 645, 7269, 11, 447, 251, 13566, 318, 287, 645, 23290, 284, 651, 810, 339, 447, 247, 82, 1016, 13, 198, 2061, 11239, 1443, 502, 517, 621, 262, 24638, 306, 34377, 1108, 286, 465, 3918, 11, 996, 11, 318, 465, 4156, 11375, 357, 273, 3863, 340, 1625, 422, 465, 5797, 393, 465, 9991, 8, 326, 339, 550, 284, 787, 465, 1492, 5981, 416, 13630, 1705, 345, 460, 779, 13, 383, 2126, 326, 3725, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 6751, 287, 2346, 318, 31193, 611, 407, 27899, 13, 198, 40, 373, 19233, 355, 314, 1100, 564, 250, 464, 2159, 7413, 34668, 13, 447, 251, 887, 7452, 351, 262, 18997, 1808, 663, 37960, 17313, 1377, 564, 250, 2061, 1680, 775, 14365, 3574, 29065, 3345, 9545, 30, 447, 251, 1377, 314, 561, 423, 284, 3280, 25, 1892, 477, 326, 881, 13, 198, 44, 1904, 11330, 2291, 2574, 259, 28901, 319, 8237, 13, 198, 2514, 2800, 262, 6260, 319, 262, 1621, 25, 13854, 15300, 328, 805, 379, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

925