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Article posted April 11, 2013 at 08:30 PM GMT • comment (1) • Reads 4267 We ended our Sound Unit by making Recycled Instruments. Each student was taped while he/she presented their instrument to the class. The students also wrote a paragraph about the instrument and took a photo of it using an iPad. The students created a Glog (an interactive poster) incorporating all of the components. Click on the Glogster image below to see all of the Recycled Instrument Glogs. The slideshow gives you a front row seat to the "3H Jam Session." Enjoy! Article posted March 8, 2013 at 08:19 PM GMT • comment • Reads 1427 This is it, the last set of clues. The clock is ticking and we need to figure out where these landmarks are! It's research time 3H Crew! Good luck! Landmark Primary Clues 2013 - Week 3 (1A) Abanskaya School (World Explorers) Aban, Russia 1. The head of all Landmarks 2. The oldest in the city 3. Northern hemisphere 4. Named in honor of the builder 5. There is the legend about a thing in it 6. Lighting of this place change in December 7. Chinese room 8. about 122.3 longitude 9. opened on The Independence day (2A) Abanskaya School 3 (Team Kazakova) Aban, Russia 1. Tatar burial mound 2. Metal, metal 3. Black snow, no grass 4. The leader lies at it 5. 40- 50 N 6. The bloodiest battle 7. World War II 8. Was the largest when it was built 9. The woman on the top (3A) Abanskaya School 3 (Team Vinokurova) Aban, Russia 1. It was founded in a cave. 2. There is a museum there. 3. There was a big fire in 1718 4. 500 people were killed there by the Nazi soldiers. 5. It is one of 7 wonders of its country. 6. It is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 7. Northern hemisphere 8. You can find this landmark between 29 and 31 degrees east longitude. 9. Its area is 2,533,825 sq ft (4A) Aginskaya Secondary 2 (Siberian Experts) Krasnoyarsk, Russia 1. It is a unique place in the world 2. It is situated in the Eastern Siberia 3. It was founded in 1925 4. It is a nice place for animals to live, for plants to grow, for citizens to have rest and for alpinists to climb rocks. If you visited this place at least once you will never forget your impressions. 5. The taiga flora includes dark green fir, pine-tree, Siberian cedar, white birches, mountain ash, bird cherry tree, larch, …. You can meet taiga animals (sable, musk deer, hazel hen) and forest-steppe gopher, polecat and roe deer. 6. It is situated between the Mana and Bazaikha Rivers 7. The square of it is about 47hectares 8. There are more than 100 of syenite rocks 9. You can find there very interesting names of rocks: D’ed (grandfather) and Perya (feathers). (5A) American Community School (Team 5A) Beirut, Lebanon 1. Located in the Northern Hemisphere around 35N. 2. Important to at least seven (7) ancient civilizations. 3. Gilgamesh is said to have ventured here. 4. Sometimes thought to be a dwelling of the Gods, but humans said to enter the area 4,700 years ago. 5. One of the most prized building materials in ancient times. 6. Described as the oldest of its kind in the world. 7. Began to disappear in the early 6thcentury. 8. Once named an “imperial domain” and destruction was halted. 9. Can be up to 40 m (130 ft.) high. (6A) American Community School (Team 5B) Beirut, Lebanon 1. Sculpted by erosion. 2. This landmark has had five (5) previous names. 3. Open Air Museum 4. Made of volcanic rock. 5. Not located in the southern hemisphere. 6. Added to the World Heritage List in 1985. 7. Has had a population exchange between Greece. 8. The name of a place within it relates to fairies. 9. Can be found at about 40 N. (7A) American Community School (Team 5C) Beirut, Lebanon 1. Many legends, but the most popular gives the landmark this name. 2. The site is featured in films (Hitman, The World is Not Enough). 3. Red or white flash every 3 seconds. 4. Featured on the back of the host country’s bank note. 5. From 1829 was used as a quarantine station. 6. Today, there is a restaurant on the 1st floor and a café at the top. 7. Octagonal prism with a cupola. 8. Located in the Eastern Hemisphere at about 30E. 9. Part of the structure was destroyed in an earthquake in 1509. (8A) American Community School (Team 5D) Beirut, Lebanon 1. Location of several military campaigns 2. Not in the Southern Hemisphere 3. Once a center of community life; now a war memorial 4. Sickness, especially malaria, was rampant 5. At least seventy-five miles (121km) in length 6. Built over a 25-year period, but begun in the 1940s 7. Latitude is about 10N 8. Free-strike zone 9. Helped achieve ultimate military success. (9A) Alexander Doniphan Elem. (Team Campbell) Liberty, MO 1. Our landmark is in the northern hemisphere 2. Our landmark is between 25 degrees and 45 degrees north latitude. 3. Nicknames for our landmark include Bear’s Lair, Bear’s house, and Bear’s Lodge. 4. Our landmark is columnar. 5. Spend your time hiking at our landmark-there are 13+ miles of trails. 6. 1906 is an important year for our landmark. 7. Our landmark is 865 feet or 264 meters in height. 8. It is sacred. 9. Our landmark made its movie debut in 1977. (10A) Alexander Doniphan Elem. (Team Kesner) Liberty, MO 1. Our landmark is in the Northern hemisphere. 2. Our landmark is between 40 and 60 degrees north latitude. 3. Approximately 5000 people a day and 6 to 7 million a year visit our landmark. 4. Our landmark is made of iron. 5. Our landmark is 1050 feet high. 6. At one time, our landmark was the tallest in the world. 7. Our landmark shares the same name as his builder. 8. The idea for our landmark was conceived in 1884. 9. Our landmark was in danger of being destroyed 20 years after its construction. (11A) Barnveld School Ryan World Whizzes) Barnveld, WI 1. It is very colorful, but don't bring your camera 2. If you live there, you go in one way. If you don’t, you go in the other 3. About 1000 people could fit inside. 4. Although it is millions of years old, it was only rediscovered in the 1940's. 5. It is in the northern hemisphere 6. It is about 30 degrees north 7. It was once used as an emergency shelter and hospital area during a war. 8. It has a palace, and a dragon and Santa Claus 9. It is named for a plant (12A) Bolshesosnovskaya School, (Salnikova) Bolshaya Sosnova, Russia 1. Some parts of the landmark look like ruins of Pompeii but there wasn’t any volcano eruption. 2. It is neither in Europe nor in Asia. 3. There are about 70 lakes. 4. There is a "Big Ring" and a "Small Ring" there. 5. The legend says if a young girl falls down on one of its ways it will get married soon. 6. Its length is about 5.7 km. 7. You can find this landmark between 57 and 58 degrees east longitude. 8. Its first plan appeared 310 years ago. 9. It is called "Ice Queen". (13A) Cathedral St. Raymond's School (Team Kabellis307) Joliet,IL 2. Designed by winning sculptor 3. Cultural events 4. Controversy was created over its building 5. Not in the Southern Hemisphere 6. The building was started in 1948 and still in progress 7. Sacred ground 8. 43 degrees N 9. A million visitors a year (14A) Cathedral St. Raymond's School (Team Kabellis308) Joliet,IL 2. Took almost 200 years to build 3. Gothic architecture 4. Started in 1163 5. It is not in the Western Hemisphere 6. 48 degrees N 7. Crown of thorns 9. 5 bells (15A) Comprehensive Lyceum #3 (Team Yenisey) Krasnoyarsk, Russia 1 It's in a picturesque place in Russia. 2 There is fog everywhere, because there is a lot of water. 3 It's 1065 meters long. 4 It is manmade but it doesn't pollute the air. 5 Almost 6 million tones of concrete was used to build it. 6 It started working before it was finished. 7 It sometimes looks like a waterfall. 8 There is a big lake but it's fake. 9 There is a ship's lift there. (16A) Eugene Field Elem. (Team Huseman) Hannibal, MO 1. Readers Digest 2. Built in 2001 3. Not in the Southern Hemisphere 4. Weighs 5 tons 5. 24 feet high, 40 feet long 6. Guinness Book of World Records 7. North 40 degrees 8. "Get your kicks on Route 66" 9. Exit #126 (17A) Eugene Field Elem. (Team McGuire) Hannibal, MO 1. Third part of seven 2. 786 square feet atop 45,000 pounds 3. Inspiration came from 1888 4. Part of a project 5. 101 degrees West 6. Began in 2000 7. Northern Hemisphere 8. Completed in 2001 9. Has connection with Canada and Australia (18A) Fithian Tatem Elem (Tatem Tigers) Haddonfield, NJ 1. The creator of this landmark was born in Iran. 2. This landmark involves Beethoven. 3. It is in the same hemisphere as the Eiffel Tower. 4. The inspiration of this landmark was originally made from the stomach of a sheep or a goat. 5. It cost more than $1,000,000 to build. 6. You can only visit this landmark during daylight hours. 7. The landmark involves something that you put on your food. 8. This landmark was dedicated in 1986. 9. Its location is about 3.6 degrees off of Area 51's latitude. (19A) Gimnazia 3 (Explorers of the World) Krasnoyarsk, Russia 1. It is situated on the left bank of the river Yenissey in the city of Krasnoyarsk. 2. It is a part of a big building. This building has got a lot of rooms. 3. It is 90 metres high. 4. It has a very famous nickname. 5. People can listen to its sound twice an hour. 6. It looks like a well-known English sight. 7. It took 31 years to build it, because the city didn't have enough money. 8. Finally it was opened to the public in 2001. 9. This landmark won the competition "Gold Rouble" in 2002. (20A) Gymnazia 2 (Siberian Balls) Krasnoyarsk, Russia 1. This River is situated in Siberia and devides it into Eastern and Western Siberia 2. It's the full flowing River in Russia 3. The length of this River is 3487 Km 4. Krasnoyarsk, Abakan and Divnogorsk are situated on the banks of this River 5. Very often the Russians call this River "batyushka" ("father - River") 6. 36 Fish species live in this River, you can find most of them only in it 7. In some areas: the width of this River is about 40 Km 8. Because of Hydropower the river has stopped freezing over 9. The greatest Russian artist Vasiliy Surikov and a modern Russian writer Victor Astafyev were born on the banks of this River (21A) Gymnasia 1 (Team 5A) Kalachinsk, Omsk, Russia 1. It is a church. 2. It is on the main square 3. It was repaired many times 4. North hemisphere 5. You can find this landmark between 40 and 60 degrees North latitude 6. It has nine domes 7. It was founded in 1516 8. There is a monument next to it 9. It is UNESCO World Heritage Site (22A) Gymnasia 1 (Team 6B) Kalachinsk, Omsk, Russia 1. It is on the water 2. It is the most photographed building in the world 3. The doors were opened by Queen Elisabeth II 4. It is 185 meters in length 5. You can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees South latitude 6. South hemisphere 7. More than 100,000,000 was spent to build it 8. It was founded in 1973 9. It was built by Danish architect. (23A) Gymnasia 1 (Team 7A) Kalachinsk, Omsk, Russia 1.It is an ideal place for picnics 2.It depends on water and rains 3.Its height is 9 meters 4.It is in the park 5.You can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees North latitude 6.It is in the western hemisphere 7.It is under natural gas leak 8.You should use a footpath to get there 9.This is a fire by itself. (24A) Gymnasia 1 (Team 8A) Kalachinsk, Omsk, Russia 1.It was reconstructed several times 2.It is situated on the bank of the river 3.It was a prison 4.You can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees North latitude 5.It is in the Northern hemisphere 6.It is nearly 2000 years old 7.There was only the one person who managed to escape from it 8.It was founded as a mausoleum 9.It was a place of refuge of Clement VIII in 1527 (25A) Gymnazium Dr. A. Hrdlicky (Team Tercie) Czech Republic 1. I am man-made. 2. I am situated in a country which lies in the both hemispheres. 3. I have not been finished yet. 4. I am financed by the donations and charity. 5. I hope I will be completed at the 100th anniversary of the death my creator. 6. I could be visited by the winners of the Summer Olympic Games. 7. I was born in 1882. 8. My creator was a vegetarian. 9. The best football player in the world plays home matches near me. (26A) Kalachinsk-Gym1 (Team Phoenix) Kalachinsk, Russia 1. Our landmark is in the Northern Hemisphere. 2. It is in the city of great museums. 3. A famous artist lived next door to the landmark. 4. Nearby there is Madame Tussaud’s Museum. 5. 55 degrees north. 6. The landmark is closed for visitors but you can see it from the swimming cafes. 7. It has a famous broken clock. 8. It was built exactly three centuries before the battle of Borodino. 9. Its nick-name is the ‘Local Tower of Pisa.’ (27A) Kalachinsk-Gym1 (Team Cross) Kalachinsk, Russia 1. It is in the Northern Hemisphere. 2. The landmark is made of three kinds of materials. 3. It is one of the most photographed landmarks. 4. It is used as an entrance to the building. 5. It is about 10 meters high. 6. 40 degrees N. 7. There was an unusual wedding ceremony in 2010. 8. There is a symbol of a famous company in the landmark. 9. Opposite of this landmark there is a building which appeared in the film "Home Alone". (28A) Kalachinsk-Gym1 (Hand in Hand) Kalachinsk, Russia 1. Many copies 2. Northern Hemisphere 5. 40 degrees N 8. It was damaged 9. 17 meters (29A) Manor Hill Elem. (Team Green 5) Liberty, MO 1. Many people come to this landmark to get married. 2. It was finished in the same year as a series of bomb attacks in London. 3. It's frame is made of concrete and steel. 4. It lights up in different colors. 5. It is found in the northern hemisphere. 6. You can find black cabs in this country. 7. It can be found at 50 degrees north latitude. 8. It receives over 600,000 visitors yearly. 9. You can view the sights from 3 different decks. (30A) Oberthur Primary (Searchers) Bull Creek, W. Australia, 1. not always part of same country 2. hollowed sides 3. birds nest 4. Southern Hemisphere 7. attempted invasion 8. close to 10 degrees latitude 9. migration wonder (31A) St. Oswald Primary (Sizzling Sausages) Burneside, UK 1.It's in the northern hemisphere 2. Anagram of EBYAB WRENTTIMESS 3. Begun by Henry III 4. It's the final resting place of 17 monarchs 5. An architectural masterpiece developed from the 13th to 16th century 6. Started building in 12 45 7. 60,000 sandbags used to protect the tombs in the World War II 8. Over 600 people buried here 9. Longitude 0.1275 West (32A) Secondary School5 (Siberian Stars) Krasnoyarsk, Russia 1. I am located in the same hemisphere as the Arctic. 2. I am between 40 and 60 degrees North latitude. 3. You can also find me between 75 and 100 degrees East longitude. 4. I am part of a big family. 5. I have two heads. 6. The biggest one is about 14,784 feet high. 7. In the 1990s I was included to UNESCO World Heritage list. 8. I am a sacred centre for spiritual travellers. 9. Nicholai Roerich, the mystic Russian artist, found the entrance of the mystical Shambhala. (33A) Voyager Academy (Voyager Blue) Durham, North Carolina 1. It was built with an automatic flushing system which was something new for that time. 2. In the summer, it has 6000 visitors a day. 3.I t has an artificial cave. 4. It is located in the Northern Hemisphere. 5. It is a symbol of romantic architecture. 6. It was built in 1869. 7. It is one of the most frequently photographed things in its country. 8. There was a room in gold and blue in the Byzantine style. 9. It is located at 10.7 degrees E Longitude. (34A) Voyager Academy (Voyager Green) Durham, North Carolina 1. It is made of concrete. 2. It is home to a large instrument. 3. It is named after a poet. 4. The object in front of it was a gift from another country. 5. You can see mountains from an observation area. 6. It is over 240 feet tall. 7. Construction began in 1945. 8. It is in the northern hemisphere. 9. Located at 64 degrees N Latitude Article posted March 8, 2013 at 08:19 PM GMT • comment • Reads 1427 Article posted February 27, 2013 at 08:17 PM GMT • comment • Reads 592 Here is a video by Kristina Schenck about Similes and Metaphors. Can you think of a way to include similes and metaphors in your writing? I'd be as happy as a clam to see at least one in the next story you write! Article posted February 27, 2013 at 08:17 PM GMT • comment • Reads 592
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Mr. Gonzalez's Science Classes We have three 6th grade Science classes and two 8th grade Science classes blogging here from the Pacific Northwest in Chimacum, WA! Sixth graders are learning a bit about Mt Saint Helens, environmental science through fresh water ecology, and physical science this year. Eighth graders are learning about life science this year. Please join us as we learn Science by exploring our world. Mr. G's Blog Mr. G's Class Facebook Page Here's what the creator of this graph wrote, "I tried to come up with the reason for the daylight saving time change by just looking at the data for sunset and sunrise times. The figure represents sunset and sunrise times thought the year. It shows that the daylight saving time change marked by the lines (DLS) is keeping the sunrise time pretty much constant throughout the whole year, while making the sunset time change a lot. The spread of sunrise times as measured by the standard deviation is 42 minutes, which means that the sunrise time changes within that range the whole year, while the standard deviation for the sunset times is 1:30 hours. Whatever the argument for doing this is, it's pretty clear that reason is to keep the sunrise time constant." Article posted January 31, 2013 at 07:27 AM GMT-8 • comment (4) • Reads 85400 "The acoustic levitator uses two small speakers to generate sound waves at frequencies slightly above the audible range – roughly 22 kilohertz. When the top and bottom speakers are precisely aligned, they create two sets of sound waves that perfectly interfere with each other, setting up a phenomenon known as a standing wave. At certain points along a standing wave, known as nodes, there is no net transfer of energy at all. Because the acoustic pressure from the sound waves is sufficient to cancel the effect of gravity, light objects are able to levitate when placed at the nodes." About the Blogger I started my teaching career in South Central Los Angeles teaching in modified to full bilingual 4th and 5th grade classes. Then I moved to WA State where I have taught mainly 6th through 8th grade. I have enjoyed the culture clash but notice that kids are the same everywhere :o) My areas of interest are science and technology but I also love studying ancient cultures and learning about different peoples and cultures.
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Tornadoes and Climate Change: Huge Stakes, Huge Unknowns Posted: 12:05 PM EDT on May 23, 2013 We currently do not know how tornadoes and severe thunderstorms may be changing due to climate change, nor is there hope that we will be able to do so in the foreseeable future. It does not appear that there has been an increase in U.S. tornadoes stronger than EF-0 in recent decades, but climate change appears to be causing more extreme years--both high and low--of late. We may see an increase in the number of severe thunderstorms over the U.S. by late this century. Read This Blog Entry Other Featured Blogs: Did you know that... Large golf ball-sized hail was produced from thunderstorms over the eastern United States on this date in 1988. Also, in 1990, a cloudburst washed topsoil and large rocks into the town of Culdesac, Idaho. More Weather Education Resources
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205
What is Chiropractic Chiropractic health care: What is Chiropractic? Chiropractic is a health care profession that focuses on disorders of the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system, and the effects of these disorders on general health. Chiropractic care is used most often to treat neuromusculoskeletal complaints, including but not limited to back pain, neck pain, pain in the joints of the arms or legs, and headaches. Doctors of Chiropractic – often referred to as chiropractors or chiropractic physicians – practice a drug-free, hands-on approach to health care that includes patient examination, diagnosis and treatment. Chiropractors have broad diagnostic skills and are also trained to recommend therapeutic and rehabilitative exercises, as well as to provide nutritional, dietary and lifestyle counseling. The nerves in the spine can become irritated or pinched and can cause pain and dysfunction in any part of the body as the following chart shows. The most common therapeutic procedure performed by doctors of chiropractic is known as “spinal manipulation”, also called “chiropractic adjustment”. The purpose of manipulation is to restore joint mobility by manually applying a controlled force into joints that have become hypo mobile – or restricted in their movement – as a result of a tissue injury. Tissue injury can be caused by a single traumatic event, such as improper lifting of a heavy object, or through repetitive stresses, such as sitting in an awkward position with poor spinal posture for an extended period of time. In either case, injured tissues undergo physical and chemical changes that can cause inflammation, pain, and diminished function for the sufferer. Manipulation, or adjustment of the affected joint and tissues, restores mobility, thereby alleviating pain and muscle tightness, and allowing tissues to heal. Each muscle, tissue and organ in your body has a nerve supply, just like it has a blood supply. If there is interference in the nervous system it can affect the function of the organs, just as if there is a decreased blood supply, the organs can not be fully functional and healthy. Dysfunction leads to illness. Chiropractic is not a cure all, but a system of health care that helps the body to heal itself by helping to balance the autonomic nervous system. Not every condition can be helped on every patient. Not every patient is accepted for treatment, only those whose examination shows their condition is likely to respond to our treatment protocols. Our office treats the following conditions on a daily basis. Low back pain Muscle pain and spasms Strain, sprain injuries TMJ jaw problems Carpal tunnel syndrome Headaches of all types The chart below shows the correlation between spinal segmental dysfunction and nerve irritation that can be related to the following symptoms. ” The nervous system controls and coordinates all organs and structures of the human body.” Grays Anatomy, 29th edition, page 4. For more information call our office in Clemson, S.C. at
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639
Analyzing and Interpreting Literature Description of the Examination The Analyzing and Interpreting Literature examination covers material usually taught in a general two-semester undergraduate course in literature. Although the examination does not require familiarity with specific works, it does assume that candidates have read widely and perceptively in poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. The questions are based on passages supplied in the test. These passages have been selected so that no previous experience with them is required to answer the questions. The passages are taken primarily from American and British literature. The examination contains approximately 80 multiple-choice questions to be answered in 90 minutes. Some of these are pretest questions that will not be scored. Any time candidates spend taking tutorials and providing personal information is additional to actual testing time. Because writing about literary texts is central to the study of literature, some colleges may require candidates to take an optional essay section in addition to the multiple-choice section. The essay section is 90 minutes long and is made up of two 45-minute questions. One question asks candidates to analyze a short poem, the other asks them to apply a given generalization about literature (such as the function of a theme or a technique) to a novel, short story, or play that they have read. The essay section is still administered in a paper-and-pencil format; the essay responses are graded by the institution, not by the College Board. Knowledge and Skills Required Questions on the Analyzing and Interpreting Literature examination require candidates to demonstrate the following abilities. - Ability to read prose, poetry, and drama with understanding - Ability to analyze the elements of a literary passage and to respond to nuances of meaning, tone, imagery, and style - Ability to interpret metaphors, to recognize rhetorical and stylistic devices, to perceive relationships between parts and wholes, and to grasp a speaker's or author's attitudes - Knowledge of the means by which literary effects are achieved - Familiarity with the basic terminology used to discuss literary texts The examination emphasizes comprehension, interpretation, and analysis of literary works. A specific knowledge of historical context (authors and movements) is not required, but a broad knowledge of literature gained through reading widely and a familiarity with basic literary terminology is assumed. The following outline indicates the relative emphasis given to the various types of literature and the periods from which the passages are taken. The approximate percentage of exam questions per classification is noted within each main category. 35%–45% Prose (fiction and nonfiction) 50%–65% British Literature 30%–45% American Literature 5%–15% Works in translation 3%–7% Classical and pre-Renaissance 20%–30% Renaissance and 17th Century 35%–45% 18th and 19th Centuries 25%–35% 20th and 21st Centuries CLEP® Analyzing and Interpreting Literature Examination Guide [PDF Download] The Analyzing and Interpreting Literature exam includes questions on passages taken from American and British literature. Want to get a feel for the tests? Try out sample questions from actual CLEP exams in the subject of your choice. Find out if your institution accepts CLEP.
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666
The purpose was to determine if waist placement of the pedometer affected accuracy in normal, overweight, and obese children, when attaching the pedometer to the waistband or a belt. Methods: Seventy-seven children (ages 10-12 years) wore 5 pedometers on the waistband of their pants and a belt at the following placements: navel (NV), anterior midline of the right thigh (AMT), right side (RS), posterior midline of the right thigh (PMT), and middle of the back (MB). Participants walked 100 steps on a treadmill at 80 m · min–1. Results: The RS, PMT, and MB sites on the waistband and the AMT and RS sites on the belt produced the least error. Conclusions: Of these sites, the RS placement is recommended because of the ease of reading the pedometer during activity. Using a belt did not significantly improve accuracy except for normal weight groups at the NV placement site.
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199
Tuesday, June 26, 2012 Running in the woods twice as good as running in a gym for mental health The study showed that the positive effect on people's mental health was 50 per cent more than they might expect from going to the gym. The researchers at Glasgow University found that being around trees and grass lowered brain stress levels. The study, led by Prof Richard Mitchell, polled nearly 2000 physically active people. In an interview, Prof Mitchell said he was "surprised" by the scale of the results, adding: "There was around a 50 per cent improvement in people’s mental health if they were physically active in the natural environment, compared to those who weren't. These aren't serious mental health issues, more struggles in general life, things like mild depression, not being able to sleep, high stress levels or just feelings of not being able to cope. It seems that woodland and forest seem to have the biggest effect on helping to lower mental health problems. That makes sense with what we thought we knew. That is, the brain likes to be in the natural environment and it reacts to being there by turning down our stress response. Being in areas that have lots of trees and grassy areas help to calm us down, and obviously a forest has this. I wasn't surprised by the findings that exercise in natural environments is good for your mental health, but I was surprised by just how much better it is for your mental health to exercise in a green place like a forest, than in other places like the gym. The message to doctors, planners and policy makers is that these places need protecting and promoting." He added that taking a decision to exercise in a natural environment once a week could be enough to gain some benefit, and any additional use could have a bigger effect. Posted by John Desmond at Tuesday, June 26, 2012
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376
Productivity depends on your workers being at their sharpest. Such factors result in fatigue, which is a potential workplace epidemic. Sleep habits suffer, physical activity is often pushed aside, and too many hours at work take a toll on overall wellness. All of these factors may lead to burnout and worse. Depression and anxiety can spring from an overload of stress. Fatigue is multifaceted, and whether your employees are dealing with the physical kind or the mental incarnation, their ability to bring their best performance to work will be limited to some degree. Your efforts to promote wellness are your best defense against fatigue’s worst effects, stress overload, burnout, and other productivity killers. Finding out what’s the biggest drain at your office is the first step in solving the problem and improving your workers’ ability to focus and perform, as well as avoiding accidents, injuries, and costly mistakes. WebMD offers these common causes of fatigue and tips for fighting them: Tags: a culture of wellness, company wellness programs, coping with stress, corporate health and wellness, corporate wellness initiatives, creating a culture of wellness, depression, employee health promotion programs, employee health wellness, employees health programs, health and wellness in the workplace, healthy behavior, how to increase employee productivity, improve productivity, improve workplace health, improve workplace productivity, information, job stress, mental health in the workplace, mental health in workplace, mental health issues in the workplace, productivity at the workplace, productivity strategy, tips, wellness health
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The struggle for emancipation in the Civil War produced some memorable cartoons. One such example appeared in Harper’s Weekly in its issue of August 16, 1862. The caption for the cartoon reads, “DROWNING GENTLEMAN. ‘Take that Rope away, you darned Nigger! What decent White Man, do you suppose, is going to allow himself to be saved by a confounded Nig — ‘ (Goes down, consistent to the last.)” Of course, the point of the cartoon was to criticize people in the North that opposed letting African Americans get more directly involved in the war, especially as soldiers. By late summer 1862, it was increasingly clear that the Union could not win the war if it did make war on slavery and enlist the slaves themselves in the fight. While this idea still faced considerable opposition, its opponents increasingly looked as ridiculous as the drowning man in this cartoon.
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Over the last ten thousand years, virtually every aspect of human culture has changed. The food we eat, the homes and shelters we live in, the clothes we wear, our language, music, stories, science, technology, social organization have all changed in fundamental ways that make modern cultures unrecognizably different from hunter-gatherer cultures. One aspect of human culture has remained unchanged over the last ten thousand years – all humans have retained a basic ability to recognize and interpret footprints on a beach. When you look at footprints on a beach, what you see and the way you interpret them is essentially exactly what a hunter-gatherer would have seen and interpreted a hundred thousand years ago. We still use the same reasoning to understand what we are looking at. The hunter-gatherer may have been a more sophisticated tracker, but looking at human footprints on a beach may be one of the few aspects, perhaps the only aspect, of human culture that links us with hunter-gatherer cultures more than a hundred thousand years ago. The art of tracking is the one aspect of hunter-gatherer culture that can be applied in a modern context. It is also the one aspect of hunter-gatherer culture that all modern humans can identify with. Not only can traditional trackers benefit by working as trackers in a modern economy. By sharing their tracking expertise, people from other modern cultures can benefit by learning more about the roots of science. The implications for community participation in science are far-reaching. Imagine communities throughout the world gathering data... from remote villages in the Kalahari, the Congo, Australia and Mongolia,... to school children in New York's Central Park, to London, Paris, Tokyo, New Delhi and Beijing... citizens gathering data on birds, animals, plants... millions of people all over the world sharing their data on the Internet (the Cloud), creating a worldwide network to monitor the global ecosystem in real time. The Origin of Science looks at practical applications of the art of tracking in a modern context. These examples demonstrate continuity between "indigenous knowledge" and modern Western science. It demonstrates the ease with which traditional trackers, who cannot read or write, can adopt and take ownership of modern computer technology. These examples break down barriers between conventional notions of "science" and "indigenous knowledge" and between literate and pre-literate cultures. Breaking down these barriers challenges us to redefine the boundaries of science.
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by Sophia Murphy Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy March 1, 2013 IATP has always argued that trade agreements need to respect and promote human rights, not drive a process of globalization that privileges commercial interests and tramples on public interests. In a new paper on land grabs, we reaffirm that position. “Land grabs” are large-scale purchases or leases of agricultural or forested land on terms that violate the rights of the people who live on or near that land. The problem has commanded enormous public policy and media attention for the last few years. In our paper, IATP sets some context for the land grabs phenomenon. We focus on two forces that have contributed significantly to the problem: - Globalization, or the deregulation of trade and foreign investment laws, which has greatly eased cross-border capital flows; relaxed the limits on foreign land ownership; and, opened markets to agricultural imports. - The food price crisis of 2007-08, which highlighted how fragile food systems in many parts of the world have become, and which shattered the confidence of net-food importing countries in international markets as a source of food security. The situation is compounded by climate change and the resulting destabilization of weather patterns, which in turn has made agricultural production less predictable. Climate change has made domestic food supplies less certain and exports, too. The United States, still a huge source of grains for international markets, lost 40 percent of a record large number of acres planted with corn to drought in 2012. The sense of food insecurity has driven some of the richer net-food importers—countries such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait—to invest in growing food abroad for import to their domestic markets. That is one driver of land grabs. The sense that our food systems are fragile and that supplies are scarce, where for decades they have been abundant, is another driver—companies such as South Korea’s Daewoo are looking to source raw materials directly, rather than buying them on the market. It’s not that investment in agriculture is a bad thing. Indeed, it’s sorely needed. But unless we have the conversation about what kind of investment, in what kind of agriculture, and in whose interests, then the investment does more harm than good. Land grabs, as the label implies, have been overwhelmingly negative. They are associated with weak institutional capacity (and sometimes corruption) in the recipient country governments, as well as authoritarian governments in the investors’ home countries, making it hard to bring pressure there for better practices. The communities whose land is leased or bought are not adequately protected. IATP proposes four linked policy shifts to create a more stable and transparent international food system: reformed trade rules that ensure export restrictions in times of crisis are subject to transparency and predictability requirements and that allow all countries policy space for food security policies; publicly-managed grain reserves to dampen the effects of supply shocks; readily accessible funding for the poorest food importers, which would be triggered automatically when prices increase sharply in international markets; and, the development of strong national and international laws to govern investment in land, respecting the principles and guidelines set out in the Voluntary Guidelines on Land Tenure. Tanzania’s recently announced limits on how much land foreign and domestic investors can lease is a hopeful example of a national government taking the initiative to get serious about regulation. The world, and agricultural production along with it, is only getting less predictable. In thinking through how to manage demand given our planetary boundaries and the imperative of social justice, the scale and pace of land investment now underway is a threat to food security and a threat to sane and just outcomes for our planet and its people. Let’s change the rules that make land grabs possible. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Filed under: Corporations Really Suck, Dandelion Salad Posts News Politics and-or Videos 2, Environment, Food, Global Warming on Dandelion Salad, Globalization, Politics, Trade Tagged: | Agriculture, Food on Dandelion Salad, Sophia Murphy
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Proceedings of the 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference KPLU (NPR): Marine Conference SEATTLE, WA (2005-03-30) The Puget Sound is in trouble and hundreds of scientists are gathering this week in Seattle to discuss why and what can be done to fix the problem. KPLU environment reporter Steve Krueger has this preview of what lies ahead. Also posted on: By Peggy Andersen SEATTLE - During the great annual gray whale migrations between feeding grounds in the north Pacific and breeding spots off Mexico, about 200 individuals apparently take up "seasonal residence" in the Pacific Northwest, scientists say. Six gray whales, for example, have been spotted around Whidbey Island nearly every spring since 1991, says biologist John Calambokidis of Olympia-based Cascadia Research. Other small groups of gray whales return annually to preferred spots along the coasts of Oregon and British Columbia. "In recent years, we've done a much better job identifying these seasonal resident animals," Calambokidis said. In some cases, "we have evidence they don't go to Alaska. They migrate south to the breeding grounds but seem to make this their primary feeding area." Also, he said, unusually high numbers of beached grays reported in the spring of 1999 and 2000 apparently did not mark the start of a population decline for gray whales. "The mortality since then has been very low," he said. Calambokidis presented recent research about grays as the Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference got under way Tuesday at the downtown Washington State Convention Center. The three-day session, featuring scores of scientists on a range of topics, is sponsored by the state's Puget Sound Action Team and Environment Canada. In a brief luncheon address, Gov. Christine Gregoire said she's making "real science" a priority in making decisions about the environment. There need not be a conflict between business and the environment, she said - businesses are drawn to the region for its quality of life. Historically, Calambokidis said, gray whales that ventured inland were likely more vulnerable to shore-based hunters than those that swam farther offshore, churning all the way north to the Bering and Beaufort seas of Alaska and the Chukchi Sea off Siberia. A gray whale calf emerges to be touched by tourists in Ojo de Liebre lagoon in Baja California Sur, Mexico, in March 1999 during the great annual gray whale migration between feeding grounds in the North Pacific and breeding spots off Mexico. (Associated Press file photo) The ones that stop in the Northwest tend to not have as many young as the larger population, he said. Determining the gender of the seasonal residents is a work in progress, but females with calves tend to start the migration late and inland stops "may not be advantageous" for them, Calambokidis said. Some of the returnees move on in early summer and may in fact head north, he said. Some only drop in once or twice. Grays seen farther inland, in central and south Puget Sound, tend to be stragglers foraging for food - sometimes desperately - that rejoin the migration if they can. There was a surge in reports of dead, beached gray whales five years ago, when population estimates peaked at about 27,000 and the Makah Indian Tribe moved to reaffirm its whaling rights under an 1855 treaty. While most whale deaths occur in the ocean, the 50 carcasses found on Washington state shores alone in 1999-2000 may have marked a converging of two extremes, Calambokidis said: The whale population reaching its maximum carrying capacity and a natural downturn in the cyclical availability of food and prey. Many researchers believe both the high population number and the big die-off were "blips," Calambokidis said. "That's why there was a dramatic event, instead of a gradual tapering off." Records from around the Northwest indicate that the "major mortality event" was a very isolated incident, he said. On average, Washington state has four gray whale beachings a year, based on reports from the regional stranding network that has been in place since the 1970s, Calambokidis said. "We haven't really changed our response to strandings," he said. A beached whale carcass as long as 40 feet is hard to miss in a populated area, while dead whales on remote stretches of beach may go unnoticed. Gray whales, the first creature listed for protection under the Endangered Species Act, were decimated by commercial whaling that peaked in the late 19th century. Recent gray whale counts conducted along the migration route suggest the population may have settled at about 17,000 animals - roughly the pre-whaling total, Calambokidis said. The grays' removal from the Endangered Species List in 1994 prompted the Makah to reclaim whaling rights after 70 years. The issue has been bogged down in federal court appeals since the tribe killed a single whale in May 1999. Antiwhaling activists characterized "resident" gray whales as a separate population that warranted special protection. Some definitions of Makah whaling grounds limited the tribe to offshore whales, while others allowed whaling some distance into the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the waterway that divides the United States and Canada before making a sharp right into Puget Sound. "Now that we have accurate evidence of their abundance ... it would allow someone to make estimates of what level of kills could come from that group," Calambokidis said. "We have a much more solid basis of information for either side in that debate." On the Net: By SUSAN GORDON Gov. Christine Gregoire promised Monday to take action to protect and restore Puget Sound. She told a gathering of 600 environmental scientists and others at a U.S.-Canadian research conference that the Sound's health is both central to Washington's future prosperity and a legacy important to future generations. "Only if we redouble our efforts will we succeed," she said. Gregoire wants to boost spending on what she described as scientifically based solutions to problems such as pollution and environmental degradation. She proposes to spend $31.5 million over the next two years to clean up mercury contamination, control the spread of toxic flame retardants, restore polluted shellfish beds and remove spartina, an invasive beach grass, among other things. Her proposal includes $7.5 million for continuing scientific monitoring. "We are going to invest and we are going to deliver," she said. Gregoire has already proposed spending $5 million on the Hood Canal, where pollution has been blamed for an oxygen imbalance that has killed fish. Gregoire's pledge to save the Sound came during luncheon speech at the Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference, a three-day event at the Washington State Trade & Convention Center in Seattle. The annual conference brings together U.S. and Canadian scientists who present new scientific findings on some of the most pressing environmental problems facing the region. Kathy Fletcher, executive director of the environmental group People for Puget Sound, was in the audience. "It's music to my ears," she said of Gregoire's promise of action. "She's been around this issue long enough to know we need to do a lot more than studies and research." The governor described the state's continuing population boom as a threat. "We have met the enemy and the enemy is us," Gregoire said. "Our robust population leads directly to the health problems of the Sound," Over the past decade, Washington's population has grown by about 1 million, a 20 percent increase that means more sewage, more road runoff and more pressure on sensitive resources, she said. Perhaps anticipating objections from the business community, Gregoire underscored the value of Washington's quality of life as a lure to enterprise. She praised the work of scientists who have focused on both problems and solutions. "Real science has got to be the key to our decisions with respect to the environment," she said. "Every time we make decisions based on science, the environment is always the winner." Also Monday, she announced the reappointment of Brad Ack as director of the Puget Sound Action Team, which sets the state's environmental protection priorities for Puget Sound. During her speech, she endorsed the team's seven-point plan for 2005-2007, which was released last December. Gregoire told the Seattle audience her first brush with international environmental controversy came in 1988 when she was in charge of the state Department of Ecology. The barge "Nestucca" spilled 230,000 gallons of fuel oil that contaminated beaches from Grays Harbor County to Vancouver Island. The oil spill roused the state's attention to the damage associated with the risks of oil transport. It also affected Gregoire's family, she said. The governor recalled bringing her daughter Michelle, now 20, along when she visited a bird rescue operation. It was "heart-wrenching," Gregoire said. But the grim scene also influenced Michelle, who is now a college student majoring in environmental science. What the plan would do To view the strategy endorsed by Gov. Christine Gregoire to restore and conserve Puget Sound, go to www.psat.wa.gov/Publications/priorities_05/ Priorities_05_review.htm. Gregoire made a commitment Monday to fund a two-year, seven-point action plan developed last year by the Puget Sound Action Team. The team was created in 1996 to set priorities for Puget Sound environmental protection. Susan Gordon: 253-597-8756 By Christopher Dunagan, Sun Staff SEATTLE-- With science as a guiding light, political leaders must "redouble" their efforts to reverse a dangerous decline in the Puget Sound ecosystem, Gov. Christine Gregoire said Tuesday. Gregoire expressed concerns about the deadly low-oxygen conditions that plague Hood Canal, and she said similar "dead zones" could develop in southern Puget Sound if people don't take appropriate action." "We can do better," the governor said, addressing the Puget Sound and Georgia Strait Research Conference. "My friends, we have no choice. We have to do a lot better. It is not too late - but only if we redouble our efforts." More than 700 scientists, policy makers and concerned individuals attended the first day of a three-day conference addressing scientific issues in Puget Sound and Canada's Georgia Strait. Close to 200 separate research topics are on tap for discussion at the event, which takes place every two years. Gov. Christine Gregoire says pollution will create more 'dead zones' in Puget Sound unless action is taken now. (AP Photo/John Froschauer) Gregoire, former director of the Washington Department of Ecology, said Washington state residents are engaged in a fight against pollution, habitat destruction and declining fish and wildlife populations. But it simply isn't enough. Over the past 20 years, the state's own studies show that for every environmental success, there are new or growing problems for Puget Sound. "We have a million more people putting demands on that fragile ecosystem," she said, "... and we will add a million more people." Business owners want to come to Washington because they love the quality of life here, she said. But the challenge is for everyone to work together to improve the environment and leave things better for the next generation. Gregoire told the scientists that research is essential. Because of dedicated scientific work, "we have a grasp today of the problems and some of the solutions." She has called on the Legislature to create a new Washington Academy of Sciences to bring together the best minds in the state to provide answers to vexing questions. "There were bright people who preceded me," she said, "and they couldn't solve the problem. We need new thinking ... When we make our decisions based on science, the environment is always the winner." But Gregoire does not want to wait for the scientists to answer all the questions - which is why she demanded that the "action plan" for Hood Canal include projects for reducing nitrogen, believed to be at the heart of the problem. The research conference, held at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, has been one of the few venues to bring together a cross-section of the scientific community studying Puget Sound. Issues range from killer whale behavior to the chemistry of sewage. One group of researchers at Tuesday's session described an intensive effort to characterize the existing ecosystem in the Elwha River on the Olympic Peninsula. It will be important, they said, to study the changes after two dams on the river are removed in 2007. One thing the research has revealed, said Jonathan Warrick of the U.S. Geological Survey, is that the river above the dams is starved for nutrients, essential to the entire food chain. In rivers without blockages, adult salmon carry nutrients in their bodies from the ocean to the upper watershed. When salmon die, they feed organisms from the bottom of the food chain, as well as eagles and bears that then distribute the nutrients over a broader area. Other sessions on Tuesday included a discussion of how climate change could alter salmon populations, a talk about gray whales and humpback whales visiting Puget Sound in recent years, and a presentation about an advanced computer model used to describe the movement of pollutants in Bremerton's Sinclair Inlet. Reach Christopher Dunagan at (360) 792-9207 or e-mail [email protected]. Copyright 2005, kitsapsun.com. All Rights Reserved. By Larry Pynn The shared waters of the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound are home to 63 marine species at risk, with over-harvesting, habitat loss, and pollution rated as the biggest threats, according to a research study being released at an international conference starting today. The study by Joseph Gaydos and Nicholas Brown also finds that the four jurisdictions responsible for protecting marine species -- B.C., Washington state, and the Canadian and U.S. governments -- cannot reach consensus on the level of threat facing all of those 63 species. Of the 63 species, Washington officially considered 73 per cent of them at risk, B.C. 50 per cent, the Canadian government 36 per cent, and the U.S. government 31 per cent. As an example, B.C. lists 12 seabirds that neighbouring Washington state does not list, even though it is common for various species to fly back and forth across the international boundary. The high number of species at risk in the region's marine waters are evidence of "ecosystem decay," the report's authors conclude, and reflect the need for the various levels of governments to work harder on conservation and to adopt an international ecosystem approach. Gaydos and Brown are with the SeaDoc Society, a marine ecosystem health program administered through the University of California, Davis, Wildlife Health Centre, and based in Washington's San Juan Islands. As of September 2004, the 63 species at risk consisted of 27 fish, 23 birds, nine mammals (including the grey whale, harbour porpoise, humpback whale, and killer whale), three invertebrates, and one reptile. Within the Puget Sound-Georgia Basin marine ecosystem, the number of invertebrate species is much greater than vertebrate species, yet only three invertebrates are listed at risk -- Newcomb's littorine snail, Olympic oyster, and northern abalone -- suggesting the category is not receiving as much attention as it should. The results of the study are being presented at the Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference running today through Thursday in Seattle and co-sponsored by Environment Canada. Commenting on the study, Tony Pitcher, a professor at the University of B.C. Fisheries Centre, said in Vancouver that governments have been slow to adopt an ecosystem approach to marine management. And while states and provinces can have different mandates, he agreed that the international border poses a political obstacle to good management of marine species, not just between B.C. and Washington, but between B.C. and Alaska on our north coast. Pitcher also agreed that more research is needed on invertebrate species such as crabs, squid and octopus, and the roles they play in the greater ecosystem. He added that despite the need for more work by Canadian and American authorities to reverse a decline in the health of our marine ecosystem, local waters are still in relatively good shape compared with other coastal areas in the Pacific Rim, including China, Vietnam, and Indonesia. RISK TO SPECIES BY JURISDICTION: The shared waters of Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia are home to 63 marine species that are at risk, with overharvesting, habitat loss and pollution rated as the biggest threats, according to a study being released at an international conference today. The results show "ecosystem decay" and reflect the need for B.C., Washington state, Canada and the U.S. to work together to adopt an international, cooperative ecosystem approach. The statistics below show the differing levels of risk to some species, assigned by just two of those jurisdictions. Source: The SeaDoc Society, The Vancouver Sun FISH, REPTILES, BIRDS AND MAMMALS ON THE AT-RISK LIST: Also posted on: March 24, 2005 Tacoma, WA, Mar. 24 (UPI) -- Concentrations of the banned chemical PCB are at least three times higher in Puget Sound chinook salmon than in that from other areas, a report says. That finding, from Sandie O'Neill, a scientist with the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, measured chinook salmon from Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon, coastal Washington and the Columbia River. Her report prompted the state to begin its own research. Officials say there is no immediate cause for alarm, the Tacoma News-Tribune said Thursday. O'Neill presented preliminary data to the state Fish & Wildlife Commission last October and plans to unveil more comprehensive research at the 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference next week in Seattle. "The food chain in Puget Sound is significantly contaminated with PCBs and flame retardants," said Jim West, another state scientist. PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are banned industrial compounds that build up in the food chain and can cause developmental and behavioral problems in children. SUSAN GORDON; The News Tribune Concentrations of banned chemicals that are particularly threatening to children are at least three times higher in Puget Sound chinook salmon than in chinook from other areas. In light of that finding by a state Department of Fish and Wildlife scientist, state Health Department officials are conducting their own research. While they say there is no cause for alarm, health officials acknowledge they might revise fish consumption warnings in a few months. "I don't think the data is clear enough yet," said Rob Duff, the Health Department's environmental health director. Sandie O'Neill, a state Department of Fish and Wildlife scientist, has found PCB concentrations in Puget Sound chinook are three times higher than what others have measured in chinook salmon from Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon, coastal Washington and the Columbia River. O'Neill has studied PCBs in salmon since 1992. But comparable data from other researchers weren't available until recently, she said. She first presented preliminary data to the state Fish & Wildlife Commission last October and plans to unveil more comprehensive research at the 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference next week in Seattle. O'Neill's results underscore the persistence of dangerous contaminants in Puget Sound. "The food chain in Puget Sound is significantly contaminated with PCBs and flame retardants," said Jim West, another state Fish and Wildlife Department scientist. He recently discovered both pollutants in herring, a key component of the salmon diet. PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are banned industrial compounds found worldwide that build up in the food chain and can cause developmental and behavioral problems in children. Testing store-bought fish Although PCBs are found in meat and dairy products, some health experts believe humans are most at risk from eating contaminated fish. However, because fish are nutritious and contain fatty acids that lower cholesterol, many experts are reluctant to suggest consumption limits based on PCBs. "These contaminants are in every fish and every person on the planet," Duff said. Current state Health Department advisories warn about contaminated fish or shellfish in eight tainted locations around Puget Sound, including Tacoma's Commencement Bay. But that advice, which doesn't mention salmon, is complicated and might not be sufficient, Duff said. So Health Department researchers are testing store-bought fish for PCBs, mercury and flame retardants. The sampling list includes chinook salmon, catfish, pollack, red snapper, halibut, cod and flounder, Duff said. After that analysis, due in about three months, state health officials could revise statewide fish consumption recommendations, Duff said. PCBs, which cause cancer, are highly toxic compounds that can be transferred from mothers to children through breast milk. Once used to cool and insulate transformers and other electrical equipment, PCBs have been banned in the United States since 1977. Because PCBs don't break down over time, they persist in air, water and soil. The PCBs also build up in the food chain, so top predators harbor high concentrations. Because of PCBs, orca whales are some of the world's most contaminated marine mammals. In Puget Sound chinook, O'Neill measured average PCB concentrations of 53 parts per billion. That's like a spoonful of poison in a railroad tanker car full of water, but scientists believe the toxicity of the compound makes it notable. In Puget Sound coho, O'Neill measured average PCB concentrations of 31 parts per billion. "These are not screamingly high levels," Duff said. Concentrations found in Great Lakes salmon have been many times higher. But Puget Sound chinook, also known as king salmon, are far more contaminated than other types of salmon, such as pinks, sockeye and chum, O'Neill said. That might be because young chinook spend more time in the estuaries than other young salmon, which also feed lower on the food web. Also, O'Neill said concentrations of PCBs in Puget Sound chinook are comparable to what others have measured in farmed Atlantic salmon from Norway and Scotland. For years, scientists have known about excessive concentrations of PCBs in bottom-dwelling Puget Sound fish, particularly those inhabiting polluted industrial areas such as Commencement Bay in Tacoma and the Seattle waterfront. For example, state researchers have found PCBs in concentrations of 121 parts per billion in rockfish and 62 parts per billion in English sole. Both were caught in Seattle. Harbor seals also are contaminated. The new research suggests that efforts to confine contaminated sediments in polluted areas such as Commencement Bay might not prevent PCBs from recycling through plankton and fish, said West, O'Neill's colleague at the Fish and Wildlife Department. "We need to better understand the dynamic between contaminants trapped in sediments and those entrained in the (salmon) food web," O'Neill said. Bill Sullivan, environmental director for the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, said he wouldn't be surprised if contaminants leak out of disposal sites. "Obviously, we have something very wrong in the interior Puget Sound," he said. If state officials revamp fish consumption recommendations, Duff said special outreach efforts will be made to tribes and immigrant groups of Asians and Pacific Islanders. They often eat lots of fish and might be more vulnerable to injury than the mainstream population, he said. Most Washington residents eat no more than two fish meals a week, and that's probably not enough to cause harm, he said. On the net: For state Health Department fish consumption recommendations, visit www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/oehas/EHA_fish_adv.htm. Susan Gordon: 253-597-8756 March. 23-29, 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference: Literally hundreds of scientists and scholars converge on the Washington Convention and Trade Center for this environmental confab. The Wednesday evening forum, led by a panel of researchers and policymakers, is open to the public. 800 Convention Pl., 206-694-5000. Free. 7-9 p.m. Wed., March 30. By Warren Cornwall A prolific and potentially toxic fire retardant is showing up in Puget Sound marine life ranging from tiny herring to massive killer whales, raising alarms among scientists who warn it could become the next big toxic threat to underwater animals. "We've got fireproof killer whales," said Peter Ross, a research scientist with the Institute of Ocean Sciences in Canada and an expert in toxic chemicals in marine animals. "We're concerned about this." The problem appears greatest in south and central Puget Sound - where fish, seals and whales had higher levels of chemicals called polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or PBDEs. Since the early 1980s, levels of those chemicals in southern Puget Sound harbor seals have soared, a sign of an emerging threat to local killer whales that also feed on fish, Ross said. The whales are on the verge of being listed as a threatened species under the federal Endangered Species Act. "I'm surprised at the rate of increase [of contamination]," said Sandie O'Neill, a research scientist with the state Department of Fish and Wildlife. "This is definitely an increasing concern, and that's what's getting everybody's attention." Scientists are unsure how the chemicals are affecting marine life, or what threat is posed to people who eat contaminated fish. The state Department of Health hasn't established safety thresholds for food containing PBDEs. A bromine-industry spokesman questioned whether the presence of PBDEs was cause for concern. Production of some versions of the chemicals ended in 2004 because of health concerns. The most widespread version now is considered far less toxic, or not toxic at all, said John Kyte, executive director of the industry-backed Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. "To simply say, 'We've found PBDEs' ... it's hard to make any meaningful judgment about whether this means anything." But marine biologists worry the chemicals, used to fireproof everything from computers to mattresses, could interfere with neurological development or throw off an animal's hormones or immune system. PBDEs can linger in the environment for years, increasing the risk they will travel up the food chain as one animal eats another. Toxic chemicals are considered one of the chief threats to the southern orcas. Their numbers have fallen from 99 in 1999 to 85 in 2004. New research suggests those orcas may absorb much of the chemicals through the chinook salmon they eat. Puget Sound chinook had between three and five times higher levels of PBDEs and PCBs, a longstanding contaminant, compared with chinook from elsewhere, O'Neill said. This Puget Sound hot spot affects a number of marine creatures, according to studies by state, federal and Canadian agencies discussed yesterday at the Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference, a Seattle meeting of scientists studying the waters shared by Washington and British Columbia. The fire retardant may wind up in Puget Sound through storm-water runoff; or after floating into the air and then falling into the water, where they can be absorbed by animals scouring the sediment for food; or by plankton, O'Neill said. PBDEs also have been found in house dust and in women's breast milk. The state Department of Ecology last year called for a ban on PBDEs, except in cases where no replacement flame retardant is available. But the ban proposal has stalled in the state Legislature this year. Warren Cornwall: 206-464-2311 or [email protected] Scientists find high concentrations of harmful flame retardants in Puget Sound fish and marine mammals. They say action is needed now. SUSAN GORDON; The News Tribune U.S. and Canadian scientists have found abnormal levels of harmful flame retardants in Puget Sound fish and marine mammals, including orca whales. Scientists who presented their findings at the Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference in Seattle on Wednesday said the results confirm the region's vulnerability to contamination from the unstable but increasingly common chemical compounds. The findings also underscore the need for a safe substitute for the flame retardants frequently used in consumer electronics, upholstery and carpeting, they said. The problem is polybrominated diphenyl ethers, also known as PBDEs. The chemicals cause learning and behavioral problems in laboratory rats and mice and might have a similar effect on people, health officials say. Peter Ross, a Canadian marine mammal toxicologist, and Sandie O'Neill, a Washington fish biologist, said new research highlights the need for government action. O'Neill and Ross compared flame retardants to polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, a banned industrial compound that poses similar health threats. Similar research, first reported last week by The News Tribune, will be presented today at the conference that shows unusually high concentrations of PCBs in Puget Sound chinook salmon. "It's a no-brainer. We banned PCBs and it's time to do something about PBDEs. If we wait to see health effects on fish, whales or people, it'll be too late," O'Neill said after her presentation. "We've got to turn off the tap now." PBDEs break down over time, don't stick to the products in which they are used, attach to dust particles and wind up in foods such as fish and meat. Ross, for his part, commended Washington state's effort to reduce the risks, saying action is necessary to protect the health of the region's dwindling population of orca whales, already heavily contaminated by PCBs. Last year, then-Gov. Gary Locke ordered the state Department of Ecology to work with health experts to reduce the threat of harm from flame retardants. Recently, state lawmakers introduced bills to ban PBDEs, but the measures have failed to move beyond legislative committees. Earl Tower, a lobbyist for a coalition of chemical manufactures, said the two most controversial forms of the chemical - Penta and Octa - are no longer manufactured. The third, Deca-BDE, is used in the casings for computers, TVs and wiring. It is required by federal law to be used in airplanes and automobiles. "Deca is not toxic. It's not bioaccumulative. There are no cases noted of any ill effects related to Deca," said Tower, who represents the industry-funded Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. The proposal to ban Deca is "based on the precautionary principle that we don't know if it's a problem but it might be," Tower said, adding, "It's the most understood and most tested flame retardant." O'Neill and Ross on Wednesday shared new evidence of abnormal levels of PBDEs in Puget Sound harbor seals, English sole, rockfish, herring, coho and chinook salmon. O'Neill said she didn't find excessive amounts of the chemical in chum or pink salmon, which spend more time in the open ocean than in the Sound. Ross presented results of research on harbor seals done in conjunction with Steven Jeffries, a state Fish and Wildlife Department marine mammal expert. Harbor seal pups captured on Gertrude Island, near Tacoma, also show higher levels of PBDE contamination than samples collected from other groups of seals in the north Puget Sound and British Columbia, Ross said. Ross and O'Neill said their PBDE findings are consistent with a pattern of bioaccumulation high in the food chain previously seen in research on PCBs. The United States banned PCBs almost 30 years ago because of the health risks. Flame retardants are troublesome in part because they are unstable, said Denise Laflamme, a state Department of Health toxicologist who also spoke at the conference. Flame retardants accumulate in fat, have been found in human breast milk and can be passed from mothers to their babies. Since Locke's call for action in January 2004, Ecology Department officials have proposed a PBDE ban, but have not put it into place. One lingering question is what would substitute for PBDEs now on the market, said Cheri Peele, an Ecology Department official working on the problem. Flame retardant-to-human path unclear Human health experts believe people are not exposed to the same high levels of flame retardants as have been proved to harm laboratory mice and rats, said Denise Laflamme, a state Department of Health toxicologist. But toxicologists also haven't figured out how the chemicals get into people, she said. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, known as PBDEs, are present in many consumer products. Because flame retardants easily bind to dust, good housekeeping can reduce exposure, Laflamme said. While fish is the most likely dietary source of flame retardants, they also have been found in meat and dairy products, she said. And despite the presence of flame retardants in breast milk, health officials still recommend breast feeding. Health officials are studying the presence of flame retardants and other chemicals in fish and say they might change their advisories about fish consumption in the next few months. On the Net Susan Gordon: 253-597-8756
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7,056
Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines. In simpler words, parallax is a visual effect you experience when moving. Objects closer to you appear to move past more quickly than objects that are farther away. For example, when riding in a car, if you look out the side window, a tree by the side of the road will move through your field of vision much faster than a barn in the distance behind it. This effect is utilized within software to convey a sense of depth. The most recent incarnation of the Foursquare iPhone App employs a parallax effect in which information on the screen scrolls on a plane above the map. This GIFF doesn’t do it justice, of course, but a still image wouldn’t convey it at all. The effect is purely aesthetic, but it feels good. It’s an enjoyable microinteraction.
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213
- active driver A device driver that implements advanced power management tasks, such as determining device idleness and performing pre-shutdown tasks. See also passive driver - base class In C++, the class from which another class (a subclass) inherits. It can also be used to specify a class from which all classes in a hierarchy ultimately derive (also known as a root class). Berkeley Software Distribution. Formerly known as the Berkeley version of UNIX, BSD is now simply called the BSD operating system. The BSD portion of Darwin is based on 4.4BSD Lite 2 and FreeBSD, a flavor of 4.4BSD. A directory in the file system that typically stores executable code and the software resources related to that code. (A bundle can store only resources.) Applications, plug-ins, frameworks, and kernel extensions are types of bundles. Except for frameworks, bundles are file packages, presented by the Finder as a single file instead of a folder. See also kernel extension A transmission path on which signals can be dropped off or picked up by devices attached to it. Only devices addressed by the signals pay attention to them; the others discard the signals. Buses both exist within the CPU and connect it to physical memory and peripheral devices. Examples of I/O buses on Darwin are PCI, SCSI, USB, and FireWire. - bus master A program, usually in a separate I/O controller, that directs traffic on the computer bus or input/output paths. The bus master actually controls the bus paths on which the address and control signals flow. DMA is a simple form of bus mastering where the bus master controls I/O transfers between a device and system memory and then signals to the CPU when it has done so. See also DMA A driver object that consumes services of some kind supplied by its provider. In a driver stack, the client in a provider/client relationship is farther away from the Platform Expert. See also provider - command gate A mechanism that controls access to the lock of a work loop, thereby serializing access to the data involved in I/O requests. A command gate does not require a thread context switch to ensure single-threaded access. IOCommandGate event-source objects represent command gates in the I/O Kit. Another name for the OS X core operating system, or kernel environment. The Darwin kernel environment is equivalent to the OS X kernel plus the BSD libraries and commands essential to the BSD Commands environment. Darwin is Open Source technology. (Direct Memory Access) A capability of some bus architectures that enables a bus controller to transfer data directly between a device (such as a disk drive) and a device with physically addressable memory, such as that on a computer's motherboard. The microprocessor is freed from involvement with the data transfer, thus speeding up overall computer operation. See also bus master Computer hardware, typically excluding the CPU and system memory, which can be controlled and can send and receive data. Examples of devices include monitors, disk drives, buses, and keyboards. - device driver A component of an operating system that deals with getting data to and from a device, as well as the control of that device. A driver written with the I/O Kit is an object that implements the appropriate I/O Kit abstractions for controlling hardware. - device file In BSD, a device file is a special file located in /devthat represents a block or character device such as a terminal, disk drive, or printer. If a program knows the name of a device file, it can use POSIX functions to access and control the associated device. The program can obtain the device name (which is not persistent across reboots or device removal) from the I/O Kit. - device interface In the I/O Kit, a mechanism that uses a plug-in architecture to allow a program in user space to communicate with a nub in the kernel that is appropriate to the type of device the program wishes to control. Through the nub the program gains access to I/O Kit services and to the device itself. From the perspective of the kernel, the device interface appears as a driver object called a user client. - device matching In the I/O Kit, a process by which an application finds an appropriate device interface to load. The application calls a special I/O Kit function that uses a “matching dictionary” to search the I/O Registry. The function returns one or more matching driver objects that the application can then use to load an appropriate device interface. Also referred to as device discovery. See device driver - driver matching In the I/O Kit, a process in which a nub, after discovering a specific hardware device, searches for the driver or drivers most suited to drive that device. Matching requires that a driver have one or more personalities that specify whether it is a candidate for a particular device. Driver matching is a subtractive process involving three phases: class matching, passive matching, and active matching. See also personality - driver stack In an I/O connection, the series of driver objects (drivers and nubs) in client/provider relationships with each other. A driver stack often refers to the entire collection of software between a device and its client application (or applications). - event source An I/O object that corresponds to a type of event that a device driver can be expected to handle; there are currently event sources for hardware interrupts, timer events, and I/O commands. The I/O Kit defines a class for each of these event types, respectively IOInterruptEventSource, IOTimerEventSource, and IOCommandGate. A collection of software abstractions that are common to all devices of a particular category. Families provide functionality and services to drivers. Examples of families include protocol families (such as SCSI, USB, and Firewire), storage families (disk drives), network families, and families that describe human interface devices (mouse and keyboard). In the virtual-memory system, faults are the mechanism for initiating page-in activity. They are interrupts that occur when code tries to access data at a virtual address that is not mapped to physical memory. See also page; virtual memory A type of bundle that packages a dynamic shared library with the resources that the library requires, including header files and reference documentation. Note that the Kernel framework (which contains the I/O Kit headers) contains no dynamic shared library. All library-type linking for the Kernel framework is done using the mach_kernelfile itself and kernel extensions. This linking is actually static (with vtable patch-ups) in implementation - idle sleep A sleep state that occurs when there has been no device or system activity for the period of time the user specifies in the Energy Saver pane of System Preferences. See also system sleep - information property list A property list that contains essential configuration information for bundles such as kernel extensions. A file named Info.plist(or a platform-specific variant of that filename) contains the information property list and is packaged inside the bundle. An asynchronous event that suspends the currently scheduled process and temporarily diverts the flow of control through an interrupt handler routine. Interrupts can be caused by both hardware (I/O, timer, machine check) and software (supervisor, system call, or trap instruction). - interrupt handler A routine executed when an interrupt occurs. Interrupt handlers typically deal with low-level events in the hardware of a computer system, such as a character arriving at a serial port or a tick of a real-time clock. - I/O Catalog A dynamic database that maintains entries for all available drivers on a Darwin system. Driver matching searches the I/O Catalog to produce an initial list of candidate drivers. - I/O Kit A kernel-resident, object-oriented environment in Darwin that provides a model of system hardware. Each type of service or device is represented by one or more C++ classes in a family; each available service or device is represented by an instance (object) of that class. - I/O Kit framework The framework that includes IOKitLib and makes the I/O Registry, user client plug-ins, and other I/O Kit services available from user space. It lets applications and other user processes access common I/O Kit object types and services. See also framework - I/O Registry A dynamic database that describes a collection of driver objects, each of which represents an I/O Kit entity. As hardware is added to or removed from the system, the I/O Registry changes to accommodate the addition or removal. The complete OS X core operating-system environment, which includes Mach, BSD, the I/O Kit, drivers, file systems, and networking components. The kernel resides in its own protected memory partition. The kernel includes all code executed in the kernel task, which consists of the file mach_kernel(at file-system root) and all loaded kernel extensions. Also called the kernel environment. - kernel extension (KEXT) A dynamically loaded bundle that extends the functionality of the kernel. A KEXT can contain zero or one kernel modules as well as other (sub) KEXTs, each of which can contain zero or one kernel modules. The I/O Kit, file system, and networking components of Darwin can be extended by KEXTs. See also kernel module - kernel module (KMOD) A binary in Mach-O format that is packaged in a kernel extension. A KMOD is the minimum unit of code that can be loaded into the kernel. See also kernel extension A data structure used to synchronize access to a shared resource. The most common use for a lock is in multithreaded programs where multiple threads need access to global data. Only one thread can hold the lock at a time; by convention, this thread is the only one that can modify the data during this period. See also mutex A central component of the kernel that provides such basic services and abstractions as threads, tasks, ports, interprocess communication (IPC), scheduling, physical and virtual address space management, virtual memory, and timers. To translate a range of memory in one address space (physical or virtual) to a range in another address space. The virtual-memory manager accomplishes this by adjusting its VM tables for the kernel and user processes. - memory cursor An object that lays out the buffer ranges in a memory descriptor in physical memory, generating a scatter/gather list suitable for a particular device or DMA engine. The object is derived from the IOMemoryCursor class. See also DMA; memory descriptor - memory descriptor An object that describes how a stream of data, depending on direction, should either be laid into memory or extracted from memory. It represents a segment of memory holding the data involved in an I/O transfer and is specified as one or more physical or virtual address ranges. The object is derived from the IOMemoryDescriptor class. See also DMA; memory cursor - memory protection A system of memory management in which programs are prevented from being able to modify or corrupt the memory partition of another program. Although OS X has memory protection, Mac OS 8 and 9 do not. A mutual-exclusion locking object that allows multiple threads to synchronize access to shared resources. A mutex has two states: locked and unlocked. Once a mutex has been locked by a thread, other threads attempting to lock it will block. When the locking thread unlocks (releases) the mutex, one of the blocked threads (if any) acquires (locks) it and uses the resource. The thread that locks the mutex must be the one that unlocks it. The work-loop lock (which is used by a command gate) is based on a mutex. See also lock; work loop A programmatic mechanism for alerting interested recipients (sometimes called observers) that an event has occurred. An I/O Kit object that represents a detected, controllable entity such as a device or logical service. A nub may represent a bus, disk, graphics adaptor, or any number of similar entities. A nub supports dynamic configuration by providing a bridge between two drivers (and, by extension, between two families). See also device; driver (1) The smallest unit (in bytes) of information that the virtual memory system can transfer between physical memory and backing store. In Darwin, a page is currently 4 kilobytes. (2) As a verb, page refers to the transfer of pages between physical memory and backing store. Refer to Kernel.framework/Headers/mach/machine/vm_params.hfor specifics. See also fault; virtual memory - passive driver A device driver that performs only basic power-management tasks, such as joining the power plane and changing the device’s power state. See also active driver A set of properties specifying the kinds of devices a driver can support. This information is stored in an XML matching dictionary defined in the information property list ( Info.plist) file in the driver’s KEXT bundle. A single driver may present one or more personalities for matching; each personality specifies a class to instantiate. Such instances are passed a reference to the personality dictionary at initialization. - physical memory Electronic circuitry contained in random-access memory (RAM) chips, used to temporarily hold information at execution time. Addresses in a process’s virtual memory are mapped to addresses in physical memory. See also virtual memory (Programmed Input/Output) A way to move data between a device and system memory in which each byte is transferred under control of the host processor. See also DMA A subset of driver (or service) objects in the I/O Registry that have a certain type of provider/client relationship connecting them. The most general plane is the Service plane, which displays the objects in the same hierarchy in which they are attached during Registry construction. There are also the Audio, Power, Device Tree, FireWire, and USB planes. - Platform Expert A driver object for a particular motherboard that knows the type of platform the system is running on. The Platform Expert serves as the root of the I/O Registry tree. A module that can be dynamically added to a running system or application. Core Foundation Plug-in Services uses the basic code-loading facility of Core Foundation Bundle Services to provide a standard plug-in architecture, known as the CFPlugIn architecture, for Mac apps. A kernel extension is a type of kernel plug-in. A heavily overloaded term which in Darwin has two particular meanings: (1) In Mach, a secure unidirectional channel for communication between tasks running on a single system; (2) In IP transport protocols, an integer identifier used to select a receiver for an incoming packet or to specify the sender of an outgoing packet. The Portable Operating System Interface. An operating-system interface standardization effort supported by ISO/IEC, IEEE, and The Open Group. - power child - power parent - preemptive multitasking A type of multitasking in which the operating system can interrupt a currently running program in order to run another program, as needed. A phase of active matching in which a candidate driver communicates with a device and verifies whether it can drive it. The driver’s probemember function is invoked to kick off this phase. The driver returns a probe score that reflects its ability to drive the device. See also driver matching A BSD abstraction for a running program. A process’ resources include a virtual address space, threads, and file descriptors. In OS X, a process is based on one Mach task and one or more Mach threads. A driver object that provides services of some kind to its client. In a driver stack, the provider in a provider/client relationship is closer to the Platform Expert. See also client Decrementing the reference count of an object. When an object’s reference count reaches zero, it is freed. When your code no longer needs to reference a retained object, it should release it. Some APIs automatically execute a release on the caller’s behalf, particularly in cases where the object in question is being “handed off.” Retains and releases must be carefully balanced; too many releases can cause panics and other unexpected failures due to accesses of freed memory. See also retain Incrementing the reference count of an object. An object with a positive reference count is not freed. (A newly created object has a reference count of one.) Drivers can ensure the persistence of an object beyond the present scope by retaining it. Many APIs automatically execute a retain on the caller’s behalf, particularly APIs used to create or gain access to objects. Retains and releases must be carefully balanced; too many retains will result in wired memory leak. See also release A service is an I/O Kit entity, based on a subclass of IOService, that has been published with the registerServicemethod and provides certain capabilities to other I/O Kit objects. In the I/O Kit’s layered architecture, each layer is a client of the layer below it and a provider of services to the layer above it. A service type is identified by a matching dictionary that describes properties of the service. A nub or driver can provide services to other I/O Kit objects. In BSD-derived systems such as Darwin, a socket refers to different entities in user and kernel operations. For a user process, a socket is a file descriptor that has been allocated using socket(2). For the kernel, a socket is the data structure that is allocated when the kernel’s implementation of the socket(2)call is made. - system sleep A sleep state that occurs when the user chooses Sleep from the Apple menu or closes the lid of a laptop computer. See also idle sleep In Mach, the unit of CPU utilization. A thread consists of a program counter, a set of registers, and a stack pointer. See also task A kernel resource that triggers an event at a specified interval. The event can occur only once or can be recurring. Timers are one of the event sources for work loops. - user client An interface provided by an I/O Kit family, that enables a user process (which can’t call a kernel-resident driver or other service directly) to access hardware. In the kernel, this interface appears as a driver object called a user client; in user space, it is called a device interface and is implemented as a Core Foundation Plug-in Services (CFPlugin) object. See also device interface - user space Virtual memory outside the protected partition in which the kernel resides. Applications, plug-ins, and other types of modules typically run in user space. - virtual address A memory address that is usable by software. Each task has its own range of virtual addresses, which begins at address zero. The Mach operating system makes the CPU hardware map these addresses onto physical memory only when necessary, using disk memory at other times. - virtual memory The use of a disk partition or a file on disk to provide the same facilities usually provided by RAM. The virtual-memory manager in OS X provides 32-bit (minimum) protected address space for each task and facilitates efficient sharing of that address space. - wired memory A range of memory that the virtual-memory system will not page out or move. The memory involved in an I/O transfer must be wired down to prevent the physical relocation of data being accessed by hardware. In the I/O Kit memory is wired when the memory descriptor describing the memory prepares the memory for I/O (which happens when its preparemethod is invoked). - work loop A gating mechanism that ensures single-threaded access to the data structures and hardware registers used by a driver. Specifically, it is a mutex lock associated with a thread. A work loop typically has several event sources attached to it; they use the work loop to ensure a protected, gated context for processing events. See also event source © 2001, 2007 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. (Last updated: 2007-05-17)
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4,218
|leading light (ˈliːdɪŋ)| |1.||an important or outstanding person, esp in an organization or cause| |2.||nautical a less common term for range light| |a scrap or morsel of food left at a meal.| |an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.| An important or influential individual, as in Jim was a leading light in his community. This expression, alluding to moral guidance, dates from about 1870, but terms such as a shining light have been used for an outstanding person since the first half of the 1500s.
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146
Capital punishment has been the law in Oklahoma since 1804 when Congress made the criminal laws of the United States applicable in the Louisiana Purchase, which included present Oklahoma. These legal codes included the crime of "willful murder," carrying the death penalty. Through the years Congress found other offenses, including rape, that merited capital punishment as well. Until Oklahoma 1907 statehood, capital crimes committed in Indian Territory were tried in the federal courts for Arkansas, Kansas, and Texas. However, the U.S. Federal District Court for the Western District of Arkansas, presided over by notorious Judge Isaac C. Parker, was Indian Territory's most famous criminal venue, with seventy-nine men going to the gallows under sentence of his court. In 1889 Congress established a U.S. district court at Muskogee, the first federal court resident in Indian Territory. However, the court did not have jurisdiction of capital offenses, which continued to be tried in the federal courts for Arkansas, Kansas, and Texas. In 1890 aterritorial government, with its own judicial structure, was established for Oklahoma Territory. Until statehood, capital crimes committed in Oklahoma Territory were prosecuted in the territorial courts. In 1895 Congress gave the Muskogee court, as of September 1, 1896, exclusive jurisdiction of all offenses committed against the laws of the United States in Indian Territory and repealed the jurisdiction of the Arkansas, Kansas, and Texas federal courts. One man was hanged under sentence of the Oklahoma Territory courts, and nine men and one woman went to the gallows under sentence of the Indian Territory court. From statehood until 19l5 executions were by hanging in the county of conviction. The records are not perfect, but the number of people hanged between statehood and 1915 is probably six, all men accused of murder. The fact that the number was not higher is because of Lee Cruce, Oklahoma's second governor. Cruce was an inveterate foe of the death penalty. The best information is that only one person was executed during his term in office (1911-15), while at least twenty-two murderers escaped the hangman's noose. Cruce's successor, Robert L. Williams, did not share Cruce's view on capital punishment, and executions began again when Williams took office. The first year of Williams's term also saw Oklahoma change from hanging to electrocution as a method of execution. In 1915 Henry Bookman, convicted in McIntosh County for murder, was the first person to be electrocuted in Oklahoma. The first execution for an offense other than homicide occurred in 1930. James Edward Forrest was put to death for rape, and subsequently there were executions for robbery with firearms and for kidnapping. In the late 1920s and during the 1930s there were as many as three on the same day. In 1972, when the U.S. Supreme Court declared the death penalty, as then administered, unconstitutional, eighty-two persons, all male, had died in Oklahoma's electric chair. After the Supreme Court's ruling, states began attempting to enact constitutional death penalty statutes. Gov. David Boren convened a special session of the legislature in July 1976 to restore the capital punishment in Oklahoma. The legislators overwhelmingly voted in favor, 45 to1 in the senate, and 93 to 5 in the house. The first execution under the new law occurred in 1990. From 1915 to March 2004, Oklahoma had executed 156 individuals, including three women. Between 1915 and 1966 eighty-two died by electrocution, and one was hanged. Seventy-three died from lethal injection between September 1990 and March 2004. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Ruth Fisk Bowman, "Death By Hanging: The Crimes and Execution of Arthur Gooch," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 62 (Summer 1984). "Capital Punishment," Vertical File, Oklahoma Room, Oklahoma Department of Libraries, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. "Capital Punishment, Oklahoma," Vertical File, Jan Eric Cartwright Memorial Library, Capitol Building, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Louis Coleman, "'We Are Making History': The Execution of William Going," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 76 (1998). Von Russell Creel, "Capital Punishment and the United States Court for the Indian Territory," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 81 (Summer 2003). Bob Gregory, "They Died For Their Sins," Oklahoma Monthly (December 1976). Von Russell Creel © Oklahoma Historical Society
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894
Date: October 24, 2012 Creator: Lawrence, Samantha Description: This poster introduces the faculty lecture series UNT Speaks Out on the Food We Eat. This series features Dr. Dornith Doherty, professor in the College of Arts and Design, Dr. Pankaj Jain, assistant professor in the College of Arts and Sciences and College of Public Affairs and Community Service, and Jennifer Jensen Wallach, associate professor in the College of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Dornith Doherty talks about her project, Archiving Eden, involving photographs of seed bank collections around the world. Dr. Pankaj Jain discusses Hinduism, Jainism, and the 2000 years of vegetarianism in South Asia. Dr. Jennifer Wallach, whose book, How America Eats: A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture, is coming out in early December, will focus on food and race. Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
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Ecological burns at Jocassee Gorges to restore habitat, improve safety Many species and ecosystems require fire periodically to ensure their survival, and that’s why prescribed burns will again be a part of the S.C. Department of Natural Resources’ management of the Jim Timmerman Natural Resources Area at Jocassee Gorges in 2008. "The objective of the controlled burns, which will likely begin in January, is to maintain the ecological integrity of these lands," said Mark Hall, S.C. Department of Natural Resources (DNR) wildlife biologist and forest planner, "and to provide for human safety by reducing the amount of fuel on the natural area, thereby reducing the chance of catastrophic wildfire. For many of these ecosystems, it’s not a matter of 'if' they will burn, but rather 'when.' We like to choose the 'when.'" Burning will be done when the weather is suitable to allow for a safe burn, including the rapid rising and dispersal of smoke, Hall said. Once weather conditions are right for the burn, it should take four to eight hours for the active burning to be completed, although scattered stumps, logs and dead trees may smolder slowly through the night. Fires will be surrounded by fire breaks, which include existing preserve roads, streams, plowed fire breaks and breaks put in with hand tools in sensitive areas. "Through the centuries, many native plants, animals and habitats in the southeastern United States have adapted to the presence of recurring fire," Hall said. "Many species and ecosystems are now rare because of fire suppression, and they actually need fire to ensure their survival. We’ve burned more than 1,500 acres in the last three years to help restore natural process in the system." Hall emphasized that since controlled burning requires careful timing and a thorough knowledge of weather and fire behavior, highly trained fire personnel with the DNR and S.C. Forestry Commission will manage and conduct all aspects of the controlled burns. "Besides the ecological benefits of prescribed fire, it also has the added benefit of reducing fuel on the forest floor and lessening the chances of a catastrophic fire, which can threaten homes and people," Hall said. "Because fire has been suppressed for so long in some places, you get dangerous buildups of fuel and increase the chances for a wildfire that can destroy property and lives. The wildfires we’ve seen across the United States in the last 15 years, due in large part to past fire suppression, underscore the need for prescribed fire." By using a controlled burn—when wind, temperature and humidity conditions are appropriate to remove some of the forest fuel like leaves, pine needles and twigs—fire managers can greatly reduce the chances of a catastrophic wildfire. After controlled burns are completed, the homes and properties close to Jocassee Gorges will be much less likely to be in the path of a wildfire, because the fuel is reduced or eliminated. Optimal weather conditions will be chosen for smoke dispersal, but Hall advised that during these controlled burns nearby residents will certainly see and smell smoke. The smoke usually disappears by the end of the day. "People become upset when there is smoke in the air if they don’t know the reason for the fire," Hall said. "That’s why we’re trying to get the word out about prescribed fire. If we carefully plan and conduct a burn when weather conditions favor smoke dispersal, this reduces smoke-related problems. Dealing with a little bit of smoke now is infinitely better than trying to control a raging wildfire later." Waterfalls, green salamanders, black bear, uncommon plants such as Oconee bells and many long-range vistas are just a few of the natural wonders that may be found in the 33,000-acre Jim Timmerman Natural Resources Area at Jocassee Gorges in Pickens and Oconee counties. More information on the Jocassee Gorges may be obtained by calling the Clemson DNR office at (864) 654-1671, extension 22. DNR protects and manages South Carolina’s natural resources by making wise and balanced decisions for the benefit of the state’s natural resources and its people.
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878
Exceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of control of a code block in order to handle errors or other exceptional conditions. An exception is The Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a run-time error (such as division by zero). A Python program can also explicitly raise an exception with the raise statement. Exception handlers are specified with the try ... except statement. The try ... finally statement specifies cleanup code which does not handle the exception, but is executed whether an exception occurred or not in the preceding code. Python uses the ``termination'' When an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter terminates execution of the program, or returns to its interactive main loop. In either case, it prints a stack backtrace, except when the exception is Exceptions are identified by string objects or class instances. Selection of a matching except clause is based on object identity (i.e., two different string objects with the same value represent different exceptions!) For string exceptions, the except clause must reference the same string object. For class exceptions, the except clause must reference the same class or a base class of it. When an exception is raised, an object (maybe None) is passed as the exception's ``parameter'' or ``value''; this object does not affect the selection of an exception handler, but is passed to the selected exception handler as additional information. For class exceptions, this object must be an instance of the exception class See also the description of the try statement in section 7.4 and raise statement in section 6.8.
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Reading this tutorial has probably reinforced your interest in using Python -- you should be eager to apply Python to solve your real-world problems. Now what should you do? You should read, or at least page through, the Python Library Reference, which gives complete (though terse) reference material about types, functions, and modules that can save you a lot of time when writing Python programs. The standard Python distribution includes a lot of code in both C and Python; there are modules to read Unix mailboxes, retrieve documents via HTTP, generate random numbers, parse command-line options, write CGI programs, compress data, and a lot more; skimming through the Library Reference will give you an idea of what's available. The major Python Web site is http://www.python.org/; it contains code, documentation, and pointers to Python-related pages around the Web. This Web site is mirrored in various places around the world, such as Europe, Japan, and Australia; a mirror may be faster than the main site, depending on your geographical location. A more informal site is http://starship.python.net/, which contains a bunch of Python-related personal home pages; many people have downloadable software there. Many more user-created Python modules can be found in the Python Package Index (PyPI). For Python-related questions and problem reports, you can post to the newsgroup comp.lang.python, or send them to the mailing list at [email protected]. The newsgroup and mailing list are gatewayed, so messages posted to one will automatically be forwarded to the other. There are around 120 postings a day (with peaks up to several hundred), asking (and answering) questions, suggesting new features, and announcing new modules. Before posting, be sure to check the list of Frequently Asked Questions (also called the FAQ), or look for it in the Misc/ directory of the Python source distribution. Mailing list archives are available at http://www.python.org/pipermail/. The FAQ answers many of the questions that come up again and again, and may already contain the solution for your problem. See About this document... for information on suggesting changes.
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454
The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, is separated into the right and left hemispheres. The right hemisphere is in charge of the functions on the left-side of the body, as well as many cognitive functions. A right-side stroke happens when the brain’s blood supply is interrupted in this area. Without oxygen and nutrients from blood, the brain tissue quickly dies. A stroke is a serious condition. It requires emergency care. There are two main types of stroke: An ischemic stroke (the more common form) is caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow to a region of the brain, which may be due to: - A clot that forms in another part of the body (eg, heart or neck) breaking off and blocking the flow in a blood vessel supplying the brain (embolus) - A clot that forms in an artery that supplies blood to the brain (thrombus) - A tear in an artery supplying blood to the brain (arterial dissection) A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a burst blood vessel that results in bleeding in the brain. Examples of risk factors that you can control or treat include: Certain conditions, such as: - High blood pressure - High cholesterol - High levels of the amino acid homocysteine (may result in the formation of blood clots) - Atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries due to build-up of plaque) - Atrial fibrillation (abnormal heart rhythm) - Metabolic syndrome - Type 2 diabetes - Alcohol or drug abuse - Medicines (eg, long-term use of birth control pills ) - Lifestyle factors (eg, smoking , physical inactivity, diet) Risk factors that you cannot control include: - History of having a stroke, heart attack , or other type of cardiovascular disease - History of having a transient ischemic attack (TIA)—With a TIA, stroke-like symptoms often resolve within minutes (always in 24 hours). They may signal a very high risk of having a stroke in the future. - Age: 60 or older - Family members who have had a stroke - Gender: males - Race: Black, Asian, Hispanic - Blood disorder that increases clotting - Heart valve disease (eg, mitral stenosis ) The immediate symptoms of a right-side stroke come on suddenly and may include: - Weakness or numbness of face, arm, or leg, especially on the left side of the body - Loss of balance, coordination problems - Vision problems, especially on the left-side of vision in both eyes - Difficulty swallowing If you or someone you know has any of these symptoms, call 911 right away. A stroke needs to be treated as soon as possible. Longer-lasting effects of the stroke may include problems with: - Left-sided weakness and/or sensory problems - Speaking and swallowing - Vision (eg, inability for the brain to take in information from the left visual field) - Perception and spatial relations - Attention span, comprehension, problem solving, judgment - Interactions with other people - Activities of daily living (eg, going to the bathroom) - Mental health (eg, depression , frustration, impulsivity) The doctor will make a diagnosis as quickly as possible. Tests may include: - Exam of nervous system - Computed tomography (CT) scan —a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of the brain - CT angiogram—a type of CT scan which evaluates the blood vessels in the brain and/or neck - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan —a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of the brain - Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) scan —a type of MRI scan which evaluates the blood vessels in the brain and/or neck - Angiogram —a test that uses a catheter (tube) and x-ray machine to assess the heart and its blood supply - Heart function tests (eg, electrocardiogram , echocardiogram ) - Doppler ultrasound —a test that uses sound waves to examine the blood vessels - Blood tests - Tests to check the level of oxygen in the blood - Kidney function tests - Tests to evaluate the ability to swallow Immediate treatment is needed to potentially: - Dissolve a clot causing an ischemic stroke - Stop the bleeding during a hemorrhagic stroke In some cases, oxygen therapy is needed. Medicines may be given right away for an ischemic stroke to: - Dissolve clots and prevent new ones from forming - Thin blood - Control blood pressure - Reduce brain swelling - Treat an irregular heart rate Cholesterol medicines called statins may also be given. For a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may give medicines to: - Work against any blood-thinning drugs that you may regularly take - Reduce how your brain reacts to bleeding - Control blood pressure - Prevent seizures For an ischemic stroke, procedures may be done to: - Reroute blood supply around a blocked artery - Remove the clot or deliver clot-dissolving medicine (embolectomy) - Remove fatty deposits from a carotid artery (major arteries in the neck that lead to the brain) ( carotid artery endarterectomy ) - Widen carotid artery and add a mesh tube to keep it open ( angioplasty and stenting ) For a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may: - Remove a piece of the skull ( craniotomy ) to relieve pressure on the brain and remove blood clot - Place a clip on or a tiny coil in the aneurysm to stop it from bleeding A rehabilitation program focuses on: - Physical therapy—to regain as much movement as possible - Occupational therapy—to assist in everyday tasks and self-care - Speech therapy—to improve swallowing and speech challenges - Psychological therapy—to help adjust to life after the stroke To help reduce your chance of having a stroke, take the following steps: - Exercise regularly . - Eat a healthy diet that includes fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish. - Maintain a healthy weight. - If you drink alcohol , drink only in moderation (1-2 drinks per day). - If you smoke, quit . - If you have a chronic condition, like high blood pressure or diabetes, get proper treatment. - If recommended by your doctor, take a low-dose aspirin every day. - If you are at risk for having a stroke, talk to your doctor about taking statin medicines . - Reviewer: Rimas Lukas, MD - Review Date: 06/2012 - - Update Date: 00/61/2012 -
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1,444
The thick durable sea ice that routinely cloaked much of the Arctic Ocean in colder decades in the 20th century is increasingly relegated to a few clotted places along northern Canada and Greenland, according to the latest satellite analysis of the warming region. The following video gives you a fascinating view of one patch of sea ice through 90 days, provided by a webcam left behind by researchers who annually set up camp near the North Pole to check ocean and ice conditions up close. The new analysis, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research on Tuesday, is the latest of many findings supporting the idea that the region has shifted to a new state in which seasonal ice, which forms in winter and melts in the summer, dominates. This is the main reason biologists have concerns for the long-term welfare of polar bears, which have a harder time sustaining their weight and reproducing when summertime ice is thin. At the same time, the shift bodes well for shippers, like the German company Beluga, that have plans to start sending goods from Asia to northern Europe through the fabled, but long impassible, Northern Sea Route over Russia. The study, conducted by scientists from NASA, the University of Washington and the California Institute of Technology estimated changes from 2003 to 2008 in the total volume and thickness of what’s called multi-year ice, the yards-thick floes that can persist through a summer (here’s some video I shot while standing on a mix of old and thinner ice in 2003), and seasonal ice, which can grow to 6 feet in thickness in winter but vanishes in summer. For a look at how this summer’s Arctic sea-ice season may unfold, visit Sea Ice Outlook 2009, where more than a dozen groups of ice researchers are posting experimental forecasts of how the ice is likely to fare. There’s a strong consensus that the season will see much less sea ice than the average for the period monitored by satellites (from 1979 onward), but is unlikely to see the extent of open water measured in 2007. To get a sense of how the views of Arctic experts have coalesced around a rising human influence on the region’s climate, you can scan previous stories from 2001, 2005, and 2007 on ice trends and possible causes.
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Dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. They can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. Adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling’s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. Once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years. Dragons don’t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. Young dragons will emit an extremely high-pitched squeal when they are frightened. To communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures. Striped dragons come in a dazzling array of colors complemented by an intricate pattern of stripes. These bright colors and patterns help attract their favorite food, insects. Because their prey is so tiny, striped dragons must spend a large portion of their day eating. The color of the offspring is usually determined by the dragon’s mate.
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225
As a graduate student working for LIGO (the Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory), one of my responsibilities was maintaining date-time code, including accounting for leap seconds, and calculating dates and time thousands of years in the past. What is a leap second? Well, the Earth's rotation rate is slowing down. So, as time goes on the length of the day is longer. This rate is very slow. Every few years, the added length must be taken into account, much like the leap day takes into account that the orbital period of the Earth around the Sun is not exactly 365 days. When a leap second must be inserted is not predictable. The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service is tasked with making observations of the Earth, and producing a twice-yearly report on whether a leap second is due to be added. This comes out by email, and on their website. The report gives a 6-month or so lead time before the leap second is inserted, at midnight on Jan 1 and on Jul 1. So, apparently, a leap second was inserted last night: all standard atomic clocks around the world paused for a second. This caused all sorts of havoc with computers and networking devices, causing lots of sites to go down. Notably, Google was prepared.
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263
Richards, M. P. and Schulting, R. J. and Hedges, R. E. M. (2003) 'Sharp shift in diet at onset of Neolithic.', Nature., 425 (6956). p. 366. The introduction of domesticated plants and animals into Britain during the Neolithic cultural period between 5,200 and 4,500 years ago is viewed either as a rapid event1 or as a gradual process that lasted for more than a millennium2. Here we measure stable carbon isotopes present in bone to investigate the dietary habits of Britons over the Neolithic period and the preceding 3,800 years (the Mesolithic period). We find that there was a rapid and complete change from a marine- to a terrestrial-based diet among both coastal and inland dwellers at the onset of the Neolithic period, which coincided with the first appearance of domesticates. As well as arguing against a slow, gradual adoption of agriculture and animal husbandry by Mesolithic societies, our results indicate that the attraction of the new farming lifestyle must have been strong enough to persuade even coastal dwellers to abandon their successful fishing practices. |Full text:||Full text not available from this repository.| |Publisher Web site:||http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425366a| |Record Created:||07 Apr 2009| |Last Modified:||21 Jul 2010 16:58| |Social bookmarking:||Export: EndNote, Zotero | BibTex| |Usage statistics||Look up in GoogleScholar | Find in a UK Library|
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331
A few weeks ago, I traveled to Israel with my ten-year-old daughter Sage, to participate in the olive harvest. This was my long-awaited opportunity to do hands-on research for a picture book I’m writing and illustrating about an ancient olive tree. I couldn’t wait to roll up my sleeves and get out in the olive grove. There’s something special about hands-on research. In this age of unprecedented convenience, we have the technological ability to access information from all over the world in a matter of seconds. But information obtained this way can lack authenticity, and often appears out of context. Rarely do I have the opportunity to physically experience what I’m drawing or writing about. But there’s no substitute for direct experience when it comes to bringing a story to life. The morning after we arrived at Kibbutz Gezer, a half a dozen olive pickers gathered by the side of the road that encircles the kibbutz. Inside the circle, the homes for approximately 400 people are clustered together. Outside the circle are grassy meadows; a baseball field; swimming pool; a field of eggplants; a tel – an ancient town filled in over the centuries by debris until it becomes a flat-topped, man-made hill, now the site of an archeological excavation – and of course, the olive groves. Hundreds of trees of approximately 30 years of age stood in grassy rows. Most were heavy with fruit, their branches drooping under the weight of colorful clusters of olives. The harvest technique is simple: we spread black plastic tarps under the trees, and used small hand-held rakes to “comb” the olives from the branches. Most of the fruit could be reached either from the ground or by climbing a few steps up the trunk. The trees are pruned to stay low, and the limbs are encouraged to spread out like a basket, so that every part of the tree receives maximum sunlight. It is said that if an olive tree is pruned properly, there’s enough space between the branches to allow a bird to fly through. Olive trees are uniquely dependent upon humans for this pruning – they cannot thrive without it. An olive tree that is well-pruned can continue to regenerate from its roots virtually indefinitely, with a lifespan of two thousand years or even longer. Thus the olive tree has been a symbol of renewal for millennia. Olive fruits are firm and smooth, with a chalky skin that turns shiny when you rub it. Each fruit is a unique blend of color ranging from pale yellow-green to soft mauve to dark purple-grey. Some are faintly spotted. When they fall to the ground, they slowly turn to charcoal blue as the fruit begins to dry and wrinkle under the hot sun. I dared myself to bite into one, with the anticipated bitter results. Olives must be soaked and cured before they become edible. During our breaks we picnicked on fresh bread dipped in hummus, olive oil, homemade tzchug and za’ater; pickled green olives; oil-cured black olives, cucumbers, tomatoes, and a cultured yogurt-like cheese. We tried to make up olive songs and olive jokes – but none are worth repeating here. The olive grove is a peaceful place. Each tree is uniquely-shaped, and has its own special character. The soft branches wave in the breeze like hair, causing the tree to change color slightly as each leaf reveals its silvery-white underside. The blend of colors in an olive tree is a painter’s challenge – for this artist at least. Flocks of doves rose from the trees and turned as one into the sunshine. The air in the grove is sweet, as if the trees have cleansed the air of all impurities. Olive leaves are known for their powerful healing properties. According to Wikipedia, olive leaf and olive leaf extracts (OLE), are now marketed as anti-aging, immunostimular, and antibiotic agents. Other reference books claim olive leaf extract is effective against viral infections, parasites, fungi, and even “super-infections” that resist antibiotics. How ironic, in this peaceful place among young trees that promise to live for so long, to hear the concussions of rockets in the distance – for even as we harvested the fruit of the tree that symbolizes peace, hundreds of rockets from Gaza were being fired at the nearby cities of Tel Aviv, Ashkelon, and Rishon Letzion. And Israel was retaliating with “Operation Pillar of Cloud”, a targeted defensive operation that took place the week we were there. Truly, Israel is a land of paradox – of cultural, artistic and spiritual riches; unparalleled innovations in education, medicine, agriculture, technology, and energy conservation – not to mention wonderful people – yet Israel is also a troubled place, with internal rifts, economic problems, and seemingly-intractable conflicts with its Arab neighbors. Traveling in Israel, it is not unusual to feel conflicting emotions. Even as we worked in such a bucolic place as the olive grove, we were all aware of the location of the closest bomb shelter, which had been unlocked that week for rapid entry. And we all knew that beyond the “green line” (the disputed border between Israel and the West Bank), Palestinians were harvesting olive trees just like ours. This is not the first century, or even the first millennium, in which olive trees have been implicated in matters of territorial conflict. For the olive tree is native to a region that is rife with inescapable complexities. Rooted in a shifting tapestry of peoples and conquests, the olive tree stands constant as a living organism of renewal and peace. I loved the olive grove, and got into a groove with my yellow rake. The conversation was lively: there were kibbutz members who had come to help, along with dogs of all shapes and sizes. There were friends from Jerusalem, a traveling post-grad student from the U.S., and visitors from Norway. Everyone was in good spirits as we gathered up the tarps and poured the fruit into crates. These would be taken to the olive press at nearby Latroun. An olive press is a huge industrial machine that is necessarily communal; no one can own their own olive press. At Latroun, we saw Jews and Arabs alike waiting for the yield of their harvest, chatting in English, Hebrew, and Arabic as the olives were pressed, separated by centrifuge into pomace and oil, and finally decanted into containers. The leftover “mash” of fiber and pits is sometimes pressed into dry cakes to be burned as fuel – a great idea! Hours after the picking was done, at the end of the day I returned to the olive grove to sketch. I did pencil drawings and brush drawings, trying to capture the shapes of the trees, the texture of the leaves. I tested a few colors, and tried to catch the contour of the land. Birds twittered from opposite sides of the grove, calling to each other. Dogs barked in the distance as the sun went down, mingled with the sound of a child’s laughter. In the hush that followed, the peace of the olive grove was palpable. My daughter sat beside me with her own drawing book, both of us sitting on torn pieces of cardboard on the ground while we sketched. She drew a twisted olive trunk, then switched to fashion designs. I hope when she grows up, she’ll remember that day. In addition to the jug of fresh olive oil I brought home, I also harvested something else: photos, sketches, notes, and memories. These impressions from my week of picking olives will be gathered and pressed, spun and separated into the many components of a book. This book has taken its time to ripen and grow, but I hope in the end it will be worth it. The more I learn about olives, the more there is to know – from cultivation techniques to nutritional and medicinal benefits, from historical facts to political implications. And the more I learn about olives, the more I love them. Special thanks to Dani Livney and all the wonderful folks at Kibbutz Gezer for making this trip possible. We hope to return next year to pick olives again! חג החנוכה שמח! We are about to celebrate Chanukah, the festival of light that remembers each year the miracle of oil – olive oil – in a story that is rooted a mere bike ride’s distance from Gezer. The Maccabean graves in nearby Modi’in is where the Hasmoneans, who ruled a Jewish dynasty in Israel, have been buried in the ground for more than 2,100 years. Some of the olive trees that lived then are still alive today. Happy Holidays to all –
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What is fracking? It’s not the latest teenage slang word; it describes a mining process that is polluting our earth and making people sick. Food & Water Watch explains: To frack an oil or gas well, a massive volume of water, sand, and chemicals is injected underground at high pressure to break up rock formations, allowing oil or gas to flow up the well. Fracking threatens the air we breathe, the water we drink, the communities we love, and the climate on which we depend. Mothers are rallying against this horrible practice! In fact, they are outraged the practice is considered for use around schools, let alone their homes. Food & Water Watch explains and asks you to take action! Mothers in the community of Erie, Colorado, are working desperately to stop a giant oil and gas company from fracking next to their kids’ elementary school. They’ve asked Encana, a giant oil and gas company, to abandon this one well and protect their children, but the company refuses. Fracking is associated with increased truck traffic, dangerous chemicals as well as air and water contamination. It’s hard to believe Encana would even consider fracking near an elementary school – worse, its hard to believe that regulatory systems in Colorado have failed to prevent this from happening. And yet, Encana has gone through all of the proper channels and has the green light to start fracking on May 26th. I have heard so many people express support of oil and shale gas mining on American soil who do not understand the issue of fracking. They believe the false job promises of domestic oil production not realizing how their very water and air are being dangerously contaminated. Fracking is one of the biggest environmental crises facing this country! It’s poisoning our drinking water, even making it flammable! Propublica explains: For the first time, a scientific study has linked natural gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing with a pattern of drinking water contamination so severe that some faucets can be lit on fire… “This study provides eye-opening scientific evidence about methane contamination and the risks that irresponsible natural gas drilling poses for drinking water supplies,” said Congressman Maurice Hinchey, D-N.Y. “It provides yet another reason why more study of the environmental and health risks associated with hydraulic fracturing is needed.” Hinchey is one of several Democratic members of Congress who recently re-introduced the FRAC Act, which calls for public disclosure of the chemicals used underground. The bill, which is currently languishing in the House, would remove an exemption in federal law that prohibits the EPA from regulating hydraulic fracturing. Such lack of federal oversight has forced states to individually look at fracking to protect its citizens. Vermont has banned it; California is looking at regulating it. The Los Angeles Times reports: California lawmakers on Wednesday took preliminary steps to increase the size of the state’s oil and gas agency — with the condition that regulators draft rules for hydraulic fracturing, a controversial form of oil extraction that some say can pose a hazard to drinking water. The lack of “fracking” regulations has been a sore point for legislators who have said that rules are long overdue for California, the fourth-largest oil-producing state and the birthplace of the modern environmental movement. With the federal government doing very little, and states waffling, mothers are stepping up to ensure their children are protected from fracking. Please support the mothers in Erie, Colorado!
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719
Handbook of Engaged Learning Projects Subject/Content Area: Science, Language Arts, Math, and Social Target Audience: This multigrade level unit will involve third and sixth grade students. This is an interactive, interdisciplinary, thematic project. This is appropriate for students at all ability levels. Program requires hardware/software for Internet access. Project Goal: When posed with the problem of destruction of the rainforest, students will develop interpersonal skills, research skills, content objectives, technical skills, and higher order thinking skills. Learner Outcomes: Through cooperative activities, students will be able to: - Demonstrate the ability to collect data using various technologies (Internet, CD ROM, computer software/hardware, and e-mail). - Analyze the impact of specific human activities on the destruction of tropical rainforests. - Organize and analyze collected information gained through interaction - Explain the important biological, social, and aesthetic values of the tropical rainforest to their environment. Alignment with Standards (National - Science Standards: 7, 15, 18 - Language Arts: 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 - Math: 4, 6 - Geography: 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 16, 18 Assessment of Students: Students' performance will be assessed formatively through teacher observations. Students and teachers will cooperatively develop a rubric for the final product. Summative evaluation will include self-evaluation and teacher evaluation. Author: Patti Furlano, Joyce Nelson, Teri Rakes and Amy Willis, Braceville Elementary School, Braceville, IL. of Engaged Learning Projects sponsored by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Education Office and Friends of Fermilab. Funded by the North Central Regional Technology in Education Consortium based at the North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (NCREL). Created: August, 1997
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424
(CNN) -- Michael Jackson was on to something when he sang that "A-B-C" is "simple as 'Do Re Mi.'" Music helps kids remember basic facts such as the order of letters in the alphabet, partly because songs tap into fundamental systems in our brains that are sensitive to melody and beat. That's not all: when you play music, you are exercising your brain in a unique way. "I think there's enough evidence to say that musical experience, musical exposure, musical training, all of those things change your brain," says Dr. Charles Limb, associate professor of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery at Johns Hopkins University. "It allows you to think in a way that you used to not think, and it also trains a lot of other cognitive facilities that have nothing to do with music." The connection between music and the brain is the subject of a symposium at the Association for Psychological Science conference in Chicago this weekend, featuring prominent scientists and Grammy-winning bassist Victor Wooten. They will discuss the remarkable ways our brains enable us to appreciate, remember and play music, and how we can harness those abilities in new ways. There are more facets to the mind-music connection than there are notes in a major scale, but it's fascinating to zoom in on a few to see the extraordinary affects music can have on your brain. Whether it's "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" or "Somebody That I Used to Know," or even "Bad Romance" or "Bohemian Rhapsody," it's easy to get part of a song stuck in your head, perhaps even a part that you don't particularly like. It plays over and over on repeat, as if the "loop" button got stuck on your music player. Scientists think of these annoying sound segments as "ear worms." They don't yet know much about why they happen, but research is making headway on what's going on. The songs that get stuck in people's heads tend to be melodically and rhythmically simple, says Daniel Levitin, a psychologist who studies the neuroscience of music at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. It's usually just a segment of the song, not the entire thing from beginning to end. A common method of getting rid of an ear worm is to listen to a different song -- except, of course, that song might plant itself in your thoughts for awhile. "What we think is going on is that the neural circuits get stuck in a repeating loop and they play this thing over and over again," Levitin said. In rare cases, ear worms can actually be detrimental to people's everyday functioning, Levitin said. There are people who can't work, sleep or concentrate because of songs that won't leave their heads. They may even need to take the same anti-anxiety medications given to people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, drugs that relax the neural circuits that are stuck in an infinite loop. How we evolved to remember music Given how easily song snippets get stuck in our heads, music must be linked to some sort of evolutionary adaptation that helped our ancestors. Bone flutes have been dated to about 40,000 to 80,000 years ago, so people were at least playing music. Experts assume that people were probably singing before they went to the trouble of fashioning this instrument, Levitin said. In Judaism, the Torah was set to music as a way to remember it before it was written down. "The structures that respond to music in the brain evolved earlier than the structures that respond to language," Levitin said. Levitin points out that many of our ancestors, before there was writing, used music to help them remember things, such as how to prepare foods or the way to get to a water source. These procedural tasks would have been easier to remember as songs. Today, we still use songs to teach children things in school, like the 50 states. What about remembering how to play music? When you sit down at the piano and learn how to play a song, your brain has to execute what's known as a "motor-action plan." It means that a sequence of events must unfold in a particular order, your fingers must hit a precise pattern of notes in order. And you rehearse those motor movements over and over, strengthening the neural circuits the more you practice. But musicians who memorize how to play music often find they can't just begin a remembered piece at any point in the song. The brain has a certain number of entry nodes in the motor-action plan, so you can only access the information from particular points in the song. "Even though it feels like it's in your fingers, it's not," Levitin said. "It's in the finger representation in your head." Music and pleasure Music is strongly associated with the brain's reward system. It's the part of the brain that tells us if things are valuable, or important or relevant to survival, said Robert Zatorre, professor of neurology and neurosurgery at Montreal Neurological Institute. One brain structure in particular, called the striatum, releases a chemical called dopamine in response to pleasure-related stimuli. Imaging of the brain can reveal this process is similar to what happens in your brain in response to food or sex. But unlike those activities, music doesn't have a direct biological survival value. "It's not obvious that it should engage that same system," Zatorre said. Musicians can't see inside their own brains, but they're aware of moments of tension and release in pieces, and that's what arrangers of music do. Zatorre and colleagues did an experiment where they used whatever music participants said gave them pleasure to examine this dopamine release. They excluded music with words in order to focus on the music itself rather than lyrics -- the melodic structure, for example. At the point in a piece of music when people experience peak pleasure, part of the brain called the ventral striatum releases dopamine. But here's something even more interesting: Dopamine is released from a different brain area (the dorsal striatum) about 10 to 15 seconds before the moment of peak pleasure. Why would we have this reaction before the most pleasurable part of the piece of music? The brain likes to investigate its environment and figure out what's coming next, Zatorre explains. "As you're anticipating a moment of pleasure, you're making predictions about what you're hearing and what you're about to hear," he said. "Part of the pleasure we derive from it is being able to make predictions." So if you're getting such a strong dopamine rush from music -- it could even be comparable to methamphetamines, Zatorre said -- why not make drug addicts listen to music? It's not quite that simple. Neuroscientists believe there's basically one pleasure mechanism, and music is one route into it. Drugs are another. But different stimuli have different properties. And it's no easier to tell someone to replace drugs with music than to suggest eating instead of having sex -- these are all pleasurable activities with important differences. Rocking to the beat Did you know that monkeys can't tap their feet to songs, or recognize beats? It appears that humans are the only primates who move to the beat of music. Aniruddh Patel at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego, California, speculates that this is because our brains are organized in a different way than our close species relatives. Grooving to a beat may be related to the fact that no other primates can mimic complex sounds. Curiously, some birds can mimic what they hear and move to beats. Patel's research with a cockatoo suggests the beat responses may have originated as a byproduct of vocal mimicry, but also play a role in social bonding, Patel said. Armies train by marching to a beat, for instance. Group dancing is a social activity. There also are studies showing that when people move together to a beat, they're more likely to cooperate with each other in nonmusical tasks than if they're not in synch. "Some people have theorized that that was the original function of this behavior in evolution: It was a way of bonding people emotionally together in groups, through shared movement and shared experience," Patel said. Another exciting arena of research: Music with a beat seems to help people with motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease walk better than in the absence of music -- patients actually synchronize their movements to a beat, Patel said. "That's a very powerful circuit in the brain," he said. "It can actually help people that have these serious neurological diseases." There's also some evidence to suggest that music can help Alzheimer's patients remember things better, and that learning new skills such as musical instruments might even stave off dementia. There still needs to be more research in these areas to confirm, but Limb is hopeful about the prospect of musical engagement as a way to prevent, or at least delay, dementia. "That's a pretty amazing thing that, from sound, you can stimulate the entire brain," Limb said. "If you think about dementia as the opposite trend, of the brain atrophying, I think there's a lot of basis to it." Music and emotions You may associate particular songs with events in your life -- Green Day's "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" might remind you of your graduation day, if you had a graduation in the 1990s or 2000s, for example. Despite variation in any given person's life experience, studies have shown that music listeners largely agree with one another when it comes to the emotions presented in a song. This may be independent of lyrics; musical sounds themselves may carry emotional meaning, writes Cornell University psychologist Carol Krumhansl in Current Directions in Psychological Science. Educational shows such as "Sesame Street" have been tapping into the power of music to help youngsters remember things for decades. Even babies have been shown to be sensitive to beats and can recognize a piece of music that they've already heard. Advertisers exploit music in many commercials to make you excited about products. As a result, you may associate songs with particular cars, for instance. Here's one way you might not already be using music: Making a deliberate effort to use music to alter mood. Listen to something that makes you energetic at the beginning of the day, and listen to a soothing song after an argument, Levitin says. Music as a language Victor Wooten of Béla Fleck and the Flecktones isn't a scientist, but he has thought a lot about the process of learning to play music. For him, introducing a child to music shouldn't be different from the way a child begins speaking. "I just approach music as a language, because it is," Wooten said. "It serves the same purpose. It's a form of expression. A way for me to express myself, convey feelings, and sometimes it actually works better than a written or verbal language." Traditionally, a child learns to play music by being taught how an instrument works, and learning to play easy pieces that they practice over and over. They might also play music with other beginners. All the rules come first -- notes, chords, notation -- before they play. But with language, young children never know that they're beginners, Wooten said. No one makes them feel bad when they say a word incorrectly, and they're not told to practice that word dozens of times. Why should it be different with music? "If you think about trying to teach a toddler how to read, and the alphabet, and all that stuff, before they can speak, we'd realize how silly that really is," Wooten said. "Kids most of the time quit, because they didn't come there to learn that. They came to learn to play." He remembers learning to play music in an immersive way, rather than in a formulaic sequence of lessons. When he was born, his four older brothers were already playing music and knew they needed a bass player to complete the band. "My brothers never said, 'This is what you're going to do,'" he said. Wooten took this philosophy and created summer camps to get kids excited about music in a more natural way. "It's rare that I ever meet a musician who doesn't agree that music is a language. But it's very rare to meet a musician that really treats it like one." There you have it: Music that gets stuck in your head can be annoying, but it also serves a multitude of other purposes that benefit you. If you treat it like a language, as Wooten suggests, you might learn new skills and reap some of the brain health benefits that neurologists are exploring. It's more complicated than "A, B, C," but that's how amazing the mind can be.
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2,688
ECE497 Project Ideas We have both mini projects and projects in ECE497. Mini projects involved finding something interested in the Beagle world and installing it to your beagle and demoing it to the class. You would also create a wiki page documenting what you did to get it installed. Often you may find multiple efforts do to something, for example there are a few efforts to port Android on the Beagle. Your task is to figure out which one should be used. Generally mini projects won't require you to write new code; however they are the background work that may lead to a full project. You should do a couple mini projects for the class. Generally they are done alone, but working in pairs is OK. These will be about 1/3 of your grade and should be done in the first 5 weeks or so. Only one full project is done for the class and it's done with a team of 3 or 4. These projects can take a mini project (or a whole new idea) and add to it. The goal is to have your work contribute to the open source world. Any code is generated will be kept on github and a bitbake receipt will be created to automatically download and create the object files. What follows are - Places to look for project ideas - Feel free to add your own suggestions. - Mini Project ideas - Add your own suggestions, and do some of them. Mark the ones you've done. - Full Project ideas Sources for Project Ideas Here are some links where you'll find ideas for your project. - ETechDays Community Lightning Talks, this is a one-day web-based conference where many project ideas are presented. One of our 2009-2010 senior design projects was found here. - Official list of Beagle Projects, there are many Beagle specific projects listed here. Many are inactive. List your project here once it running. - Augmented Reality Project, here's an idea that I think we can do on the Beagle. Rather than using augmented reality glasses, I'd suggest we use a TI DLP pico projector. Here's AR running on the Beagle. - Android, this is one of a couple of efforts to port Google's Android OS to the Beagle. - BeagleBoard/Ideas-2009 Google summer code ideas 2009. Mini Project Ideas |Mark A. Yoder||Jack Ma||Work up an example of controlling the PWM registers from the shell.||PWM via the shell| |Mark A. Yoder||Weather Station||Ultrasonic weather| |Mark A. Yoder||Mike Yuhas||Interface the BeagleBoard with an SRF08 Ultrasonic Ranger over I2C||Ultrasonic Ranger| |Mark A. Yoder||Compile the PowerVR examples||PowerVR Insider SDK Downloads| |Mark A. Yoder||Work up some GStreamer PS EYE Demos||GStreamer PS EYE Demos and RidgeRun| |Mark A. Yoder||Douglas Selby||Get TI' embedded speech recognizer installed and demo the examples.||TI Embedded Speech Recognizer| |Mark A. Yoder||David Zitnik||Demo last year's TI speech project. I have a microphone amplifier and mike you can use.||ECE597 Project pyWikiReader| |Mark A. Yoder||Stephen Mayhew||Find who is doing what with Kinect on the Beagle and install and run it.||Google - beagleboard kinect| |Mark A. Yoder||Greg Harrison||I have several Sony PlayStation Eye web cams and I have examples of how to pull video from them via V4L2 (ECE497 DaVinci Workshop Labs). The Eye also has a 4 microphone array. I don't know how to get audio from it. Figure out how. This may expand to a full project if there is no solution out there.||Google - beagleboard playstation eye microphone array| |Mark A. Yoder||Find some examples of how to use cmem. CMEM is an API and library for managing one or more blocks of physically contiguous memory. It also provides address translation services (e.g. virtual to physical translation) and user-mode cache management APIs. It's used for managing the shared memory between the ARM and the DSP on the processor. I've been unable to find examples of how to use it.||CMEM Overview| |Mike Lester||Connect to your beagleboard using ethernet over USB. This allows your beagleboard to share the host computer's internet connection and allow you to connect via VNC/ssh without the need for an external router/switch. This should make development much easier.||VNC| |Brian Hulette||Experiment with audio synthesis and/or sampling/processing. You could either synthesize and play a few tones to generate a song, or have the Beagle sample an audio signal then process and output it to create a sort of effects pedal.| |David McGinnis||David McGinnis||Look into connecting the beagleboard to a phone or headphones using bluetooth. This could involve either outputting audio and taking in audio from a bluetooth headset, allowing you to have audio I/O with the beagleboard, or could involve connecting with phones automatically as they come into range of the beagleboard, allowing for an automatic attendence registration system, among other things.| |David Bliss||David Bliss||Get a video stream from a PS Eye, and identify the relevant device files.||PlayStation_Eye#cite_note-Linux_support-32| |William Gerth||William Gerth||Explore the possibility of implementing OpenAOS on the Beagle, to make a portable media player and etc.||http://www.openaos.org/| |Joel Carlson||Lacking a serial port and don't have a USB-serial converter? Why not find a way to make the BeagleBoard boot over a USB console connection?||BeagleBoard XM U-boot without Serial| |Joel Carlson||Joel Carlson||Depending on what one is working on, it might be useful to mount the BeagleBoard root filesystem over NFS. The link to the right does that using a USB-Ethernet connection, but one that just runs over an Ethernet cable would be nice.|| Mount BeagleBoard Root Filesystem over NFS via USB Here's an example of mounting dfs/afs on the Beagle |Lei Liu||Lei Liu||Build communication with FPGA via USB port.| |Aaron Bamberger||Aaron Bamberger||Play around with the BeagleBoard's various SPI and I2C ports, and get it to talk to some simple SPI and I2C peripherals, such as a 7-Segment display driver or small LCD panel| |Jay Dial||Jay Dial||Look into the parallel computing possibilities of the BeagleBoard. See how difficult it would be to get two BeagleBoards to communicate properly for parallel computing.||How to make a BeagleBoard Elastic R Beowulf Cluster| |Randy Billingsley||Randy Billingsley||Configure wlan on the beagle board using a wireless usb adapter| |Mike Fuson||Mike Fuson||Get XBMC working on the beagle.||XBMC wiki page| |Sam Allen||Port Android to beagle||It's done. Check out this.| |Mark A. Yoder||Yifei Li||Change the splash screen to a Rose logo when the Beagle starts up||How to Change Angstrom Boot logo in beagleboard| |Mark A. Yoder||Ziyi Zhang||Do remote debugging with Eclipse. My page needs updating.||ECE497 Installing the Eclipse IDE| |Mark A. Yoder||Investigate Eigen. Eigen is a C++ template library for linear algebra: matrices, vectors, numerical solvers, and related algorithms. Explicit vectorization is performed for SSE 2/3/4, ARM NEON, and AltiVec instruction sets, with graceful fallback to non-vectorized code. This means it should run fast on the Beagle. How fast does it run? Has anyone used it on the Beagle?||eigen.tuxfamily.org| |Mark A. Yoder||Find what libraries are available for the DSP side of the DM 3730 and write some examples that use them.||C64x+ DSP Library (DSPLIB)| |Mark A. Yoder||Convert the OSS labs to use the new ALSA drivers||ALSA Tutorials| |Mark A. Yoder||Dig into the DSS drivers. The OMAP display subsystem supports rotation and mirroring, but the mirror and rotate files in /sys/devices/platform/omapdss/display X don't work. Find the code that implements them see if you can figure out what's wrong.||dss2| |Jack Ma||Install an RT kernel on beagleboard. If successful, this could turn into a full project for exploring RT system and application.| |Jack Ma||Interface beagleboard with a GPS device to read location information. If successful, see if it's possible build a (small) app that downloads appropriate map from google map and shows the beagleboard's location.| |Jack Ma||Install a VPN server on beagleboard.| |Guanqun Wang||Run beagle board with a small LCD display| |Yifei Li||Demo a BeagleLight program that could synchronize LEDs with music.||http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/BeagleLight| |Mona Yan||Mona Yan||Display BeagleBoard orientation by using accelerometer and opengl.| |Team Members||Project Title||Description| |Mark A. Yoder||3D Structured Light using DLP® Technology||Create 3D maps using a DLP pico and the Beagle.| |Mark A. Yoder||Beagle Midi||Make the Beagle synthesize midi files.| |Mark A. Yoder||Beagle Power Management||Work up some power management demos.| Edit this page to add projects you would like to do. If you aren't in the class, add ideas you would like to see done by class members. |Team Members||Project Title||Description| |Mark A. Yoder||TI Embedded Speech Recognizer||Port TI's fixed-point speech recognizer to the DSP. It currently runs on the ARM.| |Mark A. Yoder||Kinect||Here and here are some interesting things people are doing with Kinects. Maybe we could port it to the Beagle.| |Mike Lester||Accelerometer-based auto-leveled projection||Several projects have been started to add accelerometer support to the BeagleBoard. This project would involve getting an accelerometer installed and working, perhaps using a trainer board, as well the TI Pico Projector. The orientation data from the accelerometer would be used to rotate, skew, keystone the projected image in order to keep it level and normalized.| |Aaron Bamberger||Kinect Based 3d Scanner||Build some sort of motorized gantry that allows the Kinect to be rotated around (and possibly from top to bottom) of an arbitrary object. The motors would be controlled using the BeagleBoard's I2C or SPI interfaces. Use libfreenect to capture depth information from every side of the object as the Kinect rotates around the object. Use this data and OpenGL to build a 3d model of the scanned object| |Mark A. Yoder||Port winDSK6 to the Beagle||winDSK6 is a Windows program that talks to a TI 'C6711 DSK and performs many interesting audio effects. This project would implement the code running on the Windows side on the ARM. The ARM could capture a frame of audio and send it to the DSP for processing. The ARM could then send the processed audio to the speakers. c6run would be used to interact with the DSP.| |David Bliss||Automated Die Tester||Make a device that can roll a die, and keep statistics on how random the die is. The build can either be very complex, or very simple, depending on how you define "rolling a die". The software doesn't necessarily have to know what the numbers mean, it just has to be able to uniquely identify the sides.| |Stephen Mayhew||Set-Playing System||Set is a relatively simple card game that lends itself nicely to image recognition and computer play. The layout is not very structured, and the game play is pretty simple. This project would incorporate image recognition, projection of possible moves (using the pico projector), and maybe even speech synthesis, and recognition. For example, if someone didn't know how to play Set, then the board could take them through a tutorial, asking questions of the user as it went along ("If I have these 2 cards, what 3rd card would make a set?"). This would make for an interesting demo at conferences.| | Michael Fuson |Spectrum Analyzer||Create a real-time audio Spectrum analyzer on the BeagleBoard. Project Page| |Team Members||Project Title||Description| |Yannick Polius||pyWikiReader||This project is mostly software, with the hardware element being the use of the dsp. The idea is to tie together three technologies: speech recognition, speech synthesis, and internet access in order to create an interface capable of orating information to the user based on a vocal command. The implementation I have in mind is to use the Pocket Sphinx speech recognition engine to first understand what the user wants through speech, such as "Rose-Hulman". Once the speech is translated, the software can execute a Wikipedia search to pull said item's page. Most of the important info is contained within the introductory paragraph, so the software will take only that chunk and feed it into the Flite speech synthesis engine. The end result is a simple machine with "mother box" like usability, that is, no interaction besides what is natural to the user (speaking) should be necessary to retrieve the information.| | Paul Morrison |3D Chess with Networking||This project would simulate a hand-held chess game, and the game would allow two player games using two beagleboards over a network connection. The graphics would use the beagle's PowerVR SGX for hardware accelerated graphics by using OpenGL. In addition to 3D graphics and networking, a third portion of the project would be to optimize the boot time because a chess computer should start up quickly.| | Tom Most |Sumo Robot||The goal of this project is to create a robot capable of competing in the 3.0 kg weight class of a sumo competition (an example). This would have minor hardware and electronics elements, but would focus on communication with sensors using the BeagleBoard and the Linux kernel. At minimum, this involves sensors to detect the edge of the ring and the opposing robot. This would likely be implemented using Sharp IR rangefinders, a ultrasonic rangefinders, and ideally a camera. Sumo rules.| |ECE597 Network based MP3 player||Network based mp3 player. The Beagle will be programmed using a custom, protocol for transferring files from a network based server (x86 pc) to a Beagle. Speakers will be attached to the Beagle, where the file will be played back. Possible extensions are a LCD for displaying id3 tag information, and buttons for user interaction (next track, previous track, etc.) on the GPIO interface.| | Chris Routh J. Cody Collins Greg Jackson Keqiong Xin |ECE597: Auto HUD||Use the beagle board to run image recognition on a camera feed located inside a car, and then signaling to the driver via a pico projector various objects of interest.| | Adam Jesionowski |Adding Sense to Beagle (See BeagleBoard/GSoC/Ideas)||Sensory aware applications are becoming more mainstream with the release of the Apple iPhone. This project would combine both HW and SW to add sensory awareness to beagle. First, additional modules such as GPS, 3-axis accelerometers, Gyroscopes, Temperature Sensors, Humidity Sensors, Pressure Sensors, etc, would be added to beagle to compliment the microphone input in order to allow sensing of the real world environment. Then SW APIs would need to be layered on top to allow easy access to the sensory data for use by applications.| | Mitch Garvin |Interactive Pong||Run classic pong, projecting the screen and using a camera to track user's hands for input.|
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3,570
RPi Tutorial EGHS:12V relay driver - GPIO Protection Circuits - Basic Circuits: LED output - DC motor - Switch Input - Analogue Sensor - Intermediate Circuits: Shift Registers - Analogue to Digital - Driving Circuit - Alpha-Numeric Display - Advanced Circuits: Control Hardware Over The Internet This page is part of a work in progress. While most of these circuits may interface directly to the RPi, the use of a buffered interface (such as the one supplied by the Gertboard) is recommended which will help protect against damage. Alternatively, experiment with one of the Alternative Test Platforms. Extreme caution should be exercised when interfacing hardware at a low level, you may damage your RPi, your equipment and potentially yourself and others. Doing so is at your own risk! Note: The 12V relay driver circuit has been tested with real RPi device and was working properly. The 12V relay driver circuit combines protection circuits described in GPIO Protection Circuits. Design was done with respect to maximize GPIO protection and minimize GPIO current withdraw.
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The Fahai Temple (Chinese: 法海寺; pinyin: Fǎhǎi Sì) is Ming Dynasty Buddhist temple located at the foot of Cuiwei Mountain, about two kilometers to the north-east of Moshikou, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China. Construction of the Fahai Temple started in the 4th year of reign of the Ming Emperor Zhengtong (1439 A.D.) and was completed in the 8th year of his reign (1443). The most distinguishing part of Fahai Temple is the Ming Dynasty frescoes. The total area of the frescoes is 236.7 square meters. Comparing with other famous frescoes in China, such as the Yongle Palace frescoes and the Dunhuang frescoes, Fahai Temple's well-preserved frescoes are also notable in the depiction of figures, subtlety of patterns and the craft methods. Cultural Relics - Bronze Bell |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fahai Temple|
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228
Before her enlistment as an SS auxiliary, she worked at an office in Berlin. On January 31, 1941, Margot Dreschel arrived at Ravensbrück concentration camp to receive guard training. At first she was an Aufseherin, a lower-ranking female guard at Ravensbrück camp in charge of interned women. She trained under Oberaufseherin (Senior Overseer) Johanna Langefeld in 1941, and quickly became an SS-Rapportführerin (Report Overseer), a higher-ranked guard. On April 27, 1942, Dreschel was selected for transfer to the newly opened Auschwitz II – Birkenau concentration camp in occupied Poland. Dreschel began her duties at Birkenau in August 1942 as soon as the women's camp was established there, with women transferred from Auschwitz to Birkenau during expansion. She served under Maria Mandel and worked as an associate of Dr Mengele. Dreschel was also head of all camp offices in Auschwitz. Dreschel's appearance was reportedly repellent, as one female Auschwitz prisoner recounted: "camp leader Dreschel was there, her buck teeth sticking out, even when her mouth is closed." Inmates described her as vulgar, thin and ugly. After the war, many survivors testified of her notoriously brutal beatings. She carried out indoor selections wearing a white coat and white gloves, disguised as a doctor. Once Mrs Drechaler [Dreschler] came, with her huge bloodhound, undressed everybody, took away even our shoes, and we had to stand for hours completely naked, none of us were thinking of life any more, the gas chamber seemed unavoidable.—War Crimes Trials. Protocol 3309, SS Female Overseers in Auschwitz She regularly moved between the Auschwitz I camp and Birkenau, and involved herself in selections of women and children to be sent to the gas chambers. On November 1, 1944, she went to Flossenbürg concentration camp as an Oberaufseherin-and as trainer of enlisted overseers. In January 1945, she was moved back to the Ravensbruck subcamp at Neustadt-Glewe, and fled from there in April 1945 as Nazi Germany surrendered. In May 1945, several former Auschwitz prisoners recognized her on a road from Pirna to Bautzen in the Russian zone, and took her to the Russian Military Police. The Soviets condemned her to death and executed her in May or June 1945 by hanging in Bautzen. - "SS Female Overseers in Auschwitz". Recollections on the Holocaust. National Committee for Attending Deportees DEGOB (Hungarian Jewish relief). Retrieved August 10, 2012. - "Margot Dreschel". Notorious Female SS Nazi Guards. Sadako Review. Retrieved August 10, 2012. - "Auschwitz Concentration Camp". Female Nazi war criminals. Capital Punishment UK.org. Retrieved August 10, 2012. - Margot Drexler (1908-1945) Bio-sketch (German). - Brown, D. P.: The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System; Schiffer Publishing 2002; ISBN 0-7643-1444-0. - Matthaus, Juergen. Approaching an Auschwitz Survivor: Holocaust History and its Transformations Oxford University Press, 2009; ISBN 0-19-538915-8.
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Novgorod First Chronicle ||This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (September 2011)| The Novgorod First Chronicle (Russian: Новгородская первая летопись) or The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471 is the most ancient extant chronicle of the Novgorod Republic. It reflects a tradition different from the Kievan Primary Chronicle. As was first demonstrated by Aleksey Shakhmatov, the later editions of the chronicle reflect the lost Primary Kievan Code (Начальный Киевский свод) of the late 11th century, which contained much valuable data suppressed in the later Primary Chronicle. The earliest extant copy of the chronicle is the so-called Synod Scroll, dated to the second half of the 13th century, first printed in 1841 and currently preserved in the State Historical Museum. It is the earliest known manuscript of a major East Slavic chronicle, predating the Laurentian Codex of the Primary Chronicle by almost a century. In the 14th century, the Synod Scroll was continued by the monks of the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod. Other important copies of the Novgorod First Chronicle include the Academic Scroll (241 lists, 1444), Commission Scroll (320 lists, mid-15th century), Trinity Scroll (1563), and Tolstoy Scroll (208 lists, 1720s).
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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2011)| Nuclear meltdown is an informal term for a severe nuclear reactor accident that results in core damage from overheating. The term is not officially defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency or by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. However, it has been defined to mean the accidental melting of the core of a nuclear reactor, and is in common usage a reference to the core's either complete or partial collapse. "Core melt accident" and "partial core melt" are the analogous technical terms for a meltdown. A core melt accident occurs when the heat generated by a nuclear reactor exceeds the heat removed by the cooling systems to the point where at least one nuclear fuel element exceeds its melting point. This differs from a fuel element failure, which is not caused by high temperatures. A meltdown may be caused by a loss of coolant, loss of coolant pressure, or low coolant flow rate or be the result of a criticality excursion in which the reactor is operated at a power level that exceeds its design limits. Alternately, in a reactor plant such as the RBMK-1000, an external fire may endanger the core, leading to a meltdown. Once the fuel elements of a reactor begin to melt, the fuel cladding has been breached, and the nuclear fuel (such as uranium, plutonium, or thorium) and fission products (such as cesium-137, krypton-88, or iodine-131) within the fuel elements can leach out into the coolant. Subsequent failures can permit these radioisotopes to breach further layers of containment. Superheated steam and hot metal inside the core can lead to fuel-coolant interactions, hydrogen explosions, or water hammer, any of which could destroy parts of the containment. A meltdown is considered very serious because of the potential, however remote, that radioactive materials could breach all containment and escape (or be released) into the environment, resulting in radioactive contamination and fallout, and potentially leading to radiation poisoning of people and animals nearby. Nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating fluid via a nuclear reaction to run a generator. If the heat from that reaction is not removed adequately, the fuel assemblies in a reactor core can melt. A core damage incident can occur even after a reactor is shut down because the fuel continues to produce decay heat. A core damage accident is caused by the loss of sufficient cooling for the nuclear fuel within the reactor core. The reason may be one of several factors, including a loss-of-pressure-control accident, a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), an uncontrolled power excursion or, in reactors without a pressure vessel, a fire within the reactor core. Failures in control systems may cause a series of events resulting in loss of cooling. Contemporary safety principles of defense in depth ensure that multiple layers of safety systems are always present to make such accidents unlikely. The containment building is the last of several safeguards that prevent the release of radioactivity to the environment. Many commercial reactors are contained within a 1.2-to-2.4-metre (3.9 to 7.9 ft) thick pre-stressed, steel-reinforced, air-tight concrete structure that can withstand hurricane-force winds and severe earthquakes. - In a loss-of-coolant accident, either the physical loss of coolant (which is typically deionized water, an inert gas, NaK, or liquid sodium) or the loss of a method to ensure a sufficient flow rate of the coolant occurs. A loss-of-coolant accident and a loss-of-pressure-control accident are closely related in some reactors. In a pressurized water reactor, a LOCA can also cause a "steam bubble" to form in the core due to excessive heating of stalled coolant or by the subsequent loss-of-pressure-control accident caused by a rapid loss of coolant. In a loss-of-forced-circulation accident, a gas cooled reactor's circulators (generally motor or steam driven turbines) fail to circulate the gas coolant within the core, and heat transfer is impeded by this loss of forced circulation, though natural circulation through convection will keep the fuel cool as long as the reactor is not depressurized. - In a loss-of-pressure-control accident, the pressure of the confined coolant falls below specification without the means to restore it. In some cases this may reduce the heat transfer efficiency (when using an inert gas as a coolant) and in others may form an insulating "bubble" of steam surrounding the fuel assemblies (for pressurized water reactors). In the latter case, due to localized heating of the "steam bubble" due to decay heat, the pressure required to collapse the "steam bubble" may exceed reactor design specifications until the reactor has had time to cool down. (This event is less likely to occur in boiling water reactors, where the core may be deliberately depressurized so that the Emergency Core Cooling System may be turned on). In a depressurization fault, a gas-cooled reactor loses gas pressure within the core, reducing heat transfer efficiency and posing a challenge to the cooling of fuel; however, as long as at least one gas circulator is available, the fuel will be kept cool. - In an uncontrolled power excursion accident, a sudden power spike in the reactor exceeds reactor design specifications due to a sudden increase in reactor reactivity. An uncontrolled power excursion occurs due to significantly altering a parameter that affects the neutron multiplication rate of a chain reaction (examples include ejecting a control rod or significantly altering the nuclear characteristics of the moderator, such as by rapid cooling). In extreme cases the reactor may proceed to a condition known as prompt critical. This is especially a problem in reactors that have a positive void coefficient of reactivity, a positive temperature coefficient, are overmoderated, or can trap excess quantities of deleterious fission products within their fuel or moderators. Many of these characteristics are present in the RBMK design, and the Chernobyl disaster was caused by such deficiencies as well as by severe operator negligence. Western light water reactors are not subject to very large uncontrolled power excursions because loss of coolant decreases, rather than increases, core reactivity (a negative void coefficient of reactivity); "transients," as the minor power fluctuations within Western light water reactors are called, are limited to momentary increases in reactivity that will rapidly decrease with time (approximately 200% - 250% of maximum neutronic power for a few seconds in the event of a complete rapid shutdown failure combined with a transient). - Core-based fires endanger the core and can cause the fuel assemblies to melt. A fire may be caused by air entering a graphite moderated reactor, or a liquid-sodium cooled reactor. Graphite is also subject to accumulation of Wigner energy, which can overheat the graphite (as happened at the Windscale fire). Light water reactors do not have flammable cores or moderators and are not subject to core fires. Gas-cooled civilian reactors, such as the Magnox, UNGG, and AGCR type reactors, keep their cores blanketed with non reactive carbon dioxide gas, which cannot support a fire. Modern gas-cooled civilian reactors use helium, which cannot burn, and have fuel that can withstand high temperatures without melting (such as the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor and the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor). - Byzantine faults and cascading failures within instrumentation and control systems may cause severe problems in reactor operation, potentially leading to core damage if not mitigated. For example, the Browns Ferry fire damaged control cables and required the plant operators to manually activate cooling systems. The Three Mile Island accident was caused by a stuck-open pilot-operated pressure relief valve combined with a deceptive water level gauge that misled reactor operators, which resulted in core damage. Light water reactors (LWRs) Before the core of a light water nuclear reactor can be damaged, two precursor events must have already occurred: - A limiting fault (or a set of compounded emergency conditions) that leads to the failure of heat removal within the core (the loss of cooling). Low water level uncovers the core, allowing it to heat up. - Failure of the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS). The ECCS is designed to rapidly cool the core and make it safe in the event of the maximum fault (the design basis accident) that nuclear regulators and plant engineers could imagine. There are at least two copies of the ECCS built for every reactor. Each division (copy) of the ECCS is capable, by itself, of responding to the design basis accident. The latest reactors have as many as four divisions of the ECCS. This is the principle of redundancy, or duplication. As long as at least one ECCS division functions, no core damage can occur. Each of the several divisions of the ECCS has several internal "trains" of components. Thus the ECCS divisions themselves have internal redundancy – and can withstand failures of components within them. The Three Mile Island accident was a compounded group of emergencies that led to core damage. What led to this was an erroneous decision by operators to shut down the ECCS during an emergency condition due to gauge readings that were either incorrect or misinterpreted; this caused another emergency condition that, several hours after the fact, led to core exposure and a core damage incident. If the ECCS had been allowed to function, it would have prevented both exposure and core damage. During the Fukushima incident the emergency cooling system had also been manually shut down several minutes after it started. If such a limiting fault were to occur, and a complete failure of all ECCS divisions were to occur, both Kuan, et al and Haskin, et al describe six stages between the start of the limiting fault (the loss of cooling) and the potential escape of molten corium into the containment (a so-called "full meltdown"): - Uncovering of the Core – In the event of a transient, upset, emergency, or limiting fault, LWRs are designed to automatically SCRAM (a SCRAM being the immediate and full insertion of all control rods) and spin up the ECCS. This greatly reduces reactor thermal power (but does not remove it completely); this delays core becoming uncovered, which is defined as the point when the fuel rods are no longer covered by coolant and can begin to heat up. As Kuan states: "In a small-break LOCA with no emergency core coolant injection, core uncovery [sic] generally begins approximately an hour after the initiation of the break. If the reactor coolant pumps are not running, the upper part of the core will be exposed to a steam environment and heatup of the core will begin. However, if the coolant pumps are running, the core will be cooled by a two-phase mixture of steam and water, and heatup of the fuel rods will be delayed until almost all of the water in the two-phase mixture is vaporized. The TMI-2 accident showed that operation of reactor coolant pumps may be sustained for up to approximately two hours to deliver a two phase mixture that can prevent core heatup." - Pre-damage heat up – "In the absence of a two-phase mixture going through the core or of water addition to the core to compensate water boiloff, the fuel rods in a steam environment will heat up at a rate between 0.3 °C/s (0.5 °F/s) and 1 °C/s (1.8 °F/s) (3)." - Fuel ballooning and bursting – "In less than half an hour, the peak core temperature would reach 1,100 K (1,520 °F). At this temperature the zircaloy cladding of the fuel rods may balloon and burst. This is the first stage of core damage. Cladding ballooning may block a substantial portion of the flow area of the core and restrict the flow of coolant. However complete blockage of the core is unlikely because not all fuel rods balloon at the same axial location. In this case, sufficient water addition can cool the core and stop core damage progression." - Rapid oxidation – "The next stage of core damage, beginning at approximately 1,500 K (2,240 °F), is the rapid oxidation of the Zircaloy by steam. In the oxidation process, hydrogen is produced and a large amount of heat is released. Above 1,500 K (2,240 °F), the power from oxidation exceeds that from decay heat (4,5) unless the oxidation rate is limited by the supply of either zircaloy or steam." - Debris bed formation – "When the temperature in the core reaches about 1,700 K (2,600 °F), molten control materials [1,6] will flow to and solidify in the space between the lower parts of the fuel rods where the temperature is comparatively low. Above 1,700 K (2,600 °F), the core temperature may escalate in a few minutes to the melting point of zircaloy [2,150 K (3,410 °F)] due to increased oxidation rate. When the oxidized cladding breaks, the molten zircaloy, along with dissolved UO2 [1,7] would flow downward and freeze in the cooler, lower region of the core. Together with solidified control materials from earlier down-flows, the relocated zircaloy and UO2 would form the lower crust of a developing cohesive debris bed." - (Corium) Relocation to the lower plenum – "In scenarios of small-break LOCAs, there is generally a pool of water in the lower plenum of the vessel at the time of core relocation. Release of molten core materials into water always generates large amounts of steam. If the molten stream of core materials breaks up rapidly in water, there is also a possibility of a steam explosion. During relocation, any unoxidized zirconium in the molten material may also be oxidized by steam, and in the process hydrogen is produced. Recriticality also may be a concern if the control materials are left behind in the core and the relocated material breaks up in unborated water in the lower plenum." At the point at which the corium relocates to the lower plenum, Haskin, et al relate that the possibility exists for an incident called a fuel-coolant interaction (FCI) to substantially stress or breach the primary pressure boundary when the corium relocates to the lower plenum of the reactor pressure vessel ("RPV"). This is because the lower plenum of the RPV may have a substantial quantity of water - the reactor coolant - in it, and, assuming the primary system has not been depressurized, the water will likely be in the liquid phase, and consequently dense, and at a vastly lower temperature than the corium. Since corium is a liquid metal-ceramic eutectic at temperatures of 2,200 to 3,200 K (3,500 to 5,300 °F), its fall into liquid water at 550 to 600 K (530 to 620 °F) may cause an extremely rapid evolution of steam that could cause a sudden extreme overpressure and consequent gross structural failure of the primary system or RPV. Though most modern studies hold that it is physically infeasible, or at least extraordinarily unlikely, Haskin, et al state that that there exists a remote possibility of an extremely violent FCI leading to something referred to as an alpha-mode failure, or the gross failure of the RPV itself, and subsequent ejection of the upper plenum of the RPV as a missile against the inside of the containment, which would likely lead to the failure of the containment and release of the fission products of the core to the outside environment without any substantial decay having taken place. Breach of the Primary Pressure Boundary There are several possibilities as to how the primary pressure boundary could be breached by corium. - Steam Explosion As previously described, FCI could lead to an overpressure event leading to RPV fail, and thus, primary pressure boundary fail. Haskin, et al. report that in the event of a steam explosion, failure of the lower plenum is far more likely than ejection of the upper plenum in the alpha-mode. In the even of lower plenum failure, debris at varied temperatures can be expected to be projected into the cavity below the core. The containment may be subject to overpressure, though this is not likely to fail the containment. The alpha-mode failure will lead to the consequences previously discussed. - Pressurized Melt Ejection (PME) It is quite possible, especially in pressurized water reactors, that the primary loop will remain pressurized following corium relocation to the lower plenum. As such, pressure stresses on the RPV will be present in addition to the weight stress that the molten corium places on the lower plenum of the RPV; when the metal of the RPV weakens sufficiently due to the heat of the molten corium, it is likely that the liquid corium will be discharged under pressure out of the bottom of the RPV in a pressurized stream, together with entrained gases. This mode of corium ejection may lead to direct containment heating (DCH). Severe Accident Ex-Vessel Interactions and Challenges to Containment Haskin, et al identify six modes by which the containment could be credibly challenged; some of these modes are not applicable to core melt accidents. - Dynamic pressure (shockwaves) - Internal missiles - External missiles (not applicable to core melt accidents) Standard failure modes If the melted core penetrates the pressure vessel, there are theories and speculations as to what may then occur. In modern Russian plants, there is a "core catching device" in the bottom of the containment building, the melted core is supposed to hit a thick layer of a "sacrificial metal" which would melt, dilute the core and increase the heat conductivity, and finally the diluted core can be cooled down by water circulating in the floor. However there has never been any full-scale testing of this device. In Western plants there is an airtight containment building. Though radiation would be at a high level within the containment, doses outside of it would be lower. Containment buildings are designed for the orderly release of pressure without releasing radionuclides, through a pressure release valve and filters. Hydrogen/oxygen recombiners also are installed within the containment to prevent gas explosions. In a melting event, one spot or area on the RPV will become hotter than other areas, and will eventually melt. When it melts, corium will pour into the cavity under the reactor. Though the cavity is designed to remain dry, several NUREG-class documents advise operators to flood the cavity in the event of a fuel melt incident. This water will become steam and pressurize the containment. Automatic water sprays will pump large quantities of water into the steamy environment to keep the pressure down. Catalytic recombiners will rapidly convert the hydrogen and oxygen back into water. One positive effect of the corium falling into water is that it is cooled and returns to a solid state. Extensive water spray systems within the containment along with the ECCS, when it is reactivated, will allow operators to spray water within the containment to cool the core on the floor and reduce it to a low temperature. These procedures are intended to prevent release of radiation. In the Three Mile Island event in 1979, a theoretical person standing at the plant property line during the entire event would have received a dose of approximately 2 millisieverts (200 millirem), between a chest X-ray's and a CT scan's worth of radiation. This was due to outgassing by an uncontrolled system that, today, would have been backfitted with activated carbon and HEPA filters to prevent radionuclide release. However in case of Fukushima incident this design also at least partially failed: large amounts of highly radioactive water were produced and nuclear fuel has possibly melted through the base of the pressure vessels. Cooling will take quite a while, until the natural decay heat of the corium reduces to the point where natural convection and conduction of heat to the containment walls and re-radiation of heat from the containment allows for water spray systems to be shut down and the reactor put into safe storage. The containment can be sealed with release of extremely limited offsite radioactivity and release of pressure within the containment. After a number of years for fission products to decay - probably around a decade - the containment can be reopened for decontamination and demolition. Unexpected failure modes Another scenario sees a buildup of hydrogen, which may lead to a detonation event, as happened for three reactors during Fukushima incident. Catalytic hydrogen recombiners located within containment are designed to prevent this from occurring; however, prior to the installation of these recombiners in the 1980s, the Three Mile Island containment (in 1979) suffered a massive hydrogen explosion event in the accident there. The containment withstood the pressure and no radioactivity was released. However, in Fukushima recombiners did not work due the absence of power and hydrogen detonation breached the containment. Speculative failure modes One scenario consists of the reactor pressure vessel failing all at once, with the entire mass of corium dropping into a pool of water (for example, coolant or moderator) and causing extremely rapid generation of steam. The pressure rise within the containment could threaten integrity if rupture disks could not relieve the stress. Exposed flammable substances could burn, but there are few, if any, flammable substances within the containment. Another theory called an 'alpha mode' failure by the 1975 Rasmussen (WASH-1400) study asserted steam could produce enough pressure to blow the head off the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The containment could be threatened if the RPV head collided with it. (The WASH-1400 report was replaced by better-based[original research?] newer studies, and now the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has disavowed them all and is preparing the overarching State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses [SOARCA] study - see the Disclaimer in NUREG-1150.) It has not been determined to what extent a molten mass can melt through a structure (although that was tested in the Loss-of-Fluid-Test Reactor described in Test Area North's fact sheet). The Three Mile Island accident provided some real-life experience, with an actual molten core within an actual structure; the molten corium failed to melt through the Reactor Pressure Vessel after over six hours of exposure, due to dilution of the melt by the control rods and other reactor internals, validating the emphasis on defense in depth against core damage incidents. Some believe a molten reactor core could actually penetrate the reactor pressure vessel and containment structure and burn downwards into the earth beneath, to the level of the groundwater. By 1970, there were doubts about the ability of the emergency cooling systems of a nuclear reactor to prevent a loss of coolant accident and the consequent meltdown of the fuel core; the subject proved popular in the technical and the popular presses. In 1971, in the article Thoughts on Nuclear Plumbing, former Manhattan Project (1942–1946) nuclear physicist Ralph Lapp used the term "China syndrome" to describe a possible burn-through, after a loss of coolant accident, of the nuclear fuel rods and core components melting the containment structures, and the subsequent escape of radioactive material(s) into the atmosphere and environment; the hypothesis derived from a 1967 report by a group of nuclear physicists, headed by W. K. Ergen. The geographic, planet-piercing concept of the China syndrome derives from the misperception that China is the antipode of the United States; to many Americans, it is the “the other side of the world”. Moreover, the hypothetical transit of a meltdown product to the other side of the Earth (i.e. China) ignores the fact that the Earth's gravity tends to pull all masses towards its center. Assuming a meltdown product could persist in a mobile molten form for long enough to reach the center of the Earth; gravity would prevent it continuing to the other side. Other reactor types Other types of reactors have different capabilities and safety profiles than the LWR does. Advanced varieties of several of these reactors have the potential to be inherently safe. CANDU reactors CANDU reactors, Canadian-invented deuterium-uranium design, are designed with at least one, and generally two, large low-temperature and low-pressure water reservoirs around their fuel/coolant channels. The first is the bulk heavy-water moderator (a separate system from the coolant), and the second is the light-water-filled shield tank. These backup heat sinks are sufficient to prevent either the fuel meltdown in the first place (using the moderator heat sink), or the breaching of the core vessel should the moderator eventually boil off (using the shield tank heat sink). Other failure modes aside from fuel melt will probably occur in a CANDU rather than a meltdown, such as deformation of the calandria into a non-critical configuration. All CANDU reactors are located within standard Western containments as well. Gas-cooled reactors One type of Western reactor, known as the advanced gas-cooled reactor (or AGCR), built by the United Kingdom, is not very vulnerable to loss-of-cooling accidents or to core damage except in the most extreme of circumstances. By virtue of the relatively inert coolant (carbon dioxide), the large volume and high pressure of the coolant, and the relatively high heat transfer efficiency of the reactor, the time frame for core damage in the event of a limiting fault is measured in days. Restoration of some means of coolant flow will prevent core damage from occurring. Other types of highly advanced gas cooled reactors, generally known as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) such as the Japanese High Temperature Test Reactor and the United States' Very High Temperature Reactor, are inherently safe, meaning that meltdown or other forms of core damage are physically impossible, due to the structure of the core, which consists of hexagonal prismatic blocks of silicon carbide reinforced graphite infused with TRISO or QUADRISO pellets of uranium, thorium, or mixed oxide buried underground in a helium-filled steel pressure vessel within a concrete containment. Though this type of reactor is not susceptible to meltdown, additional capabilities of heat removal are provided by using regular atmospheric airflow as a means of backup heat removal, by having it pass through a heat exchanger and rising into the atmosphere due to convection, achieving full residual heat removal. The VHTR is scheduled to be prototyped and tested at Idaho National Laboratory within the next decade (as of 2009) as the design selected for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant by the US Department of Energy. This reactor will use a gas as a coolant, which can then be used for process heat (such as in hydrogen production) or for the driving of gas turbines and the generation of electricity. A similar highly advanced gas cooled reactor originally designed by West Germany (the AVR reactor) and now developed by South Africa is known as the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor. It is an inherently safe design, meaning that core damage is physically impossible, due to the design of the fuel (spherical graphite "pebbles" arranged in a bed within a metal RPV and filled with TRISO (or QUADRISO) pellets of uranium, thorium, or mixed oxide within). A prototype of a very similar type of reactor has been built by the Chinese, HTR-10, and has worked beyond researchers' expectations, leading the Chinese to announce plans to build a pair of follow-on, full-scale 250 MWe, inherently safe, power production reactors based on the same concept. (See Nuclear power in the People's Republic of China for more information.) Experimental or conceptual designs Some design concepts for nuclear reactors emphasize resistance to meltdown and operating safety. The PIUS (process inherent ultimate safety) designs, originally engineered by the Swedes in the late 1970s and early 1980s, are LWRs that by virtue of their design are resistant to core damage. No units have ever been built. Power reactors, including the Deployable Electrical Energy Reactor, a larger-scale mobile version of the TRIGA for power generation in disaster areas and on military missions, and the TRIGA Power System, a small power plant and heat source for small and remote community use, have been put forward by interested engineers, and share the safety characteristics of the TRIGA due to the uranium zirconium hydride fuel used. The Hydrogen Moderated Self-regulating Nuclear Power Module, a reactor that uses uranium hydride as a moderator and fuel, similar in chemistry and safety to the TRIGA, also possesses these extreme safety and stability characteristics, and has attracted a good deal of interest in recent times. The liquid fluoride thermal reactor is designed to naturally have its core in a molten state, as a eutectic mix of thorium and fluorine salts. As such, a molten core is reflective of the normal and safe state of operation of this reactor type. In the event the core overheats, a metal plug will melt, and the molten salt core will drain into tanks where it will cool in a non-critical configuration. Since the core is liquid, and already melted, it cannot be damaged. Advanced liquid metal reactors, such as the U.S. Integral Fast Reactor and the Russian BN-350, BN-600, and BN-800, all have a coolant with very high heat capacity, sodium metal. As such, they can withstand a loss of cooling without SCRAM and a loss of heat sink without SCRAM, qualifying them as inherently safe. Soviet Union-designed reactors Soviet designed RBMKs, found only in Russia and the CIS and now shut down everywhere except Russia, do not have containment buildings, are naturally unstable (tending to dangerous power fluctuations), and also have ECCS systems that are considered grossly inadequate by Western safety standards. The reactor from the Chernobyl Disaster was a RBMK reactor. RBMK ECCS systems only have one division and have less than sufficient redundancy within that division. Though the large core size of the RBMK makes it less energy-dense than the Western LWR core, it makes it harder to cool. The RBMK is moderated by graphite. In the presence of both steam and oxygen, at high temperatures, graphite forms synthesis gas and with the water gas shift reaction the resultant hydrogen burns explosively. If oxygen contacts hot graphite, it will burn. The RBMK tends towards dangerous power fluctuations. Control rods used to be tipped with graphite, a material that slows neutrons and thus speeds up the chain reaction. Water is used as a coolant, but not a moderator. If the water boils away, cooling is lost, but moderation continues. This is termed a positive void coefficient of reactivity. Control rods can become stuck if the reactor suddenly heats up and they are moving. Xenon-135, a neutron absorbent fission product, has a tendency to build up in the core and burn off unpredictably in the event of low power operation. This can lead to inaccurate neutronic and thermal power ratings. The RBMK does not have any containment above the core. The only substantial solid barrier above the fuel is the upper part of the core, called the upper biological shield, which is a piece of concrete interpenetrated with control rods and with access holes for refueling while online. Other parts of the RBMK were shielded better than the core itself. Rapid shutdown (SCRAM) takes 10 to 15 seconds. Western reactors take 1 - 2.5 seconds. Western aid has been given to provide certain real-time safety monitoring capacities to the human staff. Whether this extends to automatic initiation of emergency cooling is not known. Training has been provided in safety assessment from Western sources, and Russian reactors have evolved in result to the weaknesses that were in the RBMK. However, numerous RBMKs still operate. It is safe to say that it might be possible to stop a loss-of-coolant event prior to core damage occurring, but that any core damage incidents will probably assure massive release of radioactive materials. Further, dangerous power fluctuations are natural to the design. Lithuania joined the EU recently, and upon acceding, it has been required to shut the two RBMKs that it has at Ignalina NPP, as such reactors are totally incompatible with the nuclear safety standards of Europe. It will be replacing them with some safer form of reactor. The MKER is a modern Russian-engineered channel type reactor that is a distant descendant of the RBMK. It approaches the concept from a different and superior direction, optimizing the benefits, and fixing the flaws of the original RBMK design. There are several unique features of the MKER's design that make it a credible and interesting option: One unique benefit of the MKER's design is that in the event of a challenge to cooling within the core - a pipe break of a channel, the channel can be isolated from the plenums supplying water, decreasing the potential for common-mode failures. The lower power density of the core greatly enhances thermal regulation. Graphite moderation enhances neutronic characteristics beyond light water ranges. The passive emergency cooling system provides a high level of protection by using natural phenomena to cool the core rather than depending on motor-driven pumps. The containment structure is modern and designed to withstand a very high level of punishment. Refueling is accomplished while online, ensuring that outages are for maintenance only and are very few and far between. 97-99% uptime is a definite possibility. Lower enrichment fuels can be used, and high burnup can be achieved due to the moderator design. Neutronics characteristics have been revamped to optimize for purely civilian fuel fertilization and recycling. Due to the enhanced quality control of parts, advanced computer controls, comprehensive passive emergency core cooling system, and very strong containment structure, along with a negative void coefficient and a fast acting rapid shutdown system, the MKER's safety can generally be regarded as being in the range of the Western Generation III reactors, and the unique benefits of the design may enhance its competitiveness in countries considering full fuel-cycle options for nuclear development. The VVER is a pressurized light water reactor that is far more stable and safe than the RBMK. This is because it uses light water as a moderator (rather than graphite), has well understood operating characteristics, and has a negative void coefficient of reactivity. In addition, some have been built with more than marginal containments, some have quality ECCS systems, and some have been upgraded to international standards of control and instrumentation. Present generations of VVERs (the VVER-1000) are built to Western-equivalent levels of instrumentation, control, and containment systems. However, even with these positive developments, certain older VVER models raise a high level of concern, especially the VVER-440 V230. The VVER-440 V230 has no containment building, but only has a structure capable of confining steam surrounding the RPV. This is a volume of thin steel, perhaps an inch or two in thickness, grossly insufficient by Western standards. - Has no ECCS. Can survive at most one 4 inch pipe break (there are many pipes greater than 4 inches within the design). - Has six steam generator loops, adding unnecessary complexity. - However, apparently steam generator loops can be isolated, in the event that a break occurs in one of these loops. The plant can remain operating with one isolated loop - a feature found in few Western reactors. The interior of the pressure vessel is plain alloy steel, exposed to water. This can lead to rust, if the reactor is exposed to water. One point of distinction in which the VVER surpasses the West is the reactor water cleanup facility - built, no doubt, to deal with the enormous volume of rust within the primary coolant loop - the product of the slow corrosion of the RPV. This model is viewed as having inadequate process control systems. Bulgaria had a number of VVER-440 V230 models, but they opted to shut them down upon joining the EU rather than backfit them, and are instead building new VVER-1000 models. Many non-EU states maintain V230 models, including Russia and the CIS. Many of these states - rather than abandoning the reactors entirely - have opted to install an ECCS, develop standard procedures, and install proper instrumentation and control systems. Though confinements cannot be transformed into containments, the risk of a limiting fault resulting in core damage can be greatly reduced. The VVER-440 V213 model was built to the first set of Soviet nuclear safety standards. It possesses a modest containment building, and the ECCS systems, though not completely to Western standards, are reasonably comprehensive. Many VVER-440 V213 models possessed by former Soviet bloc countries have been upgraded to fully automated Western-style instrumentation and control systems, improving safety to Western levels for accident prevention - but not for accident containment, which is of a modest level compared to Western plants. These reactors are regarded as "safe enough" by Western standards to continue operation without major modifications, though most owners have performed major modifications to bring them up to generally equivalent levels of nuclear safety. During the 1970s, Finland built two VVER-440 V213 models to Western standards with a large-volume full containment and world-class instrumentation, control standards and an ECCS with multiply redundant and diversified components. In addition, passive safety features such as 900-tonne ice condensers have been installed, making these two units safety-wise the most advanced VVER-440's in the world. The VVER-1000 type has a definitely adequate Western-style containment, the ECCS is sufficient by Western standards, and instrumentation and control has been markedly improved to Western 1970s-era levels. Chernobyl disaster In the Chernobyl disaster the fuel became non-critical when it melted and flowed away from the graphite moderator - however, it took considerable time to cool. The molten core of Chernobyl (that part that did not vaporize in the fire) flowed in a channel created by the structure of its reactor building and froze in place before a core-concrete interaction could happen. In the basement of the reactor at Chernobyl, a large "elephant's foot" of congealed core material was found. Time delay, and prevention of direct emission to the atmosphere, would have reduced the radiological release. If the basement of the reactor building had been penetrated, the groundwater would be severely contaminated, and its flow could carry the contamination far afield. The Chernobyl reactor was an RBMK type. The disaster was caused by a power excursion that led to a meltdown and extensive offsite consequences. Operator error and a faulty shutdown system led to a sudden, massive spike in the neutron multiplication rate, a sudden decrease in the neutron period, and a consequent increase in neutron population; thus, core heat flux very rapidly increased to unsafe levels. This caused the water coolant to flash to steam, causing a sudden overpressure within the reactor pressure vessel (RPV), leading to granulation of the upper portion of the core and the ejection of the upper plenum of said pressure vessel along with core debris from the reactor building in a widely dispersed pattern. The lower portion of the reactor remained somewhat intact; the graphite neutron moderator was exposed to oxygen containing air; heat from the power excursion in addition to residual heat flux from the remaining fuel rods left without coolant induced oxidation in the moderator; this in turn evolved more heat and contributed to the melting of the fuel rods and the outgassing of the fission products contained therein. The liquefied remains of the fuel rods flowed through a drainage pipe into the basement of the reactor building and solidified in a mass later dubbed corium, though the primary threat to the public safety was the dispersed core ejecta and the gasses evolved from the oxidation of the moderator. Although the Chernobyl accident had dire off-site effects, much of the radioactivity remained within the building. If the building were to fail and dust was to be released into the environment then the release of a given mass of fission products which have aged for twenty years would have a smaller effect than the release of the same mass of fission products (in the same chemical and physical form) which had only undergone a short cooling time (such as one hour) after the nuclear reaction has been terminated. However, if a nuclear reaction was to occur again within the Chernobyl plant (for instance if rainwater was to collect and act as a moderator) then the new fission products would have a higher specific activity and thus pose a greater threat if they were released. To prevent a post-accident nuclear reaction, steps have been taken, such as adding neutron poisons to key parts of the basement. The effects of a nuclear meltdown depend on the safety features designed into a reactor. A modern reactor is designed both to make a meltdown unlikely, and to contain one should it occur. In a modern reactor, a nuclear meltdown, whether partial or total, should be contained inside the reactor's containment structure. Thus (assuming that no other major disasters occur) while the meltdown will severely damage the reactor itself, possibly contaminating the whole structure with highly radioactive material, a meltdown alone should not lead to significant radiation release or danger to the public. In practice, however, a nuclear meltdown is often part of a larger chain of disasters (although there have been so few meltdowns in the history of nuclear power that there is not a large pool of statistical information from which to draw a credible conclusion as to what "often" happens in such circumstances). For example, in the Chernobyl accident, by the time the core melted, there had already been a large steam explosion and graphite fire and major release of radioactive contamination (as with almost all Soviet reactors, there was no containment structure at Chernobyl). Also, before a possible meltdown occurs, pressure can already be rising in the reactor, and to prevent a meltdown by restoring the cooling of the core, operators are allowed to reduce the pressure in the reactor by releasing (radioactive) steam into the environment. This enables them to inject additional cooling water into the reactor again. Reactor design Although pressurized water reactors are more susceptible to nuclear meltdown in the absence of active safety measures, this is not a universal feature of civilian nuclear reactors. Much of the research in civilian nuclear reactors is for designs with passive nuclear safety features that may be less susceptible to meltdown, even if all emergency systems failed. For example, pebble bed reactors are designed so that complete loss of coolant for an indefinite period does not result in the reactor overheating. The General Electric ESBWR and Westinghouse AP1000 have passively activated safety systems. The CANDU reactor has two low-temperature and low-pressure water systems surrounding the fuel (i.e. moderator and shield tank) that act as back-up heat sinks and preclude meltdowns and core-breaching scenarios. Fast breeder reactors are more susceptible to meltdown than other reactor types, due to the larger quantity of fissile material and the higher neutron flux inside the reactor core, which makes it more difficult to control the reaction. Accidental fires are widely acknowledged to be risk factors that can contribute to a nuclear meltdown. United States There have been at least eight meltdowns in the history of the United States. All are widely called "partial meltdowns." - BORAX-I was a test reactor designed to explore criticality excursions and observe if a reactor would self limit. In the final test, it was deliberately destroyed and revealed that the reactor reached much higher temperatures than were predicted at the time. - The reactor at EBR-I suffered a partial meltdown during a coolant flow test on November 29, 1955. - The Sodium Reactor Experiment in Santa Susana Field Laboratory was an experimental nuclear reactor which operated from 1957 to 1964 and was the first commercial power plant in the world to experience a core meltdown in July 1959. - Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One (SL-1) was a United States Army experimental nuclear power reactor which underwent a criticality excursion, a steam explosion, and a meltdown on January 3, 1961, killing three operators. - The SNAP8ER reactor at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory experienced damage to 80% of its fuel in an accident in 1964. - The partial meltdown at the Fermi 1 experimental fast breeder reactor, in 1966, required the reactor to be repaired, though it never achieved full operation afterward. - The SNAP8DR reactor at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory experienced damage to approximately a third of its fuel in an accident in 1969. - The Three Mile Island accident, in 1979, referred to in the press as a "partial core melt," led to the permanent shutdown of that reactor. Soviet Union In the most serious example, the Chernobyl disaster, design flaws and operator negligence led to a power excursion that subsequently caused a meltdown. According to a report released by the Chernobyl Forum (consisting of numerous United Nations agencies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Health Organization; the World Bank; and the Governments of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia) the disaster killed twenty-eight people due to acute radiation syndrome, could possibly result in up to four thousand fatal cancers at an unknown time in the future and required the permanent evacuation of an exclusion zone around the reactor. During the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, three of the power plant's six reactors reportedly suffered meltdowns. Most of the fuel in the reactor No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant melted. TEPCO believes No.2 and No.3 reactors were similarly affected. On May 24, 2011, TEPCO reported that all three reactors melted down. Meltdown incidents - There was also a fatal core meltdown at SL-1, an experimental U.S. military reactor in Idaho. Large-scale nuclear meltdowns at civilian nuclear power plants include: - the Lucens reactor, Switzerland, in 1969. - the Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania, U.S.A., in 1979. - the Chernobyl disaster at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine, USSR, in 1986. - the Fukushima I nuclear accidents following the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, March 2011. Other core meltdowns have occurred at: - NRX (military), Ontario, Canada, in 1952 - BORAX-I (experimental), Idaho, U.S.A., in 1954 - EBR-I (military), Idaho, U.S.A., in 1955 - Windscale (military), Sellafield, England, in 1957 (see Windscale fire) - Sodium Reactor Experiment, (civilian), California, U.S.A., in 1959 - Fermi 1 (civilian), Michigan, U.S.A., in 1966 - Chapelcross nuclear power station (civilian), Scotland, in 1967 - Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant (civilian), France, in 1969 - A1 plant, (civilian) at Jaslovské Bohunice, Czechoslovakia, in 1977 - Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant (civilian), France, in 1980 China Syndrome The China syndrome (loss-of-coolant accident) is a fictional nuclear reactor operations accident characterized by the severe meltdown of the core components of the reactor, which then burn through the containment vessel and the housing building, then notionally through the crust and body of the Earth until reaching the other side, which in the United States is jokingly referred to as being China. The system design of the nuclear power plants built in the late 1960s raised questions of operational safety, and raised the concern that a severe reactor accident could release large quantities of radioactive materials into the atmosphere and environment. By 1970, there were doubts about the ability of the emergency cooling systems of a nuclear reactor to prevent a loss of coolant accident and the consequent meltdown of the fuel core; the subject proved popular in the technical and the popular presses. In 1971, in the article Thoughts on Nuclear Plumbing, former Manhattan Project (1942–1946) nuclear physicist Ralph Lapp used the term "China syndrome" to describe a possible burn-through, after a loss of coolant accident, of the nuclear fuel rods and core components melting the containment structures, and the subsequent escape of radioactive material(s) into the atmosphere and environment; the hypothesis derived from a 1967 report by a group of nuclear physicists, headed by W. K. Ergen. In the event, Lapp’s hypothetical nuclear accident was cinematically adapted as The China Syndrome (1979). The geographic, planet-piercing concept of the China syndrome derives from the misperception that China is the antipode of the United States; to many Americans, it is the “the other side of the world”. Moreover, the hypothetical transit of a meltdown product to the other side of the Earth (i.e. China) ignores the fact that the Earth's gravity tends to pull all masses towards its center. Assuming a meltdown product could persist in a mobile molten form for long enough to reach the center of the Earth; momentum loss due to friction (fluid viscosity) would prevent it continuing to the other side. See also - Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident - Chernobyl compared to other radioactivity releases - Chernobyl disaster effects - High-level radioactive waste management - International Nuclear Event Scale - List of civilian nuclear accidents - Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents - Nuclear fuel response to reactor accidents - Nuclear safety - Nuclear power - Nuclear power debate - Martin Fackler (June 1, 2011). "Report Finds Japan Underestimated Tsunami Danger". New York Times. - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2007). IAEA Safety Glossary: Terminology Used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (2007edition ed.). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. ISBN 92-0-100707-8. Retrieved 2009-08-17. - United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) (2009-09-14). "Glossary". Website. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Federal Government of the United States. pp. See Entries for Letter M and Entries for Letter N. Retrieved 2009-10-03. - Reactor safety study: an assessment of accident risks in U.S. commercial nuclear power plants, Volume 1 - Hewitt, Geoffrey Frederick; Collier, John Gordon (2000). "4.6.1 Design Basis Accident for the AGR: Depressurization Fault". Introduction to nuclear power (in Technical English). London, UK: Taylor & Francis. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-56032-454-6. Retrieved 2010-06-05. - "Earthquake Report No. 91". JAIF. May 25, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. - Kuan, P.; Hanson, D. J., Odar, F. (1991). Managing water addition to a degraded core. Retrieved 2010-11-22. - Haskin, F.E.; Camp, A.L. (1994). Perspectives on Reactor Safety (NUREG/CR-6042) (Reactor Safety Course R-800), 1st Edition. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. p. 3.1–5. Retrieved 2010-11-23. - Haskin, F.E.; Camp, A.L. (1994). Perspectives on Reactor Safety (NUREG/CR-6042) (Reactor Safety Course R-800), 1st Edition. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. pp. 3.5–1 to 3.5–4. Retrieved 2010-12-24. - Haskin, F.E.; Camp, A.L. (1994). Perspectives on Reactor Safety (NUREG/CR-6042) (Reactor Safety Course R-800), 1st Edition. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. pp. 3.5–4 to 3.5–5. Retrieved 2010-12-24. - ANS : Public Information : Resources : Special Topics : History at Three Mile Island : What Happened and What Didn't in the TMI-2 Accident - Nuclear Industry in Russia Sells Safety, Taught by Chernobyl - 'Melt-through' at Fukushima? / Govt. suggests situation worse than meltdown http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110607005367.htm - Test Area North - Walker, J. Samuel (2004). Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press), p. 11. - Lapp, Ralph E. "Thoughts on nuclear plumbing." The New York Times, 12 December 1971, pg. E11. - "China Syndrome". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved December 11, 2012. - Presenter: Martha Raddatz (15 March 2011). "ABC World News". ABC. - Allen, P.J.; J.Q. Howieson, H.S. Shapiro, J.T. Rogers, P. Mostert and R.W. van Otterloo (April–June 1990). "Summary of CANDU 6 Probabilistic Safety Assessment Study Results". Nuclear Safety 31 (2): 202–214. - http://www.insc.anl.gov/neisb/neisb4/NEISB_1.1.html INL VVER Sourcebook - Partial Fuel Meltdown Events - ANL-W Reactor History: BORAX I - Wald, Matthew L. (2011-03-11). "Japan Expands Evacuation Around Nuclear Plant". The New York Times. - The Chernobyl Forum: 2003-2005 (2006-04). "Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts". International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 14. Retrieved 2011-01-26. - The Chernobyl Forum: 2003-2005 (2006-04). "Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts". International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 16. Retrieved 2011-01-26. - Hiroko Tabuchi (May 24, 2011). "Company Believes 3 Reactors Melted Down in Japan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
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11,511
Roman siege engines |This article is part of the series on: Military of ancient Rome (portal) 753 BC – AD erals |Roman navy (fleets, admirals)| |Lists of wars and battles| |Decorations and punishments| |Military engineering (castra, siege engines, arches, roads)| |Strategy and tactics| |Frontiers and fortifications (limes, Hadrian's Wall)| Roman siege engines were, for the most part, adapted from Hellenistic siege technology. Relatively small efforts were made to develop the technology; however, the Romans brought an unrelentingly aggressive style to siege warfare that brought them repeated success. Up to the 1st century BC the Romans utilized siege weapons only as required and relied for the most part on ladders, towers and rams to assault a fortified town. Ballistae were also employed, but held no permanent place within a legion's roster, until later in the Republic, and were used sparingly. Julius Caesar took great interest in the integration of advanced siege engines, organizing their use for optimal battlefield efficiency. Army engineering corps To facilitate this organization and the army’s self-sufficiency, an engineering corps was developed. An officer of engineers, or praefectus fabrum, is referenced in armies of the Late Republic, but this post is not verifiable in all accounts and may have simply been a military advisor on the personal staff of a commanding officer. There were legion architects (whose rank is yet unknown) who were responsible for the construction of war machines who would also assure that all artillery constructions in the field were level. Ensuring that constructions were level was the job of the libratores, who would also launch missiles and other projectiles (on occasion) during battle (Le Bohec 1994: 52). The engineering corps was in charge of massive production, frequently prefabricating artillery and siege equipment to facilitate its transportation. Roman artillery was very efficient at that time, and during a siege the Romans would attack the weakest area of their enemy’s defenses and attempt to breach the walls at that point. To support this effort, artillery fire would commence, with three main objectives: to cause damage to defenses, casualties among the opposing army, and loss of enemy morale. It would also provide cover fire for troops building siege ramps or those in siege towers. There were machines called tormenta , which would launch (sometimes incendiary) projectiles such as javelins, arrows, rocks, or beams. These devices were on wheeled platforms to follow the line’s advance. All were “predicated on a principle of physics: a lever was inserted into a skein of twisted horsehair to increase torsion, and when the arm was released, a considerable amount of energy was thus freed”. It was later stated that sinew, instead of twisted hair, provided a better “spring.” These weapons were high-maintenance devices and vulnerable to having their leather, sinew, or hemp skeins affected by wet or even damp, which would cause them to slacken and lose tension, rendering the engine useless. It is somewhat difficult to clearly define and describe Roman artillery, as names are easily confused and historians still do not agree on all definitions. Perhaps best known are the ballista, the onager, and the scorpio. After the absorption of the Ancient Greek City states into the Roman Republic in 146 BC, some advanced Greek technology began to spread across many areas of Roman influence. This included the hugely advantageous military advances the Greeks had made (most notably by Dionysus of Syracuse), as well as all the scientific, mathematical, political and artistic developments. The Romans 'inherited' the torsion powered Ballistae which had by now spread to several cities around the Mediterranean, all of which became Roman spoils of war in time, including one from Pergamum, which was depicted among a pile of 'trophy' weapons in relief on a balustrade. The torsion ballista, developed by Alexander, was a far more complicated weapon than its predecessor, and the Romans developed it even further. Every century (group of 60-100 men) in the Roman army had a ballista by the 1st century AD. It was the command of the chief of the ballista, under whom were the artillery experts, or doctores ballistarum and finally, the artillerymen, or ballistarii. Ballistae were heavy missile weapons, hurling large rocks great distances to damage rampart walls. They resembled large crossbows, rather than catapults. They were powered by two horizontal like arms, which were inserted into two vertical and tightly wound "skein" springs contained in a rectangular frame structure making up the head or principal part of the weapon. The arms were drawn rearward with a winch lever to further twist the skeins and thus gain the torsion power to cast a projectile. It has been said that the whirring sound of a ballista-fired stone struck fear and dread into the hearts of those inside the walls of besieged cities. The stones chosen to be used in the ballista had to be a particular sort. According to Vegetius river stones were best, since they are round, smooth, and dense. Ballista stones found at the site of Masada were chiseled to make them as round as possible. Early Roman ballista The early Roman ballistae were made of wood, and held together with iron plates around the frames and iron nails in the stand. The main stand had a slider on the top, into which were loaded the bolts or stone 'shot'. Attached to this, at the back, was a pair of winches and a claw, used to ratchet the bowstring back to the armed firing position. A slider passed through the field frames of the weapon, in which were located the torsion springs (rope made of animal sinew), which were twisted around the bow arms, which in turn were attached to the bowstring. Drawing the bowstring back with the winches twisted the already taut springs, storing the energy to fire the projectiles. The ballista was a highly accurate weapon (there are many accounts right from its early history of single soldiers being picked off by the operators), but some design aspects meant it could compromise its accuracy for range. The lightweight bolts could not gain the high momentum of the stones over the same distance as those thrown by the later onagers, trebuchets, or mangonels; these could be as heavy as 90-135 kg (200-300 pounds). The Romans continued the development of the Ballista, and it became a highly-prized and valued weapon in the army of the Roman Empire. It was used, just before the start of the Empire, by Julius Caesar during his conquest of Gaul and on both of his expeditions to Britain. Both attempted invasions of Britain and the siege of Alesia are recorded in his own Commentarii (journal), The Gallic Wars (De Bello Gallico). It was also used in the Roman siege of Masada. First invasion of Britain The first invasion of Britain took place in 55 BC, after a rapid and successful initial conquest of Gaul, in part as an exploratory expedition, and more practically to try and put an end to the re-enforcements sent by the native Britons to fight the Romans in Gaul. A total of eighty transports, carrying two legions attempted to land on the British shore, only to be driven back by the many British warriors assembled along the shoreline. The ships had to unload their troops on the beach, as it was the only one suitable for many kilometers, yet the massed ranks of British charioteers and javeliners were making it impossible. Seeing this, Caesar ordered the warships – which were swifter and easier to handle than the transports, and likely to impress the natives more by their unfamiliar appearance – to be removed a short distance from the others, and then be rowed hard and run ashore on the enemy’s right flank, from which position the slings, bows and artillery could be used by men on deck to drive them back. This manoeuvre was highly successful. Scared by the strange shape of the warships, the motion of the oars, and the unfamiliar machines, the natives halted and then retreated a little. (Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, p. 99) Siege of Alesia In Gaul, the stronghold of Alesia was under a Roman siege in 52 BC, and surrounded by Roman fortifications. As was standard siege technique at the time, ballistae were placed up in the towers with other soldiers armed with either bows or slings. The Onager The onager was a post-classical Roman siege engine, which derived its name from the kicking action of the machine, similar to that of an onager (wild ass). It is a type of catapult that uses torsional pressure, generally from twisted rope, to store energy for the shot. The onager consisted of a frame placed on the ground to whose front end a vertical frame of solid timber was rigidly fixed; through the vertical frame ran an axle, which had a single stout spoke. On the extremity of the spoke was a sling used to launch a projectile. In action the spoke was forced down, against the tension of twisted ropes or other springs, by a windlass, and then suddenly released. The spoke thus kicked the crosspiece of the vertical frame, and the projectile at its extreme end was shot forward. The onagers of the Roman Empire were mainly used for besieging forts or settlements. They would often be loaded with large stones or rocks that could be covered with a flammable substance and set alight. In the Middle Ages (recorded from around 1200 C.E.) a less powerful version of the onager was used that employed a fixed bowl rather than a sling, so that many small projectiles could be thrown, as opposed to a single large one. This engine was sometimes called the mangonel, although the same name may have been used for a variety of siege engines. The scorpio was a crossbow-like device that fired smaller arrows with deadly accuracy used both in the field and in sieges. They were so-named for their deadly, armor-piercing sting and could be operated by just one or two men. Scorpions were meant to kill and injure enemy troops, rather than break down enemy fortifications. Thanks to their smaller size, they could be mounted on or in siege towers. During the Siege of Amida, a scorpion-fired arrow killed the son of Grumbate, king of the Chionitae, when he was approaching the city to surrender. There has been some research done into the existence of the self-loading, serial-fire scorpio or polybolos. Legionaries either side would continuously keep turning cranks which turned a chain, which operated the various mechanisms to load and fire the catapult. All that was needed was for another soldier to keep feeding in more arrows. Breaking the walls Battering rams Roman battering rams, or aries, were an effective weapon for breaking down an enemy’s walls, as well as their morale. Under Roman law, any defenders who failed to surrender before the first ram touched their wall were denied any rights. The moment they heard the ram hit the wall, those inside the city knew that the siege proper had begun and there was no turning back. It is an immense beam, similar to a ship’s mast, with one end covered with iron shaped into a ram’s head; hence its name. It is suspended from another beam like a balance arm by cables around its middle, and this in turn is supported at both ends by posts fixed in the ground. It is drawn back by a huge number of men who then push it forward in unison with all their might so that it hits the wall with its iron head. There is no tower strong enough nor any wall thick enough to withstand repeated blows of this kind, and many cannot resist the first shock. For protection, a battering ram was suspended in a mobile shelter called a tortoise, or testudo. According to Vegetius, it was given this name because the ram would swing out of the shelter much like a tortoise’s head comes out of its shell. Such shelters would provide the men within protection against missiles and incendiary devices. They were constructed from a framework of strong timbers with planks and wicker hurdles on the sides. The entire shelter would then be covered with a fireproof material such as uncured hides. According to Apollodorus of Damascus, the shelter should be fixed to the ground while the ram was being used to both prevent skidding and strain on the axles from the weight of the moving apparatus. This would also increase the strength of the impact on the walls. Siege towers According to Josephus, the Roman siege towers at Jotapata were 50 feet high and iron-plated to protect them from fire; those at Masada were reported to be 75 feet high. It was possible to have many different devices on siege towers, such as artillery, draw bridges and rams. Those at the top of the tower were to keep defenders off the walls while those below them attempted to breach the wall using ramps. Following a basic design, details of tower construction varied from siege to siege and there is no known treatise which specifies at which level siege equipment should be placed. Vegetius noted that, “besiegers sometimes built a tower with another turret inside it that could suddenly be raised by ropes and pulleys to over-top the wall”. Mines could be dug under city walls as a means of entering a city secretly and capturing it but were more frequently constructed to weaken city walls. Once dug, sappers would underpin the walls with wood and cause the walls to collapse by firing the supports with resin, sulfur and other incendiary materials. - Goldsworthy 2000: 144 - Keppie 1984: 99 - Le Bohec 1994: 138 - Catapulta at LegionXXIV - Le Bohec 1994: p. 138 - Le Bohec 1994: p. 49 - Garrison 1997. - Goldsworthy 2000: 191 - Siege weapons at roman-empire.net - Goldsworthy 2000: p. 145 - Gilliver 1999: p. 140 - Le Bohec 1994: p. 139 - Gilliver 1999: pp. 134-135 - Gilliver 1999: p. 138 - Gilliver 1999: pp. 136-137. - Gilliver 1999: 138 - Gilliver 1999: 140 - James V. Garrison (1997). "Casting stones: ballista, stones as weapons, and death by stoning". Brigham Young University Studies 36 (3): 351–352. - Gilliver, C.M. (1999). The Roman Art of War. Charleston, SC: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1939-0. - Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000). Roman Warfare. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35265-9. - Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army from Empire to Republic. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-389-20447-1. - Le Bohec, Yann (1994). The Imperial Roman Army. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. ISBN 0-7134-7166-2. See also
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Signal-to-noise ratio (often abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. It is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power. A ratio higher than 1:1 indicates more signal than noise. While SNR is commonly quoted for electrical signals, it can be applied to any form of signal (such as isotope levels in an ice core or biochemical signaling between cells). Signal-to-noise ratio is sometimes used informally to refer to the ratio of useful information to false or irrelevant data in a conversation or exchange. For example, in online discussion forums and other online communities, off-topic posts and spam are regarded as "noise" that interferes with the "signal" of appropriate discussion. where P is average power. Both signal and noise power must be measured at the same or equivalent points in a system, and within the same system bandwidth. If the signal and the noise are measured across the same impedance, then the SNR can be obtained by calculating the square of the amplitude ratio: where A is root mean square (RMS) amplitude (for example, RMS voltage). Because many signals have a very wide dynamic range, SNRs are often expressed using the logarithmic decibel scale. In decibels, the SNR is defined as which may equivalently be written using amplitude ratios as The concepts of signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range are closely related. Dynamic range measures the ratio between the strongest un-distorted signal on a channel and the minimum discernable signal, which for most purposes is the noise level. SNR measures the ratio between an arbitrary signal level (not necessarily the most powerful signal possible) and noise. Measuring signal-to-noise ratios requires the selection of a representative or reference signal. In audio engineering, the reference signal is usually a sine wave at a standardized nominal or alignment level, such as 1 kHz at +4 dBu (1.228 VRMS). SNR is usually taken to indicate an average signal-to-noise ratio, as it is possible that (near) instantaneous signal-to-noise ratios will be considerably different. The concept can be understood as normalizing the noise level to 1 (0 dB) and measuring how far the signal 'stands out'. Difference from conventional power In Physics power (physics) of an ac signal is defined as But in Signal Processing and Communication we usually assume that so that usually we don't include that resistance term while measuring power or energy of a signal. This usually causes some confusions among readers but the resistance term is not significant for operations performed in signal processing. Most of cases the power of a signal would be where 'A' is the amplitude of the ac signal. In some places people just use as the constant term doesn't affect much during the calculations. Alternative definition where is the signal mean or expected value and is the standard deviation of the noise, or an estimate thereof.[note 2] Notice that such an alternative definition is only useful for variables that are always non-negative (such as photon counts and luminance). Thus it is commonly used in image processing, where the SNR of an image is usually calculated as the ratio of the mean pixel value to the standard deviation of the pixel values over a given neighborhood. Sometimes SNR is defined as the square of the alternative definition above. The Rose criterion (named after Albert Rose) states that an SNR of at least 5 is needed to be able to distinguish image features at 100% certainty. An SNR less than 5 means less than 100% certainty in identifying image details. SNR for various modulation systems Amplitude modulation Channel signal-to-noise ratio is given by where W is the bandwidth and ka is modulation index Output signal-to-noise ratio (of AM receiver) is given by Frequency modulation Channel signal-to-noise ratio is given by Output signal-to-noise ratio is given by Improving SNR in practice All real measurements are disturbed by noise. This includes electronic noise, but can also include external events that affect the measured phenomenon — wind, vibrations, gravitational attraction of the moon, variations of temperature, variations of humidity, etc., depending on what is measured and of the sensitivity of the device. It is often possible to reduce the noise by controlling the environment. Otherwise, when the characteristics of the noise are known and are different from the signals, it is possible to filter it or to process the signal. For example, it is sometimes possible to use a lock-in amplifier to modulate and confine the signal within a very narrow bandwidth and then filter the detected signal to the narrow band where it resides, thereby eliminating most of the broadband noise. When the signal is constant or periodic and the noise is random, it is possible to enhance the SNR by averaging the measurement. In this case the noise goes down as the square root of the number of averaged samples. Digital signals When a measurement is digitised, the number of bits used to represent the measurement determines the maximum possible signal-to-noise ratio. This is because the minimum possible noise level is the error caused by the quantization of the signal, sometimes called Quantization noise. This noise level is non-linear and signal-dependent; different calculations exist for different signal models. Quantization noise is modeled as an analog error signal summed with the signal before quantization ("additive noise"). This theoretical maximum SNR assumes a perfect input signal. If the input signal is already noisy (as is usually the case), the signal's noise may be larger than the quantization noise. Real analog-to-digital converters also have other sources of noise that further decrease the SNR compared to the theoretical maximum from the idealized quantization noise, including the intentional addition of dither. Although noise levels in a digital system can be expressed using SNR, it is more common to use Eb/No, the energy per bit per noise power spectral density. The modulation error ratio (MER) is a measure of the SNR in a digitally modulated signal. Fixed point Assuming a uniform distribution of input signal values, the quantization noise is a uniformly distributed random signal with a peak-to-peak amplitude of one quantization level, making the amplitude ratio 2n/1. The formula is then: This relationship is the origin of statements like "16-bit audio has a dynamic range of 96 dB". Each extra quantization bit increases the dynamic range by roughly 6 dB. Assuming a full-scale sine wave signal (that is, the quantizer is designed such that it has the same minimum and maximum values as the input signal), the quantization noise approximates a sawtooth wave with peak-to-peak amplitude of one quantization level and uniform distribution. In this case, the SNR is approximately Floating point Note that the dynamic range is much larger than fixed-point, but at a cost of a worse signal-to-noise ratio. This makes floating-point preferable in situations where the dynamic range is large or unpredictable. Fixed-point's simpler implementations can be used with no signal quality disadvantage in systems where dynamic range is less than 6.02m. The very large dynamic range of floating-point can be a disadvantage, since it requires more forethought in designing algorithms. Optical SNR Optical signals have a carrier frequency that is much higher than the modulation frequency (about 200 THz and more). This way the noise covers a bandwidth that is much wider than the signal itself. The resulting signal influence relies mainly on the filtering of the noise. To describe the signal quality without taking the receiver into account, the optical SNR (OSNR) is used. The OSNR is the ratio between the signal power and the noise power in a given bandwidth. Most commonly a reference bandwidth of 0.1 nm is used. This bandwidth is independent of the modulation format, the frequency and the receiver. For instance an OSNR of 20dB/0.1 nm could be given, even the signal of 40 GBit DPSK would not fit in this bandwidth. OSNR is measured with an optical spectrum analyzer. See also - The connection between optical power and voltage in an imaging system is linear. This usually means that the SNR of the electrical signal is calculated by the 10 log rule. With an interferometric system, however, where interest lies in the signal from one arm only, the field of the electromagnetic wave is proportional to the voltage (assuming that the intensity in the second, the reference arm is constant). Therefore the optical power of the measurement arm is directly proportional to the electrical power and electrical signals from optical interferometry are following the 20 log rule. - The exact methods may vary between fields. For example, if the signal data are known to be constant, then can be calculated using the standard deviation of the signal. If the signal data are not constant, then can be calculated from data where the signal is zero or relatively constant. - Often special filters are used to weight the noise: DIN-A, DIN-B, DIN-C, DIN-D, CCIR-601; for video, special filters such as comb filters may be used. - Maximum possible full scale signal can be charged as peak-to-peak or as RMS. Audio uses RMS, Video P-P, which gave +9 dB more SNR for video. - Michael A. Choma, Marinko V. Sarunic, Changhuei Yang, Joseph A. Izatt. Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. Optics Express, 11(18). Sept 2003. - D. J. Schroeder (1999). Astronomical optics (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-12-629810-9. - Bushberg, J. T., et al., The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, (2e). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, p. 280. - Rafael C. González, Richard Eugene Woods (2008). Digital image processing. Prentice Hall. p. 354. ISBN 0-13-168728-X. - Tania Stathaki (2008). Image fusion: algorithms and applications. Academic Press. p. 471. ISBN 0-12-372529-1. - Jitendra R. Raol (2009). Multi-Sensor Data Fusion: Theory and Practice. CRC Press. ISBN 1-4398-0003-0. - John C. Russ (2007). The image processing handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-7254-2. - Defining and Testing Dynamic Parameters in High-Speed ADCs — Maxim Integrated Products Application note 728 - Fixed-Point vs. Floating-Point DSP for Superior Audio — Rane Corporation technical library - Taking the Mystery out of the Infamous Formula,"SNR = 6.02N + 1.76dB," and Why You Should Care. Analog Devices - ADC and DAC Glossary – Maxim Integrated Products - Understand SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD, THD + N, and SFDR so you don't get lost in the noise floor – Analog Devices - The Relationship of dynamic range to data word size in digital audio processing - Calculation of signal-to-noise ratio, noise voltage, and noise level - Learning by simulations – a simulation showing the improvement of the SNR by time averaging - Dynamic Performance Testing of Digital Audio D/A Converters - Fundamental theorem of analog circuits: a minimum level of power must be dissipated to maintain a level of SNR
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July 24, 2011 The photo above shows a lovely group of mushrooms nestled against the trunk of a eucalyptus tree. The association between the fungi and the tree however is no accident. This is a mutualistic relationship, where the two species assist each other, and in fact probably would be poorer without each other. Mutualism is any relationship between two species of organisms that benefits both species. Up to a quarter of the mushrooms you see while walking through the woods actually make their living through a mutualistic relationship with the trees in the forest. Remember of course that the mushroom is just the reproductive structure of a far more extensive organism consisting of a highly intertwined mass of fine white threads called a mycelium. The word mycorrhiza is derived from the Classical Greek words for "mushroom" and "root." In a mycorrhizal association, the fungal hyphae of an underground mycelium are in contact with plant roots but without the fungus parasitizing the plant. While it's clear that the majority of plants form mycorrhizas, the exact percentage is uncertain, but it's likely to lie somewhere between 80 and 90 percent. When the fungus’ mycelium envelopes the roots of the tree the effect is to greatly increase the soil area covered by the tree’s root system. This essentially extends the plant’s reach to water and nutrients, allowing it to utilize more of the soil’s resources. This mutualistic association provides the fungus with a relatively constant and direct access to carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose, supplied by the plant. In return the plant gains the benefits of the mycelium's higher absorptive capacity for water and mineral nutrients (due to comparatively large surface area of mycelium-to-root ratio), thus improving the plant's mineral absorption capabilities. Photo taken on May 7, 2011. Photo details: Camera Maker: Canon; Camera Model: Canon EOS 50D; Focal Length: 70.0mm; Aperture: f/10.0; Exposure Time: 0.013 s (1/80); ISO equiv: 1250; Exposure Bias: -1.00 EV; Metering Mode: Matrix; Exposure: aperture priority (semi-auto); White Balance: Auto; Flash Fired: No (enforced); Orientation: Normal; Color Space: sRGB.
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Part 2: Prefurbia Incorporates Flow - By Rick Harrison - Oct 01, 2010 For the past four decades, the automotive industry has invested billions in fuel efficiency and reducing drag and, at the same time, significantly added to the average engine horsepower. While government has focused on the vehicle, no steps have been taken to make neighborhood streets more efficient. The management of a new era of design dedicated to reducing time and energy while transiting through a neighborhood is called "flow." In Prefurbia, flow is essential to neighborhood sustainability. Getting a vehicle in motion (Phase 1), cruising (Phase 2) and stopping or slowing (Phase 3) are the three phases of a “segment cycle.” A segment begins upon entry to a street and ends when a driver stops or slows down to turn or enter another street. Phase 1 involves the time and energy needed to get a one- to two-ton (or more) vehicle moving from a stop to a target residential speed. In some areas, this could be from 20 miles per hour to 30 mph. Phase 1 consumes the most energy and typically the most time. Phase 2 uses the least time and less energy than Phase 1. Phase 3 consumes almost as much time as Phase 1, but with new braking technology, this phase can actually generate energy. Reducing the number of Phase 1 segments lowers the amount of energy consumed. Similarly, reducing the number of Phase 1 and 3 segments also shortens the time needed to travel. At 30 mph, the distance needed to accelerate and then stop comfortably is about 400 feet. In traditional planning processes, designers give little (if any) attention to the flow of traffic. Very few homes are located on an entry street, requiring 90 percent of the residents to travel a minimum of two segment cycles. About half the residents have to use three segment cycles to reach their homes. In Prefurbia, most residents can get home with just one segment cycle, and only a few others have two segment cycles. The length of Phase 2 is critical. In the conventional subdivision, for the most part, the distance along each segment cycle is quite short with some so small that Phase 2 is never reached. This design may be so inconvenient from a flow standpoint that the driver is "encouraged" to accelerate to make up for the time. Segment cycles within the Prefurbia neighborhood are long, enabling a driver more time in Phase 2. Note the cul-de-sac on the right in Figure 3. Why didn't the designer reverse the street to loop the cul-de-sac the other way, reducing the segment length from the entry to the end of the cul-de-sac? Prefurbia is a balance of economics, environment, and existence so the designer must weigh each benefit and derive a design that serves each of the three “Es” well. In this case, the geometry of the area better achieves efficiency with the current configuration. Also, having an intersection serving 30 homes as soon as a driver enters the neighborhood is not the best for safety. On the other side of the site, there is such an intersection but it serves fewer lots. Finally, the cul-de-sac provides a nice entrance void of street intersections. The homes pulled away from the street give the impression of low density. If a street was placed at this point, entering the neighborhood would not have this welcome feel. In Prefurbia, designers use [www.performanceplanningsystem.com/trafficdiffuers] traffic diffusers, which maintain flow on the primary traffic street while providing the functionality of a roundabout. From a pollution standpoint – addressing the auto industry without addressing planning is like requiring frosting to have no calories yet use the frosting on a high fat, sugar laden cake Reducing environmental impacts Prefurbia reduces waste and employs more efficient forms of design. The method represents a reversal of how technology in land development is used, replacing lots per minute (LPM) automation with the art of neighborhood design. It’s time for technology to be used to construct great neighborhoods for families to thrive. By exceeding the minimums, designers can deliver economic and environmental advantages. There are only a few situations in which a tight grid pattern designed to minimums is the optimum solution from a geometric perspective. Such a site must closely conform to the dimensions needed to stack lots, with a fairly flat topography and long blocks that have few cross streets. Here are a few examples that demonstrate better efficiency gains through design. Figure 1 shows two cul-de-sac’s side by side. Both use the following minimums: - 25-foot front yard setback, - 5-foot side yard setback, - 80-foot lot width at the setback, and - 60-foot cul-de-sac minimum radii. The conventional subdivision (left) has four premium lots with larger rear yards. The lots are set along a street void of traffic, which are the two main features that make a typical cul-de-sac lot demand premiums. The distance between home fronts is a minimum of 170 feet face to face, providing a feel of very low density. With 8,500 square feet of paving, serving very few lots, standard cul-de-sacs are terrible for the environment and very inefficient. Four 80-foot-wide standard lots facing each other would need only 4,800 square feet (160 x 30) of street paving. The conventional cul-de-sac in this case is 44 percent less efficient, requiring that much more in paving costs and environmental impacts. Snow removal for those that live in the north and municipal costs to maintain those premium lots are both 44 percent greater. Exceeding minimums can seem magical. The second cul-de-sac (right) exceeds the minimums. The end circle is greater with a 160-foot (versus 120 foot) diameter, and the homes are set back further than the minimum. The lot width at the front setback line remains at the 80-foot minimum. The street along the cul-de-sac is different, now a one-way street because that is how people drive along a cul-de-sac and a larger radius justifies a one-way lane with a central landscaped park. Instead of 8,500 square feet of paving, this cul-de-sac has 7,400 square feet (13 percent less) serving eight instead of four premium lots. Eight standard lots along a street facing each other would require 9,600 square feet of paving. By exceeding the minimums, the designer increased efficiency by 23 percent over standard rectangular lots. The central island can be used for a neighborhood park or for rain gardens, or a combination to further add character and reduce environmental impacts. When the island is used to filter stormwater, there would be no mountable curbs to pay for, reducing costs even more. A wide walk extends through the neighborhood. The driveways become longer, but they are tapered and use the Prefurbia method of sculpting with organic lanes, so they consume similar surface area to a standard driveway, even though they are longer. Density is a function of how many lots a designer can fit along the front setback line. In order to stretch the front setback length to gain density (when the minimum setback guarantees the front of the home is exactly parallel to the curb), the designer also must stretch the street. To gain density, the designer consumes the site with street, which is a poor choice for the environment and economics. The cul-de-sac example increases the setback depth, which is still somewhat concentric to the traffic circle. With Prefurbia, designers can totally separate the relationship between front setback and street where road paving, walks, and homes all form their own organized sculpted shapes. Coving is the first organized planning method that separates the rigid parallel relationship between the front of the home and curb of the street. Efficiency varies, but a 25 percent gain in efficiency compared to conventional design is about the average. Imagine a world with 25 percent less construction costs and environmental impacts. An organic free-form design will almost always conform to the natural surface area much easier than a rigid pattern. With the gain in efficiency, monotony is a thing of the past, each lot takes on a unique shape making it virtually impossible to utilize a LPM technology.
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Peel-and-Stick Solar Cells Available in Near Future The NREL and Stanford are teaming up to develop peel-and-stick solar cells, which could become devices to charge battery operated products, such as cell phones, in the future. Peel-and-stick, or water-assisted transfer printing (WTP), technologies were developed by the Stanford group and have been used before for nanowire based electronics, but the Stanford-NREL (U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory) partnership has conducted the first successful demonstration using actual thin film solar cells. The university and NREL showed that thin-film solar cells less than one-micron thick can be removed from a silicon substrate used for fabrication by dipping them in water at room temperature. Then, after exposure to heat of about 90°C for a few seconds, they can attach to almost any surface. NREL’s cells could be made easily on Stanford’s peel off substrate. NREL’s amorphous silicon cells were fabricated on nickel-coated Si/SiO2 wafers. A thermal release tape attached to the top of the solar cell serves as a temporary transfer holder. An optional transparent protection layer is spin-casted in between the thermal tape and the solar cell to prevent contamination when the device is dipped in water. The result is a thin strip much like a bumper sticker: the user can peel off the handler and apply the solar cell directly to a surface. The cells’ ability to adhere to a universal substrate is unusual; most thin-film cells must be affixed to a special substrate. The peel-and-stick approach allows the use of flexible polymer substrates and high processing temperatures. The resulting flexible, lightweight, and transparent devices then can be integrated onto curved surfaces such as military helmets and portable electronics, transistors and sensors.
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United Arab Emirates Morris, Mervyn J. (2009) United Arab Emirates. In Dana, Leo-Paul, Han, Mary, Ratten, Vanessa, & Welpe, Isabell (Eds.) Handbook of Research on Asian Entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp. 361-367. |Sample (PDF 1788Kb) | Administrators only | Request a copy from author The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is part of the geographic region known as the Middle East. With a land mass of 82,000 square kilometres, predominantly desert and mountains it is bordered by Oman, Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Gulf. The UAE is strategically located due to its proximity to other oil rich Middle Eastern countries such as Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. The UAE was formed from a federation of seven emirates (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman, Fujuriah, and Um Al Quain) in December 1971 (Ras Al Khaimah did not join the federation until 1972) (Heard-bey, 2004, 370). Abu Dhabi is the political capital, and the richest emirate; while Dubai is the commercial centre. The majority of the population of the various Emirates live along the coast line as sources of fresh water often heavily influenced the site of different settlements. Unlike some near neighbours (Iran and Iraq) the UAE has not undergone any significant political instability since it was formed in 1971. Due to this early British influences the UAE has had very strong political and economic ties with first Britain, and, more recently, the United States of America (Rugh, 2007). Until the economic production of oil in the early 1960’s the different Emirates had survived on a mixture of primary industry (dates), farming (goats and camels), pearling and subsidies from Britain (Davidson 2005, 3; Hvit, 2007, 565) Along with near neighbours Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, the UAE is part of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), a trading bloc. (Hellyer, 2001, 166-168). Citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases. These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science generally from 1980 onwards. Citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search. |Item Type:||Book Chapter| |Keywords:||Entrepreneurship , United Arab Emirates| |Subjects:||Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > COMMERCE MANAGEMENT TOURISM AND SERVICES (150000) > BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT (150300) > Entrepreneurship (150304)| |Divisions:||Current > Research Centres > Australian Centre for Business Research| Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > QUT Business School Current > Schools > School of Management |Copyright Owner:||Copyright 2009 Edward Elgar Publishing| |Deposited On:||28 Oct 2009 09:08| |Last Modified:||10 Aug 2012 09:20| Repository Staff Only: item control page
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Thursday, April 26, 2012 - 15:21 in Paleontology & Archaeology One of the most debated developments in human history is the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies. Scientists have now shown that agriculture spread to Northern Europe via migration from Southern Europe. - Genes shed light on spread of agriculture in Stone Age EuropeThu, 26 Apr 2012, 16:27:50 EDT - Europe's first farmers replaced their Stone Age hunter-gatherer forerunnersThu, 3 Sep 2009, 16:18:12 EDT - Northern hunters slowed down advance of Neolithic farmersThu, 3 Feb 2011, 9:33:40 EST - Ancient cooking pots reveal gradual transition to agricultureMon, 24 Oct 2011, 17:35:00 EDT - Jawbone found in England is from the earliest known modern human in northwestern EuropeWed, 2 Nov 2011, 17:38:40 EDT
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From the World Heritage inscription: Founded, according to legend, by Romulus and Remus in 753 BC, Rome was first the centre of the Roman Republic, then of the Roman Empire, and it became the capital of the Christian world in the 4th century. The World Heritage site, extended in 1990 to the walls of Urban VIII, includes some of the major monuments of antiquity such as the Forums, the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Mausoleum of Hadrian, the Pantheon, Trajan’s Column and the Column of Marcus Aurelius, as well as the religious and public buildings of papal Rome. The Historic Center of Rome is probably one of the most significant, historical, and impressive world heritage sites in the world. Like sites I’ve seen in Kyoto, Jerusalem or Angkor, there is a whole city of sites which could be world heritage sites on their own. The most significant and recognizable location in Rome is the Colosseum which was recently named as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.
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221
, on a low plateau draining into the basins of the Bristol Channel , the English Channel , and the eastward-flowing Thames . Oh, and home . It is surrounded by the counties of Gloucestershire Trowbridge is the administrative centre of Wiltshire for reasons that seem to escape pretty much all of the local inabitants. Trowbridge is, after all, a nasty little hole full of 1970s council buildings and a sausage factory. Surely Salisbury or even Swindon would have been a much better choice? The administrative, geographic, and historic counties occupy slightly different areas. The administrative county of Wiltshire comprises four districts—Salisbury (in the south), West Wiltshire, Kennet in the east, named for the river Kennet and North Wiltshire. The geographic county encompasses the entire administrative county together with the unitary authority of Swindon. The historic county of Wiltshire is nearly the same as the geographic county but also includes a small area north of Sherston in the Cotswolds, and thus administratively controlled by Gloucestershire, but we'll get it back, damn their eyes. Much of Wiltshire is made up of chalk hills. Salisbury Plain occupies central Wiltshire but not many people go near there since most of it is Crown Land and reserved for the Armed Forces to play soldiers on. North of the River Kennet are the Marlborough Downs, which make up one side of the Vale of the White Horse. Along the county's western border rise parts of the Cotswolds, a range of limestone hills. Between these two upland areas lie the clay valleys of Wardour and Pewsey. South of Trowbridge the valleys are fairly heavily forested in contrast to the open, rolling countryside of the uplands. Savernake Forest was the last known refuge of the English black bear for a very long time. Parts of the Marlborough Downs, the Cotswolds, and the Vale of Pewsey have been designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Of course, in real terms all that this actually means is that building a bloody great housing estate there is more expensive than elsewhere, requiring one to own many more politicians and local councillors than one would need to in, for example, Melksham. In prehistoric times the chalk uplands were the most heavily populated parts of England, and Wiltshire has many prehistoric monuments. Stonehenge, about 8 miles north of Salisbury, dates from the Neolithic Period and its use by prehistoric peoples has been a topic of much debate. The predominant local theory is that either it's a huge bong that no-one's found the mouthpiece from yet or that it was constructed on perfectly good arable land by neolithic Wiltshiremen in a (very successful) effort to irritate their decendants. There are plenty of other important Neolithic monuments nearby, including those at Avebury and Windmill Hill. The latter is believed by those credulous fools from universities to have been a centre of ritual and of seasonal tribal fasting in the 4th millennium BC but these are the kind of people who say crop circles were made by aliens, so what can you expect? The former is a big stone circle with a pub in the middle and is therefore of at least some value. Long Neolithic burial mounds, or barrows, are all over the place as are round burial mounds from the Bronze Age. The ancient practise of building large mounds of earth over dead people is suspected locally to be a means of making certain that the buggers don't get out. Durrington Walls, a large ditch-enclosed ceremonial earthwork, dates from the late 3rd millennium BC, apparently. These days it hosts the occassional rave. Plus ca change, plus c'est la meme chose. During the Iron Age, hill forts were constructed, such as those at Yarnbury Castle, near Berwick St. James, and at Old Sarum, outside Salisbury. The county has played a role in national affairs in as much as any county can be said to have done so. There are Roman remains all over the place, and in the Middle Ages, sheep farming by Cistercian monks was probably the most important activity. Oliver Cromwell won a decisive battle against the Royalists just outside Devizes and King Alfred the Great soundly kicked the Danes' collective arse just outside of Chippenham. Salisbury has long been the ecclesiastical centre of the county and is renowned for its 13th-century cathedral which apparently still has the tallest church spire in Britain. Salisbury is unusual in that the building of elegant crescents in the Georgian period never really caught on there, so the city is still faithfully Tudor in design. In the Northwest of the county there a couple of places that visitors call "quaint" and think are authentic. Well, there's one born every minute, after all. The first is Lacock, an entire village owned by the National Trust. Lacock is steadfastly 16th Century apart from the Volvos and is regularly annexed by the BBC so they can do yet another interminable Jane Austen costume drama. It has three really good pubs, an abbey that was unabbeyfied during the Reformation and later served as home to the father of modern photography, William Henry Fox Talbot and tourists are available for shooting all year round. Another is Castle Combe, a wool-village with a working mill and a manor house that stems from the same period but is even more picturesque. I know people who think heaven will look Castle Combe. It is noticeable for, among other things, the largest number of antique shops per capita of anywhere in the world. The last that i shall mention is the village my family are from. It's a hamlet called Sandy Lane where all the houses are quaintly thatched and there's even a thatched, wooden church dating from the Norman Conquest - the only one of its kind remaining in the UK. Finally, the one thing that may surprise you, is that Wiltshire is big. It comprises of just over 1,255 square miles. Not exactly Texan but for the South of England, that's pretty huge. In this size, there's room for a lot of cool stuff. Ignore my sarcasm, Wiltshire is well worth a visit.
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1,335
Should wellheads be above or below the ground surface? Posted: June 2, 2010 Many private well owners in Pennsylvania have wellheads that are buried below the surface of the ground. This may be appealing to homeowners that don’t like looking at a pipe sticking up in the middle of their yard, but research studies have demonstrated a clear benefit to having an extended wellhead. What problems can a buried well cause? Wells that are buried below the ground can have numerous disadvantages to wells that are extended above the ground surface. The most obvious disadvantage is that the well is not easily accessible by the well driller in the event that it needs to be serviced. Often the homeowner is unaware of the wells exact location underground, which can lead to added expense if the driller needs to do some investigating. Wells buried below the ground surface are also more susceptible to bacterial contamination. Research studies conducted at Penn State University have found that wells buried in pits are more likely to have the presence of coliform bacteria than wells that are extended above the earth’s surface. What can you do to fix your buried well? Fortunately, it is not usually difficult to extend a wellhead above the ground. A qualified water well driller should be able to weld or thread extra casing to your existing well and raise it above the ground. If the well was buried in a pit, it should be filled in with bentonite grout to the land surface. A sanitary or vermin-proof well cap should also be installed on the newly extended casing to ensure that surface contamination can not enter the well. As an added protection, the ground should be sloped away from your wellhead in all directions to prevent any surface water from ponding around the well. After having the well extended, it would be a wise to take a sample of your drinking water to a state certified water testing lab for analysis. If the water tests positive for coliform bacteria then steps should be taken to disinfect the well. Information on coliform bacteria can be found at the link below. How high should the well casing be extended above the ground? Any distance is better than having it buried below ground, but it is ideal to extend the well casing at least 12 inches above the ground surface.
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A. There is an instant at which the string is completely straight. B. When the two pulses interfere, the energy of the pulses is momentarily zero. C. There is a point on the string that does not move up or down. D. There are several points on the string that do not move up or down. E. A and C are both true. F. B and D are both true.
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89
There was a great piece in The New York Times last week on vegetable consumption in the U.S. The article was prompted by a recent CDC study, which found that only 26% of Americans eat three or more servings of vegetables per day; disappointing news but hardly a surprise. Most of those interviewed in the article take a pessimistic tone when responding to the study’s findings. Here are a couple illustrative quotes: “Eating vegetables is a lot less fun than eating flavor-blasted Doritos,” said Marcia Mogelonsly, a senior analyst for Mintel, a global marketing firm. “You will always have to fight that.” “There is nothing you can say that will get people to eat more veggies,” said Harry Balzer, the chief industry analyst for the NPD Group, a market research company. …“Before we want health, we want taste, we want convenience and we want low cost.” Despite the article’s generally dour tone, it did provide strong academic support for a key component of a better food system – edible gardens that are integrated into school curriculum: Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, spent three years examining the difference between children who participated in the Berkeley Unified School District’s “edible schoolyard” program, in which gardening and cooking are woven into the school day, and children who didn’t. The students who gardened ate one and half servings more of fruits and vegetables a day than those who weren’t in the program. What better way to make vegetables exciting than to establish a personal connection with the growing process. Plus, I’m going to wager that the fresh tomatoes from those edible schoolyards taste a whole lot better than the canned alternatives. Produce photo from Flickr user Mckaysavage, accessed 10/4/10. Creative Commons.
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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the ‘Chalchiuhtotolin’ tag. In our ongoing exploration of underworld gods, we have come across all sorts of animal divinities. The ultra-modern Japanese still venerate Namazu a vast chthonic catfish god. Contemporary Inuits worship Sedna, walrus/cetacean goddess of the cold depths. The rational Greeks imagined a great three-headed dog guarding Tartarus. There are so many giant serpents from different cultures that they create an entire subset of underworld gods: some of these snake beings are bigger than the world and longer than the oceans. They range from kind creators like Nuwa to monsters like the Midgard serpent to indescribable cosmic forces like the rainbow serpent. There are dark swans and mystery animals, but where in this worldwide pantheon/bestiary are my favorite birds? Where are the turkey gods? Well, turkeys are from the Americas, they were sacred to the original inhabitants (and have been discovered buried alongside humans with ceremonial pomp–or even by themselves on altars). However the Americas were swept by a great wave of diseases which was followed by waves of European colonizers. When the Native Americans were killed by plague or assimilated by Europeans, many of their deities vanished. The Spaniards were delighted to find domesticated turkeys in the ruins of the Aztec empire and they shipped them off to Spain as farm animals (whereas it seems they may have been originally domesticated for their feathers). However even now we know a little bit about important Aztec turkey deities. Chalchiuhtotolin, “Precious Night Turkey” was a god of plague who ruled thirteen days of the Aztec calendar from 1 Water to 13 Crocodile (the thirteen preceding days were in fact ruled by Xolotl, hapless god of misfortune, who was instrumental in the creation of humankind). Little is known concerning Chalchiuhtotolin, except that he was magnificent and terrible to behold. As a plague god he holds a somewhat ironic place in Aztec cosmology (since the Aztecs were defeated and destroyed more directly by smallpox then by Cortes). It is theorized that Chalchiuhtotolin was an animal aspect of Tezcatlipoca, one of the central gods of Aztec mythology (who was more famous in his ferocious manifestation as a jaguar). Tezcatlipoca was one of the four cardinal gods of direction, ruling the North (which was a realm of darkness and sorcery to the Mesoamericans). Tezcatlipoca was based on earlier Mayan and Olmec divinities. One of his legs was missing, since he sacrificed it to the crocodilian earthmonster called Cipactli in order to fashion the world. A god of night, wind, obsidian, warriors, and slaves, Tezcatlipoca was eternally opposed by the Mayan hero god Quetzalcoatl, “the Feathered Serpent”, a sky god, and lord of the West. A great deal of Aztec mythology including the story of the creation of this world (not to mention the creation and destruction of many others) involves the fractious push-and-pull rivalry between Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl.
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689
Imager shows cross-sections of everyday objects – analog version GE shows how their body imaging technology can take detailed pictures of insides without cutting, using fruit, a baseball, engine motor, and violin to demonstrate. Many body imaging devices follow a principle called tomography (the 'T' in CT, PET and SPECT systems), which take images of body "slices" using everything from projection data to powerful magnets. But have you ever wondered how such routine procedures can help clinicians see things that used to require a sharp knife? Watch how GE's body imaging technology can paint a bigger picture of what’s happening beneath our skin. Update: I wasn't paying close enough attention, and it turns out that these are actual, physical sliced objects. Like, with a saw. Now I'm left wondering what the point is.
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173
Just recently it was reported that biologists from the University of Nevada at Reno have been routinely observing unusually large goldfish in the pristine waters of Lake Tahoe in Northern California. This phenomenon has caught the attention of the California State Fish and Game Department who have instituted routine patrols to seek out what they consider to be a dangerous invasive species. The scientists speculate that the giant goldfish were introduced in the Lake Tahoe by so-called “aquarium dumpers,” well-meaning people who when they were no longer able to care for their pet fish, decided to abandon them in Lake Tahoe where they believed they would live out their lives in a safe and pleasant environment in the company of many other species of fish and crustaceans. Some experts questioned whether a goldfish could survive the frigid winters that characterize this deep, high-mountain lake. However, reality proved to be stranger than fiction when the goldfish not only survived, but thrived in the harsh Alpine climate. Thanks to the nutrient-rich effluent making its way into Lake Tahoe, the goldfish not only thrived but were also genetically transformed as a consequence of the metabolites of psychotropic pharmaceuticals that were present in the sewage emanating from affluent neighborhoods along the lakeshore. They adapted splendidly and in no time at all they quickly blended into the local culture and adopted the habits and customs of the local residents. Now the goldfish are regularly seen enjoying the recreational facilities throughout the area, although they curiously prefer to avoid being seen at restaurants and tackle shops. This is not by any means the first time giant goldfish have been seen in freshwater lakes. This trophy giant goldfish was caught by Raphaël Biagini, a legendary French “Carpiste,” who reeled in the monster “poisson rouge” from the waters of Lac de St. Cassien, a man-made reservoir in southern France. This is the same lake where a 75-pound world record carp was caught some 25 years ago. It is not clear how a tiny fish that normally graces home aquariums grew to such gargantuan size. Some locals familiar with the story attribute the fish’s extraordinary size with an incident that occurred a few years back when a barge laden with Camembert cheese capsized during a squall and sank with its cargo into the depths of Lake St. Cassien. The nutrient-rich cheese provided a source of food for several stray goldfish that, like Nemo, had been flushed down the toilet and somehow survived their transit through the sewage treatment plant. The discarded goldfish soon happened upon the sunken cache of cheese and began to feed on it. It appears that the Camembert rind that they devoured is coated with Penicillium candidum mold, which had the effect of strengthening their natural immunity and allowed them to grow to a colossal size that rendered them invulnerable to natural predators (except M. Biagini). Illustration by Kim Harris Story by Don Rudisuhle
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623
Fills the space between two objects, generally to prevent leakage between the two objects while under compression. Gasket material saves money by allowing less precise mating surfaces on machine parts which can use gasket fill irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet gasket materials, such as gasket paper (beater addition), Non-asbestos, Rubber, EPDM, Nitrile, Buna, Neoprene, Flexible Graphite, Grafoil, Aflas, Kalrez, Viton, Silicone, Metal, Mica, Felt or a plastic polymer such as PTFE, Peek, Urethane, or Ethylene Propylene (EP). In the past, the gasket material selected for specific applications may contain have contained Today's sealing products manufacturer's in the United States no longer produce or offer any asbestos containing products. Gasket materials containing asbestos have been claimed to have caused Asbestosis. Of course it would take the grinding of gasket material to release the fibers and then the breathing in of those fibers....possible but in the real world this would be rare. Wetting or oiling a gasket before grinding for removal greatly reduces any risk (not grinding is even better). Asbestos gasket material is still used in most of the rest of the world and is a very effective low cost material. It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is compressible such that it tightly fills the space it is designed for, including any slight irregularities. The most common misconception when selecting a gasket materials thickness is to choose a gasket material that is too thick. The thicker the material the more likely the material being contained can weep through the pores of the gasket material itself. This is a greater issue with some materials than others. A rule of thumb is to have the material thick enough to compensate for any surface face irregularities and to permit some compression. The required compression for your gasket material will depend many 2)Pressure being sealed 3)Size of bolts (assuming bolts are being used) 4)Number of bolts 5)Condition of the bolts 6)Lubrication on the bolts All must be considered when determining torque. Torque data must be determined using all of the above and should be provided by an engineer. In most cases unless your gasket is a standard ANSI or API flange using Ring or Full Face gaskets torque data will be difficult to come by (due to staffing and the fear of law suits). In most cases the old tighten it tight enough to stop any leaks but not too tight as to completely crush the gasket is generally accepted. Over compression removes the ability to recover. This is also true of expanded PTFE (Teflon ®), once over compressed it will have no recovery and therefore will not longer adapt to maintain a seal. The common strategy of "The more compressive load exerted on the gasket, the longer it will last" is generally true of elastomeric materials since elastomers (rubbers) are not compressible but deflect compression. Many materials such as non-asbestos compressed gasket materials and beater addition (ie; Armstrong) materials contain elastomers in the mix of material they are produced from, making them difficult to over compress. One of the more desirable properties of an effective gasket industrial applications is the ability to withstand high compressive loads. Most industrial gasket applications involve bolts exerting compression well into the 14 MPa (2000 psi) range or higher. This is why Non-asbestos gasket materials are so widely used in industrial gasket material applications. Call American Seal & Packing for your gasket material requirements. Teflon® is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or its affiliates and is used in relation to products manufactured with Dupont’s fluoropolymer resins.
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870
What is an Advance Directive? None of us, but especially seniors, is immune to serious illness or injury. When these conditions are so severe that death is imminent, it is important that doctors, family, and friends know your wishes in those situations. One way to share your wishes is through an advance directive. Advance directives are a legally binding document that expresses your wishes in the event of serious illness or injury. These documents can be quite detailed or quite general. One detail is what you want done in each specific medical possibility. For example: - What do you want done if you stop breathing? - What do you want done if you develop inoperable cancer? What about tumors? - Do you want breathing machines or feeding tubes used? These documents empower someone to make decisions about your medical care if you are unable to make these decisions yourself. It makes sense to speak with the people you appoint. Let them know your wishes. Only appoint people who are willing to accept the responsibility of making medical decisions for you when are no longer able to make them for yourself. Also be sure and discuss your wishes with those close to you such as your family or friends. Such documents must follow the laws in your state in order to be legally binding. It is best to have one or two people witness and sign the document. In order for these documents to be effective, your doctor and hospital must have copies. Do I Need One? It is important for senior citizens to prepare these documents. However, any of us at any age may encounter a life threatening illness or injury. If you have strong feelings about what you want done in these situations, you need to have these wishes written down in a legally binding document. What is a Living Will? A living will is a type of advance directive. It is a document outlining explicit instructions regarding medical treatment and life-sustaining procedures if you are permanently unconscious or terminally ill. Usually, a doctor (or even two) will have to certify that you are in either of these states before the living will comes into effect. Since modern medicine now has the ability to prolong life indefinitely, it is necessary to prepare a living will when you are still healthy in body and mind. What is a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care? A durable power of attorney for health care names someone to manage your health care and make all medical treatment decisions for you when you are not able to. This person is usually called a “healthcare proxy” or a healthcare agent.” Your chosen representative can make decisions such as consenting or refusing treatment, choosing doctors, selecting medical care facilities, and accessing medical records. This durable power of attorney usually does not give explicit instructions to the healthcare agent. This is another reason why it’s important to have an advance directive that provides this person with your wishes. What is a Do Not Resuscitate Order? Do not resuscitate orders or DNRs tell doctors and hospitals what you want done should your breathing or heart stop functioning. Examples of treatment that you can decline include CPR, artificial respiration, medicine to keep your heart functioning, artificial nutrition, or specific surgeries. If you fill out a DNR, your doctor should put the order in your medical records. Without a DNR order, hospitals will typically do what they can to resuscitate someone whose heart has stopped. DNR orders are especially important for seniors with a heart condition. Resources for Preparing an Advance Directive Sometimes your medical facility will have these forms on hand for you to express your wishes. You will sign the document and have it witnessed right there in the hospital, long term care facility, or doctor’s office. The doctors and nurses caring for you want to make sure that your decisions are honored. Another option is to contact your state bar association or state government office for the proper forms. You can also hire an attorney who is knowledgeable in health care directives. Working with an attorney helps ensure that your directive meets the state legal requirements. It does no good to prepare a health care directive if it is not legally recognized. Another option for obtaining a health care directive is purchasing software that allows you to fill in your information and print the document. By searching online you can find online services that will guide you through preparing the directive. It may be unpleasant to think of serious illness and death. Detailing your wishes in advance will relieve some stress from you and your family in these situations. What’s A Caregiver? A caregiver or home health aide is an individual that gives personal care to patients in a large variety of settings, although their role may vary greatly from one setting to another. Caregiving often takes place in the patient’s home, but may also be available in nursing homes, assisted living facilities and even hospitals. Often the patient is elderly, but sometimes an illness necessitates the need for a paid companion in the home to assist an adult or care for a child. What Does A Caregiver Do In The Home? Essentially, the main purpose of a home care helper is the responsibility they shoulder for assisting their patients with their physical and cognitive health. The variety of duties performed by the caregiver depends on the needs of the patient. Some of the more common duties in the home environment include: - Grooming assistance for brushing teeth, bathing, shaving, nail care and toileting as required. - Monitoring medications and reminding patients to take medications. - Assisting the patient with exercise, which may include simply providing help with walking around the house or moving in place. - Helping the patient maintain their memory. - Deciding the number of meals that are required to meet the patient’s nutritional needs. - Preparing meals, then, cleaning up the items related to the meals. - Performing necessary grocery shopping or errands with or without the patient. - Check foods in the patient’s pantry for expiration dates. - Providing conversation and companionship. - Light housekeeping duties, such as dusting and vacuuming, making beds, doing laundry, and maintaining sanitation. - Accompanying the patient to doctor appointments as necessary. - Notifying doctors of any significant change in the patient’s condition. More serious home situations may be supervised by a Senior Helper RN, who should complete a customized plan of care and supervise the home health aide. Approximately 90 percent of dependent patients use the services of a home health care service or a family member to keep the patient at home, rather than in a nursing home. Patients who have mild to moderate cognitive impairment still want to be involved in decisions concerning their care and their life. A physician will often set the boundaries to ensure the responsibility for medical decisions do not fall on the shoulders of the home companion. When is Caregiving Needed? There are some simple ways to assess when a loved one might need to have in-home care. Does the person: - Have trouble with their normal movement around the house such as getting from the bedroom to bathroom? - Need medical assistance such as cleaning wounds or administering insulin? - Need help with normal daily activities such as bathing and getting dressed? Obviously, a person affected by dementia or Alzheimer’s disease needs help in the home. Changes in eating habits, personal hygiene, social habits and any safety issues that might occur in the home all need to be evaluated. Hiring a personal companion for your loved one can also help relieve the stress on family members, and it assures the family members that their loved one is receiving proper care. This help can be critical if the family member doesn’t live near the loved one. Is Caregiving Available Outside the Home? Most seniors would like to have caregiving take place in their own home. There are situations, however, when the person who is ill will receive more appropriate care in an institution. Caregivers working in an assisted living facility or nursing home, like home caregivers, assist patients with their activities of daily living. The health aide can also play an important role in helping patients experience meaningful leisure activities, which helps keep the patient’s mind active. Demonstrating compassion for those suffering from Alzheimer’s disease or dementia is essential. Often the companion works with pets, particularly dogs, cats or birds, as these pets can provide a great deal of pleasure for the patient. Sometimes caregiver working hours in these facilities can be irregular and include weekends or holidays. Caregiving can be difficult work, whether the patient is a senior citizen, a parent, a spouse or a child with special needs. Family members are often caregivers, which can be quite stressful as they are on-call 24 hours a day, seven days a week. In these cases good caregiver resources may involve support groups, which can be quite helpful. Caregiver resources should include information on the role of Medicare for patients. Specific classes that can provide useful training are often available to empower the companion or home care helper. Resources are available at the following sites: http://caregiver.org/caregiver/jsp/home.jsp Family Caregiver Alliance home page http://www.caregiving.com/ A community of family caregivers sharing stories, support and solutions http://www.caregiverresource.net/ Caregiver Resources. http://www.caregiverslibrary.org/home.aspx National Caregivers Library full of useful information in all areas of caregiving http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/homecareservices.html U.S. Government resources about Home Care Services http://www.medicare.gov/campaigns/caregiver/caregiver.html Information about caregiving from Medicare http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/caregiver-stress.cfm#c Specific information about caregiver stress
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A Java Runtime Environment (JRE), version greater than 1.6, is required to run Jython and GeoScript. Chances are your system already has a JRE installed on it. A quick way to test is to execute the following from the command line: % java -version java version "1.6.0_26" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_26-b03-384-10M3425) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 20.1-b02-384, mixed mode) If the command is not found or the Java version is less than 1.6 you must install a new JRE. Otherwise you can continue to the next step. A JRE can be downloaded from Sun Microsystems. It is possible to run GeoScript with a different non Sun JRE. However the Sun JRE is recommended as it has been thoroughly tested. Jython version greater than 2.5.1 is required for GeoScript. The current version can be downloaded from http://www.jython.org/. After install ensure that the Jython bin directory is on the path: Where <JYTHON_DIR> is the root Jython installation directory. Run ez_setup.py with Jython: Some newer features are only avaialble in the latest 1.3 build, which is still considered experimental. Unpack the GeoScript archive: Change directory into the root of the unpacked archive and execute setup.py: cd geoscript-1.2 jython setup.py install Depending on your setup the install may require root privileges. That’s it. GeoScript should now be installed on the system. To verify the install execute the geoscript command: % geoscript Jython 2.5.1 (Release_2_5_1:6813, Sep 26 2009, 13:47:54) [Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (Apple Inc.)] on java1.5.0_20 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import geoscript >>> If you do not get an import error congratulations! GeoScript is installed on the system.
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483
Swaziland is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. It is bordered to the north, west, and south by South Africa and to the east by Mozambique. Swaziland has a varied geography from mountains along the Mozambique border to savannas and rainforests. The government system is a monarchy. The chief of state is the King and the head of government is the Prime Minister. Swaziland has a traditional economy in which a majority of the population engages in subsistence agriculture. Swaziland is a member of the African Union (AU), African Economic Community (AEC), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
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138
|Home New Products Books & Maps Software Archival Products Print & Bind News & How-To Upcoming Events Tech Support Contact Us| Books, Maps & Other Resources Newfoundland and Labrador Genealogy & History BOOK - A History of Newfoundland By Judge D.W. Prowse Originally published by MacMillan and Company, London, 1895 This edition published by Global Heritage Press, Milton 2002, 2nd Edition 2010 A History of Newfoundland by Judge D.W. Prowse, is widely recognized as one of the finest histories written about Newfoundland and Labrador. An essential resource for everyone with an interest in the history of Newfoundland. ISBN 1-894378-65-2 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Soe longe as there comes noe Women: Origins of English Settlement in Newfoundland By W. Gordon Handcock. Making available previously unknown and untapped sources of information, Hancock's book is a treasure trove for those intent on the study of Newfoundland's heritage, and it's founding families. ISBN 1-894378-49-0 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Two Outports: A History of Dildo - New Harbour By Willis P. Martin Published by Flanker Press Ltd, St. John's, 2006 The Dildo–New Harbour area of Trinity Bay has a rich history, beginning with the Maritime Archaic Indians, who inhabited Dildo Island about 4,000 years ago. This book celebrates the unique outport heritage of Newfoundland through the shared experiences of the people of these two proud communities. ISBN 978-1894463904 (Softcover) More information BOOK - Finding your Ancestors in Newfoundland and Labrador By B. Crant Published by Heritage Productions, Toronto Find everything you need to conduct efficient and successful family history research for ancestors from Newfoundland and Labrador. ISBN 1-894018-99-0 More information BOOK - A History of Newfoundland in the North Atlantic to 1818 By Shannon Ryan Published by Flanker Press Ltd, St. John's, 2012 The successful English-Newfoundland migratory fishery of the seventeenth century evolved into an exclusively shore-based, but still migratory, fishery that led to the formation of a formal colony by 1818. Shannon Ryan offers this general history as an introduction to early Newfoundland. The economy and social, military, and political issues are dealt with in a straightforward narrative that will appeal to general readers as well as students of Newfoundland and Labrador history. ISBN 978-1-77117-016-1 More information BOOK - Historic Barr'd Islands: From English Roots [Newfoundland] By Eric R. Witcher Published by Flanker Press Ltd, St. John's, 2011 Barr’d Islands: From English Roots is a history of early English settlement in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland, with a focus on Barr’d Islands, a small fishing community on Fogo Island. Explore the day-to-day lives of a charitable, community-minded people whose hardships were many in a time when survival from year to year was uncertain: living under the iron fist of merchant firms, subsistence farming, poverty. Also, learn of these early settlers’ faith, richness of virtue, hard-work ethic, and games and amusements shared by all in the community. Finally, this book is a genealogical treasure trove that traces many well-known Newfoundland family trees back to their English roots in the 1600s. "A genealogist's dream, with an extensive listing of just about everyone who has ever lived in Barr'd Islands." ISBN 978-1-926881-09-6 More information BOOK - Historic Bell Island: Dawn of First Light [Newfoundland] By N. W. Sheppard Published by Flanker Press Ltd, St. John's, 2011 The history of Bell Island, Newfoundland, is an amazing one of a strong and courageous people who overcame the challenge of creating a community exposed to the mighty North Atlantic Ocean. Bell Island: Dawn of First Light covers the first permanent European settlers who were attracted to the rich soil of the island and to the fish in the surrounding waters. It outlines the accidental discovery of iron ore, the growth of the mining operations to become the largest submarine mine in the Commonwealth, labour unrest and the formation of a union, the factors that led to the mine’s closure, and the tragic impact this would have on the residents. This is also the story of the equally determined women who fashioned the family home in both good and bad economic times. ISBN 978-1-926881-36-2 More information BOOK - Historic Bay Roberts: Not Your Typical Small Town [Newfoundland] By Michael F. Flynn Published by Flanker Press Ltd, St. John's, 2011 The story of Bay Roberts is one of an ordinary people who lived through a turbulent and extraordinary past. Adventure, murder, religious strife, inventions, successful local newspapers, and enterprise make up the collective history of a community thriving in Newfoundland today. The town has hosted tragedies, unprecedented commercial prosperity (and failure), famous sea captains, buried treasure, ancient tombstones, and intriguing grave markers. Stories of eccentric characters, war heroes, and horrible shipwrecks fill these pages. The town has a fascinating link to the Titanic tragedy, was a central hub in communications and international connections for government leaders during World War II, and is the home and birthplace of many famous poets, novelists, businessmen, and politicians. ISBN 978-1-926881-11-9 More information BOOK - Ferryland: The Colony of Avalonia [Newfoundland] By B. D. Fardy Published by Flanker Press Ltd, St. John's, 2005 Ferryland is one of the oldest settlements in Newfoundland and Labrador. Established in 1620 as Newfoundland’s second successful colony by Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, Ferryland was first recorded on maps as early as 1550 with the French name Forillon, meaning cape or point. Both the French and Portuguese used its safe harbour as a fishing station until the early seventeenth century, when the English became dominant in the fishery off the east coast of Newfoundland and Lord Baltimore established his Colony of Avalonia there. ISBN 978-1-894463-78-2 More information BOOK - North America's Maritime Funnel: The Ships that Brought the Irish, 1749-1852 By Terrence M. Punch Published by Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore, 2012 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island were a convenient destination for tens of thousands of Irish immigrants between 1749 and 1852. Functioning as the narrow end of a funnel through which thousands dispersed widely across the North American continent, the Maritimes offered easy access and cheap fares, beckoning emigrants from Ireland’s catchment areas along the waterways of Dublin, Londonderry, and Cork. In all, there is documentation on about 1,050 voyages between Ireland and the Maritimes. ISBN 978080631965 More Information BOOK - Seafaring Labour, The Merchant Marine of Atlantic Canada, 1820-1914 By Eric W. Sager Published by McGill-Queen's Universtiy Press, Montreal, 1989 (HC), 1996 (SC) Seafaring Labour, The Merchant Marine of Atlantic Canada, 1820-1914, a compassionate look at the effect of industrialization on the individual lives of sailors is once again available in paperback form. Sager argues that sailors were not misfits or outcasts but were divorced from society only by virtue of their occupation. The wooden ships were small communities at sea, fragments of normal society where workers lived, struggled, and often died. With the coming of the age of steam, the sailor became part of a new division of labour and a new social hierarchy at sea. Sager shows that the sailor was as integral to the transition to industrial capitalism as any land worker. ISBN 9780773515239 (Softcover) More information BOOK - Some Early Scots in Maritime Canada - Vol 1, 2 & 3 By Terrence M. Punch, CM, FIGRS Published by Genealogical Publishing Co, Baltimore, 2011 The Maritime Provinces of Canada consist of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Prior to the 1770s the area was inhabited by French Acadians and native peoples, and only after 1770 did it begin to attract Scots settlers, mainly but not exclusively from the Scottish Highlands. More information Volume Two: Like the first volume in the series, this collection of records is based on materials found in the Nova Scotia Archives and the Public Archives of New Brunswick, among others, and it draws together a unique collection of miscellaneous records pertaining to Scottish immigrants to the Maritime Provinces, naming several thousand people in the context of major life events such as birth, marriage, and death. In records ranging from newspaper announcements of marriages and deaths to cemetery records and censuses, and from ships’ passenger lists to land records, it provides a tableau of source material which is as unique as it is indispensable. Thousands are named who would otherwise be undetectable in traditional record sources. Volume Three: This final volume of Some Early Scots in Maritime Canada identifies thousands of Scots who immigrated to Maritime Canada in the years between the 1770s and the 1870s--most of them located by the author in a variety of obscure and out-of-the-way records. In fact, the variety of source records consulted is one of the volume’s strengths. From shipping records to passenger lists, from land petitions to census records, then from newspaper columns, vital records, church registers, and a host of fugitive sources, the sources utilized provide a rich trove of genealogical data. This volume differs from the previous volumes in the series in that explanatory material and brief essays accompany many of the articles. As a convenient reference point, the book opens with maps of Ayrshire, Dumfries-shire, and Perthshire, the three Scottish shires that contributed significantly to Scots immigration into Maritime Canada. Next there is a comprehensive list of the 1,200 ships that are known to have sailed from Scotland to the Maritimes between 1770 and 1852. If a passenger list has been published for any of these voyages, it is indicated in the footnotes, but otherwise the ports of departure and arrival and the dates of the voyage provide significant clues to an immigrant’s place of origin in Scotland and place of settlement in Canada. Names that suddenly make their appearance in Canadian records can then be matched with shipping records. BOOK - Planters, Paupers, and Pioneers: English Settlers in Atlantic Canada By Lucille H. Campey Lucille Campey studies evidence of early English settlement in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. Beginning with the Planters and Loyalists of English descent who arrived from the United States in the second half of the 18th century, she goes on to consider the growing influx directly from England after 1815 and ends with the assisted emigration schemes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including those that involved destitute children. Detailed information relating to ship crossings and settlement locations is distilled to provide new insights on how, why, and when the four Atlantic provinces came to acquire their English settlers. What attracted them? Was the rapid industrialization taking place in England a major push factor? How did trade links influence settlement locations? ISBN 978-1-55488-748-4 (Softcover) More information BOOK - Erin's Sons: Irish Arrivals in Atlantic Canada 1761-1863, Four Volumes. By Terrence M. Punch, FRSAI. Despite the flow of Irish through Atlantic Canada, the early records of these immigrants are fewer and less informative than those of New England and New York from the same period. Erin’s Sons: Irish Arrivals in Atlantic Canada series of books goes a long way toward rectifying this problem. Author Terrence M. Punch has combed through a wide-ranging and disparate group of sources—including newspaper articles and advertisements, local government documents and census records, church records, burial records, land records, military records, passenger lists, and more—to identify as many of these pioneers as possible and disclose where they came from in the Old Country. These sources often contain details that cannot be found in Irish records, where few census returns survived from before 1901, and where Catholic records began a generation or more after their counterparts in Atlantic Canada. More information Pages: 208 pp.; Size: 8½" x 11"; Softcover - perfectbound; Index - Surnames; Index - Ships; Bibliogaphy; Lists; Published: 2008. Pages: 191 pp.; Size: 8½" x 11"; Softcover - perfectbound; Index - Surnames; Index - Ships; Bibliogaphy; Lists; Published: 2009. Pages: 192 pp.; Size: 8½" x 11"; Softcover - perfectbound; Index - Surnames; Index - Ships; Bibliogaphy; Lists; Published: 2009. Pages: 180 pp.; Size: 8½" x 11"; Softcover - perfectbound; Index - Surnames; Index - Ships; Bibliogaphy; Lists; Published: Aug 2010. BOOK - Starting Out in Genealogy - Second Edition By Ruth Burkholder Building a family tree looks like a daunting taste to the unititiated, however it's easier than you think! Family history research is not complicated as long as you know which records are available, where to find those records, and how to organize the information that you gather. Though this guide is designed for beginners, it will also be of considerable help to those who have already started researching and recording family history, but want to improve their skills and results. ISBN 9781926797441 More information BOOK - Canadian Records of Birth, Marriage and Death: A Guide By Fawne Stratford-Devai This popular guide provides a province-by-province description of where to access provincial vital records, complete with contact information including postal addresses, telephone numbers (most are toll-free), fax, email addresses and websites. The categories addressed for each province and territory include: Modern Records; Historic Records; Additional Links and Sources. Several helpful maps are included. ISBN 1894571894 More information BOOK - Routes To Routes By Ryan Taylor A wide range of genealogical and research topics assist family historians with their quest to uncover their roots. Included is an essay describing how to effectively use libraries for family history research and how to best utilize the skills and training of professional librarians. The book is an entertaining read, however, before you know it, you will accumulate many sound research ideas from the vast experience of Mr. Taylor. ISBN 0-9682524-0-0 More information BOOK - The Sash Canada Wore - A Historical Geography of The Orange Order in Canada By Cecil J. Houston and William J. Smith Originally published by Universtiy of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1980 This edition by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 1999 [CD 2011] Significant migration of Protestant Irish to Canada in the early 19th century brought with it the establishment of the Orange Order in Canada. This work explores the role of the Orange Order in the unfolding settlement geography of Canada. Protestant Irish soldiers and emigrants, largely Ulster-born, introduced the organization into New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario within the first decade of the nineteenth century. At its zenith, he movement had a membership of as many as one in three Canadians. ISBN 978-1-894378-31-4 (Hardcover Edition) More information BOOK - Cyclopaedia Of Methodism In Canada By Rev. George H. Cornish Originally published by Methodist Book and Publishing House, Toronto, 1881 This edition published by Global Heritage Press, Milton 2001 (CD 2009) Originally published in 1880, this high quality reprint provides historical, educational and statistical information regarding the Methodist Church in Canada, dating from the "beginning of the Work" (1765) in the several provinces of the Dominion Of Canada and extending to 1880. Includes information about all of those who served as ministers and circuit riders, complete with a record of where and when they served. ISBN 1-894378-16-4 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - The First Century of Methodism in Canada, 1775-1883. Two Volumes In One By J. E. Sanderson Originally published by William Briggs, 1908 (vol. 1) & 1910 (vol. 2) This edition published by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2008 (CD 2011) Sanderson's fine history of the early years of Methodism in Canada has served as an essential resource for more than a century. Being out of print for over one hundred years, this new edition has been pubished to provide access for today's researchers. This editon is a facsimile reprint of both of the original volumes, bound into a single book. ISBN 978-1-897446-34-8 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Getting From Here To There, Identifying the Origins of Immigrants to Canada Revised and Expanded Edition By: Fawne Stratford-Devai Published by Global Heritage Press, Milton 2005 One of the more difficult things to do in a family history research project is to identify where your original immigrant ancestor came from. Sometimes we know the country they came from, but not the specific place within that country. In order to find records in the "old-country" it is very helpful to know which town, parish, county etc that the person came from. This book identifies a long list of potential sources in Canada, where you may find that critical piece of information. ISBN 1-897210-80-9 More information BOOK - Canadian Family History in the 21st Century, Lessons, Links & ResourcesSecond Edition 2005 By Fawne Stratford-Devai This newly updated and expanded second edition offers readers valuable lessons, links and recommended resources that will help you keep you family history research project on-track, saving time, effort and expense. The author is a popular genealogical lecturer, educator and author/co-author of more than 50 important genealogical and historical books. ISBN 1-897210-68-X More information BOOK - Lovell's 1873 Gazetteer of British North America By John Lovell and Son, Montreal, 1873 Originally published by John Lovell and Son, Montreal, 1873 This facsimile reprint by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 1998 (CD 2010) This facsimile reprint of The volume contains over six thousand descriptions and historical facts about cities, towns and villages across Canada, as they were known in 1873. Also included is a listing of over fifteen hundred lakes and rivers with their location, size and general information. A table showing the railway and steamboat routes within British North America in 1873, which will assist researchers in understanding the routes that their ancestors may have migrated over. The table lists the distance that each place in British North America is to the nearest railway station or port. ISBN 0-9682524-5-1 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - True Stories of New England Captives Carried to Canada During the Old French and Indian Wars By C. Alice Baker Originally published by E. A. Hall & Co., Cambridge, 1897 This edition by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2006 (CD 2010) This thoughtfully written book provides the reader with the gripping history of Indian attacks in Maine; New Hampshire; and Massachusetts. Events leading up to the attacks and the attacks themselves are described in considerable detail with an emphasis on how those engagements affected specific people, especially those who were captured and removed to Canada. ISBN 1-897210-98-1 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - The Canadian Almanac of 1862 Originally published by W. C. Chewett & Co. 1862. Many family historians value a carefully compiled almanac. Almanac's assist genealogists, historians, social historians and geographers locate information and records that affected the inhabitants of the area being researched. ISBN 1-897210-98-1 More information [an error occurred while processing this directive] Canadian military titles - General: BOOK - The Talbot Regime - or the First Half Century Of The Talbot Settlement By C.O. Ermatinger, K.C. - Junior Judge, County of Elgin. Originally published in 1904 This edition published by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 1999 This rare volume illustrates early settlement and historical events of the southwestern portion of Upper Canada, which became the province of Ontario. Topics s include, Port Dover burned, rebellion of 1837, Muster Rolls to the War of 1812, Lists of persons plundered in Long Point Settlement, and much more. ISBN 1-894378-10-5 More information American Revolution / United Empire Loyalists: By Brenda Dougall Merriman Published by Global Heritage Press, Milton There has long been a need for descendants to have a general guide to assist the tracing of Loyalist ancestors, not only for the beginner, but also for those who encounter stumbling blocks on their way. Brenda Dougall Merriman accomplishes this in spades. Merriman defines what a Loyalist is, then goes on to discuss the necessary sources and background information that is available to trace a specific Loyalist in Upper Canada (Ontario). An essential guide for everyone researching Loyalist heritage. ISBN 1-897210-84-1 (Hardcover); ISBN 978-1897446-95-9 (Coil bound) More information BOOK - The British Campaign of 1777, Volume One - The St. Leger Expedition: The Forces of Crown and Congress Second Edition By Gavin Watt & James F. Morrison Published by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2003 (CD 2010) Loyalist ancestors? Patriot ancestors? This book is what you have been looking for... The authors produced a revised edition of their indispensible study of the Crown forces and native allies of St. Leger's expedition of 1777 and forces of Congress and the natives who opposed them. Filled with names of those who participated and detailed end notes and bibliographic information. For a list of names from the index, see "More Information". ISBN 1894378695 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - The British Campaign of 1777, Volume Two - The Burgoyne Expedition: Burgoyne's Native and Loyalist Auxiliaries By Gavin Watt. With research assistance of T.W. Braisted, and acknowledgement of Dr. P.L. Stevens' works Published by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2013 This new book is a companion piece to Volume 1, The St. Leger Expedition. Similar to the first volume, the second will appeal to readers who enjoy the minutiae of the military campaigns of the American Revolution. While essentially a military work, many will find the book useful for genealogical research. The majority of accounts about military campaigns concentrate on the big-name personalities who directed operations or commanded large formations. In contrast, this book is primarily about the 'little' and 'littler' men. For a list of names from the index, see "More Information". ISBN 978-1-926797-70-0 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - United Empire Loyalists, Evidence in the Canadian Claims - The Second Report of The Bureau of Archives for the Province of Ontario, 1904 By Alexander Fraser, Provincial Archivist Originally published by L.K. Cameron - King's Printer, Toronto, 1905 This book on CD edition by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2010 The 1904 Bureau of Archives Report consisted of original accounts and evidence of United Empire Loyalist claims that were processed after the American Revolutionary War. Those claims were made in response to a British program that was designed to provide those Americans who had remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution, with land in Canada. After an informative history of the circumstances surrounding the movement of the Loyalists to Canada, and a preamble on the claim process, the bulk of the content of the 1904 Report includes evidence presented to establish that specific "Loyalists" qualified for "UE" status and the resulting benefits. 1436 pages. ISBN: 978-1-926797-49-6 (eBook on CD) More information BOOK - John Loney, United Empire Loyalist & Shoemaker to Sir William and Sir John Johnson By Duncan (darby) MacDonald, UE Published by Duncan (darby) MacDonald, Brockville, 1992 (expanded reprint/2nd edition 1993) Book on CD version published by MacDonald Research, Milton, 2013 John Loney, United Empire Loyalist & Shoemaker to Sir William and Sir John Johnson is genealogy and history of John Loney, United Empire Loyalist compliled by Duncan (Darby) MacDonald "based on the excellent work of The Loney Research Team". It includes several collateral family lines within the genealogy section and the hand-made genealogy charts in the final section of the book. The elder John Loney, the eldest generation detailed in this text, was an Irishman who came to America just before or during the Seven Years War (1756-1763). His son, also John Loney (1748-1801 served in the King's Royal Regiment of New York and was previously the village shoemaker in Johnstown New York, the hometown of Sir John Johnson and his brother Sir William Johnson. The book details the life and connections of John Loney the shoemaker, his connections to the Loyalist cause during the American Revolution and a generation by generation genealogy of his descendants. ISBN 0921133-53-7 (Softcover) ISBN 978-1-926797-72-4 (Book on CD) More information BOOK - The History and Master Roll of the The King's Royal Regiment of New York, Revised and Expanded Edition. By Gavin Watt Published by Global Heritage Press Gavin Watt has significantly updated and revised his original book that was published under the title The King's Royal Regiment of New York in 1984. This new volume provides much new content, including corrections, additions and newly discovered sources that have come to light during the 22 years of research since his earlier book. The history of the regiment, and of the men of The King's Royal Regiment have great significance to those with an interest in the American Revolutionary War and the subsequent resettlement of United Empire Loyalists and others, many of whom migrated to Canada. ISBN 1-897210-83-3 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Orderly Book of the Three Battalions of Loyalists Commanded by Brigadier-General Oliver De Lancey, 1776-1778, To Which is Appended a List of New York Loyalists in the City of New York During the War of the Revolution Compiled by: William Kelby Originally published 1917 This facsimile reprint by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2006 This book is a military diary outlining the activities of three battalions of Loyalists that were raised for the defense of Long Island. The orderly book includes much detail including many names of specific individuals. An appendix listing 1500 Loyalists who resided in New York during the American Revolution follows the main content of the book. ISBN 1-897446-93-4 (Softcover) More information BOOK - Pioneer Life On The Bay Of Quinte New Introduction by Brian Tackaberry (1999) New Index (1999) Originally published by Rolph and Clark, 1904 This edition published by Global Heritage Press, Milton 1999 (CD 2010) This 1096 page tome is invaluable to those who are researcing Loyalist and other ancestry in the Bay of Quinte and south east central Ontario region. The region of settlement covered in this volume (Bay of Quinte region) extends from Kingston to Trenton and includes the counties of Frontenac, Lennox and Addington, Hastings and Prince Edward. Originally published in 1904, this edition contains a extensive new index, and a new introduction by Brian Tackaberry. 309 family histories and genealogies of early Loyalist, British and American families who settled in the region. ISBN 1-894378-33-4 (Hardcover). More information BOOK - The Settlement of the United Empire Loyalists on the Upper St. Lawrence and Bay of Quinte In 1784, A Documentary Record By Brig. General E. A. Cruikshank Originally published by Ontario Historical Society, Toronto, 1934 This edition by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2007 The Settlement of the United Empire Loyalists on the Upper St. Lawrence and Bay of Quinte In 1784, A Documentary Record is a collection of letters and journal entries of the people who were most closely involved with planning and accomplishing Loyalist settlement along the St. Lawrence River and the Bay of Quinte area between May 1783 and November of 1784. Many references to specific settlers and their circumstances are included. ISBN: 978-1-897466-03-4 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Loyalists in Arms 1775 - 1783 By: W. O. Raymond This book contains a short History of the British Regiments that unsuccessfully attempted to contain the American revolution, with the Roll of their Officers. Loyalists in Arms 1775 - 1783 is an essential reference for those interested in those who fought on the side of the Crown in the American Revolutionary War. To see a list of which regiments are covered in this book, click on "More Information". ISBN 1-897210-76-0 (Softcover) More information BOOK - The Romance of The Palatine Millers, A Tale of Palatine Irish-Americans and United Empire Loyalists By Rev. Bowman Tucker Originally published by the author, Montreal, 1929 This edition by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2005 (CD 2011) More than a family history book, The Romance of The Palatine Millers, begins with an historical overview of the Palatines in the Rhine River valley (in present-day Germany), continues with the story of the Palatine migration overseas, with eventual settlement in Canada, and their American cousins who remained behind after the American Revolution. ISBN 1-897210-76-0 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - To Their Heirs Forever, United Empire Loyalists, Camden Valley, New York, to Upper Canada By Eula C. Lapp. Originally published by Mika Publishing, Belleville, 1977 Subsequent printings by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2000, 2010 (CD 2010) To Their Heirs Forever is the story of families who migrated from Europe to England in the 1700's, then to Ireland, finally settling in the Camden Valley, Charlotte County, of present day New York State. This story focuses on those families that were forced to seek a new life in Canada after the American Revolutionary War. ISBN 1-894378-39-3 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Voyage Of A Different Kind - The Associated Loyalists of Kingston and Adolphustown [Ontario] By Larry Turner. Originally published by Mika Publishing, Belleville, 1984 This printing by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 1999 From the City of New York to the shores of Lake Ontario: Following a path of its own choosing, a small but significant group of Loyalist refugees opted for settlement in the western territory of the old Province of Quebec (present day Kingston and Adolphustown, Ontario) after the American Revolutionary War. ISBN 1-894378-08-3 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Loyalists and Land Settlement in Nova Scotia. Compiled by Marion Gilroy under the direction of D. C. Harvey, Archivist Originally published 1937 (This historical reprint by Global Heritage Press) The list of United Empire Loyalists who appear in this book, was compiled from the land papers in the Public Archives of Nova Scotia and checked with the land papers in the Department of Lands and Forests of the province. The general purpose of this publication was to collect in as compact a form as possible all the information that has survived on Loyalist settlements in Nova Scotia and to make this accessible to the descendants who are interested. ISBN 1-897210-95-7 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Kingston and the "Loyalists of the Spring Fleet" of 1783 By Walter Bates Originally published by Barnes and Company, Saint John, 1889 This edition by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2010 This book deals with the exodus of the Loyalists of the Spring Fleet from the United States to sanctuary in Atlantic Canada in 1783. The original title page includes a lengthy title and attribution, as was common when this history was written: Kingston and the "Loyalists of the Spring Fleet" of A.D. 1783. With Reminiscences of Early Days in Connecticut: A Narrative. By Walter Bates, ESQ., Sometime High Sheriff of the County of Kings. To Which is Appended a Diary Written by Sarah Frost on Her Voyage to St. John, N.B. with the Loyalists of 1783. Edited with Notes by W. O. Raymond, A.B. Rector of St. Mary's Church, St. John, N.B.. ISBN: 9781926797434 More information BOOK - The Old United Empire Loyalists List, Originally Published as The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada 1784-1884 By The Centennial Committee, United Empire Loyalists Originally published by Rose Publishing Co., Toronto, 1885. This facsimile reprint by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2005 (CD 2010) This book was originally compiled in 1885 for the "Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada". It contains the names of, and information about many of United Empire Loyalist settlers, and others who left the American colonies during and after the Revolutionary War and settled, first, in 1783, in what is now New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and then, in 1784, in Upper Canada, or what is now the Province of Ontario. ISBN 1-897210-69-8 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - 7th Town Ameliasburgh Township Past & Present By Seventh Town Historical Society Originally published by 7th Town Historical Society, Ameliasburgh, 1984 This edition by Global Heritage Press, Milton, 1999, 2010 (CD 2010) This revised edition contains a facsimile reprint of every page of the original book plus new material. Of great value is a new and extensive index. The index is a windfall for family historians because it guides readers to over six thousand names linked to many thousands of valuable references. ISBN 1-894378-30-X (Hardcover) More Information BOOK or CD ROM - The Ketcheson Family. By The Ketcheson Family Book Committee. Though this is one family's history/genealogy, the direct and collateral family lines are dominated by Loyalists and their descendants. The Ketcheson Family history is a genealogical study of twelve generations of the descendants of William and Sally Ayr Ketcheson. Thier son William Ketcheson, born in Yorkshire, England, was destined to become the progenitor of the widespread family largely responsible for a considerable share of the development of what later became the province of Ontario in the Dominion of Canada. ISBN 1-894378-62-8 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - The Book of Names, Especially Relating to the Early Palatines and the First Settlers in the Mohawk Valley. By: Lou D. MacWethy. Palatines migrated across the continent with primary migration trails including to Canada and to the American west after the American Revolution. This long respected work was the earliest to to provide a published list of more than 20,000 names and genealogical information about the early Palatines of New York State, the original settlers of the Mohawk Valley. ISBN 1-897210-73-6 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - The Queen's Rangers By George H. Locke and Margaret Ray. The author discusses the history of the Queen's Rangers from the American Revolution until the mid-ninteenth century. A reprint of a paper presented by George H. Locke at the June, 1923 meeting of the Ontario Historical Society at Kingston. Includes several biographies plus an appendix item containing a list of members of the Queen's Rangers who were present at the Surrender of Yorktown in 1781. ISBN 1-897210-77-9 More information BOOK - The Hessians And The Other German Auxiliaries Of Great Britain In The Revolutionary War. By Edward J. Lowell (This historical reprint by Global Heritage Press) The history of the German auxiliaries, who fought for Great Britain in the Revolutionary War, has not received from American writers the amount of attention which its importance would seem to deserve. Much of the original source material used by the author in 1884 was lost due to bombing during the Second World War. This circumstance heightens the the importance of this early work. ISBN 1-894378-83-0 (Hardcover) More information BOOK - Sketches Illustrating The Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada By J. A. MacDonell. J. A. MacDonell recognized that much had been written on the subject of United Empire Loyalist settlement in Ontario, the War of 1812-14, and the Rebellion of 1837-8, but expressed concern that there was little mention made of the part that the Highlanders of Glengarry played in those conflicts. He corrects that oversight within the 29 chapters that comprise this formitable text. This book is an fine source of information for those interested in early settlement of the Highlanders in Glengarry and surrounding counties, and the role that they played in the American Revolution, United Empire Loyalist migration and settlement, War of 1812, and the Rebellion of 1837-38. ISBN 1-894378-80-6 (Hardcover) More information USED & ANTIQUARIAN BOOKS: Newfoundland & Labrador: By Michael Harris Penguin Books, Toronto, 1993. 5-1/2 x 8-1/2. 407 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound. Some shelving wear. Some ink writing on fly leaf. Tight spine, chipped on edge of spine and a crack on back cover, in good condition. First published by Viking Penguin Books of Canada Limited, 1992. ISBN 0140231846. Click for image USED BOOK - Rare Ambition, The Crosbies of Newfoundland. By Michael Harris Viking Penguin Group, Toronto, 1992. 6-1/4 x 9-3/8. 407 pages. Hardcover with dust cover, both in excellent condition. Some ink print of previous owner on front and back fly leaf and inside front and back cover. Some yellow highlighting throughout the book. ISBN 0670818569. Click for image USED BOOK - Noble to our View: The Saga of Saint Bonaventure's College. St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, The first 150 Years, 1856 - 2006. By Brother Joseph B. Darcy Creative Publishers, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, 2007. 6 x 9. 199 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound. Tight spine, cracked cover however unused and in excellent condition. Surplus from Library and Archives Canada. ISBN 9781897174111. Click for image USED BOOK - Place of Character, Observing the 50th Anniversary of the entry of Newfoundland into the Constitution, 1949-1999. By Ron Ennis, editor of Robinson-Blachmore Newspaper Robinson-Blackmore Printing and Publishing, Grand-Falls, NF, 1999. 12 x 9-1/2. 104 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound. Some shelving wear. Tight spine, in very good condition ISBN 0920884636. Click for image USED BOOK - Newfoundland Schooner, Norma & Gladys, Her Story of Industry, Mutiny & Triumph. By Garry Cranford Flanker Press, St, John's, NFL, Canada, 1994. 5-1/2 x 8-3/8. 159 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound. Some shelving wear. Cover scratched however tight spine and this former library book is in very good condition. ISBN 096987670X. Click for image USED BOOK - Newfoundland A History in Portraits Portfolio. By J.M. Sullivan, Anna Marie Beckel, editor. Jesperson Publishing, St.John's NFL, Canada, 2006. 6 x 9. 181 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound. Tight spine, this former library book is in like new condition. ISBN 1894377222. Click for image USED BOOK - The Life of a Cottage Hospital, The Bonne Bay Experience. By John K. Crellin Flanker Press Ltd, St. John s, NL 2007. 6 x 9. 139 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound, tight spine, like new condition. ISBN 9781897317051. Click for image Or.... Click here for NEW Books & eBooks for Newfoundland & Labrador USED & ANTIQUARIAN BOOKS: Atlantic Canada: (Concerns more than one Atlantic Province) By Thomas R. Millman, A.R. Kelley Anglican Book Centre, Toronto, Canada, 1983. 5-1/4 x 8-1/4. 180 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound. Slight shelving wear, glossy cover yellowing, however in very good condition. ISBN 0919891004. Click for image USED BOOK - The Atlantic Provinces in Confederation. By E.R. Forbes and D.A. Muise, editors University of Toronto Press, 1993. 6-3/8 x 9-3/8. 628 pages. Soft Cover, Perfect Bound, tight spine, shelving wear, some light stains on edges. Printed on acid-free paper. Some yellow highlighting and ink writing throughout the book. ISBN 0802068170. Click for image USED BOOK - Highland Heritage & Freedom s Quest, Three centuries of MacCarmaics in Ireland, Scotland, Prince Edward Island and West Lake Ainslie, Nova Scotia By John R. MacCormack Kinloch Books, 1998. 5-3/8 x 8-1/2. 168 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound, in very good condition, tight spine. Some ink writing on title page, but very clean. ISBN 0968386008. Click for image USED BOOK - Through Dirty Windows A Humorous account of shop and factory life in the incredible 1930s. By Harry D. Smith Lancelot Press, Nova Scotia 1976. 5-5/8 x 8-1/4. 84 pages. Paperback, Perfect Bound, in good condition, tight spine. Some discoloration on spine, but very clean, signed by author. ISBN 0889990506. Click for image USED BOOK - Blacks, Peoples of the Maritimes [All Maritime Provinces] By Bridglal Pachai. Published by Nimbus Publishing, Halifax, N.S. 1997. 5.85 x 9.00. 96 pages. Black and White photos and illustrations. Bibliography, no index. ISBN 1-55109-187-9-X. Yellow card stock soft cover, perfect bound. Book is in excellent like new condition. Blacks in the Maritimes from late 1700's to 1812. Click for image Or.... Click here for NEW Books & eBooks for Atlantic Canada More Canadian Genealogy & History Resources from Global Genealogy:
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9,282
"The Road Not Taken" Word Cloud The Road Not Taken "The Road Not Taken" is a poem by Robert Frost, published in 1915 in the collection Mountain Interval, it is the first poem in the volume and is printed in italics. The title is often mistakenly given as "The Road Less Traveled", from the penultimate line: "I took the one less traveled by". Word cloud or tag cloud (or weighted list in visual design) is a visual depiction of user-generated tags, or simply the word content of a site, used typically to describe the content of web sites. Tags are usually single words and are typically listed alphabetically, and the importance of a tag is shown with font size or color. Thus both finding a tag by alphabet and by popularity is possible. The tags are usually hyperlinks that lead to a collection of items that are associated with a tag.
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198
Hong Kong is a unique city and there are plenty of interesting facts about Hong Kong. Below you’ll find Noel Coward and his noon day gun, as well as sardines and skyscrapers in our selection of facts about Hong Kong. - Hong Kong’s official name is the tongue twisting Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or Hong Kong SAR. Find out more in What Country is Hong Kong in? - The city’s name, Hong Kong means Fragrant Harbor - Hong Kong is the most densely populated city in the world. The current sardine squeezing world record holder is the Mongkok district. Take our Tour of the Mongkok Ladies Market. - The saying ‘Only mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the miday sun’ originated in Hong Kong. Noel Coward wrote the words referring to the Noon Day Gun in Causeway Bay fired every day at the stroke of midday since colonial times. - Hong Kong has more Rolls Royce’s per person than any other city in the world. - Hong Kong’s official languages are Chinese (Spoken Cantonese) and English. Find out more in our Do Hong Kongers Speak English article. - Hong Kong has the most skyscrapers in the world. Classified as buildings with more than 14 floors, Hong Kong has around 8000, almost double that of New York its nearest rival. Take a look with our Picture Tour of Hong Kong’s Skyscrapers.
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309
The oldest form of runic scripts, Elder Futhark is named for the first six runes in its alphabet, F, U, Th, A,R, and K. It was used in the North West of Europe from around the second to the eighth centuries AD and has been found on numerous artefacts ranging from jewellry and amulets to tools, weapons and the ever-popular runestone. From the sixth century, Younger Futhark began to develop out of the Elder form before it became prominent in scandinavia from the late eighth century. Later still the Anglo-Saxons and the Frisians developed it further into Anglo-Saxon Futhark. Unlike other forms of runes, the skill of reading Elder Futhark was lost overtime until it was rediscovered with its decipherment in 1865 by the Norwegian Sophus Bugge. The Elder Futhark alphabet consists of twenty-four runes which are traditionally set out in three groups known as aett. The alphabetic order which gives the script its name is first attested from around 400 AD. The direction of the text tends to vary in the earliest inscriptions but it later appears to settle into running from left to right. There are no word divisions in the majority of inscriptions except in a few cases where a series of dots were used to separate words. The angular shapes that the runes are formed by are probably the result of the original incisions make by writing materials like those made by the reed implements to form cuneiform. The alphabet itself is believed to be a derivation from Italic alphabets, possibly a form of Etruscan or Raetic or even Latin. There was a popular theory previously that the alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet via the Gothic. However, the date of early inscriptions predates the Gothic communications with the Greeks and so this theory has been ruled out. It is believed that development of Elder Futhark was composed by a single person or group around the first century AD. The definite purpose for its invention is unknown but epigraphic purposes have been suggested alongside the magical, practical and the playful. Baeksted (1952) suggests use in graffiti. The runes for F, A, G, T, M, and L appear to be identical to old Italic or Latin alphabetic forms. There is also some correspondence in the runes for U, R, K, H, S, B, and O. The rest of the runes are likely adaptations from other sources or original innovations with the creation of the scripts. The rune names are based on the sounds of the runes themselves but also have a basis in mythology, nature and the environment, daily life and the human condition. As mentioned, inscriptions are found on a range of artefacts between the Carpathians and Lappland with the majority of examples hailing from Denmark. The oldest inscription found dates to 160 AD and is found on the Vimose Comb reading simply HARJA. The longest inscription found consists of 200 characters and dates to the eighth century Eggjum stone containing a stanza of Norse poetry. Younger Futhark developed out of Elder Futhark in a transitional phase dating from around 650-800 AD. It is also known as Scandinavian runes and is referred to in the Book of Ballymore as the ‘Ogham of the Scandinavians’. It is a reduced form of Elder Futhark and is found in inscriptions from Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements. Younger Futhark is also known as the alphabet of the Norsemen and is believed to have been developed for use in trade and diplomatic contracts. The alphabet consists of only sixteen characters which were in use from the ninth to the twelfth centuries. Its format consisted of distinct sounds and minimal pairs. One key rule in the younger Futhark texts is the avoidance of having the same rune twice in consecutive order. Younger Futhark actual includes two scripts. The first is made up of long-branch runes which are believed to have been used for documentation on stone. The second script is made up of short-twig runes which were likely used for everyday uses, for private and official messages on wood. The short-twig forms include nine runes which appear as simplified variants of the long branch runes. The Younger Futhark developed later into a range of additional scripts including Halsinge Runes, Middle Age Runes, and Latinised Dalecarlian Futhark. Some Examples of Futhark Inscriptions: Kalleby Runestone - The Kalleby Runestone dates to the Iron Age and includes a short text. It was found in Sweden in the region of Bohuslan and is believed to have been produced in the fifth century AD. It is an example of Period I Elder Futhark (150-550 AD). It reads: þrawijan * haitinaz was Yearning was imposed (on him). / Þrawija’s (monument). (I/he) was commanded/called. / (I/He) was promised to þrawija Vadstena Bracteate - The Vadstena Bracteate is a gold C-bracteate found in Sweden dating to around 500AD. It consists of an image of a four-legged animals with a man’s head above it with a bird separated by a line. This image is commonly associated with the Norse God Odin. The inscription reads: tuwatuwa; fuþarkgw; hnijïpzs; tbemlŋo[d] The translation is highly debated Skåäng Runestone- The Skåäng Runestone is an elaborate stone dating to around the sixth century. It hails from Sweden and contains two inscriptions. The first inscription consists of Younger Futhark while the second is of Elder Futhark. The inscriptions reads: §A Harja, Leugaz §B Skammhals ok Olof þau letu gæra mærki þausi æftiR Svæin, faður sinn. Guð hialpi salu hans §A Harja, Leugaz §B Skammhals and Ólôf, they had these landmarks made in memory of Sveinn, their father. May God help his soul Istaby Runestone - The Istaby Runestone is found amoung the Rundata catalog (DR 359) and is a proto-Norse runestone found in Sweden dating to the Vendel era. It is currently located in the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm. It is an example of Period II Elder Futhark (550-700 AD). It reads: AP Aftr Hariwulfa. Haþuwulfz HeruwulfizAQ Haþuwulfz Heruwulfiz aftr HariwulfaB wrait runaz þaiaz AP In memory of Hariwulfar. Haþuwulfar, Heruwulfar’s son,AQ Haþuwulf(a)r, Heruwulfar’s son, in memory of HariwulfarB wrote these runes. Spearhead of Kovel - The Spearhead of Kovel is the head of a lance found in 1858 in Ukraine. It dates to around the third century AD and measures 15.5cm. The inscription on its blade reads from right to left TILARIDS meaning ‘thither rider’, which is interpreted as either the name of a warrior or of the spear itself. It is believed to be Gothic in origin. - Futhark, a Handbook of Rune Magic - Elder Futhark - Runes: An Introduction - A practical guide to the runes: their uses in divination and magick - Norwegian runes and runic inscriptions - Runes and runic inscriptions: collected essays - Runes and Germanic Linguistics - The Magick of Runes (ankhafnakhonsu.net) - The Language of Trees: Ogham (Archaic Irish Script) (graecomuse.wordpress.com) - Runes in Christian Contexts (wolfslair88.wordpress.com) - Swedish Runic Corpus On-line (scienceblogs.com) - Surviving Material Evidence (wolfslair88.wordpress.com) - Runes in Manuscripts (wolfslair88.wordpress.com) Note that this website can be followed by pressing the ‘Follow by Email’ option on the right hand side of the screen
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White Roofs or Green Roofs? By Ian Montangees The Difference Between White Roofs and Green Roofs in Terms of Their Positive Contribution to Global Warming Reduction – by Ian Montangees A number of people have asked about the difference between green roofs and white roofs in contributing to global warming reduction in a positive way. The short answer is that they are both good in their different ways and in any particular situation it depends on what you are wanting to achieve as both types produce positive outcomes. Green roofs are roofs covered with vegetation planted in a bed of soil and growing media which may be 150 mm thick, and has a waterproof membrane underneath. Green roofs help towards global warming reduction partly by increasing the insulation of a roof from the addition of a layer of soil and this reduces energy consumed by air conditioning in summer and to a lesser extent by heating in winter, which gives reductions in emissions from electricity power generation. In summer the plants can provide some additional cooling by shading and by evaporation of moisture, provided that the vegetation is thick enough and is kept alive. - A planted roof can be visually attractive, a way of introducing green space into an urban environment, which can be softening and visually restful. For example, in some locations green roofs are used as recreational green space at ground level on top of a building underneath. A green roof can add value to a property. - Green roofs even out storm water runoff from roofs during heavy rainfalls because the rain takes longer to percolate through the soil, easing the load on storm water drains. In this way green roofs perform similar to storm water detention tanks that are often required on new buildings to help even out peak rainfall runoffs. However, green roofs are expensive to install and require buildings that are strong enough to take the extra load of the green roof soil. White roofs help global warming reduction by: - Directly reflecting sunlight back into space and help cool the planet mimicking way that the polar icecaps do. - Reducing electricity use by air conditioning systems in summer, and typically producing an overall annual savings in both energy and emissions (summer cooling savings minus winter heating penalty equals overall savings) compared to a dark roof. - Zero cost, often, when the choice to use white is made at the design stage or during regular maintenance - Can be applied onto a wide range of roofs - White paint is typically cheaper than dark paint - It is a win-win solution that gives an effective action plan that many people can do themselves instead of waiting for others to take action. I have written elsewhere in Happyzine about the science and benefits and simplicity of white roofs so I won’t repeat it in this article. A couple of studies have compared both white roofs and green roofs with traditional dark roofs, such as one carried out at the University of Columbia’s Centre for Climate Systems Research in 2010, which was commissioned by Con Edison, one of the largest energy companies in the US. An earlier study was carried out by Walmart, the largest retailer in the US. Thanks to the following environmentally responsible businesses for supporting Happyzine: Nelson’s busy organic shop – healthy food, happy people, great service, caring for the environment. Corner Tasman & Grove Streets, Nelson. Ph 03 548 3650. The Columbia study found that both white and green roofs perform equally well in preventing the heat island effect, which is the heat concentration found in many cities resulting from replacing vegetation with man-made buildings and roads that absorb sunlight and convert it into heat. The study was carried out on adjacent roofs of Con Edison. The green roof (using 21,000 plants), the white roof and the dark roof each had embedded sensors to measure heat flows through the roof structure. It was found that both white roofs and green roofs produced significant energy savings compared to a standard dark roof, that the green roof savings were greater than the white, which is to be expected considering the amount of insulation 150 mm of soil would provide. Note that these studies did not include for the amount of global cooling produced by the white roofs directly reflecting sunlight back into space, which green roofs do not offer, and which has been found to be a very effective mechnism for global warming reduction in other studies with that focus. The emphasis of the Columbia study was more focused on energy savings that also put money in your pocket, and did not include for global cooling of the planet. The goal of the study was to provide the best science to help these companies make choices and cost-benefit estimates in how they might achieve better energy efficiency. Which perhaps gives understanding to why companies like Con Edison and Walmart have embraced white roofs, with Con Edison having installed 25,000 square metre of white roof at the time this report was written, with at least a further 22,000 m2 planned by the end of 2010, and Walmart has had a policy of installing white roofs on all its new stores since 1999, and by 2010 more than 75 percent of the chain’s 4,268 outlets in the United States now have them. So in summary, both white roofs and green roofs are good choices for helping reduce global warming, and in any particular situation it depends on what one is trying to achieve as both types produce different outcomes while also helping to save the many species threatened by our man-made climate change. So yea for white roofs! and yea for green roofs! We all have our parts to play. Never before has mankind been faced with such a stark choice in future outcomes. May we learn to quickly evolve to overcome our motivation based on self interest only, that seems to have lead us to this situation with global warming. May we learn to include along with self interest a motivation to also do what is b est for the greater whole. May we come to know that we are all connected, part of one big family, whether we realise it or not (I can’t put petrol in my car without the emissions affecting someone’s weather in Africa), and come to know it is in our self interest to also do what is best for the greater good, for our economies and our civilisation are much more fragile than we might currently understand them to be, and their future survival depends on our present actions. (As usual, my comments are offered to the best of my understanding at the time and are my opinion only.) by Ian Montangees – www.whiteroofs.org.nz LAUNCH YOUR GREEN DREAM: Check out our August Green Dream Launch Pad Courses – with Ted Speaker Majora Carter!
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1,350
What GIS does One common misconception is that a GIS is simply a computer package to make maps. While maps are one product of a GIS, there is much more that a GIS can do. GIS has become recognized as a tool of unlimited potential. At the most basic level, a GIS manages information about locations and their physical relationships to each other. It also looks at how things move through space, whether they are animals, humans, or pollutants. A GIS then combines information about where things are with what things are. This management of spatial information allows a GIS to create new knowledge about something. A GIS is called a system, because rather than than just software, it is an integration of five basic components: The most important component of a GIS. People make a GIS work. These include not just technical specialists to run the system, but planners, managers, scientists, and engineers. People must develop procedures and define the tasks of a GIS Data is a very important, and often the most expensive component of a GIS. Data includes any information that relates to geography and specialty fields. This could include information about air and water quality, parcels, flood zones, or census data. The quality and accuracy of data is an important consideration, as is information describing the data itself, or metadata. Hardware is the computer system on which a GIS operates. GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types. GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. It can include other non-GIS software such as databases, drawing, and statistical software. A successful GIS operates requires well-designed implementation plans and business rules describing how the technology is applied GIS can be useful in discovering sources of environmental pollution. By displaying potential contaminating sources in an area, you can quickly assess visual relationships that could help identify possible pollution sources. This map shows the waters off of Bellows Air Station and the locations of cesspools, septic tanks, streams and storm drains. These sources may have contributed to elevated levels of enterococcus bacteria at DOH monitoring stations in Waimanalo Bay. Underground Injection Control Line The Underground Injection Control (UIC) Line is a line that separates areas above drinking water and non-drinking water groundwater resources. It is meant to protect Hawaii's precious aquifers from possible contamination by chemical, physical, radioactive, or biological material due to injection well activity. Well construction is permitted and regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Branch 's UIC Program based on the potential for contamination due to the siting of injection wells. Click here for more information about the UIC Program and UIC permits. To use the map below, use the navigation tools to zoom to your area of interest. Click on the map to find the UIC Code for that location: Code1 - BELOW (makai) UIC LINE - Underlying aquifer not considered drinking water source - Wider variety of wells allowed - Injection wells need UIC Permit or Permit Exemption - Permit limitations are imposed Code100 - ABOVE (mauka) UIC LINE - Underlying aquifer considered drinking water source - Limited types of injection wells allowed - Injection wells need UIC Permit or Permit Exemption - Permit limitations are imposed and requirements are more stringent View Larger Map Using GIS to discover historic areas of contamination The Department’s Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response (HEER) Office has been investigating soil contamination from Historic sugar plantation sites in Hawaii for a number of years. When a HEER staff member came across photos taken in 1914 showing a plantation worker standing amidst containers marked “poison” at Kilauea, Kauai, efforts began to investigate the site. The Kilauea Sugar Company had operated at this location from 1877 to 1971. After the plantation had closed, the land was put up for sale and later developed into a residential community. The HEER Office obtained old fire insurance maps of the site showing buildings that were formerly used for pesticide mixing and storage. Although these buildings had been torn down since, several other original warehouse buildings in the area were surprisingly still standing. The scanned maps were overlaid onto an aerial image of the area and georeferenced using the warehouses as reference points. Since the map image was now properly spatially located, it could be placed on a parcel layer showing property boundaries. This allowed the property owners and addresses in the area to be identified. HEER staff contacted property owners and conducted soil testing in the vicinity of the former pesticide mixing/storage facility. Soil samples showed high levels of arsenic and moderate levels of dioxin residues. These levels exceeded State and Federal Environmental Action Levels (EALs) at two residential properties and in a stormwater drainage ditch behind a commercial warehouse. An extensive cleanup program began, resulting in the removal of 814 tons of contaminated soil in the area. Sampling of other properties in the community showed that the surface and subsurface soils did not pose a health risk. The contaminated soils were removed and replaced with new clean soil. The drainage ditch was capped with a concrete barrier to provide stormwater drainage while continuing to isolate any additional contaminated soils. 230 air samples were taken throughout the process and showed no detection of any contaminants being released by the work. This project involved the cooperation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Hawaii Deparment of Health, the Kilauea Community, and the County of Kauai. Cleanup activities were completed on September 17, 2012. The HEER Office will oversee implementation of Environmental Hazard Management Plans to ensure long-term protectiveness of the remedies at the affected properties. A story detailing the discovery of the Kilauea site and its resolution was recently published in the Hawaii Journal of Public Health. It can be found If you have any questions, please contact: Environmental Planning Office 919 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 312 Honolulu, HI 96814 Back to Top of Page Last update: 10 April 2013
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1,315
Definitions and Services According to the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) 2004 Household Food Security Report, nearly 650,000 Missourians experience food insecurity – approximately a third of them also experience hunger. This means that their access to enough food is limited by a lack of money and other resources. A 1997 study by the Midwest Assistance Program funded by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Solid Waste Management Program http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/swmp/index.html, found that food accounted for 18.7% or over 1,033,000 tons of waste disposed in Missouri landfills. http://www.dnr.mo.gov/pubs/pub2072.pdf A study by the Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project reports that most low-income families must receive food assistance from several sources, relying on Federal food assistance programs as well as emergency food programs. Even with Federal assistance and the work of charities and nonprofit organizations, nearly 20 percent of the requests for emergency food assistance go unmet. In a study by the USDA for the period ending December 2002, it was reported that 34.9 million people in U.S. households were food insecure, with 13.1 million of them being children. The data showed that 11.1 percent of U.S. households reported that at some time during the year they were uncertain of having, or were unable to acquire, adequate food to meet their basic needs. Of these, about 3.8 million households were food insecure to the extent that one or more household members went hungry at least some time during the year. Yet, it is estimated that approximately one-fourth of America's food goes to waste each year, with an estimated 96 billion pounds of food ending up in landfills. Millions of people could have benefited from those lost resources. The four most common methods of food recovery are: - Field Gleaning - The collection of crops from farmers' fields that have already been mechanically harvested or on fields where it is not economically profitable to harvest. - Perishable Food Rescue or Salvage – The collection of perishable produce from wholesale and retail sources. - Food Rescue - The collection of prepared foods from the food service industry. - Nonperishable Food Collection - The collection of processed foods with long shelf lives. - Food Banks provide food to other organizations like food pantries, soup kitchens, hunger relief centers, or other food or feeding centers. Usually, food banks do not distribute food directly to individuals. - Food Pantries distribute food to low-income and unemployed households to take home. - Soup Kitchens provide meals to the needy and the homeless on a regular basis. In addition to perishable and non-perishable commercial foods donated by retailers, manufacturers, food service establishments, etc., many of the agencies listed in this booklet distribute USDA commodities made available through the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP). Under TEFAP, commodity foods are distributed to organizations (i.e., soup kitchens) in the state that use them in congregate feeding facilities for the needy, including the homeless, and to organizations (i.e., food pantries) that provide them to eligible households for home consumption. To be eligible to take commodities home, households must meet established income requirements or participate in another government program such as Food Stamps, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI); Medicaid, or reside in public housing. There are many worthwhile organizations, not included in this booklet, that provide food assistance directly to the needy. Contact the local food bank to find the location of a food pantry or soup kitchen in your area. To obtain contact information go to the Second Harvest website and enter your Zip Code where it says "Find your local food bank or food rescue organization." The operation of a good food recovery program is three-fold: - Locate unsold or unmerchantable food and fresh produce. - Coordinate its transportation and storage. - Distribute it to the needy. There are various ways to get involved in the fight against hunger and demonstrate commitment to the community. Food Service Professionals - Organize a food drive and donate food to a local food bank or pantry. - Donate excess prepared food from restaurants, school cafeterias or catered events. - Assist organizations in training their volunteers in safe food-handling practices. - Work independently or with existing organizations to assist ongoing food recovery efforts. - Support or develop a community or regional coalition against hunger. - Develop a community financial fund to fight hunger. - Plan tours of food recovery facilities or arrange for knowledgeable speakers to increase community awareness of hunger and poverty problems, and what people are doing to address them. Youth Service Groups and Volunteer Organizations - Work on their own or with existing organizations to assist on-going food recovery efforts. - Organize essay, oratorical or art contests for school children to focus on a child's view of hunger and its consequences. - Sponsor a community garden that gives a portion of the harvest to food banks, soup kitchens, and other food recovery programs. - Supply gardening tools and harvesting equipment for local gardening and gleaning efforts. - Volunteer at the food recovery program closest to you. - Attend food safety training sessions so you are better prepared to volunteer in a soup kitchen or shelter. - Suggest that organizations you belong to or businesses you work for sponsor food recovery programs. - Join or form a community walk/run to benefit a food recovery program. Businesses and Corporations - Encourage, recognize, and reward employees and other individuals for volunteer service to the community. Increase employee awareness of local hunger and provide training to make employees more useful volunteers. - Sponsor radio and television air time for community organizations that address hunger. - Donate excess prepared and processed food from the employee cafeteria or from special events to local food recovery programs. - Donate transportation, maintenance work, or computer service. - Prepare legal information on donor considerations such as “Good Samaritan” laws and food safety and quality.
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By Serena Gordon MONDAY, Nov. 16 (HealthDay News) -- Pediatric food allergies, which can sometimes be life-threatening, are increasing at a dramatic rate in the United States, new research shows. But the study authors aren't sure if the rise in reports of food allergies reflects an increase in actual prevalence or if better awareness has led more people to seek treatment for their symptoms. Whatever the cause, it's clear that the number of children with food allergies has gone up 18 percent and the number seeking treatment for food allergy at emergency departments or hospitals has tripled since 1993. "People are more aware of food allergies today, and that could have something to do with it," said study author, Amy Branum, a health statistician for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "But, when we looked at health-care surveys filled out by parents and those from the health-care sector, we saw the increase across the surveys so this may be more than just increased awareness." Results of the study were published online Nov. 16 and will appear in the December print issue of Pediatrics. Although many people think of allergies as more of a nuisance than a serious health issue, food allergy in particular can be very serious, even life-threatening. The most common foods that people are allergic to include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, soy, shellfish, fish and wheat, according to the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network. Symptoms often appear minutes after people eat a food that they're allergic to, but it can sometimes take several hours before a reaction begins, according to the network. Typical symptoms of a food allergy include a tingling sensation in the mouth, swelling of the tongue or throat, trouble breathing, hives, stomach cramping, vomiting or diarrhea. In the current study, the researchers used information from four different national data sources to assess the current rate of food allergies in the United States. The surveys included information from parents and from health-care providers, according to Branum. The researchers found that between 1997 and 2007, the incidence of food allergy went up by 18 percent. Parents of almost 4 percent of U.S. children reported a food or digestive allergy in their child, the study authors noted. There was also an increase in the rates of parent-reported skin allergy (eczema) during the same time period. Approximately 8.9 percent of U.S. children had experienced skin allergy in 2007, compared with 7.9 percent in 1997. Health-care providers, on the other hand, reported that the number of children being treated for food allergies had tripled, the study found. Data from health-care providers was from 1993 to 2006. Data included testing for immunoglobulin E, or IgE, antibodies in the blood for various foodstuffs, which can indicate an allergy. The percentage of children who tested positive for IgE antibodies for peanut allergy was 9 percent; for egg allergy, 7 percent; milk, 12 percent; and shrimp, 5 percent, the study found. Though IgE antibodies can indicate a potential food allergy, the test is often better at ruling out who does not have an allergy, Branum said. A positive test doesn't mean that someone definitely has a food allergy, but suggests that the potential is there. The researchers also noted that Hispanic children had the lowest overall prevalence of food allergy but the greatest increases over time of parent-reported incidences of food allergy. "People should be aware that food allergy may really be increasing," Branum said. "If small children have symptoms when they eat a particular food, have that child checked out, particularly if they have co-occurring conditions like asthma and eczema." "Food allergies are real," said Dr. Jennifer Appleyard, chief of allergy and immunology at St. John Hospital and Medical Center in Detroit. "And it appears that the prevalence is rising." This will present various challenges, she noted. One is that there's already a shortage of allergy specialists in many areas, Appleyard said. Another is that schools will have to gear up to take care of additional children with food allergy to ensure their safety during the school day and on field trips, she said. Parents who suspect their child has a food allergy should first talk with the child's primary care physician about symptoms. The problem could be a food intolerance rather than an allergy, she said, but the child might need to be tested by an allergy specialist to get a definitive diagnosis. The Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network has more on food allergies. Copyright © 2011 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
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963
By Madonna Behen WEDNESDAY, Jan. 18 (HealthDay News) -- The recently approved drug vemurafenib (Zelboraf) has been hailed as a breakthrough in the treatment of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. But roughly one-quarter of patients who take the medication develop a troublesome side effect: secondary skin cancers called squamous cell carcinomas. Now, a new study by researchers at the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, and colleagues identifies the specific genetic mechanism that causes this side effect. "What we found is that vemurafenib blocks the mutation that makes the melanoma grow, but when patients have skin cells with another mutation that's probably induced from sun exposure, there the drug has the exact opposite effect and causes these squamous cell cancers to grow," said Dr. Antoni Ribas, co-senior author of the study and an associate professor of hematology/oncology at UCLA. What's more, the findings suggest that combining vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, with a drug called an MEK inhibitor -- which blocks the other mutation -- may not only prevent this side effect, but may also lead to an even more effective melanoma treatment, Ribas said. "It needs to be demonstrated in clinical trials, but the theory is that if we give these two medications together up front, we will be punching the melanoma where it really hurts twice, and also preventing the growth of secondary skin cancers," Ribas said. For the study, which appears in the Jan. 19 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, Ribas and his colleagues analyzed cells from squamous cell lesions in patients treated with vemurafenib to look for specific genetic mutations. In a set of 21 tumor samples, the researchers found 13 had what's known as an RAS mutation, which predisposes someone to develop squamous cell cancer. In a separate set of 14 samples, eight had RAS mutations. "Our data suggest that about 60 percent of patients who develop skin squamous cell cancers while treated with a BRAF inhibitor have an RAS mutation," Ribas said. In experiments in mice with the RAS mutation, the researchers showed that the combination of a BRAF inhibitor and an MEK inhibitor successfullyblocked the growth of squamous cell cancers. This result may need replication in humans, since many findings in animals do not translate into effective treatments for people. Ribas noted that the findings have implications beyond just melanoma, since RAS mutations are common in lung, pancreatic and colon cancer. "What this data also warns us is that we have to be very careful about using BRAF inhibitors in a setting where we don't know what other mutations may be driving [the cancer]," he said. In an editorial accompanying the study, a cancer researcher at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia sounded a similar note. "Patients being given BRAF inhibitors should be tested to determine their RAS status, since the potential for secondary tumor development is of concern," wrote Ashani Weeraratna, an assistant professor in Wistar's Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program. In an interview, she added, "While cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are not usually life-threatening, a small portion are. And further, squamous cell carcinomas of other cell types can be very aggressive. So understanding how to solve this problem is critical." Another skin cancer expert said that although the findings were important and timely, more studies were needed before making broad recommendations. "Patients need to be aware of the risk of development of squamous cell carcinomas, and dermatology exams need to be included as part of the care for these patients," said Dr. Iman Osman, an associate professor of dermatology and oncology at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. "I believe any other recommendation, such as adding a MEK inhibitor from the beginning, or doing biopsies of any squamous cell carcinoma for RAS mutation at the time of starting BRAF inhibition, will require more data," Osman said. Other researchers who took part in the study included investigators from the Institute of Cancer Research in London and the pharmaceutical companies Roche and Plexxikon. Visit the U.S. National Cancer Institute to learn about melanoma.
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905
Classification of Burns What are the classifications of burns? Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface. First-degree (superficial) burns First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color. Second-degree (partial thickness) burns Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful. Third-degree (full thickness) burns Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.
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220
Tips for Eating More Fruit The USDA offers these tips on adding more fruit to your diet: Choose fresh fruits, fruit juices and frozen, canned or dried fruit. Don't buy fruit canned or frozen in heavy syrups and sweetened fruit juices. Eat whole fruits rather than fruit juices because whole fruit has more fiber and is more filling with fewer calories. Citrus fruits, melons and berries are a good source of vitamin C. If you want to drink fruit juice, buy only products marked as 100 percent fruit juice. Most fruit drinks and fruit cocktails contain only a little juice and lots of sugar.
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C-Section Babies May Be More Likely to Fail First Hearing Test TUESDAY, June 12 (HealthDay News) -- Infants delivered by Cesarean section are three times more likely than babies delivered vaginally to fail their first hearing test, which is performed shortly after birth, new research from Israel finds. However, the researchers noted that parents should be aware of this difference, but not alarmed, because this hearing "problem" is typically temporary. Dr. Tatiana Smolkin, a neonatal researcher at Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, Israel, who worked on the study, said the loss generally disappears after 72 hours. "Fluids are retained in the middle ear," which seems to affect neonatal hearing, she explained. U.S. experts agreed that parents should take the information in stride. "I think the take-home message is if you have had a C-section be prepared there is a higher chance your baby is going to fail one of these hearing tests, whether or not they have a hearing loss," said Dr. Richard Rosenfeld, chair of otolaryngology at SUNY Downstate, in Brooklyn, N.Y. He co-chaired the committee that crafted the American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines on the management of the middle ear problem known as otitis media with effusion. Dr. Dennis Woo, a pediatrician at the University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center in Santa Monica, said the problem is often transient, and if the testing were done three or four days after birth, the results would likely be very different. "There is nothing worrisome here as far as for the parents," Woo said. To be sure, parents need to follow up with the baby's pediatrician, the doctors agreed. For the study, the Israeli researchers evaluated 1,653 newborns. Of these, 1,170 were delivered vaginally; the other 483 by C-section. They looked at the babies' results on their first hearing test, known as the otoacoustic emissions test. Otoacoustic emissions are sounds given off by the inner ear when the inner ear structure known as the cochlea is stimulated by a sound. When the sound occurs, the outer hair cells of the ear vibrate. This produces an almost inaudible sound that throws an echo back into the middle ear. The person conducting the test inserts a small probe into the ear canal to measure the sound; those with certain levels of hearing loss do not produce these very soft sounds. The test can also detect the presence of middle ear fluid, which can temporarily affect hearing. In the study, nearly 21 percent of the C-section babies failed the test, while only a little more than 7 percent of those delivered vaginally did. The test was done before the babies were 48 hours old. The risk of failing the test, overall, was also higher in those babies who had it before they were a day old. In the United States, about one-third of births are Cesarean. The study, published online June 11, appears in the July print issue of the journal Pediatrics. As the babies got repeat tests, most had normal results. The researchers had to refer 10 who did not -- five delivered vaginally, and five C-section babies -- for a different test that evaluates auditory brainstem functioning. All of these infants passed this test. The researchers suggested that the first hearing test after C-section should preferably be delayed until the baby is beyond 48 hours old. C-section babies may be "a little different," Woo agreed. Something about the vaginal birth process may help dissipate the middle ear fluid, said Rosenfeld, who wrote the book "A Parent's Guide to Ear Tubes," about the procedure done when middle ear fluid persists. Parents might consider asking their pediatrician to delay the test beyond the first two days after birth. "It makes sense," Woo said. To learn more about infants' hearing, visit the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. SOURCES: Richard Rosenfeld, M.D., M.P.H., professor and chair, otolaryngology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, N.Y.; author, "A Parent's Guide To Ear Tubes," and past president, American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology; Dennis Woo, M.D., pediatrician, University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center, Santa Monica; Tatiana Smolkin, M.D., neonatal researcher, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; July 2012 Pediatrics
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964
Microclimates allow application of coatings Merrimack Station, a power plant in Bow, N.H., owned and operated by Public Service of New Hampshire (PSNH), burns 4,000 tons of coal a day, as it generates enough power to satisfy the energy needs of one-third of New Hampshire's population. The fly ash produced during the combustion of coal contains a trace amount of mercury that is emitted into the atmosphere. The plant's operators sought to reduce these emissions to improve the environment and public health, and to meet strict air-quality legislation recently passed in New Hampshire. PSNH executives chose to install a wet, limestone-based flue-gas-desulphurization (FGD) system to limit mercury and sulfur dioxide emissions. Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (CBI) built the primary processing system for the FGD system. It included six carbon-steel tanks located side-by-side. The tanks range from 24 ft to 56 ft in diameter. Once constructed, the interior of the tanks required a special coating to ensure protection against constant exposure to abrasive and corrosive conditions. CBI hired G.C. Zarnas, a national industrial and commercial painting contractor based in Bethlehem, Pa., to blast all six tanks and apply a Ceilcoate fiber-glass inlay coating to the metal. Bob Mudri, northeast superintendent with G.C. Zarnas, oversaw the project. “The major threat to the integrity of the coating was the possibility of formation of rust bloom — corrosion that occurs immediately on steel surfaces between the blasting phase and application of the paint during moist conditions,” Mudri said. For the formation of rust to be prevented, and the coating to be applied and cured properly, the temperature of the metal had to be maintained at a minimum of 50°F, and humidity levels inside of the tank had to be less than 50 percent. Adding to the challenge was that the project was scheduled to begin during winter in northern New Hampshire, where temperatures can reach as low as -15°F. “I needed a system that allowed us to blast the entire tank without having to apply the coating the same day,” Mudri said. “The process of blasting and coating in sections is costly because of the labor and time involved, and leaves overlaps in the coating that can become failure points over time.” Mudri contacted Jeff Cox, lead industrial technician for the northern United States region for Polygon, to design a system to control moisture and temperature during the blasting and coating process. Cox analyzed the project's parameters and recommended a combination of dehumidification and heat to maintain ideal blasting and coating conditions. Polygon technicians delivered a 4500-cfm desiccant dehumidifier and two inline electric heaters from the company's Plaistow, N.H., office and configured the equipment near the tanks. Polygon personnel used ductwork to connect the climate-control equipment to the tanks via manways at the base of each structure. Once operational, the equipment provided a dew-point differential of 17°F and steel-surface temperatures of 50°F. This allowed G.C. Zarnas to blast an entire tank before coating it. “The larger tanks took up to a week to sandblast,” Cox said. “After sandblasting, the tank was cleaned and then the coating was applied.” “Without the proper climate, we would have had to put a coat of paint or primer on each day after finishing to prevent rust,” Mudri said. “It would have taken much longer — possibly twice as long — because we would have to sandblast, clean, and then paint.” Mudri said work continued even with temperatures dropping significantly during the harsh New England winter. “It was a brutal winter with temperatures below zero at times,” Mudri said. “Even so, conditions inside the tank were always at the necessary standard and the project was completed as planned.” Information and photograph courtesy of Polygon.
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856
An alternative to salt-based water softening Although the varied climatic conditions along California's Central Coast, home of Hahn Family Wines, are ideal for the growing of grapes, the water underground, which the vintner uses for closed-loop heat-cleaning of fermenting barrels and bottles, is mineral-rich and scale-producing. Gritty deposits collect and become troublesome with the application of heat. After years of using salt-based water softening for critical boiler-treatment applications, Hahn Family Wines sought an environmentally friendlier form of water treatment, one free of chemicals, salt, and waste discharge. For its main water supply, it commissioned the installation of a template-assisted-crystallization (TAC) central treatment system. TAC falls into a category often referred to as “physical water treatment” (PWT). The primary goals of PWT are to: Avoid the use of chemical additives. Minimize or avoid discharge water, regenerates, and waste water. Avoid pollution and disposal costs. Minimize capital costs and ongoing maintenance. The technology behind TAC treatment systems was developed in Germany about 15 years ago and used throughout Europe before coming to the United States about eight years ago. TAC media start out as polymeric beads (resin) in the 20-to-40-mesh size range. Catalytically active sites, or templates, are imprinted on the beads' surface through a batch-coating process. PWT works by changing the physical characteristics of a solution, with little or no change in the solution's chemical composition. PWT is used chiefly to reduce water hardness (calcium carbonate) in plumbing systems, appliances, and equipment (boilers, water heaters, dish washers, automotive- and process-washing equipment), valves, and other components that generate or use heated water. Most PWT devices promote hardness crystallization in a bulk solution to prevent scale formation on downstream surfaces. TAC is technology that influences a water solution at localized sites (on the media surface) so that hardness ions and their counter-ions (bicarbonate) combine to form inert nanometer-size “seed crystals.” Called nucleation, this is the process by which dissolved molecules or ions dispersed throughout a solution gather to create clusters in the submicron size range. The sum of the seeds provides an enormous area for preferential growth of remaining hardness ions still in solution. Making use of the phenomenon of low-energy heterogeneous transfer, by which solubility shift is achieved, the remaining dissolved ions attach to the seed crystals and continue harmlessly downstream, eventually to be consumed or drained. Although there is no flow to drain in closed-loop boiler systems, TAC has been successful in controlling scale while reducing or eliminating chemical additives in systems that incorporate a bottom blowdown with scheduled daily discharges. TAC is the mechanism behind biomineralization — the growth of bone structures in the human body — and commonly is used by pharmaceutical companies to create medicines. TAC media were submitted to DVGW (German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water), whose standard W 512 is considered the most rigorous and challenging accredited standard for certifying PWT systems for scale-reduction efficiency. The media achieved a scale-prevention efficiency of more than 99 percent for both recirculation-hot-water and single-pass-cold-water protocols. Used in an upflow design, TAC media are not subject to low-flow channeling or high-flow pressure drops. Pressure drop at peak flow rate is less than 4 psi. Like other resins, the media are subject to water-chemistry limitations, such as chlorine, iron, manganese, tannins, and pH. The effective life of TAC media is three years and is dependent on neither the volume nor the hardness of water. Protecting a plumbing system from damaging lime deposits can incur considerable expense — both initially and throughout the life of the system — for any commercial property. For many years, commercial-grade water softeners were the only proven technology for scale protection. Water softeners, however, require electricity to operate, take up precious space in mechanical rooms, demand hundreds of gallons of water for draining during backwash and regeneration cycles, and require salt or an even more expensive alternative (potassium chloride) for performance to be maintained. TAC can be used in point-of-entry applications to protect whole buildings on the hot and the cold side and protect equipment that is more prone to scale buildup. Peak flow rate is all that is required to size a commercial TAC system. The system chosen by Hahn Family Wines requires no water-consuming discharge while providing micron filtration and hard-water scale protection. Two centrifugal micron filters remove particulate matter from well water. Microfiltered water then is passed through a hard-water scale-prevention system. The scale-prevention media operate catalytically without salt or chemicals and do not produce a waste stream. According to the manufacturer, TAC prevents over 98 percent of the scale produced by the winery's hard water, while the only maintenance that is required is a simple media replacement after two to three years of service. TAC technology enabled Hahn Family Wines to remove its salt-based water softeners, which preceded the boilers. The TAC system provides treated water throughout the winery's water-distribution system. “With Hahn Winery's move to become more ecological, we looked at every facet of our environmental stewardship,” Hahn Family Wines spokesperson Evelyn Pool said. “Water treatment was an important part of that puzzle. “We're delighted with our effort to become sustainably certified in the vineyards,” Pool added. “Eliminating salt-based softeners while adding new (TAC) scale prevention is a real boost to our sense of environmental responsibility.” Did you find this article useful? Send comments and suggestions to Executive Editor Scott Arnold at [email protected]. A journalist focusing on the plumbing-and-mechanical, HVAC, geothermal, and solar- and radiant-heat industries, John Vastyan is owner of Common Ground, a trade-communications firm. He can be reached at 717-664-0535 or [email protected]. In 2005, Gregg Josey, chief engineer for Embassy Suites in Tempe, Ariz., was considering replacing the failing water softener installed years earlier. The hotel had numerous points of entry for municipally supplied water. Water hardness measured between 12 and 14 grains per gallon. As a result, water treatment was practical only on the “hot side” of the plumbing system. The hotel needed to treat water for the domestic-water boiler, heat-exchange surfaces, and numerous point-of-use tempering valves — essentially, the entire domestic-hot-water-distribution system. Of concern were the many showerheads: one in each of the hotel's 224 rooms. “Calcium deposits within the showerheads … at many hotels often look filthy and frequently are the cause of recurring maintenance issues,” Stephen Callahan, national sales manager for Watts Water Technologies, said. “Water flow to showerheads is restricted by the deposits, and in addition to that, front-desk personnel at hotels get calls — often at night or early in the morning — from guests who complain about unsightly, dirty-looking deposits. They think the maids aren't doing their jobs when, in reality, the problem stems from insufficient water treatment.” Josey decided to replace the old water-treatment system with template-assisted-crystallization (TAC) scale-control technology. His research showed TAC would be less costly upfront and save the facility nearly 70 percent in operating costs, mostly in salt- and water-purchase and discharge costs. He has enjoyed maintenance-free scale protection for five years. “A simple media replacement once every three years is all that's needed to keep the system running scale-free,” Josey said. Today, the hotel's metered water use and wastewater discharge are substantially less than they were previously, and the hotel has found it no longer needs to perform the routine maintenance and replenishing tasks it had with a salt-based system.
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Experts from around the country gathered at the Aspen Ideas Festival this past week to tackle some difficult issues—the economic crisis, overpopulation, threats to democracy. But the panel I sat on asked perhaps the thorniest of questions, and one that we seem to return to again and again: What is the goal of parenting? Every society worries about its children, and the recent media storm over the bullied school bus monitor focused our attention on children who appear unmoored in the school system. But the problem of youthful misbehavior is an old one. As Aspen presenter Michael Thompson, author of Raising Cain: Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys, pointed out, Mark Twain’s Tom Sawyer was probably the best illustration, real or fictional, of the frustrating “push-and-pull of boys and schools.” Not that we should fall into the sex differences trap. Michael Kimmel, author of Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men, said that the “big social science story of the 21st century,” is not the difference between girls’ and boys’ brains, but rather their similarities. There is more variation among boys than there is variation between boys and girls, Kimmel and Thompson argued. Fostering resilience in children was another common theme. We heard about experimental research that shows children perform better on problem-solving tasks when their effort is praised, rather than their intelligence. We heard about the intellectual capacities that predict success — traits such as optimism, flexibility, curiosity and the ability to assume the perspective of others — that are not captured by our current measures of academic performance. And we discussed how to attend better to the developmental needs of young kids: slowing down and giving them the space, physical and mental, to learn through play, to daydream, to experience struggle and disappointment, and to cultivate their passions. Larry Cohen, a co-panelist, urged parents to understand the virtues of being ordinary. Above all, we emphasized the importance of relationships for the social and cognitive growth of children. We even heard the voices of American children and what they want most from their parents: de-stressed emotional engagement. “If you’re tired, take a little nap,” one child suggested. “But not too long.” But is any of this new or unique to our times? Certainly, the 21st Century presents particular parenting challenges: the rise of social media and the 24/7 day, globalization, changing demographics and adult roles, high-stakes testing in earlier and earlier grades. Even children’s bodies have changed, with earlier puberty and growing rates of obesity. And anxiety is in the drinking water, everywhere. Amy Chua noted that the firestorm ignited by her book, The Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, probably stemmed, in part, because it tapped into two of American’s deepest worries: the fear of being bad parents, and the fear of China. We haven’t really had time to make sense of what these changes portend for schools and families, and the easiest route — as always — is to blame parents. No matter where the child-rearing pendulum swings, we inevitably wring our hands: Parents are too permissive! They’re too authoritarian! And we start worrying all over again, which begs the question: Can we do anything right where kids are concerned? Ellen Galinsky, president of the Families and Work Institute, argued forcefully that we need to overcome our society-wide “parentism” — the kneejerk parent-blaming that keeps us from identifying systemic solutions to children’s problems. She even suggested that if we substituted the word “women,” or any ethnic or racial minority, for the word “parent” in our endless critical commentary, we’d be accused of prejudice and wouldn’t be allowed in polite company. Putting child rearing on a par with national security and the global economy, as the Aspen Ideas Festival did, reaffirms that it’s not only parents, but also society as a whole, that should concern themselves with children. Let’s stop leaping to call out parents’ every misstep and examine the kinds of societal forces that have always made childhood such a precarious enterprise.
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These energy saving tips will show you how to reduce your impact on both the environment and your energy bills. 1. Turn out the lights when you leave a room. This is probably the easiest thing you can do to save energy – just flip the switch on your way out. 2. Turn off electronic devices when you are not using them. This includes TVs, computers, DVD players, stereos, and any other electronic devices. If you’re not using it, why leave it on? To take this one step further, you can also unplug devices like cell phone chargers when they are not in use. They still use a small amount unless they are completely unplugged, even if they do not appear to be in use. 3. Invest in energy-efficient light bulbs, such as compact fluorescent bulbs. These are slowly replacing regular incandescent bulbs, and they use significantly less energy. 4. In the winter, wear extra layers around the house. Simply turning up the thermostat seems so easy, but putting on a sweater uses a lot less energy. Try to have an extra-comfy sweater or sweatshirt handy that you can throw on over anything when you get cold. Wearing long underwear, tights or leggings under your pants can also be helpful if it is particularly chilly. 5. During the winter, open shades during the day; during the summer, close them. Sunlight can have a powerful effect on the temperature of a room, especially if that room faces south and receives more sun. Use this to your advantage by keeping your living space warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. 6. Block the bottoms of doors in winter to prevent heat from escaping. You can buy a door draft snake or make one yourself. 7. Hang clothes to dry rather than use a dryer. This is very easy to do and will even make your clothes last longer; using a dryer causes clothes to shrink and lose their shape. You can buy a rack to hang them on at places like Bed Bath and Beyond. Be careful about using hangers to dry clothes, as they may stretch some fabrics. Hope these tips help you to save energy!
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452
What is the basic foundation for a family unit? A family is more than a household unit. In the Bible, every family represented a microcosm of the community within which it lived. Therefore, when families failed, the community itself failed. In times of crisis, families were relied upon to support and strengthen the community. For example, Moses was charged to offer the following order to his followers: "Make sure there isn't a man or woman among your families or tribes who turns away from the Lord our God (Deuteronomy 29:18)." The family served as a keeper of the core values of the community in which it lived. Thus, family is something more than a household unit. A family is more than a political or religious concept. According to the Bible, "family" is not a man-made concept. Rather, it originates from the mind of God. As recorded in the book of Genesis, family is an intentional creation of the creator, and it is directly blessed by God. No sooner after God create man and woman that he blessed them and told them to create a family: "God blessed them," states Genesis 1:28, continuing, "He said to them, 'Have children and increase your numbers.'" The concept of family predates politics and organized religions. So, rather than simply being a political or religious concept, family is an undeniably divine concept. A family is more than an Old Testament biblical teaching. Even deep into the New Testament, the concept of family is valued as a foundation that was especially designed by God. Paul verifies this fact in his letter to the Ephesians, commenting, "I bow my knees unto the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, from whom the whole family in Heaven and earth is named (Ephesians 3:14-15)." The New Testament reminds us that you will find families in heaven and earth, and in ancient and modern day times. Families are a universal concept that supersedes the Old Testament. What is a family? It is an important part of today's society. Family is more than a domestic unit that is only defined by the number of parents and children. It connects us to others outside of our households. Your bloodline is only one part of your family construct. Although your family unit is defined by you, it is measured by your community. Your culture, religion, and language are also important ingredients and they will bind you with others of like conviction. Family is natural and spiritual. Forged in the mind of God, it is and will forever be divinely created. Timothy Houston is an author, minister, and motivational speaker who is committed to guiding positive life changes in families and communities. For questions, comments or more information, go to www.tlhouston.com.
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567
Giuseppe Donati invented the modern 10-hole ocarina. Although oceanography has been recognized as a formal scientific discipline for only 150 years, the quest for this understanding and its practical application to commerce and war - often unwitting - goes back much further. History of the odometer. In the late 19th century, commercial offices for conducting business first appeared in the United States. See also - Office Machinary Ellen Ochoa invented the optical analysis system. Tuan Vo-Dinh invented optical diagnostic equipment. Vo-Dinh's patents were for a badge worn on a worker's shirt that recorded exposure to toxic chemicals and for a optical scanner that would read that badge. David Paul Gregg first envisioned the optical or laser disc in 1958 and patented it in 1969. The inventors behind the first oral contraceptives. Dr Wilhelm Reich invented the orgone accumulator. Today's dynamic o-ring was the result of experimental work done in the early 1930's by Mr. Niels Christensen. Ole Evinrude invented the outboard motor. The first historical record of an oven being built refers to a stove built in 1490 made entirely of brick and tile. If you cannot find what you want by invention, try by the inventor.
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267
An introduction to the nature and needs of students with mild disabilities: mild mental retardation, behavior disorders, and learning disabilities Includes bibliographical references (p. 257-275) and index. - Language: eng - Physical Description: xvi, 283 p. ; 27 cm. - Edition Info: (paper) - Behavior disorders in children -- United States - Learning disabled children -- Education -- United States - Children with mental disabilities -- Education -- United States - Problem children -- Education -- United States Buying This Book We query many merchants so that you can instantly compare prices and availability. You can even check historic prices and subscribe for notifications. For a manual check, clicking on a link will open a new window with a search for this book on the merchant's site of your choice. - Amazon.com by title or by ISBN - widest selection, reliable service, good prices - Abebooks.com by title or by ISBN - good source for rare and out-of-print books - Textbooks.com by title or by ISBN - large inventory of new & used textbooks - Alibris.com by title or by ISBN - their slogan is "books you thought you'd never find" - eCampus.com by title or by ISBN - they specialize in textbooks, used and new - BN.com by title or by ISBN - Barnes & Noble has a wide selection of new and used books
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299
World Wetlands Day – Healthy forests, healthy wetlands 01 February 2011 | News story Wetlands, such as mangroves, peat forests and freshwater swamp forests, are home to a wealth of biodiversity. To mark this year’s World Wetlands Day on Wednesday 2 February, IUCN is highlighting the role and importance of forests in wetlands, of particular poignancy as 2011 is the International Year of Forests. This year’s World Wetlands Day also marks the 40th Anniversary of the Ramsar Convention. Ramsar protected wetland sites cover an area of 186 million hectares, about the size of Mexico, the largest protected area network in the world. Wetlands provide many services, such as food, fresh water and fuel, and fulfill vital roles in carbon storage, pollution control and protection from natural hazards, such as floods and storms. Water supplies are dependent on healthy wetlands; healthy forests help to support and protect wetlands. Yet, there are worrying signs that wetlands are being lost at a higher rate than any other ecosystem. According to The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, 50% of our wetlands globally have been lost over the last century. Widespread degradation and loss is triggered by the development of infrastructure, land conversion, deforestation and the introduction of invasive species. Investing in forests within wetlands goes a long way. For example, New York City found that it could avoid spending US$ 4-6 billion on water treatment plants (plus annual maintenance costs) by investing just US$ 1 billion on protecting forests in water catchment areas. Switzerland saves around US$ 64 million a year by using untreated groundwater, naturally filtered through forested watersheds. Forests function as a filter, storage and purifier in water catchments. • “Water is the irreplaceable source of life and wetlands are the source of water for the vast majority of the world's people,” says Julia Marton-Lefèvre, IUCN Director General. “Wetlands are not only natural infrastructure that store and clean water, regulate flows and protect coasts. They are also food bowls for millions of people around the world and their major source of livelihood – farming, fisheries and food security all depend on healthy wetlands.” • “Investment needs to be made to secure the water resources we currently have and, as part of this, decision makers need to recognize the vital services that a healthy natural environment provides, particularly as communities adapt to the effects of climate change,” says Mark Smith, Head IUCN Water Programme. “Demand for energy and food is growing as populations expand, driving up the demand for water. Now, more than ever, we must invest in natural infrastructure, such as forests and wetlands, that will safeguard water resources for people and nature.” Notes to editors: World Wetlands Day marks the date of the adoption of the Convention on Wetlands on 2 February 1971, in the Iranian city of Ramsar on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Each year since 1997, government agencies, non-governmental organizations and groups of citizens at all levels of the community have taken advantage of the opportunity to undertake actions aimed at raising public awareness of wetland values and benefits in general and the Ramsar Convention in particular. For more information contact: Nicki Chadwick, Media Relations Officer, t +41 22 999 0229, m +41 79 528 3486, e [email protected] Claire Warmenbol, Water Programme Communications Officer, t +41 22 999 0188, e [email protected]
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749
With all this talk about differentiation in the classroom, teachers are searching for ways to have more one on one time with students. Time that is needed to support tiered lessons, collaborative learning, enrichment and remediation. There is a promising new classroom model called “flipping your classroom“ that is creating just that, more time for teacher interaction and collaboration with students. In this model, students watch video lessons before coming to class, leaving the teacher with more time in class to differentiate lessons and allow students to work collaboratively. There has been some very positive feedback from students, teachers and parents alike. Teachers say they’re putting more responsibility on students for their learning, coming to class prepared, and working collaboratively with peers. This model has also make classrooms using the new model more interactive.
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Creator of Hank D and the Bee. Environmental cartoons found in/on: Yes! magazine, PBS's Urban Conversion, Center for Media and Democracy, Greenpeace, Planetsave, NaturalPapa, Elephant Journal and more… Originally posted on RedGreenandBlue.org on 1/20/09 Between 2006 and 2007, the Southern Nevada Water Authority in Las Vegas screened tap water from 19 US water utilities for 51 different compounds. The 11 most frequently detected compounds are highlighted in the cartoon and described below. 1.used to treat cardiovascular disease, 2.an herbicide banned in the European Union (still used in the US) has been implicated in the decline of fish stocks and in changes in animal behaviour, 3.a mood-stabilising drug used to treat bipolar disorder, 4.an oestrogen hormone blamed for causing gender-bending changes in fish, 5.an anti-cholesterol drug, 6.a tranquiliser used in psychiatric treatment, 7.a painkiller and anti-inflammatory linked to increases in asthma incidence, 8.an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy, 9.an antibiotic used against the “Strep” bacteria, 10.a reducing agent used in molecular biology, 11.an antibiotic Christian Daughton of the EPA’s National Exposure Research Laboratory says that neither this nor other recent water assessments give cause for health concern. “But several point to the potential for risk – especially for the fetus and those with severely compromised health.”
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310
Job interview questions overview Interview questions are based on skills contained in the job criteria. Interviews are designed to get a complete, integrated analysis of each candidate. Candidates are expected to demonstrate their skills to the required standard for each of the job criteria in their answers. There are several classes of job interview questions: • Skills based questions • Knowledge based questions • Technical questions • Problem solving questions • Experience related questions • Interpersonal skills questions Skills based questions These job interview questions are related to specific job skills outlined in essential criteria. Candidates are asked to give examples of their work, or outline their duties and performance in key roles. Knowledge based questions Many jobs have a required knowledge base. Interview questions are used to find out the depth of knowledge, and to check and confirm candidates have the essential information required to do the work involved. These are a different type of knowledge based job interview questions, and they relate to the technical issues of the position. In some job interviews, a person on the interview panel is appointed to ask these questions, and give expert evaluation of answers to the panel. Problem solving questions The problem solving job interview questions are now standard practice. Problem solving questions are used to define skill levels and the ability to deal with difficulties. Experience related questions This is a range of job interview questions designed to test prior experience across the range of job skills contained in the position. They include additional questions to clarify the scope of candidates? experience. They also deal with issues related to the job, particularly where levels of experience relate directly to the complexity of the work. Interpersonal skills questions These are job interview questions which explore workplace relationships, team roles, leadership, and other personal characteristics of candidates. Questions can range from dealing with stress to contributing to a team. Assessing job interview questions Interview assessments use the merit principle to decide successful applicants based on their answers to the job interview questions. A panel discussion and consensus, or a formal evaluation process using an ‘evaluation grid’, (a step by step analysis of answers) is conducted. The selection process Interviewers select the candidate who meets all job criteria to an acceptable standard. The panel then makes a recommendation for appointment to management
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461
The Bavli, Chulin 60:2, says (in my own loose translation): Rabbi Shim'on ben Pazi noted a contradiction: [B'reshis 1:16] says, "God made the two big luminaries" and "the big luminary… and the small luminary". The moon said to God: "Master of the world, is it possible for two kings to use one crown?" He told her: "Go diminish yourself." She told him: "Master of the world, because I said something proper to you I have to diminish myself?" He told her: "Go and rule [=shine] by day and night." (And the conversation continued further.) Presumably this midrash is not meant literally. (Moons don't talk, for one thing.) But my question will assume it's literal. In other words, my question will be about the storyline of the midrash, assuming its premise. My question is: In what sense was the moon diminished? Here are the two most reasonable possibilities I can see: - The sun and moon were the same size (say, a million kilometers' diameter, like the sun is now), and the moon shrank to the 3500 kilometers' diameter it is now. - The sun and moon were the same apparent size as viewed from earth (same angular diameter) — as they are in fact now! — and the moon shrank in the sense that now it wanes.
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311
“Throughout the history of the United States, public officials have used the rule of law to deny equal opportunities to African Americans.” Strong language, almost shocking in its clarity. It’s how Elaine Gross of ERASE Racism begins her January “Message from the President.” ERASE Racism is a regional organization (based in Nassau County on Long Island, NY) that leads public policy advocacy campaigns to promote racial equity in areas such as housing, community development, public school education and public health. Its M.O. is to work directly against the formal, legalized barriers to equity and the disparate impacts of seemingly benign policies and actions. If public officials have used the rule of law to deny equal opportunities to African Americans, as her introductory statement charges, one must direct efforts to re-design the rules of law to be more equitable. Sometimes the problem is badly conceived law, other times it’s badly implemented law enforcement, but the two together have led to wide disparities in housing, community development, public school education, and public health. Working with data and the power of persuasion, “we expose forms of racial discrimination and advocate for laws and policies that help eliminate racial disparities,” Ms. Gross says. Three important victories: Through its participation in a governor-appointed Regional Economic Development Council, ERASE Racism was a leader in inserting policy language that “increases the diversity of Long Island housing stock by producing affordable non-age restricted rental housing, affirmatively marketed, and without residency requirements.” Its research report, “Long Island Fair Housing: A State of Inequity,” along with a press conference and coverage from Newsday, Long Island’s daily newspaper, educated a largely-surprised Long Island audience on the extent of housing segregation throughout Nassau and Suffolk counties. Momentum was created and co-operation gained from Nassau county leadership at the highest levels, resulting in new “fair housing” laws that provide an administrative enforcement system and strong civil penalties for violations. In marking the 50th anniversary of the groundbreaking Supreme Court school desegregation case, ERASE Racism brought together local colleges and universities, developed a conference and monograph, “Brown v. Board of Education: The Unfinished Agenda,” which attracted over 600 people. It increasingly engages those in the region about the need for structural changes in the public education system. One current project: developing an index to monitor disparities on the input side of public education, such as disparate college readiness curriculum, disparate teacher quality, and disparate levels of poverty, all of which in turn correlate with disparate student outcomes. In discussing these with me, Ms. Gross concluded with these important lessons. “It’s very easy to miss the mark in addressing structural impediments to equity if one is not looking very specifically at race. One can substitute the language of economic disparities, or talk of the benefits of diversity, but one still has to look at the racial equity impact of policy decisions. And in doing that one has to be straightforward and persistent. It’s not only the work that gets you into headlines that’s important, it’s laying the groundwork, building the relationships, connecting with people who can do the heavy lifting that’s important. And having funders that recognize the value of these steps.” February 3, 2012 / Steven E. Mayer, Ph.D.
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713
Hot Weather Gets Scientists' Attention Originally published on Wed July 11, 2012 5:30 am RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST: Across America people are sweltering through extreme heat this year, continuing a long-term trend of rising temperatures. Inevitably, many are wondering if the scorching heat is due to global warming. Scientists are expected to dig into the data and grapple with that in the months to come. They've already taken a stab at a possible connection with last year's extreme weather events, like the blistering drought in Texas. NPR's Richard Harris reports. RICHARD HARRIS, BYLINE: Weather researchers from around the world are now taking stock of what happened in 2011. It was not the hottest year on record, but it was still in the top 15. Jessica Blunden from the National Climatic Data Center says 2011 had its own memorable characteristics. JESSICA BLUNDEN: People may very well remember this year as a year of extreme weather and climate. HARRIS: There were devastating droughts in Africa, Mexico, and Texas. In Thailand, massive flooding kept people's houses underwater for two months. BLUNDEN: Here in the United States, we had one of our busiest and most destructive seasons on record in 2011. There were seven different tornado and severe weather outbreaks that each caused more than a billion dollars in damages. HARRIS: So what's going on here? Federal climate scientist, Tom Karl, said one major feature of the global weather last year was a La Nina event. That's a period of cooler Pacific Ocean temperatures and it has effects around the globe, primarily in producing floods in some parts of the world and droughts in others. TOM KARL: By no means did it explain all of the activity in 2011, but it certainly influenced a considerable part of the climate and weather. HARRIS: Karl and Blunden are part of a huge multinational effort to sum up last year's weather and say what it all means. They provided an update by conference call. Clearly, long-term temperature trends are climbing as you'd expect as a result of global warming. Tom Peterson from the Federal Climate Data Center says the effort now is to look more closely at individual events. TOM PETERSON: You've probably all heard the term you can't attribute any single event to global warming, and while that's true, the focus of the science now is evolving and moving onto how is the probability of event change. HARRIS: And there researchers report some progress. For example, last year's record-breaking drought in Texas wasn't simply the result of La Nina. Peter Stott from the British Meteorology Office says today's much warmer planet played a huge role as well, according to the study the group released on Tuesday. PETER STOTT: The result that they find is really quite striking, in that they find that such a heat wave is now about 20 times more likely during a La Nina year than it was during the 1960s. HARRIS: A second study found that an extraordinary warm spell in London last November was 60 times more likely to occur on our warming planet than it would have been over the last 350 years. But that's not to say everything is related to climate change. There's no clear link between the spate of tornadoes and global warming, and devastating floods in Thailand last year, turn out to be the result of poor land use practices. Even so, Kate Willett of the British Weather Service says there is a global trend consistent with what scientists expect climate change to bring. KATE WILLETT: So, in simple terms, we can say that the dry regions are getting drier and the wet regions are getting wetter. HARRIS: This year's extreme events are different from last year's, but they all fit into a coherent picture of global change. Richard Harris, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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823
You can't touch it, but it affects how you feel. You can't see it, but it might be there when you look at yourself in the mirror. You can't hear it, but it's there when you talk about yourself or when you think about yourself. What is this important but mysterious thing? It's your self-esteem! What Is Self-Esteem? Self-esteem can have a big part to play in how you feel about yourself and also how much you enjoy things or worry about things. To understand self-esteem, it helps to break the term into two words. Let's first take a look at the word esteem (say: ess-teem), which means that someone or something is important, special, or valuable. For example, if you really admire your friend's dad because he volunteers at the fire department, it means you hold him in high esteem. And the special trophy for the most valuable player on a team is often called an esteemed trophy. This means the trophy stands for an important accomplishment. And self means, well, yourself! So put the two words together and it's easier to see what self-esteem is. It's how much you value yourself and how important you think you are. It's how you see yourself and how you feel about the things you can do. Self-esteem isn't about bragging, it’s about getting to know what you are good at and not so good at. A lot of us think about how much we like other people or things, but don't really think much about whether we like ourselves. It's not about thinking you're perfect, because nobody is perfect. Even if you think some other kids are good at everything, you can be sure they have things they're good at and things that are difficult for them. The most important thing to know about self-esteem is that it means seeing yourself in a positive way that's realistic, which means that it's the truth. So if you know you're really good at piano but can't draw so well, you can still have great self-esteem! Self-esteem isn't like a cool pair of sneakers you really want but can wait until your next birthday to get. All kids have self-esteem, and having healthy or positive self-esteem is really important. It can help you hold your head high and feel proud of yourself and what you can do, even when things don't seem to be going so well. Self-esteem gives you the courage to try new things and the power to believe in yourself. It lets you respect yourself, even when you make mistakes. And when you respect yourself, adults and other kids usually respect you, too. Having positive self-esteem can also help you can learn to make healthy choices about your mind and body. If you think you're important, you'll be less likely to follow the crowd if your friends are doing something wrong or dangerous. If you have positive self-esteem, you know you're smart enough to make your own decisions. You value your safety, your feelings, your health — your whole self! Positive self-esteem helps you know that every part of you is worth caring for and protecting. How Kids Get Self-Esteem Babies don't see themselves in a good or bad way. They don't think "I'm great!" when they let out a big burp or worry "Oh, no, this diaper makes my legs look weird!" Instead, people around a baby help him or her develop self-esteem. How? By encouraging the baby when he or she learns to crawl, walk, or talk. They often say, "Good job. Good for you!" Or, they might just smile and look proud. When people take good care of a baby, that also helps him or her feel loved and valuable. As kids get older, they can have a bigger role in developing their own self-esteem. Working hard to finish a project or assignment, getting a higher grade on a math test, or trying out for a new sport are all things kids can be proud of for trying. Some kids are not very athletic, but they might be good readers or know how to do magic tricks or are really good friends or help other people out — these are all accomplishments that help kids feel good about themselves. A kid's family and other people in his or her life — like coaches, teachers, and classmates — also can boost self-esteem. They can help a kid figure out how to do things or notice his or her good qualities. They can believe in the kid and encourage him or her to try again when something doesn't go right the first time. It's all part of kids learning to see themselves in a positive way, to feel proud of what they've done, and to be confident that there's a lot more they can do. Maybe you know kids with low self-esteem who don't think very highly of themselves or seem to criticize themselves too much. This can also be called negative self-esteem, and it's the opposite of positive self-esteem. Maybe you have low self-esteem sometimes and don't always feel very good about yourself or think you're important. Sometimes a kid will have low self-esteem if his mother or father doesn't encourage him enough or if there is a lot of yelling at home. Other times, a kid's self-esteem can be hurt in the classroom. A teacher or other kids might make a kid feel like he or she isn't smart, or maybe there are mean kids who say hurtful things about the way a kid looks or acts. For some kids, classes at school can seem so hard that they can't keep up or get the grades they'd hoped for. This can make them feel bad about themselves and hurt their self-esteem. When some kids do well and win prizes and awards, other kids might feel like they’re not as good or there's something wrong with them. Some kids have positive self-esteem but then something happens in their lives to change that. For example: If a kid moves and doesn't make friends right away at the new school, he or she might start to feel bad and think they are not a good friend. Kids whose parents divorce might find that this can affect self-esteem. They may feel bad when a parent can't give them attention or come to their game, or they might feel that if they had behaved better or kept their room clean, their parents would not have split up. Kids who look different from other kids may not feel good about themselves because they feel "different" or someone makes fun of them. A kid who's dealing with an illness, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, might feel different and less confident than before. Kids who have learning differences or know they have trouble reading a book report aloud might start losing confidence and focus too much on things they're not good at. Even going through the body changes of puberty — something that everybody does — can affect a kid's self-esteem. Of course it's OK to have ups and downs in your feelings, but having low self-esteem isn't OK. Feeling like you're not important can make you sad and can keep you from trying new things. It can keep you from making friends or affect how hard you try at school. Having strong self-esteem is also a very big part of growing up. As you get older and face tough decisions — especially under peer pressure — the more self-esteem you have, the better. It's important to like yourself. If you think you might have low self-esteem, try talking to an adult you trust about it. He or she may be able to help you come up with some good ideas for building your self-esteem. Self-esteem can improve when you start trying things you thought were too hard and then do well at them, or when a parent, family member, or other adult encourages you, is patient, and helps you get back on track. When you start to do well, self-esteem will skyrocket! Here are a few other things that you can try to increase your self-esteem: Make a list of the stuff you're good at. It can be anything from drawing or singing to playing a sport or telling a good joke. If you're having trouble with your list, ask your mom or dad to help you with it. Then add a few things to the list that you'd like to be good at. Your mom or dad can help you plan a way to work on those skills or talents. Give yourself three compliments every day. Don't just say, "I'm so great." Be specific about something good about yourself, like, "I was a good friend to Jill today" or "I did better on that test than I thought I would." While you're at it, before you go to bed every night, list three things in your day that really made you happy or that you feel thankful for. Remember that your body is your own, no matter what shape, size, or color it is. If you are worried about your weight or size, you can check with your doctor to make sure you're healthy. Remind yourself of things about your body that are cool, like, "My legs are strong and I can skate really well." Remember that there are things about yourself you can't change. You should accept and love these things — such as skin color and shoe size — because they are part of you. When you hear negative comments in your head, tell yourself to stop. Remind yourself of things you're good at and if you can't think of anything, ask someone else! You can also learn a new skill (for example, karate, dance, a musical instrument) so you can feel good about that! By focusing on the good things you do and all your great qualities, you learn to love and accept yourself — the main ingredients for strong self-esteem! Even if you've got room for improvement (and who doesn't?), knowing what you're good at and that you're valuable and special to the people that care about you can really help you deal with growing up. Part of growing up is learning to focus on your strengths and to accept and work on your weaknesses — and that, in a nutshell, is self-esteem!
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Many things just seem to come naturally to some people. Maybe you know a girl who's a natural at sports — put her in a uniform and she's off and running. Some people are naturals at playing an instrument; it's like they were born knowing how to count in 4/4 time. Others are naturals at math; give them a test on theorems or equations and they're happy. But some people have a problem with something that you'd think would come naturally to everyone: breathing. When someone has asthma, it can make breathing very difficult. And when it's hard to breathe, it can affect a person's game, that trumpet solo, and even the all-important geometry test. What Is Asthma? Asthma (pronounced: az-muh) is a lung condition that causes difficulty breathing. Asthma is a common condition: About 7 million kids and teens in the United States have it. Asthma affects the bronchial (pronounced: brahn-kee-ul) tubes, also known as airways. When a person breathes normally, air is taken in through the nose or mouth and then goes into the trachea (windpipe), passing through the bronchial tubes, into the lungs, and finally back out again. But people with asthma have airways that are inflamed. This means that they swell and produce lots of thick mucus. They are also overly sensitive, or hyperreactive, to certain things, like exercise, dust, or cigarette smoke. This hyperreactivity causes the smooth muscle that surrounds the airways to tighten up. The combination of airway inflammation and muscle tightening narrows the airways and makes it difficult for air to move through. In most people with asthma, the difficulty breathing happens periodically. When it does happen, it is known as an asthma flare-up also known as an asthma attack, flare, episode, or exacerbation. Someone having an asthma flare-up may cough, wheeze (make a whistling sound while breathing), be short of breath, and feel an intense tightness in the chest. Many people with asthma compare a flare-up to the sensation of trying to breathe through a straw —it feels extremely hard to get air in and out of their lungs. An asthma flare-up can last for several hours or longer if a person doesn't use asthma medication. When an asthma flare-up is over, the person usually feels better. Between flare-ups, breathing can seem completely normal, or a person may continue to have some symptoms, such as coughing. Some people with asthma feel as if they are always short of breath. Others may only cough at night or while exercising and they might never have a noticeable flare-up. What Causes It? No one knows exactly what causes asthma. It's thought to be a combination of environmental and genetic (hereditary) factors. A teen with asthma may have a parent or other close relative who has asthma or had it as a child. Teens who are overweight may be more likely to have asthma, although a person doesn't have to be overweight to have it. Asthma isn't contagious, so you can't catch it from someone who has it. Asthma symptoms can be brought on by dozens of different things, and what causes asthma flare-ups in one person might not bother another at all. The things that set off asthma symptoms are called triggers. These are some common triggers: Allergens. Some people with asthma find that allergens — certain substances that cause an allergic reaction in some people — can be a major trigger. Common allergens are dust mites (microscopic bugs that live in dust), molds, pollen, animal dander, and cockroaches. Airborne irritants and pollutants. Certain substances in the air, such as chalk dust or smoke, can trigger asthma because they irritate the airways. Cigarette smoke is a major cause of asthma symptoms, and not just for smokers — secondhand smoke can trigger asthma symptoms in people who are around smokers. Scented products such as perfumes, cosmetics, and cleaning solutions can trigger symptoms, as can strong odors from fresh paint or gasoline fumes. And high levels of air pollutants such as ozone may irritate the sensitive tissues in the bronchial tubes and can aggravate the symptoms of asthma in some people with the condition. Exercise. Some people have what's called exercise-induced asthma, which is triggered by physical activity. Although it can be especially frustrating, most cases of exercise-induced asthma can be treated so that people can still enjoy the sports they love. Weather. Cold or dry air can sometimes trigger asthma symptoms in certain people, as can extreme heat or humidity. Respiratory tract infections. Colds, flu, and other viral infections can trigger asthma in some people. Lots of other things can trigger asthma symptoms. For example, a girl's asthma can get worse just before her period. And even laughing, crying, and yelling can sometimes cause the airways to tighten in sensitive lungs, triggering an asthma flare-up. Many people with asthma are diagnosed with the condition when they're kids, but some don't find out that they have it until their teen years or even later. In diagnosing asthma, a doctor will ask about any concerns and symptoms you have, your past health, your family's health, any medications you're taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. This is called the medical history. The doctor will also perform a physical exam and may recommend that you take some tests, such as spirometry (pronounced: spye-rah-muh-tree) and peak flow meter tests, which involve blowing into devices that can measure how well your lungs are performing. Your doctor may also recommend allergy tests to see if allergies are causing your symptoms, or special exercise tests to see whether your asthma symptoms may be brought on by physical activity. Doctors occasionally use X-rays in diagnosing asthma, but these are usually only to rule out other possible problems. Your family doctor may refer you to a specialist for diagnosis and treatment. Doctors who specialize in the treatment of asthma include those who have been trained in the fields of allergy, immunology (how the immune system works), and pulmonology (affecting the lungs). There's no cure for asthma, but it can usually be managed and flare-ups can be prevented. Asthma is treated in two ways: by avoiding potential triggers and with medication. Teens who have asthma need to avoid the things that can cause their symptoms. Of course, some things that can cause symptoms can't be completely avoided (like catching a cold!), but people can control their exposure to some triggers, such as pet dander, for example. In the case of exercise-induced asthma, the trigger (physical activity) needs to be managed rather than avoided. Exercise can help a person stay healthier overall, and doctors can help athletes find treatments that allow them to them participate in their sports. Doctors treat every asthma case individually because the severity of each person's asthma and what triggers the symptoms are different. For this reason, doctors have a variety of treatment medications at their disposal. Most asthma medications are inhaled (which means that a person takes the medication by breathing it into the lungs), but asthma medications can also take the form of pills or liquids. They fall into two categories: Rescue medicationsthat act quickly to halt asthma symptoms once they start. Some medications can be used as needed to stop asthma symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath) when a person first notices them. These medications act fast to stop the symptoms, but they're not long lasting. They are also known as "reliever," "quick-relief, " or "fast-acting" medications. Controller medicationsto manage asthma and prevent symptoms from occurring in the first place. Many people with asthma need to take medication every day to control the condition overall. Controller medications (also called "preventive" or "maintenance" medications) work differently from rescue medications. They treat the problem of airway inflammation instead of the symptoms (coughing, wheezing, etc.) that it causes. Controller medications are slow acting and can take days or even weeks to begin working. Although you may not notice them working in the same way as rescue medications, regular use of controller medications should lessen your need for the rescue medications. Doctors also prescribe controller medications as a way to minimize any permanent lung changes that may be associated with having asthma. Some people with asthma rely only on rescue medications; others use rescue medications together with controller medications to keep their asthma in check overall. Each person needs to work closely with a doctor to create an asthma action plan that's right for them. In addition to avoiding triggers and treating symptoms, people with asthma usually need to monitor their condition to prevent flare-ups and help their doctors adjust medications if necessary. Two of the tools doctors give people to do this are: Peak flow meter. This handheld device measures how well a person can blow out air from the lungs. A peak flow meter reading that falls in the meter's green (or good) zone means the airways are open. A reading in the yellow zone means there's potential for an asthma flare-up. A reading in the red zone means the flare-up is serious and could mean that a person needs medication or treatment immediately — maybe even a trip to the doctor or emergency room. Teens who take daily medicine to control their asthma symptoms should use a peak flow meter at least one to two times a day and whenever they are having symptoms. Asthma diary. Keeping a diary can also be an effective way to help prevent problems. A daily log of peak flow meter readings, times when symptoms occur, and when medications are taken can help a doctor develop the most appropriate treatment methods. Dealing With Asthma The best way to control asthma is prevention. Although medications can play an essential role in preventing flare-ups, environmental control is also very important. Here are some things you can do to help prevent coming into contact with the allergens or irritants that cause your asthma flare-ups: Keep your environment clear of potential allergens. For example, if dust is a trigger for you, vacuum (or remove) rugs and drapes where dust mites can hide. Placing pillows and mattresses in dust-proof covers can help. If pets trigger your symptoms, keep a pet-free household. If you can't part with Fido or Fluffy, keep certain rooms pet free and bathe your pet frequently to get rid of dander. Pay attention to the weather and take precautions when you know weather or air pollution conditions may affect you. You may need to stay indoors or limit your exercise to indoor activities. Don't smoke (or, if you're a smoker, quit). Smoking is always a bad idea for the lungs, but it's especially bad for someone who has asthma. Be smart about exercise. It's a great way to keep the body and mind healthy, so if you're prone to exercise-induced asthma flare-ups, talk to your doctor about how to manage your symptoms. If you get flare-ups during a game or workout, stop what you're doing until the flare-up has cleared or you've taken rescue medication. When the symptoms have gone, you can start exercising again. Asthma doesn't have to prevent you from doing what you love! Sure, it takes a bit of work (and remembering!) but if you follow your asthma action plan, take your medications properly, recognize your symptoms and triggers, and check in with your doctor regularly, you can do anything that other teens do. That includes any sports activity, even cross-country skiing, swimming, or playing basketball.
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2,452
kottke.org posts about pimovie Pi, God, and apartment supercomputers Jul 18 2005 The New Yorker recently ran a feature on how a couple of mathematicians helped The Met photograph a part of The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries. That same week, they ran from their extensive archives a 1992 profile of the same mathematicians, brothers David and Gregory Chudnovsky. The Chudnovskys were then engaged in calculating as many digits of pi as they could using a homemade supercomputer housed in their Manhattan apartment. There's some speculation that director Darren Aronfsky based his 1998 film, Pi, on the Chudnovskys and after reading the above article, there's little doubt that's exactly what he did: They wonder whether the digits contain a hidden rule, an as yet unseen architecture, close to the mind of God. A subtle and fantastic order may appear in the digits of pi way out there somewhere; no one knows. No one has ever proved, for example, that pi does not turn into nothing but nines and zeros, spattered to infinity in some peculiar arrangement. If we were to explore the digits of pi far enough, they might resolve into a breathtaking numerical pattern, as knotty as "The Book of Kells," and it might mean something. It might be a small but interesting message from God, hidden in the crypt of the circle, awaiting notice by a mathematician. The Chudnovsky article also reminds me of Contact by Carl Sagan in which pi is prominently featured as well. According to Wolfram Research's Mathworld, the current world record for the calculation of digits in pi is 1241100000000 digits, held by Japanese computer scientists Kanada, Ushio and Kuroda. Kanada is named in the article as the Chudnovskys main competitor at the time. (Oh, and as for patterns hidden in pi, we've already found one. It's called the circle. Just because humans discovered circles first and pi later shouldn't mean that the latter is derived from the former.)
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Principal Proposed Natural Treatments Bruising and bleeding both occur because of damage to blood vessels. When a vein, artery, or capillary is torn or cut, blood flows out into the vessel's surroundings; if the escaped blood is contained within the tissues directly under the skin, we see a bruise. While all of us bruise from time to time, some people bruise particularly easily. A number of factors, besides being accident-prone, can make this occur. One factor contributing to easy bruising is thinning skin, caused by aging or by medications such as corticosteroids . Easy bruising can also be due to fragile blood vessel walls. Finally, difficulties with blood clotting, including problems with platelets or clotting factors, can also increase bruising. For this reason, strong blood-thinning drugs such as heparin and warfarin (Coumadin) can lead to excessive bruising. Warning : If you’re taking these or other anticoagulant drugs and notice increased bruising, contact your doctor, as this situation could be dangerous. Aspirin or natural remedies, such as policosanol , ginkgo , garlic , and high-dose vitamin E , may also thin the blood, possibly raising the risk of bruising and other bleeding problems; and if you combine two blood-thinning substances, these effects might multiply. Rarely, severe bruising from minor or unnoticed injuries can be a sign of leukemia or another serious health problem. Especially if this is a new development, discuss your symptoms with a doctor. However, in most cases, there is no identifiable medical cause for easy bruising, and no conventional treatment. Furthermore, once you have a bruise, there is no conventional therapy to help speed its resolution. Principal Proposed Natural Treatments A number of natural substances might be helpful for easy bruising, including citrus bioflavonoids, the related substances OPCs and bilberry, and vitamin C. In addition, if you already are bruised, you may find some help with a combination of two proteolytic enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin or a topical preparation, of escin (an extract of horse chestnut). Citrus Bioflavonoids and Related Substances Bioflavonoids (or flavonoids) are plant substances that bring color to many fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits are a rich source of bioflavonoids, including diosmin, hesperidin, rutin, and naringen; studies have found these bioflavonoids may help decrease bruising. Two types of natural compounds related to bioflavonoids—OPCs (oligomeric proanthocyanidins) and anthocyanosides—have also shown promise for decreasing the tendency to bruise. Anthocyanosides, which are present in high concentrations in bilberry, may also strengthen capillaries through their effects on collagen. Some European physicians believe that these vessel-stabilizing properties make bilberry useful as a treatment for easy bruising, but the evidence as yet is only suggestive. Vitamin C is essential for healthy collagen; severe vitamin C deficiency, called scurvy, can lead to easy bruising. Fortunately, scurvy is extremely rare in Western countries today—but marginal vitamin C deficiency is not rare, and might lead to increased risk of bruising. If your diet is low in fresh fruits and vegetables, you may wish to supplement it with vitamin C. In the study mentioned above, bruising in elderly people decreased significantly with 1 g of oral vitamin C given daily for 2 months. For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Vitamin C article. Trypsin and Chymotrypsin For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Proteolytic Enzymes article. For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Horse Chestnut article. Other Proposed Natural Treatments For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Bromelain article. Other Herbs Used for Bruising The herbs comfrey, arnica, and sweet clover are widely used externally on bruises and other minor injuries, but despite this traditional use, there is no real scientific evidence that they work. Note : There are various safety concerns involved in using comfrey, arnica, and sweet clover internally. For the treatment of bruising, they are used as topical ointments and salves. For a discussion of homeopathic approaches to easy bruising, see the chapter on bruises in the Homeopathy Database - Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board - Review Date: 07/2012 - - Update Date: 07/25/2012 -
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994
Mind-body medicine and stress management Tradition-tested therapies for modern lives By Marcia Murphy, LCSW What is Mind-Body Medicine? Mind-Body Medicine explores the influence of the mind and emotions on the body and immune system, and vice versa. Mind-body specialists are typically therapists or other mental health professionals who examine the effects of the mind – thoughts, attitudes and beliefs – on physical health and well-being. Specialists use a variety of techniques to promote health, such as talk therapy, deep breathing, guided imagery, relaxation therapy, meditation and yoga. Using these techniques, mind-body medicine helps direct energies toward healing and health. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), according to Dr. Kenneth Pelletier, is “the study of the intricate interaction of consciousness (psycho), brain and central nervous system (neuro), and the body’s defenses against external infection and internal aberrant cell division (immunology).” Dr. Pelletier serves as a medical and business consultant to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the World Health Organization and major corporations, such as IBM and Disney. When we are under stress, our immune system becomes suppressed and our natural ability to fight disease is compromised unless we take steps to manage the stress in our lives. Mental strength and physical strength are interconnected. Dr. Candace Pert, the author of Molecules of Emotion and a research professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C., expressed it well when she wrote, “The body isn’t there simply to carry the head.” Her research has shown that “when emotions are expressed, that is to say, when the biochemicals that are the substrate of emotion are flowing freely, all systems are united and made whole. When emotions are repressed, denied or not allowed to be whatever they may be, our network pathways get blocked, stopping the flow of the vital, “feel-good,” unifying chemicals that run both our biology and our behavior.” “Stress makes you physically sick,” explains Steven Maier, professor of psychology at the University of Colorado. Researchers know that behavioral and psychological events can influence the immune system. The immune system sends signals to the brain “that potently alter neural activity and, thereby, alter everything that flows from neural activity, mainly behavior, thought and mood,” said Maier. The immune system also activates a classic stress response, releasing stress hormones such as cortisol. Not only does stress produce the expected biochemical stress response, it also produces predictable behavioral changes, including decreased food and water intake. Ancient wellness traditions have understood the mind-body interaction for centuries and have incorporated it into their approaches and therapies. In India for example, the yogic philosophy teaches that the body, breath, emotion and mind are inextricably linked. The Chinese systems of Qi Gong and Tai Chi have also taught this principle for centuries. Mind-body medicine can benefit a cancer patient by ensuring that the patient understands that he/she is not defined by the illness. At Cancer Treatment Centers of America® patients are treated as whole persons, and are surrounded by a multi-disciplinary team of experts, including a medical oncologist, registered dietician, naturopathic physician, chiropractor and mind-body therapist. We encourage our patients who participate in our mind-body therapies to take advantage of the stress management techniques we offer. Some of those techniques include: Allowing an objective third party to listen to a patient’s feelings can be life changing. A therapist may be able to point out distorted thinking and re-orient the patient toward a more positive and helpful direction. Dr. Andrew Weil said, “Improper breathing is a common cause of ill health. If I had to limit my advice on healthier living to just one tip, it would be simply to learn how to breathe correctly. There is no single more powerful – or more simple – daily practice to further your health and well-being than breath work.” This is one of the greatest and quickest activities for reducing stress. Laughter works because it gets your brain thinking and working in a different way. It distracts you from having a stressed mindset. As you start to smile and chuckle, the stress begins to dissipate. Keep taking the laughter medicine until you feel relaxed and recharged. Rest is essential for a healthy life-balance. Adults need seven to nine hours of sleep each night. Only in very recent times have modern heating, lighting, and communication and entertainment technologies enabled and encouraged us to keep unnatural waking and working hours. This behavior is at odds with our biological preferences. This strategy builds on deep breathing, and takes it a step further. When you meditate, your brain initiates a sort of functioning that is similar to sleep, but carries some added benefits that aren’t achieved in any other state, such as the release of certain hormones. The practice of guided imagery is somewhat more time-consuming, but is a great way to reduce stress and relax the body. Some people find it easier to practice guided imagery than meditation, because it is easier to focus on something rather than on nothing. Playing natural sounds in the background during guided imagery promotes a more immersive experience. Progressive muscle relaxation: Tensing, then releasing, all the muscle groups in the body can produce feelings of increased relaxation in minutes, with no special training or equipment. Start by tensing all the muscles of the face, hold a tight grimace for ten seconds, then completely relax for ten seconds. Repeat this procedure in the neck area, then the shoulder area, and so on, throughout the rest of the body. Listening to music results in numerous health benefits for people with a range of conditions, both mild and severe. Studies have shown that listening to certain classical music can help lower blood pressure, relieve muscle tension and promote deep breathing. The array of stress management techniques – from acupuncture to walking – is extensive enough to provide something that will appeal to, and work for, just about everyone. Marcia Murphy, LCSW, is a mind-body therapist at Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) at Western Regional Medical Center. Murphy joined the Mind-Body Medicine Department at CTCA in 2010 after a deeply personal experience with cancer.
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When the Crusaders came to Latvian land they had to look for a suitable place to establish a base of operations. Since the mouth of river Daugava was a perfect place for merchants and port making they first landed on the shores of Riga Bay and sailed in the inner waters of the Daugava. The place around the mouth of Daugava was perfect because it was located in the center between territories of four Latvian tribes and could be supported from Germany by supply ships. The Christian missionary Meinard came along with merchants who knew the land before and brought him to the Livonian town of Ikšķile. Ikšķile is located further from Riga, the German could not get the permission to establish a trade base there because they had to deal with trade rivals from the Duchy of Polock. The local Livonians had to pay fees to Polock or risk bloody attack. This was not a full time enslavement and the annexation of Livonian lands from Polock. It was rather close to protection payment as practiced by criminal gangs to extract money from weak shopkeepers. The Russians did not interfere much in local Livonian politics or their religion. The Germans on the other hand wanted more power on Livonians mainly their land. Meinard became the first Bishop on the Ikšķile he built the stone first church and stone palace in Latvia. There was records of Scandinavian built wooden church in Courland but its remains were never found. There was a wooden Orthodox Church in Jersika but no stone buildings built by Latvians themselves are not found until this day. The church of Ikšķile now lies in ruins and is located on the separate island in the result of flooding done by the Riga Hydroelectric power plant. As already mentioned in some previous post the mission of baptizing local Livonians was not successful. When Livonians discovered that Germans will be another oppressor far worse than Russians, they rejected the Christianity by simply “washing it away” in Daugava. Meinard was forced to ask to the Pope for permission to organize Crusade. But he died in 1196 giving his job to his heir Bishop Berthold. He started to organize Crusade and managed to get justification for his war by getting a bulla (the sacred church delclaration against its enemies) against Livonian issued by the Pope. In year 1198 he on the horseback accompanied by knights approached Livonian castle of Sala. He demanded Livonians to baptize immediately. The Livonians refused and Berthold returned at the “spot of Riga” (ad locum Rige), because the castle was located on the island and Berthold needed ships to attack it. Livonians realising the danger decided to make preventive attack by joining forces and surprise the crusaders at their weakspot. The battle resulted in defeat on both sides- Livonians were forced to flee, but the Berthold was killed. Livonians were forced to pay fees but Crusaders needed a new much better leader. In year 1198 the new more greater and powerful leader came to Latvian lands. The new Bishop Albert had everything to manage Crusade against Latvian Pagans. At this same year the new Roman Pole Innocent III recognized as the most glorious Middle Age Pope was elected. They both had much in common- they willed for supreme power, they both organized Crusades and were far better diplomats than secular kings of their time. However they both suffered a crucial failure; Pope Innocent III was swindled by greedy Venetian merchants who diverted the Fourth Crusade (1204) from the Holy Land to Constantinople compromising the whole idea of Crusades because a Christian capitol was destroyed in the name of Holy War. Same thing happened to Albert when he was forced to give protection rights to the greedy knights of the Brothers of the sword. Albert outlived Innocent III by 14 years (Innocent III died in 1216) dying in 1229. The last resting place of both great church leaders is unknown until this day. Albert did not rush to Latvian land; he wanted to “study the circumstances without the help of army first”. He first went to Gotland where he recruited men for his Crusade and then came back to Germany where he looked for more Crusaders. The Pope Innocent III issued bulla against Livonian barbarians “who gives the God’s honour to dull creatures and bushes”. In 1200 he finally entered the Latvian land visiting Crusader outposts at Ikšķile and Sala. He was attacked by Livonians on the way and escaped defeat with difficulty because according to Chronicle of Henry he was not supported by German knights. This however doubtful giving question where the 500 German knights whom Albert brought with him were hiding when Albert was in danger? That can be more a propagandist claim by Chronicler Henry making Albert’s achievements too great. The historian Indriķis Šterns insists that the story of Bishop Albert recruiting more than hundred men to Latvian land is a propagandist claim. He rather entered the river Daugava alone without Crusaders or with smaller amount of them. Albert at year 1200 already started to move to the site of Riga. The German merchants already may have even a wooden settlement there. Albert knowing that this is the best spot decided to establish his base there. The site of Riga was not first settled by Germans- there were small Livonian villages there already. He requested the Pope Innocent III for giving monopoly rights to the port of Riga. It was done but the document is not preserved until this day, giving no details about it. But it sure was the juridical basis for Albert to start “building the city of Riga” in 1201 as claimed in Chronicle of Henry. So the year 1201 is officially considered as the founding date of Latvia. At year 2001 Riga celebrated the 800 year birthday. Albert moved his residence from Ikšķile to Riga. The first citizens of Riga were German merchants, Russian merchants, clergyman and Crusader knights as well as local Livonians. Riga started as a small German trade settlement absorbing nearby Livonian villages, gaining more emigrants from Germany and Western Europe and becoming a strong natural center of Latvian land. Riga has no clear date of founding because there were settlements before 1201 and there is no official founding document. The Bishop Albert also cannot be clearly called as the founder of Riga because he in reality just moved his residence to Riga were first settlements were already built. As Indriķis Šterns insists Riga can be compared to Rome which also started as an group of small settlements joined by the Romans, and founded with no documents and claimed to be built by two brothers Romulus and Rem. However this does not prevent us from considering that Riga founded in 1201 by Bishop Albert because the every good legend has the legacy of making history. Šterns,Indriķis. (2002) Latvijas vēsture, 1180-1290: krustakari. Riga: Latvijas vēstures instūta apgāds. Zeids, Teodors (Ed.) (1978). Feodālā Rīga. Riga: Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija. Vēstures institūts. Caune, Andris, Ose, Ieva. (2010) Latvijas viduslaiku mūra baznīcas : 12. gs. beigas – 16. gs. sākums : enciklopēdija. Riga: Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds.
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1,635
Stewart Brand talks about reviving the passenger pigeon at TED2013 Bringing back extinct species — this Friday, TEDxDeExtinction discusses how we’ll do it and whether we should An endangered species is like a very sick person: It needs help, desperately. An extinct species is like a dead person: beyond help, beyond hope Or at least it has been, until now. For the first time, our own species—the one that has done so much to condemn those other 795 to oblivion—may be poised to bring at least some of them back. —National Geographic, “Species Revival: Should We Bring Back Extinct Animals?” This process, the process of bringing an extinct species back from once-certain oblivion, is called de-extinction.As reported on the TED Blog,“The first de-extinction happened on the bucardo, a type of wild mountain goat. The last bucardo died out in 2000, but its ear was preserved, and in 2009 DNA from the ear was planted in a mother goat. The engineered bucardo died after 10 minutes due to a defect in its lungs.” But is there hope for de-exintction to continue? With other animals? New Techniques? Could we someday see the wooly mammoth in the flesh? At TED2013, scientist Stewart Brand gave a introduction to the possibilities, and now he wants us to talk about it. This month, along with his foundation Revive & Restore, with the support of TED and TEDster Ryan Phelan, and in partnership with National Geographic Society, Brand is convening a day-long conference — called TEDxDeExtinction — to showcase the prospects of bringing extinct species back to life, along with a discussion of the ethical issues involved. On Friday, March 15, 2013, TEDxDeExtinction will bring 25 renowned experts together at National Geographic headquarters to contribute ideas to these four sessions: - WHO: Who among extinct species should be revived first? - HOW: How can extinct species be revived? - WHY AND WHY NOT: Should we bring back extinct species? - WILD AGAIN: Could resurrected species ever be wild again? - George Church,professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and director of PersonalGenomes.org, the world’s only open-access information source for the human genome . - President of the American Ornithologists’ Union Susan Haig, whose specialization is working with species facing the brink of extinction. - Director of Genetics at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation and Research Oliver Ryder, who oversees research efforts in cell culture and cryobanking, cytogenetics, population genetics, conservation breeding, evolution and systematics, and applications of genomics technologies to conservation efforts for managed and wild populations of threatened and endangered species. - New York Times, National Geographic, and winner of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Journalism Award journalist Carl Zimmer. This day-long event will be webcast live on March 15 on the TEDx Livestream: http://new.livestream.com/tedx/DeExtinction and at http://nationalgeographic.com/deextinction. To attend in person, event tickets can be purchased at the TEDxDeExtinction website.
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From airport food that is roughly 100 percent sodium to the roof of the plane potentially coming off to a sleeping air traffic controller guiding a plane, you’d think air travel is getting dangerous. A new study says it may be. Although not in the convertible-plane or narcoleptic-controller sort of way. The study, released Monday in the Journal of Occupational Health and Environmental Medicine, says that frequent business travelers were more likely to describe their health as “fair” or “poor.” More than 13,000 subjects were studied from data supplied by a corporate wellness program. It looked at three groups: Non-travelers, occasional travelers (80 percent of those surveyed) and “extensive travelers” who run at the George Clooney in “Up in the Air” pace of 20 or more nights a month on the road. Those Clooney-esque road warriors are not a healthy bunch. And they certainly don’t look like him. They are 92 percent more likely to be obese, with high blood pressure and unfavorable cholesterol levels. Several factors could contribute to this, the researchers said, including poor sleep, fattening foods and long periods of inactivity. We’re no scientists, but we’d guess that doubles-for-$1-extra, migraine-inducing flight delays and blood-pressure-raising bag fees also have something to do with it. How do you try to stay healthy on the road?
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City of Lincoln Fire & Rescue Department WARNING SIGNS OF HEART ATTACKS: Brain Death! Remember that the American Heart Association stresses that brain death occurs after 4 to 6 minutes with a lack of Oxygen to the Brain!!! Early detection / Notification is Critical! Call 9-1-1 Sudden vs. Slow onset of warning signs - Some heart attacks are sudden and intense," where no one doubts what's happening. But most heart attacks start slowly, with mild pain or discomfort. Often people affected aren't sure what's wrong and wait too long before getting help. Here are signs that can mean a heart attack is happening: Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain. Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach. Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort. Other signs may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness Learn the signs, but remember this: Even if you're not sure it's a heart attack, have it checked out. Minutes matter! Fast action can save lives — maybe your own. Don’t wait more than five minutes to call 9-1-1. Calling 9-1-1 is almost always the fastest way to get lifesaving treatment with the exception of bystander CPR and when available AED. Emergency medical services staff can begin treatment when they arrive — up to an hour sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car. The staff are also trained to revive someone whose heart has stopped. If you can't access the emergency medical services (EMS), have someone drive you to the hospital right away. If you're the one having symptoms, don't drive yourself, unless you have absolutely no other option. AED and Bystander CPR works. These are reasons why the City of Lincoln and our medical community have such a great percentage of heart attack saves! MAY IS STROKE AWARENESS MONTH IN 2006- THERE WERE 387 STROKES/TIA CALLS Stroke is the third leading cause of death in America and the No. 1 cause of adult disability. 80% of strokes are preventable; you can prevent a stroke! WARNINGS SIGNS OF STROKES: The American Stroke Association says these are the warning signs of stroke: Act F.A.S.T. (Assessment) (aka Cincinnati scale) Immediately call 9-1-1 - If you or someone with you has one or more of these signs, don't delay! Immediately call 9-1-1 or the emergency medical services (EMS) number so an ambulance (ideally with advanced life support) can be sent for you. Also, check the time so you'll know when the first symptoms appeared. It's very important to take immediate action. If given within three hours of the start of symptoms, a clot-busting drug can reduce long-term disability for the most common type of stroke. Stroke Alerts - The Lincoln system has implemented the Stroke Alert System. If any of the signs and symptoms and any of the results of the FAST initial assessment are present , and the onset was within a four hour period, LFR will initiate a Stroke Alert! All Lincoln Hospitals participate in the Stroke Alert program.9-1-1 Dispatch Center - Trained in CPR and EMD to assist in providing instructions to assist the caller to help provide life saving care prior to LFR arrival. 9-1-1 Dispatch Center - Trained in CPR and EMD to assist in providing instructions to assist the caller to help provide life saving care prior to LFR arrival.
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810
The Whole Story of Half a Girl tells the tale of Sonia Nadhamuni, a half Indian and half Jewish American girl, whose life is turned upside down when her father loses his job and Sonia and her little sister are forced to leave private school to attend the local public school. The two schools are worlds apart. At her old school everyone hung out together, but now Sonia must decide between hanging out with the popular crowd or with a group of kids who bus in from a different town. There are other elements to the story that make The Whole Story of Half a Girl compelling for Middle Grades readers: - Cultural identity - Boy/Girl relationships The Whole Story of Half a Girl is a great choice for MG readers (especially girls) who are struggling with navigating social pressures while trying to remain true to themselves. Blog you later!
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172
Summer’s relationship with fat loss is a rough one. Barbecues and pools usually mean bathing suits, and for someone who is on the path of fat loss, their anticipation is based on their judgement of their own progress, usually negative. For the more opportunistic though, summer is a motivator to reach health related goals, as well as the perfect environment for primal eating. The Primal Blueprint eating plan, or what some may know as the related eating pattern, the Paleo Diet, is an eating pattern based around meats, vegetables, and fruit primarily. It is based on certain affirmations also [Source], - 80 Percent of Body Composition is based on diet, or what food and drink you consume - lean body mass is the key indicator of health; it is the muscle and non-fat tissue of your body - excess body fat and excess insulin are related and both bad Within the primal philosophy is the central goal to be free of the physical limits which excess body fat and excess insulin cause. To do this efficiently, Mark Sisson, and others who have contributed to the philosophy in their own unique ways, studied the past of human digestive history, Paleolithic ancestors of humans, to record and research how the human digestive system and human nutrition adapted. Grains and agriculture go back in history as far as 11,500 years, according to researchers, and an eating pattern based on meats, fruits, vegetables and their specific contents and ancestors goes back much further, because before agriculture, getting nutrition meant getting what was available. What was available was animals, and trees and plants with vegetables and fruit, similar to primal eating. I’m not a doctor, but It just so happens that Primal Eating could be a way to avoid excess insulin, because of the lack of grains and starch, and presence of vitamins, minerals, and nutrition in meats, vegetables, and fruit. Without the large flood of carbohydrates and resulting wave of insulin, insulin receptors are likely to not become over-stimulated over a long period of time, avoiding ineffective and in-receptive receptors, also known as insulin resistance. Insulin resistant receptors cannot receive and allocate nutrients, and because of this scenario where glucose is left circulating, more insulin hormone is produced and more and more their receptors become resistant. Body fat, being an organ of storage, eventually receives the calories unable to be delivered by other insulin receptors. And as more and more calories are stored in fat, new fat cells are created and the cycle continues. The Primal Eating Plan prioritizes protein, which comes from a Greek root meaning “of prime importance”, because of its role in cellular repair, cellular health, and muscular growth and maintenance. There are varying sources and opinions on the quantity of protein an individual “should” take in everyday, but among sources which I read and trust, it is generally accepted that 1 gram of protein per pound of lean body mass (LBM) is a good aim, while recommendations range from .8 grams per pound of LBM to 1 gram per pound of mass. These are good ranges to just keep in mind when thinking of what to eat on a weekly basis and what major foods to consider at the grocery store. Lean body mass is calculated by determining your body fat percentage and total weight, and subtracting that body fat percentage in pounds of total mass from total mass. The number of pounds left over after body fat pounds have been subtracted from total weight is lean body mass, or the muscle and non-fat tissue of the body. There are various professional services available, which should be researched first, that can help determine these numbers for an individual. Fat is also of prime importance within the Primal Blueprint eating plan. Dietary fat plays an important role in every process of the body, being necessary for brain health, where it constitutes estimates of 60-70 percent of the brain, necessary for cellular generation, and necessary for organ and hormonal health. Fats do provide 9 calories per gram, which is where the notorious “fat makes you fat” arose from, among other chemical reactions within the body. But with an individual gram of fat’s nine calories, comes nutrition necessary for the aforementioned functions, necessary fat-soluble vitamins, and satiety that limits excess caloric consumption and “sweet tooth” expenditures. Carbohydrate may come off as the enemy of all things healthy in preliminary discussion of the primal eating plan, but further reading, discussion, and research will explain the importance of even carbohydrate in the diet. It is not carbohydrate that is the enemy, it is the excess of it, and the consequential unique reactions of its excess (possibly insulin resistance) that are of concern. Additionally, it can be said that there tends to be an unhealthy nature trait that correlates with high amounts of carbohydrate in a food, although the same may be said of fat in some instances, and correlation is not causation. Sugary cereals and synthetic vitamin bread do not constitute the type of carbohydrate categorized under primal eating, but, fruits of many types that deliver unique nutrients and unique taste and refreshment, and vegetables that require little complimentary spices to bring out taste and deliver nutrients and satiety are categorized as primal or paleo. There are of course other fundamental principles of the primal blueprint eating plan and primal plan in general, such as moving and exercising in a way that maximizes time spent in the gym and muscles used during exercise, and attaining not just enough sleep, but restful sleep, and managing stress by valuing hard work and achievement. These are topics of information which I find of interest and recommend, and which are discussed within the Primal Blueprint Eating Plan,similarly the Paleo Diet, and at Mark Sisson’s popular and resourceful Mark’s Daily Apple. Mark Sisson has a primal cookbook & grocery list, which can be checked out to help deliver better understanding for Primal Eating.
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The documentary explores Taino history & the Contemporary Indigenous Caribbean Identity Dance of the Mountain People: Indigenous Taino Music By Roberto Mukaro Borrero Traditional rhythms and melodies, ancient language, the sounds of the tropical forest - Indigenous Peoples music from the Caribbean island region. A Boriken Taino, Mukaro uses wood (maiohuakan), turtle shell (hikotea), and skin drums as well as flutes (bahio, okarina), rattle (maraka), sea shell horns (guamo), gourd rasps (guahei), chants, and the natural sounds of Mother Earth (Atabeira / Kaguana) to lead listeners on a musical journey to the indigenous Caribbean... This is the traditional style music of the Taino People, the very first "Native Americans" to meet Columbus in 1492. Buy CD - $12.97 Writer José Barreiro shares insights and his personal journey in the making of “TAINO” a novel. This novel, based on a true story, penetrates the historical veil that still enshrines the "discovery." MUSIC CD: TAINO LOG DRUMMING by Edwin Maguey Cedeno - Taino tel: (203) 296-0944 We need to listen to a wider range of voices. We need to hear from those whose lands and rights were taken away by those who "discovered" them. Their stories, too often suppressed, tell of 500 years of courageous struggle, and the lasting wisdom of native peoples. Understanding what really happened to them in 1492 is key to understanding why people suffer the same injustices today. Before the day is over, an Indigenous person will be killed or displaced, simply because he or she has a different culture. TAINO REVIVAL - Critical Perspectives on Puerto Rican Identity and Cultural Politics. Read - Roberto Mukaro Agueibana Borrero - "Rethinking Taino: A Taino Perspective. INDIGENOUS RESURGENCE IN THE CONTEMPORARY CARIBBEAN - Amerindian Survival and Revival FULL CIRCLE: A TAINO STORY by Travis Neff Mr. Neff has embarked on an exploration on the lost people of the Lucayan-Taino Indians. Based on the poetic novel "The Lucayans" by Sandra Riley; combined with the interviews of research scholars throughout South Florida, the Bahamas, and Puerto Rico, this new film blends the scientific study and dramatic portrayal of their way of life. This website was first launched on August 4, 2008 – it has come a long way thanks to you – the community. The premise for this website from its very beginning and which still applies today is to tell the story of my ancestors, the Taino people, in the form of a documentary. I have relied and still depend on you to share your stories and your thoughts to help shape this documentary. You have taught me a lot and we’ve only scratched the surface. This experience – this website – has become much more than I expected and I hope you feel the same as well. It has been a place of trials and tribulations, a place to have a voice sometimes filled with frustration, tears and anger but for the most part a place to rejoice, to contemplate, to think at peace whether you identify as a Taino or not. I believe that for the most part people do not generally take time to celebrate their successes, big or small….milestones. Let me offer our community some things to celebrate – we have now over a thousand members (think of all the other thousands of people we have yet to meet!), we have been able to bring our opinions respectfully to the table – and its seems like we are actually LISTENING! I celebrate - realizing that my sole mission isn’t just to complete a documentary – it’s to continue a journey with you. Although we may not meet eye-to-eye or face-to-face – but destiny has brought us here - together. You have been patient with me – you have nourished me – you have guided me – you have literally taken me into your arms and welcomed me into your hearts – I AM BLESSED AND I CELEBRATE. Este sitio web fue puesto en marcha el 4 de agosto de 2008 – y a tenido exito gracias a ustedes la comunidad. La idea de este sitio web era y sigue siendo un lugar donde se puede contar las historias de mis antepasados, los Tainos, con el fin de produccir un documental. He confiado y todavía dependo de ustedes para compartir sus historias y sus pensamientos para ayudar a formar este documental. Ustedes me han enseñado mucho y apenas hemos rasguñado la superficie. Este experiencia - este Web site - se ha convertido en mucho más para mi y espero que a sido igual para usteds. Ha sido un lugar de ensayos y tribulaciones, un lugar donde sus voces han sido llenos de frustración y lagrimas pero en general un lugar para disfrutar, comtemplar, pensar en la paz - sea usted identificado como Taino o no. Creo yo que en general la gente no celebraran sus trabajos de éxitos, sean grandes o pequeños. Déjeme ofrecer a nuestra comunidad algunas cosas para celebrar - ahora tenemos sobre mil miembros (piense en el resto de millares de gente que tenemos todavía encontrarse!)¡, hemos podido traer nuestras opiniones respetuoso a la mesa - y se parece que si ESTAMOS ESCUCHANDO realmente! Celebro - realizando que mi única misión no es solamente terminar este documental - pero continuar y siguir este viaje de amistad con ustedes. Aunque a veces no hemos visto ojo-a-ojo o cara a cara – se que el destino nos ha traído aquí – juntos por un razon. Ustedes han sido paciente conmigo - ustedes han sido mis guias - ustedes me han tomado literalmente en sus brazos y me han dado la bienvenida en sus corazones - ME BENDICEN Y CELEBRO. Las reglas del foro simple - ¡RESPETO! Respete a todos la personas en este foro. ¡RECUERDE! NO EN ESTE WEB SITE…. es inaceptable atacar personas/o gentes por su ideas, religión, sexualidad, capacidades físicas, etc. Falta de respeto a las personas de este foro – Su participación será terminada. Código de conducta - No utilice las áreas públicas para sus propios promociones es decir no spam a la comunidad. En su página del perfil usted puedeser sus promociones, siempre y cuando no son pornografía libre y se adhieren a los términos del servicio de Ning. There are forum rules that boil down to one thing: RESPECT! Please respect each others' right to opinion. Be open minded to those who are different from you. This includes any and all subjects whether it be religion, gender, sexuality, physical abilities, etc. As with all guidelines failure to comply makes the moderators unfriendly....REMEMBER! NOT ON THIS WEBSITE.... which means your participation in these forums will be terminated. Code of Conduct Don’t use the public areas for promotions. In other words don’t spam the community with links to your site. If you offer a service or have a website that is relevant to a conversation or piece of content then you may mention it, but please use discretion. On your profile page you can go nuts with the promotions, so long as they are porn free and adhere to the Ning terms of service. All content submissions must be TAINO related. If your submission does not deal directly with OUR GOALS then chances are we’ll pull it down. If you think we’ve pulled something of yours down unjustly let us know. We’re only human and we make mistakes sometimes. Thank You Community! Dr. Osvaldo Garcia-Goyco Las Colecciones Arqueológicas Caribeñas del Smithsonian El Proyecto Smithsonian de Legado Indígena del Caribe The Smithsonian’s Caribbean Indigenous Legacies Project explores the culture, history and legacy of the Native peoples of the Caribbean. Dr. JUAN MARTINEZ CRUZADO, Geneticist "Our study showed there was assimilation, but the people were not extinguished. Their political and social structure was but the genes were not.” WATCH VIDEO BELOW “An 80-90% loss is a significant and horrifying loss. It is so horrifying that it obscures the fact that 10 to 20% of the Taínos survived.” Dr. Lynne Guitar, Independent Scholar “Reclaiming Indigenous Heritage in the Dominican Republic” Proyecto Smithsonian de Legado Indígena del Caribe Beyond Extinction: Caribbean Indigeneity (WATCH VIDEO BELOW) (SEE VIDEO BELOW) "It is an appropriate time to spotlight the need for research about ourselves as Caribbean people." - Dr. Joseph Palacio shares insights about the Garifuna, the Taino and the myth of extinction as part of the Caribbean Indigenous Legacies Project-Proyecto Legado Indígena en el Caribe being conducted by the Smithsonian Latino Center, National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution. Aug. 10, 2010 Thank you to my supporters & to all who were able to attend the film screening it was a great success!! UN Headquarters Celebrates Indigenous Filmmaking. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (fourth from right) and Sha Zukang (fourth from left), Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, pose for a group photo with participants of UN Headquarters' event to celebrate indigenous filmmaking, in honour of the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples. Pictured from left: Roberto Múkaro Agueibana Borrero, Kevin Tarrent, Andrew Okpeaha MacLean, Reaghan Tarbell, Alex Zacarias, and Per-Josef Idivuoma. JAYUYA 2010 - The Borikén 2010 Peace and Dignity Run began on the 17th of July with the sounding of many guamo (conch shell horns) at sunrise in the Yunke Rainforest. Alex Zacarías, director de la película - Producción: Rocío Started by Roberto Mukaro Borrero Apr 13. Started by Alex Zacarias Apr 2. Started by Wilson Yukiyu Rivera Feb 26. Started by Filip AncientNative Rosario Feb 21. Started by Roberto Mukaro Borrero Feb 20. Started by Hiram Dec 15, 2012. Started by Guataubayayel. Last reply by Guataubayayel Apr 16. Started by scv Sep 24, 2012. Posted by Natalie Hartmann on May 14, 2013 at 11:03pm Agradecemos de corazón a la encargada del Bosque Estatal Susua Sra .Weetsy Cordero .Por toda su cooperación en esta actividad de Areyto CONCILIO TAINO GUATU-MA-CU A BORIKEN ""Nosotros somos los descendientes del pueblo nativo… Posted by Iris Antongiorgi Concepcion on April 4, 2013 at 2:04pm Comunicación de los Taínos con el más allá. Sebastián Robiou Lamarche,PH.D posee un Doctorado en Historia de Puerto Rico y el Caribe del Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe. Es fundador y presidente de Fundación Educativa, Inc. Organiza encuentros y coloquios de tema cultural e históricos. Ha publicado trabajos sobre temas arqueológicos e…Continue Posted by Iris Antongiorgi Concepcion on April 4, 2013 at 1:47pm Seems like I never am home. I keep getting dreams of things I hav ner seen, but I don't feel strange about them. I have had the same dreams all my life. Now I have a way to express these dreams and they are leading me on the road home. I don't know why I feel this is so, but it is easier to accept it than to ignore it. It will not go away. So I decided to look into the past. I have to know where I came from. Searching my family I find that the documents are confusing. My Great…Continue Posted by Sonia Martinez Ortiz on March 15, 2013 at 9:47pm The map above is an incomplete list of known Taínos, some of which were Caciques (Male tribal chiefs) or Cacicas (Female tribal chiefs) and the locations are not specific but general areas. Taíno society was divided into two classes: naborias (commoners) and nitaínos (nobles). Both were governed by chiefs known as Caciques (male) or Cacicas/Caciquesa (female), who was the maximum authority in a Yucayeque (village). The chiefs were advised by priests/healers known as bohiques. El mapa demuestra una lista incompleta de Taínos conocidos, algunos cuyo eran los caciques (jefes de la tribu de sexo masculino) o Cacicas (jefes de la tribu de sexo femenino) y las localizaciones son áreas no específicas sino generales. Below Incomplete List of Caciques de Borikén/Puerto Rico Lista de Caciques de Borikén Agüeybaná: Puerto Rico's head cacique who was chief over all the other caciques of Boriken at the time of discovery. His yucayeque or village was on the Guayanilloa Bay area. Abey: yucayeque in Salinas Alonso: minor cacique in Otoao (Utuado). Aramaná: yucayeque around the río Coa (Toa) Arasibo: yucayeque in the area of río Abacoa (río Grande de Arecibo) Aymamón: yucayeque on the río Culebrinas/Western Puerto Rico Cacimar: of Caribe ancentry, his yucayeque was in Vieques. Caguax: yucayeque by the río Turabo Canóbana: yucayeque by the río Cayniabón (río Grande de Loíza) Cagüana: minor cacique in Utuado area Cayey: yucayeque in Cayey Dagüao: yucayeque at río Santiago (Naguabo) Doña María: daughter of cacique Bagnamanay , her Taíno name is unkown Güamaní: yucayeque possibly around Guayama o Manatí Güarionex: One of the more important caciques, his yucayeque was in Utuado. Güaybaná: Fought the Spaniards with Güarionex Güaraca: yucayeque in Güayaney Jayuya: yucayeque near present day Jayuya. Jumacao: cacique for the village of Macao. The area is nowadays the town of Humacao, named after the cacique. Orocobix of the Yucayeque in Jatibonicu Mayagoex from the Mayagüez area. TAINO NAMES OF ISLANDS The maps of the time of the discovery and subsequent ones, were not very precise due to the rudimentary cartography in those times. Some of the islands, specially those of the archipelago of the Bahamas, were known by different names, which tends to confuse. Still, there is diversity of opinions with regard to these and to their geographic positions between the cronologists and writers of the conquest. Abacoa. Island of Andros, the largest of the Bahamas. Abaco. The island of Gran Abaco, one of the greater ones of the Bahamas. Abaque. Island next to Cape Shark in Española. Abeyanay. Island named for its coffin shape, to the south of Ponce. Amona. The island of La Mona, populated by the Taínos at the time of the discovery. Ay, Ay. The island Santa Cruz, Southeast of Puerto Rico. From here, the Caribs sent their expeditions and attacks against Vieques and Puerto Rico. Babeque. Great island of Inagua, located north between Cuba and Española. Bahamá. Island to the north of the archipelago of the same name. Nowadays the name is written without accent in the last vowel. Baneque. Name of an island (Boriken), mentioned in the diary of Columbus of 1492, who the lucayos mentioned as being located east-southeast of its archipelago and where gold abounded. Bieke. The Island Municipality of Vieques, Southeast of Puerto Rico, also well-known as Small land. Bi means small and ke is earth, land: the small Earth. Several Carib caciques, who attacked Puerto Rico frequently settled here. Biminí. Small island near Miami in Florida, also well-known as Baminí. It was discovered and explored by the expedition directed by Ponce de Leon in 1513. The fountain of youth, mentioned in an indigenous fable; was not found in Biminí. Bohio. The oldest written reference on the Caribs is in the diary of the first trip of Christopher Columbus. Here, the words caniba and Carib were registered and directions given to him by some Indians in the sense that to the East of the Caribbean Sea was an island inhabited by ferocious cannibals, well-known as Bohio. Borriken, Borrigal. Breton mentions this island in his dictionary of 1665- 1666 as the name given to Puerto Rico by the Arawak women of the Caribbean. Boyuca. Another possible indigenous name for the island of Biminí. Camito. Island from 3 to 4 leagues of length located North of Española, between Guaonabo and Cabo Rojo. Caobana. Indigenous name of Cuba, composed by the root word Coa - place and bana - big, large, or great. Cayman. Various small islands South of Cuba. Cayri. The island of Dominica, important caribbean bastion. Cicheo. Oviedo mentions this name as the name of the island of Desecheo. Cuba. The largest island of all in the Antilles. The name Cuaba and Cuba were derived from the name Caobana. Cubagua. Small island south of the island Margarita, in Venezuela. Curateo. The island of Guana. Exuma. Island of the Bahamas and name of a reef north of it. Guanabo. Island east of Haití, probably the island of Gonave. Guanaja. Island of Pinos, south of the occidental part of Cuba. Guanahaní. Name of the island which was the first place where Christopher Columbus arrived on in his first voyage to the new world in 1492. He named it San Salvador and it is acutally known as Cat Island of the Bahamas and not Watling Island. Guanay. Island North of Española, the first to be discovered by Columbus in the Antilles. Guanimá. The island Eleuthera in the archipelago of the Bahamas. Haití, Aytí. Indigenous name of Española. Means rough earth. Iabaquen. The island of New Providence, where Nassau is located, the capital of the Bahamas. Inagua. The large island of Inagua, also known as Babeque. Jamayca. Large island South of Cuba. The name means: place with water. Kiskeya, Quisqueya. Ancient name for Española, also known as Aytí. Also, the oriental region of the island. Means: high land, large. Lucaioneque. In Door Roggeveen's map, it is the island of Abaco or Lucaya. Lucayas. The islands known today as the Bahamas. Lucayas is a corruption of Yucayas. Maguelles. Small island in the zone of La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Manegua. Possible name of the island Watling and also of Cayo Ron. Matininá. The island of Martinica. Mayaguana. Small island of the Bahamas, situated between the island of Acklin and those of Caicos. In some maps, named as Mariguana. Mayaguón. Name of the island of the Lucayas. Ocamanirí. The round island. Ojuna. Another name for Rum Cay. Oribá. The island Oruba. Oubao Moin. Means: Island of Blood; and it was how the caribs called Puerto Rico. Saba. Small island of Barlovento, south of St. Martin. Sabana. Name of the archipelago North of Sagua Grande in Cuba. Samaná. Cay Atwood, Northeast of Crooked Island in the Bahamas. Saometo. Another name for Crooked Island. According to Navarrete it is Inagua Grande. Columbus called it Isabela. Saona. Small island South of the orient of the Dominican Republic. Sibukeira. The island of Guadalupe, principal dwelling of the caribs in the Lesser Antilles. Sikeo. Mountenous island East of Rincón, Puerto Rico, known as Desecheo. Si for ti; high; ke for earth; o for mountain. Siguatío. The large island of Abaco. Toeya. Catalina Island, South of Española. Yabaque. The island Acklin in the Bahamas, South of Watling Island. Yaguna. Another name for the island Mayaguana. Yucayas. Original indigenous name for the Lucayas, actually known as The Bahamas. Yucayú. The small island of Abaco. Yuma. Crooked Island. Yumeta. Name of Long Island, named Fernandina by Columbus.
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5,149
CHICAGO — At 18 months, Cristina Astacio spoke only a few words, wouldn’t respond to her name and shunned other kids in her day care group. Last October, her worried parents found out why. She has a mild form of autism, a diagnosis being given to more U.S. children than ever before, largely because of more awareness and better diagnosis. According to new government statistics, the rate is about 1 in 88. That means autism is nearly twice as common as the government reported just five years ago. The largest increases are in Hispanic kids like Cristina. The definition of autism has changed over the years, and Cristina might not have been considered autistic two decades ago. But experts say kids like her are lucky in a way, because her parents recognized early that something was wrong. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report issued Thursday found that 40 percent of kids weren’t diagnosed until after age 4. Evidence shows that children who are identified early and get help have the best chance for reaching their potential, said CDC Director Dr. Thomas Frieden. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends autism screening for all children at age 18 months and 2 years. Diagnosing the developmental disorder relies on observing behavior. Autism can’t be cured, but treatment including intensive behavior therapy can help many kids function better. The academy’s Dr. Susan Hyman said many children who aren’t making eye contact and aren’t talking “may have autism, but they may have other things.” She said it’s important for parents to be persistent about their concerns with their doctor so their kids can be evaluated. Kristy Batesole, of Atascadero, Calif., says she suspected something was wrong with her son, Keegan, even when he was a hard-to-calm overly fussy baby. He learned words, but by age 2 stopped talking, would spend hours opening and closing doors and sometimes bang his head on the ground. Though he started getting special help in preschool in Nevada, he wasn’t formally diagnosed with autism until last year, at age 6, after the family moved to California, where there are more autism specialists. Cristina Astacio gets two hours of behavior therapy six days a week. Her mom, Charisse, says the little girl now responds to commands and speaks about 50 words. The most special are two words Cristina never said before. “Now she says ‘mommy’ and ‘daddy,’” Astacio said. “It’s wonderful.” Christina’s dad, Christopher, is a special-education teacher in the New York City; most of the kids in his class are Hispanic and many have autism. “I remember back in the past, a few kids here and there had autism, not like the way it is now,” Astacio said. “I’m really curious why so many kids are being diagnosed.” Experts, including CDC researchers, think broader screening and better diagnosis have largely contributed to that. But autism’s cause remains a mystery, and government researchers are seeking answers. The latest numbers are based on 2008 data from 14 states and suggest that autism rates have climbed 23 percent since 2006. Rates are highest in boys and white children. But the biggest rate increase was among Hispanics, from 1 in 270 in 2002 to about 1 in 125 in 2008. That rate increase also is likely due to better awareness. The CDC report says there’s no strong evidence of any racial or ethnic difference in risk factors for autism and that it’s likely the condition is underdiagnosed in blacks and Hispanics. Melissa Miller, a St. Petersburg, Fla., mom whose daughter, Chelsea, was diagnosed last year at age 2, said many people still misunderstand the disorder. “I think many people hear ‘autism’ and think ‘Rain Man,’” she said, referring to the 1988 movie featuring Dustin Hoffman as the mathematically brilliant but socially impaired autistic savant. “The autism spectrum is so vast, and all of our children are different. Many of them don’t rock back and forth or have savant skills. They are sweet, affectionate, intelligent, goofy — and exhausting — kids,” Miller said. Proposed revisions in the manual that doctors use to diagnose mental illness would streamline autism criteria. Critics contend the suggested changes would be too narrow and exclude children who need educational and behavioral services. Hyman noted that since the manual’s last revision, in 1994, much has been learned about autism. “There’s a real possibility the new definition will be better for children,” she said Thursday at a CDC news conference. CDC officials say research into causes of autism will help determine if there’s been a true increase or just better diagnosis. Genetics is believed to play a role. Studies have found no connection with childhood vaccines, but other factors under investigation include mothers’ illnesses or medication during pregnancy. First results from the CDC study are expected next year. Geraldine Dawson, chief science officer for the advocacy group Autism Speaks, said the new figures indicate “a public health emergency that demands immediate attention.” Her group estimates that U.S. autism costs total $126 billion each year, including costs related to diagnosis and treatment. That estimate also includes treatment for severely affected adults and lost wages.
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1,151
Europeans scornfully dub them "Frankenstein food." So it's not surprising some European environmentalists and leaders have reacted strongly to a recent trade ruling that favors these supposed monsters, or genetically modified foods. But their response, even for such a charged issue, is an overreaction. These critics charge that the World Trade Organization - by declaring a de facto European Union ban on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to be a violation of global trade laws, - is forcing unwanted products from the US and other agricultural exporters onto European consumers. The body that settles world trade disputes is doing nothing of the sort. Europeans have strict labeling requirements that must identify such foods, and neither shoppers nor farmers have to buy food or seeds they don't want. What the ruling did do is separate the politics and emotion of this issue from the science and business of it - a useful service. Even though the EU ended its GMO moratorium in 2004, five European countries still ban GMOs and appear to be in violation of the ruling. By clarifying a question of trade, and not food safety, the WTO has reinforced the rules of commerce concerning GMOs, which, importantly, also include European safety review. Only by allowing this trade mechanism to work freely can GMO producers and consumers get the consideration they both deserve. So far, science and trade favor the current generation of GMOs, which include plant products such as maize, cotton, and soybeans. In the US, about 45 percent of maize, 76 percent of cotton, and 85 percent of soybeans are genetically altered.
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316
[Tutor] adding together strings Fri, 7 Apr 2000 08:02:02 -0700 > Hello python tutors, > I hope you can help me with a little problem. (I am a beginner). > I am working on a program which will access some files in a folder on the > desktop without me having to type in the whole address every time. > Here is what I would like to do. > filename = raw_input("type name of file ") > filename="C:\windows\desktop\targetfolder\" + filename > When I try this kind of thing at the command line it works fine, but when I > put it into a module it tells me that "filename" is an "invalid token" I'm suprised it works at the command line - you have a problem here with Python's rules for escaping special characters in strings. The primary problem is that the \ before the final " on the second line escapes the ", so that Python thinks of it as being a quote within the string rather than the quote that ends the string. Similarly, although you may not have noticed it, the \t in \targetfolder gets turned into a tab. You can fix this immediately by something like: filename = raw_input("type name of file ") filename="C:\\windows\\desktop\\targetfolder\\" + filename In other words, in regular strings in Python, whenevr you want a "\" you should type a "\\". A better solution to your problem, because it will be breeding good habits for the future, is to use the os.path module's functions, particularly os.path.join. This will help if you ever have to work with unix or mac systems in python; and means you don't have to work with all those double backslashes on your system. Hope this helps.
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January 24, 2001 The US government is in transition. But why should the rest of the world suffer? The US wants to delay the sequel to the failed November 2000 climate meet until the new Bush administration gets its act together. Along with Japan, Canada, New Zealand and Australia, the country has formally requested that the conference of parties to the un Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to be held in July 2001 instead of May, so that the Bush administration has time to prepare. Key US officials, including secretary of state Colin Powell, have said that the US will not be ready for the negotiations by May, because replacements for the outgoing climate negotiators are still to be announced. And why should the entire world have to wait for the US to get its delegates in place and for those delegates to prepare for the meeting? Especially when any further delay at this crucial juncture jeopardises chances of the convention’s Kyoto Protocol coming into force? When every small delay in dealing with global warming increases the possibility of damage to smaller economies, particularly small island states, from climate change? Rather than taking responsibility for its emissions, the superpower has focused on delaying the process by constantly naming new conditions for signing the Kyoto Protocol, driving negotiations to the least common denominator in attempts to minimise economic impacts on the US economy. Rather like Saudi Arabia, which has tried to delay adoption of emissions reduction commitments because it fears the impact of such action on their oil exports, and has now suggested continuing climate talks in November 2001. But while US non-government organisations (NGOs) have ridiculed Saudi Arabia for such suggestions, these groups seem to think "there is some basis for (the) concern" expressed by Powell and others. So does only the political situation in the US merit consideration? Why should the world make concessions for the US and not for any other country? This is not the first time in the climate negotiations that the US government has asked for concessions to be made for internal US politics, and where US NGOs have backed their government’s demand. In fact, the rather ineffective Kyoto Protocol can be considered to be one big concession to US internal politics, and the senate’s reluctance to take any meaningful domestic action to control climate change. As a European NGO representative put it, "That is the way anti-American emotions are created. By asking the rest of the world to show understanding for some internal US mess or bureaucracy that would never have been accepted as an excuse had it been other countries than the US."
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