semran1/fw_valid-tokenized · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Indonesia quake a record, risks for Aceh grow SINGAPORE, April 13 — The powerful undersea earthquake off the Indonesian island of Sumatra this week was a once in 2,000 years event, and although it resulted in only a few deaths, it increases the risks of a killer quake in the region, a leading seismologist said. Wednesday’s 8.6 magnitude quake and a powerful aftershock were "strike-slip" quakes and the largest of that type recorded, Kerry Sieh, director of the Earth Observatory of Singapore, told Reuters. “It’s a really an exceptionally large and rare event,” he said. “Besides it being the biggest strike-slip earthquake ever recorded, the aftershock is the second biggest as far as we can tell,” said Sieh, who has studied the seismically active, and deadly, fault zones around Sumatra for years. Strike-slip quakes involve the horizontal movement of colliding earth plates, and are typically less powerful than those where there is vertical movement. They are also less likely to trigger big tsunamis, or tidal waves. A magnitude 9.1 quake in roughly the same region on Boxing Day in 2004 decimated Aceh province on Sumatra and killed over 230,000 people in 13 countries around the Indian Ocean. Sumatra, the westernmost island in the sprawling Indonesian archipelago, has a history of powerful quakes and tsunamis, most triggered by an offshore zone along its entire length, where the Indian-Australian tectonic plate is forced under the Eurasian plate. This creates a deep ocean trench as one plate slides under the other at a rate of several centimetres a year. In this zone, called the Sunda megathrust, stress builds up when the subducting Indian-Australian plate bends the Eurasian plate like a spring board as it moves down into the Earth's crust. Eventually enough stress builds up that the edge of Eurasian plate suddenly jolts upward, triggering an earthquake. The sudden uplift of the seafloor and huge pulse of seawater triggers a tsunami. Over the centuries, repeated magnitude 8 and 9 quakes have struck along portions of the megathrust zone off the coast of Sumatra, flattening towns and killing thousands of people. More quakes brewing Wednesday’s event was different, Sieh said, because it occurred further west from the megathrust zone in a fault that runs north-south. This strike-slip fault involved a sudden horizontal movement of the Indian and Australian plates along hundreds of kilometres, preliminary data suggest. Sieh said the Indian plate and Australian plate are moving relative to each other horizontally at about 1cm a year. “If all of that ... is taken up on this one fault and if you make some crude calculations about how much slip occurred during this earthquake, say 20m. It means that this earthquake shouldn't happen more than once every 2,000 years.” Wednesday’s quake caused few casualties and triggered very small waves, despite its magnitude. But the main problem is that it likely to have increased stress on the plate boundaries near Aceh, increasing the risks of another major earthquake in the same area as the 2004 disaster. In addition, research by Sieh and colleagues published in 2010 showed that the 2004 Aceh quake only relieved about half the stress that has built up over the centuries along a 400 km portion of the megathrust faultline. That makes another major quake in the area a matter of time. Adding to concerns, further south along another 700km portion of the megathrust fault under the Mentawai islands, Sieh and colleagues in a separate 2008 research said so much stress was building up on this section that one or more major quakes were likely within years. The Mentawai islands, a popular surfing destination, are a chain of about 70 islands off the western coast of Sumatra. They face the city of Padang on Sumatra, home to about one million people and likely to be in the path of any tsunami that is triggered. “I am very confident that we are very likely to have within the next few decades to have this great Mentawai earthquake that will have a magnitude at least as big as yesterday’s,” said Sieh. And when it does, history shows there will be more than one quake within a few years. He said a magnitude 8.4 quake in 2007 that struck this part of the megathrust relieved only a small portion of the pent-up pressure. The last time it ruptured was a magnitude 9 quake in 1833 and an 8.4 quake in 1797. “We've had so many big earthquakes around in Sumatra in the past few years that it seems like an awful lot of the faults around there seem ready to go.” — Reuters	[ 5497, 1952, 544, 36606, 257, 1700, 11, 7476, 329, 17102, 71, 1663, 198, 50, 2751, 2969, 6965, 11, 3035, 1511, 851, 383, 3665, 739, 8583, 16295, 572, 262, 28259, 7022, 286, 5060, 26066, 428, 1285, 373, 257, 1752, 287, 362, 11, 830, 812, 1785, 11, 290, 3584, 340, 8724, 287, 691, 257, 1178, 7040, 11, 340, 5732, 262, 7476, 286, 257, 11868, 36606, 287, 262, 3814, 11, 257, 3756, 30518, 7451, 531, 13, 198, 27150, 447, 247, 82, 807, 13, 21, 14735, 36606, 290, 257, 3665, 706, 39563, 547, 366, 33069, 12, 6649, 541, 1, 627, 1124, 290, 262, 4387, 286, 326, 2099, 6264, 11, 15981, 48931, 71, 11, 3437, 286, 262, 3668, 25758, 286, 12551, 11, 1297, 8428, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 257, 1107, 281, 24822, 1588, 290, 4071, 1785, 11, 447, 251, 339, 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Posted by Rafiq A. Tschannen Margari Hill, Stanford University While the presence of Islam in West Africa dates back to eighth century, the spread of the faith in regions that are now the modern states of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali and Nigeria, was in actuality, a gradual and complex process. Much of what we know about the early history of West Africa comes from medieval accounts written by Arab and North African geographers and historians. Specialists have used several models to explain why Africans converted to Islam. Some emphasize economic motivations, others highlight the draw of Islam’s spiritual message, and a number stress the prestige and influence of Arabic literacy in facilitating state building. While the motivations of early conversions remain unclear, it is apparent that the early presence of Islam in West Africa was linked to trade and commerce with North Africa. Trade between West Africa and the Mediterranean predated Islam, however, North African Muslims intensified the Trans-Saharan trade. North African traders were major actors in introducing Islam into West Africa. Several major trade routes connected Africa below the Sahara with the Mediterranean Middle East, such as Sijilmasa to Awdaghust and Ghadames to Gao. The Sahel, the ecological transition zone between the Sahara desert and forest zone, which spans the African continent, was an intense point of contact between North Africa and communities south of the Sahara. In West Africa, the three great medieval empires of Ghana, Mali, and the Songhay developed in Sahel. The history of Islam in West Africa can be explained in three stages, containment, mixing, and reform. In the first stage, African kings contained Muslim influence by segregating Muslim communities, in the second stage African rulers blended Islam with local traditions as the population selectively appropriated Islamic practices, and finally in the third stage, African Muslims pressed for reforms in an effort to rid their societies of mixed practices and implement Shariah. This three-phase framework helps sheds light on the historical development of the medieval empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay and the 19th century jihads that led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate in Hausaland and the Umarian state in Senegambia. Containment: Ghana and the Takrur The early presence of Islam was limited to segregated Muslim communities linked to the trans-Saharan trade. In the 11th century Andalusian geographer, Al-Bakri, reported accounts of Arab and North African Berber settlements in the region. Several factors led to the growth of the Muslim merchant-scholar class in non-Muslim kingdoms. Islam facilitated long distance trade by offering useful sets of tools for merchants including contract law, credit, and information networks. Muslim merchant-scholars also played an important role in non-Muslim kingdoms as advisors and scribes in Ghana. They had the crucial skill of written script, which helped in the administration of kingdoms. Many Muslim were also religious specialists whose amulets were prized by non-Muslims. Merchant-scholars also played a large role in the spread of Islam into the forest zones. These included the Jakhanke merchant-scholars in [name region], the Jula merchants in Mali and the Ivory Coast, and the Hausa merchants during the nineteenth century in Nigeria, Ghana, and Guinea Basau,]. Muslim communities in the forest zones were minority communities often linked to trading diasporas. Many of the traditions in the forest zones still reflect the tradition of Al-Hajj Salim Suwari, a late fifteenth-century Soninke scholar, who focused on responsibilities of Muslims in a non-Muslim society. His tradition, known as the Suwarian tradition, discouraged proselytizing, believing that God would bring people around to Islam in his own ways. This tradition worked for centuries in the forest zone including the present day, where there are vibrant Muslim minority communities. 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K7.5 THE RETURN OF HEPHAISTOS Museum Collection: Antikensammlungen, Munich, Germany Catalogue Number: Munich 2361 Beazley Archive Number: 215176 Ware: Attic Red Figure Painter: Attributed to the Kleophon Painter Date: ca 430 BC Hephaistos is led back to heaven by the god Dionysos. The drunken Hephaistos, holding a pair of tongs, is supported a Satyros. Beside him walks Dionysos, holding a thyrsos (pine-cone tipped staff) and drinking cup. A tambourine playing Mainas Nymphe and dancing Satyros lead the procession. NOTEThis is a drawing of the vase rather than a photographic representation. ARTICLESHephaistos, Dionysos, Satyroi OTHER IMAGES OF VASE	[ 42, 22, 13, 20, 3336, 30826, 27064, 3963, 367, 8905, 7801, 8808, 2640, 198, 44, 6744, 12251, 25, 3738, 1134, 641, 321, 4029, 2150, 268, 11, 22418, 11, 4486, 198, 39075, 5119, 7913, 25, 22418, 2242, 5333, 198, 3856, 1031, 1636, 20816, 7913, 25, 22951, 24096, 198, 38824, 25, 3460, 291, 2297, 11291, 198, 38490, 353, 25, 3460, 6169, 284, 262, 15983, 48982, 49102, 198, 10430, 25, 1275, 35090, 11843, 198, 39, 538, 3099, 396, 418, 318, 2957, 736, 284, 9538, 416, 262, 5770, 29628, 893, 418, 13, 383, 26680, 32308, 3099, 396, 418, 11, 4769, 257, 5166, 286, 10479, 82, 11, 318, 4855, 257, 7031, 88, 4951, 13, 30837, 485, 683, 11114, 29628, 893, 418, 11, 4769, 257, 294, 48489, 418, 357, 23908, 12, 49180, 28395, 3085, 8, 290, 7722, 6508, 13, 317, 256, 4131, 454, 500, 2712, 8774, 292, 17735, 3149, 258, 290, 15360, 7031, 88, 4951, 1085, 262, 37968, 13, 198, 16580, 1212, 318, 257, 8263, 286, 262, 410, 589, 2138, 621, 257, 35788, 10552, 13, 198, 7227, 2149, 28378, 39, 538, 3099, 396, 418, 11, 29628, 893, 418, 11, 7031, 88, 305, 72, 198, 31858, 45325, 3963, 569, 11159, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	194
The antimatter costs 62.5 trillion per gram. In the future it is theoretically possible to use antimatter as fuel for spaceships to other planets. The problem is that its production requires extremely expensive technology, and to create just 1 gram, the world would have to work a whole year (global GDP is 65 trillion dollars). In physics the ' anti-matter is a conglomeration of antiparticles corresponding to the particles that constitute the ordinary matter... Californium costs $ 27 million per gram. Why is it needed? An element of californium is so expensive to produce, the isotopes of californium do not have any practical application. In the West it was created only once since its opening in 1950. The californium is a ' chemical element with the symbol Cf and the atomic number 98. It is a transuranic element, synthetic , radioactive : californium has very few practical uses and was discovered by bombarding c... The price of diamonds is of 55 000 dollars per gram. The colorless stone can cost more than 11 thousand dollars per carat, but colored diamonds are worth more. Why do we need diamonds? The natural diamonds are most often used in the jewelry industry. Also, the extreme hardness of diamonds finds its application in ind... materials substances the most expensive substances in the world gold which are the most expensive substances in the world saffron platinum rhodium methamphetamine rhino horn heroin cocaine lsd plutonium taffeit precious metals the most expensive metals gems stone gems precious stones diamonds taaffeite jewels jewelry	[ 464, 37802, 1436, 3484, 8190, 13, 20, 12989, 583, 14599, 13, 554, 262, 2003, 340, 318, 26787, 1744, 284, 779, 37802, 1436, 355, 5252, 329, 9029, 5748, 284, 584, 14705, 13, 383, 1917, 318, 326, 663, 3227, 4433, 4457, 5789, 3037, 11, 290, 284, 2251, 655, 352, 14599, 11, 262, 995, 561, 423, 284, 670, 257, 2187, 614, 357, 20541, 12396, 318, 6135, 12989, 5054, 737, 554, 11887, 262, 705, 3098, 12, 47635, 318, 257, 38092, 341, 286, 32867, 26845, 11188, 284, 262, 13166, 326, 15613, 262, 8850, 2300, 986, 198, 19619, 1211, 1505, 3484, 720, 2681, 1510, 583, 14599, 13, 4162, 318, 340, 2622, 30, 1052, 5002, 286, 2386, 361, 1211, 1505, 318, 523, 5789, 284, 4439, 11, 262, 31624, 13920, 286, 2386, 361, 1211, 1505, 466, 407, 423, 597, 8472, 3586, 13, 554, 262, 2688, 340, 373, 2727, 691, 1752, 1201, 663, 4756, 287, 11445, 13, 383, 2386, 361, 1211, 1505, 318, 257, 705, 5931, 5002, 351, 262, 6194, 43216, 290, 262, 17226, 1271, 9661, 13, 632, 318, 257, 1007, 333, 26277, 5002, 11, 18512, 837, 25521, 1058, 2386, 361, 1211, 1505, 468, 845, 1178, 8472, 3544, 290, 373, 5071, 416, 5194, 13493, 269, 986, 198, 464, 2756, 286, 30984, 318, 286, 5996, 12877, 5054, 583, 14599, 13, 383, 3124, 1203, 7815, 460, 1575, 517, 621, 1367, 7319, 5054, 583, 1097, 265, 11, 475, 16396, 30984, 389, 2861, 517, 13, 4162, 466, 356, 761, 30984, 30, 383, 3288, 30984, 389, 749, 1690, 973, 287, 262, 22634, 2831, 13, 4418, 11, 262, 3257, 49604, 286, 30984, 7228, 663, 3586, 287, 773, 986, 198, 33665, 82, 15938, 262, 749, 5789, 15938, 287, 262, 995, 3869, 543, 389, 262, 749, 5789, 15938, 287, 262, 995, 473, 487, 1313, 36516, 374, 2065, 1505, 39278, 9529, 2879, 12718, 16914, 15144, 300, 21282, 47901, 256, 21223, 270, 14186, 21782, 262, 749, 5789, 21782, 23685, 7815, 23685, 14186, 14966, 30984, 20486, 21223, 578, 42701, 22634, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	321
The magnitude system works quite well for quantifying the brightness of stars. We know that a 6th magnitude star will be barely visible to the unaided eye from rural areas, yet easily seen in even the smallest of telescopes. The magnitude system doesn’t work as well for deep-sky objects. Consider the spiral galaxy M33 in Triangulum. Listed as a 6th magnitude object, it’s notoriously difficult to view in telescopes. M33 is elusive because its light is spread over an area four times that of the full moon. Defocus a 6th magnitude star until it’s that large and you’ll get the idea. Another reason why M33 is such a demanding target is its location in a star-poor region of the late autumn sky. I usually find it by training my telescope on an area roughly 4 ½ degrees west and slightly north of alpha (a) Trianguli. You can also trace an imaginary line from the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) to the star beta (b) Andromedae, then extend an equal distance beyond (refer to the accompanying finder chart). In either case, begin a low power sweep of the area until you encounter a large, faint glow. The key to observing M33 is to use an eyepiece that affords a field of view of at least 1½ to 2 degrees. One of the best views I’ve had of M33 was with a 4-inch f/4 RFT (the Edmund Astroscan) and a magnifying power of 16X. I’ve spotted it with 7X50 binoculars, and some observers even report seeing it with the unaided eye. The key, of course, is to conduct a search for M33 from a dark-sky site on a clear, moonless evening. Numerous sources credit the discovery of M33 to Messier himself (in 1764); however evidence exists that the true discoverer may have been the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Hodiema over a century earlier. M33 is part of the Local Group of galaxies that includes our Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. It’s approximately half the size of the Milky Way and lies about 2.9 million light-years away.	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The camera never lies, so we’ve been altering photographs to suit our needs since the invention of photography itself. Is it a painting or a photograph? It is a harbor. Ships sit on the beach at low tide. The clouds are puffy and white in the sky. A city can be seen in the background. Lovely cliffs rise up behind. Édouard Baldus, a Frenchman, created the image in 1855. It is a photograph, but the clouds have painted on to the print. The image comes to us from The Metropolitan Museum of Art in the way of an exhibit titled "Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop," on view through January 27th, 2013. The exhibit contains photographs that have been doctored and manipulated from the 1840s all the way up through the 1990s. The inspiration for the show is explained to us thusly: Over the past two decades, digital technology has made us all more keenly aware of the malleability of the photographic image, and many lament a loss of faith in the testimony of the camera. What we have gained, however, is a fresh perspective on the history of the medium and its complex relationship to visual truth. Through today's eyes, we can see that the old adage "the camera never lies" has always been photography's supreme fiction. People like to believe this about photography. They like to believe that photographs are a direct testimonial of visual truth, that the camera never lies. When it can be shown, however, that photographs are always lying, that they are always a manipulation of visual truth, it is supposed to be a great revelation. The revelation of fakery in photography thus gives us a "fresh perspective" and reveals to us that there is no reason to "lament a loss of faith in the testimony of the camera" since there was no reason to have any faith in the testimony of the camera in the first place. - "Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop." Through January 27, 2013. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Let us be clear about another thing: There were no snapshots in early photography. The technology didn’t allow for it. There was no immediacy, no illusion about capturing a quick reflection of the world as it really looks. Early photography was a laborious process. Getting an exposure took a very long time. Taking a picture was a tremendously staged process, especially if the photograph was of a person. Early portraits are a testimonial to patience. The sitter had to sit still, presenting him or herself to the camera while the image developed. It was not unlike sitting down to have your portrait painted. Photography was simply a way to take a portrait, or capture a landscape, with fewer intermediary steps than were needed in a painting. In this sense, you could say that all photography was born in the attempt to cut out the middleman. The middleman was the painter. A little history is in order here. During the Renaissance, as painters were developing techniques to render three-dimensional scenes into the two-dimensional space of paint and canvas, they rediscovered the camera obscura (known about since ancient times). A camera obscura is little more than a box with a hole in it. Positioned properly, the light from outside comes through the hole and projects an image of whatever is in front of the box. The image shining through the hole can be projected onto a piece of paper or some other surface. Painters would sometimes use a camera obscura to figure out how to paint tricky scenes where the lines of perspective were particularly complicated. They would, literally, trace out the image projected from the camera obscura and then paint in the rest of the details. The camera obscura was a tool for mastering two-dimensional space. Leonardo de Vinci wrote down explanations for how to build and use a camera obscura in the late 15th century. He seems to have understood the usefulness of the camera obscura for projecting an image that could be used as the basis for painting. It is clear that many of the Renaissance masters who came after Da Vinci were aware of the usefulness of the camera obscura as well. In 2001 the contemporary artist David Hockney published a book (Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters) in which he claims that almost all of the great masters of painting after the 15th century used tricks like the camera obscura in order to paint. According to Hockney, painters from Vermeer to Ingres were essentially great at tracing. He admits that the special artistry of these paintings made the final result greater than the sum of its parts. But he thinks that much of their amazing skill at rendering three-dimensional space into two-dimensions was done by projecting images and then tracing them. Hockney's thesis has created no small amount of controversy. Whether or not Hockney is correct in the extent of his claims doesn’t matter very much. Painters, certainly from the early Renaissance onward, were obsessed with problems of perspective and they were using any means at their disposal — camera obscuras, mirrors, drawing machines, and the like — in order to solve these problems. Technological innovations in the early 19th century allowed for the next step. The daguerreotype, for instance, was a technique by which the image projected by a camera obscura could be captured and preserved — thus, the elimination of the middleman. In the past, the image from a camera obscura still had to be painted. A human being had to take that image and make it permanent, capturing it on canvas and filling it out by means of pigment. With the daguerreotype, the image could be taken and presented as such. Voila, photography was born. The work that went into "doctoring" early photographs was the same work that had been going on in order to transform the images of the camera obscura into paintings. You could almost say that all paintings, from the mid 15th century until the mid 19th century, were essentially painted photographs. By the late Renaissance, painters had transformed themselves into machines for the accurate rendering of perspective and field of vision onto the flat surface of the canvas. The innovation of early photography was to shift the job that the painter was doing out of the hands of a human being and into the hands of a chemical process. The “paintings” were now making themselves, by exposing copper plates covered with silver to the light of day. While this process created miraculous images, the images could also be disappointing. The painters of the early 19th century were, after all, tremendously skilled. The images that they could create — of people, landscapes, and historical scenes — were immensely satisfying as visual documentation. They looked real. In many ways, they looked realer than reality. The paintings of the great masters have that intangible dual quality of realism and luminous idealism. It is realism taken to a second order. And these were the visual expectations that early photography had to match. The comment that "the camera never lies" (probably first uttered in the mid to late 19th century) is thus not to be understood as a positive statement about the inherent truth of photography — it is a complaint. A woman looking at a photographic portrait of herself would say, "This doesn't look very good. Is that even me?" The photographer would reply, "Well, the camera never lies." The comment was a photographer's excuse, an explanation as to why the camera produces an unsatisfying document. Essentially, people were complaining that photographs tended to look worse than paintings. Those early portraits could be so lifeless. It is difficult, after all, to sit down for a photograph and to hold one expression for minutes or even hours without that expression becoming wooden. The painter could fix this by bringing life back into the face with his painterly skill. The chemicals of the photographic process had no such flexibility. And so, in early photography, painters were often called in to fix the results, in order to give photographs the look of the painted scenes. There's a photo in the Metropolitan Museum exhibit of a young girl with her hand on her shoulder. It is a daguerreotype from about 1850. The daguerreotype has more or less been turned back into a painting. It has been colored in and many of the lines, especially of the woman's dress, have been softened up with painterly techniques. There is fakery here, if you want to call it that. But the fakery is not about making the photograph into something truer to life — it is about making the photograph truer to painting. And that is the fascinating thing that can be seen in all the wonderful early photographs at the Metropolitan Museum exhibit. We see this happening with the landscapes as well as the portraits. The exhibit includes a photograph of Cape Horn, Columbia River, Oregon done by Carleton E. Watkins in 1867. The scene shows a cliff by the side of the lake with a cloudy sky shot through with light above and to the right of the photograph. In fact, as a print of the original picture shows, the photograph displayed by Watkins is a blend of two exposures. Watkins was not able to get an exposure of both the clouds and of the cliff in the same shot. So, he took two different shots and put them together. The interesting thing is that the two unblended photographs are perfectly satisfying on their own. There are plenty of times in real life when we observe a scene in nature and cannot see the sky due to the brightness of the sun. Our eyes can have the same problem of overexposure that affects a camera obscura or a photograph. Watkins' original photo of the landscape with its overexposed sky is only dissatisfying if you compare it to a landscape painting from the same era, with its perfect rendering of both land and sky. Watkins wasn't worrying about truth or lies in photography when he took that picture of the Columbia River; he was worrying about Thomas Cole's 1836 painting View From Mount Holyoke, or something like it. Watkins was trying to make his photograph live up to the compositional standards of the great landscape painters of his time. The great struggle for photography in those early days was thus to figure out whether photography was simply an extension of painting, a cutting out of the middleman, or whether it was something genuinely new, with its own set of rules and suppositions and formal challenges. The photographs collected in the exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of art are a beautiful and moving testimony to that struggle. Reality, as is so often the case, has nothing to do with it. • 14 November 2012 Morgan Meis is a founding member of Flux Factory, an arts collective in New York. He has written for The Believer, Harper’s, and The Virginia Quarterly Review. Morgan is also an editor at 3 Quarks Daily, and a winner of a Creative Capital \| Warhol Foundation Arts Writers grant. A book of Morgan's selected essays can be found here. He can be reached at [email protected]. Photographs courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art.	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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition. Compete \| FAQ \| Contact Us Wet Ways To Get Around This site is about amphibious vehicles. Amphibious vehicles can travel on land and water. You are probably wondering why information on the US Marine Corps is on a web site about amphibious vehicles. This is because the people of the US Marine Corps are the main users of amphibious vehicles. 19 & under Science & Technology > Technology > Transportation Geography & Travel > North & Central America > United States	[ 5886, 807, 11, 830, 9293, 2727, 416, 2444, 1088, 262, 995, 508, 423, 14888, 287, 257, 11382, 12166, 27348, 13, 198, 7293, 14471, 930, 18749, 930, 14039, 4021, 198, 54, 316, 26658, 1675, 3497, 16824, 198, 1212, 2524, 318, 546, 38255, 699, 5672, 13, 40185, 571, 699, 5672, 460, 3067, 319, 1956, 290, 1660, 13, 921, 389, 2192, 11263, 1521, 1321, 319, 262, 1294, 11000, 12778, 318, 319, 257, 3992, 2524, 546, 38255, 699, 5672, 13, 770, 318, 780, 262, 661, 286, 262, 1294, 11000, 12778, 389, 262, 1388, 2985, 286, 38255, 699, 5672, 13, 198, 1129, 1222, 739, 198, 26959, 1222, 8987, 1875, 8987, 1875, 15198, 198, 10082, 4867, 1222, 13524, 1875, 2258, 1222, 5694, 2253, 1875, 1578, 1829, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	121
Interesting research that could have MS implications. Calcium is spark of life, kiss of death for nerve cells March 1, 2007 -- Oregon Health & Science University research shows how calcium regulates the recharging of high-frequency auditory nerve cells after they've fired a burst of signals, and it may have implications for neurological disorders. The study by scientists at OHSU's Vollum Institute and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, which appears in the current issue of the journal Nature Neuroscience, shows that calcium ions play a greater role in keeping in check the brain's most powerful circuits, such as those used for processing sound signals, than previously thought. A better understanding of that role could someday help prevent the death of neurons behind some diseases of the brain and spinal cord, such as stroke and multiple sclerosis, the scientists say. The research, led by postdoctoral fellow Jun Hee Kim, Ph.D., and her advisor, Henrique von Gersdorff, Ph.D., both scientists at the Vollum Institute, found that calcium tempers the activity of a high-throughput sodium pump, located in the plasma membrane covering nerve endings, that controls how quickly and accurately a nerve cell continues firing after an initial burst of spiking activity. "What's happening in the brain is you have all these action potentials (spikes) that are firing - the action potential is the way you transmit information quickly from neuron to neuron - and when you have an action potential, you have an explosive influx of sodium ions into the cell," von Gersdorff said. "As a result, the cell is depolarized and it needs to be quickly repolarized." To repolarize a cell so it can continue firing, and do so accurately and at high-input frequencies, the sodium pump ejects three positively charged sodium ions and imports two positively charged potassium ions. The net result is one positive charged is expelled from the cell, causing a hyperpolarization of the cell's membrane potential. Quick repolarization of the nerve cell is essential. Mature auditory nerve cells fire at frequencies that are 10 to 100 times higher than most high-frequency cells in the brain - 1 kiloHertz, or 1,000 Hertz. Most brain synapses, the space between nerve cells through which impulses are transmitted and received, begin failing beyond 10 Hertz. "In the last few years, we have been studying high-frequency firing cells in the auditory part of the brain. We found that these cells and nerve terminals are amazing because they can fire at 1,000 Hertz without failures and with high precision," von Gersdorff said. "That discovery in our lab prompted us to ask the question: How is it that these nerve cells can handle all this high-frequency firing?" Enter calcium, which, by inhibiting the activity of the sodium pump, regulates signal firing, and may conserve energy and keep the high-frequency cells from burning out. But calcium in high levels within a nerve cell can be toxic, so the researchers discovered another purpose for the sodium pump: powering a protein located on the nerve terminal membrane called the sodium-calcium exchanger, which removes the calcium and replaces it with sodium. That action, in turn, triggers the sodium pump, and so on. The sodium-calcium exchanger "can import high concentrations of sodium from outside the cell, and it uses the gradient of low internal sodium in the cell as a form of energy to get rid of calcium. That energy comes, ultimately, from the sodium pump and its use of ATP, the cells' major fuel," von Gersdorff explained. The pump is "always keeping sodium concentration in the neuron low and that allows the sodium-calcium exchanger protein to constantly exchange sodium for calcium." Otherwise, if allowed to get too high within the cell, the calcium shuts down the sodium pumps, creating a "vicious loop," von Gersdorff said. "You then get a simultaneous build-up of calcium and sodium in the cell, and it's 'Goodbye to your neuron.' It goes at some point into an irreversible cycle of death," he said. One potential therapeutic approach to preventing cell death caused by increasing calcium levels is making the sodium pump more insensitive to calcium. A potential new drug, for example, could "help the neuron to keep extruding sodium so it can help the sodium-calcium exchanger get rid of calcium, thereby not allowing calcium to reach toxic levels," von Gersdorff said. For the time being, von Gersdorff's lab will continue studying how calcium regulates the sodium pump. 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The United States Geological Survey (USGS) took over responsibility for mapping the country in 1879 and has been the primary civilian mapping agency of the United States ever since. Now you can view this complete seamless series of maps on Thoos. The best known USGS maps are those of the 7.5-minute, 1:24,000-scale quadrangle series. A scale of 1:25,000 is used for maps based on metric units (1 centimeter = 0.25 kilometer). The area portrayed on each sheet ranges from 64 square miles at latitude 30 degrees north to 49 square miles at latitude 49 degrees north. (Zoom in all the way to view 7.5 minute maps) A scale of 1:24,000 allows considerable detail to be shown in the quadrangle areas. It takes about 57,000 maps to cover the conterminous 48 States, Hawaii, and territories.	[ 464, 1578, 1829, 34246, 13084, 357, 2937, 14313, 8, 1718, 625, 5798, 329, 16855, 262, 1499, 287, 1248, 3720, 290, 468, 587, 262, 4165, 11107, 16855, 4086, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 1683, 1201, 13, 2735, 345, 460, 1570, 428, 1844, 32354, 2168, 286, 8739, 319, 536, 16426, 13, 198, 464, 1266, 1900, 1294, 14313, 8739, 389, 883, 286, 262, 767, 13, 20, 12, 11374, 11, 352, 25, 1731, 11, 830, 12, 9888, 15094, 81, 9248, 2168, 13, 317, 5046, 286, 352, 25, 1495, 11, 830, 318, 973, 329, 8739, 1912, 319, 18663, 4991, 357, 16, 1247, 16912, 796, 657, 13, 1495, 11866, 263, 737, 383, 1989, 19152, 319, 1123, 9629, 16069, 422, 5598, 6616, 4608, 379, 32477, 1542, 7370, 5093, 284, 5125, 6616, 4608, 379, 32477, 5125, 7370, 5093, 13, 357, 57, 4207, 287, 477, 262, 835, 284, 1570, 767, 13, 20, 5664, 8739, 8, 198, 32, 5046, 286, 352, 25, 1731, 11, 830, 3578, 11091, 3703, 284, 307, 3402, 287, 262, 15094, 81, 9248, 3006, 13, 632, 2753, 546, 7632, 11, 830, 8739, 284, 3002, 262, 369, 23705, 516, 4764, 1829, 11, 13708, 11, 290, 16771, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	189
A classic form of dance, ballet combines elements of theater and music. Ballet dancers often use a technique called "en pointe," which is French for "dancing on the tips of your toes." After originating during the Renaissance, this dance style became popular in Russia and France. Today, audiences all over the world admire ballerinas and shows like Children's Dance Theatre. There are three common kinds of ballet: classical, contemporary, and neoclassical. Audiences love the graceful movements, and ensembles like the New York City Ballet frequently hold sold-out performances. Among the most popular productions are Swan Lake and The Nutcracker, composed by Pyotr Tchaikovsky. Enjoy a breathtaking performance with Children's Dance Theatre tickets!	[ 32, 6833, 1296, 286, 9280, 11, 47735, 21001, 4847, 286, 13766, 290, 2647, 13, 8528, 1616, 35837, 1690, 779, 257, 8173, 1444, 366, 268, 966, 68, 553, 543, 318, 4141, 329, 366, 67, 5077, 319, 262, 9040, 286, 534, 23932, 526, 2293, 37962, 1141, 262, 29396, 11, 428, 9280, 3918, 2627, 2968, 287, 3284, 290, 4881, 13, 6288, 11, 15579, 477, 625, 262, 995, 21099, 2613, 263, 24252, 290, 2523, 588, 8990, 338, 17349, 15752, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 1115, 2219, 6982, 286, 47735, 25, 15993, 11, 11811, 11, 290, 29938, 31172, 605, 13, 7591, 10035, 1842, 262, 44363, 8650, 11, 290, 551, 4428, 829, 588, 262, 968, 1971, 2254, 8528, 1616, 6777, 1745, 2702, 12, 448, 13289, 13, 9754, 262, 749, 2968, 32260, 389, 21491, 6233, 290, 383, 11959, 6098, 10735, 11, 13160, 416, 9485, 313, 81, 309, 11693, 1134, 29716, 13, 18179, 257, 35589, 2854, 351, 8990, 338, 17349, 15752, 8587, 0, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	155
If you look at a modem, with it's small central processing unit and special-purpose digital signal processor, and then look at a modern PC, with it's large CPU and general-purpose DSP on the sound card, you may wonder if the hardware duplication of an external modem is necessary. A "WinModem" incorporates the CPU and DSP of the modem into the slightly-enhanced fabric of a PC. They are called "WinModems" because they originally only shipped with Microsoft Windows device drivers. These device drivers presented the illusion of a serial port attached to a Hayes AT-style modem. For a long time only Windows versions of these drivers where available. Some manufacturers now provide Linux versions of their device drivers as well, these modems are jokingly called "LinModems". It is probably possible to use a LinModem as a Linux console. At the most this would require altering the source code to dumb-down the AT command emulation of the modem and recompiling the kernel. Boot loaders, however, work in a very confined software environment and struggle to support a simple serial chip. Considering that some boot loaders do not even handle interrupts, handling the complex DSP of a LinModem is well beyond what is practical.	[ 1532, 345, 804, 379, 257, 38053, 11, 351, 340, 338, 1402, 4318, 7587, 4326, 290, 2041, 12, 29983, 4875, 6737, 12649, 11, 290, 788, 804, 379, 257, 3660, 4217, 11, 351, 340, 338, 1588, 9135, 290, 2276, 12, 29983, 360, 4303, 319, 262, 2128, 2657, 11, 345, 743, 4240, 611, 262, 6890, 50124, 286, 281, 7097, 38053, 318, 3306, 13, 198, 32, 366, 16643, 5841, 368, 1, 33181, 262, 9135, 290, 360, 4303, 286, 262, 38053, 656, 262, 4622, 12, 16550, 2903, 9664, 286, 257, 4217, 13, 1119, 389, 1444, 366, 16643, 5841, 5232, 1, 780, 484, 6198, 691, 14338, 351, 5413, 3964, 3335, 6643, 13, 2312, 3335, 6643, 5545, 262, 17878, 286, 257, 11389, 2493, 7223, 284, 257, 25109, 5161, 12, 7635, 38053, 13, 1114, 257, 890, 640, 691, 3964, 6300, 286, 777, 6643, 810, 1695, 13, 2773, 11372, 783, 2148, 7020, 6300, 286, 511, 3335, 6643, 355, 880, 11, 777, 953, 5232, 389, 474, 48343, 1444, 366, 14993, 5841, 5232, 1911, 198, 1026, 318, 2192, 1744, 284, 779, 257, 5164, 5841, 368, 355, 257, 7020, 8624, 13, 1629, 262, 749, 428, 561, 2421, 29057, 262, 2723, 2438, 284, 13526, 12, 2902, 262, 5161, 3141, 47065, 286, 262, 38053, 290, 48765, 4386, 262, 9720, 13, 198, 36476, 3440, 364, 11, 2158, 11, 670, 287, 257, 845, 19733, 3788, 2858, 290, 6531, 284, 1104, 257, 2829, 11389, 11594, 13, 27662, 326, 617, 6297, 3440, 364, 466, 407, 772, 5412, 48237, 11, 9041, 262, 3716, 360, 4303, 286, 257, 5164, 5841, 368, 318, 880, 3675, 644, 318, 8472, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	259
Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp Awareness About Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp The development of polyps is a common problem in the digestive tract of the body wherein most cases affect the colon and this condition is called as colon polyps. Tubulovillous Adenomal Polyp is one of the common forms and considered dangerous as well, since it can lead to cancer, therefore awareness about this condition is vital for its total treatment. The Importance of Awareness about Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp The digestive or gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the body is composed of several vital organs such as the stomach and the intestines (small intestines and large intestines). The upper section includes the stomach while the intestines belong to the lower section. The colon is part of the large intestine and the last organ in the GI system which is responsible in the absorbance of water and nutrients (specifically potassium) in the body. Just like the stomach, the colon also has lining which is known as “mucous membrane”, and for some reasons masses of tissues described as “polyps” may grow in this area then it develops to Colon Polyp. The growth of polyps in the colon is normally benign (or non-cancerous) when it’s beyond the normal size of not more than one centimeter. However, this is not always the case since it can grow larger and turned into “adenoma”, an abnormal growth of polyps in the swelling lining of the colon. There are several forms or classification of colon polyps based on their shapes and sizes: - Hyperplastic – Of all the common forms of colon polyps, this type is classified low risk in terms of turning into cancer, even though that the polyps are growing not on its size but also to its number. - Inflammatory – This form is also considered benign because it is rare to become malignant or develop to cancer. In medical terminology, it is known as “pseudopolyps” which means false polyps, and most common to occur on patients with IBD and ulcerative colitis. - Adenomatous – Colon polyps under this category are the most common and have the highest risk of becoming cancerous if not discovered or treated immediately. There are three types of adenamatous colon polyps- tubular, villous, and tubulovillous. TVA or Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp is the most dangerous type that usually develops to colon cancer. The possibility of development of polyps to become Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp depends on the appearance and the size of the adenoma. Pedunculated (with thin stalk) polyp and sessile (flat without stalk) polyp are the two common shapes, wherein the sessile polyp is known to have greater chances to become cancer if not removed in time. Sessilepolyp.com explains well about this condition. Possible Treatment for Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp Based on studies, people aging 60 and above are prone to colon polyps wherein biggest percentage of cases are found to be adenomatous which includes Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp. Therefore, before it’s too late for you to know that you have TVA, you can undergo colon cancer screening test which is effective in diagnosing colon polyps. Sigmoidoscopy is one of the procedures used in diagnosing colon polyps aside from colonoscopy and fecal occult blood testing. The polyps should be removed on its early stage before it turned out to be colon cancer in the future.	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College essays are mostly written on controversial topics, or on ethical debates. It plays a key role in accepting or denying an idea, query or issue. The college essay questions are mostly technical or logical which emphasize on giving your view point about it. A college essay needs to be backed up with facts, evidences and proofs to defend your views. The significance of college essay does not only depend on arguing or defending your viewpoints, but also your writing does matter. Arguing in a calm way is much effective than writing in an aggressive tone. Using a correct tone at correct timings may influence the writers. A college essay should not be written too long or too short. It may not exceed more than 5 pages and should not be less than one and a half page. Always patronise your work using facts and figures that can be rechecked. A college essay may not be copy pasted from any source, i.e., plagiarism is a serious crime which can result in your termination from educational institution or you may be “black listed”. It should be understood that plagiarism is a serious crime which may cause serious damage to your academic career. Getting admitted in a college depends on GPA, SAT results, interview and your writing abilities that may lead to successful career pathway. A college essay must be edited and proofread according to the requirement of the institution. If they are strict to their rules, then follow what they have asked from you. The referencing should be cited in the required format. Article lesson: College essays are the true reflection of your mind-set and thinking. The basic concept behind it is to check students ‘abilities and calibre by knowing their point of views regarding a certain controversial topic.	[ 38951, 27126, 389, 4632, 3194, 319, 8381, 10233, 11, 393, 319, 15028, 15389, 13, 632, 5341, 257, 1994, 2597, 287, 12598, 393, 17086, 281, 2126, 11, 12405, 393, 2071, 13, 383, 4152, 14268, 2683, 389, 4632, 6276, 393, 12219, 543, 21322, 319, 3501, 534, 1570, 966, 546, 340, 13, 198, 32, 4152, 14268, 2476, 284, 307, 9763, 510, 351, 6419, 11, 25568, 3007, 290, 39197, 284, 4404, 534, 5009, 13, 383, 12085, 286, 4152, 14268, 857, 407, 691, 4745, 319, 11810, 393, 11749, 534, 42806, 11, 475, 635, 534, 3597, 857, 2300, 13, 20559, 4250, 287, 257, 9480, 835, 318, 881, 4050, 621, 3597, 287, 281, 8361, 8216, 13, 8554, 257, 3376, 8216, 379, 3376, 4628, 654, 743, 4588, 262, 8786, 13, 317, 4152, 14268, 815, 407, 307, 3194, 1165, 890, 393, 1165, 1790, 13, 632, 743, 407, 7074, 517, 621, 642, 5468, 290, 815, 407, 307, 1342, 621, 530, 290, 257, 2063, 2443, 13, 16622, 19686, 786, 534, 670, 1262, 6419, 290, 5538, 326, 460, 307, 664, 258, 694, 276, 13, 198, 32, 4152, 14268, 743, 407, 307, 4866, 1613, 276, 422, 597, 2723, 11, 1312, 13, 68, 1539, 42054, 1042, 318, 257, 2726, 4065, 543, 460, 1255, 287, 534, 19883, 422, 9856, 9901, 393, 345, 743, 307, 564, 250, 13424, 5610, 447, 251, 13, 632, 815, 307, 7247, 326, 42054, 1042, 318, 257, 2726, 4065, 543, 743, 2728, 2726, 2465, 284, 534, 8233, 3451, 13, 198, 20570, 6848, 287, 257, 4152, 8338, 319, 45283, 11, 29020, 2482, 11, 2720, 290, 534, 3597, 7883, 326, 743, 1085, 284, 4388, 3451, 21182, 13, 198, 32, 4152, 14268, 1276, 307, 13012, 290, 6617, 961, 1864, 284, 262, 9079, 286, 262, 9901, 13, 1002, 484, 389, 7646, 284, 511, 3173, 11, 788, 1061, 644, 484, 423, 1965, 422, 345, 13, 383, 32578, 815, 307, 9181, 287, 262, 2672, 5794, 13, 198, 14906, 11483, 25, 5535, 27126, 389, 262, 2081, 14580, 286, 534, 2000, 12, 2617, 290, 3612, 13, 383, 4096, 3721, 2157, 340, 318, 284, 2198, 2444, 564, 246, 5738, 290, 27417, 260, 416, 6970, 511, 966, 286, 5009, 5115, 257, 1728, 8381, 7243, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	354
These are two of my favorite pictures from my research on children’s books about Einstein and Curie. (You can click on them to see the bigger images). They are I think, the most visual example of my thesis’s argument and I think they are also illustrative of exactly what we need to pay attention to in Children’s biography. Stories about famous figures’ biographies are the most directly applicable aspect of children’s literature. This is the part of the story that with which children can most readily identify. Tragically, this part of the story of these lives is generally the thinest part of the historical record. Because children’s literature is so rarely reviewed by historians, this is not an issue for many children’s authors. They can simply invent the figures childhood. The first picture is a picture of the young Albert Einstein terrorizing his baby sitter. Albert is described as cruel, and angry, he throws tantrums the text tells young readers that “His temper so terrifies a tutor hired to help young Albert prepare for school that she runs away, never to be seen again.” In the picture Albert and his anger are foregrounded as the tutor runs away in terror, apparently never to be seen again. You will be hard pressed to find historical precedent for this story: By all accounts Albert was a much more timid boy, but it is easy to see here how masculinity and power are imbued on this child. The second picture is of Curie crying in the arms of her teacher. Before I get into the details, consider the differences between these two images. Notice the relative size of Curie and her teacher. Einstein is bigger than his tutor, while the small (and surprisingly Aryan) Curie is presented as significantly smaller. In the second picture, the teacher does not come down to her level and instead maintains her size and visual power. This story appears in almost every single children’s book about Curie. The young Manya Skłodowska was the youngest and smartest student in her class. Her school, which was run by Polish teachers, was under constant threat from the Russians who occupied Poland. The school was barred from teaching children in Polish and teaching Polish history. Instead, schools were required to have children memorize Russian history and learn Russian language. The school that Manya attended disobeyed these rules. When Russian school inspectors came to check on the school a look-out in the hallway would warn the class and the class would hide their Polish books. Once the inspector came in, the teacher would call on Manya to answer his questions. In the story, Manya succeeds by answering all of the Russian inspector’s questions in Russian to his liking. After he leaves she cries. In this story it becomes apparent that while Manya is very smart and strong she still has a kind of frailty. Readers are told that Manya’s knowledge gives her a kind of importance. She is called on in class and because of her impressive memory; she saves the class from the inspector. While the stories of Einstein were exaggerate stories that stress his clashes with authority the story of the Russian inspector is usually treated in a way that is much more consistent with the authoritative texts. However, Eva Curie tells several other stories about Manya that only make it into one of the children’s books, and thus the picture of the young Manya is shaped more by exclusion than by exaggeration. The following anecdotes come from Eleanor Doorly’s 1939 book, The Radium Women: Madame Curie. Doorly’s book went through many printings and was highly acclaimed, being recommended in three consecutive editions of the Children’s Catalogue. Doorly states quite clearly in the opening of her book that it is a children’s adaptation of Eva Curie’s biography of her mother. This book stays very close to Eva’s biography and offers insight into a different trajectory that could have been developed in accounts of Curie. These selections come from the second chapter of her book, appropriately entitled “Rebels.” In the Russian-run high school Manya and her friend Kazia “took delight in inventing witticisms against their Russian professors, their German master, and especially against Miss Mayer who detested Manya only a little less than Manya detested her.” Their teacher Miss Mayer stated, “It’s no more use speaking to that Sklodovska girl,” she said, “than throwing green peas at a wall!” On one occasion Eva tells us of a time in which Manya was openly disrespectful, and witty. “I won’t have you look at me like that!’ Miss Mayer would shout. ‘You have no right to look down on me!’” Manya responded “‘I can’t help it,’ said Manya truthfully, for she was a head taller that Miss Mayer. No doubt she was glad that words sometimes have two meanings.” In the second series of stories, the young Manya is openly disrespectful of her teachers. While the story of her crying in front of the Russian inspector is interesting it should be seen as just one of several stories about Manya’s school experience. Importantly, it is the only story that puts her in a position of weakness against the authority of both the teacher and the inspector. Other stories show the potential of portraying a Manya who is similar to the exaggerated Einstein, openly disrespectful of a rather hostile teacher. Brown, Don. Odd Boy Out: Young Albert Einstein . Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Doorly, Eleanor. The Radium Woman, a Life of Marie Curie; and Woodcuts. New York: Roy Publishers, 1939.	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Contemplative psychotherapy for individuals, couples, and groups in New York City. According to the Asian News Network, China's oldest temple aims to position itself as a major Buddhist hub. Built in 68 CE, the White Horse (Baima) Temple, in Luoyang, in China's Henan province, has a colorful history. The ANN reports: According to legend, the Eastern Han Emperor Yongping (reign: AD 57-75) dreamed of a golden figure with a halo, which his advisers assumed was the Buddha, in India. Emissaries were sent abroad to learn more about Buddhism and they returned years later with two Indian monks on white horses, bearing sutras and statues.... In light of its history, Baima aims to become a leading center of Buddhism in Asia and has an Indian Buddhist shrine made entirely of Indian materials, a gift from the Indian government that was completed last year. Nearby, a Thai Buddhist shrine, built in 1992, is being expanded. The temple has been rebuilt, and little remains of the original. Also, the original temple lacked air-conditioning, but that has been remedied. You can read the ANN report here. Image © China Daily	[ 4264, 18856, 876, 3795, 18952, 329, 3925, 11, 11886, 11, 290, 2628, 287, 968, 1971, 2254, 13, 198, 4821, 284, 262, 7740, 3000, 7311, 11, 2807, 338, 13325, 12505, 12031, 284, 2292, 2346, 355, 257, 1688, 20838, 12575, 13, 28477, 287, 8257, 18671, 11, 262, 2635, 18455, 357, 33, 1385, 64, 8, 10857, 11, 287, 6026, 726, 648, 11, 287, 2807, 338, 6752, 272, 8473, 11, 468, 257, 20239, 2106, 13, 383, 40126, 3136, 25, 198, 4821, 284, 8177, 11, 262, 8345, 9530, 10851, 40633, 13886, 357, 260, 570, 25, 5984, 7632, 12, 2425, 8, 27947, 286, 257, 10861, 3785, 351, 257, 289, 7335, 11, 543, 465, 20409, 9672, 373, 262, 19154, 11, 287, 3794, 13, 2295, 747, 3166, 547, 1908, 10522, 284, 2193, 517, 546, 25932, 290, 484, 4504, 812, 1568, 351, 734, 3942, 27646, 319, 2330, 14260, 11, 14121, 264, 315, 8847, 290, 25827, 1106, 198, 818, 1657, 286, 663, 2106, 11, 347, 1385, 64, 12031, 284, 1716, 257, 3756, 3641, 286, 25932, 287, 7229, 290, 468, 281, 3942, 20838, 29981, 925, 5000, 286, 3942, 5696, 11, 257, 6979, 422, 262, 3942, 1230, 326, 373, 5668, 938, 614, 13, 20173, 1525, 11, 257, 18933, 20838, 29981, 11, 3170, 287, 9768, 11, 318, 852, 9902, 13, 198, 464, 12505, 468, 587, 30080, 11, 290, 1310, 3793, 286, 262, 2656, 13, 4418, 11, 262, 2656, 12505, 19989, 1633, 12, 31448, 278, 11, 475, 326, 468, 587, 20100, 798, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 1100, 262, 40126, 989, 994, 13, 198, 5159, 10673, 2807, 6714, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	254
NORTH BOSQUE RIVER NORTH BOSQUE RIVER. The North Bosque River, the ninety-seven-mile main branch of the Bosque, rises at the conjunction of two branches north of Stephenville in central Erath County (at 32°14' N, 98°13' W). The South Fork North Bosque River rises near Lingleville in north central Erath County (at 32°19' N, 98°22' W) and flows for fourteen miles to its confluence with the North Fork North Bosque River, which rises near Huckabay in north central Erath County (at 32°19' N, 98°13' W) and flows for eleven miles. The North Bosque River then flows south, cutting across the extreme northeastern corner of Hamilton County and continuing into northern Bosque County, where it is joined by the East Bosque River south of Walnut Springs. From that point the North Bosque continues its southeasterly course across central Bosque County and into central McLennan County, where it is joined by the Middle and South Bosque rivers as it flows into Lake Waco on the northwest edge of Waco (at 31°34' N, 97°12' W). Along its course, the river flows past Clairette, Hico, Iredell, Meridian, Clifton, and Valley Mills. Its principal tributaries include Live Oak, Duffau, Honey, Meridian, Neils, Spring, Sims, and Green creeks, several of which have been dammed. The river flows through flat terrain with local shallow depressions surfaced by clay and sandy loam that supports water-tolerant hardwoods, conifers, and grasses. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."NORTH BOSQUE RIVER," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnn05), accessed May 21, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.	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Landscape, Water and Religion in Ancient India Ritual sites and water resource structures in their archaeological landscape project is geared towards building integrated models of religious, economic and environmental history in central and western India through the documentation of ritual sites and water-resource structures in their archaeological landscape. central question is how did the spread and institutionalisation of Buddhist and Brahmanical religious traditions between c. 3rd century BC and 6th century AD relate to other important processes such as urbanisation, state-formation and innovations in agriculture? There are two major interrelated research themes: Religion in the Landscape; and Water and Civilisation, with three main geographical zones of application: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. - Religion in the Landscape The study of ancient Indian religion has long since been dominated by textual scholarship which has given priority to the Sanskrit tradition, and drawn on archaeology largely for supplementary evidence. Furthermore, until recently the site-based focus of South Asian archaeology has meant that ritual sites have tended to be studied in isolation from wider patterns in the landscape. This project has sought to build a more integrated approach to textual and archaeological scholarship on early Indian religion, focussing in particular on the following questions: What was the changing relationship between the state and religion? How did the different religious traditions attract local patronage networks? How did they relate to local agricultural communities? What was the nature of inter-religious dynamics? - Water and Civilisation The development of advanced irrigation systems has been seen as a major factor in the rise of complex, urban societies in ancient India. However, a number of questions regarding the history and chronology of irrigation technology and its role in the wider economic, political and religious landscape, have remained unanswered. The traditional view, based largely on readings of problematically dated texts such as the Arthasastra, is that the building and management of irrigation works was dependent on centralised state administration. Marxist-inspired models such as Wittogel’s ‘Hydraulic Civilisations of the Orient’ have led to similar notions regarding Asian economic systems as a whole. In recent years, these have undergone major revision following studies of more devolved systems of irrigation management in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia involving village councils and religious institutions. In India, however, traditional models have until recently remained unchallenged due in part to the paucity of archaeological research on irrigation.Steps towards redressing this problem have been taken in relation to a group of dams documented during the Sanchi Survey Project (Madhya Pradesh) with comparative studies in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Datable to the early centuries BC, the Sanchi dams appear to have been central to the development of sustainable exchange networks between Buddhist monks and the local laity, just as contemporaneous irrigation systems in Sri Lanka formed the basis of monastic landlordism and a distinctly ‘Buddhist economics’. - Shaw, J. (2011). 'Monasteries, monasticism, and patronage in ancient India: Mawasa, a recently documented hilltop Buddhist complex in the Sanchi area of Madhya Pradesh', South Asian Studies 27 (2): 111-130. - Sutcliffe, J., J. Shaw, and E. Brown (2011). 'Historical water resources in South Asia: the hydrological background', Hydrological Sciences Journal 56 (5): 775-788. - Shaw, J. (2009). ‘Stūpas, monasteries and relics in the landscape: typological, spatial, and temporal patterns in the Sanchi area', in A. Shimada and J. Hawkes, eds., Buddhist Stūpas in South Asia: Recent Archaeological, Art-Historical, and Historical Perspectives. New Delhi : Oxford University Press. - Madella, M., R. Osborne, and J. Shaw, (Eds.) (2009), The Archaeology of Water. World Archaeology, vol. 41.1. - Shaw, J. (2007). Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi hill and archaeologies of religious and social change, c. 3rd century BC to 5th century AD. London: British Association for South Asian Studies, The British Academy. - Shaw, J. (2007), ‘Landscape, Water and Religion in Ancient India’, Archaeology International 2006-2007, 43-52. - Shaw, J., J. V. Sutcliffe, L. Lloyd-Smith, J-L. Schwenninger, and M.S. Chauhan, with contributions by E. Harvey and O.P. Misra (2007), ‘Ancient Irrigation and Buddhist history in Central India: Optically Stimulated Luminescence and pollen sequences from the Sanchi dams’, Asian Perspectives 46(1): 166-201. - Shaw, J. (2005), 'The archaeological setting of Buddhist monasteries in central India: a summary of a multi-phase survey in the Sanchi area, 1998-2000', in C. Jarrige and V. Lefèvre (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 2001: proceedings of the 16th international conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, ADPF, Vol. 2, 665-676. - Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2005), ‘Ancient Dams and Buddhist Landscapes in the Sanchi area: New evidence on Irrigation, Land use and Monasticism in Central India’, South Asian Studies 21, 1-24. - Shaw, J. (2004), ‘Naga sculptures in Sanchi’s archaeological landscape: Buddhism, Vaisnavism and local agricultural cults in central India, first century BCE to fifth century CE’, Artibus Asiae LXIV(1), 5-59. - Shaw, J. (2004), ‘Early historic landscapes in central India: recent archaeological investigations in districts Raisen and Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, 2003-4’, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology 1, 143-150. - Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2003), ‘Ancient dams, settlement archaeology and Buddhist propagation in central India: the hydrological background’, Hydrological Sciences Journal 48 (2), 277-291. - Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2003), ‘Water management, patronage networks and religious change: new evidence from the Sanchi dam complex and counterparts in Gujarat and Sri Lanka’, South Asian Studies 19, 73-104. - Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2001), ‘Ancient irrigation works in the Sanchi area: an archaeological and hydrological investigation’, South Asian Studies 17, 55-75. - Shaw, J. (2000), ‘The sacred landscape’, in M. Willis, with contributions by J. Cribb and J. Shaw, Buddhist Reliquaries from Ancient India, London: British Museum Press, 27-38. - Shaw, J. (2000), ‘Sanchi and its archaeological landscape: Buddhist monasteries, settlements and irrigation works in central India’, Antiquity 74, 775-776. Shaw, J. (1999), ‘Buddhist landscapes and monastic planning in eastern Malwa: the elements of intervisibility, surveillance and the protection of relics’, in T. Insoll, (ed.), Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion: the proceedings of the Cambridge conference, Oxford: Archaeopress, 5-17. Publications in preparation - Shaw, J. (Ed.) Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1 - Shaw, J., ‘Introduction’. Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1 - Shaw, J., ‘Archaeologies of Religious Change in South Asia’. Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1 - Shaw, J., ‘Archaeologies of well-being and suffering: environmental ethics and Buddhist economics in ancient India’ (2013) - Shaw, J., ‘Buddhist mortuary rituals in ancient India’. Invited paper for pre-circulation in seminar to be held at the McDonald Institute, Cambridge in April 2011. Papers will be peer reviewed and published in a single volume by 2013. Seminar title: Death Shall Have no Dominion. Organisers: Colin Renfrew, Michael Boyd, and Ian Morley - Shaw, J., and A. Beck, ‘The archaeological application of satellite remote-sensing in Central India' 2012/3). - Shaw, J., J. Sutcliffe, and E. Brown. ‘Irrigation and complex society in ancient India: an archaeo-hydrological assessment’. Water History(journal). (2012) - Shaw, J., J., Sutcliffe, E. Cork, and H. Bakker. ‘Archaeological landscapes at Ramtek and Mansar: religion, politics and water in the Vakataka empire’, South Asian Studies (2012) - British Association for South Asian Studies (2006-8) - Department of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal (PI) - John Sutcliffe, Reading - Religious change - Social & economic change - Landscape archaeology - Water management - Ancient irrigation - Patronage & kingship - Ritual landscapes	[ 22342, 6794, 11, 5638, 290, 21741, 287, 13406, 3794, 198, 49, 10587, 5043, 290, 1660, 8271, 8573, 287, 511, 30971, 10747, 198, 16302, 318, 31394, 3371, 2615, 11521, 4981, 286, 4158, 11, 3034, 290, 198, 38986, 282, 2106, 287, 4318, 290, 8830, 3794, 832, 262, 10314, 286, 198, 799, 723, 5043, 290, 1660, 12, 31092, 8573, 287, 511, 30971, 10747, 13, 198, 31463, 1808, 318, 703, 750, 262, 4104, 290, 15855, 5612, 286, 20838, 290, 198, 33, 11392, 805, 605, 4158, 15421, 1022, 269, 13, 513, 4372, 4289, 11843, 290, 718, 400, 4289, 5984, 198, 2411, 378, 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Information for Parents What your child may experience: For your son or daughter, college will likely be a period of intellectual stimulation and growth, career exploration and development, increased autonomy, self-exploration and discovery, and social involvement. During this period, your children may forge new identities or seek to clarify their values and beliefs. This may require an examination of self, friends, and family. It may also be a time for exploration and experimentation, and a period in which your children may question or challenge the values you hold dear. The changes your son or daughter may experience can occur quickly, as they begin to develop new peer relationships, gain competence in new areas, and learn to manage their independence. It is important to recognize that every child will experience his or her own unique set of challenges and adjustments, just as every parent will have different expectations for and reactions to their child's college experience. What parents may experience: Often overlooked is the fact that the college experience is a significant transition for parents as well as their children. As parents, you may experience feelings of happiness, excitement, and pride when your child leaves for college. At the same time, you may feel a sense of sadness and pain and have understandable fears and concerns about your child's future and well-being. You may worry about your child's safety and ability to care effectively for him or herself. You may fear losing your child as he or she begins to function more independently and form deep attachments with peers. You may be concerned about how your child will deal with alcohol, drugs, and sexual relationships. You may also wonder how your child's performance in college will reflect on you as the parent. Recognize that feelings of conflict, happiness, excitement, sadness and ambivalence about your child's leaving home are normal. For most families, this step can seem like a dramatic separation of parent and child, although it is usually the separation of adult from almost-adult. It is normal, too, to look forward to the relative peace and quiet of having your active older adolescent out of the house and having the place to yourself, or being able to spend time with your younger children. Allow yourself to feel whatever emotions come up. There is little benefit in pretending that you don't feel sad, guilty, relieved, apprehensive, or whatever feelings you have. You probably aren't fooling anyone by trying to hide your reactions; a healthier approach is to talk about them-with your family, friends, clergy, or other sources of support. Tips on how to support your child: Be sure to keep open communication going on a regular basis. Pick a regular time to talk that fits both schedules. Creating a routine is good for you because you will feel less intrusive. It may be good for your child because if they stay out of touch for long periods of time and then need your help, it might feel awkward to break the silence. It is important to maintain regular contact with your child, but also to allow space for your child to approach you and set the agenda for some of your conversations. Let your child know that you respect and support his or her right to make independent decisions and that you will serve as an advocate and an advisor when asked. Let your child know that they do not have to protect you from their problems. Engage in active listening. Be patient; allow them to finish their argument or point before formulating a response. Finally, recognize that it is normal for your child to seek your help one day and reject it the next. Such behavior can be confusing and exhausting for parents, so make sure to take care of yourself by talking about your feelings with your own support system. Be realistic and specific with your child about financial issues including what you will and will not pay for, as well as your expectations for how your son or daughter will spend money. Most students come to school with a fairly detailed plan about how tuition, fees, books, and room and board will be paid for, and what the family's expectations are about spending money. Being specific at the outset may help avoid misunderstandings later. It is also important to be realistic about your child's academic performance, recognizing that not every straight-A student in high school will be a straight-A student in college. The University attracts bright students from all over the world, and not every freshman who excelled academically in high school will be an all-A student here. Developing or refining the capacity to work independently, consistently, and to demonstrate mastery can be more important than grades, as long as the student meets the basic academic requirements set out by the University. Help your children set realistic academic goals; encourage them to do their best and to seek assistance if needed. Know the warning signs. You know your child better than anyone, and it is important that you still keep alert to the signs of change, upset, and distress. If you notice symptoms of depression, substance abuse, anxiety, eating disorders, or suicidal thinking - start a dialogue with your child that will facilitate support and help. The fact that your child has left home does not necessarily prevent family problems from arising or continuing. Refrain from burdening your children with problems from home they have no control over and can do nothing about. Sharing these problems with your children may cause them to worry excessively and even feel guilty that they are away from home and unable to help. If your child does experience difficulties at UGA, encourage him or her to take advantage of the wealth of resources available for students. For academic issues, talking with the professor, teaching assistant, or academic advisor is probably the first step, but the Academic Enhancement and Career Center are also both available to help. The Office of the Dean of Students can assist with a variety of concerns. If your son or daughter could benefit from counseling, Counseling and Psychiatric Services (CAPS) is located in the Health Center and can be reached by calling 706-542-2273. UGA is a big place, but you can help your child by reminding him or her of the many resources available on a large campus. Kadison, R. & Digeronimo, T.F. (2004). College of the overwhelmed: The campus mental health crisis and what to do about it. 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The Road to Rio+20 and beyond World Bank Group Twenty Years on from the Earth Summit 1. Twenty years ago, the Rio Earth Summit provided the staging ground for a global conversation that continues to this day ? a conversation about the long-term survival of the planet and the quality of life of those who live on it. Prompted then by environmental challenges like deforestation and increasing threats from climate change as well as rising social and economic inequality, the Summit provided the needed political impetus for an agenda for global action. 2. Rio 1992 called for action at global, national and local levels that would deliver on the Brundtland Commission?s recommendations of 1987 for ?development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The Summit resulted in Agenda 21, which called for action and required countries to draw up national strategies for sustainable development ? development which would meet social, economic and environmental objectives. It also led to the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Principles of Forest Management, and the establishment of a funding mechanism (the Global Environment Facility). It also pushed discussion on the Convention to Combat Desertification, which was signed two years after Rio. 3. Twenty years on from Rio 92, the world is a different place. Growth and social policies have resulted in a decrease in the share of people living in poverty from some 42 percent of the developing world in 1990 to an expected 15 percent by 2015. Substantial progress has been made on literacy, gender inclusion, health, and life expectancy. Yet an increasing population that is more prosperous has expanded global consumption. This has led to two interlinked challenges for sustaining progress: meeting the demands for improved lives for a larger, more prosperous and more urban global population, and addressing environmental pressures and governance challenges that could undermine the world's ability to meet these demands. 4. Climate change limits the solutions available but is focusing minds. Rising greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and land use change now threaten to increase the warming of the planet by more than 2°C. Climate change adds layers of cost and complexity to the development agenda ? hitting poor people disproportionately. The accompanying changes in sea level, rainfall patterns, glacial retreat and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events threaten to erode development gains of the past 20 years. In Rio 1992, climate change was the future ? today it is the present, and while there is some action, public policy and collective action lag behind science. 5. Global efforts have not been enough to ensure either a world free of poverty or a world that is economically, socially or environmentally sustainable. The world has become increasingly complex, unequal and hazardous. Some 900 million people could still be in poverty by 2015. Growing floods, droughts, fires and hurricanes interact with financial, food, and fuel crises, placing the most severe burden on those least able to adapt, and risking increases in poverty. Unequal patterns of consumption and control over resources among and within countries at all income levels contribute to divergent trajectories of opportunity and human well-being. Political disenfranchisement, lack of good governance, and conflict stymie efforts to find solutions. Renewed Political Commitment 1. In this context, the need for renewed global commitment to meeting sustainable development challenges is stronger than ever. As the world grapples with the continuing impacts of a global economic crisis, countries are increasingly challenged to find inclusive and greener growth paths that provide jobs and sustainably manage their natural resources, ensuring people have access to clean air, land and water. Twenty years since these issues dominated discussions at the first Rio conference and notwithstanding successes in some areas, we still do not have local, national and global systems in place to bring economic, social and environmental considerations into balance. 2. The World Bank Group is looking to Rio+20 to reiterate the political commitments made 20 years ago in today?s context and to set new benchmarks for action. The world needs a clear global roadmap that sets a path toward sustainability -- a way forward that does not put the burden of sustainable development on the poor and socially excluded. The Bank Group regards Rio+20 as an important opportunity to agree on such a roadmap and commits itself to helping countries to meet their continuing development challenges. 3. The World Bank Group therefore supports the UNSG?s High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability goal: ?To eradicate poverty and reduce inequality, make growth inclusive and production and consumption more sustainable while combating climate change and respecting the range of other planetary boundaries.? We also emphasize the importance of continuing to strive toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals. 4. In addition, the World Bank Group also supports the principles for global sustainability as outlined in the Common Statement by the UN System Chief Executives Board on the Outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. A Framework for Action 10. Rio 1992 was about setting an agenda for action. We hope Rio+20 will be about realizing that agenda by shifting economic incentives and systems and rallying political will. As part of the design of a global roadmap for sustainable development, the World Bank Group suggests Rio+20 strives for agreement on: ? The adoption by countries of development strategies that are consistent with the concepts of green and more inclusive growth while maintaining a strong poverty reduction focus ? A global methodology and process for incorporating natural capital and ecosystems services into countries? national accounts by 2030 ? A discreet set of sustainable development goals by 2030 complementing the MDGs e.g. for energy, sanitation, water, land, and oceans, and reinforcing them for biodiversity. 11. We support the three global energy goals outlined in the Action Agenda of the UN High-Level Group on Energy and the United Nations ?Sustainable Energy for All? year 2012: ? Universal access to modern energy services ? Doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and ? Doubling the share of renewable energy - all by 2030. 12. We are ready to support efforts to develop more sustainable development goals. Toward a Green and Inclusive Growth Path 1. We will maintain our focus on growth given its centrality to poverty reduction, but growth needs to be green and inclusive. The world needs a form of growth that is socially and environmentally sustainable that takes resource limits and climate change into account. GDP growth in developing countries will still be necessary to enhance living standards, reduce poverty, and cope with growing populations. But we know that growth per se is not enough. During the recent global economic downturn, some countries continued to see growth at levels of 7 percent a year or more, yet millions of people fell below the poverty line. 2. Green and inclusive growth is climate-resilient, water-smart, land-saving, energy-efficient and reliant on diverse energy sources. It also generates decent jobs and improves livelihoods across a diverse set of productive and service sectors. It is underpinned by properly valued natural capital, the value of which is fully integrated into countries? systems of national accounts. Green and inclusive growth paths factor environmental considerations into government policies and business decisions, placing sustainable natural resource management ? with its benefits flowing to people ? at the heart of future development and growth. The improved health of people that stems from cleaner air, land and water benefits from and feeds back into this new growth path. Gender equality when recognized as ?smart economics? enhances productivity and further improves development outcomes. Enabling the Transition 15. Green and inclusive growth policies need to be fully integrated into countries? overall development strategies and assessed in terms of their contribution to development and well being. Measuring growth with the right tools, promoting sound public expenditure management and fiscal policies, and getting prices aligned with the true value of environmental services are key parts of the transition. The private sector will need to consider how to report on business growth differently, especially in terms of social and environmental value created. 16. These considerations mean that climate and other environmental concerns are no longer the exclusive concern of environment ministries but of government as a whole, especially ministries of finance, economy and development. In addition, Rio 1992 made it clear that these issues are not the exclusive concerns of government. Now, more than ever, the effort to shift growth paths requires the engagement and participation of all parts of society. 17. Measuring green growth also requires new tools. GDP indicates whether an economy is growing, but gives no information on whether the growth is sustainable. That is why putting in place comprehensive wealth accounts that focus on the value of natural capital and ecosystem services, and integrating them into development planning is an important part of mainstreaming green growth. 18. Sound public expenditure management and institutions are critical to ensuring that public spending for sustainable goals is wisely allocated, managed and transparently tracked. Engaging citizens to set priorities and oversee public spending is also essential for transparency, accountability and effectiveness. In developing countries, the role of public policy will also be to remove distortions, barriers and weaknesses impeding private innovation. These efforts can include improving the quality of and access to communications networks, reducing domestic barriers to firm entry and exit, improving access to finance, opening up trade and investment regimes, while at the same time assuring sound environmental and social performance of production and innovation, and strengthening skills and capacity development. 19. The role of fiscal policy is central in allocating public resources to activities with high social and development returns, consistent with green growth principles. Market-based fiscal instruments ? like taxes, targeted subsidies, renewable energy feedin-tariffs, energy efficiency certificates, and emission trading schemes - are critical to ensuring the right incentives for shifting consumption, production, investment and innovation to efficient, clean, least-cost options. Targeted fiscal policies can help create the conditions for the poor to contribute to green and inclusive growth, while reducing unintended costs in terms of public health, social tensions and violence. 20. The role of the private sector in driving the green, inclusive growth agenda needs to be emphasized. Sound public policies and investments are central but are not enough. The private sector is the engine of innovative solutions and the main channel through which the benefits of growth are shared through incomes for rural and urban populations. Green and inclusive growth requires the private sector to operate in ways that decreases its environmental footprint and assures healthy and fair conditions for its workforce. The private sector is a repository of organizational and management expertise that can increase the effectiveness of service delivery, develop new business models and help finance the research and development necessary to transform growth paths. 21. As companies develop more inclusive business models, they will be able to provide goods, services, and livelihood opportunities to underserved populations, creating high development impact in financially sustainable and scalable ways. Growth in businesses that engage with people living at the base of the economic pyramid has so far been driven by talented and resilient business entrepreneurs as well as by value-conscious consumers. Taking successful models to scale will require improvements in many countries? investment climates as well as innovative, long-term investment decisions by the private sector. 22. Establishing innovative financing mechanisms will be vital as sectoral transitions will require significant investments, both public and private. In Rio 1992, the focus was on how to raise new and additional resources, and transactions were assumed to be from developed to developing countries. Now there is a broader choice of private and public finance available which can be mobilized domestically, internationally, and through instruments like the Climate Investment Funds. Targeted international and national public finance, including climate finance, can serve as a catalyst to leverage private sector investment, enhance development policy and lead to transformational change. Developed countries, meanwhile, need to honor their global commitments ? such as those agreed at Monterrey (on official development assistance) and Cancun (on climate finance). 23. For middle-income countries, domestic financing options such as green taxes and Payments for Environmental Services are becoming viable options for leveraging financing for environmental investments. In the interim, concessional financing will still be necessary to promote sustainable energy and environmental efforts. Less developed countries will rely more on international transfers and private capital flows to meet their needs to finance the transformation. Private investors will need stable investment climates and different incentive structures, promoting accountability through transparency, and deploying inclusive business models in sourcing and distribution. Financial markets have a key role to play in mobilizing financing that is long-term and suitable to finance the transformation. Special attention needs to be paid to how such innovative mechanisms are structured to ensure that the poor and vulnerable are not further marginalized but are empowered to contribute actively to realizing the goals of sustainable development. Social protection policies can complement such mechanisms so as to ensure that the livelihoods of vulnerable groups are resilient in the face of episodic shocks and chronic stresses. 24. More rapid green growth is inconceivable without technological innovation. Frontier innovations shift out production possibilities, allowing the production of more environmentally-friendly outputs with fewer inputs. For developing countries, innovation includes frontier or ?new-to-the world? innovations and adaptation to local conditions, and dissemination of existing technologies. 25. Advancing the green growth agenda requires a systematic consideration of equity, social inclusion, gender, equality and indigenous people?s rights. Environmental degradation is often highly skewed, disproportionately affecting the poor and disadvantaged, where women, children and the elderly are often the worst affected. Carefully designed social protection programs can help alleviate these shocks on the most vulnerable in society. There is growing evidence of the positive links between human development outcomes and more evenly distributed gains from economic growth, higher levels of civic engagement, and the empowerment of women in governance at all levels. The equity agenda goes beyond the use of fiscal and social protection policies as mere compensation for losses incurred by growth elsewhere. Rather, it is a question of harnessing and realizing the economic potential of poor and excluded groups, and ensuring that they have voice and are empowered to contribute to sustainable development. Ensuring the Transformation 26. Combined with an integrated development strategy, the green growth transformation requires targeted action at various levels ? globally and locally. Priority action is needed in the following areas that are listed as key topics for Rio+20 by the UNCSD (Rio+20) Secretariat: 27. Infrastructure and Energy: Infrastructure plays a key role in responding to regional and global issues like rapid urbanization, energy sector and sanitation challenges, and climate change. The next five to 10 years present a major opportunity as huge investments in infrastructure will be made across the developing world. For at least the next 25 years, cities will grow by some 250,000 additional people every day ? 2 billion more urban residents by 2035. Green growth discourages investment decisions that entrench countries, cities, and communities in environmentally damaging, carbon-intensive systems. There are tremendous win-win opportunities for improving energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving air and water quality, tackling urban poverty as well as reducing vulnerability to climate change at the city-level. 28. The three sustainable energy goals put forward by the UN on universal access to modern energy, doubling renewable energy use and improving energy efficiency by 2030 are ambitious but achievable. They are vital for improving the lives of the 1.4 billion people without access to electricity and the 2.5 billion people now using polluting, traditional cooking stoves. 29. Private investments in renewable energy, in particular in solar and wind, have grown tremendously over the past five years, and as the cost of production drops, removing implicit subsidies for fossil fuels will help further transform the global energy balance. There is a need for energy transition, and hydropower represents an important clean energy source which will become a larger share of the world?s energy production as lower income countries develop their capacity. Regional power projects and transmission infrastructure will be needed to make best use of available natural resources, including renewable energy resources. 30. Developed and developing countries need to embark on low emission development (LED) paths to sustain growth. An approach that minimizes energy consumption and pollution from transport can be achieved through the adoption of carbon savings technology and sustainable planning of accessible transport services and infrastructure. Strategies for achieving these goals must be gender-sensitive if they are to be effective and benefit those who are most adversely impacted. LED is a critical ingredient to protecting growing urban populations from fine particle inhalation, which often results in increased mortality and morbidity through respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Reaching WHO-set air quality standards is critical to improving basic environmental health conditions. 31. Measurable targets could include reduction in urban poverty, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improved air and water quality, increased energy efficiency in buildings and appliances, reduced energy losses in generation and distribution, and share of trips taken by low carbon modes of transportation. Strong enforcement to reach nationally and particularly internationally-set air and water quality standards is needed. 32. Water and food and energy nexus: A world free of poverty is not consistent with 800 million people without access to safe drinking water, 1.6 billion without access to electricity, and one billion suffering from hunger. Water resources must be allocated between agriculture, energy, urban consumption, mining, and increasingly threatened ecosystems. Population and economic growth are expected to increase demand for food, energy and water further, making the efficient allocation of water absolutely critical. 33. Currently, 70% of the world?s withdrawn freshwater resources are being used for agriculture. By 2030, it is estimated that 30-45 percent more water will be required to meet increasing food demands. Already, 50 percent of food globally comes from irrigated areas, and of this irrigation water, 50 percent comes from aquifers which are being depleted at a rapid pace in many countries. And with more than 50 percent of the world?s population now in cities, urban centers will increasingly compete with farms for water. 34. Another 15% of the world?s withdrawn water resources are being used for industry, mostly for energy production. Hydroelectricity and many solar energy systems ? two key alternative sources of clean energy ? require water. Stable and ample energy supply is important for water provision and food production. Maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services also requires an overall decrease in groundwater withdrawal, and these ecosystem services are critical for groundwater supply. To turn these linkages from a vicious cycle into a virtuous cycle, water management must become much more efficient. 35. In addition to the lack of safe drinking water, there are 2.4 billion people living without basic sanitation. To meet the challenges of providing water and basic sanitation to the bottom billion, regressive subsidies need to be removed; sustainable solutions that work need to be scaled up; innovative results-based financing instruments that reward efficiencies need to be promoted; incentives to reduce water use need to be supported; institutional frameworks and water utilities need to be strengthened; and capacity building for service providers in long-term planning needs to be promoted. 36. Oceans: Healthy and biologically diverse oceans are essential for humans, providing food, jobs, recreation, and pharmaceutical resources. Oceans are also the planet?s main carbon sink by capturing and storing a large part of greenhouse gas emissions. Today, oceans are absorbing more CO2, which is changing the pH and oceans are becoming more acidic. Climate change is also leading to ocean warming since oceans moderate our climate. Human pollution ? approximately 6 million tons of solid waste plus industrial, agricultural and human waste runoff ? is also affecting the health of the oceans. 37. Warming, acidification, and pollution are also affecting coral reefs and mangroves. In turn, this ?natural infrastructure? provides critical ecosystem services at a time when fish resources are already direly affected by over-exploitation. The world?s oceans and shared seas provide 20 percent of the animal protein and 5 percent of the total protein in the human diet. They also provide food and livelihoods for 8 percent of the world?s population. Bold action to improve governance of marine resources is needed to reverse the loss of habitats, restore fish stocks, and manage coastal environment so that it provides socio-economic benefits for communities and maintains countries? natural resource wealth. Catalytic funding is needed to: move towards rights-based fisheries management, increase marine protected areas, harmonize certification of wild and cultured fish, improve coastal zone management and reduce marine pollution. Currently, only 1 percent of oceans are under some form of protection. For shared seas, in particular, environmental management across all riparian countries is critical. 38. Biodiversity: The planet is in the throes of a sixth great extinction that is liquidating the goods and services on which pro-poor growth and sustainable development depend. IUCN has listed 208 species as ?possibly extinct?, and a further 17,300 species are considered under threat. We must deliver on the Aichi Targets established at the CBD COP10 in Nagoya, Japan. This includes targets for mainstreaming biodiversity considerations across government and society; reducing the direct pressures on biodiversity; safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity; and enhancing the benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services. To do this, countries need to mainstream biodiversity considerations into planning processes and production sectors, set public policy to ensure that the private sector deploys sourcing, production and distribution practices that leverage biodiversity as an asset, strengthen civil society to become an effective partner in protecting biodiversity, and meet targets for safeguarding at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2020. 39. Social development: The early years of the 21st century have brought home just how complex, interconnected, hazardous, uneven and uncertain patterns of global development have become. It is increasingly recognized that socially inclusive and resilient as well as environmentally sustainable patterns of growth require attention to good governance, voice and representation for those who are marginalized from the economic and political mainstream. Twenty years ago in Rio, consideration of women was just an add-on. Now, gender equality is part of smart economics as it enhances productivity and improves development outcomes. We expect that gender will be far more prominent in the debate around Rio+20. 1. Rio 1992 compelled the world to face up to the environmental, social and economic crises of its own making. It put the idea of sustainable development on the table and, to a certain degree, brought about a global shift in thinking ? away from ?progress at all costs? toward ?inclusive growth.? It backed up the talk with an agenda for action that, in many ways, defined international efforts for a generation. 2. Rio+20 presents the world with an opportunity to shift the thinking again ? this time through a transformation to green and inclusive growth that will be supported by a new kind of GDP ? one which acknowledges that growth which depletes natural and social capital is not sustainable. Agreeing on a set of sustainable development goals for 2030 that build on the MDGs will help ensure global efforts are focused. 3. In Rio 1992, government participation was made up largely of environment ministries. At Rio+20 we expect to see much broader participation from ministries of finance, development, and planning. In 1992, women and children were added on to documents under pressure from civil society. Today, gender inclusion is regarded as smart economics. Rio 1992 focused on mobilizing additional financing. Now it is clear that without broader and more innovative financing mechanisms, we will not see results. There is also a realization that transferring knowledge from north to south is not enough. Now knowledge must also flow from south to south and south to north. 4. The World Bank Group itself has come a long way since 1992 ? our thinking and actions have shifted enormously towards a focus on sustainable development. We see Rio+20 as a vital agenda-setting moment in history and we embrace the opportunity to put our skills, experience and thinking behind the next phase of global transformation. Annex: World Bank Group Actions to Support Green Growth 1. The World Bank Group?s comparative advantage is that it can help developing countries try innovative ways to sustainably grow their economies in sustainable ways by leveraging knowledge, fostering innovation, sharing of good practices and lessons learned across the world and building capacity to implement them. We also provide innovative financing instruments and partnerships with public and private sector to fund action along with advice on metrics to measure progress. 2. Our contribution to the Rio +20 agenda is guided by a number of sustainable development sector strategies which include: agricultural and rural development, energy, infrastructure, information and communication technologies, water, oil and gas, transport, urban, social development, manufacturing, mining, and environment. At the program level, our support to meeting the Rio+20 agenda includes: GREEN GROWTH KNOWLEDGE The Green Growth Knowledge Platform will facilitate continued work on identifying and remediating knowledge gaps and implementing green growth policies in developing countries. The knowledge platform is also a mechanism to develop partnerships and join ?conversations? with an emerging community of practice involving scholars, policymakers, practitioners, and other concerned individuals and institutions in developed and developing countries. The platform will provide online tools for collaboration and discussion on green growth issues. The Bank?s main partners in this are UNEP, OECD, and the Global Green Growth Institute. We will present a flagship report on green growth providing detailed recommendations for ?how.? Green issues will play a growing role in the World Bank?s ongoing dialogue with finance and economic ministries on fiscal policy, macroeconomic stability, growth, competitiveness, poverty reduction and equity issues. Careful analysis of the growth and distributional impact of environmental pricing policies is needed. The Bank Group will continue to support countries to assess such effects and to design and implement transfers or other social protection programs to help address them. We will also continue working with developing countries to strengthen budget and public expenditure management systems, while paying careful consideration to public oversight and social accountability mechanisms, including systems to evaluate and allocate environmental spending relative to other fiscal priorities and to better ensure that allocated spending is accountably and efficiently used. WEALTH ACCOUNTING AND VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (WAVES) Through the WAVES global partnership, launched at the Nagoya CBD COP in 2010, the Bank Group will expand the number of countries undertaking environmental accounting. Already, WAVES is undertaking pilot programs in six developing countries while partnering with developed countries leading the way in the area. WAVES will build knowledge and experience and gradually, broaden the number of countries participating. A key goal of the Bank Group?s work in this area is to demonstrate how countries can use environmental accounts to improve decisions about more sustainably managing natural capital. Our Low Carbon Development studies - undertaken between 2008-10 in seven client countries have been scaled up into Development Policy Operations and Clean Technology Fund Investment Plans, among other options. Numerous Low-Emission Development studies (LEDs) have also been undertaken. The creation of a decentralized knowledge platform for low emission development that can provide upstream advice and support to developing countries is being considered with external partners. This includes paying careful attention to the distributional, poverty and social impacts of policies designed to bring about low-emission development, with systematic use of Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) to help better inform policy choices We will continue to support developing countries with their Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action plans (NAMAs), enhancing access to the carbon market including through the newly established Partnership for Market Readiness, capacity building activities, and the establishment of innovative financing schemes for LED. The elements of reducing an institution?s footprint (also known as CSR) are fundamental ingredients of a green economy. The World Bank Group will continue to support projects and programs in its client countries to improve environmental and social performance in public and private sector operations. Internally, the World Bank will continue to be ?walking the talk? by continuing to measure and reduce the environmental impact of its own corporate operations to set an example to other public and private agencies. ? RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY Our support for the common goals on access, energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) has come in the form of financing and technical assistance. Our work in these areas has contributed to increased access to electricity through grid-based and off-grid electrification. Bank Group support has also helped develop enabling policy reforms, institutional frameworks, and innovative financing for EE and RE projects. IFC has invested, in FY10 alone, $1.7 billion in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, aiming to increase the relative share of financing into this segment to about 20% of its commitments by 2013. Importantly, IFC financed and advised on, through partnerships with over 60 Financial Institutions around the world, a large and growing portfolio of energy and resource efficiency investments by Small and Medium Enterprises, a sub-set of the private sector which to reach is critical for green growth to take off. The WBG has also built a strong alliance of partners to further these goals. For instance, the Global Alliance on Clean Cookstoves will help distribute nearly 100 million advanced cookstoves, through gender-sensitive strategies, thereby reducing indoor air pollution and increasing safety for the users of these stoves and other household members. Through the Lighting Africa project, WBG in collaboration with the private sector is promoting the market-based provision of safe, affordable lighting based on solar systems to nearly 2.5 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. The goal of universal access to modern energy will benefit from harnessing the power of the private sector. For instance, removing barriers to private sector entry, especially in rural areas far from electricity grid access, will substantially accelerate access to modern renewable energy sources. In countries with some of the lowest rates of access to electricity, the private sector has found new ways of providing rural populations with clean options: biomass-fueled generators using agricultural by-products such as rice husks, sisal or copra are leading to village-sized mini-grids, and photovoltaic-based solar home systems and energy efficient lamps are distributed by private providers at prices affordable to low-income users. The Bank Group plans to increase its investment in preparatory analysis in the area of sustainable hydropower to ensure benefit sharing and adequate social and environmental protections and will also conduct analysis on how best to manage water releases to ensure downstream flow regimes can be managed as sustainably as possible. This analytical work will aim to help clients to adapt their policies and approaches in hydropower to reach their energy goals. The Bank Group is helping to conserve conventional energy resources through a public-private partnership, Global Gas Flaring Reduction. Converting flared natural gas to productive uses will reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and energy poverty ? CLEAN TRANSPORT We are committed to addressing the linkages between poverty and social exclusion, environmental quality and human health with efficient transport services. In line with its 2008-2012 business strategy for ?Safe, Clean and Affordable Transport?, the Bank?s transport sector seeks to establish the governance, strategies, policies and services that will deliver safe transport for development in a way that is economically, financially, environmentally and socially sustainable. The strategy focuses on reducing GHG emissions which has shifted our lending portfolio accordingly. FOOD, WATER AND CLIMATE NEXUS ? CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE (CSA) CSA is a core part of the broader green development agenda for agriculture, which is about meeting the needs of people for food, fuel, timber and fiber and contributing to economic development and poverty reduction and food security while maintaining and enhancing the productivity and resilience of natural ecosystem functions. ? FOOD SECURITY The IFC has launched the private sector component of the WBG Global Agriculture and Food Security Program to assist in the implementation of pledges made by the G-8 and G-20 to strengthen food security in low-income countries. The program will channel donor funding to support private initiatives developed by client countries to improve governance, productivity, and competitiveness of their agribusiness sectors. Good practice guidelines include safeguards concerning the land rights and natural resource claims of local land users. IFC will provide long- and short-term loans, credit guarantees, and equity to local companies and financial intermediaries. As part of the integrated WBG approach to food security, IFC is providing investment and advisory services to the agribusiness sector across the agricultural supply chain to enhance productivity, help mitigate price and weather-related shocks, and support small and medium agribusiness enterprises, particularly in the poorest countries. The Bank Group will continue to help client countries tackle water issues through a growing portfolio of investment and knowledge that supports improved integrated water resources management, improved irrigation/agricultural water management, and improved access to water supply and sanitation. Water is at the core of many countries? climate adaptation strategies and improved water resources management in the agricultural sector and across sectors, more productive irrigation, and better knowledge about how climate change will affect water variability (eg through more frequent droughts/floods; glacier melt) is fundamental to meet increasing global food demands in a changing climate. Public funding for water is limited but there is growing private sector interest in industrial water-demand management and efficiency, as well as improved wastewater management. Public-private partnerships are helping balance competing demands for access to water and ensure sustainability. The Water Resources Group Entity, a neutral platform where public, private-multilateral, and nongovernmental-organization actors can collaborate on transforming the water sector was formally launched in October, 2011. The entity, which is to be housed at IFC, is the result of a partnership between the World Economic Forum and the Water Resources Group to provide expertise to governments wishing to transform their water sectors. The Bank Group has developed a considerable body of knowledge and experience on climate adaptation through its projects and the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience under the Climate Investment Funds as well as through knowledge products like the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change. Our experience in developing and implementing innovative climate-related disaster risk financing and insurance tools helps countries reduce, pool, and share climate-related disaster risks, particularly through risk financing and transfer mechanisms. Increasing attention is being paid in this context to how the design of such instruments, and their coherence with complementary social protection and other policies, can help build resilience in the livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable in particular. We have a significant work program underway on sustainable cities, with a specific thematic emphasis on climate change. In particular, a knowledge paper on ?Towards a Partnership on Sustainable Cities? is being developed, that outlines the framework and elements for sustainable cities, and identifies priorities for action by various sectors and actors. Other recent progress includes: collaboration with the group of 40 cities known as C40; an international standard for measuring city GHG emissions that has been agreed with C40, ICLEI, OECD, UNEP, and UN-Habitat; an Urban Risk Assessment framework; the Mayors? Task Force on climate change, disaster risk and the urban poor; and a guide to adaptation in cities. Implementation of the Eco2 cities program in several pilot cities is underway. A new global initiative on municipal solid waste is also under development. Analytical work is underway that articulates a common definition and standardized measures/tools for sustainable cities, building on initiatives like the Global City Indicators Program. The Bank Group will continue its support to clients in sustainable urban growth and transport, water and sanitation, wastewater management, and climate resilience projects. We are exploring options for an Ocean Initiative (OI) with the world?s premier ocean-focused organizations, combining cutting edge knowledge with finance for workable solutions to meet country demands for improved marine resource management. Our clients are seeking catalytic funding to move towards rights-based fisheries management, increasing marine protected areas, improving coastal zone management and reducing marine pollution. In line with our open data and transparency agendas, the OI would support knowledge sharing and connecting practitioners. The Bank Group has accumulated considerable experience in supporting a variety of biodiversity programs around the globe ? from saving species to protecting key biodiversity areas as well as supporting civil society to advocate for biodiversity. Our investments and operations demonstrate that biodiversity is a key element of the solution to many global challenges, from food insecurity to climate change mitigation to fuel crises and water stress. Biodiversity conservation and ecosystem-based approaches ? employing a range of different institutional arrangements such as protected areas and payment for environmental services schemes, can spur and sustain clean, green and resilient development, generate jobs and attract private investment in the rural frontier, all while reducing vulnerability against natural disasters in an era of adaptation. SOCIAL INCLUSION AND GENDER The Bank Group is working to ensure that development benefits those who need it most, including women and youth. Women are critical to economic growth and job creation and gender equality is an area of priority focus for results under IDA16. IFC is helping increase access to finance and eliminating gender-based barriers to investment. IFC is also working with public and private partners to ensure that youth in developing countries acquire the skills necessary to meet the job opportunities that will emerge as these countries. We are also undertaking analytical work on how climate and other environmental trends affect households and communities, access to opportunities, vulnerability and outcomes. This provides bedrock information for building well-designed policy responses to help the poor and vulnerable adapt to environmental change. In engaging the private sector to create more inclusive business models that would provide goods, services, and livelihood opportunities to people at the base of the income pyramid IFC has deployed targeted investments and used its convening power to share knowledge and promote innovation across the business community. About 150 IFC clients today are using inclusive business models to provide direct benefits to the underserved population at the base of the pyramid, creating high development impact in financially sustainable and scalable ways. We will continue to assist developing countries in scaling-up, accelerating and expanding their initiatives leading to stronger pollution management and environmental health performance. We share good pollution management results and experiences with developing countries through, for example, extensive South-South collaboration and substantive environmental awareness events. An updated Sourcebook on Pollution Management is close to completion. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS Over 100 countries already successfully use Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) and Impact Assessments (IA) through directives, policies or laws. SEA and IA help ensure that policies, programs and projects are designed and implemented to have more sustainable outcomes while reducing poverty and advance green economy objectives. Their results are used to inform the development of future proposals. SEA and IA should be recognized as effective high level decision support processes that can assist in the implementation of political commitment to Sustainable Development and Green Economy initiatives. At the Bank Group, SEA is increasingly used in the forestry, mining, water and transport sectors in countries where we are working.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 We, members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board, recognize the historic opportunity provided by the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to reset the world on a sustainable development path. 2 We affirm that sustainable development is a top priority for our organizations, and reaffirm the continuing validity of the principles in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and of Agenda 21, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. We recommit to a renewed system-wide effort, in partnership with the full range of governmental, civil society and private sector stakeholders, to support the realization of these principles. 3 Despite substantial improvement in many key areas of development and environment, the world has not made the progress towards sustainable development aspired to in the outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and in subsequent related world conferences. 4 Over the past twenty years, the world has witnessed strong economic growth and significant progress toward attaining a number of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is of grave concern, however, that these positive trends have been accompanied by increasing disparities and inequalities, persistent gender inequality, social inequity, a growing deterioration of the environment, and recurrent economic, financial, energy and food crises. 5 At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (or Rio+20), renewed commitment and urgent action are therefore needed to lay a firm foundation for a longer-term process of redressing imbalances, agreeing on priorities, and reforming institutional arrangements at all levels, to bring about coherence and the integration of policies across the economic, environmental and social pillars, with human beings and their wellbeing at the centre. The Conference must also address the means of implementing outcomes, through the provision of resources, including for technological transformation and capacity building. 6 Charting the way forward to eradicate poverty and promote sustainable development must start with the recognition that the world has changed in fundamental ways. Climate change is significantly altering the physical and human geography of the planet. There are major differences in population growth, age, sex structures, spatial distribution and patterns of movement; resource consumption has increased, and production patterns are more unsustainable. But there has also been wide-ranging technological progress, from renewable energy and energy efficiency, to innovative measures for adapting to climate change impacts, and new and efficient means for social networking, dialogue and participatory engagement, providing opportunities that were not available twenty years ago. 7 Against these changing parameters, Rio+20 must acknowledge that economic, social and environmental objectives are not independent variables, but are mutually supportive, with progress in each area facilitating advancement in the others. Our objectives should be to enhance equity, revitalize the global economy, and protect the planet and its ecosystems that support us so that all people, women, men and children, can live in dignity. 8 The sustainability of future growth and development will rely critically on innovation, improved economic, energy and natural resource efficiency, an open and supportive multilateral trading system, better fiscal policies providing incentives for sustainability, comprehensive wealth accounting and valuation of ecosystem services, equitable access and inclusive political processes and the capacity to create sufficient decent work. Growth must lead to strengthened resilience ? of households, ecosystems, and economies, and improved water, food and nutrition security. 9 Economic growth must be of high quality and inclusive. It should occur hand in hand with relevant efforts to accelerate progress in global health, gender equality and women?s empowerment, the realization of human rights, greater equity, improved access to and quality of social protection and the rule of law, and the fair distribution of the benefits of development. Policies must avoid trade protectionism and negative impacts especially on the poor and vulnerable groups such as refugees and internally displaced persons. These objectives are all key elements of the green economy approach, and we pledge the support of our organizations to Member States as they engage in this critical and transformational transition. 10 The shift to sustainable development presents challenges, but also offers opportunity for substantial investments, both public and private, in productive infrastructure, technological transformation, science, education and human capital development. The UN system stands ready to assist Member States as they formulate and implement the enabling policy and regulatory frameworks that are essential for such investment to take place, and to continue to strengthen its work at the country level. 11 In the current fragmented system, institutional reform is unquestionably needed at national, regional and international levels, to integrate the dimensions of sustainable development, improve effectiveness in implementation, urgently scale-up activities, and bring about further coordination and coherence of policy. 12 The UN system is determined to do its part on institutional reform, by improving system-wide coordination mechanisms, and by reviewing and improving policies and programmes, including through joint programming. But this may not be sufficient, and Rio+20 should consider continued efforts on broader reforms within the UN system, for example, the strengthening of institutions, mandates and regulatory frameworks, or making structural changes. 13 At a more specific level, from a range of priority issues, a number have emerged that warrant particular attention in the context of sustainable development at Rio+20. Among these are: energy, water, oceans, green jobs, sustainable cities, sustainable agriculture and food security, disaster risk reduction, and investing in health, education, youth, gender equality and women?s empowerment. 14 These issues require a coordinated approach by the UN system, stakeholders from government, civil society and the private sector, to find joint innovative and lasting solutions. The organizations of the UN system have been intensifying efforts and cooperation to address the challenges of the water, energy and global food security crises. Rio+20 will provide an appropriate platform to support selected initiatives, such as the Sustainable Energy for All initiative, which illustrate a collective renewed commitment to sustainable development.At Rio+20, we must build upon and scale up the achievements, best practices and lessons of the MDGs, and lay strong foundations for the post-2015 development agenda. We must chart a course for measurable progress towards sustainable development goals, using milestones that integrate the economic, environmental and social dimensions and a new generation of metrics to measure our achievements. The UN system stands ready to support the world?s nations and peoples to make sustainable development a reality.	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Rapid urbanization -- together with climate change -- is emerging as the most challenging issue of the twenty-first century. As the region with the highest percentage increase in urban population over the last two decades, Asia faces fundamental economic, social and environmental challenges to its continued development. However, well planned and effectively governed and managed cities can provide the solution to many of these challenges. With the right economic policies and more equitable growth, poverty and slum reduction are achievable goals. Putting cities on the right path now can result in thriving, dense, green, resilient and sustainable cities. DOWNLOAD: (4,484 Kb) ISBN Series Number:- Not available - ISBN: 978-92-1-132457-0 HS Number: 042/12E Series Title:- Not available - Pages: 56 Year: 2012 Publisher: UN-HABITAT Co-Publisher : IUTC Languages: Themes: Environment, Environment and Climate Change Countries: Asia & Pacific The Urban Planning and Design Branch	[ 35230, 312, 7876, 1634, 1377, 1978, 351, 4258, 1487, 1377, 318, 11823, 355, 262, 749, 9389, 2071, 286, 262, 8208, 12, 11085, 4289, 13, 1081, 262, 3814, 351, 262, 4511, 5873, 2620, 287, 7876, 3265, 625, 262, 938, 734, 4647, 11, 7229, 6698, 7531, 3034, 11, 1919, 290, 6142, 6459, 284, 663, 3767, 2478, 13, 2102, 11, 880, 6027, 290, 6840, 21825, 290, 5257, 4736, 460, 2148, 262, 4610, 284, 867, 286, 777, 6459, 13, 2080, 262, 826, 3034, 4788, 290, 517, 37164, 3349, 11, 8098, 290, 1017, 388, 7741, 389, 47729, 4661, 13, 39956, 4736, 319, 262, 826, 3108, 783, 460, 1255, 287, 27723, 11, 15715, 11, 4077, 11, 30738, 290, 13347, 4736, 13, 198, 41925, 35613, 25, 357, 19, 11, 34137, 509, 65, 8, 198, 1797, 15766, 7171, 7913, 21912, 1892, 1695, 532, 32429, 25, 41417, 12, 5892, 12, 16, 12, 1485, 1731, 3553, 12, 15, 18070, 7913, 25, 657, 3682, 14, 1065, 36, 7171, 11851, 21912, 1892, 1695, 532, 28221, 25, 7265, 6280, 25, 2321, 28045, 25, 4725, 12, 39, 6242, 2043, 1404, 1766, 12, 46471, 1058, 314, 17429, 42860, 25, 198, 464, 6880, 25, 9344, 11, 9344, 290, 13963, 9794, 34906, 25, 7229, 1222, 8211, 198, 464, 14665, 21913, 290, 8495, 20551, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	207
Defined as the change in position of an object (displacement) per unit of time. Velocity, unlike speed, takes into account the direction of travel relative to a base point. v = s/t (where v and s are vectors) Where (using SI units): v is the velocity of the body in metres per second (ms^-1) s is the displacement of the body in metres (m) t is the time taken to travel from the initial point to the final point in seconds (s) 1. (One dimension) If you start at point A and travel directly north to point B which is ten metres away, and it takes you five seconds to get there, your velocity will be 2ms^-1 due north. 2. (One dimension) If you travel west for a ten seconds at 1ms^-1, take a break for twenty seconds and then travel for another ten seconds at 1ms^-1, your velocity for the trip will be .05ms^-1 due west. 3. (Two dimension) If you start at point A and travel north at 3kmh^-1 for two hours, and then instantaneously change direction and travel due east for four hours at a speed of 2kmh^-1 to point B, your velocity for the trip is 10kmh^-1 N53°E (53°T) Change in position over change in time. A measure of how fast something is moving. Measured in m/s, ft/s, mph or km/h. The velocity of the roller coaster is 20 meters per second. Smackdown's version of Heat where it mostly features Cruiserweight action with such cruiserweights as Paul London, Billy Kidman, Spike Dudley, Funaki, Akio, etc. Chavo Guerrero vs. Billy Kidman is gonna be on Velocity this Saturday night!	[ 7469, 1389, 355, 262, 1487, 287, 2292, 286, 281, 2134, 357, 6381, 489, 5592, 8, 583, 4326, 286, 640, 13, 43137, 11, 5023, 2866, 11, 2753, 656, 1848, 262, 4571, 286, 3067, 3585, 284, 257, 2779, 966, 13, 198, 85, 796, 264, 14, 83, 357, 3003, 410, 290, 264, 389, 30104, 8, 198, 8496, 357, 3500, 25861, 4991, 2599, 198, 85, 318, 262, 15432, 286, 262, 1767, 287, 18985, 583, 1218, 357, 907, 61, 12, 16, 8, 198, 82, 318, 262, 29358, 286, 262, 1767, 287, 18985, 357, 76, 8, 198, 83, 318, 262, 640, 2077, 284, 3067, 422, 262, 4238, 966, 284, 262, 2457, 966, 287, 4201, 357, 82, 8, 198, 16, 13, 357, 3198, 15793, 8, 1002, 345, 923, 379, 966, 317, 290, 3067, 3264, 5093, 284, 966, 347, 543, 318, 3478, 18985, 1497, 11, 290, 340, 2753, 345, 1936, 4201, 284, 651, 612, 11, 534, 15432, 481, 307, 362, 907, 61, 12, 16, 2233, 5093, 13, 198, 17, 13, 357, 3198, 15793, 8, 1002, 345, 3067, 7421, 329, 257, 3478, 4201, 379, 352, 907, 61, 12, 16, 11, 1011, 257, 2270, 329, 8208, 4201, 290, 788, 3067, 329, 1194, 3478, 4201, 379, 352, 907, 61, 12, 16, 11, 534, 15432, 329, 262, 5296, 481, 307, 764, 2713, 907, 61, 12, 16, 2233, 7421, 13, 198, 18, 13, 357, 7571, 15793, 8, 1002, 345, 923, 379, 966, 317, 290, 3067, 5093, 379, 513, 13276, 71, 61, 12, 16, 329, 734, 2250, 11, 290, 788, 9113, 27683, 1487, 4571, 290, 3067, 2233, 7627, 329, 1440, 2250, 379, 257, 2866, 286, 362, 13276, 71, 61, 12, 16, 284, 966, 347, 11, 534, 15432, 329, 262, 5296, 318, 838, 13276, 71, 61, 12, 16, 399, 4310, 7200, 36, 357, 4310, 7200, 51, 8, 198, 19400, 287, 2292, 625, 1487, 287, 640, 13, 317, 3953, 286, 703, 3049, 1223, 318, 3867, 13, 2185, 34006, 287, 285, 14, 82, 11, 10117, 14, 82, 11, 16462, 393, 10571, 14, 71, 13, 198, 464, 15432, 286, 262, 24471, 42450, 318, 1160, 10700, 583, 1218, 13, 198, 7556, 441, 2902, 338, 2196, 286, 12308, 810, 340, 4632, 3033, 49719, 6551, 2223, 351, 884, 35239, 43775, 355, 3362, 3576, 11, 15890, 16828, 805, 11, 26309, 37198, 11, 11138, 8182, 11, 9084, 952, 11, 3503, 13, 198, 1925, 615, 78, 49002, 3691, 13, 15890, 16828, 805, 318, 8066, 307, 319, 43137, 428, 3909, 1755, 0, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	398
- Agriculture and Food Security - Increasing Food Security through Feed the Future - Food Aid Reform - Expanding and Enhancing Agricultural Markets and Trade - Supporting Agricultural Capacity Development - Supporting Global Nutrition - Investing in Sustainable Agriculture - Food Assistance - Board for International Food and Agricultural Development - Democracy, Human Rights and Governance - Economic Growth and Trade - Environment and Global Climate Change - Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment - Global Health - Science, Technology and Innovation - Water and Sanitation - Working in Crises and Conflict February 4, 2013 Food Security Situation Zimbabwe is a low-income, food-deficit country. Increasing levels of poverty and high unemployment constrain the ability of many households to access food. As a result of complex political and economic policies, it ranks 173 of 187 on the UN Development Program (UNDP) 2011 Human Development Index. According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), reduced harvest due to the 2011-2012 seasonal drought in the southern half of the Zimbabwe may lead to above-average emergency food assistance needs. The Government of Zimbabwe estimates that more than1.6 million people, equivalent to 19 percent of the rural population, will be food-insecure in Zimbabwe between January and March 2013. This figure represents a 60 percent increase from those in need of food assistance in early 2012. Food Assistance Programs The Office of Food for Peace (FFP) contributes in-kind vegetable oil and pulses as well as cash to buy cereals for the UN World Food Program's (WFP) Seasonal Targeted Assistance Program. FFP also supports activities that promote resiliency and improve communities’ ability to mitigate shocks in eight highly food-insecure districts through the Promoting Recovery in Zimbabwe (PRIZE) program. Interventions include asset building activities that support the construction and development of dams, community gardens, and livestock dip tanks. PRIZE activities also enhance market linkages and value chains, establish rural savings and loan groups, and promote conservation agriculture, seed security, and improved livestock practices. Food for Peace Contributions \|U.S. Dollars\|\|Metric Tons\| \|Fiscal Year 2013\|\|$8.0 million\|\|9,637 MT\| \|Fiscal Year 2012\|\|$42.9 million\|\|25,165 MT\| \|Fiscal Year 2011\|\|$50.7 million\|\|29,580 MT\| \|Fiscal Year 2010\|\|$79.5 million\|\|30,930 MT\| \|Fiscal Year 2009\|\|$165.0 million\|\|188,710 MT\| Fiscal Year 2013 Contribution Breakdown: \|U.S. Dollars\|\|Metric Tons\| \|Title II Development\|\|----\|\|----\| \|Title II Emergency\|\|----\|\|----\| \|Emergency Food Security Program (EFSP)\|\|$8.0 million\|\|9,637 MT\| Food Security Situation information is provided by FAO, FEWS NET and WFP as of February 2013 Country Specific Guidance Last updated: February 04, 2013	[ 12, 19717, 290, 7318, 4765, 198, 12, 38921, 7318, 4765, 832, 18272, 262, 10898, 198, 12, 7318, 22225, 17893, 198, 12, 5518, 27225, 290, 15860, 5077, 36694, 30251, 290, 9601, 198, 12, 44188, 36694, 29765, 7712, 198, 12, 44188, 8060, 23285, 198, 12, 7488, 278, 287, 45276, 19717, 198, 12, 7318, 25126, 198, 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Carmel Mountain Preserve, a 400-acre mesa top, is truly one of San Diego County’s remaining natural wonders. When you hike its several miles of trails, you will be treated not only to ocean views, but to a landscape truly unlike any other. On its flat mesa top, there are huge patches of a hard gray moss, called ashy spike moss, that actually have an interesting purpose. You’ll also come upon puddles of water that settle in the mesa’s depressions, which are actually vernal pools — an amazing environment that hosts species found nowhere else. The Chaparral Lands Conservancy has called it “a special Noah’s Ark of nature surrounded by suburban development.” Every type of vegetation found on Carmel Mountain is “unique and imperiled,” it says. Its habitats — Southern maritime chaparral, coastal sage scrub, wet meadows and vernal pools — support more than two dozen rare species, some of which have been listed as federally endangered. Southern maritime chaparral is a habitat that occurs only on weathered sandstone formations that lie within the coastal fog belt, and exists only in San Diego County from La Jolla to Carlsbad. “Only about 15 percent of Southern maritime chaparral that historically occurred in San Diego and Orange counties remains, and most of this is located on Carmel Mountain, in Torrey Pines State Park and in Carlsbad and Encinitas,” said Rick Halsey of the California Chaparral Institute. Characteristic species of this habitat include chamise, white coast ceanothus — a wild lilac that can grow into huge specimens here — and mission manzanita. Endangered species — found only in San Diego and Orange counties — include white-flowering Del Mar manzanita and Orcutt’s spineflower. Threatened species include the yellow-flowering big-leaved crown-beard and shrubby Encinitas baccharis. The vernal pools, though, are even more precious. Rarely more than 6 inches deep, the pools fill with water only after rainfall and rarely remain filled longer than 45 days at a time. When dry, they simply appear to be lifeless bare spots in chaparral or coastal sage scrub. Half of the plant species growing in California’s remaining vernal pools are found nowhere else on the planet. “Because of their homely appearance, they provide an excellent example of how the importance of becoming familiar with native habitats and efforts to preserve them can violently collide with the desire to develop property by individuals unfamiliar with their value,” Halsey said. Indeed, the Carmel Mountain Preserve was dedicated in 1999 after being saved from development by a coalition spearheaded by the Carmel Mountain Conservancy. Some 97 percent of San Diego’s vernal pools, which once covered some 28,500 acres in the county, have been destroyed, and that naturally includes its rare species. Vernal pools, however, do also exist in northwest Baja. Both plants and animals of vernal pools must be able to withstand weeks of winter rains and summer drought. Animals that live here include spadefoot toads and their favorite food, the San Diego fairy shrimp. Living next to the vernal pools is the short-leaved dudleya, a tiny succulent that lives in only five places in the world, all in Del Mar and La Jolla, according to the Chaparral Lands Conservancy. When not in bloom, it looks like the marble-like iron pebbles that are also unique to North County coastal mesas, which helps it avoid being eaten by rabbits and rodents. When it blooms — more rainfall brings more blooms — tiny white and yellow flowers burst open. That ashy spike moss helps them thrive by preventing invasion of weeds and gophers, according to a placard on the trails.	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UU for kids Unitarian Universalists make a concerted effort to impart our values to our children. Here then are a UU child's easy way of remembering our principles: my seven principles: 1. each person is important (The inherent worth and dignity of every person) 2. be kind in all you do (Justice, equity and compassion in human relations) 3. we're free to learn together (Acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations) 4. and search for what is TRUE. (A free and responsible search for truth and meaning) 5. all people need a voice. (The right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large) 6. build a fair and peaceful world. (The goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all) 7. we care for the Earth's lifeboat. (Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part) the sources of faith Unitarian Universalists get their values from many places. 1. awesome experiences of mystery, beauty, and belonging that all people feel.(Direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life) 2. words and actions of wise and brave people that make us want to change things that are unjust or cruel, and to offer kindness and love instead.(Words and deeds of prophetic women and men which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion and the transforming power of love) 3. ideas from lots of different religions that help us figure out what is good and true and fair.(Wisdom from the world's religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life) 4. 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RSV: Risk of Complications Topic Overview Back to top With respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, there is an increased risk of having complications, especially in certain babies and young children and in adults older than 65. Babies and young children - Babies younger than 6 months, especially those born early. - Children who have existing heart or lung disease. Conditions that put babies and young children at higher risk for problems include: - Congenital heart disease. - Chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia) and cystic fibrosis. - An impaired immune system, which can involve various health factors. For example, having a severe chronic illness, such as cancer, can affect the immune system. And certain medicines, such as chemotherapy or steroids, suppress the immune system. - Exposure to tobacco smoke. If your young child has a health condition, your doctor may recommend medicine to help prevent problems from RSV. Adults older than 65 have an increased risk for complications following infection with RSV. Pneumonia from an RSV infection is a particular risk for people in this age group, especially if they have other diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart failure. Other complications older adults may develop as a result of RSV infection include bronchiolitis and respiratory failure. Older adults may also recover more slowly from RSV and complications than people in other age groups do. Related Information Back to top References Back to top Other Works Consulted - Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics (2009). Modified recommendations for use of palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics, 124(6): 1694–1701. Credits Back to top \|Primary Medical Reviewer\|\|Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics\| \|Specialist Medical Reviewer\|\|John Pope, MD - Pediatrics\| \|Last Revised\|\|June 25, 2012\| To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.	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Click here to learn more. Most antifreeze solutions contain high levels of ethylene glycol, an ingredient that, once metabolized, is extremely toxic to dogs and cats. Pets are often attracted to the liquid because of its sweet taste. Even small amounts can be lethal to animals. A cat that walks through spilled antifreeze and then licks its paws may ingest enough to be fatal. As little as 2.5 tablespoons of antifreeze could kill a 20-pound dog. Once ingested, ethylene glycol is quickly broken down in the liver to other substances that can lead to kidney failure and death within 12 hours to a few days. That’s why antifreeze ingestion is a medical emergency. If you suspect that your pet has consumed antifreeze, contact your veterinarian immediately. The signs of antifreeze poisoning vary, depending on the amount of antifreeze the pet drank and length of time since ingestion. Initially, pets may stagger or walk like they are drunk. Other signs include: Antifreeze poisoning is generally diagnosed based on the results of blood and urine tests. However, as kidney failure sets in, these tests may be less accurate. Free-roaming pets that have signs consistent with antifreeze ingestion should be treated as soon as possible. To be effective, treatment needs to be initiated as soon as possible after antifreeze ingestion. If your pet is seen within an hour of consuming antifreeze, the veterinarian may induce vomiting and possibly anesthetize the animal to flush out the contents of the stomach. They may also administer a liquid solution of activated charcoal to help prevent further absorption of the ethylene glycol. If it has been longer than an hour since ingestion, the veterinarian will most likely give your pet a medication to help prevent the liver from metabolizing the ethylene glycol. The pet may also be placed on intravenous fluids and other medications to encourage excretion of the toxic substances produced during metabolism of ethylene glycol. Once kidney failure has begun, it may be difficult to save the animal because the damage from antifreeze is often irreversible. There are a number of steps you can take to prevent your pet from drinking antifreeze: Like this article? Have a point of view to share? Let us know! During a TV interview, someone spotted Barbara Garcia's pup, and she was able to pull him out of the rubble. Groups are jumping in to care for and return home pets who were lost during the massive tornado in Moore, Okla. Up until 1957, homing pigeons performed remarkable feats, like flying over open water, to send vital messages to… From being approached too quickly by a stranger to guarding food, any number of situations could cause a dog to… These ocean-themed placemats give you the perk of being surrounded by sea life, without any chance of seasickness. You can almost hear them: "You go first." "No, you go first!" And the whole thing is set to… With a coat that comes in more than 300 colors and patterns, the Oriental is an eye-catching feline.	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“If God is all-powerful and all-good, it would have created a universe in the same way it created heaven: with free will for all, no suffering and no evil. But evil and suffering exist. Therefore God does not exist, is not all-powerful or is not benevolent (good). A theodicy is an attempt to explain why a good god would have created evil and suffering. The most popular defence is that it is so Humans could have free will. However the entire universe and the natural world is filled with suffering, violence and destruction so any Humanity-centric explanation does not seem to work.” The most common theodicy is the free will theodicy1. This is that God created evil so that we could then choose between good and evil, and make moral choices. If all choices result in good, there would be no moral choices. If love is acceptable, it must be chosen over hate and therefore evil and suffering result when we make morally poor choices. However this classical theodicy does not hold up, for many reasons. Although many believers adhere to the free will theodicy, it is not preached in the holy books of the main monotheistic religions. See: Monotheism and Free Will: The Christian Bible and the Quran both teach strict determinism - that God decides all of our fates, and our own choices and decisions cannot change God's plan for everyone. Prominent historical Christian theologians who have rejected the free will theodicy include St Augustine, Martin Luther and John Calvin2. The arguments on this page are thousands of years old, but, many continue to believe in the simplicity of the free will theodicy, so, it does no harm to state the arguments against it again. The fact that there is both free will and no evil in heaven tells us that evil and suffering are not a requirement of free will. If there is no reason for suffering in heaven, then, God should instantly put everyone in heaven, where we would all continue to have free will, but also not suffer. “Earthquakes, volcanoes, floods and disease affect human beings indiscriminately and result from geological factors not from free will. Unborn babies lay amongst the victims. Animals and humans alike suffer as a result of natural evil. These disasters have been prevalent for all of Earth's history so have nothing to do with human agency. Not only that, but the entire universe is steeped in large-scale destruction and violence as part of the very design of the physical world. None of this indicates that there is a 'good' design behind it all, and it especially indicates that there is no good god.” God not only created the possibility of suffering, pain and sin, but it appears that it made us with a strong inclination towards it. Life being "unfair" is a symptom of pain or suffering, of inadequacy or feelings or even sinful emotions such as greed. God created these emotions, we do not choose to accept them, they are inherent in our nature. God could have created us so that we do not feel these emotions, that they simply don't exist. It would eliminate a lot of evil, and would not take away our free will - we'd just have a different range of emotions that we didn't choose to have. The fact that God has created our nature and instincts to be geared towards sin and imperfection means that it wants us to choose evil over good. It has created evil, and created us so that we will mostly "choose" it. God sometimes creates people with (for example) genetic diseases that predispose them to paranoid schizophrenia, violent crime, sexual abuse and amorality and other inherited personality defects. Other people are born with a predisposition to calmness, subordination and pacifism. Both types of person have free will. God could easily create the majority of humanity so that our personality is much better and kinder in general and not just in outstanding individuals. It seems that the actual quantity and evil and suffering could be much less, and free will would still exist. Suffering is not required for free will. When someone commits a crime or otherwise causes suffering, why does the victim suffer? The victim has not chosen evil, they are merely the unfortunate victims of someone else's choice. If justice or morality exist, and come from God, then only those acts that are evil should be punished. When someone is a victim, God itself should put the crime right, and avoid the innocent suffering. The person responsible for the evil may still suffer punishment or retribution, but why does the victim need to suffer? If suffering and evil are the result of free will, then, why is it that much suffering is caused by outside agencies? This transmission of the effects of one person's bad choices to another's experience is unnecessary for free will. In a society where there are no victims, punishment would be unnecessary. If our nature was geared towards good, there would be no need for punishment to be used as a terror tactic to reduce crime. That punishment is necessary means that God cannot be all-powerful. It is not an effect of free will that we should suffer the consequences of each other's bad choices, it is an effect of a universe operating under a different, amoral sense of justice, and not under the care of an all-powerful, just God. Free will is the ability to make choices. This means, we must have options. What these options are is irrelevant. A saint, Jesus, Muhammad, etc, had free will. These people also did not (perhaps) ever commit a sin. Nevertheless it is ludicrous to say that because a person does not choose evil that they have no free will. In other words, it is possible for a person never to accept evil, and still have free will. This means that we could have a nature that never wills transgression, and we could still have free will. There are many millions of choices and paths you can take in life, there is no requirement for "cause evil" to be an effect of them. Free will still exists without it. If God was good, we would all exist (as those in heaven do) in a situation where we all continually have the free will to choose between different good courses of action. Evil simply isn't required for free will. When a person chooses evil, God could rectify the real life effect of it, and simply let the perpetrator feel its effect. There is no need for evil to manifest outside of a person's own choices. Evil, in short, could be chosen, but not realized. There is no reason for evil to cause suffering. If we had a choice between doing something good or bad, if we chose bad, why does it cause suffering? Why must it? It seems we could chose bad, and for it to have no effect other than to prevent us feeling that we did good. That is enough for free will. A forgiving God would note that someone just chose badly, and rectify their mistake and forgive them. No suffering would result. If it means that those who choose badly fail to get to heaven then so be it, but, there is no need for actual suffering to occur. "Evil begets evil" is not the fruit of a good god; bad choices by us needn't result in the punishment of pain or suffering for anyone. The lack of separation of evil from its effects shows that God is not interested in preventing evil. Some monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam preach that Adam and Eve were the beginning of mankind rather than our evolutionary predecessors (which was a whole species rather than two individuals). In these religions, Adam and Eve are said to have been created in paradise, but banished for committing the original sin. The Original Sin is the reason Christians say that Human Beings experience suffering - as a result of Adam and Eve's actions. Humankind was created in, and was supposed to exist in, a state of immortal paradise. But as a result of Adam and Eve's original sin, we have all been punished with our earthly existence, completely with suffering, pain and death (Romans 5:12, 1 Corinthians 15:21). Genesis 3:14-19 describes some of the punishments in more detail. The reason there is any death at all is because Adam and Eve disobeyed God. The story in the Qur'an, Sura 7:24-27, tells of when Adam and Eve are punished and banished from paradise, and must thereafter live on the Earth complete with its suffering, pain and death. This however, makes all their children and descendents suffer from the same punishment. This is despite the Qur'anic statement that "none shall bear the burden of another's sin" (35:18 and 53:38). Before Augustine coined the phrase original sin it was known simply as ancestral sin. It is a feature of Christianity that been much criticized. Famed antagonist Richard Dawkins asks "What kind of ethical philosophy is it that condemns every child, even before it is born, to inherit the sin of a remote ancestor?"4. Is it is really moral to punish someone for someone else's actions? All good parents teach their children that that is not fair and unjust. Hence, the story of Adam and Eve teaches us that God is unjust or at least, not always just, and therefore is not perfectly benevolent. The story teaches us that it is divine will that sometimes the relatives of sinners can be punished for the guilty. The story teaches us that free will is not the cause of the suffering of mankind. We are all born in a world of pain and death because someone-else committed a crime, which was nothing to do with our own free will to choose wrongly. The free will justification for evil does not work. Free will does not require the existence of evil or suffering - Heaven is a place where there is free will, and no suffering. There is a lot of suffering and evil that is not the result of free will such as from natural disasters, so free will could not actually account for all suffering, only some of it. The question of why God creates additional suffering would still exist. Also, the free will of one person can cause suffering for another innocent person, God should not allow the moral choices of one being affect other beings as this goes against accountability, which is the whole point of free will. In short, it seems that the existence of pain and suffering contradicts the existence of a good god. “To the present day, all theodicies have failed to explain why a good god would create evil, meaning that the existence of evil is simply incompatible with the existence of a good god. After thousands of years of life-consuming passion, weary theologians have not formulated a new answer to the problem of evil for a long time. The violence of the natural world, disease, the major catastrophes and chaotic destruction seen across the universe and the unsuitability of the vastness of reality for life all indicate that god is not concerned with life, and might actually even be evil. Failure to answer the problem of evil sheds continual doubt on the very foundations of theistic religions.” The Koran. Translation by N. J. Dawood. Penguin Classics edition published by Penguin Group Ltd, London, UK. First published 1956, quotes taken from 1999 edition. The Bible (NIV). The NIV is the best translation for accuracy whilst maintaining readability. Multiple authors, a compendium of multiple previously published books. I prefer to take quotes from the NIV but where I quote the Bible en masse I must quote from the KJV because it is not copyrighted, whilst the NIV is. [Book Review] The Encyclopedia of Religion (1987, Ed.). 16 volumes. Eliade is editor-in-chief. Published by Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, USA. The Devil in Early Modern England (2000). Sutton Publishing Limited, England.	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A correctly dimensioned electrical system contributes to comfortable and problem-free boat ownership. Therefore, batteries must be charged to the correct capacity, i.e. to supply the correct number of ampere hours (Ah). In turn, this requires an alternator that supplies a sufficient charge to the batteries. Insufficiently dimensioned, oxidized or badly connected cables, incorrect main switch, etc., lead to current leakage and insufficient charging. In other words, there is every reason to examine the electrical systems and, if necessary, improve it to attain the benefits of maximum battery capacity. Today’s boats are equipped with more and more electrically powered accessories for both comfort and safety. Lighting, radio transmitters, TV, stereo equipment, fans, heating, etc., drain battery power. As the charging of batteries takes a relatively long time, an extra charge alternator and an extra battery are good investments. The Volvo Penta alternators range from 60A/12V to 140A/24V. They are adapted to the capacity of each engine to ensure efficient charging regardless of engine speed.	[ 32, 9380, 15793, 276, 12278, 1080, 22625, 284, 6792, 290, 1917, 12, 5787, 8848, 9238, 13, 8447, 11, 13591, 1276, 307, 5047, 284, 262, 3376, 5339, 11, 1312, 13, 68, 13, 284, 5127, 262, 3376, 1271, 286, 716, 431, 260, 2250, 357, 10910, 737, 554, 1210, 11, 428, 4433, 281, 3983, 1352, 326, 9416, 257, 6751, 3877, 284, 262, 13591, 13, 7088, 15267, 306, 15793, 276, 11, 18762, 1143, 393, 11234, 5884, 18018, 11, 11491, 1388, 5078, 11, 3503, 1539, 1085, 284, 1459, 47988, 290, 19022, 11642, 13, 554, 584, 2456, 11, 612, 318, 790, 1738, 284, 10716, 262, 12278, 3341, 290, 11, 611, 3306, 11, 2987, 340, 284, 18188, 262, 4034, 286, 5415, 6555, 5339, 13, 198, 8888, 447, 247, 82, 16659, 389, 10911, 351, 517, 290, 517, 30880, 1146, 13232, 18199, 329, 1111, 4467, 290, 3747, 13, 43150, 11, 5243, 21937, 1010, 11, 3195, 11, 24820, 5112, 11, 3296, 11, 16930, 11, 3503, 1539, 14782, 6555, 1176, 13, 1081, 262, 11642, 286, 13591, 2753, 257, 5365, 890, 640, 11, 281, 3131, 3877, 3983, 1352, 290, 281, 3131, 6555, 389, 922, 11115, 13, 198, 464, 46950, 9696, 64, 3983, 2024, 2837, 422, 3126, 32, 14, 1065, 53, 284, 12713, 32, 14, 1731, 53, 13, 1119, 389, 16573, 284, 262, 5339, 286, 1123, 3113, 284, 4155, 6942, 11642, 7692, 286, 3113, 2866, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	224
Jon Ariston Olivera Introduction to the discipline of history for new or prospective majors. Emphasizes the basic skills of reading, analysis, and communication (both verbal and written) that are central to the historian's craft. Each seminar discusses a different subject or problem. This course will explore the US colonial period in the Philippines from 1898 until 1946. It places US overseas expansion within the history of Western imperialism, and examines the origins and particular forms of US imperialism that resonate globally, and carry on throughout the twentieth century. Student learning goals General method of instruction Class assignments and grading	[ 18219, 23203, 261, 15416, 64, 198, 21906, 284, 262, 12883, 286, 2106, 329, 649, 393, 17530, 26353, 13, 2295, 5902, 4340, 262, 4096, 4678, 286, 3555, 11, 3781, 11, 290, 6946, 357, 16885, 17755, 290, 3194, 8, 326, 389, 4318, 284, 262, 18026, 338, 5977, 13, 5501, 37634, 19451, 257, 1180, 2426, 393, 1917, 13, 198, 1212, 1781, 481, 7301, 262, 1294, 17091, 2278, 287, 262, 13316, 422, 46244, 1566, 22717, 13, 632, 4113, 1294, 11292, 7118, 1626, 262, 2106, 286, 4885, 30988, 11, 290, 28025, 262, 15587, 290, 1948, 5107, 286, 1294, 30988, 326, 41523, 18309, 11, 290, 3283, 319, 3690, 262, 29112, 4289, 13, 198, 38778, 4673, 4661, 198, 12218, 2446, 286, 12064, 198, 9487, 25815, 290, 43165, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	121
Memorial a lasting tribute to heroes who saved the world and changed it The World War II Memorial, sober and sunk low in a long frame of elms,rests between the two structures that anchor the Mall.The monument to America's first great warrior, George Washington, towers over it on one side. The statue of America's great uniter, Abraham Lincoln, looks on from the other. In such company, the location and initial look of the new memorial to those who fought in World War II had its doubters. It would trample on ground consecrated by the civil rights movement, some said. Its design smacked of imperialist architecture, others said. The controversy, settled in granite and bronze, came down to this: Was World War II -- the lives lost, the victories gained -- a hinge event of American history, on par with the founding and the Civil War? Or not? Historians say it was: The war transformed America, and, in turn, America transformed the world. "World War II was the seminal event of the 20th century," says Victor Davis Hanson, military historian and classicist at the University of California in Fresno and author of "Carnage and Culture," a study of the military pre-eminence of Western civilization. "Quite literally, Western civilization as we know it hung by a thread -- and was saved by the efforts of Americans." "The totality of it is what made it unique for the American experience," says Edward J. Drea, a historian of World War II who lives in Fairfax. "It affected everyone, of every class." From December 7, 1941, to Aug. 6, 1945, America spent 400,000 lives beating back German dictator Adolf Hitler's march across Europe and Japanese Emperor Hirohito's advance in the South Pacific. Sixteen million Americans served during the war, fully 10 percent of the population at the time. The movement of so many young men and so much materiel radically reshaped our society. The country literally was in flux, its industrial capacity energized like never before, its agrarian roots fading further from view. The population migrated northward and, drawn by a humming new industry centered on construction of aircraft, to California. Global war demanded a rapid acceleration in the technology of weaponry and medicine. Mr. Drea, who focuses on the South Pacific theater in books such as "MacArthur's Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan," notes that the war led to wider use of malaria suppressants such as quinine and the insecticide DDT, which helped stop typhus epidemics. The United States devoted all its energies to the war, rationing meat, sugar and metals on the home front. A shortage of shellac, used to manufacture phonograph records, stunted the recording of new music. Short supplies of rubber and gasoline -- and trains filled with soldiers -- knocked touring musicians off the road. Popular bandleader Glenn Miller sent his own musicians packing to form the Army Air Force Band and died in 1944 when a military flight disappeared over the English Channel. Yankee legend Joe DiMaggio and movie star Jimmy Stewart joined the war effort at the height of their careers by serving in the Army and Army Air Corps, respectively, and Mr. Stewart became a decorated pilot. Up to 40 percent of the movies Hollywood cranked out between 1941 and 1945 propagandized for the war. Hum-phrey Bogart squared off against the Nazis in 1943's "Action in the North Atlantic"; Cary Grant captained a submarine in "Destination Tokyo" the same year; and future president Ronald Reagan teamed with Errol Flynn in 1942's "Desperate Journey." Women flocked to jobs in the men's absence. Teenagers too young to fight also took jobs, setting in motion a new youth culture that would flourish as veterans and their wives created waves of new children for the next 20 years. After vanquishing European fascism and Japanese militarism, the postwar nation assumed the leading role in defending the world against the other great poison of the 20th century, the menace of Stalin and expansionist Soviet communism. "The self-destruction of Europe created the conditions for the ascendancy of the U.S. in world affairs," Mr. Hanson says, "and, tragically but necessarily, demanded a new responsibility to expend blood and treasure -- immediately after our greatest sacrifice -- to prevent the Soviet Union from capitalizing on the ruin of Europe." Other reverberations were no less significant, from the invention of modern Japan to the reconstruction of Europe, unprecedented acts of statecraft both. A broad American middle class arose at home, elevated by the GI Bill of Rights and linked, eventually, by a new interstate highway system and the commercial airline industry. American GIs helped saved the world, and those who survived came home still young men, in their early 20s. They were just getting started. In the 59 postwar years during which the Mall had no World War II memorial, modern America itself was their legacy. The good war British Prime Minister Winston Churchill famously said he "slept the sleep of the saved" after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. A reluctant America, with all its potential industrial might and manpower, finally would tip the balance in the Allies' favor. Yet Arnold Krammer, a history professor at Texas A&M University, says it was no sure thing. After World War I, America, isolationist in outlook, dramatically scaled back its standing army and produced little in the way of new weaponry. "We were unprepared," Mr. Krammer says. "The American military had 183,000 men and 488 machine guns in 1940." Mr. Drea says, "It wasn't inevitable; no one knew what would happen." The number of American conscripts would bloom to 8 million, culled from what Mr. Krammer calls, in a slightly irreverent tweaking of NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw's tribute book, "the bored generation." "They were coming out of the Great Depression," Mr. Krammer says. "Here was an opportunity for excitement. It was a chance for most boys to see what the rest of the world looked like. We were, after all, quite a rural country, no matter how many people lived in big cities." "We were still boys; that's the crazy thing," says M.D. Elevitch, 79, a native of Duluth, Minn., who fought in the 94th Division under Gen. George S. Patton. A volume of his correspondence, "Dog Tags Yapping: The WWII Letters of a Combat GI," was published last month. "I was totally innocent, inhibited," Mr. Elevitch recalls. Still, he adds, in words that might epitomize the mood of the country, "We knew right from the beginning what we needed to do." Peter Kuznick, a historian of the 20th century at American University, actively opposed the Vietnam War and remains a fierce critic of nuclear weapons. World War II, he says, is nonetheless unimpeachable. "If there's ever been a war in history in which one can identify good guys and bad guys, it's World War II," Mr. Kuznick says. Mr. Drea adds: "There was never a direct [foreign] threat to the survival of the republic before. At Pearl Harbor, there sure seemed to be one." Japan's surprise attack on the Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor mobilized a "sleeping giant," in Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto's prophetic phrase. "It felt to people at the time that this was a great war," Mr. Kuznick says. "It had to be won, and they were willing to sacrifice." 'A giant step' The approximately 400,000 U.S. troops killed in World War II are second only to the 620,000 of the Civil War, in which, of course, there was no foreign enemy. Mr. Elevitch was wounded by mortar fragments, his lungs taking in blood, and he underwent an emergency operation in a tent on a German battlefield. Like many other veterans, he did not speak of his experiences for decades. He broke his silence with a short story, "The Finger," published in 1989 and inspired by the sight of a disembodied digit. Reticent and scarred by battle, the soldiers came home feeling purposeful, at the least with a hopeful drive to "go on with our lives," Mr. Elevitch says. "We had a sense of confidence if we survived." "In some communities," President Franklin D. Roosevelt said in a 1942 "fireside chat" heard on radio, "employers dislike to employ women. In others they are reluctant to hire Negroes. ... We can no longer afford to indulge such prejudices and practices." Practically and morally, the war forced a re-examination of the treatment of blacks in America. Actor Ossie Davis, 86, who served as a surgical technician in the Army Medical Corps in Liberia, remembers segregated accommodations at the Army hospital there. Black servicemen protested, and the arrangements eventually changed. "The minute we came back, there was a feeling in the country that racism was a horrible disease and we had to move fast to get rid of it," says Mr. Davis, who will emcee the National Memorial Day Concert May 30 on the West Lawn of the Capitol. Roosevelt in 1941 had issued Executive Order 8802, a significant forerunner of the Civil Rights Act that prohibited racial discrimination in the defense industry and in government jobs. "We took a giant step toward civil rights," Mr. Krammer says. Two years after the war ended, Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers, changing the face of the country's most popular sport. A year later, President Truman ended segregation in the military and the civil service with another executive order. Women go to work The war also drew women into the work force as a practical necessity. Historian David M. Kennedy, in his book "Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945," notes that "three-quarters of all women of working age were 'at home' as the war began." By war's end, about 19 million were in the work force, nearly 1 million of them here in Washington. Filmmaker Leslie Sewell's "Government Girls," showing May 30 at the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery, interviews several of those women, who worked in jobs from clerking to code breaking. "They changed Washington a lot, and they changed the whole idea of women's equality in work," Ms. Sewell says. "It also opened the door for black women. All of a sudden, they were able to become secretaries and administrative assistants and on up the ladder." Though such women were planting the seeds for permanent changes, they weren't aware of it then; their focus was on winning the war. When it ended in 1945, many left the work force. "They say, 'The war was everything, and we were doing our part to help the guys who were fighting overseas,' " Ms. Sewell says. "It seems so strange to people who didn't live through it, who can't appreciate the enormity of the effort," Mr. Drea says of America's determination to see World War II through to victory. Americans, by and large, were united in purpose and passion. The nation won great victories in Europe and the South Pacific. The war generation's reward was prosperity: college degrees paid for by the federal government; higher salaries; new homes in the suburbs outfitted with modern appliances. Events didn't stop churning, however. Mr. Kennedy writes of the year 1948: "The Russians had just exploded their own atomic bomb, and the Communists had recently taken power in China. Somehow the good war had not settled things to the degree that Roosevelt had promised." Today, World War II seems distant to, and perhaps unappreciated by, the children and grandchildren of the war generation. Mr. Hanson, the military historian, worries about how the war is taught in schools: with laserlike focus on the use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the internment of Japanese in the United States, to the neglect of climactic battles. "Very little actual military history is being taught," he says, "and, thus, most of our youth know only the social or cultural consequences of the war but almost nothing about the war itself. "A very sad development, given the amazing sacrifices and skill shown by an entire generation of Americans." Even after the battles at the Bulge (December 1944-January 1945), where 19,000 U.S. troops died in the Ardennes forest of the German-Belgian border, and at the island of Okinawa (April-June 1945), where 13,000 died fighting the Japanese -- even after these staggering losses, which came at a time when the country was being told the war was almost over, the American public, already tested by a long Depression, didn't falter. Has the nation lost the energy -- the singleness of purpose, the resolve, the willingness to sacrifice -- that marked the World War II era? "None of us knows," Mr. Hanson says. "We are in year three of the so-called war on terror, so I suppose we shall soon find out." By John Solomon How the government's punishing of the exposure of official wrongdoing can linger for years Independent voices from the TWT Communities A collection of reader guest articles, thoughts and opinions by Communities writers and breaking news and information. A mother of three and a passionate conservative, Shirley Husar changes the game. This column will cover anything that has anything remotely to do with the game of baseball, from the game itself to mid-summer trades to offseason moves. Eye on Europe, the Middle East and Africa Benghazi: The anatomy of a scandal Vietnam Memorial adds four names Cinco de Mayo on the Mall NRA kicks off annual convention	[ 13579, 5132, 257, 15727, 17547, 284, 10281, 508, 7448, 262, 995, 290, 3421, 340, 198, 464, 2159, 1810, 2873, 14861, 11, 24281, 290, 24790, 1877, 287, 257, 890, 5739, 286, 1288, 907, 11, 2118, 82, 1022, 262, 734, 8573, 326, 18021, 262, 16618, 13, 464, 17757, 284, 2253, 338, 717, 1049, 16491, 11, 4502, 2669, 11, 18028, 625, 340, 319, 530, 1735, 13, 383, 15207, 286, 2253, 338, 1049, 555, 2676, 11, 16660, 12406, 11, 3073, 319, 422, 262, 584, 13, 198, 818, 884, 1664, 11, 262, 4067, 290, 4238, 804, 286, 262, 649, 17357, 284, 883, 508, 8350, 287, 2159, 1810, 2873, 550, 663, 3385, 1010, 13, 632, 561, 491, 1403, 319, 2323, 42938, 4111, 416, 262, 3026, 2489, 3356, 11, 617, 531, 13, 6363, 1486, 895, 6021, 286, 40061, 10959, 11, 1854, 531, 13, 198, 464, 10386, 11, 10282, 287, 41013, 290, 22101, 11, 1625, 866, 284, 428, 25, 8920, 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Olympics Countdown: 31 days to go! Did you know that athletics is the biggest Olympic sport? A massive 2000 athletes will compete across a range of track, field and road events. These include sprints, hurdles, relays, shot put, high jump, pole vault and marathons. It’s an extremely technical sport and athletes have to be very precise with their performance in order to win. It’s also a lot of fun – many of you may have given these sports a go on your school athletics days. One of our most well known field athletes is Valerie Adams who has won an amazing three world titles in Shot Put – two Commonwealth Games gold medals and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Beijing games. Check out this Olympic profile on Valerie Adams to find out more information and to see some amazing shot put action shots. Come along to the library for our free school holiday activities all about Paralympics and Olympics 2012. Meet a Paralympian and try out their special sporting equipment! For more information phone 499 4444 or visit us online.	[ 46, 6760, 873, 47555, 25, 3261, 1528, 284, 467, 0, 198, 11633, 345, 760, 326, 35691, 318, 262, 4094, 11514, 6332, 30, 317, 4858, 4751, 10856, 481, 9320, 1973, 257, 2837, 286, 2610, 11, 2214, 290, 2975, 2995, 13, 2312, 2291, 18553, 82, 11, 34283, 11, 823, 592, 11, 2823, 1234, 11, 1029, 4391, 11, 16825, 22563, 290, 1667, 776, 684, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 281, 4457, 6276, 6332, 290, 10856, 423, 284, 307, 845, 7141, 351, 511, 2854, 287, 1502, 284, 1592, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 635, 257, 1256, 286, 1257, 784, 867, 286, 345, 743, 423, 1813, 777, 5701, 257, 467, 319, 534, 1524, 35691, 1528, 13, 198, 3198, 286, 674, 749, 880, 1900, 2214, 10856, 318, 45603, 12620, 508, 468, 1839, 281, 4998, 1115, 995, 8714, 287, 13590, 5930, 784, 734, 17165, 5776, 3869, 28057, 290, 281, 11514, 3869, 18279, 379, 262, 3648, 11618, 1830, 13, 6822, 503, 428, 11514, 7034, 319, 45603, 12620, 284, 1064, 503, 517, 1321, 290, 284, 766, 617, 4998, 2823, 1234, 2223, 6934, 13, 198, 16773, 1863, 284, 262, 5888, 329, 674, 1479, 1524, 9912, 4568, 477, 546, 47552, 3149, 873, 290, 14935, 2321, 13, 21167, 257, 47552, 3149, 666, 290, 1949, 503, 511, 2041, 17702, 5112, 0, 1114, 517, 1321, 3072, 48391, 604, 30272, 393, 3187, 514, 2691, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	221
Illustrated Family Record (Fraktur) Found in Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application File W3079, for Philip Frey, Pennsylvania During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress passed laws promising pensions or grants of government-owned land to officers and soldiers who served in the war, as well as to the survivors of those killed. This illustrated family record in the German Fraktur script, hand-colored with large birds, is a birth and baptismal document submitted as part of the application for a pension by Anna Margaretha Kolb, wife of Revolutionary War veteran Philip Frey. From Pennsylvania, Frey served between April 1776 and January 1778. He fought in the battles at Long ...	[ 21478, 436, 4111, 7884, 13266, 357, 37, 17716, 36590, 8, 4062, 287, 28105, 1810, 46391, 290, 38166, 12, 22342, 12, 54, 3258, 415, 15678, 9220, 370, 1270, 3720, 11, 329, 14576, 35086, 11, 9589, 198, 7191, 262, 1605, 9303, 11, 262, 30462, 3162, 3804, 3657, 11781, 27581, 393, 11455, 286, 1230, 12, 11990, 1956, 284, 3790, 290, 5795, 508, 4983, 287, 262, 1175, 11, 355, 880, 355, 284, 262, 13644, 286, 883, 2923, 13, 770, 18542, 1641, 1700, 287, 262, 2679, 376, 17716, 36590, 4226, 11, 1021, 12, 25717, 351, 1588, 10087, 11, 318, 257, 4082, 290, 33422, 282, 3188, 8948, 355, 636, 286, 262, 3586, 329, 257, 13553, 416, 11735, 11899, 533, 12898, 25910, 65, 11, 3656, 286, 28105, 1810, 9298, 14576, 35086, 13, 3574, 9589, 11, 35086, 4983, 1022, 3035, 1596, 4304, 290, 3269, 1596, 3695, 13, 679, 8350, 287, 262, 10181, 379, 5882, 2644, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	148
Symptoms & Types Here's where you'll find a rundown of the different types and different stages of lung cancer. You'll also find articles on lung cancer signs and symptoms. There are many different lung cancer symptoms. Find out more here. If you develop any of these symptoms, call your doctor right away. There are two main types of lung cancer. It’s important to know which type you have. Treatment -- and prognosis -- depends on the stage of a lung cancer. Get the basics here. Learn all about small-cell lung cancer in this in-depth article. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is a single abnormality in the lung that is smaller than 3 cm in diameter. Generally, a pulmonary nodule must grow to at least 1 cm in diameter before it can be seen on a chest X-ray. Lung cancer complications can cause a variety of breathing or heart problems. Learn what to watch out for.	[ 43094, 35533, 1222, 24897, 198, 4342, 338, 810, 345, 1183, 1064, 257, 45602, 286, 262, 1180, 3858, 290, 1180, 9539, 286, 12317, 4890, 13, 921, 1183, 635, 1064, 6685, 319, 12317, 4890, 5895, 290, 7460, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 1180, 12317, 4890, 7460, 13, 9938, 503, 517, 994, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 1205, 597, 286, 777, 7460, 11, 869, 534, 6253, 826, 1497, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 734, 1388, 3858, 286, 12317, 4890, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 1593, 284, 760, 543, 2099, 345, 423, 13, 198, 51, 21731, 1377, 290, 1172, 31707, 1377, 8338, 319, 262, 3800, 286, 257, 12317, 4890, 13, 3497, 262, 19165, 994, 13, 198, 20238, 477, 546, 1402, 12, 3846, 12317, 4890, 287, 428, 287, 12, 18053, 2708, 13, 198, 15419, 12, 17470, 12, 3846, 12317, 4890, 357, 8035, 5097, 34, 8, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 2099, 286, 12317, 4890, 13, 198, 32, 25565, 45105, 18666, 2261, 357, 4303, 45, 8, 318, 257, 2060, 42364, 1483, 287, 262, 12317, 326, 318, 4833, 621, 513, 12067, 287, 14753, 13, 23904, 11, 257, 45105, 18666, 2261, 1276, 1663, 284, 379, 1551, 352, 12067, 287, 14753, 878, 340, 460, 307, 1775, 319, 257, 7721, 1395, 12, 2433, 13, 198, 43, 2150, 4890, 19481, 460, 2728, 257, 4996, 286, 12704, 393, 2612, 2761, 13, 14365, 644, 284, 2342, 503, 329, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	224
Yellow fever vaccine safety Cases of viscerotropic disease following yellow fever vaccination were described in the United States and other countries, and current evidence suggests that these cases were a result of vaccine-type virus and not of reversion of the vaccine virus to wild type. Unlike the viscerotropic complications of yellow fever vaccination, reported neurotropic cases from the United States have not been fatal. The neurotropic cases presented as GBS (thought to be immunemediated), encephalopathy (thought to be due to active invasion of the central nervous system by the virus) or acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (thought to be caused either by direct invasion of the brain by the virus or by an immune-mediated response to the virus). All cases of viscerotropic disease to date have been reported in primary vaccinees, starting 2–5 days after vaccination. Whether this reflects the persistence of pre-existing immunity at the time of revaccination or lower rates of revaccination in the study populations cannot be determined. The rate of reported viscerotropic disease varies in different settings. In particular, a lower rate has been reported in Brazil than in the United States. GACVS considered that it would be important to examine the possibility that naturally circulating yellow fever virus in endemic regions may account for some of these differences in risk. The risk of viscerotropic complications of yellow fever vaccine is age-related; individuals aged 65 years and over who are first recipients of the vaccine are at considerably higher risk than younger subjects (although the young are not excluded from the risk). Recent evidence from the United States also suggests a higher risk of neurotropic disease in older vaccinees. There needs to be a better estimate of the risk, and prediction of subjects at risk and of factors predisposing to risk of both types of serious complication of the yellow fever vaccine. In communicating such risks, consideration needs to be given to highlighting potential contributing factors, such as age or sensitivity of surveillance systems, to risk estimates based on currently available data. Particular care should be taken that the vaccine is received only by those travellers truly at risk for yellow fever exposure. Furthermore, care should be taken that routine yellow fever vaccination programmes are not jeopardized by risk– benefit ratios that may be inapplicable to the target populations in endemic countries. A critical and unresolved issue is the safety and efficacy of yellow fever vaccine in human subjects infected with immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It remains to be determined whether HIV-positive status materially affects seroconversion, the risk of invasion of the nervous system and of encephalopathy, the stage of HIV disease at which yellow fever vaccination should be contraindicated, and whether there are differences in the incidence of minor and major adverse effects in HIV-positive subjects.	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A digital camera is a type of camera that takes photographs or videos with the use of an electronic image sensor. This device has the capacity to display photographs on the screen several seconds after the image has been recorded. Other brands of the cameras can edit the layout, color as well as the entire appearance of the picture. Because of the popularity and wide use of the device, it is incorporated in other devices like mobile phones and PDAs. To learn about the history of the device, it is best to start with the person behind the development of the digital camera. Who invented the digital camera? This device was first created by Eastman Kodak engineer Steven Sasson in 1975. The camera used a solid state CCD image sensor chips manufactured by Fairchild Semiconductor. The device weighed 3.6 kilograms and it took above 20 seconds to capture an image. This camera was developed as a prototype and it is not intended for mass production. However, this device has the capacity to record black and white pictures. Additionally, the first digital camera has a resolution of 10,000 pixels or 0.01 megapixels. The first digital camera that was introduced to the public is the Fuji DS-1P, which was launched in 1988. The device has a 16 MB internal memory card and it has a battery. The device was not launched in Japan as well as in the United States. The next digital camera that was commercially available is the 1990 Dycam Model 1. It has a CCD image sensor and it can be connected to a computer or a laptop to transfer and store data. Eastman Kodak launched the first professional digital camera named as the Kodak DCS-100 in 1991. In order for the product to be used in special events, it featured a 1.3 megapixel sensor. The device was offered at $13,000. After the release of this model, many companies featured different models of digital cameras. In 1996, Kodak launched the first digital camera that has CompactFlash. Additional Information and Other Important Details Digital cameras have different types. These include the compact cameras, bridge cameras, digital single lens reflex cameras as well as the electronic viewfinder. Aside from these, consumers can also purchase digital rangefinders and line scan camera systems. The image resolutions of cameras available in the market today range from 0.01 to 60.5. Image data storage devices used are compact flash, memory stick, microdrive, secure digital card and floppy disks.	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Register to update information, save favorites, post photos, news stories and comments. A LucyMe.com login allows you to edit our four websites. Already A Member? Béla Orczy Biography » Baron Béla Orczy de Orczi (16 January 1822 – 7 February 1917) was a Hungarian politician and freedom fighter, who served as Interior Minister between 1887 and 1889. He was also Minister of Home Defence for several months in 1884. He took part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, he fought against the rebelling Serbs in the area of Vojvodina (natively Vajdaság). He was the de facto Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1879 and 1890. His paternal grandfather was the famous poet Lőrinc Orczy.	[ 38804, 284, 4296, 1321, 11, 3613, 18852, 11, 1281, 5205, 11, 1705, 3923, 290, 3651, 13, 317, 22162, 5308, 13, 785, 17594, 3578, 345, 284, 4370, 674, 1440, 9293, 13, 198, 37447, 317, 10239, 30, 198, 33, 2634, 5031, 19083, 7357, 8436, 4867, 13355, 198, 33, 8045, 347, 2634, 5031, 19083, 7357, 390, 19083, 17027, 357, 1433, 3269, 1248, 1828, 784, 767, 3945, 24168, 8, 373, 257, 27304, 14971, 290, 4925, 10543, 11, 508, 4983, 355, 19614, 4139, 1022, 1248, 5774, 290, 49545, 13, 679, 373, 635, 4139, 286, 5995, 16721, 329, 1811, 1933, 287, 1248, 5705, 13, 679, 1718, 636, 287, 262, 27304, 9303, 286, 1248, 2780, 11, 339, 8350, 1028, 262, 3405, 9417, 2930, 1443, 287, 262, 1989, 286, 569, 13210, 85, 375, 1437, 357, 77, 9404, 39838, 67, 292, 6557, 70, 737, 679, 373, 262, 390, 26126, 4139, 286, 8708, 10665, 1022, 1248, 3720, 290, 31982, 13, 2399, 38082, 17695, 373, 262, 5863, 21810, 406, 129, 239, 81, 1939, 19083, 7357, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	166
(1881 - 1973) Regarding the canon of art history, no other artist has exerted such influence as Pablo Picasso. Frequently dubbed the "dean of modernism," the Spanish artist was revolutionary in the way he challenged the conventions of painting. His stylistic pluralism, legendary reconfiguration of pictorial space and inexhaustible creative force have made Picasso one of the most revered artists of the 20th century. Influenced by symbolism and Toulouse-Lautrec, Picasso developed his own independent style in Paris during his renowned Blue Period (1900-1904): motifs from everyday life...	[ 7, 1507, 6659, 532, 15674, 8, 198, 39424, 262, 18061, 286, 1242, 2106, 11, 645, 584, 6802, 468, 48322, 884, 4588, 355, 33185, 15085, 28372, 13, 198, 37, 37971, 17494, 262, 366, 2934, 272, 286, 3660, 1042, 553, 262, 7897, 6802, 373, 12253, 287, 262, 835, 339, 12827, 262, 21396, 286, 12036, 13, 2399, 22152, 2569, 22801, 1042, 11, 13273, 8195, 5647, 3924, 286, 2862, 5132, 2272, 290, 16087, 42456, 856, 7325, 2700, 423, 925, 15085, 28372, 530, 286, 262, 749, 37184, 7912, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 13, 198, 18943, 2290, 5864, 416, 36913, 290, 309, 2852, 1076, 12, 43, 2306, 8344, 11, 15085, 28372, 4166, 465, 898, 4795, 3918, 287, 6342, 1141, 465, 22140, 4518, 18581, 357, 48104, 12, 1129, 3023, 2599, 32702, 82, 422, 10908, 1204, 986, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	131
Getting to the Heart of a Healthy Diet: Alcohol There is no doubt that drinking large amounts of alcohol is bad for your health. But, given the potential health benefits of drinking moderate amounts of alcohol, the American Heart Association recommends that adults should consider drinking some alcohol. However, it is important that adults who drink should do so only in moderation. Women should have no more than one alcoholic drink per day and men should have no more than one to two drinks per day. If you are considering beginning or continuing to drink alcohol, you should: - Consult your physician to discuss its benefits and risks given your family history. Certain people should not consume any alcohol, such as pregnant women, people with liver disease, or those who are on certain medications. - Limit your alcohol intake to one drink a day if you are a woman and one to two drinks a day if you are a man. - Periodically review your use of alcohol with your doctor. You may need to change your drinking behavior if you begin to consume too much or experience harmful consequences as a result of drinking alcohol. - Never drink alcohol if you are going to be driving or operating machinery. People who drink moderately have heart disease less often than nondrinkers. Alcohol appears to increase HDL, the good form of cholesterol. Some other ways that researchers believe alcohol may help protect the heart include: - The alcohol or some other substance in alcoholic drinks may prevent platelets in the blood from sticking together. This, in turn, will reduce clot formation and the risk for heart attack or stroke. - Flavonoids and other antioxidants in red wine may protect the heart and arteries. However, there are many negative health effects associated with alcohol intake, as well. This is especially true with heavy alcohol consumption. These include: Moderation is essential with alcohol because many chronic health problems can develop, or be exacerbated, from alcohol abuse. One drink equals no more than 1/2 ounce of pure alcohol. For example: - 12 ounces of beer - 4 ounces of wine—It is important to note that a "glass" of wine usually means 8-12 ounces for most people. However the official size of a glass of wine is 4 ounces or 1/2 of a cup. Measure it once, into your wine glass to see what that amount actually looks like. - 1-½ ounces of 80-proof spirits - 1 ounce of 100-proof spirits If you choose not to drink, you are not missing out. You can get antioxidants from fruits and vegetables, and the flavonoids in red wine are also in red grapes and grape juice. Regular exercise increases HDL levels, as does alcohol consumption. And, if blood clotting is a concern for you, talk to your doctor about taking aspirin on a regular basis.	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Make a Levitating Motor out of Pencils and Magnets - 7:30 AM How often, really, do you get to see something levitate? I did, at (where else?) Maker Faire New York last September. Chris Connors showed me this project. It consists of a base made out of pencils and 3D-printed connectors, with magnets placed to repel a rotating pencil equipped with its own magnets as well as a mess of magnet wire powered by small solar cells. The Mendocino Motor floats in its own magnetic field and converts light into electricity and magnetism, which are then converted into the motion of the motor. Building and studying this project provides the satisfaction of creating an amazing bit of technology, and the opportunity to explore magnetism, electromagnetism, electric motors, solar power generation, and personal manufacturing. Build the base that holds the magnets and provides a bearing point for the motor. Then wind the motor coils, and solder them to the solar cells. When the motor is assembled, you’ll balance it so it spins freely, and perform any troubleshooting to make it work properly. Want to learn more about Chris’s project? Check out the MAKE Projects writeup and the Thingiverse page where you can download the files to print your own connectors. Finally, watch a video of the motor in motion.	[ 12050, 257, 16042, 21712, 12533, 503, 286, 7507, 2856, 82, 290, 14872, 1039, 198, 12, 767, 25, 1270, 3001, 198, 2437, 1690, 11, 1107, 11, 466, 345, 651, 284, 766, 1223, 23145, 12027, 30, 314, 750, 11, 379, 357, 3003, 2073, 10091, 21521, 376, 7626, 968, 1971, 938, 2693, 13, 5180, 20776, 669, 3751, 502, 428, 1628, 13, 632, 10874, 286, 257, 2779, 925, 503, 286, 21613, 82, 290, 513, 35, 12, 49695, 34472, 11, 351, 37446, 4624, 284, 1128, 417, 257, 24012, 21613, 10911, 351, 663, 898, 37446, 355, 880, 355, 257, 2085, 286, 19972, 6503, 13232, 416, 1402, 6591, 4778, 13, 198, 464, 20442, 420, 2879, 12533, 36016, 287, 663, 898, 14091, 2214, 290, 26161, 1657, 656, 8744, 290, 19972, 1042, 11, 543, 389, 788, 11513, 656, 262, 6268, 286, 262, 5584, 13, 198, 25954, 290, 11065, 428, 1628, 3769, 262, 14676, 286, 4441, 281, 4998, 1643, 286, 3037, 11, 290, 262, 3663, 284, 7301, 19972, 1042, 11, 26629, 363, 3262, 1042, 11, 5186, 24699, 11, 6591, 1176, 5270, 11, 290, 2614, 9138, 13, 198, 15580, 262, 2779, 326, 6622, 262, 37446, 290, 3769, 257, 14121, 966, 329, 262, 5584, 13, 3244, 2344, 262, 5584, 41331, 11, 290, 42809, 606, 284, 262, 6591, 4778, 13, 1649, 262, 5584, 318, 16030, 11, 345, 447, 247, 297, 5236, 340, 523, 340, 37621, 12748, 11, 290, 1620, 597, 14979, 35486, 284, 787, 340, 670, 6105, 13, 198, 19633, 284, 2193, 517, 546, 5180, 447, 247, 82, 1628, 30, 6822, 503, 262, 39134, 29898, 3551, 929, 290, 262, 21561, 3997, 2443, 810, 345, 460, 4321, 262, 3696, 284, 3601, 534, 898, 34472, 13, 9461, 11, 2342, 257, 2008, 286, 262, 5584, 287, 6268, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	283
A new study demonstrates a link between homophobia and repressed homosexual desire. The study, according to Science Daily, is the first to document the roles that parenting and sexual orientation play in the development of anti-gay prejudice. Conducted by a research team from the University of Rochester, the University of Essex, England, and the University of California in Santa Barbara, the research is set to be published the April issue of the “Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.” Through a series of psychological studies, the researchers found that people with an unacknowledged same-sex attraction who grew up with parents who strongly denounced such desires were more likely to support anti-gay policies and to have self-reported homophobic attitudes, discriminatory bias and hostility towards gays. “Individuals who identify as straight but in psychological tests show a strong attraction to the same sex may be threatened by gays and lesbians because homosexuals remind them of similar tendencies within themselves,” said Netta Weinstein, the study’s lead author and a lecturer at the University of Esse. “In many cases these are people who are at war with themselves and they are turning this internal conflict outward,” said co-author Richard Ryan, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. He helped direct the research. “This study shows that if you are feeling that kind of visceral reaction to an out-group, ask yourself, ‘Why?’’ Ryan said. “Those intense emotions should serve as a call to self-reflection.” The authors say their findings may help to explain the personal dynamics behind some bullying and hate crimes directed at gays and lesbians. People in denial about their sexual orientation may lash out because gay targets bring their internal conflict to the forefront, the authors write. Wisconsin’s leading anti-gay group, Wisconsin Family Action, is led by a stereotypically masculine-acting woman who has never married and has lived for many years with another never-married woman. The two, Julaine Appling and Diane Westphal, own a home together in Watertown. The primary focus of WFA is to prevent same-sex couples from achieving legal recognition. The researchers looked at higher-profile cases of such hypocrisy, including the Ted Haggard scandal, and suggested that “these people may often themselves be victims of repression and experience exaggerated feelings of threat.”	[ 32, 649, 2050, 15687, 257, 2792, 1022, 42583, 290, 1128, 2790, 11479, 6227, 13, 198, 464, 2050, 11, 1864, 284, 5800, 6714, 11, 318, 262, 717, 284, 3188, 262, 9176, 326, 26174, 290, 3206, 12852, 711, 287, 262, 2478, 286, 3098, 12, 22744, 20226, 13, 198, 34, 12920, 276, 416, 257, 2267, 1074, 422, 262, 2059, 286, 27008, 11, 262, 2059, 286, 38307, 11, 4492, 11, 290, 262, 2059, 286, 3442, 287, 8909, 16685, 11, 262, 2267, 318, 900, 284, 307, 3199, 262, 3035, 2071, 286, 262, 564, 250, 25296, 286, 30472, 290, 5483, 18430, 13, 447, 251, 198, 15046, 257, 2168, 286, 10590, 3640, 11, 262, 4837, 1043, 326, 661, 351, 281, 555, 441, 2197, 37436, 976, 12, 8044, 17416, 508, 6348, 510, 351, 3397, 508, 7634, 26443, 884, 15997, 547, 517, 1884, 284, 1104, 3098, 12, 22744, 4788, 290, 284, 423, 2116, 12, 26263, 36034, 14479, 11, 27200, 10690, 290, 23594, 3371, 28067, 13, 198, 447, 250, 35392, 82, 508, 5911, 355, 3892, 475, 287, 10590, 5254, 905, 257, 1913, 17416, 284, 262, 976, 1714, 743, 307, 8556, 416, 28067, 290, 34210, 780, 35655, 7101, 606, 286, 2092, 25671, 1626, 2405, 11, 447, 251, 531, 399, 15253, 22473, 11, 262, 2050, 447, 247, 82, 1085, 1772, 290, 257, 40228, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 8678, 325, 13, 198, 447, 250, 818, 867, 2663, 777, 389, 661, 508, 389, 379, 1175, 351, 2405, 290, 484, 389, 6225, 428, 5387, 5358, 23537, 11, 447, 251, 531, 763, 12, 9800, 6219, 6047, 11, 6240, 286, 15119, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 27008, 13, 679, 4193, 1277, 262, 2267, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1212, 2050, 2523, 326, 611, 345, 389, 4203, 326, 1611, 286, 38259, 6317, 284, 281, 503, 12, 8094, 11, 1265, 3511, 11, 564, 246, 5195, 30, 447, 247, 447, 247, 6047, 531, 13, 564, 250, 9627, 8157, 10825, 815, 4691, 355, 257, 869, 284, 2116, 12, 5420, 1564, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 7035, 910, 511, 6373, 743, 1037, 284, 4727, 262, 2614, 17262, 2157, 617, 20714, 290, 5465, 6741, 7924, 379, 28067, 290, 34210, 13, 4380, 287, 14425, 546, 511, 3206, 12852, 743, 46967, 503, 780, 5650, 6670, 2222, 511, 5387, 5358, 284, 262, 26401, 11, 262, 7035, 3551, 13, 198, 49097, 447, 247, 82, 3756, 3098, 12, 22744, 1448, 11, 9279, 7884, 7561, 11, 318, 2957, 416, 257, 29248, 1146, 27543, 12, 27362, 2415, 508, 468, 1239, 6405, 290, 468, 5615, 329, 867, 812, 351, 1194, 1239, 12, 30526, 2415, 13, 383, 734, 11, 5979, 5718, 2034, 1359, 290, 26542, 2688, 27451, 11, 898, 257, 1363, 1978, 287, 5638, 12735, 13, 383, 4165, 2962, 286, 370, 7708, 318, 284, 2948, 976, 12, 8044, 11886, 422, 16937, 2742, 9465, 13, 198, 464, 4837, 3114, 379, 2440, 12, 13317, 2663, 286, 884, 29442, 11, 1390, 262, 11396, 367, 9460, 446, 10731, 11, 290, 5220, 326, 564, 250, 27218, 661, 743, 1690, 2405, 307, 4970, 286, 28279, 290, 1998, 25291, 7666, 286, 2372, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	495
Learn something new every day More Info... by email Process costing is a management accounting cost allocation method used by companies that produce copious amounts of homogenous or extremely similar consumer goods. Examples of these types of companies include food manufacturers, bottling companies, printing companies, and other similar businesses. Companies use process costing to allocate the business costs related to each process of production, because allocating costs to each individual good is too difficult and time consuming. Under cost allocation methods, management accountants determine the cost of operating each individual function used in the production process. The total process cost is divided by the number of items produced during each specific function. The dollar amount resulting from this calculation is allocated to each good produced by the process. The costs included in each process costing production system relate to the amount of direct materials used to produce goods, direct labor of employees running the process, and the amount of manufacturing overhead used in the production process. Manufacturing overhead often includes indirect materials, indirect labor, and the utilities used to run the production equipment. Each individual process has business costs allocated as goods enter into the production process. The costs are tracked until the goods leave the process and move through the production system. While production systems usually depend on the type of goods a company produces, similar production processes may be involved in these types of systems. For example, in magazine production, production processes include printing, cutting, and stapling. Each process usually adds costs to the goods produced in a process costing system. Process costing reports three types of inventories on a company’s financial statements: raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. Raw materials represent any economic resources or business inputs that have yet to be used in the production system. A work in process is a detailed breakout of goods that have been going through the production system but are not yet finished. Work-in-process inventories are valued by the number of processes the goods have gone through and the costs associated with producing the goods up to that point. Production companies may have various levels of work-in-process inventories that are listed on their balance sheet. Finished goods inventories are all goods produced that are available for sale to consumers. This inventories number also includes goods waiting to be moved to distributors or wholesalers.	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It came closer ... closer ... and then it started heading away. But you may not have noticed at all. An asteroid passed relatively close to Earth around 2:24 p.m. ET Friday. As scientists had been predicting all week, it did not hit. A different and unrelated small asteroid entered the atmosphere over Russia on Friday, hours before the much larger asteroid's fly-by, injuring about 1,000 people. Scientists say that incident was a pure coincidence. The larger asteroid, called 2012 DA14, never got closer than 17,100 miles to our planet's surface. Stargazers in Australia, Asia and Eastern Europe could see the asteroid with the aid of a telescope or binoculars. At the Gingin Observatory in Australia, the asteroid appeared as a bright white streak as viewers watched a live NASA video feed. Scientists are studying this asteroid so extensively that they can already predict its path for most of the 21st century, said Paul Chodas of NASA's Near Earth Object team. But it is only one of thousands of objects that are destined to one day enter our neighborhood in space. "There are lots of asteroids that we're watching that we haven't yet ruled out an Earth impact (for), but all of them have an impact probability that is very, very low," Don Yeomans, manager of the Near-Earth Object Program Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said at a press briefing. The long and short of it The asteroid is thought to be 45 meters -- about half a football field -- long. Current estimates suggest that the Russian meteor -- which was a tiny asteroid before it hit the Earth's atmosphere -- was only 15 meters wide, making it much harder to detect.	[ 1026, 1625, 5699, 2644, 5699, 2644, 290, 788, 340, 2067, 9087, 1497, 13, 887, 345, 743, 407, 423, 6810, 379, 477, 13, 198, 2025, 27460, 3804, 5365, 1969, 284, 3668, 1088, 362, 25, 1731, 279, 13, 76, 13, 12152, 3217, 13, 1081, 5519, 550, 587, 25539, 477, 1285, 11, 340, 750, 407, 2277, 13, 198, 32, 1180, 290, 19938, 1402, 27460, 5982, 262, 8137, 625, 3284, 319, 3217, 11, 2250, 878, 262, 881, 4025, 27460, 338, 6129, 12, 1525, 11, 34361, 546, 352, 11, 830, 661, 13, 23782, 910, 326, 4519, 373, 257, 5899, 21083, 13, 198, 464, 4025, 27460, 11, 1444, 2321, 17051, 1415, 11, 1239, 1392, 5699, 621, 1596, 11, 3064, 4608, 284, 674, 5440, 338, 4417, 13, 198, 1273, 853, 1031, 364, 287, 4505, 11, 7229, 290, 8345, 2031, 714, 766, 262, 27460, 351, 262, 6133, 286, 257, 24344, 393, 9874, 37320, 82, 13, 1629, 262, 26169, 259, 25758, 287, 4505, 11, 262, 27460, 4120, 355, 257, 6016, 2330, 15113, 355, 10209, 7342, 257, 2107, 8884, 2008, 3745, 13, 198, 29193, 389, 11065, 428, 27460, 523, 20823, 326, 484, 460, 1541, 4331, 663, 3108, 329, 749, 286, 262, 2310, 301, 4289, 11, 531, 3362, 609, 375, 292, 286, 8884, 338, 20173, 3668, 9515, 1074, 13, 198, 1537, 340, 318, 691, 530, 286, 4138, 286, 5563, 326, 389, 23985, 284, 530, 1110, 3802, 674, 6232, 287, 2272, 13, 198, 1, 1858, 389, 6041, 286, 43098, 326, 356, 821, 4964, 326, 356, 4398, 470, 1865, 8879, 503, 281, 3668, 2928, 357, 1640, 828, 475, 477, 286, 606, 423, 281, 2928, 12867, 326, 318, 845, 11, 845, 1877, 553, 2094, 11609, 296, 504, 11, 4706, 286, 262, 20173, 12, 22840, 9515, 6118, 4452, 379, 8884, 338, 19013, 8772, 15204, 18643, 11, 531, 379, 257, 1803, 17719, 13, 198, 464, 890, 290, 1790, 286, 340, 198, 464, 27460, 318, 1807, 284, 307, 4153, 10700, 1377, 546, 2063, 257, 4346, 2214, 1377, 890, 13, 9236, 7746, 1950, 326, 262, 3394, 19999, 1377, 543, 373, 257, 7009, 27460, 878, 340, 2277, 262, 3668, 338, 8137, 1377, 373, 691, 1315, 10700, 3094, 11, 1642, 340, 881, 7069, 284, 4886, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	357
From salad fixings and root veggies to herbs and more, it is possible to sustain a healthy vegetable garden in your kitchen, sunroom, or another sunny corner inside your home. Hate giving up your delicious home-grown vegetables once winter arrives? Well, there is a way to grow an array of vegetables inside you're home. Vegetables You Can Grow Indoors: • Beans, green • Carrots, small fingerling • Red peppers • Other dwarf varieties of larger vegetables Ask your local nursery if your veggie choice will grow better indoors from seed or seedling. What You'll Need: • Sunlight, maybe a sunny window sill or corner (plants that produce a vegetable, not just a leaf, need 5-6 hours of sunlight per day; 9-10 hours is ideal) OR grow lights if you have no direct sunlight. • Light-colored, reflective surroundings and surfaces (white, foil, etc.). • Containers with water trays. Choose containers with plenty of room for the root system to grow up and out. Ceramic tends to last longer in direct sunlight than plastic. • To assist with drainage and airflow, add some rocks to the bottom of your container before you add the soil. • Good, lightweight potting soil mix that's suitable for containers. Buy new potting soil to avoid bringing in any outdoor garden pests. • Trellis for your container if you're growing vine climbers, like tomatoes, beans, or peas. • Worm compost is a good addition. Have you had any luck growing vegetables or fruits indoors? 12 Ideas for Modern Valentine's Day Home Decor School Gardens: Teaching Kids a Love of Food 5 Valentine's Day Crafts 8 Cheap Ways to Stay Warm This Winter Merrilee Liddiard of mer mag: Show & Tell Home Tour	[ 4863, 20698, 4259, 654, 290, 6808, 39425, 284, 25411, 290, 517, 11, 340, 318, 1744, 284, 8080, 257, 5448, 20236, 11376, 287, 534, 9592, 11, 4252, 3823, 11, 393, 1194, 27737, 5228, 2641, 534, 1363, 13, 198, 39, 378, 3501, 510, 534, 12625, 1363, 12, 22377, 13701, 1752, 7374, 14443, 30, 3894, 11, 612, 318, 257, 835, 284, 1663, 281, 7177, 286, 13701, 2641, 345, 821, 1363, 13, 198, 26979, 1136, 2977, 921, 1680, 26936, 40136, 669, 25, 198, 3581, 49740, 11, 4077, 198, 3581, 1879, 24744, 11, 1402, 7660, 1359, 198, 3581, 2297, 31804, 198, 3581, 3819, 24603, 20328, 286, 4025, 13701, 198, 25214, 534, 1957, 41326, 611, 534, 1569, 23571, 3572, 481, 1663, 1365, 31797, 422, 9403, 393, 9403, 1359, 13, 198, 2061, 921, 1183, 10664, 25, 198, 3581, 3825, 2971, 11, 3863, 257, 27737, 4324, 49276, 393, 5228, 357, 489, 1187, 326, 4439, 257, 20236, 11, 407, 655, 257, 12835, 11, 761, 642, 12, 21, 2250, 286, 19606, 583, 1110, 26, 860, 12, 940, 2250, 318, 7306, 8, 6375, 1663, 7588, 611, 345, 423, 645, 1277, 19606, 13, 198, 3581, 4401, 12, 25717, 11, 28962, 21334, 290, 16649, 357, 11186, 11, 25501, 11, 3503, 15729, 198, 3581, 2345, 50221, 351, 1660, 491, 592, 13, 17489, 16472, 351, 6088, 286, 2119, 329, 262, 6808, 1080, 284, 1663, 510, 290, 503, 13, 17419, 18127, 12444, 284, 938, 2392, 287, 1277, 19606, 621, 7309, 13, 198, 3581, 1675, 3342, 351, 37664, 290, 45771, 11, 751, 617, 12586, 284, 262, 4220, 286, 534, 9290, 878, 345, 751, 262, 9260, 13, 198, 3581, 4599, 11, 18700, 1787, 889, 9260, 5022, 326, 338, 11080, 329, 16472, 13, 11763, 649, 1787, 889, 9260, 284, 3368, 6079, 287, 597, 15162, 11376, 44283, 13, 198, 3581, 4700, 297, 271, 329, 534, 9290, 611, 345, 821, 3957, 17793, 39311, 11, 588, 23972, 11, 16567, 11, 393, 22589, 13, 198, 3581, 28505, 36541, 318, 257, 922, 3090, 13, 198, 11980, 345, 550, 597, 8458, 3957, 13701, 393, 15921, 31797, 30, 198, 1065, 35365, 329, 12495, 23078, 338, 3596, 5995, 4280, 273, 198, 26130, 29330, 25, 38094, 17476, 257, 5896, 286, 7318, 198, 20, 23078, 338, 3596, 15745, 82, 198, 23, 41087, 26658, 284, 16160, 25692, 770, 10633, 198, 13102, 380, 7197, 406, 1638, 42425, 286, 4017, 2153, 25, 5438, 1222, 14026, 5995, 9852, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	386
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - n. A form or part that is folded or coiled. - n. One of the convex folds of the surface of the brain. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. The act of rolling. or winding together, or of winding one part or thing on another; the motion or process of winding in and out. - n. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or wound together. - n. A turn or winding; a fold; a gyration; an anfractuosity; a whorl: as, the convolutions of a vine; the convolutions of the intestines. - n. In anatomy, specifically, one of the gyri, gyres, or anfractuosities of the brain, especially of the cerebrum. See cuts under brain and corpus. - n. In mathematics, such a connection between the relations of any asyzygetic system that each is applied alternately in the aggregate of the remaining relations. - n. Something that is folded or twisted. - n. Any of the folds on the surface of the brain. - n. The shape of something rotating; a vortex. - n. mathematics A form of moving average. - n. computing A function which maps a tuple of sequences into a sequence of tuples. GNU Webster's 1913 - n. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion. - n. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. - n. (Anat.) An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part. - n. a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain - n. the action of coiling or twisting or winding together - n. the shape of something rotating rapidly - From Latin convolutus ("to roll together"), past participle of convolvere, from con- + volvere ("to roll"). (Wiktionary) “It was in 1861 that he announced his discovery of the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, since known as the convolution of Broca.” “It is of small size, and consists of a square-shaped convolution, which is termed the precuneus or quadrate lobe.” “In front of this precentral convolution are the three frontal convolutions, and it would seem that the functions of these convolutions are higher movements and attention in fixation of the eyes; moreover, in the lowest frontal region, indicated by fine dots, we have Broca's convolution, which is associated with motor speech; above at the base of the second middle frontal convolution is the portion of cortex in which is localised the function of writing.” “M. Alain's expensive way of life, his clothes and mistresses, his dicing and racehorses, were all explained: he was in the pay of Buonaparte, a hired spy, and a man that held the strings of what I can only call a convolution of extremely fishy enterprises.” “The interior portion of the convolution is the more intellectual portion of the organ, while the exterior portion is that which holds the closest relation to the fibres of the _corpora striata_ in the middle lobe, and may therefore most properly be called the organ of language or of speech, the impairment of which produces aphasia, or loss of speech.” “In particular, Fourier analytic methods are particularly useful for studying operations such as convolution in frequency space (the domain of the frequency variable” “He looked again and decided that it was the purple haze of the hills made dark by a convolution of the cãnon wall at its back.” “At some length and terminological convolution on their part, making these exact same points to them, even that one about the computer program, with little effect … it is the most bizarre thing.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘convolution’. A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up. Abbe-Helmert crit..., a priori probability, alphabet, total correlation, three-dimensional..., theoretical frequ..., time reversal test, three-series theorem, theoretical variable, tetrachoric corre..., absolutely unbias..., absolute error and 4171 more... abducens.....draw..., ablation.....carr..., acetylcholine......., adrenalin.....nea..., afferent.....to c..., agnosia.....no kn..., alar.....wing-like, alexia.....no words, alveus.....canal, amacrine.....no l..., ambidextrous........, ambiguus.....doub... and 701 more... ruptured blood ve..., clot, pressure on a blo..., tumor, brain region, comprehension of ..., production of mea..., autonomic nervous..., conservation of t..., catecholamine, arousal, regulation of sleep and 564 more... -a unit of language consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. Derivatives from Chapter 19 of Part One of English Words from Latin and Greek Elements "cerebral" cerebral terms Looking for tweets for convolution.	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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Ferns in which the fronds are produced at the tip of the rootstock or caudex, and the stipes are continuous with it (not articulated). This is the case with most ferns; but in the tribe represented by Polypodium the stipes are articulated with the rootstock (eremobryoid). Sorry, no example sentences found. ‘desmobrya’ hasn't been added to any lists yet. Looking for tweets for desmobrya.	[ 19085, 1601, 28261, 290, 28007, 404, 5507, 198, 12, 38982, 82, 287, 543, 262, 1216, 24764, 389, 4635, 379, 262, 8171, 286, 262, 6808, 13578, 393, 1275, 463, 1069, 11, 290, 262, 336, 18636, 389, 12948, 351, 340, 357, 1662, 36877, 737, 770, 318, 262, 1339, 351, 749, 277, 1142, 82, 26, 475, 287, 262, 14893, 7997, 416, 12280, 79, 12664, 262, 336, 18636, 389, 36877, 351, 262, 6808, 13578, 357, 567, 39949, 563, 1868, 737, 198, 14385, 11, 645, 1672, 13439, 1043, 13, 198, 447, 246, 8906, 39949, 563, 64, 447, 247, 5818, 470, 587, 2087, 284, 597, 8341, 1865, 13, 198, 15784, 329, 12665, 329, 748, 39949, 563, 64, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	113
MUNCIE, Ind. (AP) — More than a third of Indiana adults who consume alcohol say they regularly binge drink, a new Ball State University study found. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines binge drinking as men consuming five or more drinks or women consuming four or more drinks in about two hours. The CDC provided the data for Ball State's study. Ball State researchers found that in 2011, about half of Indiana adults classified themselves as regular drinkers and nearly 35 percent of them said they binge drink, The Times of Munster reported (http://bit.ly/W4uNdv ). University researchers found that Indiana has the 32nd highest percentage of binge drinkers among the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Adults 22 to 25 years old are more likely to binge drink and drink heavily, according to the study. The percentage of adults in Indiana who say they binge drink or drink heavily goes down as age increases. Alcohol tolerance varies from person to person, so those who drink should watch how it affects them specifically, said Dr. Peter Mavrelis, a gastroenterologist who works with Indiana University Northwest. "Just because your friend can hold down two six-packs doesn't mean you can do the same," he said. Mavrelis also said he was surprised at how little alcohol is considered binge drinking, noting that people often consider binge drinking as drinking to the point of incapacitation. Still, he said, people should keep their alcohol consumption to less than two or three drinks a day. Information from: The Times, http://www.thetimesonline.com Photo courtesy Tim Pearce @ Flickr	[ 44, 4944, 34, 10008, 11, 1423, 13, 357, 2969, 8, 851, 3125, 621, 257, 2368, 286, 10278, 6490, 508, 15000, 5548, 910, 484, 7987, 34735, 4144, 11, 257, 649, 6932, 1812, 2059, 2050, 1043, 13, 198, 464, 471, 13, 50, 13, 22223, 329, 17344, 6779, 290, 18313, 15738, 34735, 7722, 355, 1450, 18587, 1936, 393, 517, 11758, 393, 1466, 18587, 1440, 393, 517, 11758, 287, 546, 734, 2250, 13, 383, 20434, 2810, 262, 1366, 329, 6932, 1812, 338, 2050, 13, 198, 23410, 1812, 4837, 1043, 326, 287, 2813, 11, 546, 2063, 286, 10278, 6490, 10090, 2405, 355, 3218, 40527, 290, 3016, 3439, 1411, 286, 606, 531, 484, 34735, 4144, 11, 383, 3782, 286, 12107, 1706, 2098, 357, 4023, 1378, 2545, 13, 306, 14, 54, 19, 84, 45, 67, 85, 6739, 198, 21009, 4837, 1043, 326, 10278, 468, 262, 3933, 358, 4511, 5873, 286, 34735, 40527, 1871, 262, 2026, 2585, 290, 262, 5665, 286, 9309, 13, 198, 2782, 8376, 2534, 284, 1679, 812, 1468, 389, 517, 1884, 284, 34735, 4144, 290, 4144, 7272, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 2050, 13, 383, 5873, 286, 6490, 287, 10278, 508, 910, 484, 34735, 4144, 393, 4144, 7272, 2925, 866, 355, 2479, 5732, 13, 198, 2348, 4857, 15621, 17806, 422, 1048, 284, 1048, 11, 523, 883, 508, 4144, 815, 2342, 703, 340, 10975, 606, 5734, 11, 531, 1583, 13, 5613, 337, 615, 2411, 271, 11, 257, 33131, 9255, 7451, 508, 2499, 351, 10278, 2059, 20572, 13, 198, 1, 5703, 780, 534, 1545, 460, 1745, 866, 734, 2237, 12, 32377, 1595, 470, 1612, 345, 460, 466, 262, 976, 553, 339, 531, 13, 198, 44, 615, 2411, 271, 635, 531, 339, 373, 6655, 379, 703, 1310, 5548, 318, 3177, 34735, 7722, 11, 10820, 326, 661, 1690, 2074, 34735, 7722, 355, 7722, 284, 262, 966, 286, 38533, 3780, 13, 7831, 11, 339, 531, 11, 661, 815, 1394, 511, 5548, 7327, 284, 1342, 621, 734, 393, 1115, 11758, 257, 1110, 13, 198, 21918, 422, 25, 383, 3782, 11, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 1169, 22355, 25119, 13, 785, 198, 6191, 12537, 5045, 41902, 2488, 27085, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	345
A new world record wind gust: 253 mph in Australia's Tropical Cyclone Olivia The 6,288-foot peak of New Hampshire's Mount Washington is a forbidding landscape of wind-swept barren rock, home to some of planet Earth's fiercest winds. As a 5-year old boy, I remember being blown over by a terrific gust of wind on the summit, and rolling out of control towards a dangerous drop-off before a fortuitously-placed rock saved me. Perusing the Guinness Book of World Records as a kid, three iconic world weather records always held a particular mystique and fascination for me: the incredible 136°F (57.8°C) at El Azizia, Libya in 1922, the -128.5°F (-89.2°C) at the "Pole of Cold" in Vostok, Antarctica in 1983, and the amazing 231 mph wind gust (103.3 m/s) recorded in 1934 on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Well, the legendary winds of Mount Washington have to take second place now, next to the tropical waters of northwest Australia. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has announced that the new world wind speed record at the surface is a 253 mph (113.2 m/s) wind gust measured on Barrow Island, Australia. The gust occurred on April 10, 1996, during passage of the eyewall of Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Olivia. Figure 1. Instruments coated with rime ice on the summit of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Image credit: Mike Theiss. Tropical Cyclone Olivia Tropical Cyclone Olivia was a Category 4 storm on the U.S. Saffir-Simpson scale, and generated sustained winds of 145 mph (1-minute average) as it crossed over Barrow Island off the northwest coast of Australia on April 10, 1996. Olivia had a central pressure of 927 mb and an eye 45 miles in diameter at the time, and generated waves 21 meters (69 feet) high offshore. According to Black et al. (1999), the eyewall likely had a tornado-scale mesovortex embedded in it that caused the extreme wind gust of 253 mph. The gust was measured at the standard measuring height of 10 meters above ground, on ground at an elevation of 64 meters (210 feet). A similar mesovortex was encountered by a Hurricane Hunter aircraft in Hurricane Hugo of 1989, and a mesovortex was also believed to be responsible for the 239 mph wind gust measured at 1400 meters by a dropsonde in Hurricane Isabel in 2003. For reference, 200 mph is the threshold for the strongest category of tornado, the EF-5, and any gusts of this strength are capable of causing catastrophic damage. Figure 2. Visible satellite image of Tropical Cyclone Olivia a few hours before it crossed Barrow Island, Australia, setting a new world-record wind gust of 253 mph. Image credit: Japan Meteorological Agency. Figure 3. Wind trace taken at Barrow Island, Australia during Tropical Cyclone Olivia. Image credit: Buchan, S.J., P.G. Black, and R.L. Cohen, 1999, "The Impact of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on Australia's Northwest Shelf", paper presented at the 1999 Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, Texas, 3-6 May, 1999. Why did it take so long for the new record to be announced? The instrument used to take the world record wind gust was funded by a private company, Chevron, and Chevron's data was not made available to forecasters at Australia's Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) during the storm. After the storm, the tropical cyclone experts at BOM were made aware of the data, but it was viewed as suspect, since the gusts were so extreme and the data was taken with equipment of unknown accuracy. Hence, the observations were not included in the post-storm report. Steve Buchan from RPS MetOcean believed in the accuracy of the observations, and coauthored a paper on the record gust, presented at the 1999 Offshore Technology Conference in Houston (Buchan et al., 1999). The data lay dormant until 2009, when Joe Courtney of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology was made aware of it. Courtney wrote up a report, coauthored with Steve Buchan, and presented this to the WMO extremes committee for ratification. The report has not been made public yet, and is awaiting approval by Chevron. The verified data will be released next month at a World Meteorological Organization meeting in Turkey, when the new world wind record will become official. New Hampshire residents are not happy Residents of New Hampshire are understandably not too happy about losing their cherished claim to fame. The current home page of the Mount Washington Observatory reads, "For once, the big news on Mount Washington isn't our extreme weather. Sadly, it's about how our extreme weather--our world record wind speed, to be exact--was outdone by that of a warm, tropical island". Comparison with other wind records Top wind in an Atlantic hurricane: 239 mph (107 m/s) at an altitude of 1400 meters, measured by dropsonde in Hurricane Isabel (2003). Top surface wind in an Atlantic hurricane: 211 mph (94.4 m/s), Hurricane Gustav, Paso Real de San Diego meteorological station in the western Cuban province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, on the afternoon of August 30, 2008. Top wind in a tornado: 302 mph (135 m/s), measured via Doppler radar at an altitude of 100 meters (330 feet), in the Bridge Creek, Oklahoma tornado of May 3, 1999. Top surface wind not associated with a tropical cyclone or tornado: 231 mph (103.3 m/s), April 12, 1934 on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Top wind in a typhoon: 191 mph (85.4 m/s) on Taiwanese Island of Lanya, Super Typhoon Ryan, Sep 22, 1995; also on island of Miyakojima, Super Typhoon Cora, Sep 5, 1966. Top surface wind not measured on a mountain or in a tropical cyclone: 207 mph (92.5 m/s) measured in Greenland at Thule Air Force Base on March 6, 1972. Top wind measured in a U.S. hurricane: 186 mph (83.1 m/s) measured at Blue Hill Observatory, Massachusetts, during the 1938 New England Hurricane. Buchan, S.J., P.G. Black, and R.L. Cohen, 1999, "The Impact of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on Australia's Northwest Shelf", paper presented at the 1999 Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, Texas, 3-6 May, 1999. Black, P.G., Buchan, S.J., and R.L. Cohen, 1999, "The Tropical Cyclone Eyewall Mesovortex: A Physical Mechanism Explaining Extreme Peak Gust Occurrence in TC Olivia, 4 April 1996 on Barrow Island, Australia", paper presented at the 1999 Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, Texas, 3-6 May, 1999.	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West Virginia University Dr. John F. Baniecki, Extension Specialist in Plant Pest Management Program - New York City has been infested with Asian longhorned beetles that have already caused 5,000 trees to be removed. As a remedy, imidacloprid is going to be injected into hardwood trees in an effort to reach the larvae of the beetle. The beetle has the potential to cause more tree damage than Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, and gypsy moths combined ($41 billion in damage by the USDA's estimate). (Environmental News Network) http://www.enn.com. - USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) cooperators have recently elucidated a scenario in which caterpillar-infested tobacco plants released compounds during the day and night. Those released at night were repellent to female moths, who are looking for sites to deposit eggs. This information is in addition to that which demonstrated corn seedlings released chemicals that attract parasitic wasps when fed upon by caterpillars. (USDA ARS News Service) www.ars.usda.gov. - USDA ARS researchers have also determined how to reduce intestinal loads of Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli 0157:H7 in pigs and cattle. These two bacteria have an enzyme, nitrate reductase, that is absent in beneficial microorganisms. When fed sodium chlorate, the enzyme converts chlorate to chlorite,which kills the bacteria. It is estimated that these two organisms produce 1.5 million cases of food borne illnessper year. (The Florida Cattleman, April, 2001). - A whitefly-vectored crinivirus (tomato chlorosis virus) has been detected in tomato plants grown in Puerto Rico for the first time. Signs of infection include interveinal chlorosis, necrotic flecking, leaf thickening, and leaf rolling. (ProMED via Agnet, 3/25) www.promedmail.org. - A whitefly-vectored begomovirus (tomato yellow leaf curl virus Israeli strain) has been detected in tomato plants grown in Louisiana for the first time. Signs of infection include severe stunting, leaf cupping, and chlorosis. (ProMED, 3/27). - Auxein Corporation and Mycotech Corporation have announced their merger into Emerald BioAgriculture Corporation. The company is based in Lansing, MI with production operations in Butte, MT. The company has eight EPA-registered products. (Citrus & Vegetable Magazine, March, 2001). - A new biological fungicide (Contans® WG) has been granted EPA approval. Produced by Encore Technologies, the material is billed as the only biological control product available in the U.S. for controlling Sclerotinia diseases in the soil (caused by S. sclerotiorum and S. minor). Info. at http://www.contans-wg.com. Akari® 55C miticide/insecticide (fenpyroximate) for use on greenhouse ornamentals, floral and foliage crops has received FDACS approval as of February 19, 2001. (Pesticide Registration Evaluation Committee Agenda, April 5, 2001). Registrants with Active Pesticide Registrations - 1,963 Farms and Business Sites Regulated Under Pesticide Programs -2,246,512 - Farms- 2,194,070 - Domestic Pesticide Manufacturing Establishments-11,305 - Foreign Pesticide Manufacturing Establishments -1,137 - Commercial Pest Control Firms -40,000 Farm Workers -2,952,600 - Self-employed Farm Workers-1,570,000 - Hired Farm Workers -890,300 - Unpaid Farm Workers -487,500 Certified Applicators -1,187,515 - Private Applicators -803,423 - Commercial Applicators-384,092 Helping you put knowledge to work The West Virginia University Cooperative Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and West Virginia counties cooperating. Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Institution.	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Microformats in Context There has been a lot of discussion in XML circles as to how far the extensibility revolution promised by XML can take (or has taken) us. Is XML really a tool for creating specialized languages so that information can be expressed in the most natural formats practical? Or is it just a way to reduce the burden on those who write code to consume web content (be strict in what you accept so that you can be liberal with your time spent fly-fishing). Are schema technologies a way to manage the flexibility that XML brings to the table, or just another weapon to put down users ("You don't validate. Go away")? Of course, the way I've posed these questions reveals my bias. I think that XML should be a tool for expressiveness and controlled diversity on the Web. I disagree strongly with the notion, recently expressed in a few quarters, that there are only a few viable XML formats, and that people should stop creating more. At the center of this controversy is the new Web 2.0 hotness: microformats. If you're not already familiar with this phenomenon, first read "What Are Microformats". It's a DIV's World Microformats enshrine the idea that rather than creating whole new vocabularies, developers should piggy-back off existing, widely supported and deployed formats such as XHTML. (In this article I'll focus mostly on microformats with XHTML as a host language.) The problem is that XHTML, at its best, does is good for basic document structure but, at its worst, tends to be used for the presentation of documents. Microformats are a lightweight way to express more specialized information within the structure of XHTML without changing its syntax. The idea is that the success of this approach rests on modest (hence "micro") constructs in modules that are mutually independent and focused on very specific domains. Through such simplicity and modularity microformats minimize the strain on the host languages, as well as the implementation effort and overall conceptual load. Unfortunately, the strain is rarely avoided in practice. Many of the XHTML-based microformats I've seen abuse the semantics of XHTML. a/@rel tends to come in for special abuse. The HTML 4.01 recommendation, whose semantics are adopted by XHTML, says: This attribute describes the relationship from the current document to the anchor specified by the href attribute. The value of this attribute is a space-separated list of link types. A microformat, such as Google's rel='nofollow', stretches this definition to breaking. "Don't follow this link" is an instruction to the user agent (more likely an automated agent such as a search index robot). This is related to what was known as "actuation" in the XLink specification and a very different matter from the conceptual relationship between the two documents. I'll hasten to add that these problems are to some extent understood in the microformats camp, and that there are some quite reasonable uses of rel-tag. Then again there is which is still designated a draft but does perpetuate without any apology in the spec. The abuse of a/@rev in the vote-links microformats is an even more heinous example. Before you write off my complaints about abuse of existing XHTML constructs as too rarefied and academic, consider that it leads to a very real problem when microformats collide. Will the Real rel Please Stand Up There are only so many XHTML attributes to hitch a ride on, and if you can stretch the semantics of each attribute pretty much to suit yourself, it's inevitable that you will need to use clashing microformats. Imagine you have a weblog that automatically asserts rel='nofollow' on comment links to discourage comment spam. An example comment looks as follows. <p>Nice blog. Buy your medz <a href='http://medz.com' rel='nofollow'>here</a></p> But you have another tool that looks for personnel links within your organization and marks them using a colleague designation in the XFN microformat. <p>I just want to be sure your readers know we're aware of the stability problems with the latest release. I've posted some workarounds on <a href='http://mf-wizards.com/~jdoe/' rel='colleague'>my own blog</a>.</p> You now have some sorting out to do. Of course you cannot have two on the same element. You could set a priority that XFN annotation overrides rel-'nofollow' (this is probably what you'd want in practice), but this means that suddenly your microformats are no longer really independent, and they're certainly not modular. Microformat tools have to be aware of the different specs that might clash, and you introduce a bit of a negative network effect. You could use the NMTOKENS escape hatch, which would mean that after both tools have done their work the comment would look as follows: <p>I just want to be sure your readers know we're aware of the stability problems with the latest release. I've posted some workarounds on <a href='http://mf-wizards.com/employees/jdoe/' rel='colleague nofollow'>my own blog</a>.</p> One problem with this is that when you have a microformat such as XFN, which already allows multiple tokens within a/@rel, you're still inviting clashes because it's not clear which tokens are part of XFN, and which come from other conventions. It also becomes a land grab for terms across microformats. rel='date' as a statement that you have a romantic involvement with the person represented by the resource indicated by the This could make for some stickiness in a microformat for references to calendar rel='date' would have a markedly different meaning. U. G. L. Y. You Ain't Got No Alibi...! Another problem that stems from being restricted to a host language is that you often end up with very contorted and ugly constructs to force the fit. XOXO is an eminent example of this problem. I once did an exploration of XOXO as a language for exchanging weblog lists, rather than the more established, but quite awful, OPML. I ended up with something like Listing 1.	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Schools that implement strong nutrition standards for snacks sold at school increase student meal participation and school revenue, according to a study just published by the Rudd Center and the Harvard School of Public Health. The study, published in the American Journal of Public Health, provides support for efforts to implement strong national nutrition standards for all food sold at school while promoting student participation in the National School Lunch Program. Read more. Regardless of body weight, teens had high brain activity during food commercials compared to nonfood commercials, according to researchers from the University of Michigan, the Oregon Research Institute, and the Rudd Center. The study, which appears in the current issue of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, may inform the current debates about the impact of food advertising on minors. Children see thousands of commercials each year designed to increase their desire for foods high in sugar, fat, and salt. Researchers analyzed how the advertising onslaught affects the brain by measuring the brain activity of teenagers while watching food and nonfood commercials. Regions of the brain linked to attention, reward, and taste were active for all participants, especially when food commercials aired. Overall, they recalled and liked food commercials better than nonfood commercials. Read more. Efforts to encourage healthy beverage choices by people receiving federal food assistance are paying off, according to a study published by the Rudd Center in Pediatrics. The study shows that purchases of 100 percent juice declined among participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) after the program changed in 2007 to offer foods that better reflect dietary recommendations for Americans. While 100 percent fruit juices are widely marketed as healthy beverages, they contain the same amount of calories as soda and lack the fiber that is present in whole fruit. In addition, previous research in Pediatrics has shown that excessive consumption of 100 percent juice is associated with increased risk of weight gain. The WIC program is designed to help meet the needs of pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and young children who are at nutritional risk. Prior to the WIC food package revisions, the federal monthly allowances of 100 percent juice exceeded dietary recommendations for juice consumption in young children. New WIC food packages provide considerably less juice. Read more.	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Imitate is defined as to copy or use something as a model.(verb) An example of imitate is for a child to copy his older sibling's every move. See imitate in Webster's New World College Dictionary Origin: < L imitatus, pp. of imitari, to imitate, akin to aemulus: see emulate See imitate in American Heritage Dictionary 4 transitive verb im·i·tat·ed, im·i·tat·ing, im·i·tates Origin: Latin imitārī, imitāt-; see aim- in Indo-European roots. Learn more about imitate	[ 40, 2781, 378, 318, 5447, 355, 284, 4866, 393, 779, 1223, 355, 257, 2746, 12195, 19011, 8, 198, 2025, 1672, 286, 44638, 318, 329, 257, 1200, 284, 4866, 465, 4697, 33423, 338, 790, 1445, 13, 198, 6214, 44638, 287, 31890, 338, 968, 2159, 5535, 28261, 198, 39688, 25, 1279, 406, 545, 270, 7240, 11, 9788, 13, 286, 545, 270, 2743, 11, 284, 44638, 11, 22107, 284, 257, 368, 23515, 25, 766, 33836, 198, 6214, 44638, 287, 1605, 18518, 28261, 604, 198, 7645, 1800, 15942, 545, 9129, 72, 9129, 83, 265, 9129, 276, 11, 545, 9129, 72, 9129, 83, 265, 9129, 278, 11, 545, 9129, 72, 9129, 83, 689, 198, 39688, 25, 9133, 545, 270, 10235, 81, 18962, 11, 545, 270, 10235, 83, 12, 26, 766, 4031, 12, 287, 40136, 12, 22030, 11135, 13, 198, 20238, 517, 546, 44638, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	139
To touch something is to understand it – emotionally and cognitive. It´s one of our important six senses, which we use and need in our daily lives. But accidents or illnesses can disrupt us from our sense of touch Now European researchers of the projects NanoBioTact and NanoBioTouch delve deep into the mysteries of touch and have developed the first sensitive artificial finger. The main scientific aims of the projects are to radically improve understanding of the human mechano-transduction system and tissue engineered nanobiosensors. Therefore an international and multi disciplinary team of 13 scientific institutes, universities and companies put their knowledge together. “There are many potential applications of biometric tactile sensoring, for example in prosthetic limbs where you´ve got neuro-coupling which allows the limb to sense objects and also to feed back to the brain, to control the limb. Another area would be in robotics where you might want the capability to have sense the grip of objects, or intelligent haptic exploration of surfaces for example”, says Prof. Michael Adams, the coordinator of NanoBioTact. The scientists have already developed a prototype of the first sensitive artificial finger. It works with an array of pressure sensors that mimic the spatial resolution, sensitivity and dynamics of human neural tactile sensors and can be directly connected to the central nervous system. Combined with an artificial skin that mimics a human fingerprint, the device´s sensitivity to vibrations is improved. Depending on the quality of a textured surface, the biomimetic finger vibrates in different ways, when it slides across the surface. Thereby it produces different signals and once it will get used by patients, they could recognise if the surface is smooth or scratchy. “The sensors are working very much like the sensors are doing on your own finger”, says physicist Dr. Michael Ward from the School of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Birmingham. Putting the biomimetic finger on artificial limbs would take prostheses to the next level. “Compared to the hand prostheses which are currently on the market, an integrated sense of touch would be a major improvement. It would be a truly modern and biometric device which would give the patient the feeling as if it belonged to his own body”, says Dr. Lucia Beccai from the Centre for Micro-Robotics at the Italian Institute for Technology. But till the artificial finger will be available on large scale a lot of tests will have to be done. Nevertheless with the combination of computer and cognitive sciences, nano- and biotechnology the projects NanoBioTact and NanoBioTouch have already brought us a big step closer to artificial limbs with sensitive fingers! 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Note the cold spots are not along the geographic line from the N. Pole to the S. Pole but where the globe, tilted and tipped, is getting the least amount of sunshine! Depending on the tipping and what part of the globe is getting sunlight, the coldest spot is not the geographic N. Pole, but that part of the globe that gets less sunlight. On the weather maps below, the Italy Face makes Russia, not Sweden, receive less sunlight as Sweden is tilted toward the Sun. The Americas Face makes the areas NW of Hudson Bay, not the N. Pole, receive less sunlight as this part receives a shorter day as it is pushed into an early sunset during the tilt swing. The New Zealand face shows an uneven distribution of cold along latitude 60° as the globe is pushed up and away from the Sun over New Zeland. This is then pulled forward over the India Face for warmer temperatures North of Mongolia. The weather maps, and the verbal descriptions, match. Dec 3: No precise sunset data because of the clouds, but but somewhere between 280° and 320°. [Assume 300°. Compass reading, subtract 30° for deviation. Skymap expects Azi 238°. Sunset NORTH by 32°] Dec 19: I think we have passed the actual Solstice already a week ago at least, as the sun is already now again higher in my view in Europe than it was 2 weeks ago. I feel we have rolled by at least 12-30 degrees. Dec 21: Sun set SSW rather than SW at Azi 225°. Dec 2: Sunset early by 30 minutes, SOUTH. Dec 3: Sunset SOUTH by 21° Dec 5: Sunrise NORTH by 11° Dec 11: Sunset SOUTH by 12° Dec 11: Sunset SOUTH by 14° Dec 13: Sunset SOUTH by 22° Dec 14: Sunrise NORTH by 7° Dec 26: Sunrise NORTH by 12° Dec 6: Sunrise high by 19° NORTH, early. Dec 7: Sunrise 50 minutes, NORTH. Dec 8: dark in the 2nd week of Nov at 5 PM, normal for in the first week of Dec. Dec 21: Sunset SOUTH by 14° Dec 23: Sunset SOUTH by 16° Dec 24: Sunset SOUTH by 18° Dec 8: SOUTH by 38°! Dec 10: Sunset SOUTH by 6° Dec 18: Sunset SOUTH by 3° Dec 22: Sunset SOUTH by 8° Dec 18: Sunset 5° SOUTH. Sunset Dec 3: SOUTH by 9°. Sunrise Dec 11: SOUTH by 8° Sunset Dec 11: SOUTH by 11° Midday Dec 12: SOUTH by 25° and too HIGH by 15-20° deg! Sunset Dec 12: SOUTH by 11° Sunrise Dec 7: SOUTH, late by 47 minutes. Sunset Dec 6: SOUTH, late by 28 minutes.	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U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Office Hospital Energy Alliance: Daylighting Video (Text Version) Below is a text version of the Hospital Energy Alliance video showing the importance of daylighting to hospital energy efficiency, staff performance and retention, and patient healing. Daylighting brings natural light into hospitals to reduce the use of electric lighting. Daylighting has also been shown to aid in patient healing, to improve the work environment of staff, and to enhance the well-being of patient families. Daylighting is using the sun to offset electric lighting. And so there is a huge potential for energy savings there because you're using the glass to help provide some function in the building other than just views. You're actually using it for energy savings. We can almost eliminate cooling in probably 50 percent of the hospital just by reducing the loads: reducing the solar gains, controlling the light, and being very careful with equipment. These systems all lead us back to quality-of-light issues, the role of light in reducing cooling loads, which actually is a large energy consumer, but is a key component in capital costs. When you look at the energy use in a hospital, the electric lighting loads can tabulate almost 30 percent of the entire electric bill, so if you want to look at saving energy, that's one of the largest chunks. Most buildings have windows; therefore, there's opportunity for daylighting. We can get more of an advantage by designing those windows to really improve the lighting quality in the space and get the electric lights off. We're involved a lot with Better Bricks. They are the Commercial Buildings Initiative for the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance. When this Legacy project started, they offered to help out and do a daylighting study of parts of the hospital and we did two studies, one specifically for the patient rooms and one for the public areas. And they came back to us with nine strategies for designing the exterior wall of the patient rooms to maximize the amount of daylighting that we could get and the study was fantastic, 'cause it showed that they could save almost $6,500 a year in electricity savings just by utilizing some of these strategies alone. I think the biggest strategy we used was separating out the daylighting window from the view window. We like to have windows to be able to get the visual relief of seeing outside—a little bit of a relief to our system, a little bit of relief to our eye; certainly the relief of chronic stress in the workplace, but we also need to think about the quality of light. To get the light into the patient room, you only need the top portion of the window, which is above six feet to the underside of the ceiling. You can see that we've divided the patient room window up into to the daylighting window and the view window, so the daylighting window glazing specification allows more light into the room and the view window has a higher performance glass that lets less light into the window and reduces glare for the patient and the visitors. Daylighting is also central to the energy efficiency strategy of the Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas. The way we planned mechanical units, where we chose to have glass and glazing versus where we chose not to in terms of orienting it to the sun. It's a totally integrated system of technology and just good old-fashioned design. The biggest impact on the space layout was the decision to add courtyards to the building. They were originally driven by the desire to get daylighting. The building has four different types of windows in it, depending on whether they are facing north, south, east or west. We did computer models of what the ambient exterior light would look like from dawn to dusk, seven days a week, all four seasons of the year and arranged the lighting system in the building to accommodate that, so that we can save energy. Scientific studies have shown that the exterior views that can accompany daylighting have a profound impact on patient healing. All life, including human life, was evolved under a sunrise and sunset, and the spectrum of that was natural blue light coming in the morning and sunset with no blue light and only some red and orange in the evening. Our genes were all developed for that. You need to have the proper lighting in the morning for the alertness because that makes serotonin, dopamine, and cortisol, and that turns on the immune system that gets rid of infections, that gets rid of bacteria, that helps fight viruses. But at night, if you have the blue light, you're interfering with the immune system by interfering with the production of melatonin, and that isn't just a sleep hormone; it also affects the immune response to prevent cancer. Access to light is also critical to hospital workers, a fact that affects the bottom line at health care facilities because of the importance of employee retention and the high cost of replacing key staff. In critical task spaces, we're really concerned about, one: they get view, but two: the quality of light is one that doesn't provide a lot of glare and provides at least a minimum level of illumination for ambient tasks within a space, which usually means diffuse light. We've realized in the last 10 years that our eyes are more than just for vision. They also capture daylight on a physiological level through a photo-biological receptor that captures light; light during the day and it's just as important for these hormonal cascades to have dark at night. This has a big implication in our health care environments. For the staff who potentially will go in in the morning in the dark, come home at night in the dark—12-hour shifts with no light during the day. So that has ramifications on our built environment in the hospital setting to create spaces for staff that allow daylight into their work areas. My favorite thing about this facility is that you can't be farther than, I don't know what the exact number is, but 30-40 feet from an open courtyard or light streaming in. If the staff is working at night, they are going to suffer from certain shift-work problems. But if you can have natural lighting during the day, and the natural darkness in the evening, then when they go home, they'll be able to sleep. Daylighting, part of a comprehensive energy strategy that benefits patients, staff, and the bottom line of today's hospitals.	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Racial Double Standards in Uncle Tom's Cabin By Catherine Mountcastle When Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852, she gained instant notoriety. Her novel helped spread the reality of the cruelties and injustices of the American slavery system nationwide and eventually across the globe. However, Mrs. Stowe was not without critics. Shortly after the release of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, William Lloyd Garrison, a famous abolitionist and founder of the Liberator published a scathing review of Stowe’s novel arguing that her stance on slavery was a double standard. Stowe’s novel clearly does contain racial double standards; however, this attributed to the novels popularity amid a northern white audience in the mid-nineteenth century. William Lloyd Garrison was a well known abolitionist. His review of Stowe’s novel may have seemed shocking at the time of its publication since both he and Stowe were abolitionists. However, his accusations of racial double standards throughout Uncle Tom’s Cabin are not far fetched. One of Stowe’s main criticisms throughout Uncle Tom’s Cabin is that slavery is unjust to slaves. She finds slavery to be an evil which should be eliminated form American society. She obligates blacks to end their own enslavement. Her opinion on how blacks should end their enslavement is extremely passive. She advocates that blacks should remain obedient and subservient to their masters while remaining pious and faithful to God. In the end, blacks will gain a greater freedom than the physical world has to offer them. By having faith in God and refusing to act out violently against their masters despite the hardships that they may have to endure, they will eventually be rewarded with eternal salvation. Stowe embodies these ideas in the character of Tom. Throughout Stowe’s novel, Tom places his faith in the Lord an accepts his fate no matter what happens. An excellent example of Tom’s unrelenting faith in the Lord and his refusal to act out violently against his master is his struggle with Simon Legree. Legree is an evil man and an extremely cruel master. However, no matter what he is threatened with Tom never physically fights back against Legree. This is demonstrated in Uncle Tom’s Cabin prior to Tom’s first beating. Tom says: Mas’r if you mean to kill me, kill me; but as to raising my hand agin any one here, I shall never,--I’ll die first! No! no! no! my soul an’t yours, Mas’r! Ye can’t buy it! it’s been bought and paid for, by one that is able to keep it;--no matter, no matter, you can’t harm me! (Stowe 508). These statements by Tom are a clear demonstration of Stowe’s beliefs, which are expressed throughout the novel. Tom is defiant against Legree, but it is for the safety of another individual, another one of God’s creatures. He never raises a hand in opposition to Legree, nor does he resist when Legree sends him to be whipped as punishment for his defiance. Instead, Tom boldly states his faith in the Lord, proclaiming that Legree may physically take his life, but he will never be able to own Tom’s soul because his soul belongs to the Lord. Garrison views Stowe’s beliefs as a racial double standard. He states his opinion at he very beginning of his review of the novel when he writes, “we are curious to know whether Mrs. Stowe is a believer in the duty of non-resistance for the white man, under all possible outrage and peril as well as for the black man” (Garrison). In other words, if white people were to be enslaved and treated under the same conditions which black people were in the mid-nineteenth century, would Stowe still advocate non-violence and piety as a solution to the problem? He then continues by pointing out that the reason he believes she advocates nonviolence, obedience and piety by slaves are because they are black. I agree with Garrisons accusation. I think Stowe’s beliefs stem primarily from her lack of first hand interaction with southern black slaves. She portrays her characters through the beliefs of a romantic racialist. Stowe writes, “the negro, it must be remembered, is an exotic of the most gorgeous and superb countries of the world, and he has, deep in heart a passion for all that is splendid, rich and fanciful” (Stowe 253). This depiction of “the negro” is a perfect demonstration of Stowe’s use of romantic racialism. She is making a generalization about an entire race. She views black people with the same stereotypes as most mid-nineteenth century white Americans did. What makes a black person different from a white person other than the color of their skin? It is easy to answer that question from a twenty-first century viewpoint. The answer is nothing. There is no difference between a black person and a white person except for the outside skin color. We are all human which means that blacks have the same mental capacity, same emotions same everything. However, in the ante-bellum time period the answer to the above question was much more difficult, because people truly believed that blacks were different from whites not only physically, but that they were inferior in intellect, morals, and maturity. I think that because Stowe was a white northern woman with little one-on-one contact between herself and southern slaves , she subconsciously prescribed to general stereotypes about black people and wrote them into her characters. Garrison not only highlights that Stowe’s romantic racial beliefs “is everywhere taken for granted, because the VICTIMS ARE BLACK” (Garrison), but he also argues against her religious stance when he asks: Is there one law of submission and non-resistance for the black man, and another law of rebellion and conflict for the white man? When it is the whites who are trodden in the dust, does Christ justify them in taking up arms to vindicate their rights? And when it is blacks who are thus threatened, does Christ require them to be patient, harmless, long-suffering, and forgiving? And are there two Christs? (Garrison) Garrison is addressing a main conflict which is present in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. If God/Christ are supposed to be just and fair, how can they make one group of people ”superior” to another? This issue is clearly addressed in Uncle Tom’s Cabin when Marie St. Clare is waiting for Tom to prepare the horses in order attend church. During this scene in the novel, Stowe delves into Mrs. St. Clares thoughts and shares them with her audience. She writes: perhaps as God chasteneth whom he loveth, he hath chosen poor Africa in the furnace of affection to make her the highest and noblest in that kingdom which he will set up, then every other kingdom has been tried, and failed; for the first shall be the last and the last first (Stowe 275). Marie is rationalizing the fate of slaves by pondering whether or not God had a greater purpose for them. Religion is a conflicting struggle throughout the novel as certain characters embrace it and other characters reject it. Garrison brings up the issue of religion in Uncle Tom’s Cabin because it seems hypocritical to say that slaves must behave and worship the Lord when in return for their piety they are beaten. However, it is okay for white people to beat a fellow human being, because they are white and the other is black. How can God allow that? I think it is very interesting how Garrison places religion and violence together in his statement. It is very fitting when you apply it to the American Revolution. It was okay for us as white colonialists to fight against the British monarchy for our independence and for our religious freedom. However, Stowe seems to think that it is not okay for blacks to fight against whites in order to gain their independence and religious freedom. This is extremely hypocritical. While I do agree with Garrison’s arguments that Uncle Tom’s Cabin is based on racial double standards, I think Stowe was very meticulous in how she presented her concepts to her white northern audience. In order for Stowe to get her message out to people, she had to create a novel that people would want to read. To do this, she had to make the issue of slavery palatable to her readers. Stowe had to prescribe to romantically racial concepts in order to not offend her audience. Stowes use of romantic radicalism worked. Her novel became a success across the world. However, the usage of romantic racialism in turn created racial double standards throughout the novel. William Lloyd Garrison’s complaint of racial double standards in Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a valid argument. I agree that Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe upholds a different set of morals for white people as compared to black people. However, I believe that this dichotomy of values for blacks versus whites is a result of the author’s desire to appeal to an audience in order to have her opinions voiced to the public and make them aware of the cruelties of slavery. 1.) Elbert, Sarah. Lecture Notes for History 351. 2.) Garrison, William. "Liberator," March 1852. 3.) Stowe, Harriet. Uncle Tom's Cabin or Life Among the Lowly. 1852. USA: Penguin Books, 1986. 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Helping Teachers Improve Math and Science Achievement According to the Teaching Commission's report Teaching at Risk: A Call to Action, the U.S. job market is so scientifically and technologically based that math and science knowledge is critical for the health of our economy.17 While science and technology advance at lightning speed, stagnant math and science performance in schools shortchanges our students' future and endangers our prosperity and our nation's security. Improving Math and Science Instruction Around the Nation No Child Left Behind supports the belief that developing teachers' knowledge and skills in math and science will contribute substantially to the goal of improving student learning, and that students will perform better on assessments of math and science if their teachers have in-depth knowledge of the subjects they teach. In the United States, the professional preparation programs for many teachers at the elementary, middle school and high school levels include very little math and science. Only 43 percent of middle school students take science from teachers who have a major in science and are certified to teach science.18 No Child Left Behind requires that federal funds go only to those programs that are backed by evidence of their effectiveness. Over the last decade, researchers have scientifically proven the best ways to teach reading. We must do the same in math. We must work toward using research-based teaching methods. How well did students perform in 2003?19 The figures to the right show that 32 percent of fourth-graders and 29 percent of eight-graders performed at or above the Proficient level in 2003. The percentages of students performing at or above Basic in 2003 were 77 percent at grade 4 and 68 percent at grade 8. Note: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2003 Mathematics Assessment. No Child Left Behind Creates Math and Science Partnerships to Rally Every Sector of Society to Work With Schools to Increase Math and Science Excellence The Mathematics and Science Partnership (MSP) program is the signature program for improving math and science education in No Child Left Behind. This program provides funding to every state in the nation on a formula-grant basis to support high-quality professional development for math and science teachers. Each state is required to conduct a competitive grant program to support projects that are partnerships among science, engineering, and mathematics, and other high-tech departments at institutions of higher education, high-need school districts, and other interested organizations, with the purpose of enhancing the content knowledge of math and science teachers. Those interested in competing for funding under this program should contact their district for more information. \|For more information on the Math and Science Partnership program, visit: www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/progs/mathscience/index.html.\| The President Calls for Increasing the Ranks and Pay of Math and Science Teachers No Child Left Behind requires states to fill the nation's classrooms with teachers who are qualified to teach math and science by the end of the 2005-06 school year. In areas where there are critical shortages, President Bush supports paying math and science teachers more in order to help attract experienced and excellent teachers. Title II funds may be used to fund programs that attract teachers in areas of critical need. \| According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) on math:20 According to a recent international comparison on math and science:21	[ 12621, 13886, 32426, 20580, 16320, 290, 5800, 45511, 198, 4821, 284, 262, 38094, 4513, 338, 989, 38094, 379, 19602, 25, 317, 4889, 284, 7561, 11, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 1693, 1910, 318, 523, 32627, 290, 48299, 1912, 326, 10688, 290, 3783, 3725, 318, 4688, 329, 262, 1535, 286, 674, 3773, 13, 1558, 2893, 3783, 290, 3037, 5963, 379, 14357, 2866, 11, 41391, 10688, 290, 3783, 2854, 287, 4266, 1790, 36653, 674, 2444, 6, 2003, 290, 886, 6606, 674, 19519, 290, 674, 3277, 338, 2324, 13, 198, 23028, 1075, 16320, 290, 5800, 46486, 16824, 262, 8741, 198, 2949, 5932, 9578, 20787, 6971, 262, 4901, 326, 5922, 7799, 6, 3725, 290, 4678, 287, 10688, 290, 3783, 481, 8676, 13788, 284, 262, 3061, 286, 10068, 3710, 4673, 11, 290, 326, 2444, 481, 1620, 1365, 319, 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Bob Henson \| July 2, 2012 • With a ferocity to match the record heat it displaced, a thunderstorm complex raced from Illinois to the Delaware coast in a mere 12 hours on Friday evening, June 29. It knocked down countless trees and power lines, with wind gusts topping 80 miles per hour in many spots. It threw millions of people into turmoil, with air conditioners, computers, and phones out for days. And it brought to light a weather word du jour with an obscure but intriguing history. This storm complex was a derecho (pronounced deh-REY-cho). It’s a phenomenon too infrequent to be familiar, but too dangerous to be ignored. A derecho is akin to the gust fronts we commonly experience when a thunderstorm arrives, except it plays out in far more spectacular fashion. While the high winds of a tornado or hurricane spin around powerful, circular updrafts, a derecho’s wind consists of rain-cooled air that descends and plows into very warm, unstable air. Most such downbursts only span a few miles and last a few minutes, but sometimes the atmosphere is primed for this process to intensify in a repetitive fashion. In that case, the winds generate new thunderstorm updrafts as they push forward, and in turn, this creates more rain-fueled downdrafts. If there’s a brisk jet stream adding momentum to the successive downdrafts, then a derecho can race forward at interstate speeds along a track that’s almost bullet-straight, often traversing several states in a single day or night. Most parts of the United States east of the Rockies experience a derecho about every year or two. They’re typically strongest and most common in two areas: the Corn Belt of the Midwest (where the June 29 event began) and the Ozark Mountain region, centered on southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. Derechos favor the months of May, June, and July, when rain-cooled downdrafts can slam into extremely warm, moist air. That was certainly the case this time, as much of the Ohio Valley and mid-Atlantic were experiencing one of the hottest early-summer days in their weather history. The derecho lashed the Washington area just hours after Reagan National Airport hit 104°F, which was two degrees above the city’s previous June record. While they don’t hold a candle to the worst tornadoes, derechos can easily inflict damage comparable to an EF1 twister on the enhanced Fujita scale, and their havoc is wreaked over a much larger area. In many parts of the central or eastern U.S., a wind gust of 100 mph (161 kph) is more likely to come from a derecho than a tornado. Virginia governor Bob McDonnell said the June 29 damage was his state’s most extensive for any single weather event outside of a hurricane. The derecho’s name helps illuminate the meteorology behind it. In Spanish, derecho has several meanings, including “straight.” The word was plucked by Iowa scientist Gustavo Hinrichs in 1883 to describe a type of thunderstorm-related wind he dubbed “the straight blow of the prairies.” He may well have intended a direct contrast to tornadoes, whose Spanish root tornar means “to turn.” Hinrichs discussed derechos in an 1888 article for the now-defunct American Meteorological Journal, accurately describing several aspects of the phenomenon based on an Iowa example. But after shifts in U.S. meteorology put a damper on severe weather research, the term languished in the meteorological dustbin for nearly a century, until it was revived in a 1987 paper by Robert Johns and William Hirt. (Here’s an essay (PDF) by Johns on the origin and use of the term.) After that, the term quickly caught on among meteorologists, although it’s only now entering more general use—a trend that might accelerate with coverage of the June 29 event. By modern forecasting standards, the derecho in D.C. came as a relative surprise. Residents did get several hours of notice that wild weather was possible, thanks to a severe thunderstorm watch. And the arrival of the derecho itself was well warned. But less than 24 hours earlier, it wasn’t obvious that such a destructive event was in the cards for the Washington area. On Friday morning, the New York Times’ national forecast called for thunderstorms from South Dakota and Nebraska to Maine and Massachusetts, with most producing little rain; the mid-Atlantic outlook focused on the heat risk. At NOAA’s Storm Prediction Center (SPC), the initial severe weather outlook for June 29, issued around 2 a.m. EDT, did not include Maryland or Virginia in its primary risk area for the day, and the odds of high wind in those states were pegged at less than 5%. By morning, though, the signals were starting to come together in data from radiosondes (weather balloons) and forecasts from weather models, which increasingly pointed toward a storm complex moving from the Midwest toward the Appalachians. Derechos seldom cross the Appalachians intact, which keeps D.C.-area forecasters cautious about forecasting such a leap. Indeed, a storm complex that produced 80 to 90 mph winds in Chicago on Sunday, 1 July, fizzled en route. But on June 29, the extreme warmth and depth of the air mass, plus energy from the jet stream, kept the derecho powerful all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. By 2:30 p.m. EDT, the fast-moving storms had already produced a 91-mph (147-kph) wind gust in Indiana. SPC raised the risk of damaging winds in the D.C. area and noted that “the system may continue to the coast.” Over the last few weeks, NCAR’s advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (dubbed ARW) has been producing detailed forecasts twice daily, in part to support a study of thunderstorms and air chemistry in Colorado, Oklahoma, and Arizona called DC3. These forecasts track the atmosphere at horizontal points separated by only 3 kilometers (1.9 miles), which is a sharp enough resolution to capture many aspects of a given day’s thunderstorm action. The ARW outlook produced with data from 8:00 a.m. EDT captured the genesis of the derecho across Illinois and its rampage toward D.C. later that day. The model indicated a few pockets of surface wind of at least 35 meters per second (78 mph) along the derecho's path. (See map at left.) Given its toll of damage and disruption—possibly the largest from a derecho in U.S. history—it’s tempting to call this event a super derecho. In fact, a group of scientists did just that for another powerful storm not long ago. Clark Evans, a former NCAR postdoctoral researcher now at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, teamed with Morris Weisman (NCAR) and Lance Bosart (University at Albany, State University of New York) to study a stupendous event from May 8, 2009, that they dubbed a “super derecho.” The storm complex moved from Kansas to Kentucky, spinning off tornadoes and developing a vortex that resembled a hurricane’s warm central core. Weisman and Evans analyzed the derecho in companion talks at a 2010 meeting of the American Meteorological Society, and the team now has a paper in the works on the event and how it was depicted by the ARW model. Some aspects were predicted 24 hours in advance. How similar were the 2009 and 2012 derechos? While the 2009 event showed up in models a full day ahead, the details of the 2012 derecho didn’t begin crystallizing until a few hours before it formed. There were a number of other differences as well, including the time of day (nighttime vs. daytime), geographic location (central Plains vs. Ohio Valley and mid-Atlantic), tornadic activity (there was little to none with the 2012 event), and the presence of an intense vortex with the 2009 derecho. “Though they both were high-end events responsible for significant damage and are part of the same archetype of meteorological phenomena, the two cases had many aspects that were quite different,” says Evans.	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Hampshire is set to be at the forefront of energy research in the UK by taking part in an innovative project that uses fuel-producing algae to power a new type of energy plant. Hampshire County Council is taking part in the launch at the Kent Science Park in Sittingbourne on 19 October of 'Ecotec 21', an Anglo-French consortium set up to study Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology. The launch will announce collaboration on CHP development, bringing together UK and French universities, research institutions, government-funded organisations, energy and facility managers, designers and architects. Combined Heat and Power technology captures the by-product heat created by power plants and uses it for heating or hot water. Ecotec 21, co-funded by 'INTERREG IV A' under the European Cross-Border Cooperation Programme and 50% match funded by Hampshire County Council, is a new project that will investigate the potential for CHP to reduce heating costs in buildings. The project will look at three experimental biomass power plants, one of which will be built by The University of Greenwich. The Greenwich plant will investigate how glycerol can be used in a CHP engine and will eventually provide some of the heating for the university campus. Some algae produce glycerol as a protective by-product when they are kept in very salty water. The glycerol is then harvested for use in the CHP engine. Glycerol has many advantages over other biomass materials as it is water-soluble, bio-degradable, non-odorous, non-volatile, non-toxic and produces virtually no combustion particulates. Councillor Mel Kendal, Executive Member for Environment and Transport said: "Because they capture the waste heat that normally goes into the atmosphere, CHP plants can reach efficiencies of over 80% compared with about 50% efficiency for conventional gas turbines or even less for coal-fired plants. This is an exciting chance to help Hampshire reduce its carbon footprint. "With this 'INTERREG IV A' funding, we can create our own in-house CHP technical 'know-how' which will benefit Hampshire's residents and enable us to investigate other energy-efficient processes."	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The presidential election of 1800 effectively relegated the Federalist party, including Hamilton, to political and popular irrelevance. Jefferson, the "Sage of Monticello," had risen to the nation's highest office and, despite the near-hysterical warnings of Federalists against anarchy and "Jacobinism," went on to preside over an unprecedented era of peace and prosperity. The country had entered a new century and had never seemed on such sure footing. In this climate, Hamilton soon retired from the political sphere to pursue his private New York law practice. During the election, the Federalists, with Hamilton leading the charge, had contributed to their own downfall by embroiling themselves in ugly internecine disputes (which ultimately would result in Hamilton's duel with Burr). Hamilton made known his low opinion of President Adams, who, against Hamilton's strongest wishes, was pursuing a policy of peace with France. On a personal level, Hamilton considered the president an unstable, jealous, vacilliating man prone to unseemly outbursts of temper. Hamilton's plan for the election was to maneuver Federalist electors into choosing Charles Pinckney, a South Carolina Congressman, and leaving Adams to be content with the Vice-Presidential spot on the ticket. Entering into Hamilton's preference, no doubt, was the fact that Pinckney had demonstrated a greater susceptibility to Hamilton's personal influence than had Adams. In October, 1800, in response to a charge by Adams that he led a faction of "British partisans," Hamilton distributed to Federalist leaders his Letter from Alexander Hamilton concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams. Here, he presented a variety of dubious evidence purporting to show the President's "disgusting egotism," "ungovernable indiscretion," and so on. Rather than swaying opinion against Adams (the letter, after all, conceded the president's patriotism and talent), Hamilton's move redounded to his own discredit. Moderate Federalists rallied behind Adams, and even Noah Webster, a erstwhile admirer of Hamilton's, was inspired to write, "Your ambition, pride and overbearing temper have destined you to be the evil genius of the country!" In contrast to such divisive intraparty politics, the Republicans put forth Jefferson and Aaron Burr with relativley little fuss. As the election approached and the Federalists saw the writing on the wall, some of them began to support Burr over Jefferson, whom they still regarded as embodying the worst kind of dreamy, agrarian populism. But Hamilton, partly out of personal dislike for Burr and partly out of a desire to keep his party from forming an alliance with any Republican, swallowed his pride and endorsed Jefferson. If Jefferson won, he reasoned, the Federalists would be able to survive as a party by concentrating their fire on their traditional bete noire, rather than being absorbed into a more sympathetic Burr administration. As it turned out, his reasoning was off the mark. When Jefferson, in his inaugural address, declared that "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists," he signalled not only a conciliatory attitude, but the undermining of the Federalists that Hamilton feared. The Jefferson administration effectively appropriated key aspects of the Federalist platform, and left the Federalists little room in which to form a relevant opposition ideology. Once in office, Jefferson proved to be a pragmatist who could appreciate the benefits of an energetic central government. He also seemed to have matured in his view of the executive office, saying in 1810 that the people were "looking to the executive to give the proper direction to their affairs, with a confidence as auspicious as it is well founded." Even more significantly, since Jefferson recognized the infeasibility of reversing the Hamiltonian financial system, his administration simply began to use it effectively. The Bank of the United States survived and even thrived, the adminisration aided individual banks with government funds, and business went on much as it had before. Politically, Jefferson made the smart decision to repeal the excise tax, depriving the government of some funds, but winning public favor in the process. Hamilton found himself in the unenviable position of supporting the widely unpopular tax. As the country surged into the new century and as public support for Jefferson steadily mounted, the Federalists were reduced to harping upon increasingly unpersuasive themes: the rise of demagoguery in the form of a Jacobite regime, the dismantling of republican government, the growing threat to virtue and property. The opposition task was a dreary and not very effective one, and many Federalists retired from politics altogether. Hamilton himself, becoming further separated from the mainstream of public opinion and further isolated in his stale critique of Jeffersonianism, returned to his law practice in the fall of 1801. In an 1802 letter to his friend and political ally James Bayard, a representative from Delaware, Hamilton spelled out some of the reasons he thought underlay the Federalists' decline. The letter suggests that the Republicans' appeals to reason and enlightened sensibility were self-serving appeals to vanity that would also trump the Federalists' sober emphasis on principle. Hamilton wrote: "Unluckily ... for us, in the competition of the passions of the people, our opponents have great advantages over us; for the plain reason that the vicious are far more active than the good passions; and that, to win the former to our side, we must renounce our principles and our objects, and united in corrupting public opinion till it becomes fit for nothing but mischief. Yet, unless we can contrive to take hold of, and carry along with us some strong feelings of the mind, we shall in vain calculate upon any substantial or durable results." Hamilton's diagnosis, while biased, was largely correct, but the Federalists were unable to enact a cure. The image of Jefferson remained unassailable during the decades leading up the Civil War. In the election of 1828, for instance, both the National Republicans, under Henry Clay, and the Jacksonian Democrats invoked Jefferson's memory as the banner under which their respective parties marched. Jackson, in his gruff populism, was a natural heir to the Jeffersonian legacy. The name of Hamilton was on few people's lips as Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the United States and the Maysville Road Bill, both of which represented the increasingly discredited Hamiltonian centralism. A number of historians, however, recognized the implications of the country's adoration for Jefferson: while northern abolitionists seized upon the Declaration of Independence for their denunciations of slavery, southerners insisted upon Jefferson's doctrine of states' rights to resist any interference in their "peculiar institution." Thirty-two years after Jackson's election, the country would be plunged into a violent resolution of this conflict. Hamilton's public image underwent a dramatic revitalization during the decades following the Civil War. Increasingly, historians and political figures came to regard the Civil War as a validation of Hamilton's major philosophical tenets and a repudiation of Jefferson's. It was the Virginian's doctrine of states' rights, the argument went, that provided the South both the encouragement and the rationale to secede, while his lofty language asserting the equality of mankind denied the South moral authority in the eyes of the North -- a double bind that has been called the "Jeffersonian dilemma." On the other side of the equation, then, stood Hamilton and his visionary assertion of the necessity of a powerful federal government. Where would the union be, post-war historians and nationalists wondered, were it not for the stability and strength of state that Hamilton insisted upon for his entire career? Moreover, Hamiton's opposition to slavery proved itself the ethic associated with the victorious Union forces, while Jefferson's Southern roots and acquiescence to the forces promoting slavery provided, as it were, comfort to the enemy. Meanwhile, the whole era reverberated with the sounds of industrialization and modernization. Reconstruction had provided significant economic opportunities for both North and South, while westward expansion and new methods of manufacturing and transportation lay the foundation for booming capitalist enterprises. In this climate, the Hamiltonian virtues of laissez-faire and free trade enjoyed an unprecedented ascendancy, while the simple agrarianism of Jefferson seemed badly outdated. As Hamilton had predicted, the United States was establishing itselt as a preeminent industrial force in the world. Teddy Roosevelt himself admired Hamilton's reputation for dynamism and, in a 1910 letter to Gouverneur Morris, praised Hamilton's "touch of the heroic, the touch of the purple, the touch of the gallant, the dashing, the picturesque." These years also saw the opening of Chicago's Hamilton Club and the raising of Hamilton statues in Paterson, New Jersesy, a town which Hamilton had founded. Significantly, the restoration of Hamilton's image took place primarily on the plane of academic history. It is important to note that many of the new scholarly histories published during this time were written by New England historians steeped in Federalist tradition, who tended to see Hamilton as vindicated by the course of American history. The major works included George Bancroft's History of the United States (1834-1874), John Bach McMaster's The History of the United States (1883-1913), and Henry Adams's History of the United States ... 1801-1817. Hamilton's son, John C. Hamilton, also got into the act with a tome entitled History of the Republic of the United States, which argued that the Civil War could have been avoided altogether, if only the country had more closely followed the elder Hamilton's policies. The language of these books, to a modern reader, can seem shockingly biased. McMaster, for instance, portrayed Jefferson as a man "saturated with democracy in its rankest form" who "remained to the last day of his life a servile worshipper of the people." On the other hand, wrote McMaster, "Of all men who, in the judgement of posterity, are ranked high among the founders of the republic ... by far the most brilliant and versatile was Hamilton." Beside the histories, a number of biographies and other writings sympathetic to Hamilton also appeared during the post-bellum years and Gilded Age. Gertrude Atherton, in her romantic novel The Conqueror (1902), wrote that Hamilton with his "inherent philosophy," pursued "measures in whose wisdom he implicitly believed, and which, in every instance, time has vindicated." Similarly, Herbert Croly, the future founder of the New Republic, put a distinctly positive spin on Hamiltonianism when he wrote in The Promise of American Life (1909) that it "implied a conscious and indefatigable attempt on the part of the national leaders to promote the national welfare." The momentum of the Civil War in the resurrection of Hamilton's image lasted, with natural variations of intensity, all the way through the 1920s. In 1923, President Harding and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon dedicated a statue of Hamilton placed in fron of the Treasury Building, where it stands to this day. The next year saw a successful movement to save Hamilton's Manhattan residence, The Grange, which had been steadily deteriorating. Later in the decade, President Coolidge invoked Hamilton to praise Mellon, who had managed America's financical system with "a genius and success unmatched since Hamilton." In retrospect, the praise smacks of irony. The year 1929 would see both the crash of the American economy and the corresponding decline in Hamilton's image -- a decline that has never been significantly reversed. At first glance, one might expect that the Great Depression would have elevated Hamilton's standing in the public consciousness. After all, the New Deal involved the greatest expansion of federal power that the country had seen, and the vast majority of Americans supported its programs. James M. Beck, in a speech to Congress in 1934, declared that the Roosevelt administration "is realizing beyond any dream of Alexander Hamilton his ideas as to the nature of our government and what its desired form should be." Yet Hamilton's star faded precipitously during the 1930s, and here we return to the proposition that administrative successes matter much less than emotional populism in the realm of public opinion. The economic foresight and efficiency of Hamilton's policies, their direct relevance to the New Deal, did not change the popular conception of him as an aristocrat unsympathetic to the plight of the "little guy." Franklin Roosevelt, campaigning in 1932, sounded the theme that stirred many Americans' souls during the 1930s, a theme distinctly non-Hamiltonian in character. Invoking the early struggle between Jefferson and Hamilton, Roosevelt referred to a "a new day" in the nation, "the day of the individual against the system, the day in which individualism was made the great watchword of American life." This formula clearly favored Jefferson's rhetorical emphasis on personal liberty and individual virtue over Hamilton's efforts to construct a potent system of governmental control. Although political groups ranging from the communists to the Republicans continued to employ Jefferson's image, Roosevelt and the Democrats did so most successfully. They presented Roosevelt as a champion of the common man in the true Jeffersonian tradition. Hamilton, on the other hand, was the man who had warned against the potentially dangerous nature of human ambition, and argued that government must be vigilant against the excesses of human nature. In 1943, a play by Sydney Kingsley pitted caricatures of Jefferson and Hamilton against each other. The fictional Hamilton boasts, "And when you stir up the mobs, remember -- we who really own America are quite prepared to take it back for ourselves, from your great beast, 'The People'." The portrait of Hamilton that Kingsley drew is not entirely deserved, but not entirely off-the-mark, either, and it captured a persistent image of him as a calculating patrician out to protect the interests of wealthy Americans. Several developments give a sense of how far Hamilton had fallen. The Hamilton Club of Chicago went bankrupt. The anniversary of Hamilton's birth went unobserved, even at the site of his tomb in Manhattan's Trinity Church. Hamilton Grange in Manhattan sunk into decrepitude and obscurity. Nonetheless, a collection of scholars and conservative Republicans still carried the Hamiltonian torch and argued that his vision was what had provided the ship of state sufficient ballast to carry it through the turmoil of not only the Civil War but of the early twentieth century as well. Broadus Mitchell, a professor of economics at Johns Hopkins, and two Columbia economists, Joseph Dorfman and Rexford Tugwell, all sought to disentangle Hamilton's reputation from a speciously dichotomous relationship with Jefferon's. They sought to do justice to both men's lives. Mitchell, for example, wrote in Heritage from Hamilton that "the Federalists, pitching their case on the need for order and control, were correct at the outset. They were pragmatic and serviceable in the first formative period." A dispirited Hamiltonian revival occurred in 1957, the bicentennial of his birth, but it consisted mainly of another round of academic biographies. There was no memorial erected. A national bicentennial commission tried to whip up interest in Hamilton by sending out letters to various publications, libraries, radio stations and such, but garnered little more than statements of support from a variety of organizations including the American Bar Association, the American Dental Association and the Loyal Order of the Moose. A signal of the dispassion that Hamilton aroused came in a 1956 commemorative speech, in which President Eisenhower gave flaccid acknowledgement to Hamilton's "sincere efforts and inspiring leadership in the work of the men who laid the foundations, raised the structure, and built the sustaining traditions of the Government of the United States." The last two decades of the 20th century appear unlikely to herald any sort of renewal of interest in or respect for Hamilton. A resonant, even dominant theme, of modern political debate was sounded by Ronald Reagan when he vowed to "get the government off the backs of the people." The expansion during the 1960s of liberal programs in the spirit of the 1930s appears to be screeching to a half. Everyone, including the leadership of the Democratic party, agrees on the necessity of "downsizing" government in the 1990s. If this situation indicates on one hand that the United States realized or even surpassed Hamilton's vision of a strong federal government, it suggests on the other that many Americans now want to move in the opposite direction. The concept of states' rights is heard more and more often. The image of a "bloated federal bureaucracy" represents a bugbear which everyone recognizes. Few people invoke Hamilton's name in praise, if at all. While visual images of Jefferson and Washington have become nearly ubiquitous, most people would be hard pressed to identify without help the portrait of Hamilton that hangs in the Capitol Building.	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India’s Central Statistics Office has published their Energy Statistics 2012 document, a provisional assessment of the state of play for the country. It’s interesting, to say the least. They lead off with an energy map of nuclear power generation–and India has 52 plants with 6,780 MW capacity either up and running or under construction. Nuclear power capacity grew 4.8% in 2011. When the report covers renewable energy–wind and solar–it concentrates on potential, referring to an estimated wind power potential of 49132 MW (55%), SHP (small-hydro power) potential of 15,385 MW (17%), Biomass power potential of 17,538 MW(20%) and 5000 MW (6%) from bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills. That’s because actual renewable production is fairly low. India is 10th in the world for solar, but it amounts to about 600 MW installed last year. When it comes to current capacity, “The total installed capacity of grid interactive renewable power, which was 16817 MW as on 31.03.2010 had gone up to 19971 MW as on 31.03.2011 indicating growth of 18.75% during the period. Out of the total installed generation capacity of renewable power as on 31-03-2011, wind power accounted for about 71%, followed by small hydro power (15.2%) and Biomass power (13.3%). For electricity generation, the report says, “The total installed capacity for electricity generation in the country has increased from 16,271 MW as on 31.03.1971 to 206,526 MW as on 31.03.2011, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4% . There has been an increase in generating capacity of 18654 MW over the last one year, which is 10% more than the capacity of last year.” (My bold.) The sad tale of the tape is next–India dreams of nuclear and renewables, but their feet are firmly planted in coal. “At the end of March 2011, thermal power plants accounted for an overwhelming 64% of the total installed capacity in the country, with an installed capacity of 131.2 thousand MW. Hydro power plants come next with an installed capacity of 37.6 thousand MW, accounting for 18.2% of the total installed Capacity. Besides, non-utilities accounted for 15.9% (32.9 Thousand MW) of the total installed generation capacity. The share of Nuclear energy was only 2.31% (4.78 MW).” What the Report Didn’t Cover India is the 5th largest energy consumer in the world and its people wish mightily that it ranked higher. Their energy consumption in 2009 was 21.7 quads, not nearly enough for their huge (and growing) population. Their per capita energy consumption is on a par with Swaziland. India imports about 75% of its oil. In fact, one-third of all India’s imports consist of oil. That is expected to rise to 80%, as energy consumption rises. India’s need to import gas is not as bad, but it is also rising–from 25% of their needs to half by 2015, according to the Financial Times. Oh–by the way. That link to India importing 75% of its oil? The title of the article is “India’s Energy Consumption Set to Double by 2031.” So I’m not the only one… And coal? Readers will remember that I am concerned about coal powering the rise of the developing world. Well, India has a lot of coal to burn–”Coal production in the country during the year 2010-11 was 533 million tonnes (MTs) as compared to 532 MTs during 2009-10, registering a growth of 0.12%. Considering the trend of production from 1970-71 to 2010-11, it is observed that coal production in India was about 73 MTs during 1970-71, which increased to 533 MTs during 2010-11, with a CAGR of 5%.” And India has more where that came from–”India has a good reserve of coal and lignite. As on 31.03.11 the estimated reserves of coal was around 286 billion tones, an addition of 9 billion over the last year,” according to India’s Energy Statistics 2012. Their reserves actually grew 3%, primarily because India’s bureaucracy and corruption make it very hard to get coal out of the ground. But that’s okay, I guess. 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Lesson 2: The Pieces Shogi is played with 8 types of pieces. Each player gets 20 pieces, for a total of 40 pieces in the game. Like Xiangqi (Chinese chess), shogi pieces are flat with their names written on them in Chinese characters. Each player gets the following pieces: 2 Silver Generals 2 Gold Generals ?? (fuhyou) – Foot Soldier The Pawn moves one square forwards, and captures the same way. It cannot move any other way under any circumstances, and there is no capturing en passant ?? (kyousha) – Incense Chariot The lance moves any amount of squares forward, and must stop when it reaches the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or when it captures a piece. ?? (keima) – Cassia Horse The knight can move to the square 2 squares forward and one square to the side, like the chess knight, but it can only move forwards. It can also leap over other pieces. ?? (ginshou) – Silver General The Silver General can move one square diagonally in any direction and one square forwards. ?? (kinshou) – Gold General A gold general can move to any adjacent square except diagonally backwards. ?? (kakugyou) – Angle Mover The bishop can move any amount of squares diagonally until it meets the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or captures a piece. ?? (hisha) – Flying Chariot The rook can move any amount of squares forwards, backwards, and sideways until it meets the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or captures a piece. ?? (oushou) – King General ?? (gyokushou) – Jewel General The king can move to any adjacent square. The difference between the King General and the Jewel General is that the superior uses the King General and the inferior player uses the Jewel General. Examples of this are when a title holder plays against the challenger in a professional title match, a higher ranked player plays a lower ranked player in a tournament, a father plays his son, etc.	[ 22058, 261, 362, 25, 383, 44676, 198, 2484, 44381, 318, 2826, 351, 807, 3858, 286, 5207, 13, 5501, 2137, 3011, 1160, 5207, 11, 329, 257, 2472, 286, 2319, 5207, 287, 262, 983, 13, 4525, 45641, 40603, 357, 23604, 19780, 828, 427, 44381, 5207, 389, 6228, 351, 511, 3891, 3194, 319, 606, 287, 3999, 3435, 13, 198, 10871, 2137, 3011, 262, 1708, 5207, 25, 198, 17, 7698, 2980, 874, 198, 17, 3561, 2980, 874, 198, 3548, 357, 69, 7456, 5832, 8, 784, 7870, 20104, 198, 464, 350, 3832, 6100, 530, 6616, 22052, 11, 290, 23007, 262, 976, 835, 13, 632, 2314, 1445, 597, 584, 835, 739, 597, 5917, 11, 290, 612, 318, 645, 21430, 551, 1208, 415, 198, 3548, 357, 2584, 516, 3099, 8, 784, 3457, 1072, 609, 2743, 313, 198, 464, 300, 590, 6100, 597, 2033, 286, 24438, 2651, 11, 290, 1276, 2245, 618, 340, 12229, 262, 886, 286, 262, 3096, 11, 257, 3704, 286, 262, 976, 2137, 11, 393, 618, 340, 23007, 257, 3704, 13, 198, 3548, 357, 365, 8083, 8, 784, 14154, 544, 18455, 198, 464, 22062, 460, 1445, 284, 262, 6616, 362, 24438, 2651, 290, 530, 6616, 284, 262, 1735, 11, 588, 262, 19780, 22062, 11, 475, 340, 460, 691, 1445, 22052, 13, 632, 460, 635, 16470, 625, 584, 5207, 13, 198, 3548, 357, 29878, 15710, 8, 784, 7698, 3611, 198, 464, 7698, 3611, 460, 1445, 530, 6616, 2566, 1840, 453, 287, 597, 4571, 290, 530, 6616, 22052, 13, 198, 3548, 357, 5331, 15710, 8, 784, 3561, 3611, 198, 32, 3869, 2276, 460, 1445, 284, 597, 15909, 6616, 2845, 2566, 1840, 453, 16196, 13, 198, 3548, 357, 74, 461, 1018, 5832, 8, 784, 42375, 337, 2502, 198, 464, 24233, 460, 1445, 597, 2033, 286, 24438, 2566, 1840, 453, 1566, 340, 11185, 262, 886, 286, 262, 3096, 11, 257, 3704, 286, 262, 976, 2137, 11, 393, 23007, 257, 3704, 13, 198, 3548, 357, 71, 19388, 8, 784, 19903, 609, 2743, 313, 198, 464, 10929, 460, 1445, 597, 2033, 286, 24438, 22052, 11, 16196, 11, 290, 35303, 1566, 340, 11185, 262, 886, 286, 262, 3096, 11, 257, 3704, 286, 262, 976, 2137, 11, 393, 23007, 257, 3704, 13, 198, 3548, 357, 516, 15710, 8, 784, 2677, 3611, 19153, 357, 1360, 482, 1530, 280, 8, 784, 29151, 3611, 198, 464, 5822, 460, 1445, 284, 597, 15909, 6616, 13, 383, 3580, 1022, 262, 2677, 3611, 290, 262, 29151, 3611, 318, 326, 262, 9098, 3544, 262, 2677, 3611, 290, 262, 18536, 2137, 3544, 262, 29151, 3611, 13, 21066, 286, 428, 389, 618, 257, 3670, 15762, 5341, 1028, 262, 32127, 287, 257, 4708, 3670, 2872, 11, 257, 2440, 10307, 2137, 5341, 257, 2793, 10307, 2137, 287, 257, 7756, 11, 257, 2988, 5341, 465, 3367, 11, 3503, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	455
Tuesday, January 13, 2009 Professor Simon Baron-Cohen and his associates at Cambridge have found that babies exposed to high levels of testosterone in the womb have autistic traits such as poor social skills, a lack of imagination, a lack of empathy, less eye contact, and slower language development. This finding supports Baron-Cohen's hypothesis of "extreme male brains" in children with autism. (I note excessive body hair in any of the children with autism that I see in my clinic so I am not surprised.) This finding could lead to a prenatal test for autism and ABA could be started at an early age perhaps preventing autism.	[ 26133, 11, 3269, 1511, 11, 3717, 198, 25031, 11288, 21770, 12, 7222, 831, 290, 465, 20093, 379, 14457, 423, 1043, 326, 11903, 7362, 284, 1029, 2974, 286, 18776, 287, 262, 31514, 423, 33686, 12796, 884, 355, 3595, 1919, 4678, 11, 257, 3092, 286, 13843, 11, 257, 3092, 286, 21452, 11, 1342, 4151, 2800, 11, 290, 13611, 3303, 2478, 13, 770, 4917, 6971, 21770, 12, 7222, 831, 338, 14078, 286, 366, 29896, 4257, 14290, 1, 287, 1751, 351, 15998, 13, 357, 40, 3465, 13181, 1767, 4190, 287, 597, 286, 262, 1751, 351, 15998, 326, 314, 766, 287, 616, 15760, 523, 314, 716, 407, 6655, 2014, 770, 4917, 714, 1085, 284, 257, 43228, 1332, 329, 15998, 290, 317, 4339, 714, 307, 2067, 379, 281, 1903, 2479, 3737, 12174, 15998, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	129
A History of Innovation, a Path to the Future March 1994 Visual C++ Strategy The Microsoft Visual C++ development system family of products meets the need of developers to develop sophisticated Windows-based applications quickly. It also protects existing investments in the Microsoft Foundation Class Library (MFC) and the Windows API and establishes a clear path to developing 32-bit applications for Windows that run on multiple software and hardware platforms. With the Visual C++ development system family of products, Microsoft’s strategy is to provide the shortest path for developers to access the full power of Windows, the smallest and fastest executables, and the safest investment for the future. These fundamental principles have guided the development of Visual C++ and will continue to do so in the future. In order to deliver on these promises, we have chosen to focus our development efforts as follows: C++ is the language we will focus on for the long term. We will implement new features in the language as standards emerge. However, in order to reduce the complexity that C++ brings with its power, we will implement a subset of the language in our class library and minimise the work involved in creating Windows-based applications in C++. We believe that the greatest gains in productivity can be achieved through the use of a well-written class library. A key element of Visual C++ is the MFC architecture, which not only provides the fundamentals for developing Windows-based applications but also provides significant amounts of reusable code that developers can use in their applications. In addition, we have designed the Visual C++ development environment so that developers can easily exploit the full power of MFC. Improvements in the development environment and build throughput provide the next level of productivity gains. Visual programming tools, integration and task orientation are the key areas of focus for achieving this objective with Visual C++. Microsoft continues to lead the industry in C and C++ optimisations to help create the smallest and fastest executables possible. We have tuned MFC so that developers incur very little overhead in developing applications using C++ and MFC compared to using C and the Windows SDK. Tools are provided for all the platforms supported by the Windows family. MFC and the tool set support all the latest features of the Windows operating system so that developers can take advantage of these features in their applications. It is essential to preserve customers’ knowledge base and their investments in code into the future. For that reason, the MFC architecture is built around the Windows API to utilise existing knowledge. Existing applications based on C and the Windows API can be migrated to C++ and MFC. Once developers invest in MFC, their investment is completely protected from version to version and platform to platform. Visual C++1.0:The move to C++ Research into developer needs defined the major design goals of Microsoft Visual C++ 1.0. Research showed that While 70% of developers wanted to move to C++, only 15% were actually using it because of the difficulty in learning and using the language. Furthermore, developers didn’t want to learn an entirely new API or throw away their existing source code. Thus Visual C++ was created to provide the shortest path to C++ programs for Windows. To ease migration to C++, Microsoft introduced the innovative wizard technology along with a new, more powerful version of MFC. MFC version 2.0 included and application architecture and features that further simplified application development, while providing full backward compatibility with version 1.0. Wizards were added to make it easier to exploit the full power of MFC. Wizards make it possible to generate fully featured applications for Windows without writing thousands of lines of tedious implementation code. An integrated editor, compiler, debugger and source browser make the edit-build-debug cycle as short as possible. An integrated visual resource editor makes it possible to develop user interfaces rapidly. In addition, Visual C++ 1.0 continued to focus on providing the smallest and fastest executables of any commercially available compiler. Because it combined industry-leading performance with breakthroughs in ease of use, Visual C++ 1.0 became the shortest path to developing C++ applications for Windows. Microsoft Foundation Classes MFC 1.0 was first introduced in 1992 with Microsoft + 7.0. MFC 2.0 in Visual C++ 1.0 followed in February 1993. MFC 2.0 built on the Windows-specific foundation established in 1992 by adding sophisticated architectural elements such as document/view architecture, high-level application-specific features such as MDI support, tool bars, status bars, true device-independent output including print preview, and Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) support. In short, designing MFC to handle the standard interface chores and platform issues eliminated much of the tedious details facing C++ application developers. Most importantly, MFC 1.0 was upward-compatible with MFC 2.0. MFC 1.0 programs merely had to be recompiled to gain all of the new benefits of MFC 2.0. Investments in code were preserved without sacrificing innovation. To ensure compatibility, we implemented MFC 1.0 and MFC 2.0 using a practical subset of C++ that exploited the language’s strengths without relying on unusual or compiler-specific features. As a result, the framework is portable between different vendors’ tools and compilers. MFC was written to solve real application problems of professional developers. It is tuned for both speed and size, to produce professional, industrial-strength C++ code for Windows with copious diagnostic support. MFC has been licensed to other leading C++ tools vendors including Blue Sky, Metaware, Symantic and WATCOM, affirming it as the premier C++ application framework for Windows. Now, with version 2.5, MFC demonstrates its leadership by adding support for OLE version 2.0 and Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) while maintaining source-code compatibility with MFC 2.0. The MFC library has been available for the Win32 API since August 1993 and later versions will soon support other platforms, further demonstrating its portability. A year after Visual C++ 1.0 was released, 81% of developers are using C++, with 30% already having completed several C++ projects. Visual C++ and MFC have helped make the move to C++ a reality. Microsoft Visual C++ 1.0, 32-bit Edition: The Move to 32-Bits Because developers needed tools to create 32-bit applications for Windows, in August 1993 Microsoft introduced Visual C++, 32-bit edition. This was the first integrated 32-bit development environment for professional C++ programmers for Windows that was hosted on the Windows NT operating system and that targeted both Windows (via the Win32s API) and Windows NT (via Win32). To ease developers’ learning curves, this product has the same tool set and class library as Visual C++ 1.0, but on 32 bits. It is the safest investment in C++ development tools because it provides an easy migration path from previous 16-bit Microsoft C++ products. MFC applications need only be recompiled to become fully functional 32-bit Windows-based applications. Because developers can write applications from a single source-code base that will run on Windows 3.1 and Windows NT, the 32-bit edition increases their productivity and allows them to take advantage of the performance benefits of 32-bit programming on both platforms. Windows NT is the host for the 32-bit compiler because it is the most robust development platform choice. In addition, the true 32-bit platform enables the development of powerful 32-bit applications. We exploited its pre-emptive multitasking and multithreading capabilities to enable seamless background compilation and simultaneous multiple project builds. To aid debugging we added in the 32-bit Edition a memory Window on the current contents, support for structured exception-handling to help in locating errors, and support for threads, allowing developers to analyse and view window messages, relationships between windows, processes and threads as well as their details. Books Online technology revolutionised the presentation and usefulness of product documentation. New optimisations for the I486 and Pentium processors helped ensure the smallest and fastest 32-bit executables. Visual C++, 32-bit Edition is proven technology: Microsoft used it to build Windows NT itself. Visual C++ 1.5: The Move to OLE 2.0 In April 1993, Microsoft released OLE 2.0 – a breakthrough for component-based software development. OLE 2.0 provides a standard means of defining what an object is and how objects can interact. With OLE 2.0, developers from different companies can write objects that interact with one another without relying on the specifics of how those objects work. With OLE 2.0 developers can use entire applications as components, which makes application integration and combining information from multiple applications easier. Hundreds of companies have announced support for OLE 2.0, and corporations and independent software vendors (ISVS) are already using it to develop sophisticated applications for their end users. Visual C++ 1.5 Makes OLE 2.0 Easy Microsoft research shows that although more than 75% of developers would like to develop applications for OLE 2.0, less than 10% of them had started development before Visual C++ 1.5 was available. This was because native OLE 2.0 development can be difficult. However, Visual C++ 1.5 and MFC 2.5 make OLE 2.0 development easy. Using Appwizard, developers can create an OLE 2.0 client, server or container (even with OLE Automation) in seconds. Because AppWizard creates default code to deal with all OLE messages and requests, developers need only write code for the functionality that they want to support, thus significantly reducing the amount of time it takes to get started with OLE 2.0 applications. AppWizard, C1assWizard and MFC 2.5 support full OLE 2.0 functionality, including toolbar and menu negotiation, visual editing, drag and drop, in-place activation, all structure and storage mechanisms, incremental read/write, component object model, and synchronous function completion. More than 19,000 lines of C++ code are provided in the MFC 2.5 Library to support OLE 2.0 development - code that developers don’t have to write. Enabling Database Development Incorporating support for database access in Windows-based applications can be difficult, Yet it is increasingly important. MFC makes it easy. ODBC classes and wizards allow full ODBC support for accessing local or remote databases to be built into Windows-based applications with just a mouse click. ODBC drivers are available today for a diverse set of database formats and implementations. Plans of Leading Edge Developers for Windows In order to better understand developers’ needs for the future, we surveyed more than 5,000 developers who attended the Win32 Professional Developer’s Conference in December 1993. We asked developers specifically what their plans were for 1994. The key results are shown in figure 1: \|More than 80% are using MFC\| \|More than 50% are targeting Win32-based applications\| \|More than 50% are using Win32 as a host platform\| \|More than 20% are targeting Win32-based RISC and Macintosh platforms\| \|More than 60% are targeting OLE 2.0 More than 90% are using high-performance hardware (Intel 486 20MB RAM, CD-ROM)\| Figure 1 - developer plans for 1994 New Issues for Developers in 1994 The survey indicated a very strong interest in the development community in targeting Win32 and OLE 2.0-based applications using MFC. Developers also want the flexibility to target other software and hardware platforms as they become more popular. They would like to do this through a single source-code base that is developed using a single tools set and class library. Finally, developers have the necessary hardware to host a Win32-based platform such as Windows NT and exploit the advanced capabilities that Windows NT provides. Key Challenges for Visual C++ Tools From the perspective of development tools, these goals presented us with four challenges: Provide tools that developers can use to create leading-edge applications for Windows that exploit the latest systems features, such as OLE 2.0, while enabling them to use their code investment in the future. Provide a clear and easy migration path to the 32-bit future of Windows through guaranteed upward compatibility. Provide a consistent tool set and class library that enable developers to easily target multiple platforms through a single code base. Provide tools that allow developers to exploit advances in host operating system platforms to increase productivity. For example, support background builds on a multitasking operating system such as Windows NT. Microsoft’s Answer: Visual C++ Everywhere The Visual C++ 2.0 family of products provides a consistent tool set and class library (MFC) that enables the development of Win32-based applications that target a wide range of platforms including Windows, Windows NT (Inte1- and RISC-based), Microsoft Windows “Chicago” (the next major release of Microsoft Windows), and the Macintosh. The Visual C++ 2.0 family utilises Microsoft’s systems strategy to provide the Win32 API along with key systems features such as OLE 2.0 and ODBC on all these platforms. Developers need only learn one tool set and API (MFC and Win32) to develop and support Win32-based applications that are portable and compatible across a range of leading platforms. Developers will be able to continue maintaining their 16-bit applications for Windows using Visual C++ 1.5. In addition, we will work with developers licensed to provide the Windows API on Unix platforms to make sure that developers can easily port their MFC applications using these platforms as well. The Visual C++ 2.0 Family The Visual C++ 2.0 family consists of the following products: Visual C++ 2.0 Intel Edition. This product hosts on a Win32- and Intel-based platforms (Windows NT or Windows “Chicago”) and enables developers to target Win32- and Intel-based applications that run on Windows (through Win32s), Windows NT, and Windows “Chicago”. Visual C++ 2.0 RISC Editions. These products host on a Win32- and RISC-based platform and target the same platform. The tool set is identical to the Intel-based tool set described above. The first version will be available for the MIPS platform followed by the Digital Alpha AXP and other RISC platforms supported by Windows NT. Visual C++ 2.0, Cross-development edition for Macintosh. This product is an add-on to the Visual C++ 2.0, Intel Edition and enables developers to target the Macintosh through a core Win32 code base. When this product is installed on top of the Visual C++ 2.0, Intel Edition, developers will gain new options to target the Maointosh. All development, compilation and linking are performed on the Windows NT-based machine. Debugging is performed across a network or serial connection to a Macintosh using the integrated debugger in the Visual C++ development environment. The table in figure 2 illustrates the Visual C++ 2.0 product family: Visual C++ 2.0: Continue the Innovation In addition to the multiplatform support, Visual C++ will continue to provide the shortest path to developing applications that exploit the full power of the Windows family. Visual C++ 2.0 continues the leadership established by Visual C++ 1.5 by making it easy to develop 32-bit OLE 2.0 and ODBC applications through innovative wizards technology and a 32-bit compatible version of MFC. In addition, all versions of Visual C++ 2.0 exploit the power of Windows NT as the host development environment. Visual C++ 2.0 provides a completely redesigned and integrated environment (IDE) that makes application development even easier than with previous versions of Visual C++. Everything is truly integrated, so there is no longer a separate App Studio application for resource editing, for example. The IDE includes all the latest innovations found in the latest Microsoft applications such as customisable toolbars and dockable windows. Powerful project-management capabilities make it possible to manage complex development projects. Developers will also gain a dramatic boost in productivity through a new incremental linker that is aimed at producing 10-second links so developers can get from edit to EXE very quickly. The Browser can now be updated on demand rather than on every build, and it supports navigation of both definitions and references. Finally, C++ templates and exception handling have been added to the C++ compiler, enabling developers to benefit from the latest C++ language features. We have continued our leadership in C-based optimisations to turn our focus on new C++ optimisation. Our goal with the new optimisation technology, called Opt++, is to eliminate most, if not all, of the additional overhead that comes with using C++ rather than C. This technology along with highly tuned versions of MFC will enable developers to deliver applications built using C+ and MFC that have very little performance overhead compared to that of comparable programs built using C and the SDK. Maximum Compatibility and Portability Visual C++ 2.0 once again demonstrates our commitment to preserving developers’ investments in MFC. Visual C++ does this in a number of ways: Version to version. MFC 3.0 is completely upward compatible with previous versions of MFC. new features provided with MFC 3.0 can easily be incorporated with little additional work. 16- to 32-bit conversion. 16-bit Windows-based applications written using MFC 2.5 included in Visual C++ 1.5 need only be recompiled with MFC 3.0 to convert them to 32-bit applications. Intel to RISC. Applications written to MFC 3.0 are 100% source-code compatible across all Win32 platforms. They only need to be recompiled with the processor-specific Visual C++ compilers to produce executable files for different target platforms. Win32 to Macintosh applications. As above, most MFG 3.0 applications can simply be recompiled with the Visual C++ 68K cross-compiler to produce executable files for the Macintosh. Applications written directly to the Win32 API can achieve 80% or greater compatibility, depending on the APIs used by the application. Visual C++ Portability: RISCbased Multiplatform Editions RISC editions of Visual C++ are identical to the Intel-based Visual C++ product. They also exploit the fact that Windows NT is the same on all hardware platforms. This means that developers who use Visual C++ can use the same tools, regardless of which platform they are targeting. Also, features of the Visual C+ language - for example, C++ templates or exception handling - are implemented in the same manner on all platforms. The same APIs, Win32 and MFC, are implemented identically across all supported platforms. A developer’s knowledge and code base can be used across all RISC platforms. To provide true targeting for Windows NT, 21 development system must support all Windows NT-compatible hardware platforms. Microsoft is working closely with all licensees of Windows NT and is already shipping versions of the Microsoft C/C++ development tools for MIPS and Alpha AXP through the Win-32 SDK program. Microsoft has licensed the compiler to several licensees of Windows NT and is actively integrating the compiler with each chip makers’ back-end optimising code generators. Visual C++ 2.0 has also been designed to be completely portable across various Win32-based hardware platforms. Microsoft is working with licensees of Windows NT to port the entire Visual C++ development environment, including MFC, to all Windows NT-compatible hardware platforms. The result is a compatible language implementation, integrated tool set, system API and C++ application framework across the entire family of Windows-compatible hardware. Developers will be able to use their existing source code, makefiles and development experience with Visual C++. They will benefit from the ease of use of the Visual G++ development system and from the high performance of the chip makers’ optimised native-code generators. The application architecture is depicted in figure 3. \|Figure 3 - The application architecture\| Visual C++ Portability: Macintosh Cross-development Edition The cross-development tool set is an add-on to the Intel-based Visual C++ 2.0 development environment tailored for targeting the 68K-based family of Macintosh computers, and in the future, Power Macintosh versions of the same tools. The product provides all the tools necessary for developing and debugging native applications for the Macintosh. These include an optimising C/C++ cross-compiler, linker, resource compiler, remote debugger and profiler. The tool set also includes a Macintosh version of MFC 3.0 and a Win32 portability library. These tools are all integrated into the Visual C++ 2.0 development environment. The architecture of Macintosh applications generated by Visual C++ is shown in figure 4. \|Figure 4 - Macintosh application architecture\| The application source code can be Written in C or C++ and can be from a single source-code base that supports both Windows and the Macintosh. The Win32 portability libraries for the Macintosh simplify the porting of an application written to the Win32 API and/or to the Macintosh Foundation Class Library. These libraries generate appropriate Macintosh System 7 instructions from calls to the Win32 API. As depicted in the figure, developers can also program directly to the System 7 API to take advantage of platform-specific features. The resulting application, however, incorporates the native look and feel of a Macintosh application. Rigorous performance-tuning of the Win32 portability library ensures there will be very little performance penalty for the ported application. In fact, Microsoft uses this technology for its Macintosh application developments, such as Excel and FoxPro for the Macintosh. OLE Custom Controls Microsoft recently announced the OLE custom control architecture, which merges the popular Microsoft Visual Basic custom control architecture with the open, standard architecture of OLE. OLE custom controls make component-based development a reality by allowing developers to easily utilise existing bodies of functional code encapsulated as OLE controls. An OLE control is a custom control, implemented as an OLE 2.0 compound document object with visual editing support. An OLE control has additional capabilities beyond those of ordinary OLE objects, such as the ability to fire events. OLE controls will be supported in the future by all Microsoft development tools, including applications through Visual Basic, Applications edition. Most OLE 2.0 objects require a substantial amount of implementation effort. Fortunately, an OLE Control DeveIoper’s Kit (CDK) - along with Visual C++ - provides most of the required implementation, so developers only have to fill in details that are specific to the OLE control. The CDK includes both 16- and 32-bit MFC extensions to support controls, a Controlwizard for creating an initial custom control project, C1assWizard extensions, a Test Container to verify the OLE control, full online documentation, and sample code. Microsoft Visual C++ and the OLE CDK make component-based software development a reality. Visual C++ 2.0 for Intel and MIPS and the cross-development system for the Macintosh 68K are scheduled to be made available in the first half of 1994. A future version of this tool set will target other Windows NT- and RISC-based platforms and the Power Macintosh platform. The OLE CDK will be available in the same time frame as Visual C++ 2.0 for Intel. The Visual C++ development environment and the Microsoft Foundation Class Library will continue to evolve to support Microsoft Windows operating systems in the years ahead. Overload Journal #5 - Sep 1994 + Programming Topics \|Browse in :\|\| All > Topics > Programming (488) Any of these categories - All of these categories	[ 32, 7443, 286, 27724, 11, 257, 10644, 284, 262, 10898, 198, 16192, 9162, 15612, 327, 4880, 20561, 198, 464, 5413, 15612, 327, 4880, 2478, 1080, 1641, 286, 3186, 11185, 262, 761, 286, 6505, 284, 1205, 13767, 3964, 12, 3106, 5479, 2952, 13, 632, 635, 17289, 4683, 11115, 287, 262, 5413, 5693, 5016, 10074, 357, 44, 4851, 8, 290, 262, 3964, 7824, 290, 30742, 257, 1598, 3108, 284, 5922, 3933, 12, 2545, 5479, 329, 3964, 326, 1057, 319, 3294, 3788, 290, 6890, 9554, 13, 198, 3152, 262, 15612, 327, 4880, 2478, 1080, 1641, 286, 3186, 11, 5413, 447, 247, 82, 4811, 318, 284, 2148, 262, 35581, 3108, 329, 6505, 284, 1895, 262, 1336, 1176, 286, 3964, 11, 262, 18197, 290, 14162, 3121, 2977, 11, 290, 262, 33630, 4896, 329, 262, 2003, 13, 198, 4711, 7531, 7811, 423, 17455, 262, 2478, 286, 15612, 327, 4880, 290, 481, 2555, 284, 466, 523, 287, 262, 2003, 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Description - This National Monument was the first designated site established in Utah by the National Park Service. It preserves and protects the terrain surrounding Owachomo, Sipapu and Kachina natural bridges. This site lies in the desert of southeastern Utah far from any supplies and services. It has limited facilities, but water is available on site. - The biggest attraction at Natural Bridges National Monument is the natural beauty of the desert terrain in which it lies. There are few developed facilities at this park. A small visitor center lies along State Road 275. It contains a sales area with books, maps, posters and postcards and an exhibit area which explains the geology, natural and cultural history of the region. An audiovisual program is periodically shown throughout each day at the visitor center and rangers are available to answer questions. Water is available at this site as are restrooms. A 13-site campground is maintained by the park service near the visitor center. It is open on a first come, first served basis. Individuals should arrive early to reserve a campsite. Other facilities within the park include a nine-mile scenic drive and several overlooks. Short trails lead to each bridge and Horsecollar Ruin. A longer loop trail leads to a viewpoint of each bridge. Bikes are permitted on the scenic drive, but not on trails in the monument. Recreation - Visitors to Natural Bridges can enjoy hiking, camping, viewing exhibits, photography and scenic driving. The scenic loop drive along the rim of White Canyon is open year-round. Overlooks of each bridge are accessible for individuals using wheelchairs. Informal interpretive programs may be given on the patio of the visitor center during peak season. Climate - Southeastern Utah is the high desert. Summer highs reach 85 to 95 degrees F, with lows near 50 to 60 degrees. Thunderstorms often occur during summer afternoons. During autumn highs reach 60 to 75 degrees F, with lows dipping to 40 to 50 degrees. This time of year is mild and snow can be expected late in the season. Winter highs usually reach 40 to 50 degrees F during the day with lows near 0 to 30 degrees at night and snow likely. Spring is a pleasant time to visit the desert with highs ranging from 50 to 70 degrees F and lows dipping to 20 - 40 degrees. Snow is possible anytime until May. Most of the precipitation in this area falls in the spring. Winter snows also can contribute significantly to precipitation amounts. This preserve lies in the southeastern corner of Utah east of Lake Powell. The site is accessible from Blanding via State Highway 95. Bring all supplies necessary for your adventure as there are none available in the immediate area.	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Think Like a Philosopher: Psychosomatics and the Luo Vessels By Nicholas Sieben, LAc The philosopher was given great respect within classical Chinese culture. The Dao De Jing has many passages extolling the virtues of the "philosopher king." The same was true within medicine. It is not enough to look at things in their literal sense: the Nei Jing asks a bit more from us than that. Much of the classical texts are written in code, using philosophical metaphor to present their wisdom. My teacher Jeffrey Yuen has called Chinese Medicine "applied Chinese philosophy," advising that we'd benefit as acupuncturists by learning Chinese philosophy. Every teaching we received from Yuen was rooted in philosophy relating to that particular tradition. To illuminate the mysteries of the Chinese Medical classics, we must try to understand and think like the philosophers who wrote them. Acupuncture is popularly seen to address physical problems. The notion that acupuncture also affects the mind and emotions is confusing to some; enticing to others. An acupuncturist works on the external tissues of the body, exciting the "Jing Luo" (channels and collaterals), which travel along the body's external muscles. The Jing Luo have resonance with the internal organs, which control physical as well as mental-emotional function. Physiology of the mind (and emotions) is usually discussed in classical Chinese medicine in relation to blood, and explored through study of the Primary Channels, especially those relating to blood: the Heart/Pericardium, Spleen/Stomach and Liver; pathology can be explored through the "collaterals," mainly the Luo Vessels. Luo Vessels are conduits of ying qi. They relate to the interior of the body. As collaterals, the Luo Vessels are created as needed to take on pathology from the Primary Channels. They are pathological channels representing a disturbance to the normal physiological flow of qi and blood. The Luo are a major arena where battle between internal pathogenic factors and the body's physiology is played out. Internal pathogenic factors are mainly considered to be the seven emotions within classical medicine. The "collaterals," or so-called "Secondary Channels of Acupuncture" can be seen as detailed explorations into the pathological process. When the Primary Channels become overwhelmed by a pathogenic factor, coming from the exterior or interior of the body, they rely on support from the collaterals so as to maintain daily physiological function. The Luo do not treat the pathogenic factors they inherit, but hold them in a state of latency as "fullness." When the Luo reach saturation, they "empty" back into the Primary Channel, or deeper into the source. To study pathology of the mind and emotions, the Luo Vessels are paramount. It can be confusing however, when studying the Luo, to see most classical symptoms associated with them are somatic. The only "psychological" Luo Vessel symptom mentioned in Chapter 10 of the Ling Shu is "mania," associated with the Stomach Luo. Even the Heart and Pericardium's Luo symptoms sound very physical: "chest/heart pain," "loss of voice," "stiffness of the neck." Commentators, such as Yuen, have said the somatic language used to describe Luo Vessel pathology is the result of Confucian politeness, keeping discussion of the emotions within the family. It is historically considered inappropriate to speak of such things in the clinical setting. People expressed psychological pain through somatic language. "Heart pain" expresses a sense of heartache, betrayal or disappointment; "neck stiffness": the stubbornness or inability to see new options. Thinking like a philosopher, it's not difficult to see connection between the somatic and psychological within classical discussion of the Luo Vessels; descriptions in Ling Shu Chapter 10 are subtly illustrative and evocative. Let's examine the Small Intestine Luo Vessel from this point of view. The symptom of "fullness" of the Small Intestine Luo is described as "looseness of the elbow joint." Commentators have said this is somatic language for difficulty handling situations in life. The elbow represents the ability to grasp a situation and manipulate it. The channel travels through the elbow into the shoulder, where it terminates. Progression of this Luo Vessel shows inhibition in ability to manipulate situations becoming difficulty reaching out and grasping, represented by movement of pathology from the elbow into the muscles of the shoulder. Small Intestine follows the Pericardium in the Luo Vessel progression, as presented by Chapter 10 of the Ling Shu: Lung, Heart, Pericardium, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, ect. By the stage of the Pericardium Luo, the body has failed to release a pathogenic factor from the chest via the Lung's ability to diffuse and let go and the Heart's ability to articulate and expel the problem through use of the tongue. The problem becomes stuck in the chest, creating a sensation of "chest pain:" a sign of fullness of the Pericardium Luo. As the vessel progresses into "emptiness," the neck tightens to prevent heat stagnation from reaching the brain. The Small Intestine Luo shows progression from a growing state of helplessness coming from the Pericardium Luo. The person has lost ability to see new options to their problem, as represented by the stiff neck. The Small Intestine tries to use its yang qi to open the chest, becoming deficient from the struggle. Incidentally, the Small Intestine is the first Luo to show symptoms of consumption and degeneration. Einstein has a famous quote: "Doing the same thing over and over, expecting a different result, is the definition of insanity." Emptiness of the Pericardium Luo, in which a person can only see a situation in one way, can lead to doing the same thing over and over trying to get something to change. Overuse or "Lao" will eventually lead to consumption of qi and degeneration, a term known as "Wei Atrophy Syndrome." The stage of progression represented by the Small Intestine Luo suggests this scenario can eventually lead to autointoxication through weakening of the bowels. Psychologically, fullness of the Small Intestine Luo is described as the inability to accept feedback, manifesting in a defensive demeanor. All criticism is taken as an attack. The world begins to be perceived as a toxic place where the person feels they must always defend themselves. This state progresses into a sense of insecurity as the Vessel empties. "Pebbly stools": the symptom associated with emptiness of the Small Intestine Luo shows impact on the bowels, damaging the ability to separate the pure from the turbid. The second emptiness symptom of the Small Intestine Luo Vessel is skin breakouts, further suggesting sluggish bowel function, and difficulty with separation and elimination. Inability to remove waste properly via the bowels manifests in damp-heat or fire toxins that can express through the skin. Accumulation of fire toxins and weakening of the portals of elimination are part of the clinical picture of Wei Atrophy Syndrome. The Small Intestine Luo illustrates how an unresolved emotional issue can lead to physical degeneration. It also shows a person who cannot discern the meaning of feedback from others, which can lead to dissociative personality disorders, as taken up by the Large Intestine Luo Vessel, which follows Small Intestine in the progression. Within Ying Level pathology, effect on the mind and emotions is often implied. Blood stasis, mostly associated with fullness of the Luo can also be seen as Shen stasis. Emptiness of the Luo is associated with phlegm stasis, as the body relies on the support of fluids to maintain latency after the blood becomes insufficient. When one humor becomes taxed and unable to deal with a pathogenic factor, or to support latency, another humor will either transform itself into the needed commodity, or support the holding process. The Gynecological model of Chen Zi-Ming (1237 C.E.) explains the mutual support amongst the body's humors. Liver blood engenders Heart qi, which allows the blood to move; the Ye fluids also support the blood (as well as Kidney Yin). Within the Luo Vessel discussion, fluids are supporting the blood to maintain latency: blood stasis gives rise to phlegm stasis, both of which affect the Shen and therefore the Heart. Luo Vessels can also be seen as pathological expressions of a person's psycho-social development. They represent physiology gone astray, or a "break in the sequence," as eloquently stated by Lung 7. Just as physical trauma is capable of creating blood stasis within the muscles; emotional trauma can disrupt the psychological development of a channel. The Primary Channels represent physiological process within human development. They are organized as a progression according to the priorities of life. Respiration, digestion and sleep are mandatory to sustain life. This is acknowledged by the placement of the Lung, Large Intestine, Stomach, Spleen and Heart as the first five meridians within the Primary Channel progression. This progression is also mirrored in the psychological and social development of a person. As a child is developing mentally and socially during the first few years of life, the psycho-social attributes of the Primary Channels progressively become activated. The Lung Channel governs respiration: the most vital physiological process within human life. It allows sensation and contact with the world: the ability to be sensual. It is very primitive (being the first channel): representing nonjudgmental, indiscriminate contact and the ability to perceive stimuli. It is vital to being in the world. To create relationship with things and people, one must first be able to make contact, and have the ability to become aroused and stimulated. Without initial stimulation and arousal, one cannot make contact with oneself or others: the Lungs fail to descend to the Kidneys to support yang qi that continually renews the will to live. The psychological function of the Lungs is just as vital to sustaining life as the respiratory function; without the support of Metal, there is no will of Water. Pathological disturbances to the Lung's psychological development manifest through its Luo. "Frequent yawning" and "frequent urination" are somatic symptoms associated with emptiness of the Lung's Luo. These symptoms can be seen to represent lack of interest in life, boredom, and the inability to hold onto stimuli. In this case, emptiness of the Lung Luo appears similar to a deficiency of Lung qi. When the Lungs are weak and unable to deal with external pathogenic factors, the Bladder channel must provide support. Within the Primary Channel theory of pathological progression, the Bladder channel is indicated for external conditions with an underlying deficiency. If the Lungs lack the Wei qi to "release" an external pathogen, they will descend the problem to the Bladder to be expelled. Metal is no longer giving birth to Water; instead the reverse is occurring, going against the generation cycle of the Five Elements. Fullness of the Lung's Luo is described as "heat in the palms," representing hyperactive sensuality: the constant need for contact and stimulation; a seemingly excess symptom relating to the stage of psycho-social development governed by the Lungs. The Large Intestine Primary Channel becomes involved during the teething process of a child, when the world begins to become something to "masticate." Discrimination and association begins with the Large Intestine. The Stomach Channel follows, providing the capacity for primal feelings of like and dislike. If food is not good, the child will vomit it back up. There is not yet a mental process involved at this stage, but one of pure feeling. The Spleen, which comes next in the progression, provides the mental component, through the Yi. The grouping of these four channels has been called "the survival stage" of development by Yuen. If these criteria are not met, one cannot progress into the further stages of "interaction" and "differentiation." Without adequate respiration and digestion, life cannot be sustained. The same is true for the psycho-social. One must be able to make contact and discriminate one thing from another, especially in terms of harmful or safe, to be able to interact and ultimately differentiate within the more advanced level relating to perception and major life choices. The Luo Vessel becomes activated when there is a disturbance within one of the Primary Channels. Luo Vessel symptoms indicate trauma relating to blood. They can be formed during a person's developmental process, pathologically influencing demeanor, perception and behavior as the person grows into adulthood. Some of us never learned how to deal with the word "no." We became rebellious whenever we were not allowed to do something, showing a disturbance within the psycho-social development of the Heart Primary Channel. Luo Vessels manifest in rebellious qi. We have already established symptoms need not be physical. Within this model, the Luo Vessel progression follows that of the Primary Channels, as they are pathological outgrowths of psycho-social development. The "heart pain" of being told "no" can cause inability to handle feedback, which leads to a sense of overreaction within our minds, a hyper-vigilant "fight or flight" demeanor, which can ultimately progress into obsessive-compulsive behavior. The psycho-behavioral progression described here is that of a disturbance to the Heart, manifesting through its Luo, and progressing to the Small Intestine, Bladder and Kidney Luo Vessels, respectively. This person could be treated through working with the affected Luo Vessels: to expel the blood stasis disturbing normal psycho-social development. Once the blood stasis is resolved, the Primary Channel is given the opportunity to build itself back, restoring natural function. Much of the language within the classics is codified. It must be read with a philosophical, three-dimensional point of view mirroring the three levels of energetics. What may seem simple and straightforward often has deeper meaning, illustrated through the somatic language of the channel systems of acupuncture. The wonderful thing about Chinese Medicine is that it is an art as well as a science; built upon philosophy. There have been thousands of commentators to the classics throughout history; some very popular, whose way of seeing the world have inspired others. This has given rise to numerous traditions. Each of us must make the medicine our own, honoring ourselves as philosophers and commentators who create our own style based on the way we see the world. Only then does Chinese Medicine remain a living system, imbued with Shen: like the blood. Click here for more information about Nicholas Sieben, LAc.	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Thank you. This is very helpful. To be safe, I'll probably go with batteries, or buy some separate 9 V wall warts for the Arduinos. I expect we will be using the Arduinos for other projects, so it might be good to have separate power supplies for them. Next design question: Displaying data. In my prototype I have the arduino connected to my computer, so I just send the rotation speed to the serial monitor where a student could read it. But the computers in my classroom are old. They are 10 year old iMacs running OS 9.2, which is not really supported by the arduino software. Here are the options I'm considering: 1) Finding a way to make these old iMacs work with arduino. I found one link about how to do this online, but it isn't really enough info for me, and I'm not sure it is an easy fix. 2) I have access to a set of old PC laptops, but these are running Windows 2000, which also does not appear to support Arduino without a fair amount of fiddling:http://arduino.cc/playground/Main/UnoWin2k 3) Buying an LCD display for each setup would probably work, but I'd rather find a cheaper alternative, since I have to build 8 to 10 of these. 4) A four-digit 7 segment display would be sufficient. Reading about these, I think I would also need a shift register chip. (Might I need four of these, one for each digit?) Or I could use a LED driver chip, but these seem to be more expensive. And if I go with LED displays, I think I would need extra transistors to provide the necessary current for all the segments in the four digits. So the cost here starts to add up, since I will be building 10 of these setups. 5) Another very elegant solution, in lieu of connecting directly to computers, would be to connect to students' TI calculators. The calculators have a link port built into them, and I have extra link cables in my lab. I found someone on youtube who is able to do this (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMNOGHKQDQk&NR=1 ), but I'm going to need to learn some z80 assembly language programming to interface the TI calculator to the arduino. In some ways this would be a great solution, though, because teachers at other schools would be able to duplicate it (since nearly all high school students have TI calculators, but many physics classrooms do not have computers) and students could also use the keypad on the calculator to send data to the arduino. Any suggestions would be appreciated on how to make alternatives 1, 2, or 5 easier, or on exactly what hardware would be required to implement alternative 4.	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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia In general, a nun is a female ascetic who chooses to voluntarily leave the world and live her life in prayer and contemplation in a monastery or convent. The term "nun" is applicable to Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians, Anglicans, Lutherans, and Buddhists, for example. The male equivalent of a nun is a monk. In Roman Catholicism a nun is the term for a female monastic regular, equivalent to that of a male monk. In the Catholic tradition, there are a number of different orders of nuns each with its own charism or special devotion. In general, when a person enters a convent she has a trial period (Noviciate) that lasts a number of years. Upon completion of this period she may take her vows. In the various branches of the Benedictine tradition (Benedictines, Cistercian and Trappists) nuns usually take formal vows of stability (that is, to remain a member of a single monastic community), obedience (to an abbess or prioress), and "conversion of life" (which includes the ideas of poverty and chastity) while in other groups like the "Poor Clares" (a Franciscan order) and cloistered Dominicans the three-fold vows of chastity, poverty and obedience are used. Nuns observe "papal enclosure" rules and their monasteries typically have walls and grilles separating the nuns from the outside world. The nuns rarely leave, though they may have visitors in specially built parlors that allow them to meet with outsiders. They are usually self-sufficient, earning money by selling jams or candies or baked goods by mail order, or by making liturgical items (vestments, candles, bread for Holy Communion). They sometimes undertake contemplative ministries – that is, a monastery of nuns is often associated with prayer for some particular good: supporting the missions of another order by prayer (the Maryknoll order has both missionary sisters and cloistered nuns; and the sisters of Daughters of Saint Paul are supported in their media ministry by the nuns of Daughters of Divine Wisdom), prayer for a diocese, etc. Technically, a convent is the home of a community of sisters – or, indeed, of priests and brothers, though this term is rarely used in the U.S. The term "monastery" is usually used by communities within the Benedictine family, and convent (when referring to a cloister) of certain other orders. A nun who is elected to head her monastery is termed an abbess if the monastery is an abbey, a prioress if it is a priory, or more generically may be referred to as the Mother Superior. The distinction between abbey and priory has to do with the terms used by a particular order or by the level of independence of the monastery. Roman Catholic Nun or Sister? "Nun" is not to be confused with "religious sister". Though commonly called nuns in informal conversation, women belonging to orders like the Sisters of Charity, Franciscans or Dominicans are religious sisters, not nuns. Nuns and sisters are distinguished by the type of vows they take (solemn vow vs. simple vow) and the focus of their good works. The type of vow that one must take to become a member of a religious community is decided by the Roman curia upon the approval that community. The religious community of a nun is referred to as a "religious order" while the religious community of a sister is referred to as an "institute" or "congregation". Nun and sister are mutually exclusive religious paths. To be a nun, one must a) live in a cloistered community or monastery; b) have taken the solemn vows of poverty, chastity and obedience (as opposed to the perpetual simple vows of poverty, chastity and obedience taken by sisters); and c) recite the Liturgy of Hours, Divine Office, or other prayers together with her community. Nuns are restricted from leaving the cloister, though some may engage in limited teaching or other vocational work depending on the strictness of enforcement. Visitors are not allowed into the monastary to freely associate with nuns. In essence, the work of a nun is within the confines of her monastary, while the work of a sister is in the greater world. Both sisters and nuns are addressed as "Sister." Eastern Orthodox Christian In the Eastern Orthodox Church there is no distinction between a monastery for men and a monastery for women. In the Greek language both domiciles are called monasteries and the ascetics who live there are Monastics. In English, however, it is acceptable to use the terms "nun", "convent", and "abbess" simply for clarity and convenience. Orthodox monastics do not have "orders" as in the Catholic Church. Orthodox monks and nuns lead identical spiritual lives. There may be slight differences in the way a monastery functions internally but these are simply style differences (Gr. Typica) dependant on the Abbess or Abbot. The Abbess is the spiritual leader of the convent and her authority is absolute (no priest, bishop, or even patriarch can override an abbess within the walls of her monastery). There has always been fair equality between men and women in the Orthodox Church. Abbots and Abbesses rank in authority equal to bishops in many ways and were included in ecumenical councils. Abbesses hear confessions and dispense blessings on their charges though they still require the services of a presbyter (i.e., a priest) in order to celebrate the Divine Liturgy and other priestly functions. There have been, however, cases where nuns have functioned as deaconesses; though the last one to serve in that position was in the 19th century. There are a number of different levels that the nun passes through in her profession. When one enters a monastery the first three to five years are spent as a "novice". Novices may or may not dress in the black inner robe (Isorassa), this being dependent on the abbess’ wishes. The isorassa is the first part of the monastic "habit" of which there is only one style for Orthodox monastics (this is true in general, there have been a few slight regional variations over the centuries). Orthodox monastics, in general have little or no contact with the outside world, especially family. The pious family whose child decides to enter the monastic profession understands that their child will become "dead to the world" and therefore be unavailable. If a novice chooses to leave during the novitiate period no penalty is incurred. When the abbess deems the novice ready, the novice is asked to join the monastery. If she accepts she is "tonsured" in a formal service, she is given the outer robe (Exorassa) and veil to wear, and because she is now dead to the world she receives a new name. Nuns consider themselves part of a sisterhood, however, tonsured nuns are usually called "Mother". The next level for monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbess feels the nun has reached a level of discipline, dedication, and humility. Once again, in a formal service the nun is elevated to the "Schema" which is signified by additions to her "habit" of certain symbolic pieces. In addition, the abbess increases the nun’s prayer rule, she is allowed a more strict personal ascetic practice, and she is given more responsibility. The final stage, called "Megaloschemos" or "Great Schema" is reached by nuns whose Abbess feels they have reached a high level of excellence. In some monastic traditions the Great Schema is only given to monks and nuns on their death bed, while in others they may be elevated after as little as 25 years of service. Denominations that are directly descended from the Roman Catholic Church, such as the Lutherans, Anglicans, and even Calvinists continue to have small monastic communities. In some Anglican orders, there are nuns who have been ordained as priests. Nuns also appear in Buddhist traditions. While monks and nuns are celibate, it is not unusual for both to exist within the same monastery. There are many variations to the style of "Habit" worn by these monastics, however, most, male and female, shave their head. Other uses of the word nun - In biology, Nun is a genus of the hillstream loach, a type of small freshwater fish. - In Egyptian mythology, Nun is an alternate spelling for Nu, the name by which ancient Egyptians called both the mysterious underworld from where life was renewed and the primordeal god residing there. The name translates as "Abyss". - Nun is also the fourteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. - Nun and Nunnery were also Elizabethan era slang for prostitutes and brothels. - Nun is also the name of the father of Joshua, the right-hand man and successor of Moses. - A nun buoy is a type of buoy. - Sister Wendy Beckett - The Sound of Music - The Singing Nun - Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis - Poor Clare nuns in Rockford, Illinois The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. 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Current computer graphics are fairly well known and understood. But how did we get here? The evolution of computer graphics is intertwined with textual display, and it is difficult to consider the two separately. An old saying has it that a picture is worth a thousand words. The exact quantification of the value of imagery versus text appears to vary somewhat with subject matter, and is probably better left to psychologists and social scientists. But there is little question of the kernel of truth in the saying, and it has been a driver of computer architecture for many years. Computer graphics are taken for granted today. But it has been a long and painful struggle, with hardware rarely keeping up with the demand for better images. In English, there are a relatively small number of characters which comprise text. The same is not true of images: graphics are computationally intensive. They always seem to take as much speed and memory as there are available. But the demand was high enough that early computer graphics could be fairly crude and still be in demand. From blinking lights to plotters Getting computers to type text was, in comparison, a simple process. Even in the early days of computing, there were existing devices which could translate a simple binary pattern into text. The military, for example, had used teletype machines for many years. Programming a computer to output the pattern that outputs the code for a textual character on a teletype machine is relatively simple. Early computers used mostly flashing lights, with punched cards or paper tape for input and output. When there is only room for a few hundred instructions, you take input and output in its simplest form. But sometimes the available technology drives applications, and sometimes, the need to do something becomes a driver of seeking new technology. The potential for getting a computer to produce a picture of the data wasn’t missed. It would be more valuable if the picture were produced rapidly enough for the user to interact, but even producing an image of some sort that represented the computer contents or calculations in the recent past had its merits. IBM was offering an output printer on its 701 model in 1952. It also offered a primitive graphics solution (the model 740 “Cathode Ray Tube Output Recorder”) in 1954. The 740 demonstrates just how big the demand for graphics was, and how minimal a capability was considered meaningful. The 740 was a cathode ray tube to which a camera could be attached. Digital-to-analog converters drove the cathode ray tube, slowly drawing lines, based on the digital outputs of the computer. This method gradually came to be known as “vector graphics,” to distinguish it from other technologies. Lines were plotted one point at a time. IBM justifiably bragged (at the time) that points were plotted at a rate of 8,000 per second, with a display accuracy of a given point of only 3%, but with good repeatability. You couldn’t reliably scale the resulting image, but the image would have at least conceptual value. Typically, the camera shutter was opened when the drawing started, and closed when it finished. At that time, the film could be developed, and the image could be viewed later the same day. Needless to say, this tech wasn't suitable for playing video games. Of course, one could maintain a simpler image on the display simply by repeating the drawing instructions at a fairly high rate. But this used most or all of the CPU time, and limited the detail which could be drawn. The 740 had a sister display, the 780, which had a long-persistence phosphor (20 seconds). While not as precise, when paralleled with the 740, it allowed the operator to verify that the image being produced was indeed the one desired. When you have to wait several hours for the film image to be developed, that’s a good idea. But there is another way to get an image with a slow computer, and one that will yield an image to the users much sooner: a plotter. Gene Seid and Robert Morton, two of the founders of CalComp, developed the idea in 1953, but lack of funding kept the device off the market until 1959. The idea is simple: drive a pen on two axes. That takes a pair of stepping motors, and something to put the pen down at the start of a line, and lift it again at the end. Software can calculate when the pen should be stepped in either axis to draw straight lines between two points, curved lines, or whatever. In time, fairly sophisticated software packages were developed which isolated the users from the plotter, and allowed them to describe the image in more human-friendly terms such as “m=1, plot y=mx+b for x=1 to 6,” and so on. If the plotter drew a shape, the shape could be filled with solid, dashed, or dotted lines to simulate black or grayscale. Calculating the bounds of the lines within the shape became a part of early plotting packages. Unless one is doing ray tracing, or something similar, the bounds for shading or color within a surface must still be calculated today, and the techniques still draw on these early methods. In time, plotters had additional pens added to do drawings in color. But the number of colors was limited, and the drawings were still vectors. 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Billy the Kid: A Short and Violent Life By Robert M. Utley University of Nebraska Press, 302 pages, $22.95 While Momaday`s ``The Ancient Child`` presents the umpteenth fictive portrait of Billy the Kid, readers interested in a more authentic account of the renegade`s life will not be disappointed by Robert M. Utley`s careful study. Utley demonstrates that the Kid was very much a media creation even before Pat Garrett killed him on July 14, 1881. Eastern newspaper reporters were already on hot pursuit of the colorful outlaw`s trail. Garrett and Ash Upson`s ``The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid, the Noted Desperado of the Southwest, Whose Deeds of Daring and Blood have Made His Name a Terror in New Mexico, Arizona & Northern Mexico,`` published less than a year after the Kid`s death, assured his fame. Thereafter, myth took over. Utley describes Billy as a ``hero and anti-hero,`` whose career did not live up to his reputation. The Kid certainly did not kill 21 men (one for each year of his life) as is generally believed. The exact number may have been as few as four. (In shoot-outs, it was often difficult to determine who shot whom.) Moreover, Utley illustrates beyond any doubt that Billy was very much concerned with going straight. Billy`s appeal has continued largely because of the American fascination with the ``twin specters of corruption and violence.`` Reading this first-rate account of the celebrated outlaw`s life, one cannot help concluding that if Billy the Kid were alive today, he`d be very much at home.	[ 49640, 262, 16828, 25, 198, 32, 10073, 290, 35615, 5155, 198, 3886, 5199, 337, 13, 7273, 1636, 198, 21009, 286, 18329, 4332, 11, 32591, 5468, 11, 720, 1828, 13, 3865, 2893, 11254, 43593, 63, 82, 7559, 464, 13406, 5932, 15506, 10969, 262, 23781, 457, 28117, 16878, 425, 18560, 286, 15890, 262, 16828, 11, 7183, 4609, 287, 257, 517, 16425, 1848, 286, 262, 30780, 671, 63, 82, 1204, 481, 407, 307, 11679, 416, 5199, 337, 13, 7273, 1636, 63, 82, 8161, 2050, 13, 7273, 1636, 15687, 326, 262, 16828, 373, 845, 881, 257, 2056, 6282, 772, 878, 3208, 27540, 2923, 683, 319, 2901, 1478, 11, 1248, 6659, 13, 8345, 7533, 7638, 547, 1541, 319, 3024, 14748, 286, 262, 20239, 23716, 63, 82, 8025, 13, 198, 38, 34878, 290, 7844, 471, 8430, 63, 82, 7559, 464, 31885, 291, 5155, 286, 15890, 262, 16828, 11, 262, 1892, 276, 2935, 525, 4533, 286, 262, 24320, 11, 854, 577, 1024, 5379, 286, 360, 1723, 290, 7235, 423, 14446, 2399, 6530, 257, 14915, 287, 968, 5828, 11, 7943, 1222, 8342, 5828, 11, 15506, 3199, 1342, 621, 257, 614, 706, 262, 16828, 63, 82, 1918, 11, 13933, 465, 16117, 13, 1318, 8499, 11, 7918, 1718, 625, 13, 198, 18274, 1636, 8477, 15890, 355, 257, 7559, 11718, 290, 3098, 12, 11718, 11, 15506, 3025, 3451, 750, 407, 2107, 510, 284, 465, 8507, 13, 383, 16828, 3729, 750, 407, 1494, 2310, 1450, 357, 505, 329, 1123, 614, 286, 465, 1204, 8, 355, 318, 4143, 4762, 13, 383, 2748, 1271, 743, 423, 587, 355, 1178, 355, 1440, 13, 357, 818, 2686, 12, 5269, 11, 340, 373, 1690, 2408, 284, 5004, 508, 2823, 4150, 2014, 10968, 11, 7273, 1636, 21290, 3675, 597, 4719, 326, 15890, 373, 845, 881, 5213, 351, 1016, 3892, 13, 198, 49640, 63, 82, 5198, 468, 3767, 5688, 780, 286, 262, 1605, 35556, 351, 262, 7559, 4246, 259, 5444, 364, 286, 9253, 290, 3685, 13, 15506, 11725, 428, 717, 12, 4873, 1848, 286, 262, 13943, 23716, 63, 82, 1204, 11, 530, 2314, 1037, 31083, 326, 611, 15890, 262, 16828, 547, 6776, 1909, 11, 339, 63, 67, 307, 845, 881, 379, 1363, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	355
Read has also worked on the evolution of bacteria that resist antibiotics. In a provocative paper published last year, he suggested that typically prescribed doses of antibiotics can sometimes favor resistant strains. Smaller doses, which allow the immune system to kill resistant bacteria, could prove a better long-term approach. In infectious disease, individual bugs compete within a host, as do individuals in any population of organisms. If a drug or vaccine doesn't completely wipe out or prevent infection, the intervention can tip the evolutionary playing field and possibly favor not only bugs that resist that particular drug, but ones that spread faster, or cause more severe symptoms, Read said. The malaria findings, published in last week's issue of the journal PLoS Biology, are being taken seriously by vaccine researchers. "If there is an effect like this we need to be mindful of it and take steps to minimize this kind of impact," said Patrick Duffy, chief of the laboratory of malaria immunology and vaccination at the National Institutes of Health. The findings don't apply to most existing vaccines, such as those used against smallpox, measles, and mumps. Those prevent people from ever getting infected, so there's no opportunity for the viruses to evolve in immunized people, Read said. But the malaria parasite is a more complex organism and no vaccine being tested now can wipe it out. So far, the best scientists can do with vaccines is to stave off infection and ameliorate the symptoms, so that infected children are less likely to die. But vaccinated people still harbor the parasite, and, through mosquitoes, can spread it to others. Such imperfect vaccines are referred to as "leaky" because the pathogens can still multiply and evolve inside infected people. Other "leaky" vaccines may eventually be used to treat HIV. Evolution may also play a role in how other diseases react to vaccines. Whooping cough is one of them, Read said, since the vaccine can wear off. Researchers should also be vigilant about evolution of human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes cervical cancer, he said. The current vaccine doesn't protect against all strains of the virus and may allow nontargeted strains to become more virulent. "We're moving into situations where parasites are evolving in the presence of immunized populations," he said. "We have to be sure we don't create situations where we're allowing hotter strains to spread." While the malaria parasite that infects humans can't be given to laboratory mice or rats, these animals can be infected with a different version of the parasite that in nature infects African rodents called thicket rats. For a vaccine in this mouse experiment, Read and collaborator Victoria Barclay chose a protein called AMA-1, which is the key component in several vaccines now in human trials in Africa. They allowed the parasite to spread through 10 different immunized mouse hosts. Then they let it infect unvaccinated mice. This new malaria parasite made unvaccinated mice much sicker than malaria that hadn't evolved in vaccinated hosts. Read said they are still trying to figure out the specific mechanism by which the malaria parasites became more aggressive and virulent. It's possible, he said, that the immune response prompted by the vaccine knocked out the weakest parasites, leaving the more aggressive, fast-spreading ones to grow without competition. NIH's Duffy said the results will influence how they conduct human vaccine trials now going on in several African countries. In Read's experiment, it was the unvaccinated mice that got the worst disease down the road. If things play out the way they did for Read's experimental mice, he said, the vaccines might benefit some people but make the situation more dangerous for those who remain unvaccinated. "We not only need to follow the people who we've given the vaccine to, but other people in the community," Duffy said. Researchers are exploring a number of different tactics for vaccine development, Duffy said. They're targeting the parasite in different stages of its complicated life cycle, including the phase in which it lives inside the mosquito. Some of these stages may be less likely than others to allow the parasite to evolve. He and Read agree that this new paper should increase awareness of evolution but not fuel irrational fears of vaccines. "Vaccines are still our best public health tool," Duffy said. "They are our most cost-effective way to improve public health." Contact Faye Flam at 215-854-4977, [email protected], or follow on Twitter @fayeflam. Read her blog at philly.com/evolution.	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It is a depressing commentary on our times that even in the waning years of the 20th century, a majority of the Earth`s nations still feel compelled to imprison, torture and kill citizens who speak out against them. Amnesty International, the human rights group that documents mistreatment of political prisoners, has released its annual report. It is another chronicle of human misery, pain and injustice that spares few governments from indictment. No less than 135 nations were accused of abusing human rights in 1987 -- the most since Amnesty was founded in 1961. At least 760 political prisoners in 39 countries were executed, but the report said the number probably was much higher because of secret executions. ``In at least half the countries of the world,`` the report said, ``people are locked away for speaking their minds, often after trials that are no more than a sham. In at least a third of the world`s nations, men, women and even children are tortured. In scores of countries, governments pursue their goals by kidnapping and murdering their own citizens.`` While the report singled out the Middle East as the region where political imprisonment and torture was most prevalent, it also pointed a finger at the United States for the Louisiana execution of a mentally retarded man who had raped and murdered a child. No region was exempt from condemnation. The Soviet Union, which released 259 political prisoners, received no praise in the report because they had been unjustly arrested in the first place. China, Haiti, Iraq, Iran, South Africa and Israel came in for special censure. Even Great Britain, which suppressed the findings of a police inquiry into the killing of six unarmed Irish guerrillas, was cited by the report. But Amnesty International, which received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977, did find some reason for hope. It noted that more than 1,000 groups committed to human rights recently have sprung up around the world. It also cited a proliferation of new laws to protect the rights of prisoners. By shining its spotlight of worldwide publicity on human rights abuses by governments, Amnesty International serves as a kind of global conscience. That its spotlight is required at all is a sad admission that despite centuries of cultural and technological accomplishments, mankind has not yet progressed far beyond Dark-Ages barbarism in its treatment of disagreeable people.	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[ A.K.A SEKMINËS – Seventh Sunday after Easter In Lithuania and in neighboring countries, traditions of Pentecost are related with the end of sowing and the start of summer labors. This is a spring gathering and shepherds' holiday. The most distinctive feature of Pentecost is nature worship. The power of nature was attributed to young, green birch trees. It was believed that the birch tree can pass her vitality to the soil, to animals, protect from illness and all evils. On the eve of Pentecost, village girls dispersed in fields and woods in search of flowers and greenery that were used to make wreaths. Young men picked branches off birch trees, which they placed around doors, gates, inside porches and in living rooms. Wreaths and bunches of flowers decorated the entire house. Tables were covered with linen tablecloths, garden paths were sprinkled with sand and greens. It was believed that the souls of the dead, while visiting homes on Pentecost, rested on birch tree branches. Shepherds decorated cows with birch wreaths, to keep them calm and together, be good milkers and to please the mistress of the house so she would be kind and generous throughout the year. The writer, B.Buraèas described this tradition of decorating the herds in his writings, saying that on the night before Pentecost, shepherds returning home with the herd dressed the animals with birch and marsh marigold wreaths. They even tied birch branches to cattle horns. In some regions women placed a piece of bread in a white linen kerchief, tied it with three double birch branches and tied this kerchief to their apron sash believing this to be a protection from snake bites. Whipping with bathing birch- rods in bathhouses was believed to chase all ailments out of the body. On Pentecost morning, the master of the house whipped his cows to make them more active while grazing in the fields. When Christianity came to Lithuania, churches began blessing grasses. Then on this holiday, churches were decorated with birch trees and other greenery. People arrived in church carrying bunches of greenery , which were blessed. These blessed greens were set on fire and their smoke was used to incense dying persons, new buildings and storm clouds. It was believed that smoke from Pentecost greens had the power to chase away evil spirits, protect buildings and send storm clouds away. Wayside crosses and ritual tables were also decorated with Pentecost greenery. J.Balys wrote in " Lithuanian Calendar Holidays" how plants are used in charmings. First of all, many wreaths were twined and each one was given a man's name. The largest wreath was given the name of the girl who wanted to know the name chosen name. The wreaths are thrown into the well or into the pond in the evening, so as not to be seen by anyone. Early in the morning the girl went to see if her wreath was beside the largest wreath. If it was, she would marry him. Before Pentecost one must twine a large wreath of cornflowers with three branches of rue in it. Before evening this wreath is placed on the girl's head and fastened to the hair so it would not fall off. He, who in a dream removes this wreath, will be the one too take away her virginity. N.Gimbutas in " Baltic Mythology" , wrote that there was tradition to go to the woods on Pentecost. A birch tree was picked out, decorated and taken into the village. About hundred years ago this was an important ritual which involved the entire community. On this holiday there are fire and water glorification rituals. The church on Pentecost blessed fire and water. In many regions holy water was sprinkled on grain seeds, so that they would sprout fast and that birds would not peck at the grain. Sprinkling with holy water was meant to keep insects away from the crops and keep ponds and rivers safe from drownings. To keep horses well and give them shinny coats, their food was also sprinkled with holy water. After Pentecost, according to the folk calendar, it was safe to swim in rivers and lakes, especially if these bodies of water were close to churches, they were blessed by the priests to protect the swimmers from drownings. Country folk poured holy water into their wells and ponds for Pentecost is one bright day in the shepherds' year. This day was begun by the blare of the herdsman's trumpet before sunrise, awakening the shepherds. That day, every shepherd planned to take his herd out at the earliest and play his small horn. Each shepherd made his own small horn for Pentecost from osier or alder wood and added a hollow cow's horn to give it a better As the animals were leaving the barn, they were incensed with burning, dried herbs by the mistress of the house. The herd grazed until noon, then the shepherds decorated the entire herd and themselves and returned to the village singing and playing their horns. Then the feasting began, hosted by the head herdsman. Shepherds' outings were organized on Pentecost, called shepherds' omelet, [ a.k.a. pautienë ]. In some regions shepherds stopped at homesteads in the morning to pick up prepared foods, while in others they asked for eggs, flour, butter, milk and salt so that they could bake their own omelet. In Dzûkija the following greeting was voiced, " happy Pentecost, spent happily and peacefully with horses neighing and cows mooing. I was sent to you by the oxen for bread, for milk by the cows, by sheep for flour, by hogs for bacon and fat, by the motley hens for eggs, by the rooster for pancakes and by the shepherds for money". If some households gave nothing, the returning herd was decorated with nettle wreaths and brooms tied to the cows' horns, so that everyone would know about the stinginess of that household.. However, most homeowners were generous because they knew that by not giving the cows' milk would be decreased. After collecting all he goodies, the shepherds went to feast, picnic in the woods. After the omelet was baked, the shepherds went into the forest, climbed a tree and called out to wolves and bears to come and have breakfast with them, saying, " if you do not come out now, you will never come out during the coming year". This is an ancient prayer, an incantation. In some regions of the Highlands [ a.k.a. Aukðtaitija ], shepherds were allowed to sleep in while the herding in the morning was carried out by girls. They herded out very early, before the larks awakened. Hearing the larks, village lads came out playing reed and pan pipes. They also brought food, lit bonfires. The important ritual was made up of a game called " Arrange a Wedding". The prettiest girl was chosen to play the bride and a lad was chosen to play the groom, while other girls dressed as bridesmaids. After the wedding rites, the newlyweds were taken to bed in a granary, a tent made of tree branches. After that came their awakening and the end of the wedding ritual games. People in ancient times believed that peoples' sexual love and fertility stimulate earth's productivity. On the second day of Pentecost, the hired hands together with the owner's sons carried on in the same manner as the shepherds. They provided drinks and music while maidens prepared the food. The maidens walked along fields of grain, singing songs with magical meanings: You osier, clover, Green bush, clover, How tall you grew, clover, At the first gate, clover, The sun rose, clover, At the second gate, clover, The moon trundled, clover, At the third gate, clover, The maiden walked, clover. Entire families visited the rye fields. Checked both theirs' and neighbors' fields and shared farming advice. In some regions, hired hands brewed beer before Pentecost so that they could treat the owners after their walks in the grain fields. Everyone gathers to eat and drink , while the young people sing and dance. Girls had separate amusements. They sat in a nice spot on a hill, twined wreaths, cast lots, told tales, sang and walked around grain fields. When Christianity spread throughout Lithuania, priests turned these ancient walkings around grain fields into blessings of the grain fields. People gathered in one farmstead upon the priests' arrival and went together to bless the grain fields. Feasting took place after the blessing. This tradition disappeared at the beginning of 20th century, when villages broke up into individual farms.	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There has been a fair amount written recently about the use of capacitors to "drop" the mains voltage down to values suitable for transistor circuitry. I was recently asked to explain some aspects of such circuitry and looking through my references, was taken by the fact that one of the circuits described looked remarkably familiar. Above are shown two circuits. Only the bare essentials are shown, things like surge limiting resistors are omitted......... Their similarities are self evident. Now, if we wish to analyze Fig. 1. in terms of current available, it is natural to think in terms of impedance. The reactance ( impedance ) of a capacitor is given by the formula ( 1 ) Xc = 1/2p fC where f is the frequency in Hz and C is the capacitance in Farads. We can now apply Ohms Law to this and we find that, in a circuit where there is capacitance only, ( 2 ) I = 2 p fCE where I is the AC current and E is the RMS value of the AC supply. As D1 is a half wave regulator, ( 3 ) Idc = p fCE. Let us see what a bit of simple arithmetic produces; Iím going to ignore things like voltage drop across diodes :- If we give C1 a value of 470 nf and an AC voltage of 230, equation (2) above gives us :- 2X p X 50 X 4.7 X 10-7 X 230 = an AC current value of 34 ma. If we use half wave rectification, as in Fig. 1, we should divide this by 2, i.e. 17ma. Taking Fig. 2, we would normally analyze it in terms of charge, it is after all, a charge pump, so we use classic capacitance theory, i.e. Q = CV = IT. ( Charge = Capacitance X Voltage = Current X Time ) or I = CV/T. As T = 1/f we can write this as Idc = CVf. If we were to apply the mains to such a circuit we could assume that, because the mains has "unlimited capacity", C1 charges up to twice the mains peak voltage ( i.e. 2(Ö 2 X 230 ) = 650 ), we then get :- Idc = 2 Ö 2( fCE ) or 2 x Ö 2 x 50 x 4.7 X 10-9 X 2.3 X 102 . This gives us a current of 15 ma. Now this isnít too much of a discrepancy but it bothers me. The two figures should be the same ! Where is my simple arithmetic going wrong ? David Ledgard suggested that, if we want to find out why the answers are different, we put the two formulae side by side and cancel out the common factors, So :- p fCE - - - - 2Ö 2( fCE ) ( p x 50 x 470 x 10-9 x 230 ) - - - - ( 2 x Ö 2 x 50 x 470 x 10-9 x 230 ) The result is :- ( p ) - - - - ( 2Ö 2 ) Now, p does not equal 2Ö 2 so this explains why the results are different but does illustrate that we will always get answers in that ratio, no matter what values are used for frequency, capacitance or voltage. The charge formula always gives a current value which is 10% below that calculated using the impedance formula. Which is correct ? It doesnít really matter ! The tolerances of capacitors are such that there can be a 10% variation anyway ! Nevertheless, I remain puzzled. The two formulae are well established. You might even say that they are pillars of the Electronic Establishment. They should be equally valid and if so the answers should be the sameÖÖ We have at least a couple of hundred folk in the B.A.E.C. and some of them must be smarter than me. Come on chaps ! Tell me the answer.	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Henry Craik, ed. English Prose. 1916. Vol. IV. Eighteenth Century Character of Pitt By Horace Walpole (17171797) From Memoirs of the Reign of King George II. PITT had roused us from this ignoble lethargy: he had asserted that our resources were still prodigioushe found them so in the intrepidity of our troops and naviesbut he went further, and perhaps too far. He staked our revenues with as little management as he played with the lives of the subjects; and as if we could never have another war to wage, or as if he meant, which was impracticable, that his administration should decide which alone should exist as a nation, Britain or France, he lavished the last treasures of this country with a prodigality beyond example and beyond excuse; yet even that profusion was not so blameable as his negligence. Ignorant of the whole circle of finance, and consequently averse from corresponding with financiers, a plain set of men who are never to be paid with words instead of figures, he kept aloof from all details, drew magnificent plans and left others to find the magnificent means. Disdaining, too, to descend into the operations of an office which he did not fill, he affected to throw on the treasury the execution of measures which he dictated, but for which he thus held himself not responsible. The conduct was artful, new, and grand; and to him proved most advantageous. Secluded from all eyes, his orders were received as oracles; and their success, of consequence, was imputed to his inspiration. Misfortunes and miscarriages fell to the account of the more human agents; corruption and waste were charged on the subordinate priests. They indeed were charmed with this dispensation. As Mr. Pitt neither granted suits nor received them, Newcastle revelled in a boundless power of appointing agents, commissaries, victuallers, and the whole train of leeches, and even paid his court to Pitt by heaping extravagance on extravagance; for the more money was thrown away, the greater idea Pitt conceived of his systems grandeur. But none flattered this ostentatious prodigality like the Germans. From the King of Prussia and Prince Ferdinand to the lowest victualler in the camp, all made advantage of English easiness and dissipation. As the minister was proud of such pensioners they were not coy in begging his alms. Fox, too, was not wanting to himself during this harvest, to which his office of paymaster opened so commodious an inlet. Depressed, annihilated as a statesman, he sat silent, indemnifying himself by every opportunity of gain which his rivals want of economy threw in his way. The larger and more numerous are subsidies, the more troops are in commission, the more are on service abroad, the ampler means has the paymaster of enriching himself. An unfortunate campaign, or an unpopular peace might shake the ministers establishment; but till this vision of expensive glory should be dissipated, Fox was determined to take no part. But thence, from that inattention on one hand, and rapacity on the other, started up those prodigious private fortunes which we have seen suddenly come forthand thence we remained with a debt of an hundred and forty millions! The admirers of Mr. Pitt extol the reverberation he gave to our councils, the despondence he banished, the spirit he infused, the conquests he made, the security he affixed to our trade and plantations, the humiliation of France, the glory of Britain, carried under his administration to a pitch at which it never had arrivedand all this is exactly true. When they add, that all this could not be purchased too dearly, and that there was no option between this conduct and tame submission to the yoke of Franceeven this is just in a degree; but a material objection still remains, not depreciating a grain from this bill of merits, which must be gratefully acknowledged by whoever calls himself an Englishmanyet very derogatory from Mr. Pitts character, as virtually trusted with the revenues, the property of his country. A few plain words will explain my meaning, and comprehend the force of the question. All this was donebut might have been done for many millions lessthe next war will state this objection more fully. Posterity, this is an impartial picture. I am neither dazzled by the blaze of the times in which I have lived, nor if there are spots in the sun, do I deny that I have seen them. It is a man I am describing, and one whose greatness will bear to have his blemishes fairly delivered to younot from a love of censure in me, but of truth; and because it is history I am writing, not romance. I pursue my subject.	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CAMBRIDGE, JOHN, land agent and businessman; b. 13 Dec. 1748 in England; m. 16 Jan. 1775 Mary Winchester, and they had ten children, only four of whom reached maturity; d. 26 Dec. 1831 in Bristol, England. Before his arrival on St John’s (Prince Edward) Island in 1784, John Cambridge remains a shadowy figure in historical records. A Privy Council report of 1791 identifies him as being “formerly an obscure chairmaker in St. Martin’s Lane” but there are indications that as early as 1777 he was associated with a group of merchants who planned to trade with and promote settlement on St John’s Island. One of this group was the Quaker colonizer Robert Clark* and it may have been the religious link that brought the two men together. Cambridge was known on the Island as a Quaker, and he refused to take oaths in court on religious principles. Nevertheless, he was not connected with the Society of Friends. Indeed, he wrote in 1793 that although “in full belief of Friends principles” he was not “united to the Society.” It is probable that he became a member after returning to England, for he was buried a Quaker. Cambridge was named Clark’s agent in 1783 and took up the appointment the following spring when he came out with his family to the Island. He was called upon in 1786 to defend his employer’s interests against the Island establishment following an attempt to confirm Governor Walter Patterson’s seizure in 1781 of part of Clark’s property for non-payment of quitrents. In doing so Cambridge alienated some Island officials; the alienation was later to develop into bitterness and litigation. John Cambridge was not content to act simply as Clark’s agent. In 1785, with the backing of merchants in London, including his brother-in-law William Winchester, he began commercial activities of his own. He acquired property in the Murray Harbour district in the southeast part of the Island and four years later was able to report that he had built two large brigs, both of which were on trading voyages, one to the West Indies and the other to Portugal. The shipping registers indicate that he was also the owner of a number of smaller vessels. These craft, mostly schooners, kept up a trade with Newfoundland. He built a large sawmill at Murray Harbour and had houses there and in Charlottetown. By 1788 Cambridge had formed a partnership with William Bowley, another Island resident. Bowley had purchased debts owed by Clark, and Cambridge in turn had a large bill for his wages and expenses as Clark’s agent. Together they sued Clark and the court case, begun in 1789, developed into protracted litigation, with countersuits and appeals dragging the matter out until the end of the century. Even before the conclusion of the court battle Cambridge was able to gain control of Clark’s assets and land, establishing himself as a substantial merchant. His relations with members of the colonial administration were not good, however. He had supported Lieutenant Governor Edmund Fanning against the doomed Patterson faction on Fanning’s arrival in 1786 but this support, predicated on a quick resolution of the problem caused by Patterson’s illegal expropriations, did not last long. Of lesser officials Cambridge became excessively intolerant. He was a strong-willed individual who, when he considered himself slighted, took full measures to obtain what he considered justice. In 1787 he carried a complaint against Isaac Swan, a petty Patterson supporter, to the governor and Council; in another incident two years later he was able to persuade that body to dismiss high sheriff Walter Berry for irregularities. He was less successful when he brought charges against the attorney general, Joseph Aplin* – a poor move, since Aplin was usually successful in the courts whatever the law. As a sharp merchant Cambridge was especially conscious of any apparent favour extended to his competitors and, when he learned that collector of customs William Townshend* was allowing use of the Îles de la Madeleine for the evasion of customs duties, he was quick to publicize the fact. In doing so he precipitated a struggle because Townshend retaliated by seizing several of Cambridge and Bowley’s vessels for smuggling. The latter case dragged on for three years with Cambridge complaining that he could not obtain justice in the Island courts. It was not until 1791 that the case was settled, but by then Cambridge’s complaints had been broadened to include almost the entire government of the colony. In concert with John Hill, another Island merchant, Cambridge and Bowley in 1791 brought charges of malfeasance before the Privy Council in London against Townshend, Fanning, Aplin, and Chief Justice Peter Stewart. Cambridge carried the complaints to England in a petition that he persuaded a number of the Island’s absentee proprietors to sign. The general charge was that the officials had formed an illegal combination to rule the Island and oppress all who opposed them. A collection of lesser grievances, some going back to Patterson’s time, included partiality in the courts, election irregularities, and petty harassment. Hill later stated that in presenting the charges Cambridge spent time on the politics of the colony and none on the facts of the case. Much of Cambridge’s difficulty arose because 12 of the 18 signatories, including Bowley, withdrew their names before the charges were presented. Cambridge and Hill were the only resident proprietors whose names appeared on the document and both seemed prosperous in spite of their lack of favour with the officials. The shaky presentation was rebutted by Fanning’s personal emissary, Robert Gray, and the case was dismissed the following year. By October 1792 word of the outcome had reached the Island and Cambridge’s troubles began in earnest. The notice from London was made public and his support and credibility sank. He was summoned before the House of Assembly to explain allegations he had made concerning members of that body, and after an investigation the house ordered that “the false and malicious words . . . be burnt under the gallows by the sergeant-at-arms.” The same year suits totalling £55,000 were launched against him and Bowley by the four officials on charges of malicious prosecution. Cambridge attempted to have the suits tried in Nova Scotia owing to the partiality of the Island courts. He received the lieutenant governor’s permission to do so, but he was unable to raise the necessary securities in case the decision should go against him. The trials were therefore held on the Island before judges who had a financial interest in the outcome. After verdicts were found for Aplin and Townshend in 1793, Cambridge agreed to settle out of court for Fanning’s and Stewart’s expenses. Total damages recovered amounted to £2,480, and Cambridge later reported that with his own expenses the complaints to London had cost him more that £10,000. He was forced to spend a short time in jail before he could convince the four officials of his ability to pay. Because making the settlement would quickly exhaust Cambridge’s assets, the officials, who were more interested in payment than in revenge, agreed to assist him in recovering funds from Hill and Bowley. The latter were each asked to contribute one-third of the settlement, and when they refused legal action was brought against them. In 1793 suits prepared by Aplin were successful and resulted in executions against their property on the Island. Within days the property of Hill, who was absent from the Island, and the valuable Greenwich estate, belonging to Bowley and his children, were sold at auction by the sheriff and passed into Cambridge’s hands; Bowley himself was forced to flee under cover of darkness to avoid imprisonment. Attempts at appeal were refused by the courts and the governor in council in 1794, and Bowley was forced to appeal to the king in council in 1796 to have the case reopened on the Island. Hill, too, had to bring an action in London against his former associate and was successful, but before he could move against Cambridge the latter’s assets were placed in the hands of a trustee. Hill appears to have given up at this point but Bowley’s action was not settled for almost 50 years. In length and complexity the case Bowley v. Cambridge rivalled the celebrated Jarndyce case in Charles Dickens’s novel Bleak house, which was ended only when the total assets of the estate were swallowed up in legal fees. Cambridge’s legal problems were exacerbated by business reverses. In 1794 he lost the support of his backers in England and his few remaining assets were seized by creditors. His schooner Endeavour was taken that year by the French on a voyage to the West Indies and he was left with no capital to rebuild his business. The loss of his London backers was the low point of his career. Faced with a report that even William Winchester, his brother-in-law, had joined the creditors, he considered leaving the colony and going to the United States. However, on learning that Winchester had stood by him and that it had been the other partners who had taken the action, he and his wife resolved to stay on the Island. The lieutenant governor and principal officers gave him encouragement. In a letter to Alexander Ellice, a Montreal merchant for whom Cambridge was agent, he reported that “the People in the Island in General are much attached to us, and lament our failure, and hope we shall get into business again.” That he was able to do so was the result of a fortunate precaution. It appears that Cambridge had placed his affairs in the hands of a trustee “as the property of a bankrupt,” but he may not have declared bankruptcy. At any rate the move was sufficient to relieve the pressure on his finances and he was able to begin again. He kept the secure base at Murray Harbour and returned to the shipping of lumber and livestock to Newfoundland. The key factor in Cambridge’s ability to rebuild lay in the fact that he retained control of several large parcels of property, much of which he had obtained through lawsuits. He seems to have made an effort to bring settlers to his lands and thereby avoid the attacks of those who would escheat for non-payment of quitrents. With this base he was able to continue efforts at settlement and the lumber trade. His mills processed timber from his own land which he then sent to Newfoundland in his own ships. By 1801 he had won back the contract to supply the garrison with fuel and had a new vessel on the ways, the first in ten years. It was launched the following year and Cambridge wrote to his wife that the ship, after proceeding to Liverpool with a timber cargo, was to sail to Ireland for a load of Irish Protestants “in order to preserve our lands from forfeiture.” Perhaps it was the renewed threat of escheat that prompted him in 1805 to sign with Charles Worrell and William Townshend a memorial to Lieutenant Governor Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres citing the efforts of himself and other proprietors, including John MacDonald* of Glenaladale and Lord Selkirk [Douglas], in settling people on their lands and contributing to the Island’s prosperity. In 1806 Cambridge was commended by the assembly for his efforts in this regard. It was the timber trade that brought Cambridge fortune, and this prosperity he shared with the rest of the colony. Initially the trade was part of the Gulf of St Lawrence commerce and most cargoes went to Newfoundland. Shipping to Britain was too expensive and there was often a long search for a return cargo. From 1803 until 1807 only about two cargoes a year went across the Atlantic from the Island as a whole. The situation began to change in 1807 when the Napoleonic blockade of ports on the Baltic Sea opened the British North American timber trade. The Island was well suited to fill the demand: because it had many small harbours where trees grew close to the water’s edge, timber could be easily moved and loaded. In 1808, 41 vessels left the Island with shipments for Britain and the following year the number swelled to 78 despite what Cambridge termed “an uncommon bad season” with timber left behind because of deep snow. The trade brought manpower shortages to the colony and high prices. Oxen, usually raised for food, were employed in the woods and the provisioning of ships left food scarce. Sales to Newfoundland fell off dramatically. Ships were a necessary element of the Cambridge operation and John lost no time building and acquiring them. From 1808 there was rarely a year when a new Cambridge vessel did not appear on the register and often there were several. When the timber trade stabilized after 1817 Cambridge remained successful by entering a new form of commerce, later followed by James Yeo, which combined the exporting of timber with the building and marketing of vessels. In 1824 four ships were registered and twice that number in the following year. Many of these vessels were large, fully rigged ships in excess of 300 tons; the Cambridge (536 tons), launched in 1826, was one of the largest built on the Island. In his will, made in 1829, Cambridge instructed his sons that he had “found the most effectual way of getting my debts remitted . . . to be by building a ship annually and by loading her with timber” and disposing of both in the United Kingdom. Family correspondence reveals that in spite of prosperity the firm was never far from a financial crisis as dependence on credit was a necessary part of long-distance trade. Other operations of the Cambridge firm also seemed to do well. In 1808 he boasted that his mill at Murray Harbour was perhaps the first in North America equipped with an 18-unit gang saw cutting 7,000 feet of deals a day. A new venture was the construction of a brewery at the Bird Island (Wrights) Creek mills near Charlottetown. Unfortunately it was not a success, in part because food shortages had raised the price of barley on the Island. In 1808 Cambridge, whose family figured in all his business affairs, formed a partnership with his son Lemuel and his son-in-law George Wright, son of Thomas Wright, the surveyor general. Wright did not have the business sense of other members of the Cambridge family and the partnership was dissolved in 1813 when John took his other son, Artemas, into the company, now termed Cambridge and Sons. In the next few years control of the firm passed more and more to the sons, who were described by Lieutenant Governor Charles Douglass Smith* as “very fine young men & of the very best reputation.” With some stability in business and his sons in charge of the Island operation, Cambridge, at the urging of his wife, who had run the business whenever her husband was in England, decided to conduct the British end of the firm’s transatlantic commerce. He apparently moved to Bristol in 1814 and did not return to the Island in his later years. By the time of his departure he seems to have made his peace with the colonial administration. He was nominated high sheriff in 1809 but declined, citing his Quaker beliefs, and his son Lemuel served instead. By 1813 he was noted as being an intimate friend of Chief Justice Cæsar Colclough. When he died in 1831 at age 83 Cambridge held 102,000 acres on the Island, almost one-tenth of the total. In addition he and his family owned extensive mills, shipbuilding facilities, and stores, and the Cambridge estate was the home of at least 5,000 people, many of whom were tenants. There is no doubt that Cambridge was the greatest Island landowner of his day but his empire, like many others, was built on credit. The lands had been heavily mortgaged to provide capital for shipbuilding and expansion. Seven years after Cambridge’s death Samuel Cunard* and others purchased the mortgage for £12,000 sterling and in 1841 gained possession of the entire estate. In the same year the Island’s Court of Chancery finally decided Bowley v. Cambridge. After twice reaching the king in council, and following the death of both litigants, the case was resolved when the court divided Bowley’s estate equally between the claimants. John Cambridge was hardly a typical merchant of his time. His religious beliefs in great measure governed his actions even in commercial dealings. After losing the case brought by the four government officials he wrote in 1793, “It has been my diligent study to keep a Continual Void of offence towards God first and to give no just grounds of offence towards my fellow men.” Yet he was a sharp merchant who used the courts as a weapon against all who dared oppose him, including attorneys who failed to win his cases. He exhibited tenacity in the face of odds that caused others to give up and return to England. The reports we have of him are mostly assessments made by his enemies and they exhibit a bitterness coming from close and protracted conflict. However, when his own letters and his actions are examined, Cambridge emerges as a man of principle in a society which had little regard for that quality. [John Cambridge is the author of A description of the Island of St. John, in the Gulf of St. Laurence, North America . . . by a person many years resident there (London, [1798?]) (see PRO, T 1/4144: 17–26); a copy of a subsequent edition, A description of Prince Edward Island . . . by a person many years resident there (London, 1805), is available at PANS. Few of Cambridge’s business papers survive, but those that do throw valuable light on business operations in the early nineteenth century. The PAPEI possesses two letter-books covering the period 1793–1801 and 1808–9, at Acc. 2984/4 and RG 6, Supreme Court, case papers, 1808–9, respectively. The former provides details of Cambridge’s struggle with the colonial officers and the ensuing court battles; the latter is extremely useful for details of the timber trade on Prince Edward Island. A letter-book of Cambridge’s wife, Mary, covering the period 1811–12 is found on pp.17–114 of a collection of Charles Wright papers owned by Mrs J. T. McIntyre of Calgary; photocopies are available at PAC, MG 24, B133. Additional letters from Cambridge to Alexander Ellice are found in the Ellice papers at the NLS, Dept. of mss, mss 15113–26, available on microfilm at the PAC, MG 24, A2. Cambridge’s affairs appear frequently in Colonial Office correspondence, with the following references being most useful: PRO, CO 226/9: 176; 226/10: 29, 135–37, 234, 238, 252–93; 226/11: 17; 226/12: 12, 27; 226/13: 21–45, 207, 218–19, 280–82, 377–78; 226/14; 226/15: 172; 226/16: 186 et seq., 248; 226/17: 107–48; 226/18: 162–206; 226/19: 72–74, 204 et seq., 233, 347, 352; 226/20: 106–8, 142; 226/21: 110; 226/23: 65–74; 226/27: 78–83; 226/28: 53, 220–22; 226/29: 67–71, 115; 226/30: 177–80; 226/34: 391–99; 226/39: 49–54, 260, 416–22; 226/42: 132; 226/47: 166. Minutes of the Island’s Executive Council, found in PAPEI, RG 5, have references to Cambridge on the following dates: 12 April 1787; 15 Dec. 1788; 12, 16, 19–20, 23–24 March, 6, 27 April, 5 May 1789; 26 April, 17 July 1790; 7, 30 Oct. 1792; 23 Feb. 1793; 25 Oct. 1796; 6 Aug. 1799. Details of ship ownership by members of the Cambridge family are found in PAC, RG 42, E1, 1658; PAPEI, RG 9, 2; and the Prince Edward Island Register, 3 Jan. 1826, 16 Jan. 1827, 29 Jan. 1828, 13 Jan. 1829, and 9 Feb. 1830. A significant amount of information concerning Cambridge is found in the Prince Edward Island court records (PAPEI, RG 6), which were examined for the entire period. This source is especially detailed for Bowley v. Cambridge, 1793–1841 (RG 6, Court of Chancery papers, box 1). Material regarding the Privy Council appeals in the case is at PRO, PC 1/64/B.30; 1/65/B.33, 35, and 38; and 1/66/B.40. These collections shed much light on Cambridge’s litigious nature. Information concerning his land holdings is scattered throughout PAPEI, RG 16, land registry records. Cambridge’s will is located in the Estates Division of the Supreme Court of P.E.I. (Charlottetown), liber 2: f.198. Secondary sources which proved useful include: Canada’s smallest prov. (Bolger), pp.37–94; Warburton, Hist. of P.E.I., 255–65; and W. S. MacNutt, “Fanning’s regime on Prince Edward Island,” Acadiensis (Fredericton), 1 (1971–72), no.1: 37–53. h.t.h.] PAPEI, Acc. 2984/4, Cambridge to [Flowden?], 28 Sept. 1793; Cambridge to B [William Winchester], [c. 1793]; Cambridge to Alexander Ellice, 26 Nov. 1794; RG 3, journals, 18 Dec. 1806; RG 6, Supreme Court, case papers, 1789, Cambridge, Bowley & Co. v. Clark; 1790, Townshend v. the Adventure; 1790, Townshend v. the Elizabeth; minutes; RG 16, land registry records, conveyance reg., liber 8: f.94; liber 49: f.203. Private arch., George Wright (Charlottetown), Cambridge family Bible. Bristol Gazette, and Public Advertiser (Bristol, Eng.), 29 Dec. 1831. Bristol Mirror, 31 Dec. 1831. Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal, 31 Dec. 1831. Royal Gazette (Charlottetown), 28 Feb. 1832.	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\|Community-Scale Biomass Energy: The Facts\| Download a pdf of this article When community-scale biomass energy systems are well-designed, well-run, and sustainably supplied, it is a positive, proven, renewable energy option that can be practical and safe, can strengthen our economy and security, and can help ease the urgent strain on our planet’s ecosystem. And, in regions throughout the United States with abundant forest resources, it is available now. Community-scale biomass energy systems burn biological material—most often wood from low-quality trees—in highly efficient, high-temperature combustion systems to produce heat. Sometimes, these systems also produce a certain amount of electric power (this is called CHP, combined heat and power). But the most efficient use of biomass for energy is to provide space heating and domestic hot water. Community-scale systems typically provide this to single buildings, such as schools and hospitals, or to groups of buildings such as college campuses, industrial parks, or whole towns or cities through “district heating” systems. Community-scale biomass systems that produce heat or CHP are different from electric power plants, which are generally much larger and mainly produce electricity for broad distribution. Biomass-fueled technology is only about 20-25 percent efficient at producing electric power; at producing heat, it is 70-90 percent efficient. Power plants sometimes (though this is rare) sell the excess heat they generate, where it is economically feasible and if there is an appropriate user nearby; this is only 40-45 percent efficient. Technology is also being developed that can use biomass to produce liquid biofuels. Community-scale thermal applications are the most efficient biomass energy technologies—they do the best job of turning biomass fuel into energy, with the least waste. Systems of this type have been in use since the early 1980s, and have built a track record of safety and reliability. Today, a growing number of community-scale systems, most fueled with woodchips and some with wood pellets, are delivering heat and hot water to schools, businesses, colleges, hospitals, city centers, and whole communities across the northern United States, Canada, and north and central Europe. Biomass fuel can be used in a wide range of technologies, from home woodstoves to power plants. Because community-scale thermal systems combine high-efficiency combustion with sophisticated emission controls, this technology meets and exceeds all emission-safety standards, while providing heat energy at relatively stable fuel prices from a local fuel source. When wood fuel is harvested responsibly from well-managed forests, community-scale biomass energy is a sustainable whole system. It keeps energy dollars circulating in the local and regional economy, by using a renewable fuel that is harvested nearby—and its carbon emissions are re-captured as the forests that supply the fuel continue to grow. In contrast, fossil-fuel systems extract carbon that is buried underground in geological deposits, then add it to the atmosphere over time. Finally, by developing a reliable, local market for low-quality wood, biomass energy can create a new financial incentive for forestland owners to manage their forests for long-term productive health, lessening the pressure to “high-grade” (cut only the most valuable trees and leave the rest). The revenue stream for biomass fuel can help landowners make ends meet, also relieving the pressure to sell woodland for development. Benefits of Using Biomass at the Community Scale Modern Community-Scale Biomass Energy Systems Use Sophisticated Emission Controls Biomass energy systems emit 1/6 of the sulfur oxides, which contribute to acid rain, than do oil-fired systems. Nitrogen oxide emissions are about the same as oil. When Their Fuel Is Harvested Responsibly from Sustainably Managed Forests, Biomass Systems Can Be Low-Carbon, or Carbon Neutral Over Time Good forest management is essential to realizing the carbon benefits of biomass energy. Key factors include: where trees are harvested, how they are harvested, how this plays out over the landscape and over time, and whether management practices support long-term forest health. It is also important that biomass energy systems be well-designed and efficiently run. When these positive factors are in place, converting from oil- or gas-fired energy to biomass can reduce net CO2 emissions by 75-90 percent. A Well-Managed Biomass Fuel Industry, Coupled with Sustainable Growth in Demand, Creates New Incentives to Protect and Preserve the Working Forest Landscape Image Captions (from top to bottom) A typical below-grade woodchip storage bin at a public school. Woodchips being conveyed from the storage bin to to the boiler room. The 2010 installation of Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont exemplifies a community-scale biomass application. Woodchips burning inside the combustion chamber of a biomass boiler. The chipping of low-grade wood from harvesting operations in the forest.	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“…the most miserable place in the world.” “Early reports from Houston said that when people came out on any given morning you could find as many as four bodies lying dead in the streets, victims of the previous night’s mayhem.” You’d be forgiven if you thought this was the Houston of today. But actually this is Houston in the 1830s. Houston Arts and Media has produced a new, feature-length documentary that looks at the early days of the city and its time as the capital of the Republic of Texas. Hosted by author and historian Stephen Hardin, Houston: A Nation’s Capitol features interviews with other historians, snippets of contemporary journals, photographs and maps that detail early life here. The nonprofit’s hope is that this will be part of a series of videos that explore the birth of Texas. More information on how to purchase the DVD can be found here. (Full disclosure: I am a Houston Arts and Media board member.)	[ 447, 250, 1399, 1169, 749, 22444, 1295, 287, 262, 995, 13, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 20457, 3136, 422, 6995, 531, 326, 618, 661, 1625, 503, 319, 597, 1813, 3329, 345, 714, 1064, 355, 867, 355, 1440, 5920, 9105, 2636, 287, 262, 6483, 11, 4970, 286, 262, 2180, 1755, 447, 247, 82, 43744, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1639, 447, 247, 67, 307, 32350, 611, 345, 1807, 428, 373, 262, 6995, 286, 1909, 13, 887, 1682, 428, 318, 6995, 287, 262, 45440, 82, 13, 198, 33387, 11536, 290, 6343, 468, 4635, 257, 649, 11, 3895, 12, 13664, 11648, 326, 3073, 379, 262, 1903, 1528, 286, 262, 1748, 290, 663, 640, 355, 262, 3139, 286, 262, 2066, 286, 3936, 13, 198, 17932, 276, 416, 1772, 290, 18026, 7970, 6912, 259, 11, 6995, 25, 317, 8741, 447, 247, 82, 13241, 3033, 9299, 351, 584, 21262, 11, 45114, 286, 11811, 22790, 11, 12566, 290, 8739, 326, 3703, 1903, 1204, 994, 13, 198, 464, 15346, 447, 247, 82, 2911, 318, 326, 428, 481, 307, 636, 286, 257, 2168, 286, 5861, 326, 7301, 262, 4082, 286, 3936, 13, 3125, 1321, 319, 703, 284, 5001, 262, 12490, 460, 307, 1043, 994, 13, 357, 13295, 13019, 25, 314, 716, 257, 6995, 11536, 290, 6343, 3096, 2888, 2014, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	210
Baby Humor Development It is during this time in a child’s life that they begin to closely watch their parent’s expressions. This is when they start to understand how to interpret when something is funny. The study was conducted in the U.S. where researchers studied a group of 30 babies in their own homes on two separate occasions. The first occasion was when the babies were 6 months old and the second was when they were one year old. The babies were studied initially while they watched their parents react to two ordinary events and later to two unordinary events. For the ordinary event the researcher read a picture book and showed a red ball to the babies. For the unordinary event the researcher bounced the picture book on her head and put the red ball on her nose. When the unordinary event occurred the parents were told to either point and laugh at the researcher or to stare without making an expression. At 6 months of age, during the absurd events, the babies watched their parents closely as they laughed and stared for a longer time than when the normal events took place. However, there was no distinct correlation between the babies’ reactions and their parents’ reactions. At 1 year of age, when the same events took place, the babies showed they had already developed a sense of humor by laughing when the absurd events took place even when their parents remained expressionless. Researchers suggest, “The combination of paying close attention to absurd events and to others laughing at those events when they are 6 months old may explain how babies develop the sense of humor they have when they’re a year old”. The study was presented at the British Psychological Society meeting in Glasgow, Scotland this September where researchers explained how humor is an important vehicle for understanding infant development. The study revealed that social referencing is a key ingredient to infant development; particularly in relation to emotional advice received by parents. The author of the study, Gina Mireault of Johnson State College, claims, “Our findings suggest that 6-month-olds are starting to see parents as a source of emotional information, and this is likely to be an important step on the way to being able to obtain emotional advice from parents when this is needed, which we know infants do at 8 months. By 12 months, infants seem to have had just enough life experience to make up their own minds — at least about what is absurdly funny.”	[ 36534, 11054, 273, 7712, 198, 1026, 318, 1141, 428, 640, 287, 257, 1200, 447, 247, 82, 1204, 326, 484, 2221, 284, 7173, 2342, 511, 2560, 447, 247, 82, 14700, 13, 770, 318, 618, 484, 923, 284, 1833, 703, 284, 6179, 618, 1223, 318, 8258, 13, 198, 464, 2050, 373, 5952, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 810, 4837, 9713, 257, 1448, 286, 1542, 11903, 287, 511, 898, 5682, 319, 734, 4553, 12432, 13, 383, 717, 6695, 373, 618, 262, 11903, 547, 718, 1933, 1468, 290, 262, 1218, 373, 618, 484, 547, 530, 614, 1468, 13, 198, 464, 11903, 547, 9713, 7317, 981, 484, 7342, 511, 3397, 6324, 284, 734, 8850, 2995, 290, 1568, 284, 734, 555, 35947, 2995, 13, 1114, 262, 8850, 1785, 262, 13453, 1100, 257, 4286, 1492, 290, 3751, 257, 2266, 2613, 284, 262, 11903, 13, 1114, 262, 555, 35947, 1785, 262, 13453, 31318, 262, 4286, 1492, 319, 607, 1182, 290, 1234, 262, 2266, 2613, 319, 607, 9686, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 555, 35947, 1785, 5091, 262, 3397, 547, 1297, 284, 2035, 966, 290, 6487, 379, 262, 13453, 393, 284, 24170, 1231, 1642, 281, 5408, 13, 198, 2953, 718, 1933, 286, 2479, 11, 1141, 262, 12986, 2995, 11, 262, 11903, 7342, 511, 3397, 7173, 355, 484, 13818, 290, 18484, 329, 257, 2392, 640, 621, 618, 262, 3487, 2995, 1718, 1295, 13, 2102, 11, 612, 373, 645, 7310, 16096, 1022, 262, 11903, 447, 247, 12737, 290, 511, 3397, 447, 247, 12737, 13, 198, 2953, 352, 614, 286, 2479, 11, 618, 262, 976, 2995, 1718, 1295, 11, 262, 11903, 3751, 484, 550, 1541, 4166, 257, 2565, 286, 14733, 416, 14376, 618, 262, 12986, 2995, 1718, 1295, 772, 618, 511, 3397, 6150, 5408, 1203, 13, 198, 25606, 1950, 11, 564, 250, 464, 6087, 286, 5989, 1969, 3241, 284, 12986, 2995, 290, 284, 1854, 14376, 379, 883, 2995, 618, 484, 389, 718, 1933, 1468, 743, 4727, 703, 11903, 1205, 262, 2565, 286, 14733, 484, 423, 618, 484, 447, 247, 260, 257, 614, 1468, 447, 251, 13, 198, 464, 2050, 373, 5545, 379, 262, 3517, 30583, 7023, 3249, 287, 23995, 11, 8838, 428, 2693, 810, 4837, 4893, 703, 14733, 318, 281, 1593, 4038, 329, 4547, 11212, 2478, 13, 198, 464, 2050, 4602, 326, 1919, 32578, 318, 257, 1994, 18734, 284, 11212, 2478, 26, 3573, 287, 8695, 284, 7016, 5608, 2722, 416, 3397, 13, 198, 464, 1772, 286, 262, 2050, 11, 43002, 337, 557, 1721, 286, 5030, 1812, 5535, 11, 3667, 11, 564, 250, 5122, 6373, 1950, 326, 718, 12, 8424, 12, 10119, 389, 3599, 284, 766, 3397, 355, 257, 2723, 286, 7016, 1321, 11, 290, 428, 318, 1884, 284, 307, 281, 1593, 2239, 319, 262, 835, 284, 852, 1498, 284, 7330, 7016, 5608, 422, 3397, 618, 428, 318, 2622, 11, 543, 356, 760, 18775, 466, 379, 807, 1933, 13, 2750, 1105, 1933, 11, 18775, 1283, 284, 423, 550, 655, 1576, 1204, 1998, 284, 787, 510, 511, 898, 9017, 851, 379, 1551, 546, 644, 318, 12986, 306, 8258, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	498
The presence of a large multi-burner gas range at the heart of the cooking line is about as fundamental as it gets in any restaurant. That iron and stainless steel behemoth uses a lot of energy, throws a lot of heat, and requires a dedicated ventilation system just to keep the cooks from getting overwhelmed. For decades no proper chef would have it any other way. That’s beginning to change, and the catalyst of that change is the induction range. Induction cooking works in a completely different manner than traditional gas or electric ranges. Instead of using a superhot medium like burning gas or an electrically heated element, induction ranges use the energy created by two opposing magnetic fields driven by an electric current to make the metal in the cookware itself become hot. Sound a little geeky? It is, in a cool science project kind of way. For professional chefs, the most interesting thing about induction cooking are the practical advantages it can bring to the process, including: Precision temperature control. While there is certainly a steep learning curve in the beginning, once a chef gets an induction range dialed in based upon the numbers on the knob, you can be sure you’ll get consistent, perfectly even heat every time. This is especially beneficial for low temperature and simmering applications, because an induction range can maintain a much lower heat than a traditional gas or electric range. Speed. You’ve never seen a pot boil faster or oil heat up quicker than on an induction range. Because the metal of the pot or pan sitting on the burner becomes the heating agent instead of the medium, induction is by far the fastest way to heat whatever you’re cooking. Efficiency. An induction range uses a fraction of the energy used by a traditional range. There’s also almost zero energy waste since the energy used to heat food is created in the metal of the cookware instead of below it. This energy is also created by a relatively weak electrical current, which can be much more inexpensive than natural gas. Safety. An induction burner that’s turned on to full heat is still cool to the touch. As it heats metal cookware it will become hot, but the burner itself creates no heat. This makes induction much safer than traditional ranges. Some induction ranges even have automatic detectors that shut off the burner when there is no pan present, when the pan is empty, or when foreign objects fall onto the surface of the range. Ventilation. Because induction ranges don’t burn fuel like a gas range, minimal ventilation is needed, and much less heat is created, even if you’re running induction all day on a busy line. This can save any restaurant a boatload of money on the ventilation and cooling costs normally associated with a traditional gas range. Make sure you consult the local regulations in your community when deciding how much ventilation you need to install for an induction range. In general, however, the requirements should be a fraction of those for a gas range. Induction cooking isn’t for every restaurant. Some chefs don’t like the fact that cookware cools off rapidly when it’s not in contact with the burner – a distinct disadvantage for techniques that call for using the pan to flip or sautee ingredients as they cook. Induction also supports only certain types of cookware – usually stainless steel or cast iron – which means your aluminum cookware will be useless on an induction range. If you are interested in induction cooking, Vollrath has been a pioneer in developing induction ranges, countertop burners, and even chafers for the food service industry. So far another factor slowing the widespread adoption of induction technology in restaurants has been the cost of equipment. As energy prices, especially natural gas, continue to rise and the cost of quality induction equipment comes down, however, induction cooking starts to make more and more sense. Check out a full inventory of Vollrath induction equipment here.	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I’m working on an ebook titled “6 Powerful Mechanisms Behind Personal Change”. This post is a part of the chapter about positive attitude. I will show you what attitude is and how you can use it to be proactive. The Nature of Attitude Daniel D. Droba claims he was the first to define the attitude concept and he did so in his article The Nature of Attitude from 1933. Droba based his study on 55 books on sociology and psychology and he concluded that attitude is a state of preparation to action. “Attitude is a state of preparation to action” Carl Jung’s definition of attitude I’m surprised that Droba only used American sources and studies because the attitude concept has a central role in Carl Jung’s Psychological Types published in 1923. Jung’s work is used today in personality tests and development of organisations. In his work “Psychological Types” (pp. 526-30) Jung gave his definition of attitude: “Attitude is a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain direction.” Jung places great emphasis on the attitude concept because it is a powerful mechanism that is based on experience: “To have a certain attitude means to be ready for something definite […] having an attitude is synonymous with an a priori direction towards a definite thing.” Jung believes that we have both a conscious and an unconscious attitude. I you want to act in a certain direction you have to be conscious about it; for that you need attitude. “Active apperception is impossible without an attitude.” Jung has identified certain types of attitudes that are based on habits. “When a function habitually predominates, a typical attitude is thereby produced.” This means, that habits can develop both consciously and unconsciously; these habits will produce some kind of attitude. If you want to change something you need the right attitude to do so. That is why you can combine habits and attitudes and thereby create personal change. Experience → Attitude → Action It’s raining. Rain is wet and cold. → Rain is bad → Cancel date Habits → Attitude → Action Bad habit → Negative attitude → Negative projection to other people Unhealthy diet → feeling of guilt → healthy people are patronising You can use this mechanism to create change. Changing a habit is difficult and it takes time, but you can choose to adopt a certain attitude, e.g. a positive attitude, and thereby change your action. Another type of action will lead to a new experience. That new experience is your resource to the attitude you desire. Your attitude is not predetermined. You can choose to take responsibility for your actions and adopt an attitude that will help you to personal change. This is being proactive. Make your choice: I choose to be reactive and let my bad habits control my life and actions I choose to be proactive and take charge of my life and actions Is it that simple? – Yes, it is that simple! The difficult part is to make the decision about being reactive or proactive. If you chose to be reactive then you don’t have to read anymore – just carry on with your life as usual. Did you choose to be proactive? What are you going to do to be proactive? Maybe you are already in charge of your personal development, please share how you did in the comments.	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There seems to be a lot of confusion out there as to the best sources of omega-3 fatty acids. This article will break down the major sources of omega-3’s and give you the information you need to make educated choices. First, there are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: DHA, EPA and ALA. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) are found in fish and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid ) is found in plants like flaxseed. When you choose an omega-3 source, we suggest that you select a healthy balance of all fatty acids, but make sure you are getting enough EPA and DHA, as these fatty acids are responsible for the majority of the health benefits of omega-3’s. This is important to remember: if a food or supplement states it is high in omega-3, it does not necessarily mean it is high in EPA and DHA. For example, although flaxseed oil is six times richer than most fish oils in omega-3’s, flaxseed oil contains mainly ALA, not DHA and EPA. Unfortunately, our bodies can only convert ALA into DHA and EPA in very small amounts. Scientific studies have revealed that fatty acids from fish or fish oil, but not flaxseed oil, benefited patients with cardiovascular disease and ADHD. More...	[ 1858, 2331, 284, 307, 257, 1256, 286, 10802, 503, 612, 355, 284, 262, 1266, 4237, 286, 198, 462, 4908, 12, 18, 19251, 17045, 13, 770, 2708, 481, 2270, 866, 262, 1688, 4237, 286, 37615, 12, 18, 447, 247, 82, 198, 392, 1577, 345, 262, 1321, 345, 761, 284, 787, 15657, 7747, 13, 198, 5962, 11, 612, 389, 1115, 1388, 3858, 286, 37615, 12, 18, 19251, 17045, 25, 360, 7801, 11, 10193, 290, 8355, 32, 13, 198, 35, 7801, 357, 15390, 8546, 258, 27865, 23397, 291, 7408, 8, 290, 10193, 357, 36, 291, 418, 499, 29188, 23397, 291, 7408, 8, 389, 1043, 287, 5916, 290, 198, 1847, 32, 357, 26591, 12, 2815, 8622, 291, 7408, 1267, 318, 1043, 287, 6134, 588, 781, 897, 28826, 13, 1649, 345, 3853, 281, 198, 462, 4908, 12, 18, 2723, 11, 356, 1950, 326, 345, 2922, 257, 5448, 5236, 286, 477, 19251, 17045, 11, 198, 4360, 787, 1654, 345, 389, 1972, 1576, 10193, 290, 360, 7801, 11, 355, 777, 19251, 17045, 389, 198, 24358, 329, 262, 3741, 286, 262, 1535, 4034, 286, 37615, 12, 18, 447, 247, 82, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 1593, 284, 3505, 25, 611, 257, 2057, 393, 10327, 2585, 340, 318, 1029, 287, 198, 462, 4908, 12, 18, 11, 340, 857, 407, 6646, 1612, 340, 318, 1029, 287, 10193, 290, 360, 7801, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 198, 16670, 781, 897, 28826, 3056, 318, 2237, 1661, 26192, 621, 749, 5916, 20629, 287, 37615, 12, 18, 447, 247, 82, 11, 198, 2704, 897, 28826, 3056, 4909, 8384, 8355, 32, 11, 407, 360, 7801, 290, 10193, 13, 8989, 11, 674, 5920, 460, 198, 8807, 10385, 8355, 32, 656, 360, 7801, 290, 10193, 287, 845, 1402, 6867, 13, 22060, 3640, 423, 198, 36955, 3021, 326, 19251, 17045, 422, 5916, 393, 5916, 3056, 11, 475, 407, 781, 897, 28826, 3056, 11, 25050, 198, 8071, 2334, 351, 21134, 4369, 290, 22822, 13, 3125, 986, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	316
Earth Day is arriving next week--and guess what? Children fear that soon we won't be celebrating any additional Earth Days. In a survey commissioned by HabitatHeroes.com, more than half believe the earth will not be a good place to live when they grow up. One in three fear the demise of the planet. Sharon Lowe, mother of three, environmental activist, and creator of HabitatHeroes.com, offers these tips to help parents allay their kid's fears about the environment: -Communication is key. Parents need to be open and honest with their children. -Allow your children to ask questions. Acknowledge their fears as real, no matter how big or small. Explain in a manner they can relate to. Show them pictures. Visit websites like Habitat Heroes and engage in child friendly games and activities to help explain the issues in a way that is not scary. Habitat Heroes offers printable activity sheets and lesson plans which can help reinforce your conversations. You can also find out if your child's class is being educated about topics that they are fearful of. Many schools are taking the initiative to teach students about these environmental and social issues and how to cope. As with anything parents should always lead by example. Here are some simple ways to educate kids about being green. 1) Add more clothing before adding more heat. 2) Take off a layer of clothing before turning up the air conditioning. 3) Replace light bulbs with energy efficient ones. Make it an activity with the kids. 4) Turn off electrical appliances at the powerpoint, not just the switch. 5) Turn off the TV when you leave the room. 6) Turn off the lights when you leave the room. 7) Open up curtains and enjoy natural light. 8) Take recycled / hemp shopping bags with you instead of using plastic bags. 9) Place food scraps into a compost bin for your garden. You can turn that into a fun activity for the kids. They will love watching the worms! 10) Recycle plastics, glass and paper in the appropriate places. Check if your municipality or local stores recycle electronic goods and furniture. 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At statehood, the federal government promised all states that it would transfer title for all public lands within the states. The U.S. Supreme Court has called these promises “solemn compacts,” “bilateral (two-way) agreements,” and “solemn trusts” that must be performed “in a timely fashion.” With the vote of 35-15, SB1332 was changed from requiring that Washington turn over “public lands” to a demand that they do so. If it passes the Senate, it will place Arizona Governor Jan Brewer in the position that Utah Gov. Gary Herbert found himself in when he signed similar legislation last month, do they join the Western land war: 5 states fight D.C. for control of federal areas. The fight centers on the millions of acres of lands that were never turned over to the western states after they were admitted to the union. These lands are being held in “trust” for the “public” but they hold valuable resources that the states feel they have a right too. The following list shows what these states see as unequal treatment by the federal government. The percentage of land that is under the control of the feds west of the Mississippi is staggering and they want it turned over as promised in the Enabling Acts that brought these states into existence . - Nevada 84.5% - Alaska 69.1% - Utah 57.4% - Oregon 53.1% - Idaho 50.2% - Arizona 48.1% - California 45.3% - Wyoming 42.3% - New Mexico 41.8% - Colorado 36.6% Now compare that to other states and you will be able to understand why the western states feel that they must demand respect for their sovereignty and their lands as promised. - Connecticut 0.4% - Rhode Island 0.4% - Iowa 0.8% - New York 0.8% - Maine 1.1% - Kansas 1.2% - Nebraska 1.4% - Alabama 1.6% - Ohio 1.7% - Illinois 1.8% The argument has been the definition of a “timely manner” for turning over these lands but as you can see by the dates of admittance to the union these states have been more than patient with Washington’s failure to keep its promises. - Nevada Oct 31, 1864 - Alaska Jan 3, 1959 - Utah Jan 4, 1896 - Oregon Feb 14, 1859 - Idaho Jul 3, 1890 - Arizona Feb 14, 1912 - California Sep 9, 1850 - Wyoming Jul 10, 1890 - New Mexico Jan 6, 1912 - Colorado Aug 1, 1876 “The bill’s chief supporter said environmental constraints put on mining, logging and other resource industries limit how federally controlled public land can be used in the West, to the detriment of states’ economic prosperity.” “This will take the shackles off of us and allow us to prosper,” Sen. Al Melvin, R-Tucson, said during a March committee hearing on the bill. “This will be a major game-changer.” “The Utah law and the Arizona bill both call for formation of a state commission to decide details of how the transfers of control of public land would work.” For State Sovereignty to mean anything then these western states must gain control over the lands within their borders. If you live in Arizona – act NOW. Not tomorrow or next week. Today, not tomorrow – right now. 1. Visit the link below for contact information for your Senator: 2. Click on your senator’s name and get their email address and TWO phone numbers – capitol and district offices. 3. CALL them. Best option – respectfully, yet firmly urge them to pass this bill. Let them know that you want them to stand up for the Constitution of the United States AND the Constitution of Arizona – they took an oath to both. 4. EMAIL them – even if call, you can still email too. Alternatively, just send them a firm but courteous email urging them to vote yes on this bill. 5. Do the same for the Governor’s office – 602) 542-4331 or (520) 628-6580 http://www.azgovernor.gov/Contact.asp 6. Report Back – when you get responses, let us know! We want people to be informed of what their delegates are saying and doing.	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Q: I have a plant that looks like a cattail, but it has a plume on top instead of a catkin. What is it? Mike – Cottonwood, AZ A: It sounds like you’ve got phragmites. Also known as “common reed,” certain invasive varieties of this plant have taken root on the East Coast, Midwest and Pacific Northwest – and, apparently, in your pond! To identify the species of phragmite in your pond, check out Cornell University’s “Morphological Differences” website here. Generally speaking, phragmite is a perennial wetland grass that can grow to 6 to 15 feet in height. Its stems, which are erect, smooth and hollow, measure nearly 1 inch in diameter and are topped with 12-inch-long dense panicles, or purple-brown pyramid-shaped plumes of flowers, that emerge between July and September. The leaves that arise from the stem are 10 to 20 inches long and up to 2 inches wide. The plants propagate mainly via an extensive network of underground rhizomes, or horizontal stems, that produce roots and shoots that grow as deep as 39 inches, with their root systems growing down another 3 feet. They’re hardy – and unfortunately, they can be tough to control. A Substantial Threat These invasive, non-native bad guys can do some serious damage to your lake or pond. Not only do they create tall, dense stands that crowd out native plants and animals, but they also block your shoreline views, create fire hazards from dry plant material, and reduce areas for swimming, fishing and hunting. They’re definitely not something you want on your property. Once phragmites has taken root in your lake or pond, you’ll need to develop a long-term management plan to control them. Unfortunately, because the plants spread through their rhizomes, they could be difficult to eradicate entirely. That’s where chemical and mechanical control can help. - Chemical control: First, you can spray an EPA-registered herbicide and surfactant product, like Kraken™ & Cide-Kick™ Combo, in the late summer or early fall. Mix the herbicide with 2 gallons of water, pour it into pond sprayer and spray on the plants with your Airmax® Pressurized Pond Sprayer, completely wetting the surface of the leaves. Allow the mixture to absorb into the plant and the root system – the most difficult part of the plant to kill – for two weeks. - Mechanical control: Once the herbicide has had a chance to soak into the phragmites’ root system and kill the plants, use a weed cutting and removal tool, like the Pond Logic® Pond Rake and Weed Cutter, to slice at the base of the plants and remove them. If you can control your pond’s or lake’s water line, you can also cut the phragmites 2 to 3 inches below the water surface to cut off the plant’s supply of oxygen and drown the plant. - Destroy what you’ve removed: To prevent the accidental spread of the plant, collect the cut material and bag it before disposing of it. In extreme cases, prescribed burning after herbicide treatment can provide additional control. Before you begin, check with your local environmental agency to see if a permit is required for the treatments of these buggers. Plan to repeat this routine several years in a row. Patches may emerge even after regular treatments, but once you’ve wiped out the majority of the phragmites, the plant will be much easier to control. Just remember: early detection is key! Pond Talk: How do you control phragmites in your lake or pond?	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Although much of Henry Wellcome’s collection was devoted to instruments and materials of healing, some of the objects found in it have a more sinister purpose. Elizabeth Baddeley looks at a tradition of punishment rooted in the fear of female autonomy. When visitors peer into our cabinet of masks in Medicine Man they are, almost without fail, drawn first to the bright, colourful disease masks from Sri Lanka; to the exaggerated features of the ritual mask from Bhutan; to the almost eerily realistic grinning false face Iroquois mask from North America. It seems almost as an afterthought that they turn to our object here: the matt grey, iron mask of the scold’s bridle. It seems clunky and dull next to the lively features of the more geographically exotic specimens it is displayed alongside. Surprisingly, the history, use and legacy of this and similar objects are a much underexplored subject. This object is between 200 and 450 years old and is from Belgium, but could be from any part of Northern Europe from the late medieval or early modern period. It is made from heavy iron, and has the caricatured ears of an ass, exaggerated facial features and twisted, cruel-looking horns. It is a scold’s bridle. The offence of scolding means little to nothing to us today, but in the 16th and 17th centuries, it was an acute insult. It was a uniquely female misdemeanour, and as such it is often compared to that other contemporary, and uniquely female, crime of being a whore. Both were often punished with a round on the ‘cucking stool’ – a mechanism where the accused was dunked into a river or pond while secured to a seat – and both are often viewed as female crime in a male-dominated legal system. A scold was, after all, ‘a troublesome and angry woman, who by her brawling and wrangling amongst her Neighbours, doth break the publick Peace, and beget, cherish and increase publick Discord’ according to William Sheppard in 1675. The gendered nature of this crime has led to historians discussing whether it was a male way of limiting women’s powers of expression and activity. Indeed, the prevalence of accusations against scolds seems to have peaked between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, and in Britain has been linked to the wider social upheaval surrounding the English Civil War. Punishment with a bridle like this one, or ‘branks’ as they were also known, is less well recorded, but we know that it was done, as with the cucking stool, to ridicule and expose the women in front of her neighbours. It could also be painful. The woman would be made to wear the device for a stated time, and it would be heavy, the iron would be very cold (especially in winter), and the strut of metal that went into her mouth to hold down her tongue from further nagging (which has unfortunately broken off this example) would become increasingly uncomfortable. Indeed, on some bridles this was not just a piece of metal but a spike, designed to cause pain. The idea of punishing a woman for stepping out of her place is not uniquely British: as mentioned above, scold’s bridles have been found across Europe. This crime of being a scold is represented in the mocking ‘world turned upside down’ rituals of French charivari and Italian carnivals. Men dressed as women, children played bishops and bishops dressed as paupers during the festival; this reversal and ridiculing of traditional norms was used to reinforce the correctness and normality of those norms in everyday life. This was true especially in relation to gender roles: alongside the punishing of scolds was the ridiculing of what cultural historian Natalie Davies calls the ‘woman on top’: domineering wives, especially young brides of elderly husbands or women who abused their husbands. Also linked is the enduring idea that witches were female, often wise old spinsters or midwives. Statistically, we know that a huge number of men were also accused and punished for witchcraft, but the concept of witches and the description of them in contemporary sources is usually purely female and contributes to the general fear of women stepping out of their place. The contemporary fear of powerful women has in the past been linked to a high number of young, unmarried but wage-earning women living away from home as servants and the measure of power and freedom this gave them. One idea that connects the scold’s bridle, accusations of witchcraft and the ‘woman on top’ is the belief that women were particularly prone to bouts of irrational behaviour, prone to communicating with the devil as they did not have the rational power to stay away, and inclined to scold and nag about unimportant matters. According to early modern medical ideas of the four humours, a theory about the body existent since ancient Greece and changed little by the 16th century, women were cold and damp with little blood. Indeed, this small amount of blood would linger around their uterus, instead of spreading throughout the body and into the brain. The Greeks even wrote of how the uterus would ‘wander around’ the body if it had too little blood. As such, women were often seen as being ‘led’ by their uterus, a dangerous organ, making them prone to irrational behaviour. Nor was this idea soon forgotten, for the very Victorian illness of hysteria takes its name from the Greek ‘hystera’, meaning uterus. This may seem odd to a modern audience, more used to hearing of men being led by their nether regions than women. Elizabeth Baddeley is a Visitor Services Assistant at Wellcome Collection.	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This winter I’m taking a course on urban education. Our first topic: segregation and desegregation in schools. Firstly, what do we mean by segregation? As a working definition, I’ll offer that segregation is the spatial pattern of people across some attribute. So we could talk about segregation by race, by income, or by favorite ice cream flavor. Once we pick something to measure against, we find that every city is segregated according to this definition. What matters is in what way the segregation manifests and the consequences on the populace the pattern has. Segregation patterns can be uniform, with all groups distributed more or less evenly within a region, or clustered. Likewise, we could also calculate the extent to which subpopulations are isolated from each other—which also gives a rough estimation of how often members of one group is likely to run into someone outside of their group. I think when we talk about ‘segregated’ groups, we typically mean highly clustered populations that are isolated from the other groups in the city. I don’t think that clustered, isolated groups are necessarily bad on their own. I love visiting the North End and Chinatown. Because they’re both T-accessible, it’s easy for me to get there. (Though, both neighborhoods have had rough pasts.) And Harvard Square is the nicest place I’ve ever lived. Score one for segregation! Moral judgments aside, self-selection can have a big influence on patterns of segregation, at least it can in models. The positive feedback loops reinforce small, individual choice to generate large-scale patterning. Schelling’s model of segregation is a classic, good first example of what I mean. In this model individuals exhibit only a slight preference to have neighbors that are similar to them. The individuals in this model are not racist. (Or maybe they are. I don’t have a good functional definition of racism yet.) When individuals find themselves in a neighborhood that is too unlike themselves, they move somewhere else at random, possibly to a neighborhood more dissimilar from themselves than the last. Even with this mild, partially blind behavior, a totally segregated structure emerges. In more relaxed models that completely ignore race, even more realistic patterns of segregation form. In this class of model, individuals simply choose to live in the nicest area they can afford. As if by magic, isolated poor and rich neighborhoods form. Depending on the details of the model, wealthy suburbs appear spontaneously. If we use socioeconomic status as a proxy for race, it’s the same old story. Except this time, we have a systems-level mechanism that generates isolated, poor communities that lack the power to advocate for equitable resources and very rich communities with disproportionately high share of public goods insulated by a buffer of middle class individuals. Race was not the cause; money was. When was ask whether it’s morally justified for a white family to send their kid to a predominantly white school, I think it’s important to know what about the school is so attractive. Do all parents value differentiated cultural and social understanding across many kinds of experience? Are they likely to value it more than a pretty campus or reputation of success by its graduates? Sure, in some cases the choice may be motivated largely by racism. But I’d expect that in many cases, it’s mostly a matter of ensuring access to the most and best resources possible for their child. It just so happens that low-resource groups aggregate, even in the absence of race. I believe that diversity (of background, experience, perspective, and the like) is important in schools because, as has been mentioned a few times by others, students learn how to navigate social situations outside of school from the people they meet in school. But when we talk about diversity, do we really mean racial diversity? As an example, imagine that an elite, wealthy, mostly white college in the Northeast has recently been chastised for admitting a student body that is not sufficient diverse. Consequently, the school begins recruiting wealthy black students from Africa, some of whom attended the same boarding schools as students already enrolled in the college. In time, the student body comes to be half white, half black with an even mix in all classes and housing situations. In what sense, if any, has the college increased diversity on campus? Do you think the college has produced the diversity they were previously lacking? While I think that racial segregation is a problem, I don’t think race is necessarily the capital-C cause. In a world without racism, economic segregation will still exist. But I’m willing to bet that in a world with no financial disparity, a lot of the troubles we associate with racism would evaporate. And so, I think race will play a secondary part in the solution to segregation. In fact, I think that race may even obscure the issue of access to equitable education for all. (I’m not sure if that’s what we’re really trying to achieve, but I think it’s a good start.) Instead, I believe that the struggle of the American education system is one of power and status. As such, I think we should talk about resource allocation (including strategies that move students to resources as well as bringing more resources to students), causes and effects of socioeconomic segregation, and cultural and pedagogical practices that systematically discourage/motivate students to learn the skills required to become an informed and capable citizens.	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July 18, 2012 Since the Industrial Revolution, ocean acidity has risen by 30 percent as a direct result of fossil-fuel burning and deforestation. And within the last 50 years, human industry has caused the world’s oceans to experience a sharp increase in acidity that rivals levels seen when ancient carbon cycles triggered mass extinctions, which took out more than 90 percent of the oceans’ species and more than 75 percent of terrestrial species. Rising ocean acidity is now considered to be just as much of a formidable threat to the health of Earth’s environment as the atmospheric climate changes brought on by pumping out greenhouse gases. Scientists are now trying to understand what that means for the future survival of marine and terrestrial organisms. In June, ScienceNOW reported that out of the 35 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide released annually through fossil fuel use, one-third of those emissions diffuse into the surface layer of the ocean. The effects those emissions will have on the biosphere is sobering, as rising ocean acidity will completely upset the balance of marine life in the world’s oceans and will subsequently affect humans and animals who benefit from the oceans’ food resources. The damage to marine life is due in large part to the fact that higher acidity dissolves naturally-occurring calcium carbonate that many marine species–including plankton, sea urchins, shellfish and coral–use to construct their shells and external skeletons. Studies conducted off Arctic regions have shown that the combination of melting sea ice, atmospheric carbon dioxide and subsequently hotter, CO2-saturated surface waters has led to the undersaturation of calcium carbonate in ocean waters. The reduction in the amount of calcium carbonate in the ocean spells out disaster for the organisms that rely on those nutrients to build their protective shells and body structures. The link between ocean acidity and calcium carbonate is a directly inverse relationship, which allows scientists to use the oceans’ calcium carbonate saturation levels to measure just how acidic the waters are. In a study by the University of Hawaii at Manoa published earlier this year, researchers calculated that the level of calcium carbonate saturation in the world’s oceans has fallen faster in the last 200 years than has been seen in the last 21,000 years–signaling an extraordinary rise in ocean acidity to levels higher than would ever occur naturally. The authors of the study continued on to say that currently only 50 percent of the world’s ocean waters are saturated with enough calcium carbonate to support coral reef growth and maintenance, but by 2100, that proportion is expected to drop to a mere five percent, putting most of the world’s beautiful and diverse coral reef habitats in danger. In the face of so much mounting and discouraging evidence that the oceans are on a trajectory toward irreparable marine life damage, a new study offers hope that certain species may be able to adapt quick enough to keep pace with the changing make-up of Earth’s waters. In a study published last week in the journal Nature Climate Change, researchers from the ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies found that baby clownfish (Amphiprion melanopus) are able to cope with increased acidity if their parents also lived in higher acidic water, a remarkable finding after a study conducted last year on another clownfish species (Amphiprion percula) suggested acidic waters reduced the fish’s sense of smell, making it likely for the fish to mistakenly swim toward predators. But the new study will require further research to determine whether or not the adaptive abilities of the clownfish are also present in more environmentally-sensitive marine species. While the news that at least some baby fish may be able to adapt to changes provides optimism, there is still much to learn about the process. It is unclear through what mechanism clownfish are able to pass along this trait to their offspring so quickly, evolutionarily speaking. Organisms capable of generation-to-generation adaptations could have an advantage in the coming decades, as anthropogenic emissions push Earth to non-natural extremes and place new stresses on the biosphere. Sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from Smithsonian.com each week.	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Radiation from Japanese nuclear plant found in Colorado: Health dept. says no need to panic Last week, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment tried to counter media-fueled fears about radiation from the stricken Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan creating health risks here. Today, that job just got more difficult. The CDPHE confirms that "minuscule" amounts of radiation from the accident have been detected in Colorado. In a release on view below, the department stresses that the risk of harm from the current radiation is far less than the damage that could be done by unnecessarily gobbling potassium iodide pills, no matter what panicky talking heads might suggest. Here's the CDPHE's take: Colorado detects radioactive isotope Minuscule detection level - no risk to public health Colorado has joined other states now reporting detection of minuscule levels of radiation coming from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. Preliminary sampling from a Colorado monitor has detected a radioactive isotope, iodine-131. The Colorado sampling data is being sent to EPA for further analysis. "Levels detected in Colorado are minuscule and represent no risk to human health," said Dr. Chris Urbina, chief medical officer and executive director of the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. "Radiation can be detected at levels millions of times lower than the level that would cause health impacts. Radiation levels detected in Colorado are consistent with those reported for other states." According to an EPA news release, "In a typical day, Americans receive doses of radiation from natural sources like rocks, bricks and the sun that are about 100,000 times higher than what we have detected coming from Japan. For example, the levels we're seeing coming from Japan are 100,000 times lower than what you get from taking a roundtrip international flight." Four days ago, California first reported detection of radiation from a state monitor. The New York Times reported Monday, "officials have tracked the radioactive plume as it has drifted eastward on prevailing winds from Japan -- first to the West Coast and now over the East Coast and the Atlantic, moving toward Europe." As reported nationally, the plume's radiation has been diluted enormously in its journey of thousands of miles and -- at least for now, with concentrations so low -- its presence will have no health consequences in the United States. Dr. Urbina added, "There is no need for people to seek potassium iodide, as there is no risk to public health from the trace amounts of radiation being reported in the United States. Potassium iodide may have side effects. Using potassium iodide when it is unnecessary could cause intestinal upset (vomiting, nausea and diarrhea), rashes, allergic reactions, soreness of teeth and gums, and inflammation of the salivary glands. Pregnant women and the developing fetus are particularly sensitive to the health risks of taking potassium iodide." Colorado's monitor is part of EPA's RadNet, a national network of monitoring stations that regularly collect samples for analysis of radioactivity. The RadNet network has stations in each state and has been used to track environmental releases of radioactivity from nuclear weapons tests and nuclear accidents. Nationwide RadNet reports can be found at its website: http://www.epa.gov/japan2011/rert/radnet-data.html#states. For information about radiation, please call COHELP at 877-462-2911. More from our News archive: "TSA machines may irradiate your junk unless you've got Rocky Flats Gear (PHOTOS, VIDEO)."	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The creation of dead zones begins when nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers used on land, and from raw or poorly treated sewage, wash into streams, into rivers, and to the sea. Thus fertilized, single celled drifting algae in the sea reproduce – bloom — until they reach abnormal densities. The algae subsequently die and fall to the ocean floor, where they spark an explosion of bacteria that decompose them. The bacteria deplete the oxygen in the sea water to levels so low that little else can survive. Thus, a dead zone is created. Fish can sometimes swim away from these dead zones, or algae blooms, but other sea life like clams and crabs cannot. 3 things you can do to help shrink dead zones: 1. Consider using organic compost or other natural fertilizers instead of commercial products on your lawn and garden 2. Buy locally grown food to support small-scale, regional farmers. 3. Get involved in local efforts to reduce commercial fertilizer use. Other great ways you can make a difference. LINKS & VIDEOS Dr. Nancy Rabalais The rise of global dead zones. Dead zones, from fertilizer, cause fish die-offs.	[ 464, 6282, 286, 2636, 14123, 6140, 618, 23417, 290, 48980, 422, 19078, 11341, 973, 319, 1956, 11, 290, 422, 8246, 393, 13455, 5716, 34939, 11, 13502, 656, 15190, 11, 656, 18180, 11, 290, 284, 262, 5417, 13, 6660, 19078, 1143, 11, 2060, 2685, 276, 38193, 33773, 287, 262, 5417, 22919, 784, 29955, 851, 1566, 484, 3151, 18801, 29509, 871, 13, 198, 464, 33773, 12412, 4656, 290, 2121, 284, 262, 9151, 4314, 11, 810, 484, 9009, 281, 11278, 286, 11492, 326, 26969, 3455, 606, 13, 383, 11492, 390, 6677, 262, 11863, 287, 262, 5417, 1660, 284, 2974, 523, 1877, 326, 1310, 2073, 460, 7866, 13, 6660, 11, 257, 2636, 6516, 318, 2727, 13, 198, 39428, 460, 3360, 9422, 1497, 422, 777, 2636, 14123, 11, 393, 33773, 24924, 3150, 11, 475, 584, 5417, 1204, 588, 537, 4105, 290, 49172, 2314, 13, 198, 18, 1243, 345, 460, 466, 284, 1037, 22085, 2636, 14123, 25, 198, 16, 13, 12642, 1262, 10469, 36541, 393, 584, 3288, 19078, 11341, 2427, 286, 5068, 3186, 319, 534, 21133, 290, 11376, 198, 17, 13, 11763, 15726, 7334, 2057, 284, 1104, 1402, 12, 9888, 11, 7915, 9818, 13, 198, 18, 13, 3497, 2950, 287, 1957, 4040, 284, 4646, 5068, 37113, 779, 13, 198, 6395, 1049, 2842, 345, 460, 787, 257, 3580, 13, 198, 43, 17248, 50, 1222, 48876, 198, 6187, 13, 18496, 28559, 6081, 271, 198, 464, 4485, 286, 3298, 2636, 14123, 13, 198, 20489, 14123, 11, 422, 37113, 11, 2728, 5916, 4656, 12, 8210, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	247
Why the Oceans? Simple: the ocean supports life on this planet. It feeds us, produces the oxygen we breathe, maintains our climate, cycles vital nutrients through countless ecosystems and provides food and medicines. The ocean provides jobs, food, energy, and recreation. As if that weren’t enough, the ocean is beautiful and inspiring. And that would be enough. People are drawn to where water meets land, because it is there we find a primeval, vital connection that goes deep into the human psyche. We feel it. Put simply, the oceans give us life. Let’s return the favor. 3 ways you can to save the oceans: 1. Go to the beach & get inspired. 2. Share your love of the ocean. 3. Eat sustainable seafood. More great ways to Make A Difference. LINKS & VIDEOS The Value of Our Oceans, World Wildlife Fund In the Same Net: Ocean Life, Ethics, and the Human Spirit, Carl Safina, You Tube Cod: The Fish That Made New England, You Tube Knowledge and Devotion, Carl’s Blog Deep Ocean Mysteries and Wonder, TED Talk, You Tube World Oceans Day, Wikipedia Value of Ecosystem Services, World Research Institute Ecosystem Services, Wikipedia Hawaii Ocean Waves, You Tube What is the Ocean Worth to You? Carl’s Blog Valuing Oceans: The $2 Trillion Question, Economist Cod: The Fish That Made New England, Pew Oceans Nothing tells a story like the eyewitnesses who were there. Old-timers in New England’s commercial cod fishery don’t want us to forget how we arrived where we are today. In the Same Net: Ocean Life, Ethics, and the Human Spirit, Carl Safina Prominent ecologist, marine conservationist, and author Carl Safina keynoted Earthstock 2010 with his lecture exploring our changing oceans, and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people. His talk, which was part autobiography, part science lecture, and part book reading, told the story of his global journey from fisherman to scientist and touched upon the scientific dimensions as well as moral and social implications of our relationship with nature. In the deepest, darkest parts of the oceans are ecosystems with more diversity than a tropical rainforest. Taking us on a voyage into the ocean — from the deepest trenches to the remains of the Titanic — marine biologist David Gallo explores the wonder and beauty of marine life. Enjoy this relaxing video from Hawaii. You can see Hawaiian sea turtles, honu, swimming underwater. They surface very briefly in the beginning and ending of this video. I hope this will help you to relax wherever you are in the world. 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Question about Statistics - Regression Model A. develop a regression model that could be used to predict the final average in the course based on the first test grade. b. predict the final average of a student who made an 83 on the first test. c. give the values of r and r2 for this model. Interpret the value of r2 in the content of this problem. A Complete, Neat and Step-by-step Solution is provided in the attached file. This answer includes: - Plain text - Cited sources when necessary - Attached file(s) - Student Roll No.doc	[ 24361, 546, 14370, 532, 3310, 2234, 9104, 198, 32, 13, 1205, 257, 20683, 2746, 326, 714, 307, 973, 284, 4331, 262, 2457, 2811, 198, 259, 262, 1781, 1912, 319, 262, 717, 1332, 9559, 13, 198, 65, 13, 4331, 262, 2457, 2811, 286, 257, 3710, 508, 925, 281, 9698, 319, 262, 717, 1332, 13, 198, 66, 13, 1577, 262, 3815, 286, 374, 290, 374, 17, 329, 428, 2746, 13, 48907, 262, 1988, 286, 374, 17, 287, 262, 2695, 286, 428, 1917, 13, 198, 32, 13248, 11, 3169, 265, 290, 5012, 12, 1525, 12, 9662, 28186, 318, 2810, 287, 262, 7223, 2393, 13, 198, 1212, 3280, 3407, 25, 198, 12, 28847, 2420, 198, 12, 327, 863, 4237, 618, 3306, 198, 12, 3460, 2317, 2393, 7, 82, 8, 198, 12, 13613, 8299, 1400, 13, 15390, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	133
Concerns that the US economy can no longer innovate seem to be trickling into the cultural realm. According to Grant McCracken at the Harvard Business Review, some music critics are worried that “innovation in popular music is in decline,” and that, “If this is true, a big cultural change is upon us — the end of popular music as the great lab bench for our culture, as the defining innovator of our time.” But McCracken recognizes the nostalgia that underlies such fears, and puts forth five ways in which youth culture and pop music are actually changing the boundaries of what those cultural concepts mean today: 1. Contemporary musical forms like mashups are not a “barren genre.” They are merely a new grammar, invented by cultural innovators to express a new culture. 2. Originality is not so much in decline as being revalued. 3. Young consumers are interested in music produced by previous generations, but they are using this music for their own purposes. 4. The new forms of music are expressive of new forms of self and group. 5. If music matters less to the way young consumers define themselves it’s because they have found other, more useful media to do the job. Music doesn’t have to be the innovative media it was for Reynolds’ and other generations. That it worked especially well for earlier generations is due to historical chance and happenstance. Music matters to Reynolds for the same reason books matter to Boomer academics: it just happens to be the form that ideas assumed in the world they grew up in. McCracken’s conclusion echoes Breakthrough Journal writer Dan Krewson, who wrote of punk’s enduring, if unconventional, legacy in “Punk and Possibility”: In many ways, punk’s legacy is such that it is now a mark of sophistication among artists to draw from a constellation of influences, just as it was once stylish for prog rockers to draw upon classical music. Consider Top 40 rapper KiD CuDi. Born in 1984, CuDi unapologetically channels Pink Floyd over Grandmaster Flash. He rhymes about outer space instead of the ghetto and samples Lady Gaga rather than James Brown. He combines orchestral strings with turntable scratching. He references Facebook, Carl Jung, and insomnia, embracing big pop hooks that helped his record debut at number four on the Billboard 200. Asked about his wide-ranging sound and influences, CuDi said, “I did want to make something that would baffle the critics, as far as putting it in a certain genre; I wanted them to have a hard time doin’ it.” Photo courtesy of Tom Purves via Wikimedia Commons	[ 3103, 30903, 82, 326, 262, 1294, 3773, 460, 645, 2392, 47916, 1283, 284, 307, 6908, 1359, 656, 262, 6467, 13360, 13, 4784, 284, 12181, 5108, 39638, 268, 379, 262, 11131, 7320, 6602, 11, 617, 2647, 9188, 389, 7960, 326, 564, 250, 3732, 17882, 287, 2968, 2647, 318, 287, 7794, 11, 447, 251, 290, 326, 11, 564, 250, 1532, 428, 318, 2081, 11, 257, 1263, 6467, 1487, 318, 2402, 514, 851, 262, 886, 286, 2968, 2647, 355, 262, 1049, 2248, 7624, 329, 674, 3968, 11, 355, 262, 16215, 6237, 1352, 286, 674, 640, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1537, 5108, 39638, 268, 21570, 262, 30889, 326, 739, 13508, 884, 10251, 11, 290, 7584, 6071, 1936, 2842, 287, 543, 6205, 3968, 290, 1461, 2647, 389, 1682, 5609, 262, 13215, 286, 644, 883, 6467, 10838, 1612, 1909, 25, 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Like Brussels and Luxembourg, Strasbourg is mainly known as headquarters of the institutions European Union. But this French city has so much more to offer. Strasbourg has a magnificent old town, which is completely enclosed by water. The most striking building is the Notre-Dame Cathedral. This magnificent Gothic cathedral was mainly built between the 11th and 15th centuries. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is 103 metres long and has the shape of a Latin cross. The most important attraction in the cathedral is the Astronomic Clock. A number of European Union institutions are based in Strasbourg. If you follow the “Palais de l’Europe” arrows, you can view the buildings of the European Union from the outside. You can only visit the debating chambers and the hemicycle on the invitation of a Member of the European Parliament. In the vicinity of this complex of EU buildings, there is also a new building devoted to human rights, the Palais des Droits de l’Homme, which is an architectural marvel.	[ 7594, 16445, 290, 31864, 11, 47561, 24256, 318, 8384, 1900, 355, 10043, 286, 262, 6712, 3427, 4479, 13, 887, 428, 4141, 1748, 468, 523, 881, 517, 284, 2897, 13, 198, 1273, 8847, 24256, 468, 257, 25023, 1468, 3240, 11, 543, 318, 3190, 28543, 416, 1660, 13, 383, 749, 8871, 2615, 318, 262, 23382, 12, 35, 480, 32536, 13, 770, 25023, 38845, 41756, 373, 8384, 3170, 1022, 262, 1367, 400, 290, 1315, 400, 10675, 13, 632, 318, 257, 49372, 2159, 18518, 14413, 13, 632, 318, 15349, 18985, 890, 290, 468, 262, 5485, 286, 257, 9133, 3272, 13, 383, 749, 1593, 17416, 287, 262, 41756, 318, 262, 25398, 10179, 21328, 13, 198, 32, 1271, 286, 3427, 4479, 6712, 389, 1912, 287, 47561, 24256, 13, 1002, 345, 1061, 262, 564, 250, 47, 6081, 271, 390, 300, 447, 247, 16112, 447, 251, 20507, 11, 345, 460, 1570, 262, 6832, 286, 262, 3427, 4479, 422, 262, 2354, 13, 921, 460, 691, 3187, 262, 31174, 23204, 290, 262, 16869, 35298, 319, 262, 17023, 286, 257, 10239, 286, 262, 3427, 8411, 13, 554, 262, 25980, 286, 428, 3716, 286, 4576, 6832, 11, 612, 318, 635, 257, 649, 2615, 13378, 284, 1692, 2489, 11, 262, 3175, 15152, 748, 21045, 896, 390, 300, 447, 247, 28718, 1326, 11, 543, 318, 281, 27070, 22672, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	216
In the run up to the international climate change talks in Cancun last year, you took action to demand more information for the world’s poorest. You called on UK Chancellor George Osborne to push the EU to open up about the money pledged to help poor countries cope with climate change. You asked four simple questions. - Where will the money come from for climate finance? - What will it be spent on? - Will the money be in the form of grants or loans? - Who will be responsible for spending the money?” So how did they do? Thanks to your efforts, the EU opened up with a new annual report, the ‘Fast Start Finance Report’. During the Cancun talks, they published the first of these reports, which gave extra details about the €2.2 billion the EU mobilised to combat climate change throughout 2010. This forms part of the €7.2 billion they pledged they would give (in the years up to 2012) during the Copenhagen talks. They also released more detailed information from individual EU member states on spending by country and on specific climate projects. The level of detail was a huge improvement on previous reports but questions still remain. Where the money will come from The €7.2 billion was promised to be ‘new and additional’ but as the EU did not report on where the money was coming and whether it was coming out of existing aid budgets, developing countries have serious fears that climate finance is being recycled from money already allocated for development. The UK itself has been transparent that climate finance is being taken from overseas aid budgets, but justifies this by saying that the aid budget is increasing. However, the agreed level of UK aid was set in 1970, when there was little recognition or understanding of climate change. Climate change is a new issue and an added burden to countries already trying to address poverty and therefore should not come out of existing budgets. What the money will be spent on The report released important information on what projects the money will be spent on. However, the vast majority of climate finance to date is being spent on mitigation (reducing emissions), with only a third going to helping poor people adapt to the effects of climate change. Whilst bringing down reductions is crucial, we need to ensure an equal amount of money is dedicated to helping address the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable. How the money will be given The report also included information about the source of the finance. According to the EU, over half the money given this year was awarded as loans or other forms of finance, rather than grants. It is unfair to expect poor countries to accumulate new debts to deal with a problem that they did not cause. Who will be responsible for spending the money? The annex to the report provided oversight into who will govern the fast start finance. This is positive as it shows who to hold to account. However, most of the UK money is going through multilateral funds such as the World Bank where developing countries remain unrepresented. For long term finance, leaders agreed to set up a Climate Fund that is under the authority of the UN and has equal representation from the world’s regions. We’ll be keeping a close eye on this positive first step. Maintaining the momentum Thank you to everyone who took action calling on the EU to open up. Now we have the crucial questions answered, we can begin to lobby our government to ensure the promised money reaches the poorest and most vulnerable to climate change. We’ll keep you posted on ways you can act in the run up to the climate change talks in South Africa later this year.	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Genetic Variations: Drug Metabolism SNPs When a person takes medication, many proteins in his or her body interact with the drug as it is transported throughout the body, absorbed into tissues, metabolized into more active forms or toxic byproducts, and excreted. If an individual has SNPs in any one or more of these proteins, they may alter the time the body is exposed to active forms of a drug or to any of its toxic byproducts. Researchers now have the tools to study how genetic variations can influence an individual person's response to a drug. They can even capture information on metabolism-related genetic variations that occur among different genders or ethnic groups. The data they are collecting should help to explain why certain persons within a population may have different side effects in response to the same drug or some may respond to therapy better or worse than others.	[ 13746, 5139, 15965, 602, 25, 11095, 3395, 28426, 1042, 11346, 12016, 198, 2215, 257, 1048, 2753, 14103, 11, 867, 15568, 287, 465, 393, 607, 1767, 9427, 351, 262, 2563, 355, 340, 318, 18665, 3690, 262, 1767, 11, 19233, 656, 21379, 11, 14623, 1143, 656, 517, 4075, 5107, 393, 11422, 416, 29498, 11, 290, 2859, 1186, 276, 13, 1002, 281, 1981, 468, 11346, 12016, 287, 597, 530, 393, 517, 286, 777, 15568, 11, 484, 743, 8343, 262, 640, 262, 1767, 318, 7362, 284, 4075, 5107, 286, 257, 2563, 393, 284, 597, 286, 663, 11422, 416, 29498, 13, 198, 25606, 783, 423, 262, 4899, 284, 2050, 703, 8513, 13991, 460, 4588, 281, 1981, 1048, 338, 2882, 284, 257, 2563, 13, 1119, 460, 772, 8006, 1321, 319, 20211, 12, 5363, 8513, 13991, 326, 3051, 1871, 1180, 38054, 393, 9450, 2628, 13, 383, 1366, 484, 389, 13157, 815, 1037, 284, 4727, 1521, 1728, 6506, 1626, 257, 3265, 743, 423, 1180, 1735, 3048, 287, 2882, 284, 262, 976, 2563, 393, 617, 743, 3031, 284, 9102, 1365, 393, 4785, 621, 1854, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	177
The search textbox has an autosuggest feature. When you enter three or more characters, a list of up to 10 suggestions will popup under the textbox. Use the arrow keys to move through the suggestions. To select a suggestion, hit the enter key. Using the escape key closes the listbox and puts you back at the textbox. The radio buttons allow you to toggle between having all search items start with or contain the text you entered in the search box. Helicobacter pylori (HEEL-ih-koh-BAK-ter py-LOR-ee) A type of bacterium that causes inflammation and ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. People with Helicobacter pylori infections may be more likely to develop cancer in the stomach, including MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma. Also called H. pylori.	[ 464, 2989, 2420, 3524, 468, 281, 44619, 29212, 3895, 13, 1649, 345, 3802, 1115, 393, 517, 3435, 11, 257, 1351, 286, 510, 284, 838, 11776, 481, 46207, 739, 262, 2420, 3524, 13, 5765, 262, 15452, 8251, 284, 1445, 832, 262, 11776, 13, 1675, 2922, 257, 13052, 11, 2277, 262, 3802, 1994, 13, 8554, 262, 6654, 1994, 20612, 262, 1351, 3524, 290, 7584, 345, 736, 379, 262, 2420, 3524, 13, 383, 5243, 12163, 1249, 345, 284, 19846, 1022, 1719, 477, 2989, 3709, 923, 351, 393, 3994, 262, 2420, 345, 5982, 287, 262, 2989, 3091, 13, 198, 12621, 291, 672, 7321, 279, 2645, 10145, 357, 13909, 3698, 12, 4449, 12, 74, 1219, 12, 4339, 42, 12, 353, 12972, 12, 43, 1581, 12, 1453, 8, 198, 32, 2099, 286, 19241, 1505, 326, 5640, 20881, 290, 14856, 7999, 287, 262, 11384, 393, 1402, 45426, 13, 4380, 351, 48574, 672, 7321, 279, 2645, 10145, 16079, 743, 307, 517, 1884, 284, 1205, 4890, 287, 262, 11384, 11, 1390, 337, 31429, 357, 76, 1229, 8546, 12, 32852, 28837, 1868, 10712, 8, 28837, 6086, 13, 4418, 1444, 367, 13, 279, 2645, 10145, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	186
It's that time of year again. Although it was chilly this morning in Canton, the birds are singing, the daffodils are sending up their thick green leaves, and it's time to change the clocks again. That's right, Spring Forward tonight, it's Daylight Saving Time. Although it doesn't really save us anything, and can actually cause our electric and heating bills to go up for the first few weeks. According to a 2008 study that examined billing data in Indiana before and after that state adopted DST in 2006, "DST increased overall residential electricity consumption between 1 and 4 percent, due mostly to extra afternoon cooling and extra morning heating; the main increases came in the fall. The overall annual cost of DST to Indiana households was estimated to be $9 million, with an additional $1.7–5.5 million for social costs due to increased pollution. According to a Huffington Post article: This time change is much trickier for our bodies to handle than when we "fall back" in November. That's because so many of us aren't getting enough shut-eye to begin with, and being robbed of an additional hour can put us over the edge. In fact, as many as 47 million people are sleep deprived and 43 percent of Americans say they rarely or never get a good night's sleep during the week. "It's hard to get up an hour earlier," Dr. Sam J. Sugar, director of sleep services at the Pritikin Longevity Center and Spa, a wellness spa and weight-loss program in Miami, Fla told The Huffington Post. "When we do, since most of us don't sleep the recommended seven or eight hours anyhow, another hour less is not good for us, and we wind up fatigued and tired during the next day." Much like traveling between time zones, the changing of the clocks requires our bodies to adjust to a new sleep and wake schedule that feels similar to jet lag. "Our internal clocks, which run on a more or less 24-hour cycle -- that clock is suddenly confused," Sugar said. And, just like traveling east is more difficult to adjust to than traveling west, so too is "springing forward" compared to "falling back" explains Dr. Robert Oexman, director of the Sleep to Live Institute, a laboratory of sorts that examines the impact that environment, behavior and sleep equipment have on sleep quality. Because our normal circadian rhythm is slightly longer than 24 hours, it's easier on us to extend the day, like we do in the fall, rather than cut the day short by an hour as we do this weekend, he said. While adjusting to this slightly-altered cycle can take up to a week, for most people, it will only take a few days, said Sugar. "Our brains are incredibly good at adjusting to anything we throw at them, and for almost everybody it isn't a problem," he said. While only about 1 percent of drivers crash because of drowsiness each year, that equals a total of 1.9 million drivers, according to the National Sleep Foundation. More than half of all drivers have driven at least once in the past year while feeling sleepy, and 28 percent do at least once a month. In the days after the shift, heart attacks are also more common. The effects of sleep deprivation on the heart are well-documented: Skimping on zzz's can promote the buildup in arteries that leads to heart attacks and strokes, as well as increase the risk of high blood pressure and inflammation. Plus, the most sleep-deprived people often weigh more, increasing their risk for heart problems even before the time change. Workers also report more injuries on the job the Monday after the beginning of daylight saving time. And while it might do more harm to our employers than to our own bodies, the day is also witness to a dramatic increase in what's come to be known as "cyberloafing" -- or wasting time on the Internet, according to a recent study that examines the link between lack of sleep and decreased productivity. So, don't forget, 2 a.m. becomes 3 a.m. tonight.	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One of the most specialized branches of the healing arts, chiropractic care is used to treat problems such as: lower back pain, stress-related headaches, and neck pain. It is also effective in controlling pain associated with arthritis. The chiropractor's tool is the spinal adjustment. It is not a massage. The adjustments reset the alignment of the spine to restore normal nerve function. The method dates back to ancient Greece and Hypocrites, the Father of Medicine. Established in 1895, the first chiropractic license in the US was issued in 1913. Today, every state and territory licenses chiropractic, as do all provinces in Canada, and many countries worldwide. Doctors of Chiropractic are recognized as primary care doctors in all 50 states giving more than 200 million treatments each year in the US Workers Compensation programs often call upon chiropractic health care to treat injured employees, as do most insurance companies. All American citizens are entitled to chiropractic care under the Medicare programs. It takes at least seven years of college to earn a Doctor of Chiropractic degree. The chiropractic student is required to study human anatomy, spinal anatomy, neuro anatomy, chemistry, diagnosis and x-ray. Like medical doctors, the DC must obtain a basic science background in a college or university and then attend a four-year accredited College of Chiropractic. The focus of the education is in maintaining health with a specialty in spinal care.	[ 3198, 286, 262, 749, 16976, 13737, 286, 262, 11516, 10848, 11, 47544, 974, 291, 1337, 318, 973, 284, 2190, 2761, 884, 355, 25, 2793, 736, 2356, 11, 5503, 12, 5363, 29432, 11, 290, 7393, 2356, 13, 632, 318, 635, 4050, 287, 12755, 2356, 3917, 351, 37954, 13, 198, 464, 47544, 40450, 338, 2891, 318, 262, 26234, 15068, 13, 632, 318, 407, 257, 26900, 13, 383, 16895, 13259, 262, 19114, 286, 262, 19656, 284, 11169, 3487, 16384, 2163, 13, 383, 2446, 9667, 736, 284, 6156, 10315, 290, 21209, 420, 23156, 11, 262, 9190, 286, 11558, 13, 198, 22362, 22555, 287, 46425, 11, 262, 717, 47544, 974, 291, 5964, 287, 262, 1294, 373, 4884, 287, 35145, 13, 6288, 11, 790, 1181, 290, 7674, 16625, 47544, 974, 291, 11, 355, 466, 477, 17812, 287, 3340, 11, 290, 867, 2678, 8688, 13, 28274, 286, 21380, 1773, 974, 291, 389, 8018, 355, 4165, 1337, 7519, 287, 477, 2026, 2585, 3501, 517, 621, 939, 1510, 13820, 1123, 614, 287, 262, 1294, 16847, 39059, 4056, 1690, 869, 2402, 47544, 974, 291, 1535, 1337, 284, 2190, 6686, 4409, 11, 355, 466, 749, 5096, 2706, 13, 1439, 1605, 4290, 389, 9080, 284, 47544, 974, 291, 1337, 739, 262, 13771, 4056, 13, 198, 1026, 2753, 379, 1551, 3598, 812, 286, 4152, 284, 5160, 257, 9356, 286, 21380, 1773, 974, 291, 4922, 13, 383, 47544, 974, 291, 3710, 318, 2672, 284, 2050, 1692, 33449, 11, 26234, 33449, 11, 7669, 33449, 11, 16585, 11, 13669, 290, 2124, 12, 2433, 13, 4525, 3315, 7519, 11, 262, 6257, 1276, 7330, 257, 4096, 3783, 4469, 287, 257, 4152, 393, 6403, 290, 788, 5262, 257, 1440, 12, 1941, 37237, 5535, 286, 21380, 1773, 974, 291, 13, 383, 2962, 286, 262, 3707, 318, 287, 10941, 1535, 351, 257, 22847, 287, 26234, 1337, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	297
According to Christopher Clark and Nancy Hewitt, “Both failures and successes were inherent in the task of rebuilding the nation following the Civil War: vigilante violence, often fatal conflict over the right of African American men to vote, courageous African American insistence on self-determination and participation in the political process, and federal intervention in the South to help assure freedpeople’s rights. The Union victory in 1865 had settled two major debates but left everything else in doubt. The United States of America was preserved; slavery was dead, and African Americans were now free. But who would hold and exercise economic and political power in the postwar South? What kind of labor system would replace slavery? Who would lead the South politically? What would freedom mean for the four million former slaves? Answers to these questions were widely contested and would emerge only after two decades of intense political and social struggle, a struggle that contemporaries hopefully called Reconstruction. Racial conflicts in the former Confederacy continued to disrupt efforts at reunification, and a protracted financial crisis dashed hopes for a quick economic recovery. In response, northern political and business leaders focused their efforts on revitalizing the economy through reconciliation between North and South rather than protecting racial advancement in either region. Thus… the old planter aristocracy – under the protection of a revived Democratic Party – returned to power, controlling a nonslave but still exploitative system of agricultural labor. The failure of Reconstruction to transform southern race relations shaped the nation as a whole. Still, it was freedpeople who paid the highest price. Outgunned, both figuratively and literally, they were left with few alternatives. Yet they did not give up. Those who remained in the South established a dense network of autonomous community-based institutions, including black schools, churches, and businesses, to keep their democratic hopes alive within an oppressive and racist system.” (From Clark, Christopher and Nancy A. Hewitt. Who Built America, Volume I, pages 589-590.) The 1869 Virginia Constitution, unlike previous state charters, mandated public education. Virginia’s position on public education – let alone its position on educating blacks – had been tenuous at best. The state had long resisted a system of free schools, despite the efforts of some of its more famous citizens. Thomas Jefferson’s unsuccessful campaign for free schools had yielded little more than a literary fund for indigent children. All of that changed when Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of March 2, 1867 demanding that southern states ratify new constitutions guaranteeing black suffrage. Once these constitutions met with congressional approval and after the state approved the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress promised re-admittance into the Union. Responding to the Reconstruction Act, Virginians registered voters and called an election to decide if the state would call a convention to revise the state’s constitution. In 1867 226 Fairfax County blacks registered to vote – voting unanimously in favor of a constitutional convention. In 1869, they returned to the polls and voted for adoption of the Constitution. At the 1867-1868 Constitutional Convention, education proved to be one of the most hotly debated topics, (the state’s war debt was the other top issue). Though delegates largely consisted of northern immigrants and freedmen easily approved a public school system, they were strongly divided over the question of integration. Many northern immigrants viewed public schools as the foundation of a democratic society and a key to reconstruction of the South. The question broke along racial lines. Black members introduced resolutions ensuring equal access to education “without distinction of color.” White delegates never took these suggestions seriously. Even radicals who supported desegregation voted against such resolutions. Mindful of widespread sentiment against mixed schools, they did not want to risk ratification. In the end, while most assumed public schools would be segregated, no language could be agreed upon and the question was not resolved until the legislature revisited the issue in 1870. While blacks lost their campaign for mixed schools, they still passed a milestone in gaining access to public education. However, as a result of poor political and financial support, Virginia’s first public schools for both blacks and whites were grossly inadequate. Many did not have heat or toilets, schools were small and scattered; also the average term was less than the five months mandated by the Virginia Constitution, and attendance, which was not required was sparse. Despite these conditions – and those for black children were considerably worse than those for whites – still there were now public schools in which both black and white children learned. The William Jasper family, 1808-1870 [Talking Points] • William Jasper, an African American, was probably born in 1808 not far from George Washington’s plantation in Mount Vernon. He was born a slave on the plantation of William Hayward Foote’s Hayfield plantation. Foote was one of the richest men in Fairfax County—when he died he owned 50 slaves. • Jasper worked on a plantation that grew wheat and corn, and raised horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. Slaves at Hayfield, including Jasper, are likely to have had skills as farmers, blacksmiths, and carpenters. • Jasper and his family were not sold south to booming cotton and sugar plantations, as were many other slaves. • According to his will, Foote decided to free his slaves on or soon after his death in 1846. At this time Jasper, in his thirties, was valued by appraisers to be worth $350. Foote’s will also freed Jasper’s wife Sara, in her mid-twenties, and their two daughters who were six and four. They were actually freed in the early 1850’s. • It is important to note that the Jaspers were free blacks in Virginia before the Civil War. But even as free blacks they faced numerous obstacles. They could not: own a gun, obtain an education, vote, conduct business freely, worship in religious services unless supervised by whites. Also they might be captured by slave traders and sold back into slavery. • The Jaspers wanted to stay in Virginia near friends and family, so in 1853 and 1858 they chose to register as free blacks in Fairfax County to prove that they were free. This meant they could travel and gain employment. • In 1860 William Jasper purchased 13 acres of land near the Hayfield Plantation. It is likely that he put together the $200 to pay a white farmer and slave owner for the land from his work as a farmer. • The Jaspers probably did not stay on their newly bought land during the Civil War -- and it is also likely that what they had on this land, including buildings, animals and crops, was lost during the war.	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On September 9, 2010, an explosion of an 30-inch natural gas pipeline rocked a residential neighborhood in San Bruno, California. The tremendous blast and following blaze killed at least seven people and destroyed 53 homes. Firefighters overwhelmed by the intense heat from the 60-foot inferno could only try to keep flames from spreading to other homes until utility workers managed to shut down the gas main an hour and a half later. It is unclear what caused the explosion, although residents reported smelling gas prior to the blast. An investigation into the cause of the explosion may take up to a year. Natural gas is an important part of America’s energy infrastructure, and deadly explosions such as this are uncommon. In this week’s online current events activity you will learn more about natural gas, how we collect and distribute it, and how we use it. All About Natural Gas It’s easy to confuse the term “natural gas” with our short form of the word gasoline. In fact, they are very different. To learn what natural gas is, where it comes from, and how we use it, visit NaturalGas.org, an educational web site covering a variety of topics about the natural gas industry. The best place to begin any learning activity is usually the overview. First, read the Background section of the site, which explains what natural gas is, gives its chemical composition, and explains how natural gas is formed. What are some of the characteristics of natural gas? What is the primary component in natural gas? Why is mercaptan added to natural gas? What is the difference between “dry” and “wet” natural gas? Where is natural gas typically found in the earth? Next, learn about the History of natural gas as a fuel source. How did ancient civilizations discover natural gas, and what did they do with it? What was the first country to use natural gas commercially, and how did they produce it? Who was the first American to dig a natural gas well? Who was Robert Bunsen and what did he invent? Natural gas is a fossil fuel, not a renewable energy resource. How much natural gas is left in North America? Find out by reading the Resources section. Why is it difficult to estimate the amount of natural gas in the ground? Give one estimate for the total number of cubic feet available. In what areas of the United States is natural gas plentiful? Finally, learn about the Uses of Natural Gas which, according to the Energy Information Administration, accounts for 24 percent of total energy consumed in the United States. Read about Residential and Commercial uses of natural gas, such as water heating, space heating, and cooking. Learn how natural gas is increasingly used in the Transportation industry, and it is a cleaner burning fuel than gasoline or diesel. Also read how natural gas is used for Electric Generation. For which of these uses do you think natural gas utilization is likely to increase in the near future? Natural Gas Distribution Let us focus now on the distribution of natural gas—how it gets from the well to our homes and businesses. For that, visit California’s Energy Story web site and read Chapter 9: Natural Gas Distribution System. This page describes a network of pipes, from larger pipes (like the one that exploded in San Bruno, California) to smaller pipes that reach residential homes. What do people use for gas who live in rural areas outside the gas pipe networks? How many miles of pipeline are there in America? Find out at Pipeline101. What is the difference between a gathering line and a transmission line? Are gathering lines used offshore, or only on land? Natural gas pipelines are part of America’s energy infrastructure in populated areas. The nation’s electric grid, the highway system, fiber optic data, wireless telephone networks, water pipelines, and even local sewage pipes are other examples of the infrastructure that delivers a high standard of living. It is easy to take these services for granted. In a current or recent issue of the e-edition, look for stories and articles about local utilities and infrastructure. You may find notices about maintenance and repair work, or you may find news about infrastructure failures of one kind or another. Collect several of these stories over the course of a week, then write an essay explaining what your life would be like if water, electricity, mobile communications, natural gas, or any other type of utility or service because unavailable for a whole month. What aspects of your daily routine would change?	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Indonesia quake a record, risks for Aceh grow SINGAPORE, April 13 — The powerful undersea earthquake off the Indonesian island of Sumatra this week was a once in 2,000 years event, and although it resulted in only a few deaths, it increases the risks of a killer quake in the region, a leading seismologist said. Wednesday’s 8.6 magnitude quake and a powerful aftershock were "strike-slip" quakes and the largest of that type recorded, Kerry Sieh, director of the Earth Observatory of Singapore, told Reuters. “It’s a really an exceptionally large and rare event,” he said. “Besides it being the biggest strike-slip earthquake ever recorded, the aftershock is the second biggest as far as we can tell,” said Sieh, who has studied the seismically active, and deadly, fault zones around Sumatra for years. Strike-slip quakes involve the horizontal movement of colliding earth plates, and are typically less powerful than those where there is vertical movement. They are also less likely to trigger big tsunamis, or tidal waves. A magnitude 9.1 quake in roughly the same region on Boxing Day in 2004 decimated Aceh province on Sumatra and killed over 230,000 people in 13 countries around the Indian Ocean. Sumatra, the westernmost island in the sprawling Indonesian archipelago, has a history of powerful quakes and tsunamis, most triggered by an offshore zone along its entire length, where the Indian-Australian tectonic plate is forced under the Eurasian plate. This creates a deep ocean trench as one plate slides under the other at a rate of several centimetres a year. In this zone, called the Sunda megathrust, stress builds up when the subducting Indian-Australian plate bends the Eurasian plate like a spring board as it moves down into the Earth's crust. Eventually enough stress builds up that the edge of Eurasian plate suddenly jolts upward, triggering an earthquake. The sudden uplift of the seafloor and huge pulse of seawater triggers a tsunami. Over the centuries, repeated magnitude 8 and 9 quakes have struck along portions of the megathrust zone off the coast of Sumatra, flattening towns and killing thousands of people. More quakes brewing Wednesday’s event was different, Sieh said, because it occurred further west from the megathrust zone in a fault that runs north-south. This strike-slip fault involved a sudden horizontal movement of the Indian and Australian plates along hundreds of kilometres, preliminary data suggest. Sieh said the Indian plate and Australian plate are moving relative to each other horizontally at about 1cm a year. “If all of that ... is taken up on this one fault and if you make some crude calculations about how much slip occurred during this earthquake, say 20m. It means that this earthquake shouldn't happen more than once every 2,000 years.” Wednesday’s quake caused few casualties and triggered very small waves, despite its magnitude. But the main problem is that it likely to have increased stress on the plate boundaries near Aceh, increasing the risks of another major earthquake in the same area as the 2004 disaster. In addition, research by Sieh and colleagues published in 2010 showed that the 2004 Aceh quake only relieved about half the stress that has built up over the centuries along a 400 km portion of the megathrust faultline. That makes another major quake in the area a matter of time. Adding to concerns, further south along another 700km portion of the megathrust fault under the Mentawai islands, Sieh and colleagues in a separate 2008 research said so much stress was building up on this section that one or more major quakes were likely within years. The Mentawai islands, a popular surfing destination, are a chain of about 70 islands off the western coast of Sumatra. They face the city of Padang on Sumatra, home to about one million people and likely to be in the path of any tsunami that is triggered. “I am very confident that we are very likely to have within the next few decades to have this great Mentawai earthquake that will have a magnitude at least as big as yesterday’s,” said Sieh. And when it does, history shows there will be more than one quake within a few years. He said a magnitude 8.4 quake in 2007 that struck this part of the megathrust relieved only a small portion of the pent-up pressure. The last time it ruptured was a magnitude 9 quake in 1833 and an 8.4 quake in 1797. “We've had so many big earthquakes around in Sumatra in the past few years that it seems like an awful lot of the faults around there seem ready to go.” — Reuters

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Posted by Rafiq A. Tschannen Margari Hill, Stanford University While the presence of Islam in West Africa dates back to eighth century, the spread of the faith in regions that are now the modern states of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali and Nigeria, was in actuality, a gradual and complex process. Much of what we know about the early history of West Africa comes from medieval accounts written by Arab and North African geographers and historians. Specialists have used several models to explain why Africans converted to Islam. Some emphasize economic motivations, others highlight the draw of Islam’s spiritual message, and a number stress the prestige and influence of Arabic literacy in facilitating state building. While the motivations of early conversions remain unclear, it is apparent that the early presence of Islam in West Africa was linked to trade and commerce with North Africa. Trade between West Africa and the Mediterranean predated Islam, however, North African Muslims intensified the Trans-Saharan trade. North African traders were major actors in introducing Islam into West Africa. Several major trade routes connected Africa below the Sahara with the Mediterranean Middle East, such as Sijilmasa to Awdaghust and Ghadames to Gao. The Sahel, the ecological transition zone between the Sahara desert and forest zone, which spans the African continent, was an intense point of contact between North Africa and communities south of the Sahara. In West Africa, the three great medieval empires of Ghana, Mali, and the Songhay developed in Sahel. The history of Islam in West Africa can be explained in three stages, containment, mixing, and reform. In the first stage, African kings contained Muslim influence by segregating Muslim communities, in the second stage African rulers blended Islam with local traditions as the population selectively appropriated Islamic practices, and finally in the third stage, African Muslims pressed for reforms in an effort to rid their societies of mixed practices and implement Shariah. This three-phase framework helps sheds light on the historical development of the medieval empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay and the 19th century jihads that led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate in Hausaland and the Umarian state in Senegambia. Containment: Ghana and the Takrur The early presence of Islam was limited to segregated Muslim communities linked to the trans-Saharan trade. In the 11th century Andalusian geographer, Al-Bakri, reported accounts of Arab and North African Berber settlements in the region. Several factors led to the growth of the Muslim merchant-scholar class in non-Muslim kingdoms. Islam facilitated long distance trade by offering useful sets of tools for merchants including contract law, credit, and information networks. Muslim merchant-scholars also played an important role in non-Muslim kingdoms as advisors and scribes in Ghana. They had the crucial skill of written script, which helped in the administration of kingdoms. Many Muslim were also religious specialists whose amulets were prized by non-Muslims. Merchant-scholars also played a large role in the spread of Islam into the forest zones. These included the Jakhanke merchant-scholars in [name region], the Jula merchants in Mali and the Ivory Coast, and the Hausa merchants during the nineteenth century in Nigeria, Ghana, and Guinea Basau,]. Muslim communities in the forest zones were minority communities often linked to trading diasporas. Many of the traditions in the forest zones still reflect the tradition of Al-Hajj Salim Suwari, a late fifteenth-century Soninke scholar, who focused on responsibilities of Muslims in a non-Muslim society. His tradition, known as the Suwarian tradition, discouraged proselytizing, believing that God would bring people around to Islam in his own ways. This tradition worked for centuries in the forest zone including the present day, where there are vibrant Muslim minority communities. Read more here: http://spice.stanford.edu/docs/the_spread_of_islam_in_west_africa_containment_mixing_and_reform_from_the_eighth_to_the_twentieth_century/

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867

K7.5 THE RETURN OF HEPHAISTOS Museum Collection: Antikensammlungen, Munich, Germany Catalogue Number: Munich 2361 Beazley Archive Number: 215176 Ware: Attic Red Figure Painter: Attributed to the Kleophon Painter Date: ca 430 BC Hephaistos is led back to heaven by the god Dionysos. The drunken Hephaistos, holding a pair of tongs, is supported a Satyros. Beside him walks Dionysos, holding a thyrsos (pine-cone tipped staff) and drinking cup. A tambourine playing Mainas Nymphe and dancing Satyros lead the procession. NOTEThis is a drawing of the vase rather than a photographic representation. ARTICLESHephaistos, Dionysos, Satyroi OTHER IMAGES OF VASE

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194

The antimatter costs 62.5 trillion per gram. In the future it is theoretically possible to use antimatter as fuel for spaceships to other planets. The problem is that its production requires extremely expensive technology, and to create just 1 gram, the world would have to work a whole year (global GDP is 65 trillion dollars). In physics the ' anti-matter is a conglomeration of antiparticles corresponding to the particles that constitute the ordinary matter... Californium costs $ 27 million per gram. Why is it needed? An element of californium is so expensive to produce, the isotopes of californium do not have any practical application. In the West it was created only once since its opening in 1950. The californium is a ' chemical element with the symbol Cf and the atomic number 98. It is a transuranic element, synthetic , radioactive : californium has very few practical uses and was discovered by bombarding c... The price of diamonds is of 55 000 dollars per gram. The colorless stone can cost more than 11 thousand dollars per carat, but colored diamonds are worth more. Why do we need diamonds? The natural diamonds are most often used in the jewelry industry. Also, the extreme hardness of diamonds finds its application in ind... materials substances the most expensive substances in the world gold which are the most expensive substances in the world saffron platinum rhodium methamphetamine rhino horn heroin cocaine lsd plutonium taffeit precious metals the most expensive metals gems stone gems precious stones diamonds taaffeite jewels jewelry

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321

The magnitude system works quite well for quantifying the brightness of stars. We know that a 6th magnitude star will be barely visible to the unaided eye from rural areas, yet easily seen in even the smallest of telescopes. The magnitude system doesn’t work as well for deep-sky objects. Consider the spiral galaxy M33 in Triangulum. Listed as a 6th magnitude object, it’s notoriously difficult to view in telescopes. M33 is elusive because its light is spread over an area four times that of the full moon. Defocus a 6th magnitude star until it’s that large and you’ll get the idea. Another reason why M33 is such a demanding target is its location in a star-poor region of the late autumn sky. I usually find it by training my telescope on an area roughly 4 ½ degrees west and slightly north of alpha (a) Trianguli. You can also trace an imaginary line from the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) to the star beta (b) Andromedae, then extend an equal distance beyond (refer to the accompanying finder chart). In either case, begin a low power sweep of the area until you encounter a large, faint glow. The key to observing M33 is to use an eyepiece that affords a field of view of at least 1½ to 2 degrees. One of the best views I’ve had of M33 was with a 4-inch f/4 RFT (the Edmund Astroscan) and a magnifying power of 16X. I’ve spotted it with 7X50 binoculars, and some observers even report seeing it with the unaided eye. The key, of course, is to conduct a search for M33 from a dark-sky site on a clear, moonless evening. Numerous sources credit the discovery of M33 to Messier himself (in 1764); however evidence exists that the true discoverer may have been the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Hodiema over a century earlier. M33 is part of the Local Group of galaxies that includes our Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. It’s approximately half the size of the Milky Way and lies about 2.9 million light-years away.

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471

The camera never lies, so we’ve been altering photographs to suit our needs since the invention of photography itself. Is it a painting or a photograph? It is a harbor. Ships sit on the beach at low tide. The clouds are puffy and white in the sky. A city can be seen in the background. Lovely cliffs rise up behind. Édouard Baldus, a Frenchman, created the image in 1855. It is a photograph, but the clouds have painted on to the print. The image comes to us from The Metropolitan Museum of Art in the way of an exhibit titled "Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop," on view through January 27th, 2013. The exhibit contains photographs that have been doctored and manipulated from the 1840s all the way up through the 1990s. The inspiration for the show is explained to us thusly: Over the past two decades, digital technology has made us all more keenly aware of the malleability of the photographic image, and many lament a loss of faith in the testimony of the camera. What we have gained, however, is a fresh perspective on the history of the medium and its complex relationship to visual truth. Through today's eyes, we can see that the old adage "the camera never lies" has always been photography's supreme fiction. People like to believe this about photography. They like to believe that photographs are a direct testimonial of visual truth, that the camera never lies. When it can be shown, however, that photographs are always lying, that they are always a manipulation of visual truth, it is supposed to be a great revelation. The revelation of fakery in photography thus gives us a "fresh perspective" and reveals to us that there is no reason to "lament a loss of faith in the testimony of the camera" since there was no reason to have any faith in the testimony of the camera in the first place. - "Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop." Through January 27, 2013. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Let us be clear about another thing: There were no snapshots in early photography. The technology didn’t allow for it. There was no immediacy, no illusion about capturing a quick reflection of the world as it really looks. Early photography was a laborious process. Getting an exposure took a very long time. Taking a picture was a tremendously staged process, especially if the photograph was of a person. Early portraits are a testimonial to patience. The sitter had to sit still, presenting him or herself to the camera while the image developed. It was not unlike sitting down to have your portrait painted. Photography was simply a way to take a portrait, or capture a landscape, with fewer intermediary steps than were needed in a painting. In this sense, you could say that all photography was born in the attempt to cut out the middleman. The middleman was the painter. A little history is in order here. During the Renaissance, as painters were developing techniques to render three-dimensional scenes into the two-dimensional space of paint and canvas, they rediscovered the camera obscura (known about since ancient times). A camera obscura is little more than a box with a hole in it. Positioned properly, the light from outside comes through the hole and projects an image of whatever is in front of the box. The image shining through the hole can be projected onto a piece of paper or some other surface. Painters would sometimes use a camera obscura to figure out how to paint tricky scenes where the lines of perspective were particularly complicated. They would, literally, trace out the image projected from the camera obscura and then paint in the rest of the details. The camera obscura was a tool for mastering two-dimensional space. Leonardo de Vinci wrote down explanations for how to build and use a camera obscura in the late 15th century. He seems to have understood the usefulness of the camera obscura for projecting an image that could be used as the basis for painting. It is clear that many of the Renaissance masters who came after Da Vinci were aware of the usefulness of the camera obscura as well. In 2001 the contemporary artist David Hockney published a book (Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters) in which he claims that almost all of the great masters of painting after the 15th century used tricks like the camera obscura in order to paint. According to Hockney, painters from Vermeer to Ingres were essentially great at tracing. He admits that the special artistry of these paintings made the final result greater than the sum of its parts. But he thinks that much of their amazing skill at rendering three-dimensional space into two-dimensions was done by projecting images and then tracing them. Hockney's thesis has created no small amount of controversy. Whether or not Hockney is correct in the extent of his claims doesn’t matter very much. Painters, certainly from the early Renaissance onward, were obsessed with problems of perspective and they were using any means at their disposal — camera obscuras, mirrors, drawing machines, and the like — in order to solve these problems. Technological innovations in the early 19th century allowed for the next step. The daguerreotype, for instance, was a technique by which the image projected by a camera obscura could be captured and preserved — thus, the elimination of the middleman. In the past, the image from a camera obscura still had to be painted. A human being had to take that image and make it permanent, capturing it on canvas and filling it out by means of pigment. With the daguerreotype, the image could be taken and presented as such. Voila, photography was born. The work that went into "doctoring" early photographs was the same work that had been going on in order to transform the images of the camera obscura into paintings. You could almost say that all paintings, from the mid 15th century until the mid 19th century, were essentially painted photographs. By the late Renaissance, painters had transformed themselves into machines for the accurate rendering of perspective and field of vision onto the flat surface of the canvas. The innovation of early photography was to shift the job that the painter was doing out of the hands of a human being and into the hands of a chemical process. The “paintings” were now making themselves, by exposing copper plates covered with silver to the light of day. While this process created miraculous images, the images could also be disappointing. The painters of the early 19th century were, after all, tremendously skilled. The images that they could create — of people, landscapes, and historical scenes — were immensely satisfying as visual documentation. They looked real. In many ways, they looked realer than reality. The paintings of the great masters have that intangible dual quality of realism and luminous idealism. It is realism taken to a second order. And these were the visual expectations that early photography had to match. The comment that "the camera never lies" (probably first uttered in the mid to late 19th century) is thus not to be understood as a positive statement about the inherent truth of photography — it is a complaint. A woman looking at a photographic portrait of herself would say, "This doesn't look very good. Is that even me?" The photographer would reply, "Well, the camera never lies." The comment was a photographer's excuse, an explanation as to why the camera produces an unsatisfying document. Essentially, people were complaining that photographs tended to look worse than paintings. Those early portraits could be so lifeless. It is difficult, after all, to sit down for a photograph and to hold one expression for minutes or even hours without that expression becoming wooden. The painter could fix this by bringing life back into the face with his painterly skill. The chemicals of the photographic process had no such flexibility. And so, in early photography, painters were often called in to fix the results, in order to give photographs the look of the painted scenes. There's a photo in the Metropolitan Museum exhibit of a young girl with her hand on her shoulder. It is a daguerreotype from about 1850. The daguerreotype has more or less been turned back into a painting. It has been colored in and many of the lines, especially of the woman's dress, have been softened up with painterly techniques. There is fakery here, if you want to call it that. But the fakery is not about making the photograph into something truer to life — it is about making the photograph truer to painting. And that is the fascinating thing that can be seen in all the wonderful early photographs at the Metropolitan Museum exhibit. We see this happening with the landscapes as well as the portraits. The exhibit includes a photograph of Cape Horn, Columbia River, Oregon done by Carleton E. Watkins in 1867. The scene shows a cliff by the side of the lake with a cloudy sky shot through with light above and to the right of the photograph. In fact, as a print of the original picture shows, the photograph displayed by Watkins is a blend of two exposures. Watkins was not able to get an exposure of both the clouds and of the cliff in the same shot. So, he took two different shots and put them together. The interesting thing is that the two unblended photographs are perfectly satisfying on their own. There are plenty of times in real life when we observe a scene in nature and cannot see the sky due to the brightness of the sun. Our eyes can have the same problem of overexposure that affects a camera obscura or a photograph. Watkins' original photo of the landscape with its overexposed sky is only dissatisfying if you compare it to a landscape painting from the same era, with its perfect rendering of both land and sky. Watkins wasn't worrying about truth or lies in photography when he took that picture of the Columbia River; he was worrying about Thomas Cole's 1836 painting View From Mount Holyoke, or something like it. Watkins was trying to make his photograph live up to the compositional standards of the great landscape painters of his time. The great struggle for photography in those early days was thus to figure out whether photography was simply an extension of painting, a cutting out of the middleman, or whether it was something genuinely new, with its own set of rules and suppositions and formal challenges. The photographs collected in the exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of art are a beautiful and moving testimony to that struggle. Reality, as is so often the case, has nothing to do with it. • 14 November 2012 Morgan Meis is a founding member of Flux Factory, an arts collective in New York. He has written for The Believer, Harper’s, and The Virginia Quarterly Review. Morgan is also an editor at 3 Quarks Daily, and a winner of a Creative Capital | Warhol Foundation Arts Writers grant. A book of Morgan's selected essays can be found here. He can be reached at [email protected]. Photographs courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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2,301

Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition. Compete | FAQ | Contact Us Wet Ways To Get Around This site is about amphibious vehicles. Amphibious vehicles can travel on land and water. You are probably wondering why information on the US Marine Corps is on a web site about amphibious vehicles. This is because the people of the US Marine Corps are the main users of amphibious vehicles. 19 & under Science & Technology > Technology > Transportation Geography & Travel > North & Central America > United States

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121

Interesting research that could have MS implications. Calcium is spark of life, kiss of death for nerve cells March 1, 2007 -- Oregon Health & Science University research shows how calcium regulates the recharging of high-frequency auditory nerve cells after they've fired a burst of signals, and it may have implications for neurological disorders. The study by scientists at OHSU's Vollum Institute and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, which appears in the current issue of the journal Nature Neuroscience, shows that calcium ions play a greater role in keeping in check the brain's most powerful circuits, such as those used for processing sound signals, than previously thought. A better understanding of that role could someday help prevent the death of neurons behind some diseases of the brain and spinal cord, such as stroke and multiple sclerosis, the scientists say. The research, led by postdoctoral fellow Jun Hee Kim, Ph.D., and her advisor, Henrique von Gersdorff, Ph.D., both scientists at the Vollum Institute, found that calcium tempers the activity of a high-throughput sodium pump, located in the plasma membrane covering nerve endings, that controls how quickly and accurately a nerve cell continues firing after an initial burst of spiking activity. "What's happening in the brain is you have all these action potentials (spikes) that are firing - the action potential is the way you transmit information quickly from neuron to neuron - and when you have an action potential, you have an explosive influx of sodium ions into the cell," von Gersdorff said. "As a result, the cell is depolarized and it needs to be quickly repolarized." To repolarize a cell so it can continue firing, and do so accurately and at high-input frequencies, the sodium pump ejects three positively charged sodium ions and imports two positively charged potassium ions. The net result is one positive charged is expelled from the cell, causing a hyperpolarization of the cell's membrane potential. Quick repolarization of the nerve cell is essential. Mature auditory nerve cells fire at frequencies that are 10 to 100 times higher than most high-frequency cells in the brain - 1 kiloHertz, or 1,000 Hertz. Most brain synapses, the space between nerve cells through which impulses are transmitted and received, begin failing beyond 10 Hertz. "In the last few years, we have been studying high-frequency firing cells in the auditory part of the brain. We found that these cells and nerve terminals are amazing because they can fire at 1,000 Hertz without failures and with high precision," von Gersdorff said. "That discovery in our lab prompted us to ask the question: How is it that these nerve cells can handle all this high-frequency firing?" Enter calcium, which, by inhibiting the activity of the sodium pump, regulates signal firing, and may conserve energy and keep the high-frequency cells from burning out. But calcium in high levels within a nerve cell can be toxic, so the researchers discovered another purpose for the sodium pump: powering a protein located on the nerve terminal membrane called the sodium-calcium exchanger, which removes the calcium and replaces it with sodium. That action, in turn, triggers the sodium pump, and so on. The sodium-calcium exchanger "can import high concentrations of sodium from outside the cell, and it uses the gradient of low internal sodium in the cell as a form of energy to get rid of calcium. That energy comes, ultimately, from the sodium pump and its use of ATP, the cells' major fuel," von Gersdorff explained. The pump is "always keeping sodium concentration in the neuron low and that allows the sodium-calcium exchanger protein to constantly exchange sodium for calcium." Otherwise, if allowed to get too high within the cell, the calcium shuts down the sodium pumps, creating a "vicious loop," von Gersdorff said. "You then get a simultaneous build-up of calcium and sodium in the cell, and it's 'Goodbye to your neuron.' It goes at some point into an irreversible cycle of death," he said. One potential therapeutic approach to preventing cell death caused by increasing calcium levels is making the sodium pump more insensitive to calcium. A potential new drug, for example, could "help the neuron to keep extruding sodium so it can help the sodium-calcium exchanger get rid of calcium, thereby not allowing calcium to reach toxic levels," von Gersdorff said. For the time being, von Gersdorff's lab will continue studying how calcium regulates the sodium pump. "Our hope is that these basic, fundamental issues will eventually lead to therapeutic strategies that alleviate neuronal damage from ischemia and stroke," he said. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/ ... 022807.php

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1,011

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) took over responsibility for mapping the country in 1879 and has been the primary civilian mapping agency of the United States ever since. Now you can view this complete seamless series of maps on Thoos. The best known USGS maps are those of the 7.5-minute, 1:24,000-scale quadrangle series. A scale of 1:25,000 is used for maps based on metric units (1 centimeter = 0.25 kilometer). The area portrayed on each sheet ranges from 64 square miles at latitude 30 degrees north to 49 square miles at latitude 49 degrees north. (Zoom in all the way to view 7.5 minute maps) A scale of 1:24,000 allows considerable detail to be shown in the quadrangle areas. It takes about 57,000 maps to cover the conterminous 48 States, Hawaii, and territories.

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189

A classic form of dance, ballet combines elements of theater and music. Ballet dancers often use a technique called "en pointe," which is French for "dancing on the tips of your toes." After originating during the Renaissance, this dance style became popular in Russia and France. Today, audiences all over the world admire ballerinas and shows like Children's Dance Theatre. There are three common kinds of ballet: classical, contemporary, and neoclassical. Audiences love the graceful movements, and ensembles like the New York City Ballet frequently hold sold-out performances. Among the most popular productions are Swan Lake and The Nutcracker, composed by Pyotr Tchaikovsky. Enjoy a breathtaking performance with Children's Dance Theatre tickets!

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155

If you look at a modem, with it's small central processing unit and special-purpose digital signal processor, and then look at a modern PC, with it's large CPU and general-purpose DSP on the sound card, you may wonder if the hardware duplication of an external modem is necessary. A "WinModem" incorporates the CPU and DSP of the modem into the slightly-enhanced fabric of a PC. They are called "WinModems" because they originally only shipped with Microsoft Windows device drivers. These device drivers presented the illusion of a serial port attached to a Hayes AT-style modem. For a long time only Windows versions of these drivers where available. Some manufacturers now provide Linux versions of their device drivers as well, these modems are jokingly called "LinModems". It is probably possible to use a LinModem as a Linux console. At the most this would require altering the source code to dumb-down the AT command emulation of the modem and recompiling the kernel. Boot loaders, however, work in a very confined software environment and struggle to support a simple serial chip. Considering that some boot loaders do not even handle interrupts, handling the complex DSP of a LinModem is well beyond what is practical.

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259

Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp Awareness About Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp The development of polyps is a common problem in the digestive tract of the body wherein most cases affect the colon and this condition is called as colon polyps. Tubulovillous Adenomal Polyp is one of the common forms and considered dangerous as well, since it can lead to cancer, therefore awareness about this condition is vital for its total treatment. The Importance of Awareness about Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp The digestive or gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the body is composed of several vital organs such as the stomach and the intestines (small intestines and large intestines). The upper section includes the stomach while the intestines belong to the lower section. The colon is part of the large intestine and the last organ in the GI system which is responsible in the absorbance of water and nutrients (specifically potassium) in the body. Just like the stomach, the colon also has lining which is known as “mucous membrane”, and for some reasons masses of tissues described as “polyps” may grow in this area then it develops to Colon Polyp. The growth of polyps in the colon is normally benign (or non-cancerous) when it’s beyond the normal size of not more than one centimeter. However, this is not always the case since it can grow larger and turned into “adenoma”, an abnormal growth of polyps in the swelling lining of the colon. There are several forms or classification of colon polyps based on their shapes and sizes: - Hyperplastic – Of all the common forms of colon polyps, this type is classified low risk in terms of turning into cancer, even though that the polyps are growing not on its size but also to its number. - Inflammatory – This form is also considered benign because it is rare to become malignant or develop to cancer. In medical terminology, it is known as “pseudopolyps” which means false polyps, and most common to occur on patients with IBD and ulcerative colitis. - Adenomatous – Colon polyps under this category are the most common and have the highest risk of becoming cancerous if not discovered or treated immediately. There are three types of adenamatous colon polyps- tubular, villous, and tubulovillous. TVA or Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp is the most dangerous type that usually develops to colon cancer. The possibility of development of polyps to become Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp depends on the appearance and the size of the adenoma. Pedunculated (with thin stalk) polyp and sessile (flat without stalk) polyp are the two common shapes, wherein the sessile polyp is known to have greater chances to become cancer if not removed in time. Sessilepolyp.com explains well about this condition. Possible Treatment for Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp Based on studies, people aging 60 and above are prone to colon polyps wherein biggest percentage of cases are found to be adenomatous which includes Tubulovillous Adenoma Polyp. Therefore, before it’s too late for you to know that you have TVA, you can undergo colon cancer screening test which is effective in diagnosing colon polyps. Sigmoidoscopy is one of the procedures used in diagnosing colon polyps aside from colonoscopy and fecal occult blood testing. The polyps should be removed on its early stage before it turned out to be colon cancer in the future.

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775

College essays are mostly written on controversial topics, or on ethical debates. It plays a key role in accepting or denying an idea, query or issue. The college essay questions are mostly technical or logical which emphasize on giving your view point about it. A college essay needs to be backed up with facts, evidences and proofs to defend your views. The significance of college essay does not only depend on arguing or defending your viewpoints, but also your writing does matter. Arguing in a calm way is much effective than writing in an aggressive tone. Using a correct tone at correct timings may influence the writers. A college essay should not be written too long or too short. It may not exceed more than 5 pages and should not be less than one and a half page. Always patronise your work using facts and figures that can be rechecked. A college essay may not be copy pasted from any source, i.e., plagiarism is a serious crime which can result in your termination from educational institution or you may be “black listed”. It should be understood that plagiarism is a serious crime which may cause serious damage to your academic career. Getting admitted in a college depends on GPA, SAT results, interview and your writing abilities that may lead to successful career pathway. A college essay must be edited and proofread according to the requirement of the institution. If they are strict to their rules, then follow what they have asked from you. The referencing should be cited in the required format. Article lesson: College essays are the true reflection of your mind-set and thinking. The basic concept behind it is to check students ‘abilities and calibre by knowing their point of views regarding a certain controversial topic.

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354

These are two of my favorite pictures from my research on children’s books about Einstein and Curie. (You can click on them to see the bigger images). They are I think, the most visual example of my thesis’s argument and I think they are also illustrative of exactly what we need to pay attention to in Children’s biography. Stories about famous figures’ biographies are the most directly applicable aspect of children’s literature. This is the part of the story that with which children can most readily identify. Tragically, this part of the story of these lives is generally the thinest part of the historical record. Because children’s literature is so rarely reviewed by historians, this is not an issue for many children’s authors. They can simply invent the figures childhood. The first picture is a picture of the young Albert Einstein terrorizing his baby sitter. Albert is described as cruel, and angry, he throws tantrums the text tells young readers that “His temper so terrifies a tutor hired to help young Albert prepare for school that she runs away, never to be seen again.” In the picture Albert and his anger are foregrounded as the tutor runs away in terror, apparently never to be seen again. You will be hard pressed to find historical precedent for this story: By all accounts Albert was a much more timid boy, but it is easy to see here how masculinity and power are imbued on this child. The second picture is of Curie crying in the arms of her teacher. Before I get into the details, consider the differences between these two images. Notice the relative size of Curie and her teacher. Einstein is bigger than his tutor, while the small (and surprisingly Aryan) Curie is presented as significantly smaller. In the second picture, the teacher does not come down to her level and instead maintains her size and visual power. This story appears in almost every single children’s book about Curie. The young Manya Skłodowska was the youngest and smartest student in her class. Her school, which was run by Polish teachers, was under constant threat from the Russians who occupied Poland. The school was barred from teaching children in Polish and teaching Polish history. Instead, schools were required to have children memorize Russian history and learn Russian language. The school that Manya attended disobeyed these rules. When Russian school inspectors came to check on the school a look-out in the hallway would warn the class and the class would hide their Polish books. Once the inspector came in, the teacher would call on Manya to answer his questions. In the story, Manya succeeds by answering all of the Russian inspector’s questions in Russian to his liking. After he leaves she cries. In this story it becomes apparent that while Manya is very smart and strong she still has a kind of frailty. Readers are told that Manya’s knowledge gives her a kind of importance. She is called on in class and because of her impressive memory; she saves the class from the inspector. While the stories of Einstein were exaggerate stories that stress his clashes with authority the story of the Russian inspector is usually treated in a way that is much more consistent with the authoritative texts. However, Eva Curie tells several other stories about Manya that only make it into one of the children’s books, and thus the picture of the young Manya is shaped more by exclusion than by exaggeration. The following anecdotes come from Eleanor Doorly’s 1939 book, The Radium Women: Madame Curie. Doorly’s book went through many printings and was highly acclaimed, being recommended in three consecutive editions of the Children’s Catalogue. Doorly states quite clearly in the opening of her book that it is a children’s adaptation of Eva Curie’s biography of her mother. This book stays very close to Eva’s biography and offers insight into a different trajectory that could have been developed in accounts of Curie. These selections come from the second chapter of her book, appropriately entitled “Rebels.” In the Russian-run high school Manya and her friend Kazia “took delight in inventing witticisms against their Russian professors, their German master, and especially against Miss Mayer who detested Manya only a little less than Manya detested her.” Their teacher Miss Mayer stated, “It’s no more use speaking to that Sklodovska girl,” she said, “than throwing green peas at a wall!” On one occasion Eva tells us of a time in which Manya was openly disrespectful, and witty. “I won’t have you look at me like that!’ Miss Mayer would shout. ‘You have no right to look down on me!’” Manya responded “‘I can’t help it,’ said Manya truthfully, for she was a head taller that Miss Mayer. No doubt she was glad that words sometimes have two meanings.” In the second series of stories, the young Manya is openly disrespectful of her teachers. While the story of her crying in front of the Russian inspector is interesting it should be seen as just one of several stories about Manya’s school experience. Importantly, it is the only story that puts her in a position of weakness against the authority of both the teacher and the inspector. Other stories show the potential of portraying a Manya who is similar to the exaggerated Einstein, openly disrespectful of a rather hostile teacher. Brown, Don. Odd Boy Out: Young Albert Einstein . Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Doorly, Eleanor. The Radium Woman, a Life of Marie Curie; and Woodcuts. New York: Roy Publishers, 1939.

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1,215

Contemplative psychotherapy for individuals, couples, and groups in New York City. According to the Asian News Network, China's oldest temple aims to position itself as a major Buddhist hub. Built in 68 CE, the White Horse (Baima) Temple, in Luoyang, in China's Henan province, has a colorful history. The ANN reports: According to legend, the Eastern Han Emperor Yongping (reign: AD 57-75) dreamed of a golden figure with a halo, which his advisers assumed was the Buddha, in India. Emissaries were sent abroad to learn more about Buddhism and they returned years later with two Indian monks on white horses, bearing sutras and statues.... In light of its history, Baima aims to become a leading center of Buddhism in Asia and has an Indian Buddhist shrine made entirely of Indian materials, a gift from the Indian government that was completed last year. Nearby, a Thai Buddhist shrine, built in 1992, is being expanded. The temple has been rebuilt, and little remains of the original. Also, the original temple lacked air-conditioning, but that has been remedied. You can read the ANN report here. Image © China Daily

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NORTH BOSQUE RIVER NORTH BOSQUE RIVER. The North Bosque River, the ninety-seven-mile main branch of the Bosque, rises at the conjunction of two branches north of Stephenville in central Erath County (at 32°14' N, 98°13' W). The South Fork North Bosque River rises near Lingleville in north central Erath County (at 32°19' N, 98°22' W) and flows for fourteen miles to its confluence with the North Fork North Bosque River, which rises near Huckabay in north central Erath County (at 32°19' N, 98°13' W) and flows for eleven miles. The North Bosque River then flows south, cutting across the extreme northeastern corner of Hamilton County and continuing into northern Bosque County, where it is joined by the East Bosque River south of Walnut Springs. From that point the North Bosque continues its southeasterly course across central Bosque County and into central McLennan County, where it is joined by the Middle and South Bosque rivers as it flows into Lake Waco on the northwest edge of Waco (at 31°34' N, 97°12' W). Along its course, the river flows past Clairette, Hico, Iredell, Meridian, Clifton, and Valley Mills. Its principal tributaries include Live Oak, Duffau, Honey, Meridian, Neils, Spring, Sims, and Green creeks, several of which have been dammed. The river flows through flat terrain with local shallow depressions surfaced by clay and sandy loam that supports water-tolerant hardwoods, conifers, and grasses. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."NORTH BOSQUE RIVER," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnn05), accessed May 21, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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435

Landscape, Water and Religion in Ancient India Ritual sites and water resource structures in their archaeological landscape project is geared towards building integrated models of religious, economic and environmental history in central and western India through the documentation of ritual sites and water-resource structures in their archaeological landscape. central question is how did the spread and institutionalisation of Buddhist and Brahmanical religious traditions between c. 3rd century BC and 6th century AD relate to other important processes such as urbanisation, state-formation and innovations in agriculture? There are two major interrelated research themes: Religion in the Landscape; and Water and Civilisation, with three main geographical zones of application: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. - Religion in the Landscape The study of ancient Indian religion has long since been dominated by textual scholarship which has given priority to the Sanskrit tradition, and drawn on archaeology largely for supplementary evidence. Furthermore, until recently the site-based focus of South Asian archaeology has meant that ritual sites have tended to be studied in isolation from wider patterns in the landscape. This project has sought to build a more integrated approach to textual and archaeological scholarship on early Indian religion, focussing in particular on the following questions: What was the changing relationship between the state and religion? How did the different religious traditions attract local patronage networks? How did they relate to local agricultural communities? What was the nature of inter-religious dynamics? - Water and Civilisation The development of advanced irrigation systems has been seen as a major factor in the rise of complex, urban societies in ancient India. However, a number of questions regarding the history and chronology of irrigation technology and its role in the wider economic, political and religious landscape, have remained unanswered. The traditional view, based largely on readings of problematically dated texts such as the Arthasastra, is that the building and management of irrigation works was dependent on centralised state administration. Marxist-inspired models such as Wittogel’s ‘Hydraulic Civilisations of the Orient’ have led to similar notions regarding Asian economic systems as a whole. In recent years, these have undergone major revision following studies of more devolved systems of irrigation management in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia involving village councils and religious institutions. In India, however, traditional models have until recently remained unchallenged due in part to the paucity of archaeological research on irrigation.Steps towards redressing this problem have been taken in relation to a group of dams documented during the Sanchi Survey Project (Madhya Pradesh) with comparative studies in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Datable to the early centuries BC, the Sanchi dams appear to have been central to the development of sustainable exchange networks between Buddhist monks and the local laity, just as contemporaneous irrigation systems in Sri Lanka formed the basis of monastic landlordism and a distinctly ‘Buddhist economics’. - Shaw, J. (2011). 'Monasteries, monasticism, and patronage in ancient India: Mawasa, a recently documented hilltop Buddhist complex in the Sanchi area of Madhya Pradesh', South Asian Studies 27 (2): 111-130. - Sutcliffe, J., J. Shaw, and E. Brown (2011). 'Historical water resources in South Asia: the hydrological background', Hydrological Sciences Journal 56 (5): 775-788. - Shaw, J. (2009). ‘Stūpas, monasteries and relics in the landscape: typological, spatial, and temporal patterns in the Sanchi area', in A. Shimada and J. Hawkes, eds., Buddhist Stūpas in South Asia: Recent Archaeological, Art-Historical, and Historical Perspectives. New Delhi : Oxford University Press. - Madella, M., R. Osborne, and J. Shaw, (Eds.) (2009), The Archaeology of Water. World Archaeology, vol. 41.1. - Shaw, J. (2007). Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi hill and archaeologies of religious and social change, c. 3rd century BC to 5th century AD. London: British Association for South Asian Studies, The British Academy. - Shaw, J. (2007), ‘Landscape, Water and Religion in Ancient India’, Archaeology International 2006-2007, 43-52. - Shaw, J., J. V. Sutcliffe, L. Lloyd-Smith, J-L. Schwenninger, and M.S. Chauhan, with contributions by E. Harvey and O.P. Misra (2007), ‘Ancient Irrigation and Buddhist history in Central India: Optically Stimulated Luminescence and pollen sequences from the Sanchi dams’, Asian Perspectives 46(1): 166-201. - Shaw, J. (2005), 'The archaeological setting of Buddhist monasteries in central India: a summary of a multi-phase survey in the Sanchi area, 1998-2000', in C. Jarrige and V. Lefèvre (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 2001: proceedings of the 16th international conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, ADPF, Vol. 2, 665-676. - Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2005), ‘Ancient Dams and Buddhist Landscapes in the Sanchi area: New evidence on Irrigation, Land use and Monasticism in Central India’, South Asian Studies 21, 1-24. - Shaw, J. (2004), ‘Naga sculptures in Sanchi’s archaeological landscape: Buddhism, Vaisnavism and local agricultural cults in central India, first century BCE to fifth century CE’, Artibus Asiae LXIV(1), 5-59. - Shaw, J. (2004), ‘Early historic landscapes in central India: recent archaeological investigations in districts Raisen and Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, 2003-4’, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology 1, 143-150. - Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2003), ‘Ancient dams, settlement archaeology and Buddhist propagation in central India: the hydrological background’, Hydrological Sciences Journal 48 (2), 277-291. - Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2003), ‘Water management, patronage networks and religious change: new evidence from the Sanchi dam complex and counterparts in Gujarat and Sri Lanka’, South Asian Studies 19, 73-104. - Shaw, J. and J.V. Sutcliffe (2001), ‘Ancient irrigation works in the Sanchi area: an archaeological and hydrological investigation’, South Asian Studies 17, 55-75. - Shaw, J. (2000), ‘The sacred landscape’, in M. Willis, with contributions by J. Cribb and J. Shaw, Buddhist Reliquaries from Ancient India, London: British Museum Press, 27-38. - Shaw, J. (2000), ‘Sanchi and its archaeological landscape: Buddhist monasteries, settlements and irrigation works in central India’, Antiquity 74, 775-776. Shaw, J. (1999), ‘Buddhist landscapes and monastic planning in eastern Malwa: the elements of intervisibility, surveillance and the protection of relics’, in T. Insoll, (ed.), Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion: the proceedings of the Cambridge conference, Oxford: Archaeopress, 5-17. Publications in preparation - Shaw, J. (Ed.) Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1 - Shaw, J., ‘Introduction’. Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1 - Shaw, J., ‘Archaeologies of Religious Change in South Asia’. Archaeology of Religious Change. World Archaeology, vol. 45.1 - Shaw, J., ‘Archaeologies of well-being and suffering: environmental ethics and Buddhist economics in ancient India’ (2013) - Shaw, J., ‘Buddhist mortuary rituals in ancient India’. Invited paper for pre-circulation in seminar to be held at the McDonald Institute, Cambridge in April 2011. Papers will be peer reviewed and published in a single volume by 2013. Seminar title: Death Shall Have no Dominion. Organisers: Colin Renfrew, Michael Boyd, and Ian Morley - Shaw, J., and A. Beck, ‘The archaeological application of satellite remote-sensing in Central India' 2012/3). - Shaw, J., J. Sutcliffe, and E. Brown. ‘Irrigation and complex society in ancient India: an archaeo-hydrological assessment’. Water History(journal). (2012) - Shaw, J., J., Sutcliffe, E. Cork, and H. Bakker. ‘Archaeological landscapes at Ramtek and Mansar: religion, politics and water in the Vakataka empire’, South Asian Studies (2012) - British Association for South Asian Studies (2006-8) - Department of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal (PI) - John Sutcliffe, Reading - Religious change - Social & economic change - Landscape archaeology - Water management - Ancient irrigation - Patronage & kingship - Ritual landscapes

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2,021

Information for Parents What your child may experience: For your son or daughter, college will likely be a period of intellectual stimulation and growth, career exploration and development, increased autonomy, self-exploration and discovery, and social involvement. During this period, your children may forge new identities or seek to clarify their values and beliefs. This may require an examination of self, friends, and family. It may also be a time for exploration and experimentation, and a period in which your children may question or challenge the values you hold dear. The changes your son or daughter may experience can occur quickly, as they begin to develop new peer relationships, gain competence in new areas, and learn to manage their independence. It is important to recognize that every child will experience his or her own unique set of challenges and adjustments, just as every parent will have different expectations for and reactions to their child's college experience. What parents may experience: Often overlooked is the fact that the college experience is a significant transition for parents as well as their children. As parents, you may experience feelings of happiness, excitement, and pride when your child leaves for college. At the same time, you may feel a sense of sadness and pain and have understandable fears and concerns about your child's future and well-being. You may worry about your child's safety and ability to care effectively for him or herself. You may fear losing your child as he or she begins to function more independently and form deep attachments with peers. You may be concerned about how your child will deal with alcohol, drugs, and sexual relationships. You may also wonder how your child's performance in college will reflect on you as the parent. Recognize that feelings of conflict, happiness, excitement, sadness and ambivalence about your child's leaving home are normal. For most families, this step can seem like a dramatic separation of parent and child, although it is usually the separation of adult from almost-adult. It is normal, too, to look forward to the relative peace and quiet of having your active older adolescent out of the house and having the place to yourself, or being able to spend time with your younger children. Allow yourself to feel whatever emotions come up. There is little benefit in pretending that you don't feel sad, guilty, relieved, apprehensive, or whatever feelings you have. You probably aren't fooling anyone by trying to hide your reactions; a healthier approach is to talk about them-with your family, friends, clergy, or other sources of support. Tips on how to support your child: Be sure to keep open communication going on a regular basis. Pick a regular time to talk that fits both schedules. Creating a routine is good for you because you will feel less intrusive. It may be good for your child because if they stay out of touch for long periods of time and then need your help, it might feel awkward to break the silence. It is important to maintain regular contact with your child, but also to allow space for your child to approach you and set the agenda for some of your conversations. Let your child know that you respect and support his or her right to make independent decisions and that you will serve as an advocate and an advisor when asked. Let your child know that they do not have to protect you from their problems. Engage in active listening. Be patient; allow them to finish their argument or point before formulating a response. Finally, recognize that it is normal for your child to seek your help one day and reject it the next. Such behavior can be confusing and exhausting for parents, so make sure to take care of yourself by talking about your feelings with your own support system. Be realistic and specific with your child about financial issues including what you will and will not pay for, as well as your expectations for how your son or daughter will spend money. Most students come to school with a fairly detailed plan about how tuition, fees, books, and room and board will be paid for, and what the family's expectations are about spending money. Being specific at the outset may help avoid misunderstandings later. It is also important to be realistic about your child's academic performance, recognizing that not every straight-A student in high school will be a straight-A student in college. The University attracts bright students from all over the world, and not every freshman who excelled academically in high school will be an all-A student here. Developing or refining the capacity to work independently, consistently, and to demonstrate mastery can be more important than grades, as long as the student meets the basic academic requirements set out by the University. Help your children set realistic academic goals; encourage them to do their best and to seek assistance if needed. Know the warning signs. You know your child better than anyone, and it is important that you still keep alert to the signs of change, upset, and distress. If you notice symptoms of depression, substance abuse, anxiety, eating disorders, or suicidal thinking - start a dialogue with your child that will facilitate support and help. The fact that your child has left home does not necessarily prevent family problems from arising or continuing. Refrain from burdening your children with problems from home they have no control over and can do nothing about. Sharing these problems with your children may cause them to worry excessively and even feel guilty that they are away from home and unable to help. If your child does experience difficulties at UGA, encourage him or her to take advantage of the wealth of resources available for students. For academic issues, talking with the professor, teaching assistant, or academic advisor is probably the first step, but the Academic Enhancement and Career Center are also both available to help. The Office of the Dean of Students can assist with a variety of concerns. If your son or daughter could benefit from counseling, Counseling and Psychiatric Services (CAPS) is located in the Health Center and can be reached by calling 706-542-2273. UGA is a big place, but you can help your child by reminding him or her of the many resources available on a large campus. Kadison, R. & Digeronimo, T.F. (2004). College of the overwhelmed: The campus mental health crisis and what to do about it. Josey-Bass, San Francisco. pgs:183-212

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The Road to Rio+20 and beyond World Bank Group Twenty Years on from the Earth Summit 1. Twenty years ago, the Rio Earth Summit provided the staging ground for a global conversation that continues to this day ? a conversation about the long-term survival of the planet and the quality of life of those who live on it. Prompted then by environmental challenges like deforestation and increasing threats from climate change as well as rising social and economic inequality, the Summit provided the needed political impetus for an agenda for global action. 2. Rio 1992 called for action at global, national and local levels that would deliver on the Brundtland Commission?s recommendations of 1987 for ?development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The Summit resulted in Agenda 21, which called for action and required countries to draw up national strategies for sustainable development ? development which would meet social, economic and environmental objectives. It also led to the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Principles of Forest Management, and the establishment of a funding mechanism (the Global Environment Facility). It also pushed discussion on the Convention to Combat Desertification, which was signed two years after Rio. 3. Twenty years on from Rio 92, the world is a different place. Growth and social policies have resulted in a decrease in the share of people living in poverty from some 42 percent of the developing world in 1990 to an expected 15 percent by 2015. Substantial progress has been made on literacy, gender inclusion, health, and life expectancy. Yet an increasing population that is more prosperous has expanded global consumption. This has led to two interlinked challenges for sustaining progress: meeting the demands for improved lives for a larger, more prosperous and more urban global population, and addressing environmental pressures and governance challenges that could undermine the world's ability to meet these demands. 4. Climate change limits the solutions available but is focusing minds. Rising greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and land use change now threaten to increase the warming of the planet by more than 2°C. Climate change adds layers of cost and complexity to the development agenda ? hitting poor people disproportionately. The accompanying changes in sea level, rainfall patterns, glacial retreat and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events threaten to erode development gains of the past 20 years. In Rio 1992, climate change was the future ? today it is the present, and while there is some action, public policy and collective action lag behind science. 5. Global efforts have not been enough to ensure either a world free of poverty or a world that is economically, socially or environmentally sustainable. The world has become increasingly complex, unequal and hazardous. Some 900 million people could still be in poverty by 2015. Growing floods, droughts, fires and hurricanes interact with financial, food, and fuel crises, placing the most severe burden on those least able to adapt, and risking increases in poverty. Unequal patterns of consumption and control over resources among and within countries at all income levels contribute to divergent trajectories of opportunity and human well-being. Political disenfranchisement, lack of good governance, and conflict stymie efforts to find solutions. Renewed Political Commitment 1. In this context, the need for renewed global commitment to meeting sustainable development challenges is stronger than ever. As the world grapples with the continuing impacts of a global economic crisis, countries are increasingly challenged to find inclusive and greener growth paths that provide jobs and sustainably manage their natural resources, ensuring people have access to clean air, land and water. Twenty years since these issues dominated discussions at the first Rio conference and notwithstanding successes in some areas, we still do not have local, national and global systems in place to bring economic, social and environmental considerations into balance. 2. The World Bank Group is looking to Rio+20 to reiterate the political commitments made 20 years ago in today?s context and to set new benchmarks for action. The world needs a clear global roadmap that sets a path toward sustainability -- a way forward that does not put the burden of sustainable development on the poor and socially excluded. The Bank Group regards Rio+20 as an important opportunity to agree on such a roadmap and commits itself to helping countries to meet their continuing development challenges. 3. The World Bank Group therefore supports the UNSG?s High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability goal: ?To eradicate poverty and reduce inequality, make growth inclusive and production and consumption more sustainable while combating climate change and respecting the range of other planetary boundaries.? We also emphasize the importance of continuing to strive toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals. 4. In addition, the World Bank Group also supports the principles for global sustainability as outlined in the Common Statement by the UN System Chief Executives Board on the Outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. A Framework for Action 10. Rio 1992 was about setting an agenda for action. We hope Rio+20 will be about realizing that agenda by shifting economic incentives and systems and rallying political will. As part of the design of a global roadmap for sustainable development, the World Bank Group suggests Rio+20 strives for agreement on: ? The adoption by countries of development strategies that are consistent with the concepts of green and more inclusive growth while maintaining a strong poverty reduction focus ? A global methodology and process for incorporating natural capital and ecosystems services into countries? national accounts by 2030 ? A discreet set of sustainable development goals by 2030 complementing the MDGs e.g. for energy, sanitation, water, land, and oceans, and reinforcing them for biodiversity. 11. We support the three global energy goals outlined in the Action Agenda of the UN High-Level Group on Energy and the United Nations ?Sustainable Energy for All? year 2012: ? Universal access to modern energy services ? Doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and ? Doubling the share of renewable energy - all by 2030. 12. We are ready to support efforts to develop more sustainable development goals. Toward a Green and Inclusive Growth Path 1. We will maintain our focus on growth given its centrality to poverty reduction, but growth needs to be green and inclusive. The world needs a form of growth that is socially and environmentally sustainable that takes resource limits and climate change into account. GDP growth in developing countries will still be necessary to enhance living standards, reduce poverty, and cope with growing populations. But we know that growth per se is not enough. During the recent global economic downturn, some countries continued to see growth at levels of 7 percent a year or more, yet millions of people fell below the poverty line. 2. Green and inclusive growth is climate-resilient, water-smart, land-saving, energy-efficient and reliant on diverse energy sources. It also generates decent jobs and improves livelihoods across a diverse set of productive and service sectors. It is underpinned by properly valued natural capital, the value of which is fully integrated into countries? systems of national accounts. Green and inclusive growth paths factor environmental considerations into government policies and business decisions, placing sustainable natural resource management ? with its benefits flowing to people ? at the heart of future development and growth. The improved health of people that stems from cleaner air, land and water benefits from and feeds back into this new growth path. Gender equality when recognized as ?smart economics? enhances productivity and further improves development outcomes. Enabling the Transition 15. Green and inclusive growth policies need to be fully integrated into countries? overall development strategies and assessed in terms of their contribution to development and well being. Measuring growth with the right tools, promoting sound public expenditure management and fiscal policies, and getting prices aligned with the true value of environmental services are key parts of the transition. The private sector will need to consider how to report on business growth differently, especially in terms of social and environmental value created. 16. These considerations mean that climate and other environmental concerns are no longer the exclusive concern of environment ministries but of government as a whole, especially ministries of finance, economy and development. In addition, Rio 1992 made it clear that these issues are not the exclusive concerns of government. Now, more than ever, the effort to shift growth paths requires the engagement and participation of all parts of society. 17. Measuring green growth also requires new tools. GDP indicates whether an economy is growing, but gives no information on whether the growth is sustainable. That is why putting in place comprehensive wealth accounts that focus on the value of natural capital and ecosystem services, and integrating them into development planning is an important part of mainstreaming green growth. 18. Sound public expenditure management and institutions are critical to ensuring that public spending for sustainable goals is wisely allocated, managed and transparently tracked. Engaging citizens to set priorities and oversee public spending is also essential for transparency, accountability and effectiveness. In developing countries, the role of public policy will also be to remove distortions, barriers and weaknesses impeding private innovation. These efforts can include improving the quality of and access to communications networks, reducing domestic barriers to firm entry and exit, improving access to finance, opening up trade and investment regimes, while at the same time assuring sound environmental and social performance of production and innovation, and strengthening skills and capacity development. 19. The role of fiscal policy is central in allocating public resources to activities with high social and development returns, consistent with green growth principles. Market-based fiscal instruments ? like taxes, targeted subsidies, renewable energy feedin-tariffs, energy efficiency certificates, and emission trading schemes - are critical to ensuring the right incentives for shifting consumption, production, investment and innovation to efficient, clean, least-cost options. Targeted fiscal policies can help create the conditions for the poor to contribute to green and inclusive growth, while reducing unintended costs in terms of public health, social tensions and violence. 20. The role of the private sector in driving the green, inclusive growth agenda needs to be emphasized. Sound public policies and investments are central but are not enough. The private sector is the engine of innovative solutions and the main channel through which the benefits of growth are shared through incomes for rural and urban populations. Green and inclusive growth requires the private sector to operate in ways that decreases its environmental footprint and assures healthy and fair conditions for its workforce. The private sector is a repository of organizational and management expertise that can increase the effectiveness of service delivery, develop new business models and help finance the research and development necessary to transform growth paths. 21. As companies develop more inclusive business models, they will be able to provide goods, services, and livelihood opportunities to underserved populations, creating high development impact in financially sustainable and scalable ways. Growth in businesses that engage with people living at the base of the economic pyramid has so far been driven by talented and resilient business entrepreneurs as well as by value-conscious consumers. Taking successful models to scale will require improvements in many countries? investment climates as well as innovative, long-term investment decisions by the private sector. 22. Establishing innovative financing mechanisms will be vital as sectoral transitions will require significant investments, both public and private. In Rio 1992, the focus was on how to raise new and additional resources, and transactions were assumed to be from developed to developing countries. Now there is a broader choice of private and public finance available which can be mobilized domestically, internationally, and through instruments like the Climate Investment Funds. Targeted international and national public finance, including climate finance, can serve as a catalyst to leverage private sector investment, enhance development policy and lead to transformational change. Developed countries, meanwhile, need to honor their global commitments ? such as those agreed at Monterrey (on official development assistance) and Cancun (on climate finance). 23. For middle-income countries, domestic financing options such as green taxes and Payments for Environmental Services are becoming viable options for leveraging financing for environmental investments. In the interim, concessional financing will still be necessary to promote sustainable energy and environmental efforts. Less developed countries will rely more on international transfers and private capital flows to meet their needs to finance the transformation. Private investors will need stable investment climates and different incentive structures, promoting accountability through transparency, and deploying inclusive business models in sourcing and distribution. Financial markets have a key role to play in mobilizing financing that is long-term and suitable to finance the transformation. Special attention needs to be paid to how such innovative mechanisms are structured to ensure that the poor and vulnerable are not further marginalized but are empowered to contribute actively to realizing the goals of sustainable development. Social protection policies can complement such mechanisms so as to ensure that the livelihoods of vulnerable groups are resilient in the face of episodic shocks and chronic stresses. 24. More rapid green growth is inconceivable without technological innovation. Frontier innovations shift out production possibilities, allowing the production of more environmentally-friendly outputs with fewer inputs. For developing countries, innovation includes frontier or ?new-to-the world? innovations and adaptation to local conditions, and dissemination of existing technologies. 25. Advancing the green growth agenda requires a systematic consideration of equity, social inclusion, gender, equality and indigenous people?s rights. Environmental degradation is often highly skewed, disproportionately affecting the poor and disadvantaged, where women, children and the elderly are often the worst affected. Carefully designed social protection programs can help alleviate these shocks on the most vulnerable in society. There is growing evidence of the positive links between human development outcomes and more evenly distributed gains from economic growth, higher levels of civic engagement, and the empowerment of women in governance at all levels. The equity agenda goes beyond the use of fiscal and social protection policies as mere compensation for losses incurred by growth elsewhere. Rather, it is a question of harnessing and realizing the economic potential of poor and excluded groups, and ensuring that they have voice and are empowered to contribute to sustainable development. Ensuring the Transformation 26. Combined with an integrated development strategy, the green growth transformation requires targeted action at various levels ? globally and locally. Priority action is needed in the following areas that are listed as key topics for Rio+20 by the UNCSD (Rio+20) Secretariat: 27. Infrastructure and Energy: Infrastructure plays a key role in responding to regional and global issues like rapid urbanization, energy sector and sanitation challenges, and climate change. The next five to 10 years present a major opportunity as huge investments in infrastructure will be made across the developing world. For at least the next 25 years, cities will grow by some 250,000 additional people every day ? 2 billion more urban residents by 2035. Green growth discourages investment decisions that entrench countries, cities, and communities in environmentally damaging, carbon-intensive systems. There are tremendous win-win opportunities for improving energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving air and water quality, tackling urban poverty as well as reducing vulnerability to climate change at the city-level. 28. The three sustainable energy goals put forward by the UN on universal access to modern energy, doubling renewable energy use and improving energy efficiency by 2030 are ambitious but achievable. They are vital for improving the lives of the 1.4 billion people without access to electricity and the 2.5 billion people now using polluting, traditional cooking stoves. 29. Private investments in renewable energy, in particular in solar and wind, have grown tremendously over the past five years, and as the cost of production drops, removing implicit subsidies for fossil fuels will help further transform the global energy balance. There is a need for energy transition, and hydropower represents an important clean energy source which will become a larger share of the world?s energy production as lower income countries develop their capacity. Regional power projects and transmission infrastructure will be needed to make best use of available natural resources, including renewable energy resources. 30. Developed and developing countries need to embark on low emission development (LED) paths to sustain growth. An approach that minimizes energy consumption and pollution from transport can be achieved through the adoption of carbon savings technology and sustainable planning of accessible transport services and infrastructure. Strategies for achieving these goals must be gender-sensitive if they are to be effective and benefit those who are most adversely impacted. LED is a critical ingredient to protecting growing urban populations from fine particle inhalation, which often results in increased mortality and morbidity through respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Reaching WHO-set air quality standards is critical to improving basic environmental health conditions. 31. Measurable targets could include reduction in urban poverty, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improved air and water quality, increased energy efficiency in buildings and appliances, reduced energy losses in generation and distribution, and share of trips taken by low carbon modes of transportation. Strong enforcement to reach nationally and particularly internationally-set air and water quality standards is needed. 32. Water and food and energy nexus: A world free of poverty is not consistent with 800 million people without access to safe drinking water, 1.6 billion without access to electricity, and one billion suffering from hunger. Water resources must be allocated between agriculture, energy, urban consumption, mining, and increasingly threatened ecosystems. Population and economic growth are expected to increase demand for food, energy and water further, making the efficient allocation of water absolutely critical. 33. Currently, 70% of the world?s withdrawn freshwater resources are being used for agriculture. By 2030, it is estimated that 30-45 percent more water will be required to meet increasing food demands. Already, 50 percent of food globally comes from irrigated areas, and of this irrigation water, 50 percent comes from aquifers which are being depleted at a rapid pace in many countries. And with more than 50 percent of the world?s population now in cities, urban centers will increasingly compete with farms for water. 34. Another 15% of the world?s withdrawn water resources are being used for industry, mostly for energy production. Hydroelectricity and many solar energy systems ? two key alternative sources of clean energy ? require water. Stable and ample energy supply is important for water provision and food production. Maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services also requires an overall decrease in groundwater withdrawal, and these ecosystem services are critical for groundwater supply. To turn these linkages from a vicious cycle into a virtuous cycle, water management must become much more efficient. 35. In addition to the lack of safe drinking water, there are 2.4 billion people living without basic sanitation. To meet the challenges of providing water and basic sanitation to the bottom billion, regressive subsidies need to be removed; sustainable solutions that work need to be scaled up; innovative results-based financing instruments that reward efficiencies need to be promoted; incentives to reduce water use need to be supported; institutional frameworks and water utilities need to be strengthened; and capacity building for service providers in long-term planning needs to be promoted. 36. Oceans: Healthy and biologically diverse oceans are essential for humans, providing food, jobs, recreation, and pharmaceutical resources. Oceans are also the planet?s main carbon sink by capturing and storing a large part of greenhouse gas emissions. Today, oceans are absorbing more CO2, which is changing the pH and oceans are becoming more acidic. Climate change is also leading to ocean warming since oceans moderate our climate. Human pollution ? approximately 6 million tons of solid waste plus industrial, agricultural and human waste runoff ? is also affecting the health of the oceans. 37. Warming, acidification, and pollution are also affecting coral reefs and mangroves. In turn, this ?natural infrastructure? provides critical ecosystem services at a time when fish resources are already direly affected by over-exploitation. The world?s oceans and shared seas provide 20 percent of the animal protein and 5 percent of the total protein in the human diet. They also provide food and livelihoods for 8 percent of the world?s population. Bold action to improve governance of marine resources is needed to reverse the loss of habitats, restore fish stocks, and manage coastal environment so that it provides socio-economic benefits for communities and maintains countries? natural resource wealth. Catalytic funding is needed to: move towards rights-based fisheries management, increase marine protected areas, harmonize certification of wild and cultured fish, improve coastal zone management and reduce marine pollution. Currently, only 1 percent of oceans are under some form of protection. For shared seas, in particular, environmental management across all riparian countries is critical. 38. Biodiversity: The planet is in the throes of a sixth great extinction that is liquidating the goods and services on which pro-poor growth and sustainable development depend. IUCN has listed 208 species as ?possibly extinct?, and a further 17,300 species are considered under threat. We must deliver on the Aichi Targets established at the CBD COP10 in Nagoya, Japan. This includes targets for mainstreaming biodiversity considerations across government and society; reducing the direct pressures on biodiversity; safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity; and enhancing the benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services. To do this, countries need to mainstream biodiversity considerations into planning processes and production sectors, set public policy to ensure that the private sector deploys sourcing, production and distribution practices that leverage biodiversity as an asset, strengthen civil society to become an effective partner in protecting biodiversity, and meet targets for safeguarding at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2020. 39. Social development: The early years of the 21st century have brought home just how complex, interconnected, hazardous, uneven and uncertain patterns of global development have become. It is increasingly recognized that socially inclusive and resilient as well as environmentally sustainable patterns of growth require attention to good governance, voice and representation for those who are marginalized from the economic and political mainstream. Twenty years ago in Rio, consideration of women was just an add-on. Now, gender equality is part of smart economics as it enhances productivity and improves development outcomes. We expect that gender will be far more prominent in the debate around Rio+20. 1. Rio 1992 compelled the world to face up to the environmental, social and economic crises of its own making. It put the idea of sustainable development on the table and, to a certain degree, brought about a global shift in thinking ? away from ?progress at all costs? toward ?inclusive growth.? It backed up the talk with an agenda for action that, in many ways, defined international efforts for a generation. 2. Rio+20 presents the world with an opportunity to shift the thinking again ? this time through a transformation to green and inclusive growth that will be supported by a new kind of GDP ? one which acknowledges that growth which depletes natural and social capital is not sustainable. Agreeing on a set of sustainable development goals for 2030 that build on the MDGs will help ensure global efforts are focused. 3. In Rio 1992, government participation was made up largely of environment ministries. At Rio+20 we expect to see much broader participation from ministries of finance, development, and planning. In 1992, women and children were added on to documents under pressure from civil society. Today, gender inclusion is regarded as smart economics. Rio 1992 focused on mobilizing additional financing. Now it is clear that without broader and more innovative financing mechanisms, we will not see results. There is also a realization that transferring knowledge from north to south is not enough. Now knowledge must also flow from south to south and south to north. 4. The World Bank Group itself has come a long way since 1992 ? our thinking and actions have shifted enormously towards a focus on sustainable development. We see Rio+20 as a vital agenda-setting moment in history and we embrace the opportunity to put our skills, experience and thinking behind the next phase of global transformation. Annex: World Bank Group Actions to Support Green Growth 1. The World Bank Group?s comparative advantage is that it can help developing countries try innovative ways to sustainably grow their economies in sustainable ways by leveraging knowledge, fostering innovation, sharing of good practices and lessons learned across the world and building capacity to implement them. We also provide innovative financing instruments and partnerships with public and private sector to fund action along with advice on metrics to measure progress. 2. Our contribution to the Rio +20 agenda is guided by a number of sustainable development sector strategies which include: agricultural and rural development, energy, infrastructure, information and communication technologies, water, oil and gas, transport, urban, social development, manufacturing, mining, and environment. At the program level, our support to meeting the Rio+20 agenda includes: GREEN GROWTH KNOWLEDGE The Green Growth Knowledge Platform will facilitate continued work on identifying and remediating knowledge gaps and implementing green growth policies in developing countries. The knowledge platform is also a mechanism to develop partnerships and join ?conversations? with an emerging community of practice involving scholars, policymakers, practitioners, and other concerned individuals and institutions in developed and developing countries. The platform will provide online tools for collaboration and discussion on green growth issues. The Bank?s main partners in this are UNEP, OECD, and the Global Green Growth Institute. We will present a flagship report on green growth providing detailed recommendations for ?how.? Green issues will play a growing role in the World Bank?s ongoing dialogue with finance and economic ministries on fiscal policy, macroeconomic stability, growth, competitiveness, poverty reduction and equity issues. Careful analysis of the growth and distributional impact of environmental pricing policies is needed. The Bank Group will continue to support countries to assess such effects and to design and implement transfers or other social protection programs to help address them. We will also continue working with developing countries to strengthen budget and public expenditure management systems, while paying careful consideration to public oversight and social accountability mechanisms, including systems to evaluate and allocate environmental spending relative to other fiscal priorities and to better ensure that allocated spending is accountably and efficiently used. WEALTH ACCOUNTING AND VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (WAVES) Through the WAVES global partnership, launched at the Nagoya CBD COP in 2010, the Bank Group will expand the number of countries undertaking environmental accounting. Already, WAVES is undertaking pilot programs in six developing countries while partnering with developed countries leading the way in the area. WAVES will build knowledge and experience and gradually, broaden the number of countries participating. A key goal of the Bank Group?s work in this area is to demonstrate how countries can use environmental accounts to improve decisions about more sustainably managing natural capital. Our Low Carbon Development studies - undertaken between 2008-10 in seven client countries have been scaled up into Development Policy Operations and Clean Technology Fund Investment Plans, among other options. Numerous Low-Emission Development studies (LEDs) have also been undertaken. The creation of a decentralized knowledge platform for low emission development that can provide upstream advice and support to developing countries is being considered with external partners. This includes paying careful attention to the distributional, poverty and social impacts of policies designed to bring about low-emission development, with systematic use of Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) to help better inform policy choices We will continue to support developing countries with their Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action plans (NAMAs), enhancing access to the carbon market including through the newly established Partnership for Market Readiness, capacity building activities, and the establishment of innovative financing schemes for LED. The elements of reducing an institution?s footprint (also known as CSR) are fundamental ingredients of a green economy. The World Bank Group will continue to support projects and programs in its client countries to improve environmental and social performance in public and private sector operations. Internally, the World Bank will continue to be ?walking the talk? by continuing to measure and reduce the environmental impact of its own corporate operations to set an example to other public and private agencies. ? RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY Our support for the common goals on access, energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) has come in the form of financing and technical assistance. Our work in these areas has contributed to increased access to electricity through grid-based and off-grid electrification. Bank Group support has also helped develop enabling policy reforms, institutional frameworks, and innovative financing for EE and RE projects. IFC has invested, in FY10 alone, $1.7 billion in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, aiming to increase the relative share of financing into this segment to about 20% of its commitments by 2013. Importantly, IFC financed and advised on, through partnerships with over 60 Financial Institutions around the world, a large and growing portfolio of energy and resource efficiency investments by Small and Medium Enterprises, a sub-set of the private sector which to reach is critical for green growth to take off. The WBG has also built a strong alliance of partners to further these goals. For instance, the Global Alliance on Clean Cookstoves will help distribute nearly 100 million advanced cookstoves, through gender-sensitive strategies, thereby reducing indoor air pollution and increasing safety for the users of these stoves and other household members. Through the Lighting Africa project, WBG in collaboration with the private sector is promoting the market-based provision of safe, affordable lighting based on solar systems to nearly 2.5 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. The goal of universal access to modern energy will benefit from harnessing the power of the private sector. For instance, removing barriers to private sector entry, especially in rural areas far from electricity grid access, will substantially accelerate access to modern renewable energy sources. In countries with some of the lowest rates of access to electricity, the private sector has found new ways of providing rural populations with clean options: biomass-fueled generators using agricultural by-products such as rice husks, sisal or copra are leading to village-sized mini-grids, and photovoltaic-based solar home systems and energy efficient lamps are distributed by private providers at prices affordable to low-income users. The Bank Group plans to increase its investment in preparatory analysis in the area of sustainable hydropower to ensure benefit sharing and adequate social and environmental protections and will also conduct analysis on how best to manage water releases to ensure downstream flow regimes can be managed as sustainably as possible. This analytical work will aim to help clients to adapt their policies and approaches in hydropower to reach their energy goals. The Bank Group is helping to conserve conventional energy resources through a public-private partnership, Global Gas Flaring Reduction. Converting flared natural gas to productive uses will reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and energy poverty ? CLEAN TRANSPORT We are committed to addressing the linkages between poverty and social exclusion, environmental quality and human health with efficient transport services. In line with its 2008-2012 business strategy for ?Safe, Clean and Affordable Transport?, the Bank?s transport sector seeks to establish the governance, strategies, policies and services that will deliver safe transport for development in a way that is economically, financially, environmentally and socially sustainable. The strategy focuses on reducing GHG emissions which has shifted our lending portfolio accordingly. FOOD, WATER AND CLIMATE NEXUS ? CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE (CSA) CSA is a core part of the broader green development agenda for agriculture, which is about meeting the needs of people for food, fuel, timber and fiber and contributing to economic development and poverty reduction and food security while maintaining and enhancing the productivity and resilience of natural ecosystem functions. ? FOOD SECURITY The IFC has launched the private sector component of the WBG Global Agriculture and Food Security Program to assist in the implementation of pledges made by the G-8 and G-20 to strengthen food security in low-income countries. The program will channel donor funding to support private initiatives developed by client countries to improve governance, productivity, and competitiveness of their agribusiness sectors. Good practice guidelines include safeguards concerning the land rights and natural resource claims of local land users. IFC will provide long- and short-term loans, credit guarantees, and equity to local companies and financial intermediaries. As part of the integrated WBG approach to food security, IFC is providing investment and advisory services to the agribusiness sector across the agricultural supply chain to enhance productivity, help mitigate price and weather-related shocks, and support small and medium agribusiness enterprises, particularly in the poorest countries. The Bank Group will continue to help client countries tackle water issues through a growing portfolio of investment and knowledge that supports improved integrated water resources management, improved irrigation/agricultural water management, and improved access to water supply and sanitation. Water is at the core of many countries? climate adaptation strategies and improved water resources management in the agricultural sector and across sectors, more productive irrigation, and better knowledge about how climate change will affect water variability (eg through more frequent droughts/floods; glacier melt) is fundamental to meet increasing global food demands in a changing climate. Public funding for water is limited but there is growing private sector interest in industrial water-demand management and efficiency, as well as improved wastewater management. Public-private partnerships are helping balance competing demands for access to water and ensure sustainability. The Water Resources Group Entity, a neutral platform where public, private-multilateral, and nongovernmental-organization actors can collaborate on transforming the water sector was formally launched in October, 2011. The entity, which is to be housed at IFC, is the result of a partnership between the World Economic Forum and the Water Resources Group to provide expertise to governments wishing to transform their water sectors. The Bank Group has developed a considerable body of knowledge and experience on climate adaptation through its projects and the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience under the Climate Investment Funds as well as through knowledge products like the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change. Our experience in developing and implementing innovative climate-related disaster risk financing and insurance tools helps countries reduce, pool, and share climate-related disaster risks, particularly through risk financing and transfer mechanisms. Increasing attention is being paid in this context to how the design of such instruments, and their coherence with complementary social protection and other policies, can help build resilience in the livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable in particular. We have a significant work program underway on sustainable cities, with a specific thematic emphasis on climate change. In particular, a knowledge paper on ?Towards a Partnership on Sustainable Cities? is being developed, that outlines the framework and elements for sustainable cities, and identifies priorities for action by various sectors and actors. Other recent progress includes: collaboration with the group of 40 cities known as C40; an international standard for measuring city GHG emissions that has been agreed with C40, ICLEI, OECD, UNEP, and UN-Habitat; an Urban Risk Assessment framework; the Mayors? Task Force on climate change, disaster risk and the urban poor; and a guide to adaptation in cities. Implementation of the Eco2 cities program in several pilot cities is underway. A new global initiative on municipal solid waste is also under development. Analytical work is underway that articulates a common definition and standardized measures/tools for sustainable cities, building on initiatives like the Global City Indicators Program. The Bank Group will continue its support to clients in sustainable urban growth and transport, water and sanitation, wastewater management, and climate resilience projects. We are exploring options for an Ocean Initiative (OI) with the world?s premier ocean-focused organizations, combining cutting edge knowledge with finance for workable solutions to meet country demands for improved marine resource management. Our clients are seeking catalytic funding to move towards rights-based fisheries management, increasing marine protected areas, improving coastal zone management and reducing marine pollution. In line with our open data and transparency agendas, the OI would support knowledge sharing and connecting practitioners. The Bank Group has accumulated considerable experience in supporting a variety of biodiversity programs around the globe ? from saving species to protecting key biodiversity areas as well as supporting civil society to advocate for biodiversity. Our investments and operations demonstrate that biodiversity is a key element of the solution to many global challenges, from food insecurity to climate change mitigation to fuel crises and water stress. Biodiversity conservation and ecosystem-based approaches ? employing a range of different institutional arrangements such as protected areas and payment for environmental services schemes, can spur and sustain clean, green and resilient development, generate jobs and attract private investment in the rural frontier, all while reducing vulnerability against natural disasters in an era of adaptation. SOCIAL INCLUSION AND GENDER The Bank Group is working to ensure that development benefits those who need it most, including women and youth. Women are critical to economic growth and job creation and gender equality is an area of priority focus for results under IDA16. IFC is helping increase access to finance and eliminating gender-based barriers to investment. IFC is also working with public and private partners to ensure that youth in developing countries acquire the skills necessary to meet the job opportunities that will emerge as these countries. We are also undertaking analytical work on how climate and other environmental trends affect households and communities, access to opportunities, vulnerability and outcomes. This provides bedrock information for building well-designed policy responses to help the poor and vulnerable adapt to environmental change. In engaging the private sector to create more inclusive business models that would provide goods, services, and livelihood opportunities to people at the base of the income pyramid IFC has deployed targeted investments and used its convening power to share knowledge and promote innovation across the business community. About 150 IFC clients today are using inclusive business models to provide direct benefits to the underserved population at the base of the pyramid, creating high development impact in financially sustainable and scalable ways. We will continue to assist developing countries in scaling-up, accelerating and expanding their initiatives leading to stronger pollution management and environmental health performance. We share good pollution management results and experiences with developing countries through, for example, extensive South-South collaboration and substantive environmental awareness events. An updated Sourcebook on Pollution Management is close to completion. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS Over 100 countries already successfully use Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) and Impact Assessments (IA) through directives, policies or laws. SEA and IA help ensure that policies, programs and projects are designed and implemented to have more sustainable outcomes while reducing poverty and advance green economy objectives. Their results are used to inform the development of future proposals. SEA and IA should be recognized as effective high level decision support processes that can assist in the implementation of political commitment to Sustainable Development and Green Economy initiatives. At the Bank Group, SEA is increasingly used in the forestry, mining, water and transport sectors in countries where we are working.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 We, members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board, recognize the historic opportunity provided by the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to reset the world on a sustainable development path. 2 We affirm that sustainable development is a top priority for our organizations, and reaffirm the continuing validity of the principles in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and of Agenda 21, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. We recommit to a renewed system-wide effort, in partnership with the full range of governmental, civil society and private sector stakeholders, to support the realization of these principles. 3 Despite substantial improvement in many key areas of development and environment, the world has not made the progress towards sustainable development aspired to in the outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and in subsequent related world conferences. 4 Over the past twenty years, the world has witnessed strong economic growth and significant progress toward attaining a number of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is of grave concern, however, that these positive trends have been accompanied by increasing disparities and inequalities, persistent gender inequality, social inequity, a growing deterioration of the environment, and recurrent economic, financial, energy and food crises. 5 At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (or Rio+20), renewed commitment and urgent action are therefore needed to lay a firm foundation for a longer-term process of redressing imbalances, agreeing on priorities, and reforming institutional arrangements at all levels, to bring about coherence and the integration of policies across the economic, environmental and social pillars, with human beings and their wellbeing at the centre. The Conference must also address the means of implementing outcomes, through the provision of resources, including for technological transformation and capacity building. 6 Charting the way forward to eradicate poverty and promote sustainable development must start with the recognition that the world has changed in fundamental ways. Climate change is significantly altering the physical and human geography of the planet. There are major differences in population growth, age, sex structures, spatial distribution and patterns of movement; resource consumption has increased, and production patterns are more unsustainable. But there has also been wide-ranging technological progress, from renewable energy and energy efficiency, to innovative measures for adapting to climate change impacts, and new and efficient means for social networking, dialogue and participatory engagement, providing opportunities that were not available twenty years ago. 7 Against these changing parameters, Rio+20 must acknowledge that economic, social and environmental objectives are not independent variables, but are mutually supportive, with progress in each area facilitating advancement in the others. Our objectives should be to enhance equity, revitalize the global economy, and protect the planet and its ecosystems that support us so that all people, women, men and children, can live in dignity. 8 The sustainability of future growth and development will rely critically on innovation, improved economic, energy and natural resource efficiency, an open and supportive multilateral trading system, better fiscal policies providing incentives for sustainability, comprehensive wealth accounting and valuation of ecosystem services, equitable access and inclusive political processes and the capacity to create sufficient decent work. Growth must lead to strengthened resilience ? of households, ecosystems, and economies, and improved water, food and nutrition security. 9 Economic growth must be of high quality and inclusive. It should occur hand in hand with relevant efforts to accelerate progress in global health, gender equality and women?s empowerment, the realization of human rights, greater equity, improved access to and quality of social protection and the rule of law, and the fair distribution of the benefits of development. Policies must avoid trade protectionism and negative impacts especially on the poor and vulnerable groups such as refugees and internally displaced persons. These objectives are all key elements of the green economy approach, and we pledge the support of our organizations to Member States as they engage in this critical and transformational transition. 10 The shift to sustainable development presents challenges, but also offers opportunity for substantial investments, both public and private, in productive infrastructure, technological transformation, science, education and human capital development. The UN system stands ready to assist Member States as they formulate and implement the enabling policy and regulatory frameworks that are essential for such investment to take place, and to continue to strengthen its work at the country level. 11 In the current fragmented system, institutional reform is unquestionably needed at national, regional and international levels, to integrate the dimensions of sustainable development, improve effectiveness in implementation, urgently scale-up activities, and bring about further coordination and coherence of policy. 12 The UN system is determined to do its part on institutional reform, by improving system-wide coordination mechanisms, and by reviewing and improving policies and programmes, including through joint programming. But this may not be sufficient, and Rio+20 should consider continued efforts on broader reforms within the UN system, for example, the strengthening of institutions, mandates and regulatory frameworks, or making structural changes. 13 At a more specific level, from a range of priority issues, a number have emerged that warrant particular attention in the context of sustainable development at Rio+20. Among these are: energy, water, oceans, green jobs, sustainable cities, sustainable agriculture and food security, disaster risk reduction, and investing in health, education, youth, gender equality and women?s empowerment. 14 These issues require a coordinated approach by the UN system, stakeholders from government, civil society and the private sector, to find joint innovative and lasting solutions. The organizations of the UN system have been intensifying efforts and cooperation to address the challenges of the water, energy and global food security crises. Rio+20 will provide an appropriate platform to support selected initiatives, such as the Sustainable Energy for All initiative, which illustrate a collective renewed commitment to sustainable development.At Rio+20, we must build upon and scale up the achievements, best practices and lessons of the MDGs, and lay strong foundations for the post-2015 development agenda. We must chart a course for measurable progress towards sustainable development goals, using milestones that integrate the economic, environmental and social dimensions and a new generation of metrics to measure our achievements. The UN system stands ready to support the world?s nations and peoples to make sustainable development a reality.

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9,169

Rapid urbanization -- together with climate change -- is emerging as the most challenging issue of the twenty-first century. As the region with the highest percentage increase in urban population over the last two decades, Asia faces fundamental economic, social and environmental challenges to its continued development. However, well planned and effectively governed and managed cities can provide the solution to many of these challenges. With the right economic policies and more equitable growth, poverty and slum reduction are achievable goals. Putting cities on the right path now can result in thriving, dense, green, resilient and sustainable cities. DOWNLOAD: (4,484 Kb) ISBN Series Number:- Not available - ISBN: 978-92-1-132457-0 HS Number: 042/12E Series Title:- Not available - Pages: 56 Year: 2012 Publisher: UN-HABITAT Co-Publisher : IUTC Languages: Themes: Environment, Environment and Climate Change Countries: Asia & Pacific The Urban Planning and Design Branch

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207

Defined as the change in position of an object (displacement) per unit of time. Velocity, unlike speed, takes into account the direction of travel relative to a base point. v = s/t (where v and s are vectors) Where (using SI units): v is the velocity of the body in metres per second (ms^-1) s is the displacement of the body in metres (m) t is the time taken to travel from the initial point to the final point in seconds (s) 1. (One dimension) If you start at point A and travel directly north to point B which is ten metres away, and it takes you five seconds to get there, your velocity will be 2ms^-1 due north. 2. (One dimension) If you travel west for a ten seconds at 1ms^-1, take a break for twenty seconds and then travel for another ten seconds at 1ms^-1, your velocity for the trip will be .05ms^-1 due west. 3. (Two dimension) If you start at point A and travel north at 3kmh^-1 for two hours, and then instantaneously change direction and travel due east for four hours at a speed of 2kmh^-1 to point B, your velocity for the trip is 10kmh^-1 N53°E (53°T) Change in position over change in time. A measure of how fast something is moving. Measured in m/s, ft/s, mph or km/h. The velocity of the roller coaster is 20 meters per second. Smackdown's version of Heat where it mostly features Cruiserweight action with such cruiserweights as Paul London, Billy Kidman, Spike Dudley, Funaki, Akio, etc. Chavo Guerrero vs. Billy Kidman is gonna be on Velocity this Saturday night!

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398

- Agriculture and Food Security - Increasing Food Security through Feed the Future - Food Aid Reform - Expanding and Enhancing Agricultural Markets and Trade - Supporting Agricultural Capacity Development - Supporting Global Nutrition - Investing in Sustainable Agriculture - Food Assistance - Board for International Food and Agricultural Development - Democracy, Human Rights and Governance - Economic Growth and Trade - Environment and Global Climate Change - Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment - Global Health - Science, Technology and Innovation - Water and Sanitation - Working in Crises and Conflict February 4, 2013 Food Security Situation Zimbabwe is a low-income, food-deficit country. Increasing levels of poverty and high unemployment constrain the ability of many households to access food. As a result of complex political and economic policies, it ranks 173 of 187 on the UN Development Program (UNDP) 2011 Human Development Index. According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), reduced harvest due to the 2011-2012 seasonal drought in the southern half of the Zimbabwe may lead to above-average emergency food assistance needs. The Government of Zimbabwe estimates that more than1.6 million people, equivalent to 19 percent of the rural population, will be food-insecure in Zimbabwe between January and March 2013. This figure represents a 60 percent increase from those in need of food assistance in early 2012. Food Assistance Programs The Office of Food for Peace (FFP) contributes in-kind vegetable oil and pulses as well as cash to buy cereals for the UN World Food Program's (WFP) Seasonal Targeted Assistance Program. FFP also supports activities that promote resiliency and improve communities’ ability to mitigate shocks in eight highly food-insecure districts through the Promoting Recovery in Zimbabwe (PRIZE) program. Interventions include asset building activities that support the construction and development of dams, community gardens, and livestock dip tanks. PRIZE activities also enhance market linkages and value chains, establish rural savings and loan groups, and promote conservation agriculture, seed security, and improved livestock practices. Food for Peace Contributions |U.S. Dollars||Metric Tons| |Fiscal Year 2013||$8.0 million||9,637 MT| |Fiscal Year 2012||$42.9 million||25,165 MT| |Fiscal Year 2011||$50.7 million||29,580 MT| |Fiscal Year 2010||$79.5 million||30,930 MT| |Fiscal Year 2009||$165.0 million||188,710 MT| Fiscal Year 2013 Contribution Breakdown: |U.S. Dollars||Metric Tons| |Title II Development||----||----| |Title II Emergency||----||----| |Emergency Food Security Program (EFSP)||$8.0 million||9,637 MT| Food Security Situation information is provided by FAO, FEWS NET and WFP as of February 2013 Country Specific Guidance Last updated: February 04, 2013

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645

Carmel Mountain Preserve, a 400-acre mesa top, is truly one of San Diego County’s remaining natural wonders. When you hike its several miles of trails, you will be treated not only to ocean views, but to a landscape truly unlike any other. On its flat mesa top, there are huge patches of a hard gray moss, called ashy spike moss, that actually have an interesting purpose. You’ll also come upon puddles of water that settle in the mesa’s depressions, which are actually vernal pools — an amazing environment that hosts species found nowhere else. The Chaparral Lands Conservancy has called it “a special Noah’s Ark of nature surrounded by suburban development.” Every type of vegetation found on Carmel Mountain is “unique and imperiled,” it says. Its habitats — Southern maritime chaparral, coastal sage scrub, wet meadows and vernal pools — support more than two dozen rare species, some of which have been listed as federally endangered. Southern maritime chaparral is a habitat that occurs only on weathered sandstone formations that lie within the coastal fog belt, and exists only in San Diego County from La Jolla to Carlsbad. “Only about 15 percent of Southern maritime chaparral that historically occurred in San Diego and Orange counties remains, and most of this is located on Carmel Mountain, in Torrey Pines State Park and in Carlsbad and Encinitas,” said Rick Halsey of the California Chaparral Institute. Characteristic species of this habitat include chamise, white coast ceanothus — a wild lilac that can grow into huge specimens here — and mission manzanita. Endangered species — found only in San Diego and Orange counties — include white-flowering Del Mar manzanita and Orcutt’s spineflower. Threatened species include the yellow-flowering big-leaved crown-beard and shrubby Encinitas baccharis. The vernal pools, though, are even more precious. Rarely more than 6 inches deep, the pools fill with water only after rainfall and rarely remain filled longer than 45 days at a time. When dry, they simply appear to be lifeless bare spots in chaparral or coastal sage scrub. Half of the plant species growing in California’s remaining vernal pools are found nowhere else on the planet. “Because of their homely appearance, they provide an excellent example of how the importance of becoming familiar with native habitats and efforts to preserve them can violently collide with the desire to develop property by individuals unfamiliar with their value,” Halsey said. Indeed, the Carmel Mountain Preserve was dedicated in 1999 after being saved from development by a coalition spearheaded by the Carmel Mountain Conservancy. Some 97 percent of San Diego’s vernal pools, which once covered some 28,500 acres in the county, have been destroyed, and that naturally includes its rare species. Vernal pools, however, do also exist in northwest Baja. Both plants and animals of vernal pools must be able to withstand weeks of winter rains and summer drought. Animals that live here include spadefoot toads and their favorite food, the San Diego fairy shrimp. Living next to the vernal pools is the short-leaved dudleya, a tiny succulent that lives in only five places in the world, all in Del Mar and La Jolla, according to the Chaparral Lands Conservancy. When not in bloom, it looks like the marble-like iron pebbles that are also unique to North County coastal mesas, which helps it avoid being eaten by rabbits and rodents. When it blooms — more rainfall brings more blooms — tiny white and yellow flowers burst open. That ashy spike moss helps them thrive by preventing invasion of weeds and gophers, according to a placard on the trails.

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UU for kids Unitarian Universalists make a concerted effort to impart our values to our children. Here then are a UU child's easy way of remembering our principles: my seven principles: 1. each person is important (The inherent worth and dignity of every person) 2. be kind in all you do (Justice, equity and compassion in human relations) 3. we're free to learn together (Acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations) 4. and search for what is TRUE. (A free and responsible search for truth and meaning) 5. all people need a voice. (The right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large) 6. build a fair and peaceful world. (The goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all) 7. we care for the Earth's lifeboat. (Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part) the sources of faith Unitarian Universalists get their values from many places. 1. awesome experiences of mystery, beauty, and belonging that all people feel.(Direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life) 2. words and actions of wise and brave people that make us want to change things that are unjust or cruel, and to offer kindness and love instead.(Words and deeds of prophetic women and men which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion and the transforming power of love) 3. ideas from lots of different religions that help us figure out what is good and true and fair.(Wisdom from the world's religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life) 4. Jewish and Christian teachings that encourage us to treat others the way we would like to be treated.(Jewish and Christian teachings which call us to respond to God's love by loving our neighbors as ourselves) 5. use of science, common sense, and our own brains to think things out.(Humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and spirit) 6. teachings of people who celebrate nature and remind us to live in harmony with nature.(Spiritual teachings of Earth-centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature)

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RSV: Risk of Complications Topic Overview Back to top With respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, there is an increased risk of having complications, especially in certain babies and young children and in adults older than 65. Babies and young children - Babies younger than 6 months, especially those born early. - Children who have existing heart or lung disease. Conditions that put babies and young children at higher risk for problems include: - Congenital heart disease. - Chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia) and cystic fibrosis. - An impaired immune system, which can involve various health factors. For example, having a severe chronic illness, such as cancer, can affect the immune system. And certain medicines, such as chemotherapy or steroids, suppress the immune system. - Exposure to tobacco smoke. If your young child has a health condition, your doctor may recommend medicine to help prevent problems from RSV. Adults older than 65 have an increased risk for complications following infection with RSV. Pneumonia from an RSV infection is a particular risk for people in this age group, especially if they have other diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart failure. Other complications older adults may develop as a result of RSV infection include bronchiolitis and respiratory failure. Older adults may also recover more slowly from RSV and complications than people in other age groups do. Related Information Back to top References Back to top Other Works Consulted - Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics (2009). Modified recommendations for use of palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics, 124(6): 1694–1701. Credits Back to top |Primary Medical Reviewer||Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics| |Specialist Medical Reviewer||John Pope, MD - Pediatrics| |Last Revised||June 25, 2012| To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.

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463

Click here to learn more. Most antifreeze solutions contain high levels of ethylene glycol, an ingredient that, once metabolized, is extremely toxic to dogs and cats. Pets are often attracted to the liquid because of its sweet taste. Even small amounts can be lethal to animals. A cat that walks through spilled antifreeze and then licks its paws may ingest enough to be fatal. As little as 2.5 tablespoons of antifreeze could kill a 20-pound dog. Once ingested, ethylene glycol is quickly broken down in the liver to other substances that can lead to kidney failure and death within 12 hours to a few days. That’s why antifreeze ingestion is a medical emergency. If you suspect that your pet has consumed antifreeze, contact your veterinarian immediately. The signs of antifreeze poisoning vary, depending on the amount of antifreeze the pet drank and length of time since ingestion. Initially, pets may stagger or walk like they are drunk. Other signs include: Antifreeze poisoning is generally diagnosed based on the results of blood and urine tests. However, as kidney failure sets in, these tests may be less accurate. Free-roaming pets that have signs consistent with antifreeze ingestion should be treated as soon as possible. To be effective, treatment needs to be initiated as soon as possible after antifreeze ingestion. If your pet is seen within an hour of consuming antifreeze, the veterinarian may induce vomiting and possibly anesthetize the animal to flush out the contents of the stomach. They may also administer a liquid solution of activated charcoal to help prevent further absorption of the ethylene glycol. If it has been longer than an hour since ingestion, the veterinarian will most likely give your pet a medication to help prevent the liver from metabolizing the ethylene glycol. The pet may also be placed on intravenous fluids and other medications to encourage excretion of the toxic substances produced during metabolism of ethylene glycol. Once kidney failure has begun, it may be difficult to save the animal because the damage from antifreeze is often irreversible. There are a number of steps you can take to prevent your pet from drinking antifreeze: Like this article? Have a point of view to share? Let us know! During a TV interview, someone spotted Barbara Garcia's pup, and she was able to pull him out of the rubble. Groups are jumping in to care for and return home pets who were lost during the massive tornado in Moore, Okla. Up until 1957, homing pigeons performed remarkable feats, like flying over open water, to send vital messages to… From being approached too quickly by a stranger to guarding food, any number of situations could cause a dog to… These ocean-themed placemats give you the perk of being surrounded by sea life, without any chance of seasickness. You can almost hear them: "You go first." "No, you go first!" And the whole thing is set to… With a coat that comes in more than 300 colors and patterns, the Oriental is an eye-catching feline.

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662

“If God is all-powerful and all-good, it would have created a universe in the same way it created heaven: with free will for all, no suffering and no evil. But evil and suffering exist. Therefore God does not exist, is not all-powerful or is not benevolent (good). A theodicy is an attempt to explain why a good god would have created evil and suffering. The most popular defence is that it is so Humans could have free will. However the entire universe and the natural world is filled with suffering, violence and destruction so any Humanity-centric explanation does not seem to work.” The most common theodicy is the free will theodicy1. This is that God created evil so that we could then choose between good and evil, and make moral choices. If all choices result in good, there would be no moral choices. If love is acceptable, it must be chosen over hate and therefore evil and suffering result when we make morally poor choices. However this classical theodicy does not hold up, for many reasons. Although many believers adhere to the free will theodicy, it is not preached in the holy books of the main monotheistic religions. See: Monotheism and Free Will: The Christian Bible and the Quran both teach strict determinism - that God decides all of our fates, and our own choices and decisions cannot change God's plan for everyone. Prominent historical Christian theologians who have rejected the free will theodicy include St Augustine, Martin Luther and John Calvin2. The arguments on this page are thousands of years old, but, many continue to believe in the simplicity of the free will theodicy, so, it does no harm to state the arguments against it again. The fact that there is both free will and no evil in heaven tells us that evil and suffering are not a requirement of free will. If there is no reason for suffering in heaven, then, God should instantly put everyone in heaven, where we would all continue to have free will, but also not suffer. “Earthquakes, volcanoes, floods and disease affect human beings indiscriminately and result from geological factors not from free will. Unborn babies lay amongst the victims. Animals and humans alike suffer as a result of natural evil. These disasters have been prevalent for all of Earth's history so have nothing to do with human agency. Not only that, but the entire universe is steeped in large-scale destruction and violence as part of the very design of the physical world. None of this indicates that there is a 'good' design behind it all, and it especially indicates that there is no good god.” God not only created the possibility of suffering, pain and sin, but it appears that it made us with a strong inclination towards it. Life being "unfair" is a symptom of pain or suffering, of inadequacy or feelings or even sinful emotions such as greed. God created these emotions, we do not choose to accept them, they are inherent in our nature. God could have created us so that we do not feel these emotions, that they simply don't exist. It would eliminate a lot of evil, and would not take away our free will - we'd just have a different range of emotions that we didn't choose to have. The fact that God has created our nature and instincts to be geared towards sin and imperfection means that it wants us to choose evil over good. It has created evil, and created us so that we will mostly "choose" it. God sometimes creates people with (for example) genetic diseases that predispose them to paranoid schizophrenia, violent crime, sexual abuse and amorality and other inherited personality defects. Other people are born with a predisposition to calmness, subordination and pacifism. Both types of person have free will. God could easily create the majority of humanity so that our personality is much better and kinder in general and not just in outstanding individuals. It seems that the actual quantity and evil and suffering could be much less, and free will would still exist. Suffering is not required for free will. When someone commits a crime or otherwise causes suffering, why does the victim suffer? The victim has not chosen evil, they are merely the unfortunate victims of someone else's choice. If justice or morality exist, and come from God, then only those acts that are evil should be punished. When someone is a victim, God itself should put the crime right, and avoid the innocent suffering. The person responsible for the evil may still suffer punishment or retribution, but why does the victim need to suffer? If suffering and evil are the result of free will, then, why is it that much suffering is caused by outside agencies? This transmission of the effects of one person's bad choices to another's experience is unnecessary for free will. In a society where there are no victims, punishment would be unnecessary. If our nature was geared towards good, there would be no need for punishment to be used as a terror tactic to reduce crime. That punishment is necessary means that God cannot be all-powerful. It is not an effect of free will that we should suffer the consequences of each other's bad choices, it is an effect of a universe operating under a different, amoral sense of justice, and not under the care of an all-powerful, just God. Free will is the ability to make choices. This means, we must have options. What these options are is irrelevant. A saint, Jesus, Muhammad, etc, had free will. These people also did not (perhaps) ever commit a sin. Nevertheless it is ludicrous to say that because a person does not choose evil that they have no free will. In other words, it is possible for a person never to accept evil, and still have free will. This means that we could have a nature that never wills transgression, and we could still have free will. There are many millions of choices and paths you can take in life, there is no requirement for "cause evil" to be an effect of them. Free will still exists without it. If God was good, we would all exist (as those in heaven do) in a situation where we all continually have the free will to choose between different good courses of action. Evil simply isn't required for free will. When a person chooses evil, God could rectify the real life effect of it, and simply let the perpetrator feel its effect. There is no need for evil to manifest outside of a person's own choices. Evil, in short, could be chosen, but not realized. There is no reason for evil to cause suffering. If we had a choice between doing something good or bad, if we chose bad, why does it cause suffering? Why must it? It seems we could chose bad, and for it to have no effect other than to prevent us feeling that we did good. That is enough for free will. A forgiving God would note that someone just chose badly, and rectify their mistake and forgive them. No suffering would result. If it means that those who choose badly fail to get to heaven then so be it, but, there is no need for actual suffering to occur. "Evil begets evil" is not the fruit of a good god; bad choices by us needn't result in the punishment of pain or suffering for anyone. The lack of separation of evil from its effects shows that God is not interested in preventing evil. Some monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam preach that Adam and Eve were the beginning of mankind rather than our evolutionary predecessors (which was a whole species rather than two individuals). In these religions, Adam and Eve are said to have been created in paradise, but banished for committing the original sin. The Original Sin is the reason Christians say that Human Beings experience suffering - as a result of Adam and Eve's actions. Humankind was created in, and was supposed to exist in, a state of immortal paradise. But as a result of Adam and Eve's original sin, we have all been punished with our earthly existence, completely with suffering, pain and death (Romans 5:12, 1 Corinthians 15:21). Genesis 3:14-19 describes some of the punishments in more detail. The reason there is any death at all is because Adam and Eve disobeyed God. The story in the Qur'an, Sura 7:24-27, tells of when Adam and Eve are punished and banished from paradise, and must thereafter live on the Earth complete with its suffering, pain and death. This however, makes all their children and descendents suffer from the same punishment. This is despite the Qur'anic statement that "none shall bear the burden of another's sin" (35:18 and 53:38). Before Augustine coined the phrase original sin it was known simply as ancestral sin. It is a feature of Christianity that been much criticized. Famed antagonist Richard Dawkins asks "What kind of ethical philosophy is it that condemns every child, even before it is born, to inherit the sin of a remote ancestor?"4. Is it is really moral to punish someone for someone else's actions? All good parents teach their children that that is not fair and unjust. Hence, the story of Adam and Eve teaches us that God is unjust or at least, not always just, and therefore is not perfectly benevolent. The story teaches us that it is divine will that sometimes the relatives of sinners can be punished for the guilty. The story teaches us that free will is not the cause of the suffering of mankind. We are all born in a world of pain and death because someone-else committed a crime, which was nothing to do with our own free will to choose wrongly. The free will justification for evil does not work. Free will does not require the existence of evil or suffering - Heaven is a place where there is free will, and no suffering. There is a lot of suffering and evil that is not the result of free will such as from natural disasters, so free will could not actually account for all suffering, only some of it. The question of why God creates additional suffering would still exist. Also, the free will of one person can cause suffering for another innocent person, God should not allow the moral choices of one being affect other beings as this goes against accountability, which is the whole point of free will. In short, it seems that the existence of pain and suffering contradicts the existence of a good god. “To the present day, all theodicies have failed to explain why a good god would create evil, meaning that the existence of evil is simply incompatible with the existence of a good god. After thousands of years of life-consuming passion, weary theologians have not formulated a new answer to the problem of evil for a long time. The violence of the natural world, disease, the major catastrophes and chaotic destruction seen across the universe and the unsuitability of the vastness of reality for life all indicate that god is not concerned with life, and might actually even be evil. Failure to answer the problem of evil sheds continual doubt on the very foundations of theistic religions.” The Koran. Translation by N. J. Dawood. Penguin Classics edition published by Penguin Group Ltd, London, UK. First published 1956, quotes taken from 1999 edition. The Bible (NIV). The NIV is the best translation for accuracy whilst maintaining readability. Multiple authors, a compendium of multiple previously published books. I prefer to take quotes from the NIV but where I quote the Bible en masse I must quote from the KJV because it is not copyrighted, whilst the NIV is. [Book Review] The Encyclopedia of Religion (1987, Ed.). 16 volumes. Eliade is editor-in-chief. Published by Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, USA. The Devil in Early Modern England (2000). Sutton Publishing Limited, England.

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2,449

A correctly dimensioned electrical system contributes to comfortable and problem-free boat ownership. Therefore, batteries must be charged to the correct capacity, i.e. to supply the correct number of ampere hours (Ah). In turn, this requires an alternator that supplies a sufficient charge to the batteries. Insufficiently dimensioned, oxidized or badly connected cables, incorrect main switch, etc., lead to current leakage and insufficient charging. In other words, there is every reason to examine the electrical systems and, if necessary, improve it to attain the benefits of maximum battery capacity. Today’s boats are equipped with more and more electrically powered accessories for both comfort and safety. Lighting, radio transmitters, TV, stereo equipment, fans, heating, etc., drain battery power. As the charging of batteries takes a relatively long time, an extra charge alternator and an extra battery are good investments. The Volvo Penta alternators range from 60A/12V to 140A/24V. They are adapted to the capacity of each engine to ensure efficient charging regardless of engine speed.

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224

Jon Ariston Olivera Introduction to the discipline of history for new or prospective majors. Emphasizes the basic skills of reading, analysis, and communication (both verbal and written) that are central to the historian's craft. Each seminar discusses a different subject or problem. This course will explore the US colonial period in the Philippines from 1898 until 1946. It places US overseas expansion within the history of Western imperialism, and examines the origins and particular forms of US imperialism that resonate globally, and carry on throughout the twentieth century. Student learning goals General method of instruction Class assignments and grading

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121

Memorial a lasting tribute to heroes who saved the world and changed it The World War II Memorial, sober and sunk low in a long frame of elms,rests between the two structures that anchor the Mall.The monument to America's first great warrior, George Washington, towers over it on one side. The statue of America's great uniter, Abraham Lincoln, looks on from the other. In such company, the location and initial look of the new memorial to those who fought in World War II had its doubters. It would trample on ground consecrated by the civil rights movement, some said. Its design smacked of imperialist architecture, others said. The controversy, settled in granite and bronze, came down to this: Was World War II -- the lives lost, the victories gained -- a hinge event of American history, on par with the founding and the Civil War? Or not? Historians say it was: The war transformed America, and, in turn, America transformed the world. "World War II was the seminal event of the 20th century," says Victor Davis Hanson, military historian and classicist at the University of California in Fresno and author of "Carnage and Culture," a study of the military pre-eminence of Western civilization. "Quite literally, Western civilization as we know it hung by a thread -- and was saved by the efforts of Americans." "The totality of it is what made it unique for the American experience," says Edward J. Drea, a historian of World War II who lives in Fairfax. "It affected everyone, of every class." From December 7, 1941, to Aug. 6, 1945, America spent 400,000 lives beating back German dictator Adolf Hitler's march across Europe and Japanese Emperor Hirohito's advance in the South Pacific. Sixteen million Americans served during the war, fully 10 percent of the population at the time. The movement of so many young men and so much materiel radically reshaped our society. The country literally was in flux, its industrial capacity energized like never before, its agrarian roots fading further from view. The population migrated northward and, drawn by a humming new industry centered on construction of aircraft, to California. Global war demanded a rapid acceleration in the technology of weaponry and medicine. Mr. Drea, who focuses on the South Pacific theater in books such as "MacArthur's Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan," notes that the war led to wider use of malaria suppressants such as quinine and the insecticide DDT, which helped stop typhus epidemics. The United States devoted all its energies to the war, rationing meat, sugar and metals on the home front. A shortage of shellac, used to manufacture phonograph records, stunted the recording of new music. Short supplies of rubber and gasoline -- and trains filled with soldiers -- knocked touring musicians off the road. Popular bandleader Glenn Miller sent his own musicians packing to form the Army Air Force Band and died in 1944 when a military flight disappeared over the English Channel. Yankee legend Joe DiMaggio and movie star Jimmy Stewart joined the war effort at the height of their careers by serving in the Army and Army Air Corps, respectively, and Mr. Stewart became a decorated pilot. Up to 40 percent of the movies Hollywood cranked out between 1941 and 1945 propagandized for the war. Hum-phrey Bogart squared off against the Nazis in 1943's "Action in the North Atlantic"; Cary Grant captained a submarine in "Destination Tokyo" the same year; and future president Ronald Reagan teamed with Errol Flynn in 1942's "Desperate Journey." Women flocked to jobs in the men's absence. Teenagers too young to fight also took jobs, setting in motion a new youth culture that would flourish as veterans and their wives created waves of new children for the next 20 years. After vanquishing European fascism and Japanese militarism, the postwar nation assumed the leading role in defending the world against the other great poison of the 20th century, the menace of Stalin and expansionist Soviet communism. "The self-destruction of Europe created the conditions for the ascendancy of the U.S. in world affairs," Mr. Hanson says, "and, tragically but necessarily, demanded a new responsibility to expend blood and treasure -- immediately after our greatest sacrifice -- to prevent the Soviet Union from capitalizing on the ruin of Europe." Other reverberations were no less significant, from the invention of modern Japan to the reconstruction of Europe, unprecedented acts of statecraft both. A broad American middle class arose at home, elevated by the GI Bill of Rights and linked, eventually, by a new interstate highway system and the commercial airline industry. American GIs helped saved the world, and those who survived came home still young men, in their early 20s. They were just getting started. In the 59 postwar years during which the Mall had no World War II memorial, modern America itself was their legacy. The good war British Prime Minister Winston Churchill famously said he "slept the sleep of the saved" after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. A reluctant America, with all its potential industrial might and manpower, finally would tip the balance in the Allies' favor. Yet Arnold Krammer, a history professor at Texas A&M University, says it was no sure thing. After World War I, America, isolationist in outlook, dramatically scaled back its standing army and produced little in the way of new weaponry. "We were unprepared," Mr. Krammer says. "The American military had 183,000 men and 488 machine guns in 1940." Mr. Drea says, "It wasn't inevitable; no one knew what would happen." The number of American conscripts would bloom to 8 million, culled from what Mr. Krammer calls, in a slightly irreverent tweaking of NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw's tribute book, "the bored generation." "They were coming out of the Great Depression," Mr. Krammer says. "Here was an opportunity for excitement. It was a chance for most boys to see what the rest of the world looked like. We were, after all, quite a rural country, no matter how many people lived in big cities." "We were still boys; that's the crazy thing," says M.D. Elevitch, 79, a native of Duluth, Minn., who fought in the 94th Division under Gen. George S. Patton. A volume of his correspondence, "Dog Tags Yapping: The WWII Letters of a Combat GI," was published last month. "I was totally innocent, inhibited," Mr. Elevitch recalls. Still, he adds, in words that might epitomize the mood of the country, "We knew right from the beginning what we needed to do." Peter Kuznick, a historian of the 20th century at American University, actively opposed the Vietnam War and remains a fierce critic of nuclear weapons. World War II, he says, is nonetheless unimpeachable. "If there's ever been a war in history in which one can identify good guys and bad guys, it's World War II," Mr. Kuznick says. Mr. Drea adds: "There was never a direct [foreign] threat to the survival of the republic before. At Pearl Harbor, there sure seemed to be one." Japan's surprise attack on the Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor mobilized a "sleeping giant," in Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto's prophetic phrase. "It felt to people at the time that this was a great war," Mr. Kuznick says. "It had to be won, and they were willing to sacrifice." 'A giant step' The approximately 400,000 U.S. troops killed in World War II are second only to the 620,000 of the Civil War, in which, of course, there was no foreign enemy. Mr. Elevitch was wounded by mortar fragments, his lungs taking in blood, and he underwent an emergency operation in a tent on a German battlefield. Like many other veterans, he did not speak of his experiences for decades. He broke his silence with a short story, "The Finger," published in 1989 and inspired by the sight of a disembodied digit. Reticent and scarred by battle, the soldiers came home feeling purposeful, at the least with a hopeful drive to "go on with our lives," Mr. Elevitch says. "We had a sense of confidence if we survived." "In some communities," President Franklin D. Roosevelt said in a 1942 "fireside chat" heard on radio, "employers dislike to employ women. In others they are reluctant to hire Negroes. ... We can no longer afford to indulge such prejudices and practices." Practically and morally, the war forced a re-examination of the treatment of blacks in America. Actor Ossie Davis, 86, who served as a surgical technician in the Army Medical Corps in Liberia, remembers segregated accommodations at the Army hospital there. Black servicemen protested, and the arrangements eventually changed. "The minute we came back, there was a feeling in the country that racism was a horrible disease and we had to move fast to get rid of it," says Mr. Davis, who will emcee the National Memorial Day Concert May 30 on the West Lawn of the Capitol. Roosevelt in 1941 had issued Executive Order 8802, a significant forerunner of the Civil Rights Act that prohibited racial discrimination in the defense industry and in government jobs. "We took a giant step toward civil rights," Mr. Krammer says. Two years after the war ended, Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers, changing the face of the country's most popular sport. A year later, President Truman ended segregation in the military and the civil service with another executive order. Women go to work The war also drew women into the work force as a practical necessity. Historian David M. Kennedy, in his book "Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945," notes that "three-quarters of all women of working age were 'at home' as the war began." By war's end, about 19 million were in the work force, nearly 1 million of them here in Washington. Filmmaker Leslie Sewell's "Government Girls," showing May 30 at the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery, interviews several of those women, who worked in jobs from clerking to code breaking. "They changed Washington a lot, and they changed the whole idea of women's equality in work," Ms. Sewell says. "It also opened the door for black women. All of a sudden, they were able to become secretaries and administrative assistants and on up the ladder." Though such women were planting the seeds for permanent changes, they weren't aware of it then; their focus was on winning the war. When it ended in 1945, many left the work force. "They say, 'The war was everything, and we were doing our part to help the guys who were fighting overseas,' " Ms. Sewell says. "It seems so strange to people who didn't live through it, who can't appreciate the enormity of the effort," Mr. Drea says of America's determination to see World War II through to victory. Americans, by and large, were united in purpose and passion. The nation won great victories in Europe and the South Pacific. The war generation's reward was prosperity: college degrees paid for by the federal government; higher salaries; new homes in the suburbs outfitted with modern appliances. Events didn't stop churning, however. Mr. Kennedy writes of the year 1948: "The Russians had just exploded their own atomic bomb, and the Communists had recently taken power in China. Somehow the good war had not settled things to the degree that Roosevelt had promised." Today, World War II seems distant to, and perhaps unappreciated by, the children and grandchildren of the war generation. Mr. Hanson, the military historian, worries about how the war is taught in schools: with laserlike focus on the use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the internment of Japanese in the United States, to the neglect of climactic battles. "Very little actual military history is being taught," he says, "and, thus, most of our youth know only the social or cultural consequences of the war but almost nothing about the war itself. "A very sad development, given the amazing sacrifices and skill shown by an entire generation of Americans." Even after the battles at the Bulge (December 1944-January 1945), where 19,000 U.S. troops died in the Ardennes forest of the German-Belgian border, and at the island of Okinawa (April-June 1945), where 13,000 died fighting the Japanese -- even after these staggering losses, which came at a time when the country was being told the war was almost over, the American public, already tested by a long Depression, didn't falter. Has the nation lost the energy -- the singleness of purpose, the resolve, the willingness to sacrifice -- that marked the World War II era? "None of us knows," Mr. Hanson says. "We are in year three of the so-called war on terror, so I suppose we shall soon find out." By John Solomon How the government's punishing of the exposure of official wrongdoing can linger for years Independent voices from the TWT Communities A collection of reader guest articles, thoughts and opinions by Communities writers and breaking news and information. A mother of three and a passionate conservative, Shirley Husar changes the game. This column will cover anything that has anything remotely to do with the game of baseball, from the game itself to mid-summer trades to offseason moves. Eye on Europe, the Middle East and Africa Benghazi: The anatomy of a scandal Vietnam Memorial adds four names Cinco de Mayo on the Mall NRA kicks off annual convention

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2,925

Olympics Countdown: 31 days to go! Did you know that athletics is the biggest Olympic sport? A massive 2000 athletes will compete across a range of track, field and road events. These include sprints, hurdles, relays, shot put, high jump, pole vault and marathons. It’s an extremely technical sport and athletes have to be very precise with their performance in order to win. It’s also a lot of fun – many of you may have given these sports a go on your school athletics days. One of our most well known field athletes is Valerie Adams who has won an amazing three world titles in Shot Put – two Commonwealth Games gold medals and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Beijing games. Check out this Olympic profile on Valerie Adams to find out more information and to see some amazing shot put action shots. Come along to the library for our free school holiday activities all about Paralympics and Olympics 2012. Meet a Paralympian and try out their special sporting equipment! For more information phone 499 4444 or visit us online.

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221

Illustrated Family Record (Fraktur) Found in Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application File W3079, for Philip Frey, Pennsylvania During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress passed laws promising pensions or grants of government-owned land to officers and soldiers who served in the war, as well as to the survivors of those killed. This illustrated family record in the German Fraktur script, hand-colored with large birds, is a birth and baptismal document submitted as part of the application for a pension by Anna Margaretha Kolb, wife of Revolutionary War veteran Philip Frey. From Pennsylvania, Frey served between April 1776 and January 1778. He fought in the battles at Long ...

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148

Symptoms & Types Here's where you'll find a rundown of the different types and different stages of lung cancer. You'll also find articles on lung cancer signs and symptoms. There are many different lung cancer symptoms. Find out more here. If you develop any of these symptoms, call your doctor right away. There are two main types of lung cancer. It’s important to know which type you have. Treatment -- and prognosis -- depends on the stage of a lung cancer. Get the basics here. Learn all about small-cell lung cancer in this in-depth article. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is a single abnormality in the lung that is smaller than 3 cm in diameter. Generally, a pulmonary nodule must grow to at least 1 cm in diameter before it can be seen on a chest X-ray. Lung cancer complications can cause a variety of breathing or heart problems. Learn what to watch out for.

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224

Yellow fever vaccine safety Cases of viscerotropic disease following yellow fever vaccination were described in the United States and other countries, and current evidence suggests that these cases were a result of vaccine-type virus and not of reversion of the vaccine virus to wild type. Unlike the viscerotropic complications of yellow fever vaccination, reported neurotropic cases from the United States have not been fatal. The neurotropic cases presented as GBS (thought to be immunemediated), encephalopathy (thought to be due to active invasion of the central nervous system by the virus) or acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (thought to be caused either by direct invasion of the brain by the virus or by an immune-mediated response to the virus). All cases of viscerotropic disease to date have been reported in primary vaccinees, starting 2–5 days after vaccination. Whether this reflects the persistence of pre-existing immunity at the time of revaccination or lower rates of revaccination in the study populations cannot be determined. The rate of reported viscerotropic disease varies in different settings. In particular, a lower rate has been reported in Brazil than in the United States. GACVS considered that it would be important to examine the possibility that naturally circulating yellow fever virus in endemic regions may account for some of these differences in risk. The risk of viscerotropic complications of yellow fever vaccine is age-related; individuals aged 65 years and over who are first recipients of the vaccine are at considerably higher risk than younger subjects (although the young are not excluded from the risk). Recent evidence from the United States also suggests a higher risk of neurotropic disease in older vaccinees. There needs to be a better estimate of the risk, and prediction of subjects at risk and of factors predisposing to risk of both types of serious complication of the yellow fever vaccine. In communicating such risks, consideration needs to be given to highlighting potential contributing factors, such as age or sensitivity of surveillance systems, to risk estimates based on currently available data. Particular care should be taken that the vaccine is received only by those travellers truly at risk for yellow fever exposure. Furthermore, care should be taken that routine yellow fever vaccination programmes are not jeopardized by risk– benefit ratios that may be inapplicable to the target populations in endemic countries. A critical and unresolved issue is the safety and efficacy of yellow fever vaccine in human subjects infected with immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It remains to be determined whether HIV-positive status materially affects seroconversion, the risk of invasion of the nervous system and of encephalopathy, the stage of HIV disease at which yellow fever vaccination should be contraindicated, and whether there are differences in the incidence of minor and major adverse effects in HIV-positive subjects.

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568

A digital camera is a type of camera that takes photographs or videos with the use of an electronic image sensor. This device has the capacity to display photographs on the screen several seconds after the image has been recorded. Other brands of the cameras can edit the layout, color as well as the entire appearance of the picture. Because of the popularity and wide use of the device, it is incorporated in other devices like mobile phones and PDAs. To learn about the history of the device, it is best to start with the person behind the development of the digital camera. Who invented the digital camera? This device was first created by Eastman Kodak engineer Steven Sasson in 1975. The camera used a solid state CCD image sensor chips manufactured by Fairchild Semiconductor. The device weighed 3.6 kilograms and it took above 20 seconds to capture an image. This camera was developed as a prototype and it is not intended for mass production. However, this device has the capacity to record black and white pictures. Additionally, the first digital camera has a resolution of 10,000 pixels or 0.01 megapixels. The first digital camera that was introduced to the public is the Fuji DS-1P, which was launched in 1988. The device has a 16 MB internal memory card and it has a battery. The device was not launched in Japan as well as in the United States. The next digital camera that was commercially available is the 1990 Dycam Model 1. It has a CCD image sensor and it can be connected to a computer or a laptop to transfer and store data. Eastman Kodak launched the first professional digital camera named as the Kodak DCS-100 in 1991. In order for the product to be used in special events, it featured a 1.3 megapixel sensor. The device was offered at $13,000. After the release of this model, many companies featured different models of digital cameras. In 1996, Kodak launched the first digital camera that has CompactFlash. Additional Information and Other Important Details Digital cameras have different types. These include the compact cameras, bridge cameras, digital single lens reflex cameras as well as the electronic viewfinder. Aside from these, consumers can also purchase digital rangefinders and line scan camera systems. The image resolutions of cameras available in the market today range from 0.01 to 60.5. Image data storage devices used are compact flash, memory stick, microdrive, secure digital card and floppy disks.

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503

Register to update information, save favorites, post photos, news stories and comments. A LucyMe.com login allows you to edit our four websites. Already A Member? Béla Orczy Biography » Baron Béla Orczy de Orczi (16 January 1822 – 7 February 1917) was a Hungarian politician and freedom fighter, who served as Interior Minister between 1887 and 1889. He was also Minister of Home Defence for several months in 1884. He took part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, he fought against the rebelling Serbs in the area of Vojvodina (natively Vajdaság). He was the de facto Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1879 and 1890. His paternal grandfather was the famous poet Lőrinc Orczy.

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166

(1881 - 1973) Regarding the canon of art history, no other artist has exerted such influence as Pablo Picasso. Frequently dubbed the "dean of modernism," the Spanish artist was revolutionary in the way he challenged the conventions of painting. His stylistic pluralism, legendary reconfiguration of pictorial space and inexhaustible creative force have made Picasso one of the most revered artists of the 20th century. Influenced by symbolism and Toulouse-Lautrec, Picasso developed his own independent style in Paris during his renowned Blue Period (1900-1904): motifs from everyday life...

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131

Getting to the Heart of a Healthy Diet: Alcohol There is no doubt that drinking large amounts of alcohol is bad for your health. But, given the potential health benefits of drinking moderate amounts of alcohol, the American Heart Association recommends that adults should consider drinking some alcohol. However, it is important that adults who drink should do so only in moderation. Women should have no more than one alcoholic drink per day and men should have no more than one to two drinks per day. If you are considering beginning or continuing to drink alcohol, you should: - Consult your physician to discuss its benefits and risks given your family history. Certain people should not consume any alcohol, such as pregnant women, people with liver disease, or those who are on certain medications. - Limit your alcohol intake to one drink a day if you are a woman and one to two drinks a day if you are a man. - Periodically review your use of alcohol with your doctor. You may need to change your drinking behavior if you begin to consume too much or experience harmful consequences as a result of drinking alcohol. - Never drink alcohol if you are going to be driving or operating machinery. People who drink moderately have heart disease less often than nondrinkers. Alcohol appears to increase HDL, the good form of cholesterol. Some other ways that researchers believe alcohol may help protect the heart include: - The alcohol or some other substance in alcoholic drinks may prevent platelets in the blood from sticking together. This, in turn, will reduce clot formation and the risk for heart attack or stroke. - Flavonoids and other antioxidants in red wine may protect the heart and arteries. However, there are many negative health effects associated with alcohol intake, as well. This is especially true with heavy alcohol consumption. These include: Moderation is essential with alcohol because many chronic health problems can develop, or be exacerbated, from alcohol abuse. One drink equals no more than 1/2 ounce of pure alcohol. For example: - 12 ounces of beer - 4 ounces of wine—It is important to note that a "glass" of wine usually means 8-12 ounces for most people. However the official size of a glass of wine is 4 ounces or 1/2 of a cup. Measure it once, into your wine glass to see what that amount actually looks like. - 1-½ ounces of 80-proof spirits - 1 ounce of 100-proof spirits If you choose not to drink, you are not missing out. You can get antioxidants from fruits and vegetables, and the flavonoids in red wine are also in red grapes and grape juice. Regular exercise increases HDL levels, as does alcohol consumption. And, if blood clotting is a concern for you, talk to your doctor about taking aspirin on a regular basis.

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Make a Levitating Motor out of Pencils and Magnets - 7:30 AM How often, really, do you get to see something levitate? I did, at (where else?) Maker Faire New York last September. Chris Connors showed me this project. It consists of a base made out of pencils and 3D-printed connectors, with magnets placed to repel a rotating pencil equipped with its own magnets as well as a mess of magnet wire powered by small solar cells. The Mendocino Motor floats in its own magnetic field and converts light into electricity and magnetism, which are then converted into the motion of the motor. Building and studying this project provides the satisfaction of creating an amazing bit of technology, and the opportunity to explore magnetism, electromagnetism, electric motors, solar power generation, and personal manufacturing. Build the base that holds the magnets and provides a bearing point for the motor. Then wind the motor coils, and solder them to the solar cells. When the motor is assembled, you’ll balance it so it spins freely, and perform any troubleshooting to make it work properly. Want to learn more about Chris’s project? Check out the MAKE Projects writeup and the Thingiverse page where you can download the files to print your own connectors. Finally, watch a video of the motor in motion.

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A new study demonstrates a link between homophobia and repressed homosexual desire. The study, according to Science Daily, is the first to document the roles that parenting and sexual orientation play in the development of anti-gay prejudice. Conducted by a research team from the University of Rochester, the University of Essex, England, and the University of California in Santa Barbara, the research is set to be published the April issue of the “Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.” Through a series of psychological studies, the researchers found that people with an unacknowledged same-sex attraction who grew up with parents who strongly denounced such desires were more likely to support anti-gay policies and to have self-reported homophobic attitudes, discriminatory bias and hostility towards gays. “Individuals who identify as straight but in psychological tests show a strong attraction to the same sex may be threatened by gays and lesbians because homosexuals remind them of similar tendencies within themselves,” said Netta Weinstein, the study’s lead author and a lecturer at the University of Esse. “In many cases these are people who are at war with themselves and they are turning this internal conflict outward,” said co-author Richard Ryan, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. He helped direct the research. “This study shows that if you are feeling that kind of visceral reaction to an out-group, ask yourself, ‘Why?’’ Ryan said. “Those intense emotions should serve as a call to self-reflection.” The authors say their findings may help to explain the personal dynamics behind some bullying and hate crimes directed at gays and lesbians. People in denial about their sexual orientation may lash out because gay targets bring their internal conflict to the forefront, the authors write. Wisconsin’s leading anti-gay group, Wisconsin Family Action, is led by a stereotypically masculine-acting woman who has never married and has lived for many years with another never-married woman. The two, Julaine Appling and Diane Westphal, own a home together in Watertown. The primary focus of WFA is to prevent same-sex couples from achieving legal recognition. The researchers looked at higher-profile cases of such hypocrisy, including the Ted Haggard scandal, and suggested that “these people may often themselves be victims of repression and experience exaggerated feelings of threat.”

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495

Learn something new every day More Info... by email Process costing is a management accounting cost allocation method used by companies that produce copious amounts of homogenous or extremely similar consumer goods. Examples of these types of companies include food manufacturers, bottling companies, printing companies, and other similar businesses. Companies use process costing to allocate the business costs related to each process of production, because allocating costs to each individual good is too difficult and time consuming. Under cost allocation methods, management accountants determine the cost of operating each individual function used in the production process. The total process cost is divided by the number of items produced during each specific function. The dollar amount resulting from this calculation is allocated to each good produced by the process. The costs included in each process costing production system relate to the amount of direct materials used to produce goods, direct labor of employees running the process, and the amount of manufacturing overhead used in the production process. Manufacturing overhead often includes indirect materials, indirect labor, and the utilities used to run the production equipment. Each individual process has business costs allocated as goods enter into the production process. The costs are tracked until the goods leave the process and move through the production system. While production systems usually depend on the type of goods a company produces, similar production processes may be involved in these types of systems. For example, in magazine production, production processes include printing, cutting, and stapling. Each process usually adds costs to the goods produced in a process costing system. Process costing reports three types of inventories on a company’s financial statements: raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. Raw materials represent any economic resources or business inputs that have yet to be used in the production system. A work in process is a detailed breakout of goods that have been going through the production system but are not yet finished. Work-in-process inventories are valued by the number of processes the goods have gone through and the costs associated with producing the goods up to that point. Production companies may have various levels of work-in-process inventories that are listed on their balance sheet. Finished goods inventories are all goods produced that are available for sale to consumers. This inventories number also includes goods waiting to be moved to distributors or wholesalers.

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It came closer ... closer ... and then it started heading away. But you may not have noticed at all. An asteroid passed relatively close to Earth around 2:24 p.m. ET Friday. As scientists had been predicting all week, it did not hit. A different and unrelated small asteroid entered the atmosphere over Russia on Friday, hours before the much larger asteroid's fly-by, injuring about 1,000 people. Scientists say that incident was a pure coincidence. The larger asteroid, called 2012 DA14, never got closer than 17,100 miles to our planet's surface. Stargazers in Australia, Asia and Eastern Europe could see the asteroid with the aid of a telescope or binoculars. At the Gingin Observatory in Australia, the asteroid appeared as a bright white streak as viewers watched a live NASA video feed. Scientists are studying this asteroid so extensively that they can already predict its path for most of the 21st century, said Paul Chodas of NASA's Near Earth Object team. But it is only one of thousands of objects that are destined to one day enter our neighborhood in space. "There are lots of asteroids that we're watching that we haven't yet ruled out an Earth impact (for), but all of them have an impact probability that is very, very low," Don Yeomans, manager of the Near-Earth Object Program Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said at a press briefing. The long and short of it The asteroid is thought to be 45 meters -- about half a football field -- long. Current estimates suggest that the Russian meteor -- which was a tiny asteroid before it hit the Earth's atmosphere -- was only 15 meters wide, making it much harder to detect.

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From salad fixings and root veggies to herbs and more, it is possible to sustain a healthy vegetable garden in your kitchen, sunroom, or another sunny corner inside your home. Hate giving up your delicious home-grown vegetables once winter arrives? Well, there is a way to grow an array of vegetables inside you're home. Vegetables You Can Grow Indoors: • Beans, green • Carrots, small fingerling • Red peppers • Other dwarf varieties of larger vegetables Ask your local nursery if your veggie choice will grow better indoors from seed or seedling. What You'll Need: • Sunlight, maybe a sunny window sill or corner (plants that produce a vegetable, not just a leaf, need 5-6 hours of sunlight per day; 9-10 hours is ideal) OR grow lights if you have no direct sunlight. • Light-colored, reflective surroundings and surfaces (white, foil, etc.). • Containers with water trays. Choose containers with plenty of room for the root system to grow up and out. Ceramic tends to last longer in direct sunlight than plastic. • To assist with drainage and airflow, add some rocks to the bottom of your container before you add the soil. • Good, lightweight potting soil mix that's suitable for containers. Buy new potting soil to avoid bringing in any outdoor garden pests. • Trellis for your container if you're growing vine climbers, like tomatoes, beans, or peas. • Worm compost is a good addition. Have you had any luck growing vegetables or fruits indoors? 12 Ideas for Modern Valentine's Day Home Decor School Gardens: Teaching Kids a Love of Food 5 Valentine's Day Crafts 8 Cheap Ways to Stay Warm This Winter Merrilee Liddiard of mer mag: Show & Tell Home Tour

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386

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - n. A form or part that is folded or coiled. - n. One of the convex folds of the surface of the brain. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. The act of rolling. or winding together, or of winding one part or thing on another; the motion or process of winding in and out. - n. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or wound together. - n. A turn or winding; a fold; a gyration; an anfractuosity; a whorl: as, the convolutions of a vine; the convolutions of the intestines. - n. In anatomy, specifically, one of the gyri, gyres, or anfractuosities of the brain, especially of the cerebrum. See cuts under brain and corpus. - n. In mathematics, such a connection between the relations of any asyzygetic system that each is applied alternately in the aggregate of the remaining relations. - n. Something that is folded or twisted. - n. Any of the folds on the surface of the brain. - n. The shape of something rotating; a vortex. - n. mathematics A form of moving average. - n. computing A function which maps a tuple of sequences into a sequence of tuples. GNU Webster's 1913 - n. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion. - n. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. - n. (Anat.) An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part. - n. a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain - n. the action of coiling or twisting or winding together - n. the shape of something rotating rapidly - From Latin convolutus ("to roll together"), past participle of convolvere, from con- + volvere ("to roll"). (Wiktionary) “It was in 1861 that he announced his discovery of the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, since known as the convolution of Broca.” “It is of small size, and consists of a square-shaped convolution, which is termed the precuneus or quadrate lobe.” “In front of this precentral convolution are the three frontal convolutions, and it would seem that the functions of these convolutions are higher movements and attention in fixation of the eyes; moreover, in the lowest frontal region, indicated by fine dots, we have Broca's convolution, which is associated with motor speech; above at the base of the second middle frontal convolution is the portion of cortex in which is localised the function of writing.” “M. Alain's expensive way of life, his clothes and mistresses, his dicing and racehorses, were all explained: he was in the pay of Buonaparte, a hired spy, and a man that held the strings of what I can only call a convolution of extremely fishy enterprises.” “The interior portion of the convolution is the more intellectual portion of the organ, while the exterior portion is that which holds the closest relation to the fibres of the _corpora striata_ in the middle lobe, and may therefore most properly be called the organ of language or of speech, the impairment of which produces aphasia, or loss of speech.” “In particular, Fourier analytic methods are particularly useful for studying operations such as convolution in frequency space (the domain of the frequency variable” “He looked again and decided that it was the purple haze of the hills made dark by a convolution of the cãnon wall at its back.” “At some length and terminological convolution on their part, making these exact same points to them, even that one about the computer program, with little effect … it is the most bizarre thing.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘convolution’. A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up. Abbe-Helmert crit..., a priori probability, alphabet, total correlation, three-dimensional..., theoretical frequ..., time reversal test, three-series theorem, theoretical variable, tetrachoric corre..., absolutely unbias..., absolute error and 4171 more... abducens.....draw..., ablation.....carr..., acetylcholine......., adrenalin.....nea..., afferent.....to c..., agnosia.....no kn..., alar.....wing-like, alexia.....no words, alveus.....canal, amacrine.....no l..., ambidextrous........, ambiguus.....doub... and 701 more... ruptured blood ve..., clot, pressure on a blo..., tumor, brain region, comprehension of ..., production of mea..., autonomic nervous..., conservation of t..., catecholamine, arousal, regulation of sleep and 564 more... -a unit of language consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. Derivatives from Chapter 19 of Part One of English Words from Latin and Greek Elements "cerebral" cerebral terms Looking for tweets for convolution.

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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Ferns in which the fronds are produced at the tip of the rootstock or caudex, and the stipes are continuous with it (not articulated). This is the case with most ferns; but in the tribe represented by Polypodium the stipes are articulated with the rootstock (eremobryoid). Sorry, no example sentences found. ‘desmobrya’ hasn't been added to any lists yet. Looking for tweets for desmobrya.

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MUNCIE, Ind. (AP) — More than a third of Indiana adults who consume alcohol say they regularly binge drink, a new Ball State University study found. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines binge drinking as men consuming five or more drinks or women consuming four or more drinks in about two hours. The CDC provided the data for Ball State's study. Ball State researchers found that in 2011, about half of Indiana adults classified themselves as regular drinkers and nearly 35 percent of them said they binge drink, The Times of Munster reported (http://bit.ly/W4uNdv ). University researchers found that Indiana has the 32nd highest percentage of binge drinkers among the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Adults 22 to 25 years old are more likely to binge drink and drink heavily, according to the study. The percentage of adults in Indiana who say they binge drink or drink heavily goes down as age increases. Alcohol tolerance varies from person to person, so those who drink should watch how it affects them specifically, said Dr. Peter Mavrelis, a gastroenterologist who works with Indiana University Northwest. "Just because your friend can hold down two six-packs doesn't mean you can do the same," he said. Mavrelis also said he was surprised at how little alcohol is considered binge drinking, noting that people often consider binge drinking as drinking to the point of incapacitation. Still, he said, people should keep their alcohol consumption to less than two or three drinks a day. Information from: The Times, http://www.thetimesonline.com Photo courtesy Tim Pearce @ Flickr

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345

A new world record wind gust: 253 mph in Australia's Tropical Cyclone Olivia The 6,288-foot peak of New Hampshire's Mount Washington is a forbidding landscape of wind-swept barren rock, home to some of planet Earth's fiercest winds. As a 5-year old boy, I remember being blown over by a terrific gust of wind on the summit, and rolling out of control towards a dangerous drop-off before a fortuitously-placed rock saved me. Perusing the Guinness Book of World Records as a kid, three iconic world weather records always held a particular mystique and fascination for me: the incredible 136°F (57.8°C) at El Azizia, Libya in 1922, the -128.5°F (-89.2°C) at the "Pole of Cold" in Vostok, Antarctica in 1983, and the amazing 231 mph wind gust (103.3 m/s) recorded in 1934 on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Well, the legendary winds of Mount Washington have to take second place now, next to the tropical waters of northwest Australia. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has announced that the new world wind speed record at the surface is a 253 mph (113.2 m/s) wind gust measured on Barrow Island, Australia. The gust occurred on April 10, 1996, during passage of the eyewall of Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Olivia. Figure 1. Instruments coated with rime ice on the summit of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Image credit: Mike Theiss. Tropical Cyclone Olivia Tropical Cyclone Olivia was a Category 4 storm on the U.S. Saffir-Simpson scale, and generated sustained winds of 145 mph (1-minute average) as it crossed over Barrow Island off the northwest coast of Australia on April 10, 1996. Olivia had a central pressure of 927 mb and an eye 45 miles in diameter at the time, and generated waves 21 meters (69 feet) high offshore. According to Black et al. (1999), the eyewall likely had a tornado-scale mesovortex embedded in it that caused the extreme wind gust of 253 mph. The gust was measured at the standard measuring height of 10 meters above ground, on ground at an elevation of 64 meters (210 feet). A similar mesovortex was encountered by a Hurricane Hunter aircraft in Hurricane Hugo of 1989, and a mesovortex was also believed to be responsible for the 239 mph wind gust measured at 1400 meters by a dropsonde in Hurricane Isabel in 2003. For reference, 200 mph is the threshold for the strongest category of tornado, the EF-5, and any gusts of this strength are capable of causing catastrophic damage. Figure 2. Visible satellite image of Tropical Cyclone Olivia a few hours before it crossed Barrow Island, Australia, setting a new world-record wind gust of 253 mph. Image credit: Japan Meteorological Agency. Figure 3. Wind trace taken at Barrow Island, Australia during Tropical Cyclone Olivia. Image credit: Buchan, S.J., P.G. Black, and R.L. Cohen, 1999, "The Impact of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on Australia's Northwest Shelf", paper presented at the 1999 Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, Texas, 3-6 May, 1999. Why did it take so long for the new record to be announced? The instrument used to take the world record wind gust was funded by a private company, Chevron, and Chevron's data was not made available to forecasters at Australia's Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) during the storm. After the storm, the tropical cyclone experts at BOM were made aware of the data, but it was viewed as suspect, since the gusts were so extreme and the data was taken with equipment of unknown accuracy. Hence, the observations were not included in the post-storm report. Steve Buchan from RPS MetOcean believed in the accuracy of the observations, and coauthored a paper on the record gust, presented at the 1999 Offshore Technology Conference in Houston (Buchan et al., 1999). The data lay dormant until 2009, when Joe Courtney of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology was made aware of it. Courtney wrote up a report, coauthored with Steve Buchan, and presented this to the WMO extremes committee for ratification. The report has not been made public yet, and is awaiting approval by Chevron. The verified data will be released next month at a World Meteorological Organization meeting in Turkey, when the new world wind record will become official. New Hampshire residents are not happy Residents of New Hampshire are understandably not too happy about losing their cherished claim to fame. The current home page of the Mount Washington Observatory reads, "For once, the big news on Mount Washington isn't our extreme weather. Sadly, it's about how our extreme weather--our world record wind speed, to be exact--was outdone by that of a warm, tropical island". Comparison with other wind records Top wind in an Atlantic hurricane: 239 mph (107 m/s) at an altitude of 1400 meters, measured by dropsonde in Hurricane Isabel (2003). Top surface wind in an Atlantic hurricane: 211 mph (94.4 m/s), Hurricane Gustav, Paso Real de San Diego meteorological station in the western Cuban province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, on the afternoon of August 30, 2008. Top wind in a tornado: 302 mph (135 m/s), measured via Doppler radar at an altitude of 100 meters (330 feet), in the Bridge Creek, Oklahoma tornado of May 3, 1999. Top surface wind not associated with a tropical cyclone or tornado: 231 mph (103.3 m/s), April 12, 1934 on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Top wind in a typhoon: 191 mph (85.4 m/s) on Taiwanese Island of Lanya, Super Typhoon Ryan, Sep 22, 1995; also on island of Miyakojima, Super Typhoon Cora, Sep 5, 1966. Top surface wind not measured on a mountain or in a tropical cyclone: 207 mph (92.5 m/s) measured in Greenland at Thule Air Force Base on March 6, 1972. Top wind measured in a U.S. hurricane: 186 mph (83.1 m/s) measured at Blue Hill Observatory, Massachusetts, during the 1938 New England Hurricane. Buchan, S.J., P.G. Black, and R.L. Cohen, 1999, "The Impact of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on Australia's Northwest Shelf", paper presented at the 1999 Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, Texas, 3-6 May, 1999. Black, P.G., Buchan, S.J., and R.L. Cohen, 1999, "The Tropical Cyclone Eyewall Mesovortex: A Physical Mechanism Explaining Extreme Peak Gust Occurrence in TC Olivia, 4 April 1996 on Barrow Island, Australia", paper presented at the 1999 Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, Texas, 3-6 May, 1999.

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1,483

West Virginia University Dr. John F. Baniecki, Extension Specialist in Plant Pest Management Program - New York City has been infested with Asian longhorned beetles that have already caused 5,000 trees to be removed. As a remedy, imidacloprid is going to be injected into hardwood trees in an effort to reach the larvae of the beetle. The beetle has the potential to cause more tree damage than Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, and gypsy moths combined ($41 billion in damage by the USDA's estimate). (Environmental News Network) http://www.enn.com. - USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) cooperators have recently elucidated a scenario in which caterpillar-infested tobacco plants released compounds during the day and night. Those released at night were repellent to female moths, who are looking for sites to deposit eggs. This information is in addition to that which demonstrated corn seedlings released chemicals that attract parasitic wasps when fed upon by caterpillars. (USDA ARS News Service) www.ars.usda.gov. - USDA ARS researchers have also determined how to reduce intestinal loads of Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli 0157:H7 in pigs and cattle. These two bacteria have an enzyme, nitrate reductase, that is absent in beneficial microorganisms. When fed sodium chlorate, the enzyme converts chlorate to chlorite,which kills the bacteria. It is estimated that these two organisms produce 1.5 million cases of food borne illnessper year. (The Florida Cattleman, April, 2001). - A whitefly-vectored crinivirus (tomato chlorosis virus) has been detected in tomato plants grown in Puerto Rico for the first time. Signs of infection include interveinal chlorosis, necrotic flecking, leaf thickening, and leaf rolling. (ProMED via Agnet, 3/25) www.promedmail.org. - A whitefly-vectored begomovirus (tomato yellow leaf curl virus Israeli strain) has been detected in tomato plants grown in Louisiana for the first time. Signs of infection include severe stunting, leaf cupping, and chlorosis. (ProMED, 3/27). - Auxein Corporation and Mycotech Corporation have announced their merger into Emerald BioAgriculture Corporation. The company is based in Lansing, MI with production operations in Butte, MT. The company has eight EPA-registered products. (Citrus & Vegetable Magazine, March, 2001). - A new biological fungicide (Contans® WG) has been granted EPA approval. Produced by Encore Technologies, the material is billed as the only biological control product available in the U.S. for controlling Sclerotinia diseases in the soil (caused by S. sclerotiorum and S. minor). Info. at http://www.contans-wg.com. Akari® 55C miticide/insecticide (fenpyroximate) for use on greenhouse ornamentals, floral and foliage crops has received FDACS approval as of February 19, 2001. (Pesticide Registration Evaluation Committee Agenda, April 5, 2001). Registrants with Active Pesticide Registrations - 1,963 Farms and Business Sites Regulated Under Pesticide Programs -2,246,512 - Farms- 2,194,070 - Domestic Pesticide Manufacturing Establishments-11,305 - Foreign Pesticide Manufacturing Establishments -1,137 - Commercial Pest Control Firms -40,000 Farm Workers -2,952,600 - Self-employed Farm Workers-1,570,000 - Hired Farm Workers -890,300 - Unpaid Farm Workers -487,500 Certified Applicators -1,187,515 - Private Applicators -803,423 - Commercial Applicators-384,092 Helping you put knowledge to work The West Virginia University Cooperative Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and West Virginia counties cooperating. Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Institution.

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916

Microformats in Context There has been a lot of discussion in XML circles as to how far the extensibility revolution promised by XML can take (or has taken) us. Is XML really a tool for creating specialized languages so that information can be expressed in the most natural formats practical? Or is it just a way to reduce the burden on those who write code to consume web content (be strict in what you accept so that you can be liberal with your time spent fly-fishing). Are schema technologies a way to manage the flexibility that XML brings to the table, or just another weapon to put down users ("You don't validate. Go away")? Of course, the way I've posed these questions reveals my bias. I think that XML should be a tool for expressiveness and controlled diversity on the Web. I disagree strongly with the notion, recently expressed in a few quarters, that there are only a few viable XML formats, and that people should stop creating more. At the center of this controversy is the new Web 2.0 hotness: microformats. If you're not already familiar with this phenomenon, first read "What Are Microformats". It's a DIV's World Microformats enshrine the idea that rather than creating whole new vocabularies, developers should piggy-back off existing, widely supported and deployed formats such as XHTML. (In this article I'll focus mostly on microformats with XHTML as a host language.) The problem is that XHTML, at its best, does is good for basic document structure but, at its worst, tends to be used for the presentation of documents. Microformats are a lightweight way to express more specialized information within the structure of XHTML without changing its syntax. The idea is that the success of this approach rests on modest (hence "micro") constructs in modules that are mutually independent and focused on very specific domains. Through such simplicity and modularity microformats minimize the strain on the host languages, as well as the implementation effort and overall conceptual load. Unfortunately, the strain is rarely avoided in practice. Many of the XHTML-based microformats I've seen abuse the semantics of XHTML. a/@rel tends to come in for special abuse. The HTML 4.01 recommendation, whose semantics are adopted by XHTML, says: This attribute describes the relationship from the current document to the anchor specified by the href attribute. The value of this attribute is a space-separated list of link types. A microformat, such as Google's rel='nofollow', stretches this definition to breaking. "Don't follow this link" is an instruction to the user agent (more likely an automated agent such as a search index robot). This is related to what was known as "actuation" in the XLink specification and a very different matter from the conceptual relationship between the two documents. I'll hasten to add that these problems are to some extent understood in the microformats camp, and that there are some quite reasonable uses of rel-tag. Then again there is which is still designated a draft but does perpetuate without any apology in the spec. The abuse of a/@rev in the vote-links microformats is an even more heinous example. Before you write off my complaints about abuse of existing XHTML constructs as too rarefied and academic, consider that it leads to a very real problem when microformats collide. Will the Real rel Please Stand Up There are only so many XHTML attributes to hitch a ride on, and if you can stretch the semantics of each attribute pretty much to suit yourself, it's inevitable that you will need to use clashing microformats. Imagine you have a weblog that automatically asserts rel='nofollow' on comment links to discourage comment spam. An example comment looks as follows. Nice blog. Buy your medz <a href='http://medz.com' rel='nofollow'>here</a> But you have another tool that looks for personnel links within your organization and marks them using a colleague designation in the XFN microformat. I just want to be sure your readers know we're aware of the stability problems with the latest release. I've posted some workarounds on <a href='http://mf-wizards.com/~jdoe/' rel='colleague'>my own blog</a>. You now have some sorting out to do. Of course you cannot have two on the same element. You could set a priority that XFN annotation overrides rel-'nofollow' (this is probably what you'd want in practice), but this means that suddenly your microformats are no longer really independent, and they're certainly not modular. Microformat tools have to be aware of the different specs that might clash, and you introduce a bit of a negative network effect. You could use the NMTOKENS escape hatch, which would mean that after both tools have done their work the comment would look as follows: I just want to be sure your readers know we're aware of the stability problems with the latest release. I've posted some workarounds on <a href='http://mf-wizards.com/employees/jdoe/' rel='colleague nofollow'>my own blog</a>. One problem with this is that when you have a microformat such as XFN, which already allows multiple tokens within a/@rel, you're still inviting clashes because it's not clear which tokens are part of XFN, and which come from other conventions. It also becomes a land grab for terms across microformats. rel='date' as a statement that you have a romantic involvement with the person represented by the resource indicated by the This could make for some stickiness in a microformat for references to calendar rel='date' would have a markedly different meaning. U. G. L. Y. You Ain't Got No Alibi...! Another problem that stems from being restricted to a host language is that you often end up with very contorted and ugly constructs to force the fit. XOXO is an eminent example of this problem. I once did an exploration of XOXO as a language for exchanging weblog lists, rather than the more established, but quite awful, OPML. I ended up with something like Listing 1.

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1,381

Schools that implement strong nutrition standards for snacks sold at school increase student meal participation and school revenue, according to a study just published by the Rudd Center and the Harvard School of Public Health. The study, published in the American Journal of Public Health, provides support for efforts to implement strong national nutrition standards for all food sold at school while promoting student participation in the National School Lunch Program. Read more. Regardless of body weight, teens had high brain activity during food commercials compared to nonfood commercials, according to researchers from the University of Michigan, the Oregon Research Institute, and the Rudd Center. The study, which appears in the current issue of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, may inform the current debates about the impact of food advertising on minors. Children see thousands of commercials each year designed to increase their desire for foods high in sugar, fat, and salt. Researchers analyzed how the advertising onslaught affects the brain by measuring the brain activity of teenagers while watching food and nonfood commercials. Regions of the brain linked to attention, reward, and taste were active for all participants, especially when food commercials aired. Overall, they recalled and liked food commercials better than nonfood commercials. Read more. Efforts to encourage healthy beverage choices by people receiving federal food assistance are paying off, according to a study published by the Rudd Center in Pediatrics. The study shows that purchases of 100 percent juice declined among participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) after the program changed in 2007 to offer foods that better reflect dietary recommendations for Americans. While 100 percent fruit juices are widely marketed as healthy beverages, they contain the same amount of calories as soda and lack the fiber that is present in whole fruit. In addition, previous research in Pediatrics has shown that excessive consumption of 100 percent juice is associated with increased risk of weight gain. The WIC program is designed to help meet the needs of pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and young children who are at nutritional risk. Prior to the WIC food package revisions, the federal monthly allowances of 100 percent juice exceeded dietary recommendations for juice consumption in young children. New WIC food packages provide considerably less juice. Read more.

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449

Imitate is defined as to copy or use something as a model.(verb) An example of imitate is for a child to copy his older sibling's every move. See imitate in Webster's New World College Dictionary Origin: < L imitatus, pp. of imitari, to imitate, akin to aemulus: see emulate See imitate in American Heritage Dictionary 4 transitive verb im·i·tat·ed, im·i·tat·ing, im·i·tates Origin: Latin imitārī, imitāt-; see aim- in Indo-European roots. Learn more about imitate

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139

To touch something is to understand it – emotionally and cognitive. It´s one of our important six senses, which we use and need in our daily lives. But accidents or illnesses can disrupt us from our sense of touch Now European researchers of the projects NanoBioTact and NanoBioTouch delve deep into the mysteries of touch and have developed the first sensitive artificial finger. The main scientific aims of the projects are to radically improve understanding of the human mechano-transduction system and tissue engineered nanobiosensors. Therefore an international and multi disciplinary team of 13 scientific institutes, universities and companies put their knowledge together. “There are many potential applications of biometric tactile sensoring, for example in prosthetic limbs where you´ve got neuro-coupling which allows the limb to sense objects and also to feed back to the brain, to control the limb. Another area would be in robotics where you might want the capability to have sense the grip of objects, or intelligent haptic exploration of surfaces for example”, says Prof. Michael Adams, the coordinator of NanoBioTact. The scientists have already developed a prototype of the first sensitive artificial finger. It works with an array of pressure sensors that mimic the spatial resolution, sensitivity and dynamics of human neural tactile sensors and can be directly connected to the central nervous system. Combined with an artificial skin that mimics a human fingerprint, the device´s sensitivity to vibrations is improved. Depending on the quality of a textured surface, the biomimetic finger vibrates in different ways, when it slides across the surface. Thereby it produces different signals and once it will get used by patients, they could recognise if the surface is smooth or scratchy. “The sensors are working very much like the sensors are doing on your own finger”, says physicist Dr. Michael Ward from the School of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Birmingham. Putting the biomimetic finger on artificial limbs would take prostheses to the next level. “Compared to the hand prostheses which are currently on the market, an integrated sense of touch would be a major improvement. It would be a truly modern and biometric device which would give the patient the feeling as if it belonged to his own body”, says Dr. Lucia Beccai from the Centre for Micro-Robotics at the Italian Institute for Technology. But till the artificial finger will be available on large scale a lot of tests will have to be done. Nevertheless with the combination of computer and cognitive sciences, nano- and biotechnology the projects NanoBioTact and NanoBioTouch have already brought us a big step closer to artificial limbs with sensitive fingers! Connect Read Watch Broadcast Contact

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547

Note the cold spots are not along the geographic line from the N. Pole to the S. Pole but where the globe, tilted and tipped, is getting the least amount of sunshine! Depending on the tipping and what part of the globe is getting sunlight, the coldest spot is not the geographic N. Pole, but that part of the globe that gets less sunlight. On the weather maps below, the Italy Face makes Russia, not Sweden, receive less sunlight as Sweden is tilted toward the Sun. The Americas Face makes the areas NW of Hudson Bay, not the N. Pole, receive less sunlight as this part receives a shorter day as it is pushed into an early sunset during the tilt swing. The New Zealand face shows an uneven distribution of cold along latitude 60° as the globe is pushed up and away from the Sun over New Zeland. This is then pulled forward over the India Face for warmer temperatures North of Mongolia. The weather maps, and the verbal descriptions, match. Dec 3: No precise sunset data because of the clouds, but but somewhere between 280° and 320°. [Assume 300°. Compass reading, subtract 30° for deviation. Skymap expects Azi 238°. Sunset NORTH by 32°] Dec 19: I think we have passed the actual Solstice already a week ago at least, as the sun is already now again higher in my view in Europe than it was 2 weeks ago. I feel we have rolled by at least 12-30 degrees. Dec 21: Sun set SSW rather than SW at Azi 225°. Dec 2: Sunset early by 30 minutes, SOUTH. Dec 3: Sunset SOUTH by 21° Dec 5: Sunrise NORTH by 11° Dec 11: Sunset SOUTH by 12° Dec 11: Sunset SOUTH by 14° Dec 13: Sunset SOUTH by 22° Dec 14: Sunrise NORTH by 7° Dec 26: Sunrise NORTH by 12° Dec 6: Sunrise high by 19° NORTH, early. Dec 7: Sunrise 50 minutes, NORTH. Dec 8: dark in the 2nd week of Nov at 5 PM, normal for in the first week of Dec. Dec 21: Sunset SOUTH by 14° Dec 23: Sunset SOUTH by 16° Dec 24: Sunset SOUTH by 18° Dec 8: SOUTH by 38°! Dec 10: Sunset SOUTH by 6° Dec 18: Sunset SOUTH by 3° Dec 22: Sunset SOUTH by 8° Dec 18: Sunset 5° SOUTH. Sunset Dec 3: SOUTH by 9°. Sunrise Dec 11: SOUTH by 8° Sunset Dec 11: SOUTH by 11° Midday Dec 12: SOUTH by 25° and too HIGH by 15-20° deg! Sunset Dec 12: SOUTH by 11° Sunrise Dec 7: SOUTH, late by 47 minutes. Sunset Dec 6: SOUTH, late by 28 minutes.

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628

U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Office Hospital Energy Alliance: Daylighting Video (Text Version) Below is a text version of the Hospital Energy Alliance video showing the importance of daylighting to hospital energy efficiency, staff performance and retention, and patient healing. Daylighting brings natural light into hospitals to reduce the use of electric lighting. Daylighting has also been shown to aid in patient healing, to improve the work environment of staff, and to enhance the well-being of patient families. Daylighting is using the sun to offset electric lighting. And so there is a huge potential for energy savings there because you're using the glass to help provide some function in the building other than just views. You're actually using it for energy savings. We can almost eliminate cooling in probably 50 percent of the hospital just by reducing the loads: reducing the solar gains, controlling the light, and being very careful with equipment. These systems all lead us back to quality-of-light issues, the role of light in reducing cooling loads, which actually is a large energy consumer, but is a key component in capital costs. When you look at the energy use in a hospital, the electric lighting loads can tabulate almost 30 percent of the entire electric bill, so if you want to look at saving energy, that's one of the largest chunks. Most buildings have windows; therefore, there's opportunity for daylighting. We can get more of an advantage by designing those windows to really improve the lighting quality in the space and get the electric lights off. We're involved a lot with Better Bricks. They are the Commercial Buildings Initiative for the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance. When this Legacy project started, they offered to help out and do a daylighting study of parts of the hospital and we did two studies, one specifically for the patient rooms and one for the public areas. And they came back to us with nine strategies for designing the exterior wall of the patient rooms to maximize the amount of daylighting that we could get and the study was fantastic, 'cause it showed that they could save almost $6,500 a year in electricity savings just by utilizing some of these strategies alone. I think the biggest strategy we used was separating out the daylighting window from the view window. We like to have windows to be able to get the visual relief of seeing outside—a little bit of a relief to our system, a little bit of relief to our eye; certainly the relief of chronic stress in the workplace, but we also need to think about the quality of light. To get the light into the patient room, you only need the top portion of the window, which is above six feet to the underside of the ceiling. You can see that we've divided the patient room window up into to the daylighting window and the view window, so the daylighting window glazing specification allows more light into the room and the view window has a higher performance glass that lets less light into the window and reduces glare for the patient and the visitors. Daylighting is also central to the energy efficiency strategy of the Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas. The way we planned mechanical units, where we chose to have glass and glazing versus where we chose not to in terms of orienting it to the sun. It's a totally integrated system of technology and just good old-fashioned design. The biggest impact on the space layout was the decision to add courtyards to the building. They were originally driven by the desire to get daylighting. The building has four different types of windows in it, depending on whether they are facing north, south, east or west. We did computer models of what the ambient exterior light would look like from dawn to dusk, seven days a week, all four seasons of the year and arranged the lighting system in the building to accommodate that, so that we can save energy. Scientific studies have shown that the exterior views that can accompany daylighting have a profound impact on patient healing. All life, including human life, was evolved under a sunrise and sunset, and the spectrum of that was natural blue light coming in the morning and sunset with no blue light and only some red and orange in the evening. Our genes were all developed for that. You need to have the proper lighting in the morning for the alertness because that makes serotonin, dopamine, and cortisol, and that turns on the immune system that gets rid of infections, that gets rid of bacteria, that helps fight viruses. But at night, if you have the blue light, you're interfering with the immune system by interfering with the production of melatonin, and that isn't just a sleep hormone; it also affects the immune response to prevent cancer. Access to light is also critical to hospital workers, a fact that affects the bottom line at health care facilities because of the importance of employee retention and the high cost of replacing key staff. In critical task spaces, we're really concerned about, one: they get view, but two: the quality of light is one that doesn't provide a lot of glare and provides at least a minimum level of illumination for ambient tasks within a space, which usually means diffuse light. We've realized in the last 10 years that our eyes are more than just for vision. They also capture daylight on a physiological level through a photo-biological receptor that captures light; light during the day and it's just as important for these hormonal cascades to have dark at night. This has a big implication in our health care environments. For the staff who potentially will go in in the morning in the dark, come home at night in the dark—12-hour shifts with no light during the day. So that has ramifications on our built environment in the hospital setting to create spaces for staff that allow daylight into their work areas. My favorite thing about this facility is that you can't be farther than, I don't know what the exact number is, but 30-40 feet from an open courtyard or light streaming in. If the staff is working at night, they are going to suffer from certain shift-work problems. But if you can have natural lighting during the day, and the natural darkness in the evening, then when they go home, they'll be able to sleep. Daylighting, part of a comprehensive energy strategy that benefits patients, staff, and the bottom line of today's hospitals.

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Racial Double Standards in Uncle Tom's Cabin By Catherine Mountcastle When Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852, she gained instant notoriety. Her novel helped spread the reality of the cruelties and injustices of the American slavery system nationwide and eventually across the globe. However, Mrs. Stowe was not without critics. Shortly after the release of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, William Lloyd Garrison, a famous abolitionist and founder of the Liberator published a scathing review of Stowe’s novel arguing that her stance on slavery was a double standard. Stowe’s novel clearly does contain racial double standards; however, this attributed to the novels popularity amid a northern white audience in the mid-nineteenth century. William Lloyd Garrison was a well known abolitionist. His review of Stowe’s novel may have seemed shocking at the time of its publication since both he and Stowe were abolitionists. However, his accusations of racial double standards throughout Uncle Tom’s Cabin are not far fetched. One of Stowe’s main criticisms throughout Uncle Tom’s Cabin is that slavery is unjust to slaves. She finds slavery to be an evil which should be eliminated form American society. She obligates blacks to end their own enslavement. Her opinion on how blacks should end their enslavement is extremely passive. She advocates that blacks should remain obedient and subservient to their masters while remaining pious and faithful to God. In the end, blacks will gain a greater freedom than the physical world has to offer them. By having faith in God and refusing to act out violently against their masters despite the hardships that they may have to endure, they will eventually be rewarded with eternal salvation. Stowe embodies these ideas in the character of Tom. Throughout Stowe’s novel, Tom places his faith in the Lord an accepts his fate no matter what happens. An excellent example of Tom’s unrelenting faith in the Lord and his refusal to act out violently against his master is his struggle with Simon Legree. Legree is an evil man and an extremely cruel master. However, no matter what he is threatened with Tom never physically fights back against Legree. This is demonstrated in Uncle Tom’s Cabin prior to Tom’s first beating. Tom says: Mas’r if you mean to kill me, kill me; but as to raising my hand agin any one here, I shall never,--I’ll die first! No! no! no! my soul an’t yours, Mas’r! Ye can’t buy it! it’s been bought and paid for, by one that is able to keep it;--no matter, no matter, you can’t harm me! (Stowe 508). These statements by Tom are a clear demonstration of Stowe’s beliefs, which are expressed throughout the novel. Tom is defiant against Legree, but it is for the safety of another individual, another one of God’s creatures. He never raises a hand in opposition to Legree, nor does he resist when Legree sends him to be whipped as punishment for his defiance. Instead, Tom boldly states his faith in the Lord, proclaiming that Legree may physically take his life, but he will never be able to own Tom’s soul because his soul belongs to the Lord. Garrison views Stowe’s beliefs as a racial double standard. He states his opinion at he very beginning of his review of the novel when he writes, “we are curious to know whether Mrs. Stowe is a believer in the duty of non-resistance for the white man, under all possible outrage and peril as well as for the black man” (Garrison). In other words, if white people were to be enslaved and treated under the same conditions which black people were in the mid-nineteenth century, would Stowe still advocate non-violence and piety as a solution to the problem? He then continues by pointing out that the reason he believes she advocates nonviolence, obedience and piety by slaves are because they are black. I agree with Garrisons accusation. I think Stowe’s beliefs stem primarily from her lack of first hand interaction with southern black slaves. She portrays her characters through the beliefs of a romantic racialist. Stowe writes, “the negro, it must be remembered, is an exotic of the most gorgeous and superb countries of the world, and he has, deep in heart a passion for all that is splendid, rich and fanciful” (Stowe 253). This depiction of “the negro” is a perfect demonstration of Stowe’s use of romantic racialism. She is making a generalization about an entire race. She views black people with the same stereotypes as most mid-nineteenth century white Americans did. What makes a black person different from a white person other than the color of their skin? It is easy to answer that question from a twenty-first century viewpoint. The answer is nothing. There is no difference between a black person and a white person except for the outside skin color. We are all human which means that blacks have the same mental capacity, same emotions same everything. However, in the ante-bellum time period the answer to the above question was much more difficult, because people truly believed that blacks were different from whites not only physically, but that they were inferior in intellect, morals, and maturity. I think that because Stowe was a white northern woman with little one-on-one contact between herself and southern slaves , she subconsciously prescribed to general stereotypes about black people and wrote them into her characters. Garrison not only highlights that Stowe’s romantic racial beliefs “is everywhere taken for granted, because the VICTIMS ARE BLACK” (Garrison), but he also argues against her religious stance when he asks: Is there one law of submission and non-resistance for the black man, and another law of rebellion and conflict for the white man? When it is the whites who are trodden in the dust, does Christ justify them in taking up arms to vindicate their rights? And when it is blacks who are thus threatened, does Christ require them to be patient, harmless, long-suffering, and forgiving? And are there two Christs? (Garrison) Garrison is addressing a main conflict which is present in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. If God/Christ are supposed to be just and fair, how can they make one group of people ”superior” to another? This issue is clearly addressed in Uncle Tom’s Cabin when Marie St. Clare is waiting for Tom to prepare the horses in order attend church. During this scene in the novel, Stowe delves into Mrs. St. Clares thoughts and shares them with her audience. She writes: perhaps as God chasteneth whom he loveth, he hath chosen poor Africa in the furnace of affection to make her the highest and noblest in that kingdom which he will set up, then every other kingdom has been tried, and failed; for the first shall be the last and the last first (Stowe 275). Marie is rationalizing the fate of slaves by pondering whether or not God had a greater purpose for them. Religion is a conflicting struggle throughout the novel as certain characters embrace it and other characters reject it. Garrison brings up the issue of religion in Uncle Tom’s Cabin because it seems hypocritical to say that slaves must behave and worship the Lord when in return for their piety they are beaten. However, it is okay for white people to beat a fellow human being, because they are white and the other is black. How can God allow that? I think it is very interesting how Garrison places religion and violence together in his statement. It is very fitting when you apply it to the American Revolution. It was okay for us as white colonialists to fight against the British monarchy for our independence and for our religious freedom. However, Stowe seems to think that it is not okay for blacks to fight against whites in order to gain their independence and religious freedom. This is extremely hypocritical. While I do agree with Garrison’s arguments that Uncle Tom’s Cabin is based on racial double standards, I think Stowe was very meticulous in how she presented her concepts to her white northern audience. In order for Stowe to get her message out to people, she had to create a novel that people would want to read. To do this, she had to make the issue of slavery palatable to her readers. Stowe had to prescribe to romantically racial concepts in order to not offend her audience. Stowes use of romantic radicalism worked. Her novel became a success across the world. However, the usage of romantic racialism in turn created racial double standards throughout the novel. William Lloyd Garrison’s complaint of racial double standards in Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a valid argument. I agree that Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe upholds a different set of morals for white people as compared to black people. However, I believe that this dichotomy of values for blacks versus whites is a result of the author’s desire to appeal to an audience in order to have her opinions voiced to the public and make them aware of the cruelties of slavery. 1.) Elbert, Sarah. Lecture Notes for History 351. 2.) Garrison, William. "Liberator," March 1852. 3.) Stowe, Harriet. Uncle Tom's Cabin or Life Among the Lowly. 1852. USA: Penguin Books, 1986. Last Updated: 8/24/10

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2,010

Helping Teachers Improve Math and Science Achievement According to the Teaching Commission's report Teaching at Risk: A Call to Action, the U.S. job market is so scientifically and technologically based that math and science knowledge is critical for the health of our economy.17 While science and technology advance at lightning speed, stagnant math and science performance in schools shortchanges our students' future and endangers our prosperity and our nation's security. Improving Math and Science Instruction Around the Nation No Child Left Behind supports the belief that developing teachers' knowledge and skills in math and science will contribute substantially to the goal of improving student learning, and that students will perform better on assessments of math and science if their teachers have in-depth knowledge of the subjects they teach. In the United States, the professional preparation programs for many teachers at the elementary, middle school and high school levels include very little math and science. Only 43 percent of middle school students take science from teachers who have a major in science and are certified to teach science.18 No Child Left Behind requires that federal funds go only to those programs that are backed by evidence of their effectiveness. Over the last decade, researchers have scientifically proven the best ways to teach reading. We must do the same in math. We must work toward using research-based teaching methods. How well did students perform in 2003?19 The figures to the right show that 32 percent of fourth-graders and 29 percent of eight-graders performed at or above the Proficient level in 2003. The percentages of students performing at or above Basic in 2003 were 77 percent at grade 4 and 68 percent at grade 8. Note: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2003 Mathematics Assessment. No Child Left Behind Creates Math and Science Partnerships to Rally Every Sector of Society to Work With Schools to Increase Math and Science Excellence The Mathematics and Science Partnership (MSP) program is the signature program for improving math and science education in No Child Left Behind. This program provides funding to every state in the nation on a formula-grant basis to support high-quality professional development for math and science teachers. Each state is required to conduct a competitive grant program to support projects that are partnerships among science, engineering, and mathematics, and other high-tech departments at institutions of higher education, high-need school districts, and other interested organizations, with the purpose of enhancing the content knowledge of math and science teachers. Those interested in competing for funding under this program should contact their district for more information. |For more information on the Math and Science Partnership program, visit: www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/progs/mathscience/index.html.| The President Calls for Increasing the Ranks and Pay of Math and Science Teachers No Child Left Behind requires states to fill the nation's classrooms with teachers who are qualified to teach math and science by the end of the 2005-06 school year. In areas where there are critical shortages, President Bush supports paying math and science teachers more in order to help attract experienced and excellent teachers. Title II funds may be used to fund programs that attract teachers in areas of critical need. | According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) on math:20 According to a recent international comparison on math and science:21

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710

Bob Henson | July 2, 2012 • With a ferocity to match the record heat it displaced, a thunderstorm complex raced from Illinois to the Delaware coast in a mere 12 hours on Friday evening, June 29. It knocked down countless trees and power lines, with wind gusts topping 80 miles per hour in many spots. It threw millions of people into turmoil, with air conditioners, computers, and phones out for days. And it brought to light a weather word du jour with an obscure but intriguing history. This storm complex was a derecho (pronounced deh-REY-cho). It’s a phenomenon too infrequent to be familiar, but too dangerous to be ignored. A derecho is akin to the gust fronts we commonly experience when a thunderstorm arrives, except it plays out in far more spectacular fashion. While the high winds of a tornado or hurricane spin around powerful, circular updrafts, a derecho’s wind consists of rain-cooled air that descends and plows into very warm, unstable air. Most such downbursts only span a few miles and last a few minutes, but sometimes the atmosphere is primed for this process to intensify in a repetitive fashion. In that case, the winds generate new thunderstorm updrafts as they push forward, and in turn, this creates more rain-fueled downdrafts. If there’s a brisk jet stream adding momentum to the successive downdrafts, then a derecho can race forward at interstate speeds along a track that’s almost bullet-straight, often traversing several states in a single day or night. Most parts of the United States east of the Rockies experience a derecho about every year or two. They’re typically strongest and most common in two areas: the Corn Belt of the Midwest (where the June 29 event began) and the Ozark Mountain region, centered on southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. Derechos favor the months of May, June, and July, when rain-cooled downdrafts can slam into extremely warm, moist air. That was certainly the case this time, as much of the Ohio Valley and mid-Atlantic were experiencing one of the hottest early-summer days in their weather history. The derecho lashed the Washington area just hours after Reagan National Airport hit 104°F, which was two degrees above the city’s previous June record. While they don’t hold a candle to the worst tornadoes, derechos can easily inflict damage comparable to an EF1 twister on the enhanced Fujita scale, and their havoc is wreaked over a much larger area. In many parts of the central or eastern U.S., a wind gust of 100 mph (161 kph) is more likely to come from a derecho than a tornado. Virginia governor Bob McDonnell said the June 29 damage was his state’s most extensive for any single weather event outside of a hurricane. The derecho’s name helps illuminate the meteorology behind it. In Spanish, derecho has several meanings, including “straight.” The word was plucked by Iowa scientist Gustavo Hinrichs in 1883 to describe a type of thunderstorm-related wind he dubbed “the straight blow of the prairies.” He may well have intended a direct contrast to tornadoes, whose Spanish root tornar means “to turn.” Hinrichs discussed derechos in an 1888 article for the now-defunct American Meteorological Journal, accurately describing several aspects of the phenomenon based on an Iowa example. But after shifts in U.S. meteorology put a damper on severe weather research, the term languished in the meteorological dustbin for nearly a century, until it was revived in a 1987 paper by Robert Johns and William Hirt. (Here’s an essay (PDF) by Johns on the origin and use of the term.) After that, the term quickly caught on among meteorologists, although it’s only now entering more general use—a trend that might accelerate with coverage of the June 29 event. By modern forecasting standards, the derecho in D.C. came as a relative surprise. Residents did get several hours of notice that wild weather was possible, thanks to a severe thunderstorm watch. And the arrival of the derecho itself was well warned. But less than 24 hours earlier, it wasn’t obvious that such a destructive event was in the cards for the Washington area. On Friday morning, the New York Times’ national forecast called for thunderstorms from South Dakota and Nebraska to Maine and Massachusetts, with most producing little rain; the mid-Atlantic outlook focused on the heat risk. At NOAA’s Storm Prediction Center (SPC), the initial severe weather outlook for June 29, issued around 2 a.m. EDT, did not include Maryland or Virginia in its primary risk area for the day, and the odds of high wind in those states were pegged at less than 5%. By morning, though, the signals were starting to come together in data from radiosondes (weather balloons) and forecasts from weather models, which increasingly pointed toward a storm complex moving from the Midwest toward the Appalachians. Derechos seldom cross the Appalachians intact, which keeps D.C.-area forecasters cautious about forecasting such a leap. Indeed, a storm complex that produced 80 to 90 mph winds in Chicago on Sunday, 1 July, fizzled en route. But on June 29, the extreme warmth and depth of the air mass, plus energy from the jet stream, kept the derecho powerful all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. By 2:30 p.m. EDT, the fast-moving storms had already produced a 91-mph (147-kph) wind gust in Indiana. SPC raised the risk of damaging winds in the D.C. area and noted that “the system may continue to the coast.” Over the last few weeks, NCAR’s advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (dubbed ARW) has been producing detailed forecasts twice daily, in part to support a study of thunderstorms and air chemistry in Colorado, Oklahoma, and Arizona called DC3. These forecasts track the atmosphere at horizontal points separated by only 3 kilometers (1.9 miles), which is a sharp enough resolution to capture many aspects of a given day’s thunderstorm action. The ARW outlook produced with data from 8:00 a.m. EDT captured the genesis of the derecho across Illinois and its rampage toward D.C. later that day. The model indicated a few pockets of surface wind of at least 35 meters per second (78 mph) along the derecho's path. (See map at left.) Given its toll of damage and disruption—possibly the largest from a derecho in U.S. history—it’s tempting to call this event a super derecho. In fact, a group of scientists did just that for another powerful storm not long ago. Clark Evans, a former NCAR postdoctoral researcher now at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, teamed with Morris Weisman (NCAR) and Lance Bosart (University at Albany, State University of New York) to study a stupendous event from May 8, 2009, that they dubbed a “super derecho.” The storm complex moved from Kansas to Kentucky, spinning off tornadoes and developing a vortex that resembled a hurricane’s warm central core. Weisman and Evans analyzed the derecho in companion talks at a 2010 meeting of the American Meteorological Society, and the team now has a paper in the works on the event and how it was depicted by the ARW model. Some aspects were predicted 24 hours in advance. How similar were the 2009 and 2012 derechos? While the 2009 event showed up in models a full day ahead, the details of the 2012 derecho didn’t begin crystallizing until a few hours before it formed. There were a number of other differences as well, including the time of day (nighttime vs. daytime), geographic location (central Plains vs. Ohio Valley and mid-Atlantic), tornadic activity (there was little to none with the 2012 event), and the presence of an intense vortex with the 2009 derecho. “Though they both were high-end events responsible for significant damage and are part of the same archetype of meteorological phenomena, the two cases had many aspects that were quite different,” says Evans.

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1,770

Hampshire is set to be at the forefront of energy research in the UK by taking part in an innovative project that uses fuel-producing algae to power a new type of energy plant. Hampshire County Council is taking part in the launch at the Kent Science Park in Sittingbourne on 19 October of 'Ecotec 21', an Anglo-French consortium set up to study Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology. The launch will announce collaboration on CHP development, bringing together UK and French universities, research institutions, government-funded organisations, energy and facility managers, designers and architects. Combined Heat and Power technology captures the by-product heat created by power plants and uses it for heating or hot water. Ecotec 21, co-funded by 'INTERREG IV A' under the European Cross-Border Cooperation Programme and 50% match funded by Hampshire County Council, is a new project that will investigate the potential for CHP to reduce heating costs in buildings. The project will look at three experimental biomass power plants, one of which will be built by The University of Greenwich. The Greenwich plant will investigate how glycerol can be used in a CHP engine and will eventually provide some of the heating for the university campus. Some algae produce glycerol as a protective by-product when they are kept in very salty water. The glycerol is then harvested for use in the CHP engine. Glycerol has many advantages over other biomass materials as it is water-soluble, bio-degradable, non-odorous, non-volatile, non-toxic and produces virtually no combustion particulates. Councillor Mel Kendal, Executive Member for Environment and Transport said: "Because they capture the waste heat that normally goes into the atmosphere, CHP plants can reach efficiencies of over 80% compared with about 50% efficiency for conventional gas turbines or even less for coal-fired plants. This is an exciting chance to help Hampshire reduce its carbon footprint. "With this 'INTERREG IV A' funding, we can create our own in-house CHP technical 'know-how' which will benefit Hampshire's residents and enable us to investigate other energy-efficient processes."

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455

The presidential election of 1800 effectively relegated the Federalist party, including Hamilton, to political and popular irrelevance. Jefferson, the "Sage of Monticello," had risen to the nation's highest office and, despite the near-hysterical warnings of Federalists against anarchy and "Jacobinism," went on to preside over an unprecedented era of peace and prosperity. The country had entered a new century and had never seemed on such sure footing. In this climate, Hamilton soon retired from the political sphere to pursue his private New York law practice. During the election, the Federalists, with Hamilton leading the charge, had contributed to their own downfall by embroiling themselves in ugly internecine disputes (which ultimately would result in Hamilton's duel with Burr). Hamilton made known his low opinion of President Adams, who, against Hamilton's strongest wishes, was pursuing a policy of peace with France. On a personal level, Hamilton considered the president an unstable, jealous, vacilliating man prone to unseemly outbursts of temper. Hamilton's plan for the election was to maneuver Federalist electors into choosing Charles Pinckney, a South Carolina Congressman, and leaving Adams to be content with the Vice-Presidential spot on the ticket. Entering into Hamilton's preference, no doubt, was the fact that Pinckney had demonstrated a greater susceptibility to Hamilton's personal influence than had Adams. In October, 1800, in response to a charge by Adams that he led a faction of "British partisans," Hamilton distributed to Federalist leaders his Letter from Alexander Hamilton concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams. Here, he presented a variety of dubious evidence purporting to show the President's "disgusting egotism," "ungovernable indiscretion," and so on. Rather than swaying opinion against Adams (the letter, after all, conceded the president's patriotism and talent), Hamilton's move redounded to his own discredit. Moderate Federalists rallied behind Adams, and even Noah Webster, a erstwhile admirer of Hamilton's, was inspired to write, "Your ambition, pride and overbearing temper have destined you to be the evil genius of the country!" In contrast to such divisive intraparty politics, the Republicans put forth Jefferson and Aaron Burr with relativley little fuss. As the election approached and the Federalists saw the writing on the wall, some of them began to support Burr over Jefferson, whom they still regarded as embodying the worst kind of dreamy, agrarian populism. But Hamilton, partly out of personal dislike for Burr and partly out of a desire to keep his party from forming an alliance with any Republican, swallowed his pride and endorsed Jefferson. If Jefferson won, he reasoned, the Federalists would be able to survive as a party by concentrating their fire on their traditional bete noire, rather than being absorbed into a more sympathetic Burr administration. As it turned out, his reasoning was off the mark. When Jefferson, in his inaugural address, declared that "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists," he signalled not only a conciliatory attitude, but the undermining of the Federalists that Hamilton feared. The Jefferson administration effectively appropriated key aspects of the Federalist platform, and left the Federalists little room in which to form a relevant opposition ideology. Once in office, Jefferson proved to be a pragmatist who could appreciate the benefits of an energetic central government. He also seemed to have matured in his view of the executive office, saying in 1810 that the people were "looking to the executive to give the proper direction to their affairs, with a confidence as auspicious as it is well founded." Even more significantly, since Jefferson recognized the infeasibility of reversing the Hamiltonian financial system, his administration simply began to use it effectively. The Bank of the United States survived and even thrived, the adminisration aided individual banks with government funds, and business went on much as it had before. Politically, Jefferson made the smart decision to repeal the excise tax, depriving the government of some funds, but winning public favor in the process. Hamilton found himself in the unenviable position of supporting the widely unpopular tax. As the country surged into the new century and as public support for Jefferson steadily mounted, the Federalists were reduced to harping upon increasingly unpersuasive themes: the rise of demagoguery in the form of a Jacobite regime, the dismantling of republican government, the growing threat to virtue and property. The opposition task was a dreary and not very effective one, and many Federalists retired from politics altogether. Hamilton himself, becoming further separated from the mainstream of public opinion and further isolated in his stale critique of Jeffersonianism, returned to his law practice in the fall of 1801. In an 1802 letter to his friend and political ally James Bayard, a representative from Delaware, Hamilton spelled out some of the reasons he thought underlay the Federalists' decline. The letter suggests that the Republicans' appeals to reason and enlightened sensibility were self-serving appeals to vanity that would also trump the Federalists' sober emphasis on principle. Hamilton wrote: "Unluckily ... for us, in the competition of the passions of the people, our opponents have great advantages over us; for the plain reason that the vicious are far more active than the good passions; and that, to win the former to our side, we must renounce our principles and our objects, and united in corrupting public opinion till it becomes fit for nothing but mischief. Yet, unless we can contrive to take hold of, and carry along with us some strong feelings of the mind, we shall in vain calculate upon any substantial or durable results." Hamilton's diagnosis, while biased, was largely correct, but the Federalists were unable to enact a cure. The image of Jefferson remained unassailable during the decades leading up the Civil War. In the election of 1828, for instance, both the National Republicans, under Henry Clay, and the Jacksonian Democrats invoked Jefferson's memory as the banner under which their respective parties marched. Jackson, in his gruff populism, was a natural heir to the Jeffersonian legacy. The name of Hamilton was on few people's lips as Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the United States and the Maysville Road Bill, both of which represented the increasingly discredited Hamiltonian centralism. A number of historians, however, recognized the implications of the country's adoration for Jefferson: while northern abolitionists seized upon the Declaration of Independence for their denunciations of slavery, southerners insisted upon Jefferson's doctrine of states' rights to resist any interference in their "peculiar institution." Thirty-two years after Jackson's election, the country would be plunged into a violent resolution of this conflict. Hamilton's public image underwent a dramatic revitalization during the decades following the Civil War. Increasingly, historians and political figures came to regard the Civil War as a validation of Hamilton's major philosophical tenets and a repudiation of Jefferson's. It was the Virginian's doctrine of states' rights, the argument went, that provided the South both the encouragement and the rationale to secede, while his lofty language asserting the equality of mankind denied the South moral authority in the eyes of the North -- a double bind that has been called the "Jeffersonian dilemma." On the other side of the equation, then, stood Hamilton and his visionary assertion of the necessity of a powerful federal government. Where would the union be, post-war historians and nationalists wondered, were it not for the stability and strength of state that Hamilton insisted upon for his entire career? Moreover, Hamiton's opposition to slavery proved itself the ethic associated with the victorious Union forces, while Jefferson's Southern roots and acquiescence to the forces promoting slavery provided, as it were, comfort to the enemy. Meanwhile, the whole era reverberated with the sounds of industrialization and modernization. Reconstruction had provided significant economic opportunities for both North and South, while westward expansion and new methods of manufacturing and transportation lay the foundation for booming capitalist enterprises. In this climate, the Hamiltonian virtues of laissez-faire and free trade enjoyed an unprecedented ascendancy, while the simple agrarianism of Jefferson seemed badly outdated. As Hamilton had predicted, the United States was establishing itselt as a preeminent industrial force in the world. Teddy Roosevelt himself admired Hamilton's reputation for dynamism and, in a 1910 letter to Gouverneur Morris, praised Hamilton's "touch of the heroic, the touch of the purple, the touch of the gallant, the dashing, the picturesque." These years also saw the opening of Chicago's Hamilton Club and the raising of Hamilton statues in Paterson, New Jersesy, a town which Hamilton had founded. Significantly, the restoration of Hamilton's image took place primarily on the plane of academic history. It is important to note that many of the new scholarly histories published during this time were written by New England historians steeped in Federalist tradition, who tended to see Hamilton as vindicated by the course of American history. The major works included George Bancroft's History of the United States (1834-1874), John Bach McMaster's The History of the United States (1883-1913), and Henry Adams's History of the United States ... 1801-1817. Hamilton's son, John C. Hamilton, also got into the act with a tome entitled History of the Republic of the United States, which argued that the Civil War could have been avoided altogether, if only the country had more closely followed the elder Hamilton's policies. The language of these books, to a modern reader, can seem shockingly biased. McMaster, for instance, portrayed Jefferson as a man "saturated with democracy in its rankest form" who "remained to the last day of his life a servile worshipper of the people." On the other hand, wrote McMaster, "Of all men who, in the judgement of posterity, are ranked high among the founders of the republic ... by far the most brilliant and versatile was Hamilton." Beside the histories, a number of biographies and other writings sympathetic to Hamilton also appeared during the post-bellum years and Gilded Age. Gertrude Atherton, in her romantic novel The Conqueror (1902), wrote that Hamilton with his "inherent philosophy," pursued "measures in whose wisdom he implicitly believed, and which, in every instance, time has vindicated." Similarly, Herbert Croly, the future founder of the New Republic, put a distinctly positive spin on Hamiltonianism when he wrote in The Promise of American Life (1909) that it "implied a conscious and indefatigable attempt on the part of the national leaders to promote the national welfare." The momentum of the Civil War in the resurrection of Hamilton's image lasted, with natural variations of intensity, all the way through the 1920s. In 1923, President Harding and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon dedicated a statue of Hamilton placed in fron of the Treasury Building, where it stands to this day. The next year saw a successful movement to save Hamilton's Manhattan residence, The Grange, which had been steadily deteriorating. Later in the decade, President Coolidge invoked Hamilton to praise Mellon, who had managed America's financical system with "a genius and success unmatched since Hamilton." In retrospect, the praise smacks of irony. The year 1929 would see both the crash of the American economy and the corresponding decline in Hamilton's image -- a decline that has never been significantly reversed. At first glance, one might expect that the Great Depression would have elevated Hamilton's standing in the public consciousness. After all, the New Deal involved the greatest expansion of federal power that the country had seen, and the vast majority of Americans supported its programs. James M. Beck, in a speech to Congress in 1934, declared that the Roosevelt administration "is realizing beyond any dream of Alexander Hamilton his ideas as to the nature of our government and what its desired form should be." Yet Hamilton's star faded precipitously during the 1930s, and here we return to the proposition that administrative successes matter much less than emotional populism in the realm of public opinion. The economic foresight and efficiency of Hamilton's policies, their direct relevance to the New Deal, did not change the popular conception of him as an aristocrat unsympathetic to the plight of the "little guy." Franklin Roosevelt, campaigning in 1932, sounded the theme that stirred many Americans' souls during the 1930s, a theme distinctly non-Hamiltonian in character. Invoking the early struggle between Jefferson and Hamilton, Roosevelt referred to a "a new day" in the nation, "the day of the individual against the system, the day in which individualism was made the great watchword of American life." This formula clearly favored Jefferson's rhetorical emphasis on personal liberty and individual virtue over Hamilton's efforts to construct a potent system of governmental control. Although political groups ranging from the communists to the Republicans continued to employ Jefferson's image, Roosevelt and the Democrats did so most successfully. They presented Roosevelt as a champion of the common man in the true Jeffersonian tradition. Hamilton, on the other hand, was the man who had warned against the potentially dangerous nature of human ambition, and argued that government must be vigilant against the excesses of human nature. In 1943, a play by Sydney Kingsley pitted caricatures of Jefferson and Hamilton against each other. The fictional Hamilton boasts, "And when you stir up the mobs, remember -- we who really own America are quite prepared to take it back for ourselves, from your great beast, 'The People'." The portrait of Hamilton that Kingsley drew is not entirely deserved, but not entirely off-the-mark, either, and it captured a persistent image of him as a calculating patrician out to protect the interests of wealthy Americans. Several developments give a sense of how far Hamilton had fallen. The Hamilton Club of Chicago went bankrupt. The anniversary of Hamilton's birth went unobserved, even at the site of his tomb in Manhattan's Trinity Church. Hamilton Grange in Manhattan sunk into decrepitude and obscurity. Nonetheless, a collection of scholars and conservative Republicans still carried the Hamiltonian torch and argued that his vision was what had provided the ship of state sufficient ballast to carry it through the turmoil of not only the Civil War but of the early twentieth century as well. Broadus Mitchell, a professor of economics at Johns Hopkins, and two Columbia economists, Joseph Dorfman and Rexford Tugwell, all sought to disentangle Hamilton's reputation from a speciously dichotomous relationship with Jefferon's. They sought to do justice to both men's lives. Mitchell, for example, wrote in Heritage from Hamilton that "the Federalists, pitching their case on the need for order and control, were correct at the outset. They were pragmatic and serviceable in the first formative period." A dispirited Hamiltonian revival occurred in 1957, the bicentennial of his birth, but it consisted mainly of another round of academic biographies. There was no memorial erected. A national bicentennial commission tried to whip up interest in Hamilton by sending out letters to various publications, libraries, radio stations and such, but garnered little more than statements of support from a variety of organizations including the American Bar Association, the American Dental Association and the Loyal Order of the Moose. A signal of the dispassion that Hamilton aroused came in a 1956 commemorative speech, in which President Eisenhower gave flaccid acknowledgement to Hamilton's "sincere efforts and inspiring leadership in the work of the men who laid the foundations, raised the structure, and built the sustaining traditions of the Government of the United States." The last two decades of the 20th century appear unlikely to herald any sort of renewal of interest in or respect for Hamilton. A resonant, even dominant theme, of modern political debate was sounded by Ronald Reagan when he vowed to "get the government off the backs of the people." The expansion during the 1960s of liberal programs in the spirit of the 1930s appears to be screeching to a half. Everyone, including the leadership of the Democratic party, agrees on the necessity of "downsizing" government in the 1990s. If this situation indicates on one hand that the United States realized or even surpassed Hamilton's vision of a strong federal government, it suggests on the other that many Americans now want to move in the opposite direction. The concept of states' rights is heard more and more often. The image of a "bloated federal bureaucracy" represents a bugbear which everyone recognizes. Few people invoke Hamilton's name in praise, if at all. While visual images of Jefferson and Washington have become nearly ubiquitous, most people would be hard pressed to identify without help the portrait of Hamilton that hangs in the Capitol Building.

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India’s Central Statistics Office has published their Energy Statistics 2012 document, a provisional assessment of the state of play for the country. It’s interesting, to say the least. They lead off with an energy map of nuclear power generation–and India has 52 plants with 6,780 MW capacity either up and running or under construction. Nuclear power capacity grew 4.8% in 2011. When the report covers renewable energy–wind and solar–it concentrates on potential, referring to an estimated wind power potential of 49132 MW (55%), SHP (small-hydro power) potential of 15,385 MW (17%), Biomass power potential of 17,538 MW(20%) and 5000 MW (6%) from bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills. That’s because actual renewable production is fairly low. India is 10th in the world for solar, but it amounts to about 600 MW installed last year. When it comes to current capacity, “The total installed capacity of grid interactive renewable power, which was 16817 MW as on 31.03.2010 had gone up to 19971 MW as on 31.03.2011 indicating growth of 18.75% during the period. Out of the total installed generation capacity of renewable power as on 31-03-2011, wind power accounted for about 71%, followed by small hydro power (15.2%) and Biomass power (13.3%). For electricity generation, the report says, “The total installed capacity for electricity generation in the country has increased from 16,271 MW as on 31.03.1971 to 206,526 MW as on 31.03.2011, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4% . There has been an increase in generating capacity of 18654 MW over the last one year, which is 10% more than the capacity of last year.” (My bold.) The sad tale of the tape is next–India dreams of nuclear and renewables, but their feet are firmly planted in coal. “At the end of March 2011, thermal power plants accounted for an overwhelming 64% of the total installed capacity in the country, with an installed capacity of 131.2 thousand MW. Hydro power plants come next with an installed capacity of 37.6 thousand MW, accounting for 18.2% of the total installed Capacity. Besides, non-utilities accounted for 15.9% (32.9 Thousand MW) of the total installed generation capacity. The share of Nuclear energy was only 2.31% (4.78 MW).” What the Report Didn’t Cover India is the 5th largest energy consumer in the world and its people wish mightily that it ranked higher. Their energy consumption in 2009 was 21.7 quads, not nearly enough for their huge (and growing) population. Their per capita energy consumption is on a par with Swaziland. India imports about 75% of its oil. In fact, one-third of all India’s imports consist of oil. That is expected to rise to 80%, as energy consumption rises. India’s need to import gas is not as bad, but it is also rising–from 25% of their needs to half by 2015, according to the Financial Times. Oh–by the way. That link to India importing 75% of its oil? The title of the article is “India’s Energy Consumption Set to Double by 2031.” So I’m not the only one… And coal? Readers will remember that I am concerned about coal powering the rise of the developing world. Well, India has a lot of coal to burn–”Coal production in the country during the year 2010-11 was 533 million tonnes (MTs) as compared to 532 MTs during 2009-10, registering a growth of 0.12%. Considering the trend of production from 1970-71 to 2010-11, it is observed that coal production in India was about 73 MTs during 1970-71, which increased to 533 MTs during 2010-11, with a CAGR of 5%.” And India has more where that came from–”India has a good reserve of coal and lignite. As on 31.03.11 the estimated reserves of coal was around 286 billion tones, an addition of 9 billion over the last year,” according to India’s Energy Statistics 2012. Their reserves actually grew 3%, primarily because India’s bureaucracy and corruption make it very hard to get coal out of the ground. But that’s okay, I guess. Because India’s imports of coal grew by 31% this year… And just to cheer you all up, “India’s coal imports are likely to touch a whopping 185 million tonnes (MT) by 2017, almost 20% of the international dry-fuel trade amid widening demand-supply deficit, according to Planning Commission.”

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1,033

Lesson 2: The Pieces Shogi is played with 8 types of pieces. Each player gets 20 pieces, for a total of 40 pieces in the game. Like Xiangqi (Chinese chess), shogi pieces are flat with their names written on them in Chinese characters. Each player gets the following pieces: 2 Silver Generals 2 Gold Generals ?? (fuhyou) – Foot Soldier The Pawn moves one square forwards, and captures the same way. It cannot move any other way under any circumstances, and there is no capturing en passant ?? (kyousha) – Incense Chariot The lance moves any amount of squares forward, and must stop when it reaches the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or when it captures a piece. ?? (keima) – Cassia Horse The knight can move to the square 2 squares forward and one square to the side, like the chess knight, but it can only move forwards. It can also leap over other pieces. ?? (ginshou) – Silver General The Silver General can move one square diagonally in any direction and one square forwards. ?? (kinshou) – Gold General A gold general can move to any adjacent square except diagonally backwards. ?? (kakugyou) – Angle Mover The bishop can move any amount of squares diagonally until it meets the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or captures a piece. ?? (hisha) – Flying Chariot The rook can move any amount of squares forwards, backwards, and sideways until it meets the end of the board, a piece of the same player, or captures a piece. ?? (oushou) – King General ?? (gyokushou) – Jewel General The king can move to any adjacent square. The difference between the King General and the Jewel General is that the superior uses the King General and the inferior player uses the Jewel General. Examples of this are when a title holder plays against the challenger in a professional title match, a higher ranked player plays a lower ranked player in a tournament, a father plays his son, etc.

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455

Tuesday, January 13, 2009 Professor Simon Baron-Cohen and his associates at Cambridge have found that babies exposed to high levels of testosterone in the womb have autistic traits such as poor social skills, a lack of imagination, a lack of empathy, less eye contact, and slower language development. This finding supports Baron-Cohen's hypothesis of "extreme male brains" in children with autism. (I note excessive body hair in any of the children with autism that I see in my clinic so I am not surprised.) This finding could lead to a prenatal test for autism and ABA could be started at an early age perhaps preventing autism.

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129

A History of Innovation, a Path to the Future March 1994 Visual C++ Strategy The Microsoft Visual C++ development system family of products meets the need of developers to develop sophisticated Windows-based applications quickly. It also protects existing investments in the Microsoft Foundation Class Library (MFC) and the Windows API and establishes a clear path to developing 32-bit applications for Windows that run on multiple software and hardware platforms. With the Visual C++ development system family of products, Microsoft’s strategy is to provide the shortest path for developers to access the full power of Windows, the smallest and fastest executables, and the safest investment for the future. These fundamental principles have guided the development of Visual C++ and will continue to do so in the future. In order to deliver on these promises, we have chosen to focus our development efforts as follows: C++ is the language we will focus on for the long term. We will implement new features in the language as standards emerge. However, in order to reduce the complexity that C++ brings with its power, we will implement a subset of the language in our class library and minimise the work involved in creating Windows-based applications in C++. We believe that the greatest gains in productivity can be achieved through the use of a well-written class library. A key element of Visual C++ is the MFC architecture, which not only provides the fundamentals for developing Windows-based applications but also provides significant amounts of reusable code that developers can use in their applications. In addition, we have designed the Visual C++ development environment so that developers can easily exploit the full power of MFC. Improvements in the development environment and build throughput provide the next level of productivity gains. Visual programming tools, integration and task orientation are the key areas of focus for achieving this objective with Visual C++. Microsoft continues to lead the industry in C and C++ optimisations to help create the smallest and fastest executables possible. We have tuned MFC so that developers incur very little overhead in developing applications using C++ and MFC compared to using C and the Windows SDK. Tools are provided for all the platforms supported by the Windows family. MFC and the tool set support all the latest features of the Windows operating system so that developers can take advantage of these features in their applications. It is essential to preserve customers’ knowledge base and their investments in code into the future. For that reason, the MFC architecture is built around the Windows API to utilise existing knowledge. Existing applications based on C and the Windows API can be migrated to C++ and MFC. Once developers invest in MFC, their investment is completely protected from version to version and platform to platform. Visual C++1.0:The move to C++ Research into developer needs defined the major design goals of Microsoft Visual C++ 1.0. Research showed that While 70% of developers wanted to move to C++, only 15% were actually using it because of the difficulty in learning and using the language. Furthermore, developers didn’t want to learn an entirely new API or throw away their existing source code. Thus Visual C++ was created to provide the shortest path to C++ programs for Windows. To ease migration to C++, Microsoft introduced the innovative wizard technology along with a new, more powerful version of MFC. MFC version 2.0 included and application architecture and features that further simplified application development, while providing full backward compatibility with version 1.0. Wizards were added to make it easier to exploit the full power of MFC. Wizards make it possible to generate fully featured applications for Windows without writing thousands of lines of tedious implementation code. An integrated editor, compiler, debugger and source browser make the edit-build-debug cycle as short as possible. An integrated visual resource editor makes it possible to develop user interfaces rapidly. In addition, Visual C++ 1.0 continued to focus on providing the smallest and fastest executables of any commercially available compiler. Because it combined industry-leading performance with breakthroughs in ease of use, Visual C++ 1.0 became the shortest path to developing C++ applications for Windows. Microsoft Foundation Classes MFC 1.0 was first introduced in 1992 with Microsoft + 7.0. MFC 2.0 in Visual C++ 1.0 followed in February 1993. MFC 2.0 built on the Windows-specific foundation established in 1992 by adding sophisticated architectural elements such as document/view architecture, high-level application-specific features such as MDI support, tool bars, status bars, true device-independent output including print preview, and Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) support. In short, designing MFC to handle the standard interface chores and platform issues eliminated much of the tedious details facing C++ application developers. Most importantly, MFC 1.0 was upward-compatible with MFC 2.0. MFC 1.0 programs merely had to be recompiled to gain all of the new benefits of MFC 2.0. Investments in code were preserved without sacrificing innovation. To ensure compatibility, we implemented MFC 1.0 and MFC 2.0 using a practical subset of C++ that exploited the language’s strengths without relying on unusual or compiler-specific features. As a result, the framework is portable between different vendors’ tools and compilers. MFC was written to solve real application problems of professional developers. It is tuned for both speed and size, to produce professional, industrial-strength C++ code for Windows with copious diagnostic support. MFC has been licensed to other leading C++ tools vendors including Blue Sky, Metaware, Symantic and WATCOM, affirming it as the premier C++ application framework for Windows. Now, with version 2.5, MFC demonstrates its leadership by adding support for OLE version 2.0 and Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) while maintaining source-code compatibility with MFC 2.0. The MFC library has been available for the Win32 API since August 1993 and later versions will soon support other platforms, further demonstrating its portability. A year after Visual C++ 1.0 was released, 81% of developers are using C++, with 30% already having completed several C++ projects. Visual C++ and MFC have helped make the move to C++ a reality. Microsoft Visual C++ 1.0, 32-bit Edition: The Move to 32-Bits Because developers needed tools to create 32-bit applications for Windows, in August 1993 Microsoft introduced Visual C++, 32-bit edition. This was the first integrated 32-bit development environment for professional C++ programmers for Windows that was hosted on the Windows NT operating system and that targeted both Windows (via the Win32s API) and Windows NT (via Win32). To ease developers’ learning curves, this product has the same tool set and class library as Visual C++ 1.0, but on 32 bits. It is the safest investment in C++ development tools because it provides an easy migration path from previous 16-bit Microsoft C++ products. MFC applications need only be recompiled to become fully functional 32-bit Windows-based applications. Because developers can write applications from a single source-code base that will run on Windows 3.1 and Windows NT, the 32-bit edition increases their productivity and allows them to take advantage of the performance benefits of 32-bit programming on both platforms. Windows NT is the host for the 32-bit compiler because it is the most robust development platform choice. In addition, the true 32-bit platform enables the development of powerful 32-bit applications. We exploited its pre-emptive multitasking and multithreading capabilities to enable seamless background compilation and simultaneous multiple project builds. To aid debugging we added in the 32-bit Edition a memory Window on the current contents, support for structured exception-handling to help in locating errors, and support for threads, allowing developers to analyse and view window messages, relationships between windows, processes and threads as well as their details. Books Online technology revolutionised the presentation and usefulness of product documentation. New optimisations for the I486 and Pentium processors helped ensure the smallest and fastest 32-bit executables. Visual C++, 32-bit Edition is proven technology: Microsoft used it to build Windows NT itself. Visual C++ 1.5: The Move to OLE 2.0 In April 1993, Microsoft released OLE 2.0 – a breakthrough for component-based software development. OLE 2.0 provides a standard means of defining what an object is and how objects can interact. With OLE 2.0, developers from different companies can write objects that interact with one another without relying on the specifics of how those objects work. With OLE 2.0 developers can use entire applications as components, which makes application integration and combining information from multiple applications easier. Hundreds of companies have announced support for OLE 2.0, and corporations and independent software vendors (ISVS) are already using it to develop sophisticated applications for their end users. Visual C++ 1.5 Makes OLE 2.0 Easy Microsoft research shows that although more than 75% of developers would like to develop applications for OLE 2.0, less than 10% of them had started development before Visual C++ 1.5 was available. This was because native OLE 2.0 development can be difficult. However, Visual C++ 1.5 and MFC 2.5 make OLE 2.0 development easy. Using Appwizard, developers can create an OLE 2.0 client, server or container (even with OLE Automation) in seconds. Because AppWizard creates default code to deal with all OLE messages and requests, developers need only write code for the functionality that they want to support, thus significantly reducing the amount of time it takes to get started with OLE 2.0 applications. AppWizard, C1assWizard and MFC 2.5 support full OLE 2.0 functionality, including toolbar and menu negotiation, visual editing, drag and drop, in-place activation, all structure and storage mechanisms, incremental read/write, component object model, and synchronous function completion. More than 19,000 lines of C++ code are provided in the MFC 2.5 Library to support OLE 2.0 development - code that developers don’t have to write. Enabling Database Development Incorporating support for database access in Windows-based applications can be difficult, Yet it is increasingly important. MFC makes it easy. ODBC classes and wizards allow full ODBC support for accessing local or remote databases to be built into Windows-based applications with just a mouse click. ODBC drivers are available today for a diverse set of database formats and implementations. Plans of Leading Edge Developers for Windows In order to better understand developers’ needs for the future, we surveyed more than 5,000 developers who attended the Win32 Professional Developer’s Conference in December 1993. We asked developers specifically what their plans were for 1994. The key results are shown in figure 1: |More than 80% are using MFC| |More than 50% are targeting Win32-based applications| |More than 50% are using Win32 as a host platform| |More than 20% are targeting Win32-based RISC and Macintosh platforms| |More than 60% are targeting OLE 2.0 More than 90% are using high-performance hardware (Intel 486 20MB RAM, CD-ROM)| Figure 1 - developer plans for 1994 New Issues for Developers in 1994 The survey indicated a very strong interest in the development community in targeting Win32 and OLE 2.0-based applications using MFC. Developers also want the flexibility to target other software and hardware platforms as they become more popular. They would like to do this through a single source-code base that is developed using a single tools set and class library. Finally, developers have the necessary hardware to host a Win32-based platform such as Windows NT and exploit the advanced capabilities that Windows NT provides. Key Challenges for Visual C++ Tools From the perspective of development tools, these goals presented us with four challenges: Provide tools that developers can use to create leading-edge applications for Windows that exploit the latest systems features, such as OLE 2.0, while enabling them to use their code investment in the future. Provide a clear and easy migration path to the 32-bit future of Windows through guaranteed upward compatibility. Provide a consistent tool set and class library that enable developers to easily target multiple platforms through a single code base. Provide tools that allow developers to exploit advances in host operating system platforms to increase productivity. For example, support background builds on a multitasking operating system such as Windows NT. Microsoft’s Answer: Visual C++ Everywhere The Visual C++ 2.0 family of products provides a consistent tool set and class library (MFC) that enables the development of Win32-based applications that target a wide range of platforms including Windows, Windows NT (Inte1- and RISC-based), Microsoft Windows “Chicago” (the next major release of Microsoft Windows), and the Macintosh. The Visual C++ 2.0 family utilises Microsoft’s systems strategy to provide the Win32 API along with key systems features such as OLE 2.0 and ODBC on all these platforms. Developers need only learn one tool set and API (MFC and Win32) to develop and support Win32-based applications that are portable and compatible across a range of leading platforms. Developers will be able to continue maintaining their 16-bit applications for Windows using Visual C++ 1.5. In addition, we will work with developers licensed to provide the Windows API on Unix platforms to make sure that developers can easily port their MFC applications using these platforms as well. The Visual C++ 2.0 Family The Visual C++ 2.0 family consists of the following products: Visual C++ 2.0 Intel Edition. This product hosts on a Win32- and Intel-based platforms (Windows NT or Windows “Chicago”) and enables developers to target Win32- and Intel-based applications that run on Windows (through Win32s), Windows NT, and Windows “Chicago”. Visual C++ 2.0 RISC Editions. These products host on a Win32- and RISC-based platform and target the same platform. The tool set is identical to the Intel-based tool set described above. The first version will be available for the MIPS platform followed by the Digital Alpha AXP and other RISC platforms supported by Windows NT. Visual C++ 2.0, Cross-development edition for Macintosh. This product is an add-on to the Visual C++ 2.0, Intel Edition and enables developers to target the Macintosh through a core Win32 code base. When this product is installed on top of the Visual C++ 2.0, Intel Edition, developers will gain new options to target the Maointosh. All development, compilation and linking are performed on the Windows NT-based machine. Debugging is performed across a network or serial connection to a Macintosh using the integrated debugger in the Visual C++ development environment. The table in figure 2 illustrates the Visual C++ 2.0 product family: Visual C++ 2.0: Continue the Innovation In addition to the multiplatform support, Visual C++ will continue to provide the shortest path to developing applications that exploit the full power of the Windows family. Visual C++ 2.0 continues the leadership established by Visual C++ 1.5 by making it easy to develop 32-bit OLE 2.0 and ODBC applications through innovative wizards technology and a 32-bit compatible version of MFC. In addition, all versions of Visual C++ 2.0 exploit the power of Windows NT as the host development environment. Visual C++ 2.0 provides a completely redesigned and integrated environment (IDE) that makes application development even easier than with previous versions of Visual C++. Everything is truly integrated, so there is no longer a separate App Studio application for resource editing, for example. The IDE includes all the latest innovations found in the latest Microsoft applications such as customisable toolbars and dockable windows. Powerful project-management capabilities make it possible to manage complex development projects. Developers will also gain a dramatic boost in productivity through a new incremental linker that is aimed at producing 10-second links so developers can get from edit to EXE very quickly. The Browser can now be updated on demand rather than on every build, and it supports navigation of both definitions and references. Finally, C++ templates and exception handling have been added to the C++ compiler, enabling developers to benefit from the latest C++ language features. We have continued our leadership in C-based optimisations to turn our focus on new C++ optimisation. Our goal with the new optimisation technology, called Opt++, is to eliminate most, if not all, of the additional overhead that comes with using C++ rather than C. This technology along with highly tuned versions of MFC will enable developers to deliver applications built using C+ and MFC that have very little performance overhead compared to that of comparable programs built using C and the SDK. Maximum Compatibility and Portability Visual C++ 2.0 once again demonstrates our commitment to preserving developers’ investments in MFC. Visual C++ does this in a number of ways: Version to version. MFC 3.0 is completely upward compatible with previous versions of MFC. new features provided with MFC 3.0 can easily be incorporated with little additional work. 16- to 32-bit conversion. 16-bit Windows-based applications written using MFC 2.5 included in Visual C++ 1.5 need only be recompiled with MFC 3.0 to convert them to 32-bit applications. Intel to RISC. Applications written to MFC 3.0 are 100% source-code compatible across all Win32 platforms. They only need to be recompiled with the processor-specific Visual C++ compilers to produce executable files for different target platforms. Win32 to Macintosh applications. As above, most MFG 3.0 applications can simply be recompiled with the Visual C++ 68K cross-compiler to produce executable files for the Macintosh. Applications written directly to the Win32 API can achieve 80% or greater compatibility, depending on the APIs used by the application. Visual C++ Portability: RISCbased Multiplatform Editions RISC editions of Visual C++ are identical to the Intel-based Visual C++ product. They also exploit the fact that Windows NT is the same on all hardware platforms. This means that developers who use Visual C++ can use the same tools, regardless of which platform they are targeting. Also, features of the Visual C+ language - for example, C++ templates or exception handling - are implemented in the same manner on all platforms. The same APIs, Win32 and MFC, are implemented identically across all supported platforms. A developer’s knowledge and code base can be used across all RISC platforms. To provide true targeting for Windows NT, 21 development system must support all Windows NT-compatible hardware platforms. Microsoft is working closely with all licensees of Windows NT and is already shipping versions of the Microsoft C/C++ development tools for MIPS and Alpha AXP through the Win-32 SDK program. Microsoft has licensed the compiler to several licensees of Windows NT and is actively integrating the compiler with each chip makers’ back-end optimising code generators. Visual C++ 2.0 has also been designed to be completely portable across various Win32-based hardware platforms. Microsoft is working with licensees of Windows NT to port the entire Visual C++ development environment, including MFC, to all Windows NT-compatible hardware platforms. The result is a compatible language implementation, integrated tool set, system API and C++ application framework across the entire family of Windows-compatible hardware. Developers will be able to use their existing source code, makefiles and development experience with Visual C++. They will benefit from the ease of use of the Visual G++ development system and from the high performance of the chip makers’ optimised native-code generators. The application architecture is depicted in figure 3. |Figure 3 - The application architecture| Visual C++ Portability: Macintosh Cross-development Edition The cross-development tool set is an add-on to the Intel-based Visual C++ 2.0 development environment tailored for targeting the 68K-based family of Macintosh computers, and in the future, Power Macintosh versions of the same tools. The product provides all the tools necessary for developing and debugging native applications for the Macintosh. These include an optimising C/C++ cross-compiler, linker, resource compiler, remote debugger and profiler. The tool set also includes a Macintosh version of MFC 3.0 and a Win32 portability library. These tools are all integrated into the Visual C++ 2.0 development environment. The architecture of Macintosh applications generated by Visual C++ is shown in figure 4. |Figure 4 - Macintosh application architecture| The application source code can be Written in C or C++ and can be from a single source-code base that supports both Windows and the Macintosh. The Win32 portability libraries for the Macintosh simplify the porting of an application written to the Win32 API and/or to the Macintosh Foundation Class Library. These libraries generate appropriate Macintosh System 7 instructions from calls to the Win32 API. As depicted in the figure, developers can also program directly to the System 7 API to take advantage of platform-specific features. The resulting application, however, incorporates the native look and feel of a Macintosh application. Rigorous performance-tuning of the Win32 portability library ensures there will be very little performance penalty for the ported application. In fact, Microsoft uses this technology for its Macintosh application developments, such as Excel and FoxPro for the Macintosh. OLE Custom Controls Microsoft recently announced the OLE custom control architecture, which merges the popular Microsoft Visual Basic custom control architecture with the open, standard architecture of OLE. OLE custom controls make component-based development a reality by allowing developers to easily utilise existing bodies of functional code encapsulated as OLE controls. An OLE control is a custom control, implemented as an OLE 2.0 compound document object with visual editing support. An OLE control has additional capabilities beyond those of ordinary OLE objects, such as the ability to fire events. OLE controls will be supported in the future by all Microsoft development tools, including applications through Visual Basic, Applications edition. Most OLE 2.0 objects require a substantial amount of implementation effort. Fortunately, an OLE Control DeveIoper’s Kit (CDK) - along with Visual C++ - provides most of the required implementation, so developers only have to fill in details that are specific to the OLE control. The CDK includes both 16- and 32-bit MFC extensions to support controls, a Controlwizard for creating an initial custom control project, C1assWizard extensions, a Test Container to verify the OLE control, full online documentation, and sample code. Microsoft Visual C++ and the OLE CDK make component-based software development a reality. Visual C++ 2.0 for Intel and MIPS and the cross-development system for the Macintosh 68K are scheduled to be made available in the first half of 1994. A future version of this tool set will target other Windows NT- and RISC-based platforms and the Power Macintosh platform. The OLE CDK will be available in the same time frame as Visual C++ 2.0 for Intel. The Visual C++ development environment and the Microsoft Foundation Class Library will continue to evolve to support Microsoft Windows operating systems in the years ahead. Overload Journal #5 - Sep 1994 + Programming Topics |Browse in :|| All > Topics > Programming (488) Any of these categories - All of these categories

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4,990

Description - This National Monument was the first designated site established in Utah by the National Park Service. It preserves and protects the terrain surrounding Owachomo, Sipapu and Kachina natural bridges. This site lies in the desert of southeastern Utah far from any supplies and services. It has limited facilities, but water is available on site. - The biggest attraction at Natural Bridges National Monument is the natural beauty of the desert terrain in which it lies. There are few developed facilities at this park. A small visitor center lies along State Road 275. It contains a sales area with books, maps, posters and postcards and an exhibit area which explains the geology, natural and cultural history of the region. An audiovisual program is periodically shown throughout each day at the visitor center and rangers are available to answer questions. Water is available at this site as are restrooms. A 13-site campground is maintained by the park service near the visitor center. It is open on a first come, first served basis. Individuals should arrive early to reserve a campsite. Other facilities within the park include a nine-mile scenic drive and several overlooks. Short trails lead to each bridge and Horsecollar Ruin. A longer loop trail leads to a viewpoint of each bridge. Bikes are permitted on the scenic drive, but not on trails in the monument. Recreation - Visitors to Natural Bridges can enjoy hiking, camping, viewing exhibits, photography and scenic driving. The scenic loop drive along the rim of White Canyon is open year-round. Overlooks of each bridge are accessible for individuals using wheelchairs. Informal interpretive programs may be given on the patio of the visitor center during peak season. Climate - Southeastern Utah is the high desert. Summer highs reach 85 to 95 degrees F, with lows near 50 to 60 degrees. Thunderstorms often occur during summer afternoons. During autumn highs reach 60 to 75 degrees F, with lows dipping to 40 to 50 degrees. This time of year is mild and snow can be expected late in the season. Winter highs usually reach 40 to 50 degrees F during the day with lows near 0 to 30 degrees at night and snow likely. Spring is a pleasant time to visit the desert with highs ranging from 50 to 70 degrees F and lows dipping to 20 - 40 degrees. Snow is possible anytime until May. Most of the precipitation in this area falls in the spring. Winter snows also can contribute significantly to precipitation amounts. This preserve lies in the southeastern corner of Utah east of Lake Powell. The site is accessible from Blanding via State Highway 95. Bring all supplies necessary for your adventure as there are none available in the immediate area.

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549

Think Like a Philosopher: Psychosomatics and the Luo Vessels By Nicholas Sieben, LAc The philosopher was given great respect within classical Chinese culture. The Dao De Jing has many passages extolling the virtues of the "philosopher king." The same was true within medicine. It is not enough to look at things in their literal sense: the Nei Jing asks a bit more from us than that. Much of the classical texts are written in code, using philosophical metaphor to present their wisdom. My teacher Jeffrey Yuen has called Chinese Medicine "applied Chinese philosophy," advising that we'd benefit as acupuncturists by learning Chinese philosophy. Every teaching we received from Yuen was rooted in philosophy relating to that particular tradition. To illuminate the mysteries of the Chinese Medical classics, we must try to understand and think like the philosophers who wrote them. Acupuncture is popularly seen to address physical problems. The notion that acupuncture also affects the mind and emotions is confusing to some; enticing to others. An acupuncturist works on the external tissues of the body, exciting the "Jing Luo" (channels and collaterals), which travel along the body's external muscles. The Jing Luo have resonance with the internal organs, which control physical as well as mental-emotional function. Physiology of the mind (and emotions) is usually discussed in classical Chinese medicine in relation to blood, and explored through study of the Primary Channels, especially those relating to blood: the Heart/Pericardium, Spleen/Stomach and Liver; pathology can be explored through the "collaterals," mainly the Luo Vessels. Luo Vessels are conduits of ying qi. They relate to the interior of the body. As collaterals, the Luo Vessels are created as needed to take on pathology from the Primary Channels. They are pathological channels representing a disturbance to the normal physiological flow of qi and blood. The Luo are a major arena where battle between internal pathogenic factors and the body's physiology is played out. Internal pathogenic factors are mainly considered to be the seven emotions within classical medicine. The "collaterals," or so-called "Secondary Channels of Acupuncture" can be seen as detailed explorations into the pathological process. When the Primary Channels become overwhelmed by a pathogenic factor, coming from the exterior or interior of the body, they rely on support from the collaterals so as to maintain daily physiological function. The Luo do not treat the pathogenic factors they inherit, but hold them in a state of latency as "fullness." When the Luo reach saturation, they "empty" back into the Primary Channel, or deeper into the source. To study pathology of the mind and emotions, the Luo Vessels are paramount. It can be confusing however, when studying the Luo, to see most classical symptoms associated with them are somatic. The only "psychological" Luo Vessel symptom mentioned in Chapter 10 of the Ling Shu is "mania," associated with the Stomach Luo. Even the Heart and Pericardium's Luo symptoms sound very physical: "chest/heart pain," "loss of voice," "stiffness of the neck." Commentators, such as Yuen, have said the somatic language used to describe Luo Vessel pathology is the result of Confucian politeness, keeping discussion of the emotions within the family. It is historically considered inappropriate to speak of such things in the clinical setting. People expressed psychological pain through somatic language. "Heart pain" expresses a sense of heartache, betrayal or disappointment; "neck stiffness": the stubbornness or inability to see new options. Thinking like a philosopher, it's not difficult to see connection between the somatic and psychological within classical discussion of the Luo Vessels; descriptions in Ling Shu Chapter 10 are subtly illustrative and evocative. Let's examine the Small Intestine Luo Vessel from this point of view. The symptom of "fullness" of the Small Intestine Luo is described as "looseness of the elbow joint." Commentators have said this is somatic language for difficulty handling situations in life. The elbow represents the ability to grasp a situation and manipulate it. The channel travels through the elbow into the shoulder, where it terminates. Progression of this Luo Vessel shows inhibition in ability to manipulate situations becoming difficulty reaching out and grasping, represented by movement of pathology from the elbow into the muscles of the shoulder. Small Intestine follows the Pericardium in the Luo Vessel progression, as presented by Chapter 10 of the Ling Shu: Lung, Heart, Pericardium, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, ect. By the stage of the Pericardium Luo, the body has failed to release a pathogenic factor from the chest via the Lung's ability to diffuse and let go and the Heart's ability to articulate and expel the problem through use of the tongue. The problem becomes stuck in the chest, creating a sensation of "chest pain:" a sign of fullness of the Pericardium Luo. As the vessel progresses into "emptiness," the neck tightens to prevent heat stagnation from reaching the brain. The Small Intestine Luo shows progression from a growing state of helplessness coming from the Pericardium Luo. The person has lost ability to see new options to their problem, as represented by the stiff neck. The Small Intestine tries to use its yang qi to open the chest, becoming deficient from the struggle. Incidentally, the Small Intestine is the first Luo to show symptoms of consumption and degeneration. Einstein has a famous quote: "Doing the same thing over and over, expecting a different result, is the definition of insanity." Emptiness of the Pericardium Luo, in which a person can only see a situation in one way, can lead to doing the same thing over and over trying to get something to change. Overuse or "Lao" will eventually lead to consumption of qi and degeneration, a term known as "Wei Atrophy Syndrome." The stage of progression represented by the Small Intestine Luo suggests this scenario can eventually lead to autointoxication through weakening of the bowels. Psychologically, fullness of the Small Intestine Luo is described as the inability to accept feedback, manifesting in a defensive demeanor. All criticism is taken as an attack. The world begins to be perceived as a toxic place where the person feels they must always defend themselves. This state progresses into a sense of insecurity as the Vessel empties. "Pebbly stools": the symptom associated with emptiness of the Small Intestine Luo shows impact on the bowels, damaging the ability to separate the pure from the turbid. The second emptiness symptom of the Small Intestine Luo Vessel is skin breakouts, further suggesting sluggish bowel function, and difficulty with separation and elimination. Inability to remove waste properly via the bowels manifests in damp-heat or fire toxins that can express through the skin. Accumulation of fire toxins and weakening of the portals of elimination are part of the clinical picture of Wei Atrophy Syndrome. The Small Intestine Luo illustrates how an unresolved emotional issue can lead to physical degeneration. It also shows a person who cannot discern the meaning of feedback from others, which can lead to dissociative personality disorders, as taken up by the Large Intestine Luo Vessel, which follows Small Intestine in the progression. Within Ying Level pathology, effect on the mind and emotions is often implied. Blood stasis, mostly associated with fullness of the Luo can also be seen as Shen stasis. Emptiness of the Luo is associated with phlegm stasis, as the body relies on the support of fluids to maintain latency after the blood becomes insufficient. When one humor becomes taxed and unable to deal with a pathogenic factor, or to support latency, another humor will either transform itself into the needed commodity, or support the holding process. The Gynecological model of Chen Zi-Ming (1237 C.E.) explains the mutual support amongst the body's humors. Liver blood engenders Heart qi, which allows the blood to move; the Ye fluids also support the blood (as well as Kidney Yin). Within the Luo Vessel discussion, fluids are supporting the blood to maintain latency: blood stasis gives rise to phlegm stasis, both of which affect the Shen and therefore the Heart. Luo Vessels can also be seen as pathological expressions of a person's psycho-social development. They represent physiology gone astray, or a "break in the sequence," as eloquently stated by Lung 7. Just as physical trauma is capable of creating blood stasis within the muscles; emotional trauma can disrupt the psychological development of a channel. The Primary Channels represent physiological process within human development. They are organized as a progression according to the priorities of life. Respiration, digestion and sleep are mandatory to sustain life. This is acknowledged by the placement of the Lung, Large Intestine, Stomach, Spleen and Heart as the first five meridians within the Primary Channel progression. This progression is also mirrored in the psychological and social development of a person. As a child is developing mentally and socially during the first few years of life, the psycho-social attributes of the Primary Channels progressively become activated. The Lung Channel governs respiration: the most vital physiological process within human life. It allows sensation and contact with the world: the ability to be sensual. It is very primitive (being the first channel): representing nonjudgmental, indiscriminate contact and the ability to perceive stimuli. It is vital to being in the world. To create relationship with things and people, one must first be able to make contact, and have the ability to become aroused and stimulated. Without initial stimulation and arousal, one cannot make contact with oneself or others: the Lungs fail to descend to the Kidneys to support yang qi that continually renews the will to live. The psychological function of the Lungs is just as vital to sustaining life as the respiratory function; without the support of Metal, there is no will of Water. Pathological disturbances to the Lung's psychological development manifest through its Luo. "Frequent yawning" and "frequent urination" are somatic symptoms associated with emptiness of the Lung's Luo. These symptoms can be seen to represent lack of interest in life, boredom, and the inability to hold onto stimuli. In this case, emptiness of the Lung Luo appears similar to a deficiency of Lung qi. When the Lungs are weak and unable to deal with external pathogenic factors, the Bladder channel must provide support. Within the Primary Channel theory of pathological progression, the Bladder channel is indicated for external conditions with an underlying deficiency. If the Lungs lack the Wei qi to "release" an external pathogen, they will descend the problem to the Bladder to be expelled. Metal is no longer giving birth to Water; instead the reverse is occurring, going against the generation cycle of the Five Elements. Fullness of the Lung's Luo is described as "heat in the palms," representing hyperactive sensuality: the constant need for contact and stimulation; a seemingly excess symptom relating to the stage of psycho-social development governed by the Lungs. The Large Intestine Primary Channel becomes involved during the teething process of a child, when the world begins to become something to "masticate." Discrimination and association begins with the Large Intestine. The Stomach Channel follows, providing the capacity for primal feelings of like and dislike. If food is not good, the child will vomit it back up. There is not yet a mental process involved at this stage, but one of pure feeling. The Spleen, which comes next in the progression, provides the mental component, through the Yi. The grouping of these four channels has been called "the survival stage" of development by Yuen. If these criteria are not met, one cannot progress into the further stages of "interaction" and "differentiation." Without adequate respiration and digestion, life cannot be sustained. The same is true for the psycho-social. One must be able to make contact and discriminate one thing from another, especially in terms of harmful or safe, to be able to interact and ultimately differentiate within the more advanced level relating to perception and major life choices. The Luo Vessel becomes activated when there is a disturbance within one of the Primary Channels. Luo Vessel symptoms indicate trauma relating to blood. They can be formed during a person's developmental process, pathologically influencing demeanor, perception and behavior as the person grows into adulthood. Some of us never learned how to deal with the word "no." We became rebellious whenever we were not allowed to do something, showing a disturbance within the psycho-social development of the Heart Primary Channel. Luo Vessels manifest in rebellious qi. We have already established symptoms need not be physical. Within this model, the Luo Vessel progression follows that of the Primary Channels, as they are pathological outgrowths of psycho-social development. The "heart pain" of being told "no" can cause inability to handle feedback, which leads to a sense of overreaction within our minds, a hyper-vigilant "fight or flight" demeanor, which can ultimately progress into obsessive-compulsive behavior. The psycho-behavioral progression described here is that of a disturbance to the Heart, manifesting through its Luo, and progressing to the Small Intestine, Bladder and Kidney Luo Vessels, respectively. This person could be treated through working with the affected Luo Vessels: to expel the blood stasis disturbing normal psycho-social development. Once the blood stasis is resolved, the Primary Channel is given the opportunity to build itself back, restoring natural function. Much of the language within the classics is codified. It must be read with a philosophical, three-dimensional point of view mirroring the three levels of energetics. What may seem simple and straightforward often has deeper meaning, illustrated through the somatic language of the channel systems of acupuncture. The wonderful thing about Chinese Medicine is that it is an art as well as a science; built upon philosophy. There have been thousands of commentators to the classics throughout history; some very popular, whose way of seeing the world have inspired others. This has given rise to numerous traditions. Each of us must make the medicine our own, honoring ourselves as philosophers and commentators who create our own style based on the way we see the world. Only then does Chinese Medicine remain a living system, imbued with Shen: like the blood. Click here for more information about Nicholas Sieben, LAc.

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3,021

Thank you. This is very helpful. To be safe, I'll probably go with batteries, or buy some separate 9 V wall warts for the Arduinos. I expect we will be using the Arduinos for other projects, so it might be good to have separate power supplies for them. Next design question: Displaying data. In my prototype I have the arduino connected to my computer, so I just send the rotation speed to the serial monitor where a student could read it. But the computers in my classroom are old. They are 10 year old iMacs running OS 9.2, which is not really supported by the arduino software. Here are the options I'm considering: 1) Finding a way to make these old iMacs work with arduino. I found one link about how to do this online, but it isn't really enough info for me, and I'm not sure it is an easy fix. 2) I have access to a set of old PC laptops, but these are running Windows 2000, which also does not appear to support Arduino without a fair amount of fiddling:http://arduino.cc/playground/Main/UnoWin2k 3) Buying an LCD display for each setup would probably work, but I'd rather find a cheaper alternative, since I have to build 8 to 10 of these. 4) A four-digit 7 segment display would be sufficient. Reading about these, I think I would also need a shift register chip. (Might I need four of these, one for each digit?) Or I could use a LED driver chip, but these seem to be more expensive. And if I go with LED displays, I think I would need extra transistors to provide the necessary current for all the segments in the four digits. So the cost here starts to add up, since I will be building 10 of these setups. 5) Another very elegant solution, in lieu of connecting directly to computers, would be to connect to students' TI calculators. The calculators have a link port built into them, and I have extra link cables in my lab. I found someone on youtube who is able to do this (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMNOGHKQDQk&NR=1 ), but I'm going to need to learn some z80 assembly language programming to interface the TI calculator to the arduino. In some ways this would be a great solution, though, because teachers at other schools would be able to duplicate it (since nearly all high school students have TI calculators, but many physics classrooms do not have computers) and students could also use the keypad on the calculator to send data to the arduino. Any suggestions would be appreciated on how to make alternatives 1, 2, or 5 easier, or on exactly what hardware would be required to implement alternative 4.

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599

Science Fair Project Encyclopedia In general, a nun is a female ascetic who chooses to voluntarily leave the world and live her life in prayer and contemplation in a monastery or convent. The term "nun" is applicable to Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians, Anglicans, Lutherans, and Buddhists, for example. The male equivalent of a nun is a monk. In Roman Catholicism a nun is the term for a female monastic regular, equivalent to that of a male monk. In the Catholic tradition, there are a number of different orders of nuns each with its own charism or special devotion. In general, when a person enters a convent she has a trial period (Noviciate) that lasts a number of years. Upon completion of this period she may take her vows. In the various branches of the Benedictine tradition (Benedictines, Cistercian and Trappists) nuns usually take formal vows of stability (that is, to remain a member of a single monastic community), obedience (to an abbess or prioress), and "conversion of life" (which includes the ideas of poverty and chastity) while in other groups like the "Poor Clares" (a Franciscan order) and cloistered Dominicans the three-fold vows of chastity, poverty and obedience are used. Nuns observe "papal enclosure" rules and their monasteries typically have walls and grilles separating the nuns from the outside world. The nuns rarely leave, though they may have visitors in specially built parlors that allow them to meet with outsiders. They are usually self-sufficient, earning money by selling jams or candies or baked goods by mail order, or by making liturgical items (vestments, candles, bread for Holy Communion). They sometimes undertake contemplative ministries – that is, a monastery of nuns is often associated with prayer for some particular good: supporting the missions of another order by prayer (the Maryknoll order has both missionary sisters and cloistered nuns; and the sisters of Daughters of Saint Paul are supported in their media ministry by the nuns of Daughters of Divine Wisdom), prayer for a diocese, etc. Technically, a convent is the home of a community of sisters – or, indeed, of priests and brothers, though this term is rarely used in the U.S. The term "monastery" is usually used by communities within the Benedictine family, and convent (when referring to a cloister) of certain other orders. A nun who is elected to head her monastery is termed an abbess if the monastery is an abbey, a prioress if it is a priory, or more generically may be referred to as the Mother Superior. The distinction between abbey and priory has to do with the terms used by a particular order or by the level of independence of the monastery. Roman Catholic Nun or Sister? "Nun" is not to be confused with "religious sister". Though commonly called nuns in informal conversation, women belonging to orders like the Sisters of Charity, Franciscans or Dominicans are religious sisters, not nuns. Nuns and sisters are distinguished by the type of vows they take (solemn vow vs. simple vow) and the focus of their good works. The type of vow that one must take to become a member of a religious community is decided by the Roman curia upon the approval that community. The religious community of a nun is referred to as a "religious order" while the religious community of a sister is referred to as an "institute" or "congregation". Nun and sister are mutually exclusive religious paths. To be a nun, one must a) live in a cloistered community or monastery; b) have taken the solemn vows of poverty, chastity and obedience (as opposed to the perpetual simple vows of poverty, chastity and obedience taken by sisters); and c) recite the Liturgy of Hours, Divine Office, or other prayers together with her community. Nuns are restricted from leaving the cloister, though some may engage in limited teaching or other vocational work depending on the strictness of enforcement. Visitors are not allowed into the monastary to freely associate with nuns. In essence, the work of a nun is within the confines of her monastary, while the work of a sister is in the greater world. Both sisters and nuns are addressed as "Sister." Eastern Orthodox Christian In the Eastern Orthodox Church there is no distinction between a monastery for men and a monastery for women. In the Greek language both domiciles are called monasteries and the ascetics who live there are Monastics. In English, however, it is acceptable to use the terms "nun", "convent", and "abbess" simply for clarity and convenience. Orthodox monastics do not have "orders" as in the Catholic Church. Orthodox monks and nuns lead identical spiritual lives. There may be slight differences in the way a monastery functions internally but these are simply style differences (Gr. Typica) dependant on the Abbess or Abbot. The Abbess is the spiritual leader of the convent and her authority is absolute (no priest, bishop, or even patriarch can override an abbess within the walls of her monastery). There has always been fair equality between men and women in the Orthodox Church. Abbots and Abbesses rank in authority equal to bishops in many ways and were included in ecumenical councils. Abbesses hear confessions and dispense blessings on their charges though they still require the services of a presbyter (i.e., a priest) in order to celebrate the Divine Liturgy and other priestly functions. There have been, however, cases where nuns have functioned as deaconesses; though the last one to serve in that position was in the 19th century. There are a number of different levels that the nun passes through in her profession. When one enters a monastery the first three to five years are spent as a "novice". Novices may or may not dress in the black inner robe (Isorassa), this being dependent on the abbess’ wishes. The isorassa is the first part of the monastic "habit" of which there is only one style for Orthodox monastics (this is true in general, there have been a few slight regional variations over the centuries). Orthodox monastics, in general have little or no contact with the outside world, especially family. The pious family whose child decides to enter the monastic profession understands that their child will become "dead to the world" and therefore be unavailable. If a novice chooses to leave during the novitiate period no penalty is incurred. When the abbess deems the novice ready, the novice is asked to join the monastery. If she accepts she is "tonsured" in a formal service, she is given the outer robe (Exorassa) and veil to wear, and because she is now dead to the world she receives a new name. Nuns consider themselves part of a sisterhood, however, tonsured nuns are usually called "Mother". The next level for monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbess feels the nun has reached a level of discipline, dedication, and humility. Once again, in a formal service the nun is elevated to the "Schema" which is signified by additions to her "habit" of certain symbolic pieces. In addition, the abbess increases the nun’s prayer rule, she is allowed a more strict personal ascetic practice, and she is given more responsibility. The final stage, called "Megaloschemos" or "Great Schema" is reached by nuns whose Abbess feels they have reached a high level of excellence. In some monastic traditions the Great Schema is only given to monks and nuns on their death bed, while in others they may be elevated after as little as 25 years of service. Denominations that are directly descended from the Roman Catholic Church, such as the Lutherans, Anglicans, and even Calvinists continue to have small monastic communities. In some Anglican orders, there are nuns who have been ordained as priests. Nuns also appear in Buddhist traditions. While monks and nuns are celibate, it is not unusual for both to exist within the same monastery. There are many variations to the style of "Habit" worn by these monastics, however, most, male and female, shave their head. Other uses of the word nun - In biology, Nun is a genus of the hillstream loach, a type of small freshwater fish. - In Egyptian mythology, Nun is an alternate spelling for Nu, the name by which ancient Egyptians called both the mysterious underworld from where life was renewed and the primordeal god residing there. The name translates as "Abyss". - Nun is also the fourteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. - Nun and Nunnery were also Elizabethan era slang for prostitutes and brothels. - Nun is also the name of the father of Joshua, the right-hand man and successor of Moses. - A nun buoy is a type of buoy. - Sister Wendy Beckett - The Sound of Music - The Singing Nun - Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis - Poor Clare nuns in Rockford, Illinois The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

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1,969

Current computer graphics are fairly well known and understood. But how did we get here? The evolution of computer graphics is intertwined with textual display, and it is difficult to consider the two separately. An old saying has it that a picture is worth a thousand words. The exact quantification of the value of imagery versus text appears to vary somewhat with subject matter, and is probably better left to psychologists and social scientists. But there is little question of the kernel of truth in the saying, and it has been a driver of computer architecture for many years. Computer graphics are taken for granted today. But it has been a long and painful struggle, with hardware rarely keeping up with the demand for better images. In English, there are a relatively small number of characters which comprise text. The same is not true of images: graphics are computationally intensive. They always seem to take as much speed and memory as there are available. But the demand was high enough that early computer graphics could be fairly crude and still be in demand. From blinking lights to plotters Getting computers to type text was, in comparison, a simple process. Even in the early days of computing, there were existing devices which could translate a simple binary pattern into text. The military, for example, had used teletype machines for many years. Programming a computer to output the pattern that outputs the code for a textual character on a teletype machine is relatively simple. Early computers used mostly flashing lights, with punched cards or paper tape for input and output. When there is only room for a few hundred instructions, you take input and output in its simplest form. But sometimes the available technology drives applications, and sometimes, the need to do something becomes a driver of seeking new technology. The potential for getting a computer to produce a picture of the data wasn’t missed. It would be more valuable if the picture were produced rapidly enough for the user to interact, but even producing an image of some sort that represented the computer contents or calculations in the recent past had its merits. IBM was offering an output printer on its 701 model in 1952. It also offered a primitive graphics solution (the model 740 “Cathode Ray Tube Output Recorder”) in 1954. The 740 demonstrates just how big the demand for graphics was, and how minimal a capability was considered meaningful. The 740 was a cathode ray tube to which a camera could be attached. Digital-to-analog converters drove the cathode ray tube, slowly drawing lines, based on the digital outputs of the computer. This method gradually came to be known as “vector graphics,” to distinguish it from other technologies. Lines were plotted one point at a time. IBM justifiably bragged (at the time) that points were plotted at a rate of 8,000 per second, with a display accuracy of a given point of only 3%, but with good repeatability. You couldn’t reliably scale the resulting image, but the image would have at least conceptual value. Typically, the camera shutter was opened when the drawing started, and closed when it finished. At that time, the film could be developed, and the image could be viewed later the same day. Needless to say, this tech wasn't suitable for playing video games. Of course, one could maintain a simpler image on the display simply by repeating the drawing instructions at a fairly high rate. But this used most or all of the CPU time, and limited the detail which could be drawn. The 740 had a sister display, the 780, which had a long-persistence phosphor (20 seconds). While not as precise, when paralleled with the 740, it allowed the operator to verify that the image being produced was indeed the one desired. When you have to wait several hours for the film image to be developed, that’s a good idea. But there is another way to get an image with a slow computer, and one that will yield an image to the users much sooner: a plotter. Gene Seid and Robert Morton, two of the founders of CalComp, developed the idea in 1953, but lack of funding kept the device off the market until 1959. The idea is simple: drive a pen on two axes. That takes a pair of stepping motors, and something to put the pen down at the start of a line, and lift it again at the end. Software can calculate when the pen should be stepped in either axis to draw straight lines between two points, curved lines, or whatever. In time, fairly sophisticated software packages were developed which isolated the users from the plotter, and allowed them to describe the image in more human-friendly terms such as “m=1, plot y=mx+b for x=1 to 6,” and so on. If the plotter drew a shape, the shape could be filled with solid, dashed, or dotted lines to simulate black or grayscale. Calculating the bounds of the lines within the shape became a part of early plotting packages. Unless one is doing ray tracing, or something similar, the bounds for shading or color within a surface must still be calculated today, and the techniques still draw on these early methods. In time, plotters had additional pens added to do drawings in color. But the number of colors was limited, and the drawings were still vectors. Listing image by From PDP-1 to PS3, what a difference 45 years makes

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1,125

Billy the Kid: A Short and Violent Life By Robert M. Utley University of Nebraska Press, 302 pages, $22.95 While Momaday`s ``The Ancient Child`` presents the umpteenth fictive portrait of Billy the Kid, readers interested in a more authentic account of the renegade`s life will not be disappointed by Robert M. Utley`s careful study. Utley demonstrates that the Kid was very much a media creation even before Pat Garrett killed him on July 14, 1881. Eastern newspaper reporters were already on hot pursuit of the colorful outlaw`s trail. Garrett and Ash Upson`s ``The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid, the Noted Desperado of the Southwest, Whose Deeds of Daring and Blood have Made His Name a Terror in New Mexico, Arizona & Northern Mexico,`` published less than a year after the Kid`s death, assured his fame. Thereafter, myth took over. Utley describes Billy as a ``hero and anti-hero,`` whose career did not live up to his reputation. The Kid certainly did not kill 21 men (one for each year of his life) as is generally believed. The exact number may have been as few as four. (In shoot-outs, it was often difficult to determine who shot whom.) Moreover, Utley illustrates beyond any doubt that Billy was very much concerned with going straight. Billy`s appeal has continued largely because of the American fascination with the ``twin specters of corruption and violence.`` Reading this first-rate account of the celebrated outlaw`s life, one cannot help concluding that if Billy the Kid were alive today, he`d be very much at home.

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355

Read has also worked on the evolution of bacteria that resist antibiotics. In a provocative paper published last year, he suggested that typically prescribed doses of antibiotics can sometimes favor resistant strains. Smaller doses, which allow the immune system to kill resistant bacteria, could prove a better long-term approach. In infectious disease, individual bugs compete within a host, as do individuals in any population of organisms. If a drug or vaccine doesn't completely wipe out or prevent infection, the intervention can tip the evolutionary playing field and possibly favor not only bugs that resist that particular drug, but ones that spread faster, or cause more severe symptoms, Read said. The malaria findings, published in last week's issue of the journal PLoS Biology, are being taken seriously by vaccine researchers. "If there is an effect like this we need to be mindful of it and take steps to minimize this kind of impact," said Patrick Duffy, chief of the laboratory of malaria immunology and vaccination at the National Institutes of Health. The findings don't apply to most existing vaccines, such as those used against smallpox, measles, and mumps. Those prevent people from ever getting infected, so there's no opportunity for the viruses to evolve in immunized people, Read said. But the malaria parasite is a more complex organism and no vaccine being tested now can wipe it out. So far, the best scientists can do with vaccines is to stave off infection and ameliorate the symptoms, so that infected children are less likely to die. But vaccinated people still harbor the parasite, and, through mosquitoes, can spread it to others. Such imperfect vaccines are referred to as "leaky" because the pathogens can still multiply and evolve inside infected people. Other "leaky" vaccines may eventually be used to treat HIV. Evolution may also play a role in how other diseases react to vaccines. Whooping cough is one of them, Read said, since the vaccine can wear off. Researchers should also be vigilant about evolution of human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes cervical cancer, he said. The current vaccine doesn't protect against all strains of the virus and may allow nontargeted strains to become more virulent. "We're moving into situations where parasites are evolving in the presence of immunized populations," he said. "We have to be sure we don't create situations where we're allowing hotter strains to spread." While the malaria parasite that infects humans can't be given to laboratory mice or rats, these animals can be infected with a different version of the parasite that in nature infects African rodents called thicket rats. For a vaccine in this mouse experiment, Read and collaborator Victoria Barclay chose a protein called AMA-1, which is the key component in several vaccines now in human trials in Africa. They allowed the parasite to spread through 10 different immunized mouse hosts. Then they let it infect unvaccinated mice. This new malaria parasite made unvaccinated mice much sicker than malaria that hadn't evolved in vaccinated hosts. Read said they are still trying to figure out the specific mechanism by which the malaria parasites became more aggressive and virulent. It's possible, he said, that the immune response prompted by the vaccine knocked out the weakest parasites, leaving the more aggressive, fast-spreading ones to grow without competition. NIH's Duffy said the results will influence how they conduct human vaccine trials now going on in several African countries. In Read's experiment, it was the unvaccinated mice that got the worst disease down the road. If things play out the way they did for Read's experimental mice, he said, the vaccines might benefit some people but make the situation more dangerous for those who remain unvaccinated. "We not only need to follow the people who we've given the vaccine to, but other people in the community," Duffy said. Researchers are exploring a number of different tactics for vaccine development, Duffy said. They're targeting the parasite in different stages of its complicated life cycle, including the phase in which it lives inside the mosquito. Some of these stages may be less likely than others to allow the parasite to evolve. He and Read agree that this new paper should increase awareness of evolution but not fuel irrational fears of vaccines. "Vaccines are still our best public health tool," Duffy said. "They are our most cost-effective way to improve public health." Contact Faye Flam at 215-854-4977, [email protected], or follow on Twitter @fayeflam. Read her blog at philly.com/evolution.

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944

It is a depressing commentary on our times that even in the waning years of the 20th century, a majority of the Earth`s nations still feel compelled to imprison, torture and kill citizens who speak out against them. Amnesty International, the human rights group that documents mistreatment of political prisoners, has released its annual report. It is another chronicle of human misery, pain and injustice that spares few governments from indictment. No less than 135 nations were accused of abusing human rights in 1987 -- the most since Amnesty was founded in 1961. At least 760 political prisoners in 39 countries were executed, but the report said the number probably was much higher because of secret executions. ``In at least half the countries of the world,`` the report said, ``people are locked away for speaking their minds, often after trials that are no more than a sham. In at least a third of the world`s nations, men, women and even children are tortured. In scores of countries, governments pursue their goals by kidnapping and murdering their own citizens.`` While the report singled out the Middle East as the region where political imprisonment and torture was most prevalent, it also pointed a finger at the United States for the Louisiana execution of a mentally retarded man who had raped and murdered a child. No region was exempt from condemnation. The Soviet Union, which released 259 political prisoners, received no praise in the report because they had been unjustly arrested in the first place. China, Haiti, Iraq, Iran, South Africa and Israel came in for special censure. Even Great Britain, which suppressed the findings of a police inquiry into the killing of six unarmed Irish guerrillas, was cited by the report. But Amnesty International, which received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977, did find some reason for hope. It noted that more than 1,000 groups committed to human rights recently have sprung up around the world. It also cited a proliferation of new laws to protect the rights of prisoners. By shining its spotlight of worldwide publicity on human rights abuses by governments, Amnesty International serves as a kind of global conscience. That its spotlight is required at all is a sad admission that despite centuries of cultural and technological accomplishments, mankind has not yet progressed far beyond Dark-Ages barbarism in its treatment of disagreeable people.

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471

[ A.K.A SEKMINËS – Seventh Sunday after Easter In Lithuania and in neighboring countries, traditions of Pentecost are related with the end of sowing and the start of summer labors. This is a spring gathering and shepherds' holiday. The most distinctive feature of Pentecost is nature worship. The power of nature was attributed to young, green birch trees. It was believed that the birch tree can pass her vitality to the soil, to animals, protect from illness and all evils. On the eve of Pentecost, village girls dispersed in fields and woods in search of flowers and greenery that were used to make wreaths. Young men picked branches off birch trees, which they placed around doors, gates, inside porches and in living rooms. Wreaths and bunches of flowers decorated the entire house. Tables were covered with linen tablecloths, garden paths were sprinkled with sand and greens. It was believed that the souls of the dead, while visiting homes on Pentecost, rested on birch tree branches. Shepherds decorated cows with birch wreaths, to keep them calm and together, be good milkers and to please the mistress of the house so she would be kind and generous throughout the year. The writer, B.Buraèas described this tradition of decorating the herds in his writings, saying that on the night before Pentecost, shepherds returning home with the herd dressed the animals with birch and marsh marigold wreaths. They even tied birch branches to cattle horns. In some regions women placed a piece of bread in a white linen kerchief, tied it with three double birch branches and tied this kerchief to their apron sash believing this to be a protection from snake bites. Whipping with bathing birch- rods in bathhouses was believed to chase all ailments out of the body. On Pentecost morning, the master of the house whipped his cows to make them more active while grazing in the fields. When Christianity came to Lithuania, churches began blessing grasses. Then on this holiday, churches were decorated with birch trees and other greenery. People arrived in church carrying bunches of greenery , which were blessed. These blessed greens were set on fire and their smoke was used to incense dying persons, new buildings and storm clouds. It was believed that smoke from Pentecost greens had the power to chase away evil spirits, protect buildings and send storm clouds away. Wayside crosses and ritual tables were also decorated with Pentecost greenery. J.Balys wrote in " Lithuanian Calendar Holidays" how plants are used in charmings. First of all, many wreaths were twined and each one was given a man's name. The largest wreath was given the name of the girl who wanted to know the name chosen name. The wreaths are thrown into the well or into the pond in the evening, so as not to be seen by anyone. Early in the morning the girl went to see if her wreath was beside the largest wreath. If it was, she would marry him. Before Pentecost one must twine a large wreath of cornflowers with three branches of rue in it. Before evening this wreath is placed on the girl's head and fastened to the hair so it would not fall off. He, who in a dream removes this wreath, will be the one too take away her virginity. N.Gimbutas in " Baltic Mythology" , wrote that there was tradition to go to the woods on Pentecost. A birch tree was picked out, decorated and taken into the village. About hundred years ago this was an important ritual which involved the entire community. On this holiday there are fire and water glorification rituals. The church on Pentecost blessed fire and water. In many regions holy water was sprinkled on grain seeds, so that they would sprout fast and that birds would not peck at the grain. Sprinkling with holy water was meant to keep insects away from the crops and keep ponds and rivers safe from drownings. To keep horses well and give them shinny coats, their food was also sprinkled with holy water. After Pentecost, according to the folk calendar, it was safe to swim in rivers and lakes, especially if these bodies of water were close to churches, they were blessed by the priests to protect the swimmers from drownings. Country folk poured holy water into their wells and ponds for Pentecost is one bright day in the shepherds' year. This day was begun by the blare of the herdsman's trumpet before sunrise, awakening the shepherds. That day, every shepherd planned to take his herd out at the earliest and play his small horn. Each shepherd made his own small horn for Pentecost from osier or alder wood and added a hollow cow's horn to give it a better As the animals were leaving the barn, they were incensed with burning, dried herbs by the mistress of the house. The herd grazed until noon, then the shepherds decorated the entire herd and themselves and returned to the village singing and playing their horns. Then the feasting began, hosted by the head herdsman. Shepherds' outings were organized on Pentecost, called shepherds' omelet, [ a.k.a. pautienë ]. In some regions shepherds stopped at homesteads in the morning to pick up prepared foods, while in others they asked for eggs, flour, butter, milk and salt so that they could bake their own omelet. In Dzûkija the following greeting was voiced, " happy Pentecost, spent happily and peacefully with horses neighing and cows mooing. I was sent to you by the oxen for bread, for milk by the cows, by sheep for flour, by hogs for bacon and fat, by the motley hens for eggs, by the rooster for pancakes and by the shepherds for money". If some households gave nothing, the returning herd was decorated with nettle wreaths and brooms tied to the cows' horns, so that everyone would know about the stinginess of that household.. However, most homeowners were generous because they knew that by not giving the cows' milk would be decreased. After collecting all he goodies, the shepherds went to feast, picnic in the woods. After the omelet was baked, the shepherds went into the forest, climbed a tree and called out to wolves and bears to come and have breakfast with them, saying, " if you do not come out now, you will never come out during the coming year". This is an ancient prayer, an incantation. In some regions of the Highlands [ a.k.a. Aukðtaitija ], shepherds were allowed to sleep in while the herding in the morning was carried out by girls. They herded out very early, before the larks awakened. Hearing the larks, village lads came out playing reed and pan pipes. They also brought food, lit bonfires. The important ritual was made up of a game called " Arrange a Wedding". The prettiest girl was chosen to play the bride and a lad was chosen to play the groom, while other girls dressed as bridesmaids. After the wedding rites, the newlyweds were taken to bed in a granary, a tent made of tree branches. After that came their awakening and the end of the wedding ritual games. People in ancient times believed that peoples' sexual love and fertility stimulate earth's productivity. On the second day of Pentecost, the hired hands together with the owner's sons carried on in the same manner as the shepherds. They provided drinks and music while maidens prepared the food. The maidens walked along fields of grain, singing songs with magical meanings: You osier, clover, Green bush, clover, How tall you grew, clover, At the first gate, clover, The sun rose, clover, At the second gate, clover, The moon trundled, clover, At the third gate, clover, The maiden walked, clover. Entire families visited the rye fields. Checked both theirs' and neighbors' fields and shared farming advice. In some regions, hired hands brewed beer before Pentecost so that they could treat the owners after their walks in the grain fields. Everyone gathers to eat and drink , while the young people sing and dance. Girls had separate amusements. They sat in a nice spot on a hill, twined wreaths, cast lots, told tales, sang and walked around grain fields. When Christianity spread throughout Lithuania, priests turned these ancient walkings around grain fields into blessings of the grain fields. People gathered in one farmstead upon the priests' arrival and went together to bless the grain fields. Feasting took place after the blessing. This tradition disappeared at the beginning of 20th century, when villages broke up into individual farms.

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2,022

There has been a fair amount written recently about the use of capacitors to "drop" the mains voltage down to values suitable for transistor circuitry. I was recently asked to explain some aspects of such circuitry and looking through my references, was taken by the fact that one of the circuits described looked remarkably familiar. Above are shown two circuits. Only the bare essentials are shown, things like surge limiting resistors are omitted......... Their similarities are self evident. Now, if we wish to analyze Fig. 1. in terms of current available, it is natural to think in terms of impedance. The reactance ( impedance ) of a capacitor is given by the formula ( 1 ) Xc = 1/2p fC where f is the frequency in Hz and C is the capacitance in Farads. We can now apply Ohms Law to this and we find that, in a circuit where there is capacitance only, ( 2 ) I = 2 p fCE where I is the AC current and E is the RMS value of the AC supply. As D1 is a half wave regulator, ( 3 ) Idc = p fCE. Let us see what a bit of simple arithmetic produces; Iím going to ignore things like voltage drop across diodes :- If we give C1 a value of 470 nf and an AC voltage of 230, equation (2) above gives us :- 2X p X 50 X 4.7 X 10-7 X 230 = an AC current value of 34 ma. If we use half wave rectification, as in Fig. 1, we should divide this by 2, i.e. 17ma. Taking Fig. 2, we would normally analyze it in terms of charge, it is after all, a charge pump, so we use classic capacitance theory, i.e. Q = CV = IT. ( Charge = Capacitance X Voltage = Current X Time ) or I = CV/T. As T = 1/f we can write this as Idc = CVf. If we were to apply the mains to such a circuit we could assume that, because the mains has "unlimited capacity", C1 charges up to twice the mains peak voltage ( i.e. 2(Ö 2 X 230 ) = 650 ), we then get :- Idc = 2 Ö 2( fCE ) or 2 x Ö 2 x 50 x 4.7 X 10-9 X 2.3 X 102 . This gives us a current of 15 ma. Now this isnít too much of a discrepancy but it bothers me. The two figures should be the same ! Where is my simple arithmetic going wrong ? David Ledgard suggested that, if we want to find out why the answers are different, we put the two formulae side by side and cancel out the common factors, So :- p fCE - - - - 2Ö 2( fCE ) ( p x 50 x 470 x 10-9 x 230 ) - - - - ( 2 x Ö 2 x 50 x 470 x 10-9 x 230 ) The result is :- ( p ) - - - - ( 2Ö 2 ) Now, p does not equal 2Ö 2 so this explains why the results are different but does illustrate that we will always get answers in that ratio, no matter what values are used for frequency, capacitance or voltage. The charge formula always gives a current value which is 10% below that calculated using the impedance formula. Which is correct ? It doesnít really matter ! The tolerances of capacitors are such that there can be a 10% variation anyway ! Nevertheless, I remain puzzled. The two formulae are well established. You might even say that they are pillars of the Electronic Establishment. They should be equally valid and if so the answers should be the sameÖÖ We have at least a couple of hundred folk in the B.A.E.C. and some of them must be smarter than me. Come on chaps ! Tell me the answer.

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849

Henry Craik, ed. English Prose. 1916. Vol. IV. Eighteenth Century Character of Pitt By Horace Walpole (17171797) From Memoirs of the Reign of King George II. PITT had roused us from this ignoble lethargy: he had asserted that our resources were still prodigioushe found them so in the intrepidity of our troops and naviesbut he went further, and perhaps too far. He staked our revenues with as little management as he played with the lives of the subjects; and as if we could never have another war to wage, or as if he meant, which was impracticable, that his administration should decide which alone should exist as a nation, Britain or France, he lavished the last treasures of this country with a prodigality beyond example and beyond excuse; yet even that profusion was not so blameable as his negligence. Ignorant of the whole circle of finance, and consequently averse from corresponding with financiers, a plain set of men who are never to be paid with words instead of figures, he kept aloof from all details, drew magnificent plans and left others to find the magnificent means. Disdaining, too, to descend into the operations of an office which he did not fill, he affected to throw on the treasury the execution of measures which he dictated, but for which he thus held himself not responsible. The conduct was artful, new, and grand; and to him proved most advantageous. Secluded from all eyes, his orders were received as oracles; and their success, of consequence, was imputed to his inspiration. Misfortunes and miscarriages fell to the account of the more human agents; corruption and waste were charged on the subordinate priests. They indeed were charmed with this dispensation. As Mr. Pitt neither granted suits nor received them, Newcastle revelled in a boundless power of appointing agents, commissaries, victuallers, and the whole train of leeches, and even paid his court to Pitt by heaping extravagance on extravagance; for the more money was thrown away, the greater idea Pitt conceived of his systems grandeur. But none flattered this ostentatious prodigality like the Germans. From the King of Prussia and Prince Ferdinand to the lowest victualler in the camp, all made advantage of English easiness and dissipation. As the minister was proud of such pensioners they were not coy in begging his alms. Fox, too, was not wanting to himself during this harvest, to which his office of paymaster opened so commodious an inlet. Depressed, annihilated as a statesman, he sat silent, indemnifying himself by every opportunity of gain which his rivals want of economy threw in his way. The larger and more numerous are subsidies, the more troops are in commission, the more are on service abroad, the ampler means has the paymaster of enriching himself. An unfortunate campaign, or an unpopular peace might shake the ministers establishment; but till this vision of expensive glory should be dissipated, Fox was determined to take no part. But thence, from that inattention on one hand, and rapacity on the other, started up those prodigious private fortunes which we have seen suddenly come forthand thence we remained with a debt of an hundred and forty millions! The admirers of Mr. Pitt extol the reverberation he gave to our councils, the despondence he banished, the spirit he infused, the conquests he made, the security he affixed to our trade and plantations, the humiliation of France, the glory of Britain, carried under his administration to a pitch at which it never had arrivedand all this is exactly true. When they add, that all this could not be purchased too dearly, and that there was no option between this conduct and tame submission to the yoke of Franceeven this is just in a degree; but a material objection still remains, not depreciating a grain from this bill of merits, which must be gratefully acknowledged by whoever calls himself an Englishmanyet very derogatory from Mr. Pitts character, as virtually trusted with the revenues, the property of his country. A few plain words will explain my meaning, and comprehend the force of the question. All this was donebut might have been done for many millions lessthe next war will state this objection more fully. Posterity, this is an impartial picture. I am neither dazzled by the blaze of the times in which I have lived, nor if there are spots in the sun, do I deny that I have seen them. It is a man I am describing, and one whose greatness will bear to have his blemishes fairly delivered to younot from a love of censure in me, but of truth; and because it is history I am writing, not romance. I pursue my subject.

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1,014

CAMBRIDGE, JOHN, land agent and businessman; b. 13 Dec. 1748 in England; m. 16 Jan. 1775 Mary Winchester, and they had ten children, only four of whom reached maturity; d. 26 Dec. 1831 in Bristol, England. Before his arrival on St John’s (Prince Edward) Island in 1784, John Cambridge remains a shadowy figure in historical records. A Privy Council report of 1791 identifies him as being “formerly an obscure chairmaker in St. Martin’s Lane” but there are indications that as early as 1777 he was associated with a group of merchants who planned to trade with and promote settlement on St John’s Island. One of this group was the Quaker colonizer Robert Clark* and it may have been the religious link that brought the two men together. Cambridge was known on the Island as a Quaker, and he refused to take oaths in court on religious principles. Nevertheless, he was not connected with the Society of Friends. Indeed, he wrote in 1793 that although “in full belief of Friends principles” he was not “united to the Society.” It is probable that he became a member after returning to England, for he was buried a Quaker. Cambridge was named Clark’s agent in 1783 and took up the appointment the following spring when he came out with his family to the Island. He was called upon in 1786 to defend his employer’s interests against the Island establishment following an attempt to confirm Governor Walter Patterson*’s seizure in 1781 of part of Clark’s property for non-payment of quitrents. In doing so Cambridge alienated some Island officials; the alienation was later to develop into bitterness and litigation. John Cambridge was not content to act simply as Clark’s agent. In 1785, with the backing of merchants in London, including his brother-in-law William Winchester, he began commercial activities of his own. He acquired property in the Murray Harbour district in the southeast part of the Island and four years later was able to report that he had built two large brigs, both of which were on trading voyages, one to the West Indies and the other to Portugal. The shipping registers indicate that he was also the owner of a number of smaller vessels. These craft, mostly schooners, kept up a trade with Newfoundland. He built a large sawmill at Murray Harbour and had houses there and in Charlottetown. By 1788 Cambridge had formed a partnership with William Bowley, another Island resident. Bowley had purchased debts owed by Clark, and Cambridge in turn had a large bill for his wages and expenses as Clark’s agent. Together they sued Clark and the court case, begun in 1789, developed into protracted litigation, with countersuits and appeals dragging the matter out until the end of the century. Even before the conclusion of the court battle Cambridge was able to gain control of Clark’s assets and land, establishing himself as a substantial merchant. His relations with members of the colonial administration were not good, however. He had supported Lieutenant Governor Edmund Fanning* against the doomed Patterson faction on Fanning’s arrival in 1786 but this support, predicated on a quick resolution of the problem caused by Patterson’s illegal expropriations, did not last long. Of lesser officials Cambridge became excessively intolerant. He was a strong-willed individual who, when he considered himself slighted, took full measures to obtain what he considered justice. In 1787 he carried a complaint against Isaac Swan, a petty Patterson supporter, to the governor and Council; in another incident two years later he was able to persuade that body to dismiss high sheriff Walter Berry for irregularities. He was less successful when he brought charges against the attorney general, Joseph Aplin* – a poor move, since Aplin was usually successful in the courts whatever the law. As a sharp merchant Cambridge was especially conscious of any apparent favour extended to his competitors and, when he learned that collector of customs William Townshend* was allowing use of the Îles de la Madeleine for the evasion of customs duties, he was quick to publicize the fact. In doing so he precipitated a struggle because Townshend retaliated by seizing several of Cambridge and Bowley’s vessels for smuggling. The latter case dragged on for three years with Cambridge complaining that he could not obtain justice in the Island courts. It was not until 1791 that the case was settled, but by then Cambridge’s complaints had been broadened to include almost the entire government of the colony. In concert with John Hill*, another Island merchant, Cambridge and Bowley in 1791 brought charges of malfeasance before the Privy Council in London against Townshend, Fanning, Aplin, and Chief Justice Peter Stewart*. Cambridge carried the complaints to England in a petition that he persuaded a number of the Island’s absentee proprietors to sign. The general charge was that the officials had formed an illegal combination to rule the Island and oppress all who opposed them. A collection of lesser grievances, some going back to Patterson’s time, included partiality in the courts, election irregularities, and petty harassment. Hill later stated that in presenting the charges Cambridge spent time on the politics of the colony and none on the facts of the case. Much of Cambridge’s difficulty arose because 12 of the 18 signatories, including Bowley, withdrew their names before the charges were presented. Cambridge and Hill were the only resident proprietors whose names appeared on the document and both seemed prosperous in spite of their lack of favour with the officials. The shaky presentation was rebutted by Fanning’s personal emissary, Robert Gray, and the case was dismissed the following year. By October 1792 word of the outcome had reached the Island and Cambridge’s troubles began in earnest. The notice from London was made public and his support and credibility sank. He was summoned before the House of Assembly to explain allegations he had made concerning members of that body, and after an investigation the house ordered that “the false and malicious words . . . be burnt under the gallows by the sergeant-at-arms.” The same year suits totalling £55,000 were launched against him and Bowley by the four officials on charges of malicious prosecution. Cambridge attempted to have the suits tried in Nova Scotia owing to the partiality of the Island courts. He received the lieutenant governor’s permission to do so, but he was unable to raise the necessary securities in case the decision should go against him. The trials were therefore held on the Island before judges who had a financial interest in the outcome. After verdicts were found for Aplin and Townshend in 1793, Cambridge agreed to settle out of court for Fanning’s and Stewart’s expenses. Total damages recovered amounted to £2,480, and Cambridge later reported that with his own expenses the complaints to London had cost him more that £10,000. He was forced to spend a short time in jail before he could convince the four officials of his ability to pay. Because making the settlement would quickly exhaust Cambridge’s assets, the officials, who were more interested in payment than in revenge, agreed to assist him in recovering funds from Hill and Bowley. The latter were each asked to contribute one-third of the settlement, and when they refused legal action was brought against them. In 1793 suits prepared by Aplin were successful and resulted in executions against their property on the Island. Within days the property of Hill, who was absent from the Island, and the valuable Greenwich estate, belonging to Bowley and his children, were sold at auction by the sheriff and passed into Cambridge’s hands; Bowley himself was forced to flee under cover of darkness to avoid imprisonment. Attempts at appeal were refused by the courts and the governor in council in 1794, and Bowley was forced to appeal to the king in council in 1796 to have the case reopened on the Island. Hill, too, had to bring an action in London against his former associate and was successful, but before he could move against Cambridge the latter’s assets were placed in the hands of a trustee. Hill appears to have given up at this point but Bowley’s action was not settled for almost 50 years. In length and complexity the case Bowley v. Cambridge rivalled the celebrated Jarndyce case in Charles Dickens’s novel Bleak house, which was ended only when the total assets of the estate were swallowed up in legal fees. Cambridge’s legal problems were exacerbated by business reverses. In 1794 he lost the support of his backers in England and his few remaining assets were seized by creditors. His schooner Endeavour was taken that year by the French on a voyage to the West Indies and he was left with no capital to rebuild his business. The loss of his London backers was the low point of his career. Faced with a report that even William Winchester, his brother-in-law, had joined the creditors, he considered leaving the colony and going to the United States. However, on learning that Winchester had stood by him and that it had been the other partners who had taken the action, he and his wife resolved to stay on the Island. The lieutenant governor and principal officers gave him encouragement. In a letter to Alexander Ellice*, a Montreal merchant for whom Cambridge was agent, he reported that “the People in the Island in General are much attached to us, and lament our failure, and hope we shall get into business again.” That he was able to do so was the result of a fortunate precaution. It appears that Cambridge had placed his affairs in the hands of a trustee “as the property of a bankrupt,” but he may not have declared bankruptcy. At any rate the move was sufficient to relieve the pressure on his finances and he was able to begin again. He kept the secure base at Murray Harbour and returned to the shipping of lumber and livestock to Newfoundland. The key factor in Cambridge’s ability to rebuild lay in the fact that he retained control of several large parcels of property, much of which he had obtained through lawsuits. He seems to have made an effort to bring settlers to his lands and thereby avoid the attacks of those who would escheat for non-payment of quitrents. With this base he was able to continue efforts at settlement and the lumber trade. His mills processed timber from his own land which he then sent to Newfoundland in his own ships. By 1801 he had won back the contract to supply the garrison with fuel and had a new vessel on the ways, the first in ten years. It was launched the following year and Cambridge wrote to his wife that the ship, after proceeding to Liverpool with a timber cargo, was to sail to Ireland for a load of Irish Protestants “in order to preserve our lands from forfeiture.” Perhaps it was the renewed threat of escheat that prompted him in 1805 to sign with Charles Worrell* and William Townshend a memorial to Lieutenant Governor Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres citing the efforts of himself and other proprietors, including John MacDonald* of Glenaladale and Lord Selkirk [Douglas*], in settling people on their lands and contributing to the Island’s prosperity. In 1806 Cambridge was commended by the assembly for his efforts in this regard. It was the timber trade that brought Cambridge fortune, and this prosperity he shared with the rest of the colony. Initially the trade was part of the Gulf of St Lawrence commerce and most cargoes went to Newfoundland. Shipping to Britain was too expensive and there was often a long search for a return cargo. From 1803 until 1807 only about two cargoes a year went across the Atlantic from the Island as a whole. The situation began to change in 1807 when the Napoleonic blockade of ports on the Baltic Sea opened the British North American timber trade. The Island was well suited to fill the demand: because it had many small harbours where trees grew close to the water’s edge, timber could be easily moved and loaded. In 1808, 41 vessels left the Island with shipments for Britain and the following year the number swelled to 78 despite what Cambridge termed “an uncommon bad season” with timber left behind because of deep snow. The trade brought manpower shortages to the colony and high prices. Oxen, usually raised for food, were employed in the woods and the provisioning of ships left food scarce. Sales to Newfoundland fell off dramatically. Ships were a necessary element of the Cambridge operation and John lost no time building and acquiring them. From 1808 there was rarely a year when a new Cambridge vessel did not appear on the register and often there were several. When the timber trade stabilized after 1817 Cambridge remained successful by entering a new form of commerce, later followed by James Yeo*, which combined the exporting of timber with the building and marketing of vessels. In 1824 four ships were registered and twice that number in the following year. Many of these vessels were large, fully rigged ships in excess of 300 tons; the Cambridge (536 tons), launched in 1826, was one of the largest built on the Island. In his will, made in 1829, Cambridge instructed his sons that he had “found the most effectual way of getting my debts remitted . . . to be by building a ship annually and by loading her with timber” and disposing of both in the United Kingdom. Family correspondence reveals that in spite of prosperity the firm was never far from a financial crisis as dependence on credit was a necessary part of long-distance trade. Other operations of the Cambridge firm also seemed to do well. In 1808 he boasted that his mill at Murray Harbour was perhaps the first in North America equipped with an 18-unit gang saw cutting 7,000 feet of deals a day. A new venture was the construction of a brewery at the Bird Island (Wrights) Creek mills near Charlottetown. Unfortunately it was not a success, in part because food shortages had raised the price of barley on the Island. In 1808 Cambridge, whose family figured in all his business affairs, formed a partnership with his son Lemuel and his son-in-law George Wright*, son of Thomas Wright*, the surveyor general. Wright did not have the business sense of other members of the Cambridge family and the partnership was dissolved in 1813 when John took his other son, Artemas, into the company, now termed Cambridge and Sons. In the next few years control of the firm passed more and more to the sons, who were described by Lieutenant Governor Charles Douglass Smith* as “very fine young men & of the very best reputation.” With some stability in business and his sons in charge of the Island operation, Cambridge, at the urging of his wife, who had run the business whenever her husband was in England, decided to conduct the British end of the firm’s transatlantic commerce. He apparently moved to Bristol in 1814 and did not return to the Island in his later years. By the time of his departure he seems to have made his peace with the colonial administration. He was nominated high sheriff in 1809 but declined, citing his Quaker beliefs, and his son Lemuel served instead. By 1813 he was noted as being an intimate friend of Chief Justice Cæsar Colclough. When he died in 1831 at age 83 Cambridge held 102,000 acres on the Island, almost one-tenth of the total. In addition he and his family owned extensive mills, shipbuilding facilities, and stores, and the Cambridge estate was the home of at least 5,000 people, many of whom were tenants. There is no doubt that Cambridge was the greatest Island landowner of his day but his empire, like many others, was built on credit. The lands had been heavily mortgaged to provide capital for shipbuilding and expansion. Seven years after Cambridge’s death Samuel Cunard* and others purchased the mortgage for £12,000 sterling and in 1841 gained possession of the entire estate. In the same year the Island’s Court of Chancery finally decided Bowley v. Cambridge. After twice reaching the king in council, and following the death of both litigants, the case was resolved when the court divided Bowley’s estate equally between the claimants. John Cambridge was hardly a typical merchant of his time. His religious beliefs in great measure governed his actions even in commercial dealings. After losing the case brought by the four government officials he wrote in 1793, “It has been my diligent study to keep a Continual Void of offence towards God first and to give no just grounds of offence towards my fellow men.” Yet he was a sharp merchant who used the courts as a weapon against all who dared oppose him, including attorneys who failed to win his cases. He exhibited tenacity in the face of odds that caused others to give up and return to England. The reports we have of him are mostly assessments made by his enemies and they exhibit a bitterness coming from close and protracted conflict. However, when his own letters and his actions are examined, Cambridge emerges as a man of principle in a society which had little regard for that quality. [John Cambridge is the author of A description of the Island of St. John, in the Gulf of St. Laurence, North America . . . by a person many years resident there (London, [1798?]) (see PRO, T 1/4144: 17–26); a copy of a subsequent edition, A description of Prince Edward Island . . . by a person many years resident there (London, 1805), is available at PANS. Few of Cambridge’s business papers survive, but those that do throw valuable light on business operations in the early nineteenth century. The PAPEI possesses two letter-books covering the period 1793–1801 and 1808–9, at Acc. 2984/4 and RG 6, Supreme Court, case papers, 1808–9, respectively. The former provides details of Cambridge’s struggle with the colonial officers and the ensuing court battles; the latter is extremely useful for details of the timber trade on Prince Edward Island. A letter-book of Cambridge’s wife, Mary, covering the period 1811–12 is found on pp.17–114 of a collection of Charles Wright papers owned by Mrs J. T. McIntyre of Calgary; photocopies are available at PAC, MG 24, B133. Additional letters from Cambridge to Alexander Ellice are found in the Ellice papers at the NLS, Dept. of mss, mss 15113–26, available on microfilm at the PAC, MG 24, A2. Cambridge’s affairs appear frequently in Colonial Office correspondence, with the following references being most useful: PRO, CO 226/9: 176; 226/10: 29, 135–37, 234, 238, 252–93; 226/11: 17; 226/12: 12, 27; 226/13: 21–45, 207, 218–19, 280–82, 377–78; 226/14; 226/15: 172; 226/16: 186 et seq., 248; 226/17: 107–48; 226/18: 162–206; 226/19: 72–74, 204 et seq., 233, 347, 352; 226/20: 106–8, 142; 226/21: 110; 226/23: 65–74; 226/27: 78–83; 226/28: 53, 220–22; 226/29: 67–71, 115; 226/30: 177–80; 226/34: 391–99; 226/39: 49–54, 260, 416–22; 226/42: 132; 226/47: 166. Minutes of the Island’s Executive Council, found in PAPEI, RG 5, have references to Cambridge on the following dates: 12 April 1787; 15 Dec. 1788; 12, 16, 19–20, 23–24 March, 6, 27 April, 5 May 1789; 26 April, 17 July 1790; 7, 30 Oct. 1792; 23 Feb. 1793; 25 Oct. 1796; 6 Aug. 1799. Details of ship ownership by members of the Cambridge family are found in PAC, RG 42, E1, 1658; PAPEI, RG 9, 2; and the Prince Edward Island Register, 3 Jan. 1826, 16 Jan. 1827, 29 Jan. 1828, 13 Jan. 1829, and 9 Feb. 1830. A significant amount of information concerning Cambridge is found in the Prince Edward Island court records (PAPEI, RG 6), which were examined for the entire period. This source is especially detailed for Bowley v. Cambridge, 1793–1841 (RG 6, Court of Chancery papers, box 1). Material regarding the Privy Council appeals in the case is at PRO, PC 1/64/B.30; 1/65/B.33, 35, and 38; and 1/66/B.40. These collections shed much light on Cambridge’s litigious nature. Information concerning his land holdings is scattered throughout PAPEI, RG 16, land registry records. Cambridge’s will is located in the Estates Division of the Supreme Court of P.E.I. (Charlottetown), liber 2: f.198. Secondary sources which proved useful include: Canada’s smallest prov. (Bolger), pp.37–94; Warburton, Hist. of P.E.I., 255–65; and W. S. MacNutt, “Fanning’s regime on Prince Edward Island,” Acadiensis (Fredericton), 1 (1971–72), no.1: 37–53. h.t.h.] PAPEI, Acc. 2984/4, Cambridge to [Flowden?], 28 Sept. 1793; Cambridge to B [William Winchester], [c. 1793]; Cambridge to Alexander Ellice, 26 Nov. 1794; RG 3, journals, 18 Dec. 1806; RG 6, Supreme Court, case papers, 1789, Cambridge, Bowley & Co. v. Clark; 1790, Townshend v. the Adventure; 1790, Townshend v. the Elizabeth; minutes; RG 16, land registry records, conveyance reg., liber 8: f.94; liber 49: f.203. Private arch., George Wright (Charlottetown), Cambridge family Bible. Bristol Gazette, and Public Advertiser (Bristol, Eng.), 29 Dec. 1831. Bristol Mirror, 31 Dec. 1831. Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal, 31 Dec. 1831. Royal Gazette (Charlottetown), 28 Feb. 1832.

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|Community-Scale Biomass Energy: The Facts| Download a pdf of this article When community-scale biomass energy systems are well-designed, well-run, and sustainably supplied, it is a positive, proven, renewable energy option that can be practical and safe, can strengthen our economy and security, and can help ease the urgent strain on our planet’s ecosystem. And, in regions throughout the United States with abundant forest resources, it is available now. Community-scale biomass energy systems burn biological material—most often wood from low-quality trees—in highly efficient, high-temperature combustion systems to produce heat. Sometimes, these systems also produce a certain amount of electric power (this is called CHP, combined heat and power). But the most efficient use of biomass for energy is to provide space heating and domestic hot water. Community-scale systems typically provide this to single buildings, such as schools and hospitals, or to groups of buildings such as college campuses, industrial parks, or whole towns or cities through “district heating” systems. Community-scale biomass systems that produce heat or CHP are different from electric power plants, which are generally much larger and mainly produce electricity for broad distribution. Biomass-fueled technology is only about 20-25 percent efficient at producing electric power; at producing heat, it is 70-90 percent efficient. Power plants sometimes (though this is rare) sell the excess heat they generate, where it is economically feasible and if there is an appropriate user nearby; this is only 40-45 percent efficient. Technology is also being developed that can use biomass to produce liquid biofuels. Community-scale thermal applications are the most efficient biomass energy technologies—they do the best job of turning biomass fuel into energy, with the least waste. Systems of this type have been in use since the early 1980s, and have built a track record of safety and reliability. Today, a growing number of community-scale systems, most fueled with woodchips and some with wood pellets, are delivering heat and hot water to schools, businesses, colleges, hospitals, city centers, and whole communities across the northern United States, Canada, and north and central Europe. Biomass fuel can be used in a wide range of technologies, from home woodstoves to power plants. Because community-scale thermal systems combine high-efficiency combustion with sophisticated emission controls, this technology meets and exceeds all emission-safety standards, while providing heat energy at relatively stable fuel prices from a local fuel source. When wood fuel is harvested responsibly from well-managed forests, community-scale biomass energy is a sustainable whole system. It keeps energy dollars circulating in the local and regional economy, by using a renewable fuel that is harvested nearby—and its carbon emissions are re-captured as the forests that supply the fuel continue to grow. In contrast, fossil-fuel systems extract carbon that is buried underground in geological deposits, then add it to the atmosphere over time. Finally, by developing a reliable, local market for low-quality wood, biomass energy can create a new financial incentive for forestland owners to manage their forests for long-term productive health, lessening the pressure to “high-grade” (cut only the most valuable trees and leave the rest). The revenue stream for biomass fuel can help landowners make ends meet, also relieving the pressure to sell woodland for development. Benefits of Using Biomass at the Community Scale Modern Community-Scale Biomass Energy Systems Use Sophisticated Emission Controls Biomass energy systems emit 1/6 of the sulfur oxides, which contribute to acid rain, than do oil-fired systems. Nitrogen oxide emissions are about the same as oil. When Their Fuel Is Harvested Responsibly from Sustainably Managed Forests, Biomass Systems Can Be Low-Carbon, or Carbon Neutral Over Time Good forest management is essential to realizing the carbon benefits of biomass energy. Key factors include: where trees are harvested, how they are harvested, how this plays out over the landscape and over time, and whether management practices support long-term forest health. It is also important that biomass energy systems be well-designed and efficiently run. When these positive factors are in place, converting from oil- or gas-fired energy to biomass can reduce net CO2 emissions by 75-90 percent. A Well-Managed Biomass Fuel Industry, Coupled with Sustainable Growth in Demand, Creates New Incentives to Protect and Preserve the Working Forest Landscape Image Captions (from top to bottom) A typical below-grade woodchip storage bin at a public school. Woodchips being conveyed from the storage bin to to the boiler room. The 2010 installation of Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont exemplifies a community-scale biomass application. Woodchips burning inside the combustion chamber of a biomass boiler. The chipping of low-grade wood from harvesting operations in the forest.

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“…the most miserable place in the world.” “Early reports from Houston said that when people came out on any given morning you could find as many as four bodies lying dead in the streets, victims of the previous night’s mayhem.” You’d be forgiven if you thought this was the Houston of today. But actually this is Houston in the 1830s. Houston Arts and Media has produced a new, feature-length documentary that looks at the early days of the city and its time as the capital of the Republic of Texas. Hosted by author and historian Stephen Hardin, Houston: A Nation’s Capitol features interviews with other historians, snippets of contemporary journals, photographs and maps that detail early life here. The nonprofit’s hope is that this will be part of a series of videos that explore the birth of Texas. More information on how to purchase the DVD can be found here. (Full disclosure: I am a Houston Arts and Media board member.)

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210

Baby Humor Development It is during this time in a child’s life that they begin to closely watch their parent’s expressions. This is when they start to understand how to interpret when something is funny. The study was conducted in the U.S. where researchers studied a group of 30 babies in their own homes on two separate occasions. The first occasion was when the babies were 6 months old and the second was when they were one year old. The babies were studied initially while they watched their parents react to two ordinary events and later to two unordinary events. For the ordinary event the researcher read a picture book and showed a red ball to the babies. For the unordinary event the researcher bounced the picture book on her head and put the red ball on her nose. When the unordinary event occurred the parents were told to either point and laugh at the researcher or to stare without making an expression. At 6 months of age, during the absurd events, the babies watched their parents closely as they laughed and stared for a longer time than when the normal events took place. However, there was no distinct correlation between the babies’ reactions and their parents’ reactions. At 1 year of age, when the same events took place, the babies showed they had already developed a sense of humor by laughing when the absurd events took place even when their parents remained expressionless. Researchers suggest, “The combination of paying close attention to absurd events and to others laughing at those events when they are 6 months old may explain how babies develop the sense of humor they have when they’re a year old”. The study was presented at the British Psychological Society meeting in Glasgow, Scotland this September where researchers explained how humor is an important vehicle for understanding infant development. The study revealed that social referencing is a key ingredient to infant development; particularly in relation to emotional advice received by parents. The author of the study, Gina Mireault of Johnson State College, claims, “Our findings suggest that 6-month-olds are starting to see parents as a source of emotional information, and this is likely to be an important step on the way to being able to obtain emotional advice from parents when this is needed, which we know infants do at 8 months. By 12 months, infants seem to have had just enough life experience to make up their own minds — at least about what is absurdly funny.”

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498

The presence of a large multi-burner gas range at the heart of the cooking line is about as fundamental as it gets in any restaurant. That iron and stainless steel behemoth uses a lot of energy, throws a lot of heat, and requires a dedicated ventilation system just to keep the cooks from getting overwhelmed. For decades no proper chef would have it any other way. That’s beginning to change, and the catalyst of that change is the induction range. Induction cooking works in a completely different manner than traditional gas or electric ranges. Instead of using a superhot medium like burning gas or an electrically heated element, induction ranges use the energy created by two opposing magnetic fields driven by an electric current to make the metal in the cookware itself become hot. Sound a little geeky? It is, in a cool science project kind of way. For professional chefs, the most interesting thing about induction cooking are the practical advantages it can bring to the process, including: Precision temperature control. While there is certainly a steep learning curve in the beginning, once a chef gets an induction range dialed in based upon the numbers on the knob, you can be sure you’ll get consistent, perfectly even heat every time. This is especially beneficial for low temperature and simmering applications, because an induction range can maintain a much lower heat than a traditional gas or electric range. Speed. You’ve never seen a pot boil faster or oil heat up quicker than on an induction range. Because the metal of the pot or pan sitting on the burner becomes the heating agent instead of the medium, induction is by far the fastest way to heat whatever you’re cooking. Efficiency. An induction range uses a fraction of the energy used by a traditional range. There’s also almost zero energy waste since the energy used to heat food is created in the metal of the cookware instead of below it. This energy is also created by a relatively weak electrical current, which can be much more inexpensive than natural gas. Safety. An induction burner that’s turned on to full heat is still cool to the touch. As it heats metal cookware it will become hot, but the burner itself creates no heat. This makes induction much safer than traditional ranges. Some induction ranges even have automatic detectors that shut off the burner when there is no pan present, when the pan is empty, or when foreign objects fall onto the surface of the range. Ventilation. Because induction ranges don’t burn fuel like a gas range, minimal ventilation is needed, and much less heat is created, even if you’re running induction all day on a busy line. This can save any restaurant a boatload of money on the ventilation and cooling costs normally associated with a traditional gas range. Make sure you consult the local regulations in your community when deciding how much ventilation you need to install for an induction range. In general, however, the requirements should be a fraction of those for a gas range. Induction cooking isn’t for every restaurant. Some chefs don’t like the fact that cookware cools off rapidly when it’s not in contact with the burner – a distinct disadvantage for techniques that call for using the pan to flip or sautee ingredients as they cook. Induction also supports only certain types of cookware – usually stainless steel or cast iron – which means your aluminum cookware will be useless on an induction range. If you are interested in induction cooking, Vollrath has been a pioneer in developing induction ranges, countertop burners, and even chafers for the food service industry. So far another factor slowing the widespread adoption of induction technology in restaurants has been the cost of equipment. As energy prices, especially natural gas, continue to rise and the cost of quality induction equipment comes down, however, induction cooking starts to make more and more sense. Check out a full inventory of Vollrath induction equipment here.

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814

I’m working on an ebook titled “6 Powerful Mechanisms Behind Personal Change”. This post is a part of the chapter about positive attitude. I will show you what attitude is and how you can use it to be proactive. The Nature of Attitude Daniel D. Droba claims he was the first to define the attitude concept and he did so in his article The Nature of Attitude from 1933. Droba based his study on 55 books on sociology and psychology and he concluded that attitude is a state of preparation to action. “Attitude is a state of preparation to action” Carl Jung’s definition of attitude I’m surprised that Droba only used American sources and studies because the attitude concept has a central role in Carl Jung’s Psychological Types published in 1923. Jung’s work is used today in personality tests and development of organisations. In his work “Psychological Types” (pp. 526-30) Jung gave his definition of attitude: “Attitude is a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain direction.” Jung places great emphasis on the attitude concept because it is a powerful mechanism that is based on experience: “To have a certain attitude means to be ready for something definite […] having an attitude is synonymous with an a priori direction towards a definite thing.” Jung believes that we have both a conscious and an unconscious attitude. I you want to act in a certain direction you have to be conscious about it; for that you need attitude. “Active apperception is impossible without an attitude.” Jung has identified certain types of attitudes that are based on habits. “When a function habitually predominates, a typical attitude is thereby produced.” This means, that habits can develop both consciously and unconsciously; these habits will produce some kind of attitude. If you want to change something you need the right attitude to do so. That is why you can combine habits and attitudes and thereby create personal change. Experience → Attitude → Action It’s raining. Rain is wet and cold. → Rain is bad → Cancel date Habits → Attitude → Action Bad habit → Negative attitude → Negative projection to other people Unhealthy diet → feeling of guilt → healthy people are patronising You can use this mechanism to create change. Changing a habit is difficult and it takes time, but you can choose to adopt a certain attitude, e.g. a positive attitude, and thereby change your action. Another type of action will lead to a new experience. That new experience is your resource to the attitude you desire. Your attitude is not predetermined. You can choose to take responsibility for your actions and adopt an attitude that will help you to personal change. This is being proactive. Make your choice: I choose to be reactive and let my bad habits control my life and actions I choose to be proactive and take charge of my life and actions Is it that simple? – Yes, it is that simple! The difficult part is to make the decision about being reactive or proactive. If you chose to be reactive then you don’t have to read anymore – just carry on with your life as usual. Did you choose to be proactive? What are you going to do to be proactive? Maybe you are already in charge of your personal development, please share how you did in the comments.

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725

There seems to be a lot of confusion out there as to the best sources of omega-3 fatty acids. This article will break down the major sources of omega-3’s and give you the information you need to make educated choices. First, there are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: DHA, EPA and ALA. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) are found in fish and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid ) is found in plants like flaxseed. When you choose an omega-3 source, we suggest that you select a healthy balance of all fatty acids, but make sure you are getting enough EPA and DHA, as these fatty acids are responsible for the majority of the health benefits of omega-3’s. This is important to remember: if a food or supplement states it is high in omega-3, it does not necessarily mean it is high in EPA and DHA. For example, although flaxseed oil is six times richer than most fish oils in omega-3’s, flaxseed oil contains mainly ALA, not DHA and EPA. Unfortunately, our bodies can only convert ALA into DHA and EPA in very small amounts. Scientific studies have revealed that fatty acids from fish or fish oil, but not flaxseed oil, benefited patients with cardiovascular disease and ADHD. More...

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Earth Day is arriving next week--and guess what? Children fear that soon we won't be celebrating any additional Earth Days. In a survey commissioned by HabitatHeroes.com, more than half believe the earth will not be a good place to live when they grow up. One in three fear the demise of the planet. Sharon Lowe, mother of three, environmental activist, and creator of HabitatHeroes.com, offers these tips to help parents allay their kid's fears about the environment: -Communication is key. Parents need to be open and honest with their children. -Allow your children to ask questions. Acknowledge their fears as real, no matter how big or small. Explain in a manner they can relate to. Show them pictures. Visit websites like Habitat Heroes and engage in child friendly games and activities to help explain the issues in a way that is not scary. Habitat Heroes offers printable activity sheets and lesson plans which can help reinforce your conversations. You can also find out if your child's class is being educated about topics that they are fearful of. Many schools are taking the initiative to teach students about these environmental and social issues and how to cope. As with anything parents should always lead by example. Here are some simple ways to educate kids about being green. 1) Add more clothing before adding more heat. 2) Take off a layer of clothing before turning up the air conditioning. 3) Replace light bulbs with energy efficient ones. Make it an activity with the kids. 4) Turn off electrical appliances at the powerpoint, not just the switch. 5) Turn off the TV when you leave the room. 6) Turn off the lights when you leave the room. 7) Open up curtains and enjoy natural light. 8) Take recycled / hemp shopping bags with you instead of using plastic bags. 9) Place food scraps into a compost bin for your garden. You can turn that into a fun activity for the kids. They will love watching the worms! 10) Recycle plastics, glass and paper in the appropriate places. Check if your municipality or local stores recycle electronic goods and furniture. For more information check out Habitat Heores

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460

At statehood, the federal government promised all states that it would transfer title for all public lands within the states. The U.S. Supreme Court has called these promises “solemn compacts,” “bilateral (two-way) agreements,” and “solemn trusts” that must be performed “in a timely fashion.” With the vote of 35-15, SB1332 was changed from requiring that Washington turn over “public lands” to a demand that they do so. If it passes the Senate, it will place Arizona Governor Jan Brewer in the position that Utah Gov. Gary Herbert found himself in when he signed similar legislation last month, do they join the Western land war: 5 states fight D.C. for control of federal areas. The fight centers on the millions of acres of lands that were never turned over to the western states after they were admitted to the union. These lands are being held in “trust” for the “public” but they hold valuable resources that the states feel they have a right too. The following list shows what these states see as unequal treatment by the federal government. The percentage of land that is under the control of the feds west of the Mississippi is staggering and they want it turned over as promised in the Enabling Acts that brought these states into existence . - Nevada 84.5% - Alaska 69.1% - Utah 57.4% - Oregon 53.1% - Idaho 50.2% - Arizona 48.1% - California 45.3% - Wyoming 42.3% - New Mexico 41.8% - Colorado 36.6% Now compare that to other states and you will be able to understand why the western states feel that they must demand respect for their sovereignty and their lands as promised. - Connecticut 0.4% - Rhode Island 0.4% - Iowa 0.8% - New York 0.8% - Maine 1.1% - Kansas 1.2% - Nebraska 1.4% - Alabama 1.6% - Ohio 1.7% - Illinois 1.8% The argument has been the definition of a “timely manner” for turning over these lands but as you can see by the dates of admittance to the union these states have been more than patient with Washington’s failure to keep its promises. - Nevada Oct 31, 1864 - Alaska Jan 3, 1959 - Utah Jan 4, 1896 - Oregon Feb 14, 1859 - Idaho Jul 3, 1890 - Arizona Feb 14, 1912 - California Sep 9, 1850 - Wyoming Jul 10, 1890 - New Mexico Jan 6, 1912 - Colorado Aug 1, 1876 “The bill’s chief supporter said environmental constraints put on mining, logging and other resource industries limit how federally controlled public land can be used in the West, to the detriment of states’ economic prosperity.” “This will take the shackles off of us and allow us to prosper,” Sen. Al Melvin, R-Tucson, said during a March committee hearing on the bill. “This will be a major game-changer.” “The Utah law and the Arizona bill both call for formation of a state commission to decide details of how the transfers of control of public land would work.” For State Sovereignty to mean anything then these western states must gain control over the lands within their borders. If you live in Arizona – act NOW. Not tomorrow or next week. Today, not tomorrow – right now. 1. Visit the link below for contact information for your Senator: 2. Click on your senator’s name and get their email address and TWO phone numbers – capitol and district offices. 3. CALL them. Best option – respectfully, yet firmly urge them to pass this bill. Let them know that you want them to stand up for the Constitution of the United States AND the Constitution of Arizona – they took an oath to both. 4. EMAIL them – even if call, you can still email too. Alternatively, just send them a firm but courteous email urging them to vote yes on this bill. 5. Do the same for the Governor’s office – 602) 542-4331 or (520) 628-6580 http://www.azgovernor.gov/Contact.asp 6. Report Back – when you get responses, let us know! We want people to be informed of what their delegates are saying and doing.

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971

Q: I have a plant that looks like a cattail, but it has a plume on top instead of a catkin. What is it? Mike – Cottonwood, AZ A: It sounds like you’ve got phragmites. Also known as “common reed,” certain invasive varieties of this plant have taken root on the East Coast, Midwest and Pacific Northwest – and, apparently, in your pond! To identify the species of phragmite in your pond, check out Cornell University’s “Morphological Differences” website here. Generally speaking, phragmite is a perennial wetland grass that can grow to 6 to 15 feet in height. Its stems, which are erect, smooth and hollow, measure nearly 1 inch in diameter and are topped with 12-inch-long dense panicles, or purple-brown pyramid-shaped plumes of flowers, that emerge between July and September. The leaves that arise from the stem are 10 to 20 inches long and up to 2 inches wide. The plants propagate mainly via an extensive network of underground rhizomes, or horizontal stems, that produce roots and shoots that grow as deep as 39 inches, with their root systems growing down another 3 feet. They’re hardy – and unfortunately, they can be tough to control. A Substantial Threat These invasive, non-native bad guys can do some serious damage to your lake or pond. Not only do they create tall, dense stands that crowd out native plants and animals, but they also block your shoreline views, create fire hazards from dry plant material, and reduce areas for swimming, fishing and hunting. They’re definitely not something you want on your property. Once phragmites has taken root in your lake or pond, you’ll need to develop a long-term management plan to control them. Unfortunately, because the plants spread through their rhizomes, they could be difficult to eradicate entirely. That’s where chemical and mechanical control can help. - Chemical control: First, you can spray an EPA-registered herbicide and surfactant product, like Kraken™ & Cide-Kick™ Combo, in the late summer or early fall. Mix the herbicide with 2 gallons of water, pour it into pond sprayer and spray on the plants with your Airmax® Pressurized Pond Sprayer, completely wetting the surface of the leaves. Allow the mixture to absorb into the plant and the root system – the most difficult part of the plant to kill – for two weeks. - Mechanical control: Once the herbicide has had a chance to soak into the phragmites’ root system and kill the plants, use a weed cutting and removal tool, like the Pond Logic® Pond Rake and Weed Cutter, to slice at the base of the plants and remove them. If you can control your pond’s or lake’s water line, you can also cut the phragmites 2 to 3 inches below the water surface to cut off the plant’s supply of oxygen and drown the plant. - Destroy what you’ve removed: To prevent the accidental spread of the plant, collect the cut material and bag it before disposing of it. In extreme cases, prescribed burning after herbicide treatment can provide additional control. Before you begin, check with your local environmental agency to see if a permit is required for the treatments of these buggers. Plan to repeat this routine several years in a row. Patches may emerge even after regular treatments, but once you’ve wiped out the majority of the phragmites, the plant will be much easier to control. Just remember: early detection is key! Pond Talk: How do you control phragmites in your lake or pond?

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791

Although much of Henry Wellcome’s collection was devoted to instruments and materials of healing, some of the objects found in it have a more sinister purpose. Elizabeth Baddeley looks at a tradition of punishment rooted in the fear of female autonomy. When visitors peer into our cabinet of masks in Medicine Man they are, almost without fail, drawn first to the bright, colourful disease masks from Sri Lanka; to the exaggerated features of the ritual mask from Bhutan; to the almost eerily realistic grinning false face Iroquois mask from North America. It seems almost as an afterthought that they turn to our object here: the matt grey, iron mask of the scold’s bridle. It seems clunky and dull next to the lively features of the more geographically exotic specimens it is displayed alongside. Surprisingly, the history, use and legacy of this and similar objects are a much underexplored subject. This object is between 200 and 450 years old and is from Belgium, but could be from any part of Northern Europe from the late medieval or early modern period. It is made from heavy iron, and has the caricatured ears of an ass, exaggerated facial features and twisted, cruel-looking horns. It is a scold’s bridle. The offence of scolding means little to nothing to us today, but in the 16th and 17th centuries, it was an acute insult. It was a uniquely female misdemeanour, and as such it is often compared to that other contemporary, and uniquely female, crime of being a whore. Both were often punished with a round on the ‘cucking stool’ – a mechanism where the accused was dunked into a river or pond while secured to a seat – and both are often viewed as female crime in a male-dominated legal system. A scold was, after all, ‘a troublesome and angry woman, who by her brawling and wrangling amongst her Neighbours, doth break the publick Peace, and beget, cherish and increase publick Discord’ according to William Sheppard in 1675. The gendered nature of this crime has led to historians discussing whether it was a male way of limiting women’s powers of expression and activity. Indeed, the prevalence of accusations against scolds seems to have peaked between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, and in Britain has been linked to the wider social upheaval surrounding the English Civil War. Punishment with a bridle like this one, or ‘branks’ as they were also known, is less well recorded, but we know that it was done, as with the cucking stool, to ridicule and expose the women in front of her neighbours. It could also be painful. The woman would be made to wear the device for a stated time, and it would be heavy, the iron would be very cold (especially in winter), and the strut of metal that went into her mouth to hold down her tongue from further nagging (which has unfortunately broken off this example) would become increasingly uncomfortable. Indeed, on some bridles this was not just a piece of metal but a spike, designed to cause pain. The idea of punishing a woman for stepping out of her place is not uniquely British: as mentioned above, scold’s bridles have been found across Europe. This crime of being a scold is represented in the mocking ‘world turned upside down’ rituals of French charivari and Italian carnivals. Men dressed as women, children played bishops and bishops dressed as paupers during the festival; this reversal and ridiculing of traditional norms was used to reinforce the correctness and normality of those norms in everyday life. This was true especially in relation to gender roles: alongside the punishing of scolds was the ridiculing of what cultural historian Natalie Davies calls the ‘woman on top’: domineering wives, especially young brides of elderly husbands or women who abused their husbands. Also linked is the enduring idea that witches were female, often wise old spinsters or midwives. Statistically, we know that a huge number of men were also accused and punished for witchcraft, but the concept of witches and the description of them in contemporary sources is usually purely female and contributes to the general fear of women stepping out of their place. The contemporary fear of powerful women has in the past been linked to a high number of young, unmarried but wage-earning women living away from home as servants and the measure of power and freedom this gave them. One idea that connects the scold’s bridle, accusations of witchcraft and the ‘woman on top’ is the belief that women were particularly prone to bouts of irrational behaviour, prone to communicating with the devil as they did not have the rational power to stay away, and inclined to scold and nag about unimportant matters. According to early modern medical ideas of the four humours, a theory about the body existent since ancient Greece and changed little by the 16th century, women were cold and damp with little blood. Indeed, this small amount of blood would linger around their uterus, instead of spreading throughout the body and into the brain. The Greeks even wrote of how the uterus would ‘wander around’ the body if it had too little blood. As such, women were often seen as being ‘led’ by their uterus, a dangerous organ, making them prone to irrational behaviour. Nor was this idea soon forgotten, for the very Victorian illness of hysteria takes its name from the Greek ‘hystera’, meaning uterus. This may seem odd to a modern audience, more used to hearing of men being led by their nether regions than women. Elizabeth Baddeley is a Visitor Services Assistant at Wellcome Collection.

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1,195

This winter I’m taking a course on urban education. Our first topic: segregation and desegregation in schools. Firstly, what do we mean by segregation? As a working definition, I’ll offer that segregation is the spatial pattern of people across some attribute. So we could talk about segregation by race, by income, or by favorite ice cream flavor. Once we pick something to measure against, we find that every city is segregated according to this definition. What matters is in what way the segregation manifests and the consequences on the populace the pattern has. Segregation patterns can be uniform, with all groups distributed more or less evenly within a region, or clustered. Likewise, we could also calculate the extent to which subpopulations are isolated from each other—which also gives a rough estimation of how often members of one group is likely to run into someone outside of their group. I think when we talk about ‘segregated’ groups, we typically mean highly clustered populations that are isolated from the other groups in the city. I don’t think that clustered, isolated groups are necessarily bad on their own. I love visiting the North End and Chinatown. Because they’re both T-accessible, it’s easy for me to get there. (Though, both neighborhoods have had rough pasts.) And Harvard Square is the nicest place I’ve ever lived. Score one for segregation! Moral judgments aside, self-selection can have a big influence on patterns of segregation, at least it can in models. The positive feedback loops reinforce small, individual choice to generate large-scale patterning. Schelling’s model of segregation is a classic, good first example of what I mean. In this model individuals exhibit only a slight preference to have neighbors that are similar to them. The individuals in this model are not racist. (Or maybe they are. I don’t have a good functional definition of racism yet.) When individuals find themselves in a neighborhood that is too unlike themselves, they move somewhere else at random, possibly to a neighborhood more dissimilar from themselves than the last. Even with this mild, partially blind behavior, a totally segregated structure emerges. In more relaxed models that completely ignore race, even more realistic patterns of segregation form. In this class of model, individuals simply choose to live in the nicest area they can afford. As if by magic, isolated poor and rich neighborhoods form. Depending on the details of the model, wealthy suburbs appear spontaneously. If we use socioeconomic status as a proxy for race, it’s the same old story. Except this time, we have a systems-level mechanism that generates isolated, poor communities that lack the power to advocate for equitable resources and very rich communities with disproportionately high share of public goods insulated by a buffer of middle class individuals. Race was not the cause; money was. When was ask whether it’s morally justified for a white family to send their kid to a predominantly white school, I think it’s important to know what about the school is so attractive. Do all parents value differentiated cultural and social understanding across many kinds of experience? Are they likely to value it more than a pretty campus or reputation of success by its graduates? Sure, in some cases the choice may be motivated largely by racism. But I’d expect that in many cases, it’s mostly a matter of ensuring access to the most and best resources possible for their child. It just so happens that low-resource groups aggregate, even in the absence of race. I believe that diversity (of background, experience, perspective, and the like) is important in schools because, as has been mentioned a few times by others, students learn how to navigate social situations outside of school from the people they meet in school. But when we talk about diversity, do we really mean racial diversity? As an example, imagine that an elite, wealthy, mostly white college in the Northeast has recently been chastised for admitting a student body that is not sufficient diverse. Consequently, the school begins recruiting wealthy black students from Africa, some of whom attended the same boarding schools as students already enrolled in the college. In time, the student body comes to be half white, half black with an even mix in all classes and housing situations. In what sense, if any, has the college increased diversity on campus? Do you think the college has produced the diversity they were previously lacking? While I think that racial segregation is a problem, I don’t think race is necessarily the capital-C cause. In a world without racism, economic segregation will still exist. But I’m willing to bet that in a world with no financial disparity, a lot of the troubles we associate with racism would evaporate. And so, I think race will play a secondary part in the solution to segregation. In fact, I think that race may even obscure the issue of access to equitable education for all. (I’m not sure if that’s what we’re really trying to achieve, but I think it’s a good start.) Instead, I believe that the struggle of the American education system is one of power and status. As such, I think we should talk about resource allocation (including strategies that move students to resources as well as bringing more resources to students), causes and effects of socioeconomic segregation, and cultural and pedagogical practices that systematically discourage/motivate students to learn the skills required to become an informed and capable citizens.

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July 18, 2012 Since the Industrial Revolution, ocean acidity has risen by 30 percent as a direct result of fossil-fuel burning and deforestation. And within the last 50 years, human industry has caused the world’s oceans to experience a sharp increase in acidity that rivals levels seen when ancient carbon cycles triggered mass extinctions, which took out more than 90 percent of the oceans’ species and more than 75 percent of terrestrial species. Rising ocean acidity is now considered to be just as much of a formidable threat to the health of Earth’s environment as the atmospheric climate changes brought on by pumping out greenhouse gases. Scientists are now trying to understand what that means for the future survival of marine and terrestrial organisms. In June, ScienceNOW reported that out of the 35 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide released annually through fossil fuel use, one-third of those emissions diffuse into the surface layer of the ocean. The effects those emissions will have on the biosphere is sobering, as rising ocean acidity will completely upset the balance of marine life in the world’s oceans and will subsequently affect humans and animals who benefit from the oceans’ food resources. The damage to marine life is due in large part to the fact that higher acidity dissolves naturally-occurring calcium carbonate that many marine species–including plankton, sea urchins, shellfish and coral–use to construct their shells and external skeletons. Studies conducted off Arctic regions have shown that the combination of melting sea ice, atmospheric carbon dioxide and subsequently hotter, CO2-saturated surface waters has led to the undersaturation of calcium carbonate in ocean waters. The reduction in the amount of calcium carbonate in the ocean spells out disaster for the organisms that rely on those nutrients to build their protective shells and body structures. The link between ocean acidity and calcium carbonate is a directly inverse relationship, which allows scientists to use the oceans’ calcium carbonate saturation levels to measure just how acidic the waters are. In a study by the University of Hawaii at Manoa published earlier this year, researchers calculated that the level of calcium carbonate saturation in the world’s oceans has fallen faster in the last 200 years than has been seen in the last 21,000 years–signaling an extraordinary rise in ocean acidity to levels higher than would ever occur naturally. The authors of the study continued on to say that currently only 50 percent of the world’s ocean waters are saturated with enough calcium carbonate to support coral reef growth and maintenance, but by 2100, that proportion is expected to drop to a mere five percent, putting most of the world’s beautiful and diverse coral reef habitats in danger. In the face of so much mounting and discouraging evidence that the oceans are on a trajectory toward irreparable marine life damage, a new study offers hope that certain species may be able to adapt quick enough to keep pace with the changing make-up of Earth’s waters. In a study published last week in the journal Nature Climate Change, researchers from the ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies found that baby clownfish (Amphiprion melanopus) are able to cope with increased acidity if their parents also lived in higher acidic water, a remarkable finding after a study conducted last year on another clownfish species (Amphiprion percula) suggested acidic waters reduced the fish’s sense of smell, making it likely for the fish to mistakenly swim toward predators. But the new study will require further research to determine whether or not the adaptive abilities of the clownfish are also present in more environmentally-sensitive marine species. While the news that at least some baby fish may be able to adapt to changes provides optimism, there is still much to learn about the process. It is unclear through what mechanism clownfish are able to pass along this trait to their offspring so quickly, evolutionarily speaking. Organisms capable of generation-to-generation adaptations could have an advantage in the coming decades, as anthropogenic emissions push Earth to non-natural extremes and place new stresses on the biosphere. Sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from Smithsonian.com each week.

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861

Radiation from Japanese nuclear plant found in Colorado: Health dept. says no need to panic Last week, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment tried to counter media-fueled fears about radiation from the stricken Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan creating health risks here. Today, that job just got more difficult. The CDPHE confirms that "minuscule" amounts of radiation from the accident have been detected in Colorado. In a release on view below, the department stresses that the risk of harm from the current radiation is far less than the damage that could be done by unnecessarily gobbling potassium iodide pills, no matter what panicky talking heads might suggest. Here's the CDPHE's take: Colorado detects radioactive isotope Minuscule detection level - no risk to public health Colorado has joined other states now reporting detection of minuscule levels of radiation coming from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. Preliminary sampling from a Colorado monitor has detected a radioactive isotope, iodine-131. The Colorado sampling data is being sent to EPA for further analysis. "Levels detected in Colorado are minuscule and represent no risk to human health," said Dr. Chris Urbina, chief medical officer and executive director of the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. "Radiation can be detected at levels millions of times lower than the level that would cause health impacts. Radiation levels detected in Colorado are consistent with those reported for other states." According to an EPA news release, "In a typical day, Americans receive doses of radiation from natural sources like rocks, bricks and the sun that are about 100,000 times higher than what we have detected coming from Japan. For example, the levels we're seeing coming from Japan are 100,000 times lower than what you get from taking a roundtrip international flight." Four days ago, California first reported detection of radiation from a state monitor. The New York Times reported Monday, "officials have tracked the radioactive plume as it has drifted eastward on prevailing winds from Japan -- first to the West Coast and now over the East Coast and the Atlantic, moving toward Europe." As reported nationally, the plume's radiation has been diluted enormously in its journey of thousands of miles and -- at least for now, with concentrations so low -- its presence will have no health consequences in the United States. Dr. Urbina added, "There is no need for people to seek potassium iodide, as there is no risk to public health from the trace amounts of radiation being reported in the United States. Potassium iodide may have side effects. Using potassium iodide when it is unnecessary could cause intestinal upset (vomiting, nausea and diarrhea), rashes, allergic reactions, soreness of teeth and gums, and inflammation of the salivary glands. Pregnant women and the developing fetus are particularly sensitive to the health risks of taking potassium iodide." Colorado's monitor is part of EPA's RadNet, a national network of monitoring stations that regularly collect samples for analysis of radioactivity. The RadNet network has stations in each state and has been used to track environmental releases of radioactivity from nuclear weapons tests and nuclear accidents. Nationwide RadNet reports can be found at its website: http://www.epa.gov/japan2011/rert/radnet-data.html#states. For information about radiation, please call COHELP at 877-462-2911. More from our News archive: "TSA machines may irradiate your junk unless you've got Rocky Flats Gear (PHOTOS, VIDEO)."

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739

The creation of dead zones begins when nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers used on land, and from raw or poorly treated sewage, wash into streams, into rivers, and to the sea. Thus fertilized, single celled drifting algae in the sea reproduce – bloom — until they reach abnormal densities. The algae subsequently die and fall to the ocean floor, where they spark an explosion of bacteria that decompose them. The bacteria deplete the oxygen in the sea water to levels so low that little else can survive. Thus, a dead zone is created. Fish can sometimes swim away from these dead zones, or algae blooms, but other sea life like clams and crabs cannot. 3 things you can do to help shrink dead zones: 1. Consider using organic compost or other natural fertilizers instead of commercial products on your lawn and garden 2. Buy locally grown food to support small-scale, regional farmers. 3. Get involved in local efforts to reduce commercial fertilizer use. Other great ways you can make a difference. LINKS & VIDEOS Dr. Nancy Rabalais The rise of global dead zones. Dead zones, from fertilizer, cause fish die-offs.

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247

Why the Oceans? Simple: the ocean supports life on this planet. It feeds us, produces the oxygen we breathe, maintains our climate, cycles vital nutrients through countless ecosystems and provides food and medicines. The ocean provides jobs, food, energy, and recreation. As if that weren’t enough, the ocean is beautiful and inspiring. And that would be enough. People are drawn to where water meets land, because it is there we find a primeval, vital connection that goes deep into the human psyche. We feel it. Put simply, the oceans give us life. Let’s return the favor. 3 ways you can to save the oceans: 1. Go to the beach & get inspired. 2. Share your love of the ocean. 3. Eat sustainable seafood. More great ways to Make A Difference. LINKS & VIDEOS The Value of Our Oceans, World Wildlife Fund In the Same Net: Ocean Life, Ethics, and the Human Spirit, Carl Safina, You Tube Cod: The Fish That Made New England, You Tube Knowledge and Devotion, Carl’s Blog Deep Ocean Mysteries and Wonder, TED Talk, You Tube World Oceans Day, Wikipedia Value of Ecosystem Services, World Research Institute Ecosystem Services, Wikipedia Hawaii Ocean Waves, You Tube What is the Ocean Worth to You? Carl’s Blog Valuing Oceans: The $2 Trillion Question, Economist Cod: The Fish That Made New England, Pew Oceans Nothing tells a story like the eyewitnesses who were there. Old-timers in New England’s commercial cod fishery don’t want us to forget how we arrived where we are today. In the Same Net: Ocean Life, Ethics, and the Human Spirit, Carl Safina Prominent ecologist, marine conservationist, and author Carl Safina keynoted Earthstock 2010 with his lecture exploring our changing oceans, and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people. His talk, which was part autobiography, part science lecture, and part book reading, told the story of his global journey from fisherman to scientist and touched upon the scientific dimensions as well as moral and social implications of our relationship with nature. In the deepest, darkest parts of the oceans are ecosystems with more diversity than a tropical rainforest. Taking us on a voyage into the ocean — from the deepest trenches to the remains of the Titanic — marine biologist David Gallo explores the wonder and beauty of marine life. Enjoy this relaxing video from Hawaii. You can see Hawaiian sea turtles, honu, swimming underwater. They surface very briefly in the beginning and ending of this video. I hope this will help you to relax wherever you are in the world. Mahalo

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582

Question about Statistics - Regression Model A. develop a regression model that could be used to predict the final average in the course based on the first test grade. b. predict the final average of a student who made an 83 on the first test. c. give the values of r and r2 for this model. Interpret the value of r2 in the content of this problem. A Complete, Neat and Step-by-step Solution is provided in the attached file. This answer includes: - Plain text - Cited sources when necessary - Attached file(s) - Student Roll No.doc

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133

Concerns that the US economy can no longer innovate seem to be trickling into the cultural realm. According to Grant McCracken at the Harvard Business Review, some music critics are worried that “innovation in popular music is in decline,” and that, “If this is true, a big cultural change is upon us — the end of popular music as the great lab bench for our culture, as the defining innovator of our time.” But McCracken recognizes the nostalgia that underlies such fears, and puts forth five ways in which youth culture and pop music are actually changing the boundaries of what those cultural concepts mean today: 1. Contemporary musical forms like mashups are not a “barren genre.” They are merely a new grammar, invented by cultural innovators to express a new culture. 2. Originality is not so much in decline as being revalued. 3. Young consumers are interested in music produced by previous generations, but they are using this music for their own purposes. 4. The new forms of music are expressive of new forms of self and group. 5. If music matters less to the way young consumers define themselves it’s because they have found other, more useful media to do the job. Music doesn’t have to be the innovative media it was for Reynolds’ and other generations. That it worked especially well for earlier generations is due to historical chance and happenstance. Music matters to Reynolds for the same reason books matter to Boomer academics: it just happens to be the form that ideas assumed in the world they grew up in. McCracken’s conclusion echoes Breakthrough Journal writer Dan Krewson, who wrote of punk’s enduring, if unconventional, legacy in “Punk and Possibility”: In many ways, punk’s legacy is such that it is now a mark of sophistication among artists to draw from a constellation of influences, just as it was once stylish for prog rockers to draw upon classical music. Consider Top 40 rapper KiD CuDi. Born in 1984, CuDi unapologetically channels Pink Floyd over Grandmaster Flash. He rhymes about outer space instead of the ghetto and samples Lady Gaga rather than James Brown. He combines orchestral strings with turntable scratching. He references Facebook, Carl Jung, and insomnia, embracing big pop hooks that helped his record debut at number four on the Billboard 200. Asked about his wide-ranging sound and influences, CuDi said, “I did want to make something that would baffle the critics, as far as putting it in a certain genre; I wanted them to have a hard time doin’ it.” Photo courtesy of Tom Purves via Wikimedia Commons

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575

Like Brussels and Luxembourg, Strasbourg is mainly known as headquarters of the institutions European Union. But this French city has so much more to offer. Strasbourg has a magnificent old town, which is completely enclosed by water. The most striking building is the Notre-Dame Cathedral. This magnificent Gothic cathedral was mainly built between the 11th and 15th centuries. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is 103 metres long and has the shape of a Latin cross. The most important attraction in the cathedral is the Astronomic Clock. A number of European Union institutions are based in Strasbourg. If you follow the “Palais de l’Europe” arrows, you can view the buildings of the European Union from the outside. You can only visit the debating chambers and the hemicycle on the invitation of a Member of the European Parliament. In the vicinity of this complex of EU buildings, there is also a new building devoted to human rights, the Palais des Droits de l’Homme, which is an architectural marvel.

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216

In the run up to the international climate change talks in Cancun last year, you took action to demand more information for the world’s poorest. You called on UK Chancellor George Osborne to push the EU to open up about the money pledged to help poor countries cope with climate change. You asked four simple questions. - Where will the money come from for climate finance? - What will it be spent on? - Will the money be in the form of grants or loans? - Who will be responsible for spending the money?” So how did they do? Thanks to your efforts, the EU opened up with a new annual report, the ‘Fast Start Finance Report’. During the Cancun talks, they published the first of these reports, which gave extra details about the €2.2 billion the EU mobilised to combat climate change throughout 2010. This forms part of the €7.2 billion they pledged they would give (in the years up to 2012) during the Copenhagen talks. They also released more detailed information from individual EU member states on spending by country and on specific climate projects. The level of detail was a huge improvement on previous reports but questions still remain. Where the money will come from The €7.2 billion was promised to be ‘new and additional’ but as the EU did not report on where the money was coming and whether it was coming out of existing aid budgets, developing countries have serious fears that climate finance is being recycled from money already allocated for development. The UK itself has been transparent that climate finance is being taken from overseas aid budgets, but justifies this by saying that the aid budget is increasing. However, the agreed level of UK aid was set in 1970, when there was little recognition or understanding of climate change. Climate change is a new issue and an added burden to countries already trying to address poverty and therefore should not come out of existing budgets. What the money will be spent on The report released important information on what projects the money will be spent on. However, the vast majority of climate finance to date is being spent on mitigation (reducing emissions), with only a third going to helping poor people adapt to the effects of climate change. Whilst bringing down reductions is crucial, we need to ensure an equal amount of money is dedicated to helping address the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable. How the money will be given The report also included information about the source of the finance. According to the EU, over half the money given this year was awarded as loans or other forms of finance, rather than grants. It is unfair to expect poor countries to accumulate new debts to deal with a problem that they did not cause. Who will be responsible for spending the money? The annex to the report provided oversight into who will govern the fast start finance. This is positive as it shows who to hold to account. However, most of the UK money is going through multilateral funds such as the World Bank where developing countries remain unrepresented. For long term finance, leaders agreed to set up a Climate Fund that is under the authority of the UN and has equal representation from the world’s regions. We’ll be keeping a close eye on this positive first step. Maintaining the momentum Thank you to everyone who took action calling on the EU to open up. Now we have the crucial questions answered, we can begin to lobby our government to ensure the promised money reaches the poorest and most vulnerable to climate change. We’ll keep you posted on ways you can act in the run up to the climate change talks in South Africa later this year.

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749

Genetic Variations: Drug Metabolism SNPs When a person takes medication, many proteins in his or her body interact with the drug as it is transported throughout the body, absorbed into tissues, metabolized into more active forms or toxic byproducts, and excreted. If an individual has SNPs in any one or more of these proteins, they may alter the time the body is exposed to active forms of a drug or to any of its toxic byproducts. Researchers now have the tools to study how genetic variations can influence an individual person's response to a drug. They can even capture information on metabolism-related genetic variations that occur among different genders or ethnic groups. The data they are collecting should help to explain why certain persons within a population may have different side effects in response to the same drug or some may respond to therapy better or worse than others.

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177

The search textbox has an autosuggest feature. When you enter three or more characters, a list of up to 10 suggestions will popup under the textbox. Use the arrow keys to move through the suggestions. To select a suggestion, hit the enter key. Using the escape key closes the listbox and puts you back at the textbox. The radio buttons allow you to toggle between having all search items start with or contain the text you entered in the search box. Helicobacter pylori (HEEL-ih-koh-BAK-ter py-LOR-ee) A type of bacterium that causes inflammation and ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. People with Helicobacter pylori infections may be more likely to develop cancer in the stomach, including MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma. Also called H. pylori.

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186

It's that time of year again. Although it was chilly this morning in Canton, the birds are singing, the daffodils are sending up their thick green leaves, and it's time to change the clocks again. That's right, Spring Forward tonight, it's Daylight Saving Time. Although it doesn't really save us anything, and can actually cause our electric and heating bills to go up for the first few weeks. According to a 2008 study that examined billing data in Indiana before and after that state adopted DST in 2006, "DST increased overall residential electricity consumption between 1 and 4 percent, due mostly to extra afternoon cooling and extra morning heating; the main increases came in the fall. The overall annual cost of DST to Indiana households was estimated to be $9 million, with an additional $1.7–5.5 million for social costs due to increased pollution. According to a Huffington Post article: This time change is much trickier for our bodies to handle than when we "fall back" in November. That's because so many of us aren't getting enough shut-eye to begin with, and being robbed of an additional hour can put us over the edge. In fact, as many as 47 million people are sleep deprived and 43 percent of Americans say they rarely or never get a good night's sleep during the week. "It's hard to get up an hour earlier," Dr. Sam J. Sugar, director of sleep services at the Pritikin Longevity Center and Spa, a wellness spa and weight-loss program in Miami, Fla told The Huffington Post. "When we do, since most of us don't sleep the recommended seven or eight hours anyhow, another hour less is not good for us, and we wind up fatigued and tired during the next day." Much like traveling between time zones, the changing of the clocks requires our bodies to adjust to a new sleep and wake schedule that feels similar to jet lag. "Our internal clocks, which run on a more or less 24-hour cycle -- that clock is suddenly confused," Sugar said. And, just like traveling east is more difficult to adjust to than traveling west, so too is "springing forward" compared to "falling back" explains Dr. Robert Oexman, director of the Sleep to Live Institute, a laboratory of sorts that examines the impact that environment, behavior and sleep equipment have on sleep quality. Because our normal circadian rhythm is slightly longer than 24 hours, it's easier on us to extend the day, like we do in the fall, rather than cut the day short by an hour as we do this weekend, he said. While adjusting to this slightly-altered cycle can take up to a week, for most people, it will only take a few days, said Sugar. "Our brains are incredibly good at adjusting to anything we throw at them, and for almost everybody it isn't a problem," he said. While only about 1 percent of drivers crash because of drowsiness each year, that equals a total of 1.9 million drivers, according to the National Sleep Foundation. More than half of all drivers have driven at least once in the past year while feeling sleepy, and 28 percent do at least once a month. In the days after the shift, heart attacks are also more common. The effects of sleep deprivation on the heart are well-documented: Skimping on zzz's can promote the buildup in arteries that leads to heart attacks and strokes, as well as increase the risk of high blood pressure and inflammation. Plus, the most sleep-deprived people often weigh more, increasing their risk for heart problems even before the time change. Workers also report more injuries on the job the Monday after the beginning of daylight saving time. And while it might do more harm to our employers than to our own bodies, the day is also witness to a dramatic increase in what's come to be known as "cyberloafing" -- or wasting time on the Internet, according to a recent study that examines the link between lack of sleep and decreased productivity. So, don't forget, 2 a.m. becomes 3 a.m. tonight.

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861

One of the most specialized branches of the healing arts, chiropractic care is used to treat problems such as: lower back pain, stress-related headaches, and neck pain. It is also effective in controlling pain associated with arthritis. The chiropractor's tool is the spinal adjustment. It is not a massage. The adjustments reset the alignment of the spine to restore normal nerve function. The method dates back to ancient Greece and Hypocrites, the Father of Medicine. Established in 1895, the first chiropractic license in the US was issued in 1913. Today, every state and territory licenses chiropractic, as do all provinces in Canada, and many countries worldwide. Doctors of Chiropractic are recognized as primary care doctors in all 50 states giving more than 200 million treatments each year in the US Workers Compensation programs often call upon chiropractic health care to treat injured employees, as do most insurance companies. All American citizens are entitled to chiropractic care under the Medicare programs. It takes at least seven years of college to earn a Doctor of Chiropractic degree. The chiropractic student is required to study human anatomy, spinal anatomy, neuro anatomy, chemistry, diagnosis and x-ray. Like medical doctors, the DC must obtain a basic science background in a college or university and then attend a four-year accredited College of Chiropractic. The focus of the education is in maintaining health with a specialty in spinal care.

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297

According to Christopher Clark and Nancy Hewitt, “Both failures and successes were inherent in the task of rebuilding the nation following the Civil War: vigilante violence, often fatal conflict over the right of African American men to vote, courageous African American insistence on self-determination and participation in the political process, and federal intervention in the South to help assure freedpeople’s rights. The Union victory in 1865 had settled two major debates but left everything else in doubt. The United States of America was preserved; slavery was dead, and African Americans were now free. But who would hold and exercise economic and political power in the postwar South? What kind of labor system would replace slavery? Who would lead the South politically? What would freedom mean for the four million former slaves? Answers to these questions were widely contested and would emerge only after two decades of intense political and social struggle, a struggle that contemporaries hopefully called Reconstruction. Racial conflicts in the former Confederacy continued to disrupt efforts at reunification, and a protracted financial crisis dashed hopes for a quick economic recovery. In response, northern political and business leaders focused their efforts on revitalizing the economy through reconciliation between North and South rather than protecting racial advancement in either region. Thus… the old planter aristocracy – under the protection of a revived Democratic Party – returned to power, controlling a nonslave but still exploitative system of agricultural labor. The failure of Reconstruction to transform southern race relations shaped the nation as a whole. Still, it was freedpeople who paid the highest price. Outgunned, both figuratively and literally, they were left with few alternatives. Yet they did not give up. Those who remained in the South established a dense network of autonomous community-based institutions, including black schools, churches, and businesses, to keep their democratic hopes alive within an oppressive and racist system.” (From Clark, Christopher and Nancy A. Hewitt. Who Built America, Volume I, pages 589-590.) The 1869 Virginia Constitution, unlike previous state charters, mandated public education. Virginia’s position on public education – let alone its position on educating blacks – had been tenuous at best. The state had long resisted a system of free schools, despite the efforts of some of its more famous citizens. Thomas Jefferson’s unsuccessful campaign for free schools had yielded little more than a literary fund for indigent children. All of that changed when Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of March 2, 1867 demanding that southern states ratify new constitutions guaranteeing black suffrage. Once these constitutions met with congressional approval and after the state approved the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress promised re-admittance into the Union. Responding to the Reconstruction Act, Virginians registered voters and called an election to decide if the state would call a convention to revise the state’s constitution. In 1867 226 Fairfax County blacks registered to vote – voting unanimously in favor of a constitutional convention. In 1869, they returned to the polls and voted for adoption of the Constitution. At the 1867-1868 Constitutional Convention, education proved to be one of the most hotly debated topics, (the state’s war debt was the other top issue). Though delegates largely consisted of northern immigrants and freedmen easily approved a public school system, they were strongly divided over the question of integration. Many northern immigrants viewed public schools as the foundation of a democratic society and a key to reconstruction of the South. The question broke along racial lines. Black members introduced resolutions ensuring equal access to education “without distinction of color.” White delegates never took these suggestions seriously. Even radicals who supported desegregation voted against such resolutions. Mindful of widespread sentiment against mixed schools, they did not want to risk ratification. In the end, while most assumed public schools would be segregated, no language could be agreed upon and the question was not resolved until the legislature revisited the issue in 1870. While blacks lost their campaign for mixed schools, they still passed a milestone in gaining access to public education. However, as a result of poor political and financial support, Virginia’s first public schools for both blacks and whites were grossly inadequate. Many did not have heat or toilets, schools were small and scattered; also the average term was less than the five months mandated by the Virginia Constitution, and attendance, which was not required was sparse. Despite these conditions – and those for black children were considerably worse than those for whites – still there were now public schools in which both black and white children learned. The William Jasper family, 1808-1870 [Talking Points] • William Jasper, an African American, was probably born in 1808 not far from George Washington’s plantation in Mount Vernon. He was born a slave on the plantation of William Hayward Foote’s Hayfield plantation. Foote was one of the richest men in Fairfax County—when he died he owned 50 slaves. • Jasper worked on a plantation that grew wheat and corn, and raised horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. Slaves at Hayfield, including Jasper, are likely to have had skills as farmers, blacksmiths, and carpenters. • Jasper and his family were not sold south to booming cotton and sugar plantations, as were many other slaves. • According to his will, Foote decided to free his slaves on or soon after his death in 1846. At this time Jasper, in his thirties, was valued by appraisers to be worth $350. Foote’s will also freed Jasper’s wife Sara, in her mid-twenties, and their two daughters who were six and four. They were actually freed in the early 1850’s. • It is important to note that the Jaspers were free blacks in Virginia before the Civil War. But even as free blacks they faced numerous obstacles. They could not: own a gun, obtain an education, vote, conduct business freely, worship in religious services unless supervised by whites. Also they might be captured by slave traders and sold back into slavery. • The Jaspers wanted to stay in Virginia near friends and family, so in 1853 and 1858 they chose to register as free blacks in Fairfax County to prove that they were free. This meant they could travel and gain employment. • In 1860 William Jasper purchased 13 acres of land near the Hayfield Plantation. It is likely that he put together the $200 to pay a white farmer and slave owner for the land from his work as a farmer. • The Jaspers probably did not stay on their newly bought land during the Civil War -- and it is also likely that what they had on this land, including buildings, animals and crops, was lost during the war.

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On September 9, 2010, an explosion of an 30-inch natural gas pipeline rocked a residential neighborhood in San Bruno, California. The tremendous blast and following blaze killed at least seven people and destroyed 53 homes. Firefighters overwhelmed by the intense heat from the 60-foot inferno could only try to keep flames from spreading to other homes until utility workers managed to shut down the gas main an hour and a half later. It is unclear what caused the explosion, although residents reported smelling gas prior to the blast. An investigation into the cause of the explosion may take up to a year. Natural gas is an important part of America’s energy infrastructure, and deadly explosions such as this are uncommon. In this week’s online current events activity you will learn more about natural gas, how we collect and distribute it, and how we use it. All About Natural Gas It’s easy to confuse the term “natural gas” with our short form of the word gasoline. In fact, they are very different. To learn what natural gas is, where it comes from, and how we use it, visit NaturalGas.org, an educational web site covering a variety of topics about the natural gas industry. The best place to begin any learning activity is usually the overview. First, read the Background section of the site, which explains what natural gas is, gives its chemical composition, and explains how natural gas is formed. What are some of the characteristics of natural gas? What is the primary component in natural gas? Why is mercaptan added to natural gas? What is the difference between “dry” and “wet” natural gas? Where is natural gas typically found in the earth? Next, learn about the History of natural gas as a fuel source. How did ancient civilizations discover natural gas, and what did they do with it? What was the first country to use natural gas commercially, and how did they produce it? Who was the first American to dig a natural gas well? Who was Robert Bunsen and what did he invent? Natural gas is a fossil fuel, not a renewable energy resource. How much natural gas is left in North America? Find out by reading the Resources section. Why is it difficult to estimate the amount of natural gas in the ground? Give one estimate for the total number of cubic feet available. In what areas of the United States is natural gas plentiful? Finally, learn about the Uses of Natural Gas which, according to the Energy Information Administration, accounts for 24 percent of total energy consumed in the United States. Read about Residential and Commercial uses of natural gas, such as water heating, space heating, and cooking. Learn how natural gas is increasingly used in the Transportation industry, and it is a cleaner burning fuel than gasoline or diesel. Also read how natural gas is used for Electric Generation. For which of these uses do you think natural gas utilization is likely to increase in the near future? Natural Gas Distribution Let us focus now on the distribution of natural gas—how it gets from the well to our homes and businesses. For that, visit California’s Energy Story web site and read Chapter 9: Natural Gas Distribution System. This page describes a network of pipes, from larger pipes (like the one that exploded in San Bruno, California) to smaller pipes that reach residential homes. What do people use for gas who live in rural areas outside the gas pipe networks? How many miles of pipeline are there in America? Find out at Pipeline101. What is the difference between a gathering line and a transmission line? Are gathering lines used offshore, or only on land? Natural gas pipelines are part of America’s energy infrastructure in populated areas. The nation’s electric grid, the highway system, fiber optic data, wireless telephone networks, water pipelines, and even local sewage pipes are other examples of the infrastructure that delivers a high standard of living. It is easy to take these services for granted. In a current or recent issue of the e-edition, look for stories and articles about local utilities and infrastructure. You may find notices about maintenance and repair work, or you may find news about infrastructure failures of one kind or another. Collect several of these stories over the course of a week, then write an essay explaining what your life would be like if water, electricity, mobile communications, natural gas, or any other type of utility or service because unavailable for a whole month. What aspects of your daily routine would change?

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