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3-D Paper Snowflakes Are a Hit
January 16, 2013
Smithville's Homeschoolers @ the Library made 3-D snowflakes this December. Before the class, branch staff made a few to help the instructor determine what steps might be the most difficult. We hung these staff "flakes" over our circulation desk. Whoa! Everyday a patron would ask, "Did you make those? They're great! Do you have a pattern I could copy?" So, we thought we would share our snowflake fun with everyone.
All you need is 6 sheets of paper, a ruler, pencil, scissors, glue or tape, and a stapler.
This square is easily accomplished by folding regular printer paper - fold one corner down to the opposite side, creating a folded triangle. Then cut off excess. Fold again to create a smaller triangle, then mark 4 cutting lines (parallel to the long open edges) from the short edge with 2 folds almost across to the solid folded edge - but stop short by 1/2 inch. Leaving the triangle folded, cut on those lines BUT NOT all the way across. This process must be done for all 6 pages.
Open up your cut piece of paper slowly, as it is a little delicate at this point. Lay the paper flat. Fold the two most center slits together and glue or tape. Skip the second slit and glue or tape the points of the third slits together. Now leave the fourth and tape or glue the 5th slits together. At this point, turn your piece over and tape or glue the points of the 2nd slits together. Finally, tape or glue the points of the 4th slit together. This is 1/6th of your snowflake. Repeat this process for the remaining five pieces.
Use a stapler to staple one tip of all 6 pieces together. Then fan them out and tape or glue the edges of each piece where it touches the next piece. You are done! Here is a link for a great tutorial on how to make these snowflakes. Enjoy! | [
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You are hereThe Written Stone, Dilworth
The Written Stone, Dilworth
A large inscribed stone measuring eight feet long, two feet wide and one and a half feet deep was placed beside a old road (now known as Written Stone Lane) in Dilworth during the 17th century. The reason why the stone was placed is unknown, though several stories have grown up around it. The following account was published in 'Lancashire Legends' (1873) by John Harland & T T Wilkinson.
'The anonymous author of "The New Clock" mentions, in his "Curious Comers round Preston," that, having heard of a farm called "Written Stone," from an ancient stone bearing an inscription which stands near it, and that the place was reputed to be the haunt of boggarts, he determined to visit it. It is in the township of Dilworth, and parish of Ribchester, about two miles from the village of Longridge, and seven miles N.E. of Preston. Turning down a narrow lane, or old bridle-road, it soon plunged the searcher into a deep ravine, with a rapid mountain rivulet coursing through it, and a tall hedge of holly and hazel making the place a grove. For half a mile he walked and waded through mud and water, and on emerging from this long and tedious lane, turning to his right into a neat farmyard, he espied in a comer the object of his search. He describes it as a huge stone, a foot thick, nine feet long, two feet wide, and apparently from the adjacent rocks, placed like a gravestone on the cop. The inscription is on the side facing the road : — Ravffe : Radcliffe : laide : this : stone : TO : LYE : FOR : ever : a.d. 1655." *
The characters (he adds) are not the raised letters so prevalent in the seventeenth century, but deeply cut in the stone. He found the farmhouse tenanted by a young woman of very respectable appearance, the daughter of the owner of the estate, who, in this romantic spot, leads almost the life of a recluse. She had no dread of supernatural visitants, having never been disturbed by ghost or hobgoblin; and her theory on the subject was pithily summed up in the declaration, "that if folks only did what was right in this world, they would have nothing to fear." The date on the stone speaks of the days of sorcery and witchcraft, and of the troubled times of Cromwell's protectorate. Tradition declares this spot to have been the scene of a cruel and barbarous murder, and it is stated that this stone was put down in order to appease the restless spirit of the deceased, which played its nightly gambols long after the body had been "hearsed in earth." A story is told of one of the former occupants of Written Stone farm, who, thinking that the stone would make a capital "buttery stone," removed it into the house and applied it to that use. The result was, that the indignant or liberated spirit would never suffer his family to rest. Whatever pots, pans, kettles, or articles of crockery were placed on the stone, were tilted over, their contents spilled, and the vessels themselves kept up a clattering dance the live-long night, at the beck of the unseen spirit. Thus worried out of his night's rest, the farmer soon found himself compelled to have the stone carefully conveyed back to its original resting-place, where it has remained ever since, and the good man's family have not again been disturbed by inexplicable nocturnal noises. Well may they say with Hamlet, "Rest, perturbed spirit!"
*In Baines's "Lancashire" (vol. iii. p. 383), there is a somewhat different version of this inscription : — "Rafe Ratcliffe laid this stone here to lie for ever. a.d. 1607." He adds, that this Rafe was owner of the estate. It will be seen that neither christian name nor surname nor date agrees with the text, which latter, however, we believe to be correct. | [
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] | 873 |
NPP launched Oct. 28, 2011. It is a first step in building the next satellite system to collect data on climate change and weather conditions.
Teachers to put science to the test in a microgravity environment aboard the agency’s reduced gravity aircraft.
01.25.12 - NASA Explorer Schools held a live video chat on Jan. 25, 2012 with Josh Willis who answered questions about sea level rise and global climate change.
01.12.12 - NES held a video webchat Jan 12, 2012 with Dr. Bill Cooke and Rhiannon Blaauw. They answered questions about meteors, meteorites and comets and their potential danger to spacecraft.
12.13.11 - Danielle Margiotta joined NES on Dec. 13, 2011 and answered student questions about how NASA engineers prepare satellites to endure the harsh environment of space.
11.23.11 - NASA Explorer Schools held a video chat on Nov. 23, 2011 with Zareh Gorjian for a look at NASA's computer graphics area.
11.03.11 - On Nov. 3, 2011, NASA's Deputy Director of Planetary Science, Jim Adams answered student questions about NASA's recent planetary mission discoveries and upcoming launches. Adams discussed his career path and some of the most rewarding moments in his 22-year career with NASA.
10.13.11 - In celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month, Dr. Félix Soto Toro joined NES on Oct. 13, 2011, for our first live bilingual video chat. Students asked questions of this astronaut applicant and electrical engineer and found out what it was like for Soto to grow up in Barrio Amelia Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, with few advantages. They also learned what inspired him to pursue a career with NASA. A video or transcript of this chat will be posted at a later time.
02.17.11 - Being a scientist doesn't always mean spending your days in a lab. For NASA microbial ecologists, going to work might mean climbing aboard a research vessel, or collecting marine and soil samples in the Andes, Mexico, or even in Europe and Africa! Students were able to find out what it's like to hunt microbes around the globe with Angela Detweiler and Dr. Lee Bebout. Chat transcripts are now available.
03.29.11 - The NES project invited all K-12 students to participate in a one-hour-long NASA career panel video webchat on March 29, 2011. This year's panelists were three outstanding women who have chosen to pursue careers in science and engineering. A transcript and/or video will be posted at a later time. | [
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] | 544 |
South Shetland Islands
61° 00' to 63° 37'S, 53° 83' to 62°
- A 540 km chain of four main island
groups, some are volcanic, including eleven major islands (Elephant
and Clarence Islands; King George and Nelson Islands; Robert, Greenwich,
Livingston, Snow, and Deception Islands; Smith and Low Islands)
and several minor ones with many islets and rocks. Located about
120 km north of the Antarctic Peninsula in the Southern Ocean.
- Area: 3687 km².
- Highest elevation: 2105 m (Mount
Foster, Smith Island).
- About 80 % glaciated.
- Sighted and first landing 1819,
sealers arrived 1820.
- Permanent occupation (scientific
station) from 1944 (previously sealers and a scientific expedition
wintered unintentionally, and a garrison was deployed briefly).
Whaling station operated at Deception Island 1912-31.
- British territory, part of British
Antarctic Territory; also claimed by Argentina, part of 'Antartida
Argentina'; and Chile, part of 'Territorio Chileno Antartico' (under
the aegis of the Antarctic Treaty). | [
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] | 263 |
Football Behavior Program
January 12, 2011
Years ago, Poquoson Primary School used sports to create a school-wide behavior incentive program for January. We used a die-cut machine to cut footballs. Each teacher was given a stack. We were asked to carry a few with us at all times. When we saw another class (not our own) that was well-behaved in the hallway, cafeteria, at the bathrooms, or the like, we handed a football to a student in the class. They could also earn a football for an individual act of good citizenship. Upon returning to the classroom, the teacher talked about what the class did to earn the football and would post it on a paper football field that was displayed outside of her door in the hall. Each time the class earned a football their “team” would advance ten yards on the field. (This was great for teaching counting by 10’s.) When the team reached the goal post, they would earn a touchdown and start over. Tally marks were used to display and track points earned.
When it was time for the Super Bowl, the totals were given to the principal. We then had a culminating assembly and everyone wore sports-related clothing to school. The principal and assistant principal dressed like football players, complete with helmets and pads! The top scoring classes got to do cheers, and all classes were praised for their behaviors. Examples of especially good deeds and behaviors were announced for all to hear. This activity was extremely popular and allowed us to “catch ‘em being good” rather than give out reprimands. | [
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] | 329 |
Most southern women did not publicly express a desire for equal rights with men until well after the Civil War (1861-65), and suffrage, or the right to vote, came later to women in Georgia than to women in most other states.
The American Equal Rights Association (AERA), dedicated to human rights, black suffrage, and woman suffrage, was formed in 1866, the same year Georgia passed legislation giving married women property rights. In 1869, when a woman suffrage amendment was introduced in the U.S. Congress, the AERA split into two factions. The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was a moderate group led by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe, and the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was a more radical faction formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. While the former campaigned to accomplish a state-by-state right to vote, the latter sought a constitutional amendment for the vote and worked for a variety of reforms. The passage in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment, stating that citizens could not be denied the vote because of race, color, or former status as a slave, granted black males the right to vote and to hold office. The belief that women also deserved this right not only increased membership in the pro-suffrage organizations but also led to tension over how best to achieve this in the South.
Organizing for Suffrage
The AWSA and the NWSA reunited in 1890, into a group known as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). In Columbus, Georgia, Helen Augusta Howard formed a branch of the organization she called the Georgia Woman Suffrage Association (GWSA). In 1892 the NAWSA established the Committee on Southern Work, and by 1893 the Georgia chapter had members in five counties. In 1894 the Equal Suffrage League formed in Atlanta as a chapter of the GWSA. Further impetus for the suffrage movement in Georgia came in 1895, when the NAWSA held their annual meeting in Atlanta, the first held outside of Washington, D.C. The organization's headquarters was at the Aragon Hotel, and meetings were held at DeGive's Opera House. Susan B. Anthony and ninety-three delegates from twenty-eight states, together with visitors and reporters, attended.
African American women were excluded from these meetings, but Anthony did speak on the campus of Atlanta University, an all-black school. In the audience was alumna Adela Hunt Logan, a Georgian who taught at Alabama's Tuskegee Institute. Logan published several suffrage articles and became the NAWSA's first lifetime member. For African American women, support of NAWSA efforts was seen as a further step toward reenfranchisement for black men, as well as enfranchisement for themselves. In 1896 several African American women's organizations formed the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) in Washington, D.C. In the next several years, many members, like Lugenia Burns Hope, wife of John Hope, the first president of Atlanta's Morehouse College, became suffrage advocates through their work in the NACW.
The GWSA held its first convention in November 1899 in Atlanta. Speakers from Georgia as well as from other southern states attended. Under president Mary Latimer McLendon, the association passed several resolutions, including a statement that Georgia women should not pay taxes if they did not have the vote and a request that the University of Georgia be opened to women. At the November 1901 GWSA convention, Atlantan Katherine Koch was chosen president. In 1902 Atlanta women petitioned to vote in municipal elections but were rejected.
National and State Events
The 1906 Atlanta race riot further intensified the question of woman suffrage and how to achieve it in the South, where attitudes on gender and race became a defining issue. The year 1908 was a presidential election year, and suffragists asked both parties to include the issue in their platforms, but neither did. The Prohibition Party of Georgia, however, did adopt woman suffrage as part of its platform. The Georgia Federation of Labor had endorsed woman suffrage in 1900. They called for local unions to support it, and events outside the South encouraged them to do so. In 1907 Harriet Blatch, daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, formed the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women to reach out to working-class women. In 1909 the woman suffrage–connected strike of 20,000 women garment workers and a boycott by the wealthy women who purchased clothing was coordinated by the Women's Trade Union League in New York City. After California gave women the vote in 1911, there were six suffrage states.
In 1913 the Georgia Woman Equal Suffrage League was formed, with many teachers and businesswomen as members. The league's president was an Atlanta teacher and principal of Ivy Street School, Frances Smith Whiteside, and the sister of U.S. senator Hoke Smith. The Georgia Men's League for Woman Suffrage, formed by Atlanta attorney Leonard J. Grossman, was a chapter of a national organization. With few members outside Atlanta, its formation was mostly a symbolic one for the movement. The Equal Franchise League of Muscogee County as well as a Macon suffrage association were formed by the end of 1913.
In 1914 women who wanted the GWSA to work more aggressively for suffrage formed the Equal Suffrage Party of Georgia, which by 1915 had member branches in thirteen Georgia counties. In the first five years of the party's existence its presidents were from Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah. Several Georgia cities and counties had branches of both suffrage organizations working simultaneously for the same goal but with a different focus.
Anti-suffrage Movement and Pro-suffrage Groups
In the spring of 1914 a Georgia chapter of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, founded in 1895, was formed in Macon. Three months later, it claimed to have 10 state branches and 2,000 members, far more than the pro-suffrage organizations. The leadership included Mildred Lewis Rutherford, head of the Lucy Cobb Institute in Athens and president of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. When the Georgia legislature first conducted hearings on the subject in 1914, sisters Mary Latimer McLendon of Atlanta and Rebecca Latimer Felton of Cartersville, Leonard J. Grossman, James L. Anderson, and Mrs. Elliott Cheatham of Atlanta all addressed the house committee for suffrage. Speaking for the opposition were Rutherford and Dolly Blount Lamar of Macon. The vote was five to two against suffrage, and the resolution did not pass. Hearings were conducted again the following year before committees of the senate and house, and both voted against it.
In March 1914 pro-suffrage women held their first rally in Atlanta, with urban reform leader Jane Addams as speaker. In 1915 a May Day celebration was cause for Atlanta suffragists to gather on the steps of the state capitol. The following November, a significant event in the movement occurred when pro-suffrage groups marched after Atlanta's Harvest Festival celebration. Patterned after parades held in New York and Washington, D.C., the march included more than 200 students in caps and gowns, marchers wearing "votes for women" sashes and carrying banners, and decorated automobiles, all led by a brass band. Mary McLendon led the vehicles in Eastern Victory, an automobile sold by Anna Howard Shaw to pay "unjust" taxes. A pony cart filled with yellow chrysanthemums carried a large sign reading "Georgia Catching Up." On horseback, representing the herald leading women "forward into light," was Eleanore Raoul, organizer of the Fulton and DeKalb Equal Suffrage Party. All of Georgia's suffrage groups, including the Georgia Young People's Suffrage Association, were represented. The following year the Atlanta woman suffrage organizations were the first nonlabor group to be included in Atlanta's Labor Day Parade.
In 1917 Alice Paul formed the National Woman's Party. Because of the party's protest of Democratic president Woodrow Wilson's lack of support for a federal suffrage amendment, their attempts to organize in the South as early as 1915 had failed. In 1917, feeling that the "antis" were gaining too much of the South, the National Woman's Party increased efforts to recruit in the South, and a Georgia branch was formed. Considered radical by other southern suffrage groups, the National Woman's Party was a relatively militant organization. Although they did nothing unusual in Georgia, they were the first group ever to picket the White House for a political cause.
Two 1917 events were significant to the suffrage movement: the United States entered World War I (1917-18), and New York women won the right to vote. Although the NAWSA endorsed the war effort, not all suffrage organizations were in agreement. The same year, Georgia suffrage supporters again presented their resolution to the senate committee. Endorsement was finally achieved by a vote of eight to four in favor, but the senate did not act on that support. Elsewhere in Georgia, the city of Waycross allowed women, many of them property owners, to vote in municipal primary elections. In May 1919, women were allowed to vote in Atlanta municipal primary elections, by a vote of twenty-four to one.
Passage of the Amendment
On June 4, 1919, with the support of only one southern senator, Georgia's William J. Harris, the U.S. Congress passed the Woman Suffrage Amendment, and it was submitted to the states for ratification. In response, Alabamians formed the Southern Women's League for the Rejection of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment (Southern Rejection League), and Rutherford became one of its few out-of-state members. On July 24 Georgia became the first state to reject the ratification of the amendment, and both houses adopted resolutions to that effect.
By August 1920 thirty-five states had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment. One more state was needed for full ratification, and the state of Tennessee ratified it on August 18. Although many in Tennessee and the South continued to challenge it, the amendment became effective on August 26. Women finally had won the vote, but Georgia's women still could not vote in that year's November elections. Georgia, along with Mississippi, cited a requirement that one must be registered six months before the election in order to vote. Because the legislature refused to pass an "enabling act" to make voting immediately possible, Georgia women did not vote until 1922.
Assured that women had won the vote, the League of Women Voters organized in February 1920 to carry on the work of the NAWSA. In Georgia all branches of the various suffrage societies and leagues merged into the League of Women Voters of Georgia. Through this organization and others, women sought to address the many issues important to them that had been raised, including employment, education, and health care. The Nineteenth Amendment remains a milestone from which women could begin to do this through political means.
Elna C. Green, Southern Strategies: Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
Elizabeth Gillespie McRae, "Caretakers of Southern Civilization: Georgia Women and the Anti-Suffrage Campaign, 1914-1920," Georgia Historical Quarterly 82 (winter 1998): 801-28.
Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, Votes for Women! The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995).
E. Lee Eltzroth, Georgia State University
A project of the Georgia Humanities Council, in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor. | [
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] | 2,461 |
Living With Hurricanes: Katrina and Beyond
Katrina Exhibit Opens in Louisiana State Museum
Five years after the most devastating Hurricane ever to hit the United States and the massive destruction that followed, an exhibit has opened at the Louisiana State Museum documenting that destruction.
"Living with Hurricanes: Katrina and Beyond," a $7.5 million, 6,700 square-foot exhibit on the ground floor of the historic Presbytere in the French Quarter's Jackson Square tells the stories of real people caught in the hurricane's wrath. It documents their rescue, recovery, rebuilding and renewal of New Orleans in a way certain to move both those who survived the storms of 2005 and those who watched the events unfold on TV.
Combining eyewitness accounts, historical context, immersive environments and in-depth scientific exploration, "Katrina and Beyond" enables visitors to understand the 2005 storms, Katrina and Rita, and their impact on Louisiana, the Gulf Coast and the nation. It is a story of how a culture – the rich, varied world of New Orleans and coastal Louisiana – has learned to live with the fragility of its environment and how the storms of 2005 gave rise to a new vision for the region.
When it hit southeastern Louisiana and the Mississippi Gulf Coast on the morning of August 29, 2005, the storm caused fearsome destruction. But the disaster wasn't entirely the result of natural causes. Levees and floodwalls – the man-made barriers built to protect New Orleans from the water surrounding it – failed. Their collapse in a dozen or more locations, plus tidal surges from the the low-lying eastern edge of New Orleans, flooded 80 percent of the city. By the time the waters receded and the survivors regrouped, Katrina, and then Hurricane Rita, had claimed more than 1,400 lives and caused billions of dollars worth of property destruction.
Designed by the Boston-based firm ExperienceDesign that worked with the Museum's historians, curators and exhibit designers, "Living with Hurricanes" stretches across four galleries, each telling one aspect of the story using artifacts and rich media – sound, video and computer graphics.
Gallery One illustrates Louisiana's history with water, from the Mississippi River's benefits to the threats of coastal storm surges and floods. Visitors will move through the "Evacuation Corridor," overhearing residents' voices weighing their options as Katrina approaches. A state of the art "Storm Theater" shows Katrina's full fury with moving and dramatic footage of the hurricane's onslaught.
Gallery Two takes visitors past a leaking floodwall and into an attic and onto a roof of a house surrounded by rising floodwaters where they can view the inundated city surrounding them. They'll hear a firsthand account of a St. Bernard Parish family's rescue and view artifacts, histories and photographs.
Throughout the galleries are compelling artifacts, including music legend Fats Domino's baby grand piano found in his flooded Ninth Ward house, a Coast Guard rescue basket and seats from the heavily damaged Louisiana Superdome where thousands of people sought refuge and rescue. The objects serve as touchstones in recalling the days after the storm.
The forensics of Katrina unfold in Gallery Three where science and innovative displays come together. A large interactive table map shows the paths of Katrina and Rita and the sequence of floods that overwhelmed the region. Visitors will discover how the levees failed through digital animation. Additional displays illustrate the realities of eroding wetlands, disaster management, engineering and the science of predicting and tracking hurricanes and tropical weather patterns and phenomena.
Gallery Four celebrates recovery and promotes preparedness and showcases the ingenuity of Louisianans in rebuilding their lives and communities. The gallery will be updated regularly to reflect advancements in flood protection and coastal restoration and new strategies for living with hurricanes.
In addition to the running videos throughout the exhibit there will be interviews with a number of key individuals who had a part in the rescue and recovery efforts, including National Guard Commander Gen. Russel Honore whose troops helped restore order after a week of chaos.
Founded in 1906 with a mission to collect, preserve, interpret and present the state's rich history and diverse cultures, the Louisiana State Museum's collection now totals more than 450,000 artifacts and works of art. These provide an authentic experience of Louisiana to visitors from around the world while enhancing the quality of life for residents. The Museum is part of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism.
The exhibit will be located at The Presbytere on Jackson Square, at the corner of St. Ann and Chartres streets. Hours are 10 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Tuesday through Sunday. No closing date for the exhibit has been announced.
Admission fees are $6 for adults and $5 for senior citizens, students and active military. Children under 12 and school groups with reservations are free. Groups with 15 or more get a 20 percent discount; 10% off for AAA members.
For more information, please call 800-568-6968 or visit www.KatrinaAndBeyond.com. | [
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] | 1,021 |
Hendra virus found in SA flying foxes
- From: AAP
- January 18, 2013
HENDRA virus has been detected in flying foxes in Adelaide for the first time.
The virus was found in a tissue sample taken from flying foxes that died during extreme temperatures earlier this month.
About 100 of the animals were found dead in the North Adelaide parklands with heat stress the likely cause.
South Australia's chief veterinary officer Rob Rahaley said people should be alert but not alarmed by the discovery.
He said while the virus could be transmitted to horses some simple precautions could be taken by horse owners to minimise the risk.
"While this is the first time Hendra virus has been found in bats in SA, it was expected, as our flying fox population most likely originated from Victoria and New South Wales, where evidence of Hendra virus infection in flying foxes was demonstrated some time ago," Dr Rahaley said.
"It has always been assumed local flying foxes would have a similar status to animals in those states.
"However we believe local factors such as vegetation and climate mean the risk to South Australian horses is much lower than it is in Queensland and northern NSW."
Dr Rahaley said the Hendra virus had never been detected in a horse in SA, Victoria or southern NSW.
"But the discovery serves as a reminder to all South Australian horse owners to take steps to minimise the potential for contact between flying foxes and horses.
"Owners should prevent their horses being near fruiting and flowering trees that flying foxes may frequent and cover feed bins and troughs."
Hendra virus is also a rare but serious and sometimes fatal disease in people.
But all known cases have been acquired from contact with infected horses and there have been no reports of people being infected directly from flying foxes. | [
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] | 377 |
Zoologger is our weekly column highlighting extraordinary animals – and occasionally other organisms – from around the world
Step from a sunlit hillside into the darkness of a cave, and you immediately have a problem: you can't see. It's best to stand still for a few minutes until your eyes adjust to the dimness, otherwise you might blunder into a hibernating bear that doesn't appreciate your presence.
The same thing will happen when you leave again: the brightness of the sun will dazzle you at first. That's because your eyes have two types of receptor: one set works in bright light and the other in dim light. Barring a few minutes around sunset, only one set of receptors is ever working at any given time.
Peters' elephantnose fish has no such limitations. Its peculiar eyes allow it to use the two types of receptor at the same time. That could help it to spot predators as they approach through the murky water it calls home.
Peters' elephantnose fish belongs to a large family called the elephantfish, all of which live in Africa. They get their name from the trunk-like protrusions on the front of their heads. But whereas the trunks of elephants are extensions of their noses, the trunks of elephantfish are extensions of their mouths.
To find a Peters' elephantnose fish, you must lurk in muddy, slow-moving water. Look closely, because the fish is brown and so is the background.
It finds its way through the murk using its trunk, which generates a weak electrical field that helps it sense its surroundings and even discriminate between different objects. The fish's electric sense allows it to hunt insect larvae in pitch darkness.
The fish has paid a price for its electrical sensitivity. Processing the signals takes brainpower, so it has an exceptionally large brain. As a result, 60 per cent of the oxygen taken in by the fish goes to its brain. Even humans, with our whopping brains, only devote 20 per cent of our oxygen to them.
Now for its eyes. Most vertebrates, including humans, have two types of light receptors on their retinas: rods and cones. Rods can sense dim light, but become bleached in bright light and stop working. Cones can't see in dim light, but given enough light they can see fine details and colours.
Most animals' eyes are specialised for one or the other. Animals that are active during the day tend to have more cones than nocturnal animals such as foxes. In the human eye, the cones are clustered in a central region called the fovea, where the light is sharply focused, and the rods are outside it. As a result, we have excellent daytime vision and rather poor night vision.
The retina of the Peters' elephantnose fish looks completely different. It is covered with cup-shaped depressions. Around 30 cones sit inside each cup, and a few hundred rods are buried underneath.
Because of the peculiar design of the fish's retina, it was thought to be blind until about 10 years ago, says Andreas Reichenbach of the Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research in Leipzig, Germany. Reichenbach has now worked out what the cups are for.
Each cup has a layer of massive cells that are full of guanine crystals. These form a mirrored surface that amplifies the light intensity within the cups, ensuring that the cones have enough light to work with.
At the same time, because the cups are eating up so much of the light, only a small amount reaches the cones. As a result, both sets of receptors are supplied with the right amount of light.
Yet when Reichenbach tested the fishes' vision, they didn't seem to do very well. For instance, they could only see objects that covered a big swathe of their visual field. If humans had vision that bad, we would miss any object whose width was less than one sixth of a full moon.
However, the Peters' elephantnose fish were very good at spotting large moving objects against a cluttered background – essential for fish that live in dirty water. Presented with a monitor displaying a black stimulus on a white background, they took as long to spot it as goldfish. But when a grey noise pattern – like an untuned TV – was superimposed, the elephantnose fish spotted the stimulus faster than the goldfish.
The fish's ability to see the wood for the trees probably helps it spot incoming predators like catfish. So Reichenbach thinks its oddball visual system isn't a mistake. "It's the right type for this fish," he says.
Journal reference: Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1218072
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Thu Jun 28 22:15:54 BST 2012 by Freederick
If I understand correctly, each cup-shaped depression serves as a single aggregate receptor, combining the output of all the individual light-sensitive cells comprising it.
In effect, the fish is trading resolution for sensitivity. This is the same sort of effect as used to be employed in high-ISO photographic film, where the larger, flattened grains of photosensitive chemicals resulted in high sensitivity, at the cost of a coarse-grained image.
The fish employs an even more effective method, effectively combining many smaller "grains" into one huge hypersensitive receptor.
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If you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support. | [
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] | 1,253 |
- 1 hammer
- something hard and resonant (and inanimate) to bang it on
- 1 clock with a second hand
- 1 measuring tape
- 1 helper
- 1 pair of binoculars
Sound travels at 344 metres per second in air at 20 °C. This is slow enough for noises to be noticeably delayed when heard from even quite a short distance. You can use this effect to measure the speed of sound.
Ask your helper to a hit a wall or a piece of metal repeatedly with the hammer, about twice every second. The exact frequency of the beat doesn't matter; it can be measured later. But the beat should be regular.
Now start walking away, looking back from time to time to watch your helper pounding away as you listen to the sound of their hammering. As the distance increases, the delay after each beat before the sound arrives will become longer and longer.
Eventually the delay ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | [
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] | 219 |
Implant chip will improve care
A local doctor has developed a chip that can be implanted in artificial knees, hips or other prosthetics that will relay medical information about the patient.
Dr. Lee Berger, an orthopedic surgeon, developed the technology after frequent experiences with patients who did not remember the information needed to get proper follow-up care.
"Ortho-Tag" is a wireless chip imbedded in the prosthetic that contains information about a patient, implant, and procedure. A handheld receiver allows physicians to access information about their patient.
"A patient could just have all information necessary for care available in their implant," said Berger, who has been affiliated with St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center for 25 years and The Valley Hospital for 15 in addition to having his own private practice in Fair Lawn.
The Ortho-tag still has to be approved by the FDA.
"We hope to have it out between six months to a year" said Berger.
Berger described the possibilities available with this technology, including accelerometers which measure movement of the implant for use during physical therapy. No longer will doctors have to deal with inaccurate results.
"Instead of being subjective, we can be objective," Berger said.
The tags will also contain information that the patient wants included. Each tag holds "as much as a book" according to Berger.
The handheld probe was invented by Berger and designed in the laboratory of Marlin Mickle, Professor and Director of the University of Pittsburgh RFID Center of Excellence. | [
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] | 313 |
Keynote address: Research Agenda and Policy Perspectives on Agriculture for Development
The keynote address of the conference, by Justin Lin, the chief economist at the World Bank, focuses on future research priorities and the process of implementing the policy objectives of the 2008 World Development Report, "Agriculture for Development." Justin Lin is the Chief Economist of the World Bank.
This lesson plan should be used for grades 5-7 to help practice, learn, and implement the scientific method, using a self-directed study.
Try Dutch! : Dutch Language Taster
Interested in Dutch? Curious how Dutch sounds? Wondering how difficult or easy it is? Perhaps you are thinking of studying Dutch? Then here is your opportunity to have a go at the language yourself and experience what it is like to learn Dutch from scratch. You can work through the pack all by yourself. No knowledge of Dutch is required.
UCL Grant Museum of Zoology Eutherians image collection
This is a set of images taken from a teaching resource created at University College London, in collaboration with their museum of zoology. They are primarily along the themes of phylogeny (evolutionary history) and functional anatomy. The images are hosted in the UK Centre for Bioscience's ImageBank.
From Ideas to Intellectual Property (materials)
This zipped file contains all of the materials that made up the "How to extract value from Intellectual Property pt 1". Inside the file is a narrative, the full PowerPoint slide and cc licence information for all the clip art and materials that have been used. There are audio files that also can be used under the creative commons. The relevant attribution and sources for the materials can be found in the .ppt of the lecture.
Nuclear and Particle Physics
A third year course in Nuclear and Particle Physics. Could do with a few LHC updates. Contains lecture notes, examples, ... as well as the files used to create these resources. Also has some movies of nuclear collective motion. Discusses: 1 Introduction 2 A history of particle physics 3 Experimental tools 4 Nuclear Masses 5 Nuclear models 6 Some basic concepts of theoretical particle physics 7 The fundamental forces 8 Symmetries and particle physics 9 Symmetries of the theory of strong
HumBox: Keywords/Tags matches "oerprs"
HumBox: Keywords/Tags matches "oerprs" Feed 1
Introduction to microeconomics
This is a module framework. It can be viewed online or downloaded as a zip file. As taught Semester 1 2009/2010. There are no pre-requisites to taking this module and in particular there is no assumption of any prior knowledge of economics. For those who have taken A-level economics or any other version of economics some of the module content will appear familiar to you. However, the methods of analysis and the approach to teaching will quite probably be very different to anything experienced be
HathiTrust Digital Library Homeopathy The Meanings of Timbuktu Lolita with Imraan Coovadia The Wager Lost By Winning: on the 'Triumph' of the Just War Tradition Duke on Demand Highlights for the Week of November 7, 2010 CK-12 Biology (CA Textbook) Private Universe Project in Mathematics: Workshop 5. Building on Useful Ideas 'Til the Last Drop: Johns Hopkins Addresses the Global Water Challenge Education 320: Teaching PE & Health, Elementary Education - Group Presentations cont. Learn about US President Theodore Roosevelt 1858 - 1919
This volume authored by leading international scholars begin s to sketch the meaning of Timbuktu within the context of the intellectual history of West Africa in particular and of the African continent in general The book covers four broad areas Part I provides an introduction to the region outlines what archaeology can tell us of its history examines the paper and various calligraphic styles used in the manuscripts and explains how ancient institutions of scholarship functioned Part II begins t
Acclaimed novelist Imraan Coovadia spoke at UCT Gordon Institute for Performing and Creative Arts GIPCA Great Texts Big Questions public lecture on Thursday 1 April He discussed How to read Lolita. Written by Vladimir Nabokov Lolita was first published in Paris in 1955 It is one of the best known and most controversial books of 20th Century literature Coovadia says I will be talking about the Lolita problem How do we respond to a book which is a first person narrative by a man who is trying to s
Lecture delivered on the 19th of October 2010, part of the ELAC/CCW Seminar Series on War and Armed Conflict. Delivered by Professor Nicholas Rengger (St Andrews). Introduced by Jennifer Welsh
This week in Duke on Demand, during a session in Duke's Baldwin Auditorium, Duke alumnus Yizheng He gets a "Master Class" lesson from concert pianist and visiting artist Awadagin Pratt. Professor Misha Angrist discusses the science behind -- and experience of -- having his entire genome sequenced. A conversation at Duke's John Hope Franklin Center on the local food movement in Durham. And, an "Office Hours" webcast conversation on prison and African-American literature.
As a teacher, have you ever felt that your textbook was not thorough or up-to-date? Do you have to use other resources, such as on-line resources, to teach your lessons? As a student, do you believe you can get current information from sources such as the internet rather than your textbook? The answer to these questions is usually a resounding yes. So what do school districts do? They spend millions of dollars every year to buy “current,” “up-to-date” textbooks. CK12 believes we can do
One of the strands of the Rutgers long-term study was to find out how useful ideas spread through a community of learners and evolve over time. Here, the focus is on the teachers role in fostering thoughtful mathematics.,EnglewoodFourth Grade: Towers Fourth-grade teacher Blanche Young attempts the Towers activity for the first time with her students. She feels that their work is valuable, but questions how much time these open-ended activities are taking away from the standard curriculum.
Johns Hopkins University scientists and policy makers evaluate key factors contributing to the global water issue.
Class Session 7, recorded November 5, 2010. Note: Class Session 6 was not recorded.
President Theodore Roosevelt biography. This is a very short video that gives some data about his assuming of the presidency.
The Meanings of Timbuktu
Lolita with Imraan Coovadia
The Wager Lost By Winning: on the 'Triumph' of the Just War Tradition
Duke on Demand Highlights for the Week of November 7, 2010
CK-12 Biology (CA Textbook)
Private Universe Project in Mathematics: Workshop 5. Building on Useful Ideas
'Til the Last Drop: Johns Hopkins Addresses the Global Water Challenge
Education 320: Teaching PE & Health, Elementary Education - Group Presentations cont.
Learn about US President Theodore Roosevelt 1858 - 1919 | [
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John Keiling (active 1720), Known as 'Blind Jack'; played the flegeolet with his nose
Sitter associated with 1 portrait
After losing his sight John Keiling, known as Blind Jack, ensured his livelihood by learning to play the flageolet. He conceived the notion that by playing on the instrument in a novel way to that generally practised, he should render himself more noticed by the public, and be able to levy larger contributions on their pockets. The manner of Blind Jack's playing the flageolet was by obtruding the mouth-piece of the instrument up one of his nostrils, through practice he could produce as much wind as most others with their lips into the pipe but the continued contortion and gesticulation of his muscles and countenance rendered him an object of derision and disgust, as much as that of charity and commiseration. | [
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] | 184 |
A combine harvests rice near Tucker, Ark., as consumer groups pressure the FDA to set federal standards on arsenic in rice.
A combine harvests rice near Tucker, Ark., as consumer groups pressure the FDA to set federal standards on arsenic in rice. Danny Johnston/AP
Scientists have known for a long time that rice — often babies' first food and the staple of much of the world's diet — is good at absorbing inorganic arsenic from soil during the growing process.
Two separate analyses, one by Consumer Reports and one by the Food and Drug Administration, have raised concerns that we might be getting too much of this known human carcinogen in our diets.
Based on its findings, Consumer Reports is calling on the FDA to set federal standards of arsenic in rice. And the agency is weighing its options.
One of the issues is that there are no federal standards for arsenic in food, although the federal government does impose a 10 parts per billion (ppb) limit for arsenic in drinking water.
Consumer Reports found varying levels of arsenic in more than 200 samples of rice products, from cold cereals like Rice Krispies, where researchers found 85 to 90 ppb, to crackers, to rice-based beverages and infant rice cereals, where traces of arsenic were in the 150-250 ppb range.
"There's no question that one serving of a lot of the rice products that we looked at would give you 50 percent to 90 percent of what you would get from drinking a liter of water at the 10 ppb drinking water limit," explains Urvashi Rangan, director of consumer safety and sustainability at Consumer Reports.
So what's a concerned consumer to do?
Based on the available data, the FDA says consumers don't need to change their consumption of rice and rice products right now.
"We believe it would be premature for the FDA to recommend modifying diets because of arsenic levels until a more thorough analysis is completed," FDA spokesperson Carla Daniels told us in an email.
The USA Rice Federation, which represents growers, says it supports the federal government's effort to look at this issue. But, according to Stacy Fitzgerald-Redd, senior communications director, there is not enough scientific information to form the basis for a standard.
"At this point, we need to gather more scientific evidence in order to determine what the standard should be," she says.
The Rice Federation points out that there is no documented evidence of health problems from exposure to arsenic in U.S.-grown rice.
But this does not negate concerns about long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic. Studies in other countries, including Chile and Argentina, found links between high levels of arsenic in drinking water and lung and bladder cancer.
Researchers at Dartmouth Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center have begun looking into possible health effects. As my colleague Nancy Shute reported earlier this year, Dartmouth researchers found particularly high amounts of arsenic in brown rice syrup — a sugar substitute used in foods aimed at young children and vegans.
So, as the FDA suggests, don't stop eating rice or rice-based products. It may be wise to mix up your diet, though, and if you're concerned, you can change the way you cook rice.
Consumer Reports says you may be able to cut exposure to inorganic arsenic by using LOTS of water when you cook it. It recommends six parts water to one part rice, and draining the excess water off.
The Environmental Working Group suggests trying different grains and introducing babies to foods like sweet potatoes and squash instead of rice cereals.
Some governments are going even further. In the United Kingdom, the parents of toddlers and preschool children are advised to limit rice milk due to the levels of arsenic. | [
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] | 763 |
Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings
Situated in the ruggedly beautiful Nez Perce country, which encompasses 12,000 square miles of northern Idaho, this new and unique park allows today's traveler to see the land almost as Lewis and Clark described it well over a century and a half ago. Scene of many colorful and significant events in the history of the Rocky Mountain frontier, the park interprets the prehistory, history, and culture of the Nez Perce Indians, including their religion; missionary efforts among them; the Lewis and Clark Expedition; the invasion of fur traders, miners, and settlers; and the Nez Perce War (1877).
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, on their westward journey in 1805, were the first white men to contact the hospitable Nez Perces. In 1811 they also aided a small group of Astorians, a section of the overland party, who passed through the area on their way to found a fur post near the mouth of the Columbia River. The next year, personnel from Fort Astoria established trade relations with the Nez Perces, and other American and British traders soon visited them.
In 1836 the Reverend and Mrs. Henry H. (Eliza) Spalding, the first U.S. missionaries to the Nez Perces, arrived. On Lapwai Creek they founded a sister mission to the Whitman (Waiilatpu) Mission. The latter had been established the same year among the Cayuse Indians, about 110 miles farther west, in present Washington, by their fellow American Board missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman. Two years later the Spaldings moved their mission about 2 miles down the creek to its juncture with the Clearwater River.
The Spaldings made only limited progress in converting their charges to Christianity and persuading them to abandon nomadic hunting in favor of sedentary farming. Jeopardizing their efforts was Spaldings defensively critical attitude toward the other missionaries, especially the Whitmans. The personalities of the two men clashed, and Spalding's philosophy of missionary work resulted in arguments with his fellow workers.
Spalding nevertheless built the first white home, church, school, flour mill, sawmill, blacksmith shop, and loom in Idaho. In 1839 the mission received the first printing press in the Pacific Northwest, donated by American Board missionaries in Honolulu. This press, today in the museum of the Oregon Historical Society, printed the first books in the Nez Perce language, as well as one in the Spokan tongue. For this purpose, the missionaries devised phonetic renderings of the languages.
At the time of the massacre at the Whitman Mission, in November 1847, Spalding closed his mission and he and his wife moved to the Willamette Valley. In later years they returned to the Nez Perce country, where he taught school and preached until he died in 1874.
Despite the Cayuse animosity, relations between the Americans and the Nez Perces remained good until the 1860's, when miners and settlers poured into their ancestral homeland of north-central Idaho, northeastern Oregon, and southeastern Washington. In 1863 most of them reluctantly agreed to a major reduction in their reservation, to north-central Idaho. But for years several bands, known as the nontreaty Nez Perces, lived outside the reservation and resisted Army and Indian Bureau attempts to confine them with their acquiescent brethren. In 1876 a committee appointed by the Secretary of the Interior met with representatives of the two factions at the Lapwai Agency, Idaho, and later recommended to the Government the use of force if necessary to move the recalcitrants onto the reservation. Finally, under duress, in 1877 they began to migrate there. En route in June a few revengeful warriors murdered some settlers along the Salmon River south of the reservation. Brig. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, in charge of the relocation, sent two companies of cavalry under Capt. David Perry, from Fort Lapwai, Idaho, to restore order.
The warriors who had committed the murders belonged to a group camped on Camas Prairie, who subsequently moved to White Bird Canyon. As the troops rode down the canyon on June 17 toward the camp, about 60 or 70 of the Indians took cover at a point between the camp and the approaching soldiers, and the Battle of White Bird Canyon broke out. Assaulted vigorously on the flanks, Perry's men retreated in disorder up the canyon. Thirty-four of them died, but not a single one of their opponents. The victory here proved to be the Indians' undoing, for it emboldened them to follow a course of defiance that eventually resulted in the destruction of their power. A series of skirmishes ensued between troopers and various Nez Perce bands that culminated in the Battle of the Clearwater, on July 11-12.
That battle was indecisive, but it marked the beginning of an epic fighting retreat by the Indians in an effort to find a haven in Montana or, as they knew Sitting Bull had done, in Canada. The episode is one of the more dramatic in the long struggle of the U.S. Government to force the Indians off lands coveted by white settlers and confine them to ever-diminishing reservations.
The leaders of the march were Chief Joseph, later the statesman-diplomat of his people; Frog (Ollokot), his brother; Chief White Bird; Chief Looking Glass; Chief Sound (Toohoolhoolzote); and Chief Rainbow. They guided 700 people with their possessions, transported by thousands of horses, across the Bitterroot Mountains over the Lolo Trail, the route of their past annual treks to the buffalo range in Montana. In 2-1/2 months they were to travel 1,700 miles, trying to avoid conflict whenever possible, either dodging or fending off the 2,000 troops trying to catch them. Although impeded by many women and children, they evaded General Howard's pursuing party of cavalry and hopelessly outdistanced his slow-moving infantry and artillery. Once across the trail, the Indians headed southward and then slightly eastward. Losing men and resources at the Battle of the Big Hole, Mont., they passed through Yellowstone National Park and turned northward but met disaster at the Battle of Bear Paw Mountains, Mont., in the fall of 1877.
During the campaign about 120 Indians had died and 88 had been wounded. They killed about 180 whites and wounded 150. Confined at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., between November 1877 and July 1878 and enduring much suffering because of the abysmal conditions, the Nez Perces were then exiled to a reservation in Indian Territory and not allowed to return to the Pacific Northwest until 1885.
Nez Perce National Historical Park, authorized by Congress in 1965 and in the initial phase of development when this volume went to press, represents a new concept in a national park. It is a joint venture of the National Park Service, other governmental agencies, the State of Idaho, the Nez Perce Tribal Executive Committee, private organizations, and individuals. Of the 24 sites involved, 20 will remain in the hands of their present owners or under a protective scenic easement. Folders available to visitors at National Park Service units give exact locations of all sites and routing information.
The National Park Service administers four major sites: Spalding, East Kamiah, White Bird Battlefield, and Canoe Camp. At Spalding are a Nez Perce campsite of archeological significance; the remains of the Spalding (Lapwai) Mission (1838-47), consisting of traces of the millrace and ruins of two chimneys; site of the original Lapwai Indian Agency (1855-84) for the Nez Perces; a Nez Perce cemetery, where a large tombstone marks the graves of Henry and Eliza Spalding; and Watson's Store, a typical general store of the 1910-15 period that served the Nez Perces until only a few years ago. Extensive archeological excavation is planned at Spalding.
In 1992 an additional 14 sites were added in the adjoining states of Oregon, Washington, and Montana. The 38 sites of Nez Perce National Historical Park have been designated to commemorate the stories and history of the Nimiipuu (Nez Perce) and their interaction with explorers, fur traders, missionaries, soldiers, settlers, gold miners, and farmers who moved through or into the area.
A prominent feature at East Kamiah is the "Heart of the Monster," a rocky hump protruding from the level valley to a height of 50 to 60 feet that figures strongly in Nez Perce mythology. Also situated at East Kamiah is the McBeth House, a small framehouse that was the residence of missionaries Susan and Kate McBeth in the 1870's. White Bird Battlefield was the site of the first battle of the Nez Perce War, on June 17, 1877. Canoe Camp, a 3-acre roadside park along the bank of the Clearwater River, was the location of a Lewis and Clark campsite in 1805.
Many of the 20 sites (expanded to 38 sites in 1992) among the non-Park Service group are related to the phases of history treated in this volume. Fort Lapwai, the Army's major post in Nez Perce country, was founded by Volunteers in 1862 about 3 miles south of the Clearwater River in the Lapwai Valley. The post prevented clashes between Indians and whites on the Nez Perce Reservation, and played a prominent role in the Nez Perce War. Made a subpost of Fort Walla Walla. Wash., in 1884, Fort Lapwai was abandoned the following year and became the headquarters of the Nez Perce Indian Agency. In recent years this agency was replaced by the Northern Idaho Indian Agency, which serves all the northern Idaho tribes. The parade ground may still be seen, as well as a frame officers' quarters on its southwestern corner, now used by the Indian agency staff, and the stables.
Two natural formations east of Lewiston, Coyote's Fishnet and Ant and Yellow Jacket, are associated with Nez Perce legend and mythology. Weippe Prairie, a National Historic Landmark because of its relationship with the Lewis and Clark Expedition, was a favorite place for the Nez Perces to gather camas roots, an important part of their food supply. At this place Lewis and Clark, descending the Bitterroots in 1805, first encountered the tribe.
At the site of the city of Pierce, a prospecting party headed by E. D. Pierce made the first significant gold discovery in Idaho in 1860. The ensuing gold rush brought thousands of miners and settlers onto Nez Perce lands and within 3 years resulted in the creation of Idaho Territory. Two engagements of the Nez Perce War are commemorated at other cooperative park units; the site of the Cottonwood Skirmishes and Clearwater Battlefield. On the steep bluffs overlooking the Clearwater River are remains of stone breastworks used by Indians and soldiers during the Battle of the Clearwater. Also associated with the Nez Perce War and Nez Perce culture is Camas Prairie, a plateau-valley in the heart of the Nez Perce country, indicated by a highway marker. Once a sea of blue-flowered camas and grass, it was the place where the warriors who murdered the settlers on the Salmon River were camped with their group before it moved to White Bird Canyon.
The Lolo Trail, Idaho-Montana, a National Historic Landmark described separately in this volume, was the traditional route of the Nez Perces across the Bitterroot Mountains to their buffalo hunting grounds in Montana and the avenue of the non-treaty faction of the tribe in 1877. It was also the westward and eastward route of Lewis and Clark in 1805 and 1806. Some other sites in the park area, much of which is located within the boundaries of the historic Nez Perce Indian Reservation, are associated with missionary activities among the tribe.
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] | 2,523 |
Historic Hudson River Cleanup to Begin After Years of Delay, But Will GE Finish the Job?
Under the EPA's unusual agreement with General Electric, the company could escape full responsibility for cleaning up the toxic mess it made in the Hudson River.
After 30 years of struggle, it seemed that the concerns of local people had finally triumphed over corporate interests in one of the signature battles of the modern environmental movement -- the fight to remove toxic PCBs from New York's Hudson River. In 2002 a landmark EPA decision spurred General Electric, the company that had dumped as many as 1.3 million pounds of cancer-causing PCBs into the Hudson, to create a plan to remove its toxic mess from the river. This historic victory is now tinged with uncertainty, as the EPA and GE have reached a settlement that allows the company to back out after removing only 10 percent of the contaminated sediment targeted for removal, leaving the remainder of the cleanup in doubt.
PCBs are still leaching into the Hudson from GE's Hudson Falls plant.
Polychlorinated biphenyls, the cancer-causing chemicals commonly known as PCBs, were used in a number of industrial processes until the federal government banned them in 1977. PCBs have been linked to reproductive problems and developmental disorders as well as cancer. Humans are exposed to PCBs primarily through eating contaminated fish. Once consumed, PCBs remain in the body, accumulating in fatty tissues.
From 1947 to 1977, GE dumped as many as 1.3 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson, turning a 197-mile stretch of the river into the nation's largest Superfund site. Even today, PCBs still leak into the river from GE's Hudson Falls plant. Under Superfund law, polluters are responsible for cleaning up the messes they make. Yet for years, GE fought the development of a cleanup plan with every tool it could buy, lobbying Congress, attacking the Superfund law in court, and launching a media blitz to spread disinformation about the usefulness of the cleanup, claiming that dredging the river would actually stir up PCBs.
But advocates for the Hudson River stood firm, exposing the scientific holes in GE's claims; the public relations campaign failed to sway residents of the valley, and GE's lobbying efforts failed to move the EPA. The 2002 decision, which spurred GE to design a plan to remove 800 Olympic swimming pools worth of toxic muck from the river, was a landmark victory for the environment, and a blow to corporate polluters hoping to evade their cleanup responsibilities.
GE, however, has been dragging its feet on carrying out the cleanup. Dredging was slated to begin in 2005, but GE has repeatedly requested delays, pushing the start back to 2009. And in October of 2005, the EPA changed tack, rewarding GE's foot-dragging by striking a backroom deal that allowed GE to commit only to completing the first phase of cleanup -- a mere 10 percent of the job. Environmental advocates and government scientists expressed concerns that the agreement would not even ensure adequate performance of that initial phase of the cleanup. Under the Freedom of Information Act, NRDC obtained records spelling out the detailed bases for these scientists' concerns, and filed suit against the EPA and the Department of Justice to compel them to release additional records they had refused to provide.
Despite the controversy, top federal officials pressed ahead with the agreement and, at their request, a federal court formally signed off on the EPA-GE settlement in late 2006. Although GE has now begun some of the preparatory work for the cleanup, it continues to challenge the EPA over important details, and to press a federal lawsuit challenging the EPA's authority to require GE in the future to complete the second phase of the cleanup. If GE ultimately backs out of Phase 2, taxpayers would have to foot the bill to clean up GE's mess, face protracted legal battles with GE to require the company to complete the job (delaying any eventual cleanup by many years), or else be forced to live with a polluted river indefinitely. Much of the upper Hudson is already closed to fishing, and south of Troy, New York, women of childbearing age and children are advised not to eat fish at all. And the pollution is spreading, continually moving downriver from Albany.
NRDC and its coalition partners continue to track the situation, and remain prepared to take all available steps to ensure that GE conducts a full and thorough cleanup of the river it polluted.
last revised 3/23/2007
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] | 1,099 |
MAT670 Theory Best Practice Teaching
Lead Faculty: Dr. Linda Ventriglia-Nava
Covers theories and research on Best Practices in education. Best Practice research on effective schools emphasizes: classroom instructional practices, classroom management, school organization and planning, strategies for linguistically and culturally diverse students to access the core curriculum, instructional leadership, teaching environment, teaching strategies, peer assistance, peer review process and parent and community support.
- Explain the difference between expert teachers and experienced teachers.
- Explain How to Teach More Faster and Teach for Transfer.
- Discuss the research on Best Practices and the implications for optimum learning and accelerated achievement.
- Implement Best Practice teaching strategies in their classrooms across subject areas.
- Apply Best Practices to standards-based content instruction.
- Discuss how teaching for transfer helps English language learners.
- Create an interactive lesson using the strategies reinforcing, nonlinguistic representations, cooperative learning, generating and testing hypotheses, higher level questioning, cueing, using advanced organizers, summarizing and taking notes.
- Create a lesson plan using the nine Best Practices outlined in Classroom Instruction that Works. | [
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] | 229 |
|National Weather Service|
Contents: About, Graph, Status Maps, History Button, Credits
To use this website, click on the appropriate REGION. This will update the list of STATIONS and show a "Status Map" for that region. Click on your desired station, either on the map or in the list of STATIONS. This will bring up a graph of the total water level, as well as a text file that contains the numbers used in the graph.
The graph combines several sources of data to produce a total water level prediction. To do so, it graphs the observed water levels in comparison to the predicted tide and predicted surge before the current time. This allows it to compute the "Anomaly". The "Anomaly" is the amount of water that was not predicted by either the tide or the storm surge model. This "Anomaly" is averaged over 5 days, and is then added to the future predictions of the tide and storm surge to predict the Total Water Level.Example:
The first thing one notices is that there are two magenta vertical lines. The earlier one is when the storm surge model was run. It is run at 0Z and 12Z every day and the text form is available at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/mdl/marine/etsurge.htm. The later magenta line is when the graph was generated. It is currently being generated 15 minutes after the top of every hour. (This is also the date that follows the label.)
The next thing one notices are the horizontal lines labeled MLLW, MSL, MHHW, and MAT. These stand for the Mean Lower Low Water, Mean Sea Level, Mean Higher High Water, and Maximum Astronomical Tide. MAT was computed using our tide model, by computing the maximum of the predicted value for every hour (on the hour) for 19 years. The thought is that there is probably flooding if the total water level crosses MAT. The other datums came from http://www.co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/data_res.html.
One might next notice the red observation line. This is based on data attained from Tides Online . Please see their Disclaimer for information as to the quality of these observations. If there is no red line, then either Tides Online does not have data for that station, or there has been a communications break down. In this case, the graph computes an anomaly based on what data it has, or sets it to 0. Then it predicts the total water level for all hours, or after the last of any observations it does have.
The next thing of interest is the blue Tide line. This is the astronomical tide at every hour. The Harmonic Constants used were obtained from http://www.co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/data_res.html.
We then note the gold storm surge curve, which is created by "pasting" one 48 hour prediction to the next 48 hour prediction. That is, using 12 hours from each prediction until the last prediction where we use 48 hours. The result is that we may generate kinks in the curve every 12 hours, where the model adjusted its prediction based on new data from the GFS wind model.
Next we note the green curve, which is the "Anomaly" referred to above. This is simply the observation - (tide + storm surge). Preferably it is constant. The amount of deviation from a constant is an approximation of our error. Since we add the 5 day average of this value to our prediction, the perfect forecast does not have to have a zero Anomaly.
Finally we see the black forecast curve. This is what we are really interested in, which is the total water level created by adding the 5 day average anomaly to the predicted tide, and the predicted storm surge.
The history button allows one to see how the model has done over the last day or so. It displays 3 graphs. The first one is the current graph based on the current model run, and the current observations. The second graph is the last graph generated using the last model run. The third graph is the last graph generated using the next to last model run. This gives a view of the model over the last 24 to 36 hours depending on when the current time is.
To print this page out (Netscape instructions) it is recommended that you right click on the history frame and choose "Open Frame in New Window". Then choose page setup, and set the top and bottom margins to 0. Then choose print, and preferably send it to a color printer, (although a black and white does work). The result should be 3 graphs on the same page.
We would like to thank the following people/organizations: | [
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] | 986 |
Historical events were always very important in Tintin’s stories. During his first adventure, Tintin in the Land of the Soviets (1929), Tintin travels to Russia. After the October Revolution in 1917 and a five-year civil war, Stalin had succeeded Lenin in 1924. He accelerated industrialization and his political police terrified the population. Moreover, the country was ravaged by famine. At that time, Westerners were frightened of “Bolsheviks” and Hergé worked for a right-wing Catholic anticommunist newspaper, Le XXè Siècle. Tintin in the Land of the Soviets only reflected people’s mentality of that time. Hergé denounced fake factories that misled western journalists, arbitrary arrests, false elections,1 torture in prison, abandoned children, and so on.
Five years later, in 1934, Tintin went to China which was the victim of Japanese imperialism. Since 1931, Japanese troops had occupied parts of the Chinese mainland. Hergé based his story upon the events of the time. For example, in The Blue Lotus, he found his inspiration in the blowing-up of the South Manchurian railway, which brought about the Japanese invasion of China and ultimately Japan’s resignation from the League of Nations in 1933. Hergé reproduced all these events in The Blue Lotus. He had been made aware of China’s situation by Chang and he opposed Japan, which was in opposition to the pro-Japanese western position. It was the first time he has taken so much interest in international events. Less partisan, the presentation of Palestine is different in the three versions of Tintin in the Land of Black Gold. Hergé never finished the first which takes place entirely in Palestine, because the Second World War broke out. In the second version, published in 1949, he referred to the struggle of Jewish organizations against the British occupier. But in 1969, British editors put pressure on Hergé and he removed these allusions. This last version thereby lost its historical aspect.
Thanks to his narrative techniques, Hergé referred to events that are normally not treated in comic strips. His method was complex, nevertheless one of his favorite tools was the imaginary country. Tintin travels twice to the first imaginary country created by Hergé, San Theodoros. Here, in The Broken Ear, the political context was inspired by the Gran Chaco War, a bloody conflict - resulting in 100,000 deaths - between Bolivia and Paraguay, which began in 1932,2 then in Tintin and the Picaros, Hergé illustrated the economic and political situation in South America.
Syldavia and Borduria are the most successful of Hergé’s imaginary countries. These “East European metaphors” recall two critical periods of the twentieth century.3 The two countries first appeared in King Ottokar’s Sceptre, in 1938. Since 1933, Germany had threatened Austria, and on March 11, 1938, German troops had invaded the little country. These events were recent when the serialization of King Ottokar’s Sceptre began. In fact, Syldavia is the synthesis of three real countries. First, the conspiracy and the “fifth column” infiltrated into Syldavia represent the conspiracy against Austria. Second, its old conflict with Borduria, its architecture and its language have Polish characteristics. And third, geography and history resemble these of Romania. Likewise, Borduria is similar to Germany. For example, they both invaded their neighbour, Syldavia and Poland on several occasions. Moreover, the name of the pro-Bordurian party’s leader, “Müsstler”, seems to be a synthesis of Mussolini and Hitler.4 Uniforms that look like SS uniforms, and planes that are very similar to Messerschmit 109E fighters,5 are other signs of Hergé’s aim: to describe and denounce an Anschluss. Sixteen years later, Syldavia and Borduria were back in The Calculus Affair (1954-1956) during the Cold War. In Europe, the situation had been very tense since 1946, a situation worsened by the Berlin blockade, the Korean war and the Warsaw Pact. The arms race speeded up and the first H-bomb was exploded in 1953. Spying was intense. In The Calculus Affair, many elements refer to the events of the period. Tensions between the two countries appear to have been inspired by the situation between the two Germanys. Moreover, the personality cult of Plekszy-Gladz, the Bordurian president, resembled Stalin’s personality cult.6 Finally, with its architecture and the methods of its police, Borduria is similar to a country of the eastern bloc. Syldavia and Borduria could easily represent the confrontation between the two blocs, as they represented in the past the conflict between western democracies and Germany.7
Through imaginary countries, like Syldavia and San Theodoros, and direct allusion to real events, Hergé showed a concern for accurate explanations that had consequences in the perception of Tintin stories. Many adults read Tintin a long time after they discover his adventures, maybe because they did not completely understand the historical context during their childhood. But some questions about the perception of Tintin stories still exist. How would a child who does not know anything about history interpret the context of King Ottokar’s Sceptre, for example? How would a young Japanese interpret the political situation in The Blue Lotus? Nevertheless, enormous sales of Tintin’s stories - more than 120 million copies in 40 languages8 - show that allusions to historical events do not affect the success. Events were seen through Belgian eyes, but the hero travels the whole world and he is extremely open-minded. Nationality, language and religion have little significance, because a reader of Tintin’s adventures can always identify with the reporter. Hergé said “There are clearly reasons for this success since it has lasted so long and continues to grow. Well then?… It’s like a flowing stream, but what is its nature?… I receive, for example, a lot of mail from India. Here in the office are two letters from Calcutta. Now, what can there be in common between a boy in Calcutta and myself?… That’s something I am still asking myself without finding an answer.”9 His allusions to historical events may be one of the explanations. | [
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|Antiques Digest||Browse Auctions||Appraisal||Antiques And Arts News||Home|
The Art Of Conversation:
Introduction To Conversation
Principles Of Conversation
If You Can Talk Well
Culture By Conversation
Rules For Conversation
Reflections On Conversation
Happiness Through Conversation
Conversation And Courtesy
( Originally Published 1913 )
Several epochs in modern history have been productive of brilliant conversationalists. In Shakespeare's time, for example, we know that congenial spirits found greatest pleasure in conversing and it may be taken for granted that a keen wit and ready response characterized the sparkling flow of language.
Dr. Johnson and his coterie of friends passed many delightful hours in interchange of ideas at the coffee houses; if it be said that it happened frequently that Johnson talked and the rest listened, it must be remembered that good conversation presupposes sympathetic listeners as well as clever talkers. Johnson's expression for having spent a pleasant evening invariably was: "We had a good talk." To a friend who would lead him away to inviting country scenes, this lover of men had an answer ready: "When you have seen one lane, you've seen all lanes. I like men. Come, let us walk down Piccadilly." This profound interest in humanity doubtless accounts for the delight he found in mingling with them and extracting their differences and similarities of thought.
During the empire in France, the salons were filled with men and women who talked well. Madame de Stael, although never looked upon favorably by Napoleon, was always the center of brilliant conversation.
It is frequently said that this art is passing away. One who scans the prevalent articles written to advise debutantes upon entrance into society would think it might. Their bur den is: "Talk, talk, talk-no matter whether you say anything or not." The cynic might well observe that one generation of adherence to such counsel would bring to all conversational efforts a well deserved end. But not so; the old maxim about not being able to mislead all the people all of the time prevails; there are those remaining who have matters to talk about and who can talk of them acceptably on any occasion. However, it must be admitted that the profusion of light literature and circulating journals have removed the necessity of finding easiest diversion in discussions and in chat.
Selfishness lies at the bottom of present day disinclination to enter often into converse with others; intent upon personal concerns, each has less desire to make himself agreeable than was the case before life became so strenuous and competitive. Unless men can talk with some hope of gain, for the promotion of business interests or personal advantage, they evince less eagerness to carry on prolonged conversations than did the men of Johnson's generation.
The present ebb in the conversational tide has drawn out much timely criticism which has its attraction for the opening years of the new century. | [
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] | 600 |
Lara Bonner Millar, MD
The Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania?
Last Modified: January 13, 2011
Surgery as a medical field has been changing rapidly since the late 1800s, in large part thanks to the development of safe and effective anesthesia. Surgical oncology is a specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of a variety of tumors. Ephraim McDowell did the first reported resection of an ovarian tumor in 1809, but as early as the 7th century, ancient Egyptians described techniques for removing breast tumors. Today, general surgeons can pursue additional training after their residency in the form of a surgical oncology fellowship. However, a surgeon does not have to do a surgical oncology fellowship in order to be a surgical oncologist. What is more common is that a surgeon who is trained in a particular body site may develop expertise in cancers of that site, and thus have experience in the multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of those cancers. For example, a thoracic surgeon who is a surgical oncologist may devote most of his practice to lung cancer, while a head and neck surgical oncologist would be involved in treatment of cancers specific to her training, such as cancer of the larynx.
Surgery is the oldest form of cancer treatment, and for most patients, part of the curative plan includes surgery. The most important part of the consultation with the surgeon is a complete history and physical exam. Before surgical resection, diagnostic and staging studies should be performed. This helps the surgeon determine if the cancer is resectable (removable with surgery), and allows him or her to plan the surgical approach. Due to improved screening techniques, many patients have disease that is curable with surgery alone at diagnosis. In such cases, after surgery, the patient's follow-up care includes close observation and/or radiology and lab tests.
The goals of the surgical oncologist are to remove the cancer and an area of healthy tissue surrounding it, also known as a clear margin or clear excision, in order to prevent the cancer from recurring in that area (which is called a local recurrence). Sometimes it is not possible to remove the whole tumor, and a surgery known as "debulking" may be done to remove as much of the tumor as possible and to relieve symptoms such as pain, airway obstruction, or bleeding. However, the contribution of the surgical oncologist goes beyond what is done on the day of surgery itself. As part of the multidisciplinary care team, he or she provides expert opinion about biopsy techniques, optimal image guidance, the likelihood of achieving clear margins (especially in borderline resectable cases), and what role there is, if any, for surgical management of more advanced disease.
Although chemotherapy and radiation therapy are commonly used either pre- or post-operatively, a quality surgery is critical because it is not clear that chemotherapy or radiation can correct or compensate for an inadequate surgery. Excision of lymph nodes in the area of the tumor may be done at the time of surgery, depending on the type of cancer. The information regarding lymph node status (i.e. do they contain cancer cells or not?) can help determine prognosis as well as further treatment options. For example, if a patient has a small rectal cancer that is thought to be node-negative pre-operatively, but there is nodal involvement discovered after surgery, this finding portends a less favorable prognosis than if all the nodes had been negative. Additionally, chemotherapy and/or radiation would be recommended for node-positive disease, but with node-negative disease and an absence of other risk factors, observation alone after surgery would be recommended.
The types of surgeries that are done for cancers depend on the stage and location of the tumor and the fitness of the patient for surgery, and will continue to evolve. A classic example of the evolution of surgical technique is in the management of breast cancer. In 1890, Dr. William S. Halsted pioneered the radical mastectomy, a surgery which removed the whole breast, all draining nodes and the pectoral muscles (the muscle in the chest just below the breast). This was an extreme procedure that resulted in poor cosmetic outcomes and other long-term issues. While this was effective against the cancer, other surgeons wondered if they could achieve good oncologic results with a less extensive and disfiguring surgery. Breast conserving surgery was pioneered by Dr. Veronesi in Italy, who performed quadrantectomy (removing one quadrant of breast tissue) starting in the 1970s, although it took decades of follow-up to demonstrate that this less extensive surgery was acceptable. Nowadays, breast surgeons tend to do even smaller and more cosmetically pleasing surgeries called lumpectomies (which should be followed with breast radiation), while still maintaining excellent cancer control. Additionally, all women used to have surgery to remove the lymph nodes in the underarm, called an axillary dissection. The dissection left some women with arm swelling, pain, and/or limited range of motion. Now, for diagnostic staging of the axilla, sentinel lymph node dissection (removing only the first draining node) is done. Axillary dissection is reserved for situations where the sentinel node is positive for tumor, or if a sentinel node cannot be found.
Sometimes, after removal of the tumor, there is a defect left behind that could be physically devastating or impact on function. To remedy this, reconstructive techniques are increasingly being used for certain cancers and are important because of the impact on the patient's quality of life. Reconstruction can take place at the same time that the cancer is removed, ("immediate reconstruction"), or weeks to months later, "delayed reconstruction." When a surgical oncologist operates in conjunction with a plastic surgeon - for example, a breast surgeon performing a mastectomy with immediate reconstruction done by the plastic surgeon - the combined surgical approach is described as "oncoplastic surgery."
Like radiation therapy, the precise details of surgical technique are dictated by patient anatomy, tumor location, and cancer cell biology. Therefore, there is not always one exact way of doing things. Experience and evidence continue to shape the field of surgical oncology.
Pollock, Raphael E. Advanced Therapy in Surgical Oncology. 2008, BC Decker, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Bland, Kirby I., Daly, John M, and Karakousis, Constantine P. Surgical Oncology: Contemporary Principles & Practice. 2001, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Feig, Barry W., Berger, David H., and Fuhrman, The M.D. Anderson Surgical Oncology Handbook, Fourth Edition. 2006, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. | [
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] | 1,403 |
Unix Power Tools
by Jerry Peek
Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
If you're running a shell script and you press your interrupt key (like CTRL-c), the shell quits right away. That can be a problem if you use temporary files in your script because the sudden exit might leave the temporary files there. The trap command lets you tell the shell what to do before it exits. A trap can be used for a normal exit, too. See Table 1.
Here's a script named zpg that uses a temporary file named /tmp/zpg$$ in a system temporary-file directory. The shell will replace $$ with its process ID number. Because no other process will have the same ID number, that file should have a unique name. The script uncompresses the file named on its command line, then starts the pg file viewer. The script uses traps -- so it will clean up the temporary files, even if the user presses CTRL-c. The script also sets a default exit status of 1 that's reset to 0 if pg quits on its own (without an interrupt).
There are two traps in the script:
The first trap, ending with the number 0, is executed for all shell exits -- normal or interrupted. It runs the command line between the single quotes. In this example, there are two commands separated with a semicolon (;). The first command removes the temporary file (using the -f option, so rm won't give an error message if the file doesn't exist yet). The second command exits with the value stored in the stat shell variable. Look ahead at the rest of the script - $stat will always be 1 unless the pg command quit on its own, in which case stat will be reset to 0. Therefore, this shell script will always return the right exit status -- if it's interrupted before it finishes, it'll return 1; otherwise, 0.
The second trap has the numbers 1 2 15 at the end. These are signal numbers that correspond to different kinds of interrupts. On newer shells, you can use signal names instead of the numbers. There's a short list in Table 1. For a list of all signals, type kill -l (lowercase "L") or see your online signal(3) reference page.
This trap is done on an abnormal exit (like CTRL-c). It prints a message, but it could run any list of commands.
Table 1: Some UNIX Signal Numbers for trap Commands
|Signal Number||Signal Name||Explanation|
|1||HUP||When session disconnected|
|2||INT||Interrupt -- often CTRL-c|
|3||QUIT||Quit -- often CTRL-\|
|15||TERM||From kill command|
Shell scripts don't always have two traps. Look at the nom script for an example.
I usually don't trap signal 3 (QUIT) in scripts that I use myself. That gives me an easy way to abort the script without springing the trap (removing temporary files, etc.). In scripts for general use, though, I usually do trap it.
Also, notice that the echo commands in the script have 1>&2 at the end. That tells the Bourne shell to put the output of the echo command on the standard error instead of the standard output. This is a good idea because it helps to make sure that errors come to your screen instead of being redirected to a file or down a pipe with the other standard output text. (In this particular script, that doesn't matter much because the script is used interactively. But it's a good habit to get into for all of your scripts.)
If your trap runs a series of commands, it's probably neater to call a shell function than a list of commands: | [
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] | 794 |
A Brain System for Procedural Memory
Researchers have divided procedural memory into two general types. One type involves the acquisition of habits and skills, the capacity for a very broad variety of stereotyped and unconscious behavioral repertoires. The other type of procedural memory involves specific sensory-to-motor adaptations, that is, adjustments of reflexes, such as changing the force exerted to compensate for a new load, or acquisition of conditioned reflexes that involve novel motor responses to a new sensory contingency. This chapter analyzes the brain systems that support these two types of unconscious learning. It shows that procedural learning is mediated by a complex circuitry involving the motor cortical areas and two main subcortical loops, one through the striatum and another through the cerebellum.
Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian. | [
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] | 213 |
A new study by the Telethon Institute for Child Health Research has uncovered a significant decline in the risk of birth defects amongst WA children born using Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
The study, published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology, showed a large decrease in the rate of birth defects between a similar Telethon Institute study carried out using data from the mid-90′s and that of the updated study which looked at a larger collection of data.
The more recent study, which included data up until 2002, showed the risk of birth defects amongst single babies born using Assisted Reproductive Technology in WA dropped from 10.9% between 1994 and 1998 to 7.5% in the four years following (1998-2002), compared with a rate of 5.2% in the naturally conceived group.
Twins born via assisted pregnancies also showed a similar pattern of decreasing risk from the first time period to the second.
“Our study suggests an encouraging decline in major birth defect prevalence in children born as a result of assisted pregnancies in Western Australia,” said Telethon Institute researcher Michele Hansen. “Changes to clinical practice may be largely responsible with improved culture media and better culture and storage conditions leading to the transfer of ‘healthier’ embryos.
“Whilst our study does still show that babies born using Assisted Reproductive Technology remain at a higher risk of birth defects, couples seeking to use these treatments can be reassured that the vast majority of infants are born healthy and do not have a birth defect.” Ms Hansen said.
“We believe that providing parents with as much information as possible so that they can make informed decisions is important and we would encourage them to talk to their specialist about the prevalence of birth defects in ART pregnancies.”
The Telethon Institute research team hope to continue monitoring birth defects to evaluate the impact of more recent changes to ART laboratory practice such as extended blastocyst culture and vitrification (rapid freezing of eggs and embryos).Date Created: October 5, 2012 | [
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] | 421 |
Fetuses, infants, and toddlers, as well as older children and teens are particularly susceptible to environmental insults due to their rapid rate of growth, development and reproduction of cells. This vulnerability makes children a specific focus of environmental health research on the effects of lead, chemical dump sites, pesticides, PCBs, benzene, environmental estrogens, and outdoor and indoor air contaminants. Scientists want to know which substances pose significant health risks, how to identify susceptible children, and how to intervene to prevent illness.
The following are some of the studies conducted or financed by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, one of the National Institutes of Health, which focus on children:
Lead (commonly found in old paint, household dust, soil, pipe solder and some ceramics) has long been known to cause severe health problems at high doses, including muscle and abdominal pain, mental impairment, paralysis, and even death. Recent studies supported by the NIEHS suggest that a young person's lead exposure is linked not only to lower IQs and lower high school graduation rates but to increased delinquency. Preliminary data from two other grantees' studies indicate that young girls exposed to lead store the metal in their bones. This lead can be released when they become pregnant years later, exposing their fetuses. Until recently, however, we have not appreciated the devastating effect of low exposures early in life.
Basic research financed by the NIEHS has shown the adverse effects of lead on children's IQ and physical development at levels previously considered safe. Based on these and other findings, public health officials declared lead the number one environmental hazard to American children and the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lowered the acceptable blood lead level.
Research by the NIEHS grantees has helped identify sources of lead in the environment, design public health prevention efforts, and develop treatment to remove lead from exposed children, a process called chelation.
To help improve treatments, the NIEHS supported the study of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) as a chelating agent. Known generically as Succimer and the trade-name Chemet, DMSA binds with the lead, hastening its removal from the body and can be administered orally without hospitalization, an improvement over previous intravenous therapies.
Succimer is approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat lead levels that exceed 45 micrograms per deciliter of blood. However, adverse effects of lead are evident at levels between 10 and 25 micrograms per deciliter, making treatment necessary for these lower concentrations.
Next Page >> | [
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For a new and different perception of pivotal Soviet events, read on...
PROPAGANDA IN THE PROPAGANDA STATE
hen the Bolshevik party came to power in the October 1917 revolution it immediately began creating the world's first modern propaganda state. This is not at all surprising. Before 1917 many Bolsheviks lived the life of underground agitators. As underground men they devoted their days and nights to propaganda. They operated by avoiding the tsar's secret police and by stirring up factory workers with leaflets, slogans, songs, and speeches. Bolshevik leaders toiled as journalists, pamphleteers, and lettered instigators long before they seized state power. As revolutionaries, making messages gave their lives meaning. As human beings hackwork gave them the means to buy bread i.e. to live. Many a professional revolutionary who lived outside of Russia, most in European cities (Paris, Geneva, Warsaw, London, Berlin, Krakow) wrote about revolution long before he or she dirtied their hands making one---let alone running the new state born of revolutionary upheaval.
In a series of newspapers, Lenin hammered out party doctrine. Political debates, challenges to his ideas and emerging cannon filled the papers. Swift and savage ideas flew like sharp arrows. Newspapers written abroad, away from the heavy hand of Tsarist censorship substituted for free exchange in a common civic space. Revolutionaries printed illegal newspapers on thin almost tissue paper for easy smuggling across poorly guarded borders into mother Russia. In cities and towns those who reported back on local events and those who distributed papers, Iskra, Pravda, became party organizers. Readers became party members. Factory workers paid attention to party papers. At the front in World War I trench newspapers-highly illegal and highly prized (once read they could be ripped up and rolled into cigarettes) cleverly fomented dissent, disobedience of officers and demoralized discontent with the 'overlong imperialist war.' A repressive regime made an easy target. The acid pens of the properly dressed Bolshevik gentlemen (Lenin preferred a three piece suit, tie-even if it was stained and stale) promoted a popular strategy: overthrow the old lords of the old order. The best party pressmen (and a few women) developed a keen sense of how turn a tactic into an effective slogan. To find the lowest common denominator was a mission, not a mistake. If a rival radical group coined a catchy phrase, the Bolshevik took the highroad of their revolutionary creed-highway robbery. Steal it and spread it, make it the Bolshevik's own operated as the operative unprincipled principle. The end justified the means.
The Bolshevik banners read simply: BREAD, PEACE & LAND. All Power to the Soviets. As they rode waves of radical spirit and popular support, notably in Petrograd, Lenin pushed for bolder action. Impatient, unwilling to wait out the polite democratic discussion he marshaled his words to put nerve and backbone into the Bolsheviks leadership. Lenin wanted determined, violent action to seize power. He avowed himself a scientific socialist. Yet at crunch time he felt the moment. Succinct when it counted he explained, "The government is tottering. We must deal it the deathblow at any cost. To delay action is the same as death." The means of communication-the telegraph office, the telephone exchange, and the radio gear on the cruiser Aurora, the telephones at the Winter Palace-were ordered seized as a priority. The Military-Revolutionary Committee moved swiftly to take over printing plants, too. To hold the means of communication denied them to enemies. Public opinion mattered; making sure rivals could not get their message out mattered more. The only fairness doctrine was the Bolsheviks retaining state power. The Bolsheviks understood the power of the mass media. Their problem would not be the media, but the masses.
Communism, whose by-word was "Workers of the World Unite!", surprised itself by coming to power in a backward, peasant-dominated country. The scientific plan of Karl Marx and its endless elucidation by Marxists envisioned the proletariat taking power in an advanced Capitalist country. Even its workers had the stench of peasant mud on their boots. Ties to village life, the village way to find a wife, and not so sober vices remained strong. Soldiers who went Bolshevik at the front to get away from the frozen hell that was WWI largely were just peasants in uniform. Those who did not vote with their feet against the status quo (fleeing home as soon as discipline broke down) soon wanted to leave their Red leaders for the joys of raiding manor houses near their native village, too. 1917 was, the Bolsheviks soon realized just an incredible year; in the heat of revolution they forged amazing partnership with workers, with peasants-turned soldiers. But in their heart of hearts the Bolsheviks knew it just was not supposed to happen this way in this country. Yes, Russia had pockets of advanced industry concentrated in a few dense cities. Indeed the most technologically sophisticated metalworking plants, perhaps because of their scale and alienating organization produced some of the most revolutionary working class men. The peasants simply outnumbered everyone else. The people in whose name the Bolsheviks took over needed-well to put it bluntly they needed culture; they needed to overcome ignorance, superstition, stupefying traditionalism. The Marxist handbooks may have said otherwise, but the men atop the one country where revolution had triumphed looked out at a land tired, drained by five years of WWI. They could only realize their propaganda challenge in overthrowing the old order was the easy part. Propagandizing the citizen of the would-be socialist society, winning over the people of the people's republic would require a massive effort.
The utopian streak in Marxist thought impelled the founders of the world's first socialist state to create a new kind of society, a new kind of country inhabited by new kinds of people. This first-ever kind of social order would need new kinds of glue, new myths, new gods, and new beliefs to hold it together. Because they wanted to realize a radiant future on earth, the Bolsheviks really were future oriented. They wanted to do new things in new ways. Cutting edge technology in and of itself spoke of progress. So they were eager to show off whatever glimpses of a future world that they could. Cutting edge in 1918 was Edison's invention the gramophone. Newer yet was film. Movie houses had sprung up in Moscow and other cities before WWI. The vast majority in the countryside hadn't even heard about movies. So the Bolsheviks, who knew they had to win a broader base of support, marshaled their few technical resources to take their message to the people.
As practiced propagandists the Bolsheviks had mastered the notion - KISS - keep it simple stupid. They believed most ordinary Russians thought in images. Exposure to European culture forced them to recognize that Russian lives were drab. Communist visionaries were willing to experiment with bold artists. Graphic masters of new kinds of art embraced the liberation revolution brought. Art enlisted in the cause. Brightly colored propaganda trains carried the city based idea that "the times they were achangin'" across the land.
Stark contrasts served the Bolsheviks well. New=good; old=bad. Reds meant progress-most anything else equaled a return to a hellish existence. In the civil war that quickly followed Lenin's rise to power, the Bolsheviks did reach the masses. The idea of the fighters for human justice and equality, the Bolsheviks, were battling against all odds, against all the world's armies that had come to destroy them received widespread attention. The theme of the new kind of socialist life form doing anything it could to survive in a hostile encirclement of enemies was created during the civil war. This theme would be revived periodically as a leitmotif. To survive a civil war the Bolsheviks acted ruthlessly. Again, the end justified the mean. Equally important, their enemies, former tsarist admirals, generals, counts and liberal politicians (backed by British, French, American, and Japanese troops) refused to court public opinion with any kind of effective attempt to persuade mass groupings to side with them. White disdain proved fatal. The Bolsheviks with the propaganda field to themselves got a message out that opposition armies, the Whites, wanted to return the country to the old order. Most who would decide, decided to risk the promise of the unknown over a return to the past. (Some of course exhibited total cynicism: A well-know civil war anecdote relates that in a village one peasant shouts: "hurray for the incoming troops." Then a neighbor asks the question "whose side are you on?" he answers: "The ones riding IN.") The propaganda campaign, plus of course some brilliant military leadership and absolute ruthlessness in dealing with any perceived enemy won the Bolsheviks an against all odds victory.
The civil war created the idea that Bolshevism could do the impossible. It gave rise to a slogan "there is no fortress Bolshevism cannot storm", that embodied a 'can do' mentality like that of the U.S. Marines. Also as a formative experience the civil war (1918-1921) provided the seed bed for new images of heroes and all the metaphors of war campaigns, fronts, volunteers, even vanguards issuing commands, dictating what was needed to stave off destruction by the hostile bad guys. The incredible result of the civil war validated for masses of people, the Bolshevik's political power grab in 1917. Moreover, it created a matrix for how propaganda makers shake and shape attitudes. It reinforced the idea, if it needed any reinforcing, that propaganda was a powerful tool for protecting the newborn proletarian state in an aggressively anti-Soviet Russia world.
Another trait the propagandists called on was a pre-Revolutionary role that the well educated had played with the masses: as teachers, ENLIGHTENMENT-providers. Well before Marxism marched east, Russian radicals had a long established a tradition of "going to the people", the peasants as volunteer teachers. Latter in cities how did believing Marxist intellectuals make friends with real workers? Factory hands, after all, lived in different parts of town, worked long hours, and enjoyed different habits of life from those whose heads swam with a sea of abstract ideas. Before the revolution it was not easy; the Tsar's secret police, street police, and factory police kept keen eyes out for agitators, especially those trying to incite the masses. They met first in adult education classes for workers. After the revolution the empowered Bolshevik wanted to repeat their role as ENLIGHTENMENT-providers on a grand scale.
Equally important, propagandists realized that if they wanted to build a new society, one imbued with new myths, new rituals, new icon Communists had to do away with the old. To make room for the new they had to tear down the old. Sometimes this entailed the most literal meaning of the word: iconoclasm-old icons were torn down. Churches lost their bells. To change the very soundscape of Moscow (think of the 1812 Overture-the piece of music played on 4th of July and other times when fireworks are displayed--Tchaikovsky wrote it to include the sound of Moscow's many church bells) radicals tore down church bells; later some would try to create a new 'proletarian orchestra' sound by setting off factory whistles everywhere.
The church was a prime target for the 'tear down the old' campaign. It offered an alternative faith to Bolshevism. Communists brooked no competition in the struggle for hearts and minds. The new officially atheistic state hated the Orthodox church for its long subservience to the Tsars. Russian radicalism, long before Lenin and company had a strong atheistic streak. From the mid-nineteenth century on radicals embraced science against faith. There was a practical side to be considered, too. Churches had gold in a country racked by WWI, then a revolution, and then a civil war. Plus going after church buildings could be construed as a 'new campaign', a heroic battle like the civil war. This 'religious front' approach gave those too young to have a role in the earlier battles a chance for glory...not to mention an outlet for youthful energies harnessed by propagandists.
At the very same time that the new regime began pulling down longstanding institution, it co-opted fundamental elements of the way Russians believed the world was ordered. A concept of political authority seen in personal terms, a wise Tsar taking care of his little people transmuted easily. Popular sayings held:
"Without the Tsar, the country is a widow" or "the people are the body, the Tsar is the head." After the revolution trust in the wisdom of the party became paramount. Seven decades of Soviet socialism only changed the forms of how fundamental ideas are expressed. In his interview, Boris Efimov said, "we simple people, we didn't do politics. Those who sat at the very top did politics." Those on top drew authority from the sacred symbol of the new faith, Lenin. He became the center of a cult, not only as a replacement for the Tsar but as a selfless Communist, one who exhausted himself to bring the revolution into being. Lenin died in 1924. His passing gave a new kind of regime a chance to create new rituals. Following all those traumatic years, the passing of the man who guided "Ten Days that Shook the World" was a cathartic experience. Mass mourning created as well as vented extreme emotions. Organized ceremonies took place across the land-the first mass mobilization in peacetime of ordinary citizens. By preserving Lenin's body for veneration Soviet science created a sign that it could overcome nature, the decay of death. Lenin's resting-place became the central showplace, ground zero for the Communist movement uniting workers of the world.
Lenin lived as the man who brought the future into backward Russian homes. Before he died the revolutionary decided a great symbol for what communism could deliver would be creation of a nationwide electrical system. Naturally, the propagandist in him made a slogan out of his techno-idea: "Communism=Soviet Power+Electrification of the Whole Country." When the Soviet Union became wired up with light bulbs, called by one his nicknames-"Ilych lamps" enlightened and changed millions of peasants' lives. It was a change and a propaganda coup that won many over as loyalist of a new state, one that drastically changed things. Lenin's idea transformed lives and became a foundation myth of the scientific regime.
Parts of a 1924 poem by the Blue Blouse Workers' Theater gloried:
We, the workers and the peasants
In the hut of the widow Natalka
Electricity and steam
Teachers of new generations built on the cult of Lenin as a tool for shaping the minds to a new Soviet way of thinking. Indoctrination came in the guise of school age "young pioneer" organizations. Pioneers pledged to fulfill his legacy. That legacy proved very malleable. Lenin slogans, praise of the proletariat, love for the red socialist-cause were memorized. Sugary poems about his pure spirit and dedication to Communist revolution go adorned classroom walls, community centers, even the toy stores. Lenin's ruthless critical approach to thinking quickly passed into the dustbin of history. Just as many American school children know just a formula about their founding father George Washington (wooden teeth, could not tell a lie, chopped down a cherry tree, fought the British, maybe owned slaves) Soviet children internalized limited notions of how the 'revolutionary genius" behaved. A Lenin code of conduct became the model to be copied. Potted histories of the Communist party where Lenin always played the lead role served as primers for understanding history. Lenin associated rituals regulated daily behavior.
Children pinned on badges depicting an angelic "baby Lenin." Boys and girls raised their hands above their faces vowing to be "always ready" as Lenin had been (as heroes in the civil war, too had been) to defend and to extend the revolution. Lenin-centric Pioneer activities organized children's lives. The best emulators of the best Lenin earned a summer at the best-equipped, most prestigious summer camps. Of course, as a socialist country summer camp, like many things for kids, including medical care was free. Still prestige counted: so did a sense of belonging, a sense of place among peers, a sense 'you had made it'...you were normal and accepted. The social and development psychology played a very important part in the lives of Soviet school children. Pioneer rituals marked important turning points in the lives of generations of youngsters who did believe that they were building a new kind of society, a socialist society. Receiving the Pioneer's symbol the red tie, mixed joy in growing up and pride in joining the ranks of patriots of the new kind of state-the Communist state. Tatiana Vorontsova explained the pride: "Once you had the tie you had well, pride, it was like a flag. It is like when the flag flies. When you see the Olympics and they start to raise your flag, you feel proud. And that pride is what we felt as children. You felt, "you've got the tie!"
In the massive social experiment that was the Soviet Union raising a new kind of person, Soviet man (Homo Sovieticus), remained of paramount importance. New generations held the key to realizing 'a radiant Communist future.' For those Marxists who insisted on creating the world's first classless society children meant everything. Adults would repeat, "Under communism there is only one privileged class-the children."
Collective responsibility to a party (comparative) elder was learned from more senior classmates, the best teachers of Lenin dogma proud to assert correct-thinking leadership that would keep others in line and bring them privileges. Well-indoctrinated kids brimming full of propaganda could be mustered to help the Bolshevik leaders deal with their fundamental problem-that the masses, the older generations, remained backwards. Pioneers and members of the more select older Young Communists League (Komsomol) became agents of change. Propaganda put images of the glorious fight for revolution and against the enemies of the state in the heroic period, the civil war in many heads. When Stalin, having consolidated power in the 1920's decided to launch a 'revolution from above' to mark a new decade, to collectivize agriculture, he tapped the energies of young 'true believers' as well as those who went along simply with the well-organized pressure of their peers. Agriculture represented the worst hang-overs from the old regime. Inefficient, tradition-bound, manpower intensive, the peasant agrarian world represented the drag of the Russian past on the Soviet present. Stalin and his circle declared a war (as in the civil war) against the counter-revolutionary forces, traditional peasants, and called the young to the front lines. Often Pioneers confronted a familiar enemy: their parents.
As during the civil war, the Communist party decreed, in effect: desperate times require desperate measures---the ends justify the means. The evilness of the means shifted the Soviet propaganda and mythmaking apparatus into overdrive.
The result was a new cult especially created for Pioneers. Propagandists knew they needed a simple story, something bold, stark and memorable. They conjured up the legend of a Soviet secular saint for kids-Pavlik Morozov
The story of little Pavlik Morozov (or affectionate versions of his name Pasha, Pavlushka, Pash) or more precisely the legend of Morozov is emblematic of Stalinist times in the Soviet Union. The Pioneers taught generations of Soviet school children about Pavlik, the boy who informed on his father, a rich peasant. Pavlik denounced his dad to the NKVD, the secret police for hoarding grain (most likely next year's seed for crops). The rich (read: bad, counter-revolutionary) endured a quick show trial, then disappeared into the GULAG. Soon there after, all this is in 1932, his uncles murdered Pavlik in an act of revenge for squealing. Propagandists for party newspapers reported the tale. A cult of the maniac denouncer received the top culture stamp of approval in a speech by Maxim Gorky (1868-1938) at the 1934 Soviet Writers Congress. Gorky, the one-time foe of Bolshevik excesses cited Pavlik as a paragon of Soviet virtue. He became T.H.E. model of correct orthodox behavior. School children adulated him, adults especially those inclined to stray from prescribed party orthodoxy feared his very name.
Part of "A Poem about Hate" that Pioneer's Pravda published in 1933 conveys a flavor of the Morozov cult:
Pavlushka won't be going
Portraits, statues, and badges of Morozov became omnipresent. Under the sly smile of treacherous Pasha a psychosis of denunciation took firm hold in Stalinist USSR. Propagandists built the cult on a base of distortions and lies. Recent research shows that Pavlik, who was not a pioneer by the way, did not report on his father for hoarding grain as the story went. Reality was rooted in the quarreling Morozov family. Pasha had got back on his dad for abandoning his family. Pavlik lived with his mother. He ratted on his dad, who was chairman of the village Soviet for taking a bribe so as NOT to deport a family as rich peasants!! Pavlik may have been put up to the classical denunciation by his uncles who couldn't stand their brother-in-law and wanted to be chairman themselves. Pavlik's father was arrested in late 1931 and disappeared into the Gulag. A few months later in '32 someone found Pavlik and his brother murdered in the forest. Exactly who dispatched the two lovely little devils isn't clear. Those accused included his paternal grandfather and grandmother, a young Morozov cousin and two of his uncles. Nice Soviet family values. Until the fall of the Soviet Union almost no one knew this. Generations venerated the model young Communist who did his duty, turned in an enemy of the state and became a Soviet martyr.
By the way some young pioneers in the 30s were attacked by Orthodox (believing children) for wearing red scarves (devil's whiskers) and (less often) for violating the commandment to honor thy father and mother. The more Stalinism took hold, the fewer such cases of suspect behavior are known. To survive people conformed. They kept silent. And the continuous propaganda worked.
As a schoolgirl in the 1950s Tatiana Vorontsova remembers she learned the Morozov lesson in the fourth grade. "So he died like a hero. We, of course, would also have liked to be heroes and at that time if I had been in the same situation, and my father had done something against the Soviet state, of course, I would simply have gone and reported him, just like that."
In the terror filled days of his most ruthless rule Stalin kept his own cult going. As he signed the death warrants for uncounted large numbers of his comrades and countrymen, the newspaper writers hailed him as the gentle wise leader. Stalin ordered the party purged. Professionals and leaders from all walks of life, army officers, astronomers, engineers, rocket scientists, writers, painters, were exiled to the GULAG if they were not shot. Terror filled whole apartment buildings, whole streets, whole towns as the NKVD suddenly appeared to drag people away to unknown fates.
The very irrationality, unpredictability, and illogic of arrests, beatings, executions and exile made people feel the terror pervasively. State violence defined the Stalinist State. Denunciation or the possibility of denunciation even by one's own children plus the suspicion that devices such as radios could listen as well as transmit through wired speakers were daily reminders of the possibility of terror visiting a family, a neighbor, a friend. Of course, by plucking off so many top leaders and lieutenants in most every field of endeavor Stalin created a huge number of job openings. The new generation of people coming of age and education since the revolution seized (and loved!) the chance for upward mobility. Yet through it all Stalin encouraged worshipful respect of his portrait-it was everywhere-as Lenin's heir and wise interpreter of scientific socialism.
Stalin had himself depicted by artists, writers, and propagandists as the knowing caring lover of Soviet children and virtual equal of the Soviet deity, Lenin. Those who knew about the terror, even prisoners themselves as true believer took comfort in thinking that Stalin couldn't know. The arrests, the GULAG, the shots at KNVD headquarters were deemed an aberration.
Makers of mass media messages faced special problems. Individuals praised one day, were in Lubyanka, the dreaded secret police headquarters the next. One brilliant Bolshevik who Lenin had once praised as the party's fair-haired boy went from being editor of government newspaper Izvestiya, to being branded an "enemy of the people", then put on display in a elaborate show trial and executed. The campaign to hunt out "enemies of the people" signaled a time of Communist party cannibalism. Stalin's Communist party killed off the Communist elite. Old Bolsheviks lauded as righteous fighters in the underground struggle against tsarism suddenly were listed as foreign spies. Communists lauded on the front pages of Pravda and bedecked with prestigious medals for exceptional work in building that key to a workers' state, heavy industrial plants, suddenly landed on page one accused of "treason, wrecking, and preparation of terrorist acts against industry." Everyone everywhere, in Pioneer meetings, in neighborhood organization, in work-place gatherings, began searching out "hidden enemies." "A pillar of socialism one day, an exposed evil agent the next" mania swept the USSR.
To survive propagandists, especially those engaged in providing news to the masses of the mass media, the big newspapers, the newsreels, and the radio learned to tack and to jibe quickly in the Stalinist wind. Pravda's masterful cartoonist, Boris Efimov, who had a long career as the Soviet equivalent of Herb Block, understood the capriciousness of terror. His brother, the newspaper's editor, had been purged-i.e. dragged from Communist party's top press organization, accused, and shot. Boris Efimov survived by not questioning, by following orders, "…my job as a political cartoonist was also to expose or make fun of or brand as a disgrace whichever of our enemies the given occasion demanded."
Historians constantly had to rewrite history books to take out people who were no longer people; people made unpersons-made unmentionable in public after being purged. Because political arguments and political legitimacy rooted itself in history, the past had to be rewritten frequently. The suppression of unpleasant truths-- such as Lenin's 1923 'testament' where he said, "Stalin is too rude" and should be shifted to a less essential position in the leadership-became a major industry. George Orwell based his idea of "the memory hole," in the novel 1984 on this quintessential feature of Stalinism.
Stalinism forced photographers to master retouching skills. Image manipulation became as important to camera totting journalists as picture taking. Falsification by airbrushing (a pre-digital age technique for deleting) is a hallmark of Stalin era photography. Other simple methods, including taking a scissors to a negative helped erase visual memories of Stalin's victims.
A photograph of leaders might appear in a newspaper one day and then when one of people was purged, a photographer's trick would erase him from visual memory-he was quite literally put out of the picture. And it wasn't just a Stalinist art form to change representations of those engaged in current events. In a land where intellectuals bitterly noted, "you cannot predict the past" retrospective retouching was equally, if not more important. As the two photographs below show how comrades could be removed from the pantheon of Lenin's closest collaborators.
Soviet school children grew up with schoolbooks filled with photographs of Lenin. Many of the most famous and familiar depictions were falsified photographs. Stalin's archrival, Lev Trotsky was taken out of the picture. Generations of Soviet Pioneers for whom this photograph is as familiar as Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington, never knew that a man they had been taught was an 'enemy of the state' in fact had stood by Lenin in this shot as Lenin's left-hand man.
In painting, of course, it was even easier to make representational art lie. A few deft brush strokes and in the phrase of David King, the great expert on this Stalinist phenomenon, the Commissar vanishes. This Stalinist retouching of reality had a long half-life. The author of this essay saw a huge oil painting of the Soviet leadership in an important art museum when he lived in Moscow during 1977-78. A week after intrigues forced a veteran member of the Politburo to "retire", the same painting showed freshly dried paint where more background covered the old comrade. Note too, that in the first few years after the last general secretary of the Communist party, Mikhail Gorbachev, came to power his official photographs-hung throughout the country-- lacked any trace of his trademark birthmarks that are prominent on his bald head.
During the forty odd years before Mikhail Gorbachev together with President Ronald Reagan ended the Cold War, the view from Red Square promoted by the Kremlin's propagandists emphasized the evil image of America as a aggressive Capitalist enemy of mankind and the Soviet Union. Psychological warfare may have compelled Communists always fighting off a bad rival, but the "bade" was not always the United States. True, the infant Bolshevik government resented the actively hostile policies the US government took against the new revolutionary regime. American soldiers landed in Russian Ports, as one of the foreign armies that tried and failed to overthrow the Bolsheviks. More irritating, Washington played 'Ostrich' for 16 years (1917-1932) refusing to recognize the new Soviet government. During the formative years of the Soviet Union there was no American embassy, no ambassador, no American consulate in Moscow. Most other industrialized nations already had busy official relations with the Kremlin. Nevertheless there were Americans in the country. During the horrific famine of 1921 and for the next two years American Relief Administration under Herbert Hoover brought in enough food to feed some 11 million starving socialist citizens.
Absent an official US presence until 1933, Americans still made a showing in the Soviet Union. Even as Soviet filmmakers grew into world famous cinema pioneers, inventing techniques such as montage (Sergei Eisenstein) American movies and movie stars dominated Soviet screens. Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, and Buster Keaton were incredibly popular. Lenin called film, "the most important art," but until 1928 the most popular movies in his country were made in the U.S.A. Many captains of industry, finance, and business (Henry Ford, W.Averell Harriman, Armand Hammer) came looking for resources and in doing so helped the new land that opposed their capitalism by building factories there. Capitalists endured ridicule in the press. Yet, Americans often represented efficient ways of working, modernity, and technological progress. Russians, especially those in the cities greatly admired American inventiveness-Thomas Edison, George Eastman, Alexander Graham Bell were held up as paragons of applied creative virtue. American made cars and trucks were copied and cherished.
Energetic factory workers sometimes got written up in local papers as our Russian-Americans. These propaganda terms of praise encouraged others to copy the "Americanisms": speedy, efficient work skills and willingness to adapt to new ways of doing things. Pravda, long the written propaganda bellwether noted in 1935, "Comrade Stalin teaches us to combine the broad scope of the Russian Revolution with American efficiency…For us America ought to be that standard according to which we can constantly test our technical attainments." By Communist conviction Soviet citizens believed that their nation's approach which stressed equality and social justice always overshadowed morally America's selfish, exploitative Capitalist system. After the Wall Street collapse of 1929 and the great depression of the 1930's, those in the rapidly growing land of the Soviet Union's economic miracle believed they were well on their way to catching up and overtaking oppressive America. To many disillusioned Americans--including unemployed automobile workers, black sharecroppers, leftwing activists who moved to the Soviet to find jobs-the Soviet Union represented a better way of organizing an economy and a society. However mixed the message about American achievements and inherent evils (especially racism and capitalism) before World War II, on the propaganda front, the news front, and in the mass media the far off US was merely a sideshow. Propaganda focused on problems at home and essential foreign issues in the Soviet backyards, Europe and to a lesser extent China.
The atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima also shook the Kremlin. Propagandists who had lauded the Soviet Union's great ally in the battle against Hitler--its helping hand with Lend Lease, its talented General Dwight D. Eisenhower, its manufacturing prowess---changed course quickly with the Cold War changing party line. Soviet propagandists emphasized the Soviet Union's encirclement in and by a hostile world. Rapacious America that had tried overthrowing the Bolsheviks after the 1917 revolution, the propagandists reminded their people as well as foreign audiences. America, they stressed was at it again. Under the "petty shopkeeper" President Harry Truman the US was trying to roll back the post WWII spread of socialism. The former ally America quickly became the warmonger of the world.
Dollar signs came to represent death signals. Stalin banned that very American music form jazz. Censors curtailed showing of American films (even though Stalin loved cowboy movies); contact with foreigners was outlawed. In the last years of Stalin's life a Soviet citizen could be arrested for talking to the few American citizens left in that land. More than ever under the autarky, the economic isolation of the 1930s, late Stalinist Soviet society was cut off by the Iron Curtain and by its iron fisted "Man of Steel" leader (that is the translation of Stalin's name) from the rest of the world. Instead of admiring American inventiveness the propaganda apparatus cranked up immense lies. Moscow reporters claimed that baseball, the electric light, telephones, television and submarines had all been invented in the Soviet Union.
As a typical teenager in the 1950s Tatiana Vorontsova remembered going to the movies as a school girl where she watched a newsreel before the main feature, "You would see this big globe, on the globe appeared the words, Soviet Union...the narrator said, "...there was a lot of milk [here]…Always the best was told, the best always....everything was good...And then suddenly [the narrator] would say, 'In the United States, for example, people are starving' and there was a strike somewhere, and something else somewhere else-but it was all bad. So there everything was bad, but we had it all good. So we went to the movies and I watched it ...and was proud that in my country, my homeland everything was good and everything was great."
In the 1950s and on into the 1960s the propaganda worked pretty effectively. The facts of real achievement helped. Propagandists made sure everyone knew what millions could see for themselves: the state rebuilt housing destroyed by the Nazis. The mass media bragged of a Soviet Atomic bomb, an H-bomb, Sputnik, the fact that the first man in space was a Soviet man, and that the first man to do the amazing-walk or float in space as Alexei Leonov did in March 1965-was another cosmonaut. These accomplishments buttressed political pride in the spread of socialism to China, Vietnam, Cuba and not to mention Eastern Europe. In the 1950s and 1960's Soviet citizens felt, "the future is ours comrades!"
However, sometime in the late 1960s or early 1970's the "new Soviet man", more urban than his father or grandfather, more likely to catch some western propaganda more eager for things instead of promises, turned pessimistic. The Soviet State started by Lenin was running out of gas. New generations, the grandchildren and great grandchildren of those who made the revolution did not want to wait for "the dictatorship of the proletariat" to deliver the radiant future of communism. What they wanted Brezhnev's Soviet Union could not deliver. No amount of bombast, lies, or distortions could mask failings. Those trying to reform the Propaganda State brought about its destruction.
© 1999 Abamedia, unless otherwise indicated. | [
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5552,
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340,
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433,
291,
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4714,
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2323,
6632,
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555,
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3259,
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49036,
5615,
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262,
2003,
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40,
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1,
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866,
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286,
703,
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317,
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19803,
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1978,
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] | 7,650 |
Overview - BASIC ENGLISH TEACHER'S EDITION
Emphasize skills students need every day.
Basic English builds and reinforces basic language skills. The high-interest,
easy-to-read lessons keep students involved as they learn parts of speech and
sentence construction. Frequent examples and activities throughout offer abundant
Basic English is ideal for students who need extra help with language
concepts, or those who are learning English as a second language. The program
provides clear instruction with the building-blocks of English usage. Clearly
written explanations and relevant examples make learning easy. Plenty of skills
practice reinforce lessons on parts of speech, writing skills, and advanced
skills such as developing themes and ideas.
Colorful pages, high-interest graphics, and life-relevant examples and exercises
keep students engaged. Short lessons, along with Goals for Learning and Chapter
Reviews, reinforce and link new concepts.
Easy-to-read text and engaging content holds students attention
Aligns with state and national standards
Goals for Learning helps students focus on major chapter objectives
Writing practice activities reinforce skills and focus on practical applications
Chapter Reviews and Test-Taking Tips reinforce lessons and offer advice
on applying knowledge in testing formats
Key vocabulary terms defined in page margins offer immediate reinforcement
and build language skills
Over 300 additional activities on the Teachers Resource Library CD-ROM
Writing Sentences, Using Nouns in Sentences, Using Pronouns in Sentences, Using
Adjectives in Sentences, Using Action Verbs in Sentences, Using State-of-Being
Verbs in Sentences, Using Adverbs in Sentences, Using Prepositional Phrases,
Using Conjunctions and Interjections, Recognizing Sentence Patterns, Identifying
Verbs and Verbal Phrases, Writing Compound and Complex Sentences, Repairing
Sentence Problems, Understanding Paragraph Basics, Writing Better Paragraphs,
Preparing to Write a Report, Includes a special section on the Writing Process.
Wraparound Teacher's Edition includes the full student text plus teaching
strategies, lesson overviews, application activities, ideas for classroom projects,
and tips on learning styles
Teacher's Resource Library on CD-ROM contains the Student Workbook offering
dozens of reinforcement activities (also available in print), Self-Study Guide
for students who want to work at their own pace, two forms of chapter tests,
plus midterm and final tests. Just select and print out the materials as needed.
Everything is reproducible. For Windows and Macintosh.
Teaching Strategies in English Transparencies stimulate learning and
discussion in the classroom. Graphic organizers present concepts in a meaningful,
visual way and help you teach students how to manage information. Comes with
instruction book and blackline masters.
Curriculum Class Set includes 10 Student Texts, 1 Teacher's Edition,
and 1 Teacher's Resource Library CD.
Inclusion Class Set includes 3 Student Texts, 1 Teacher's Edition, 1
Teacher's Resource Library CD, and 1 Student Workbook. | [
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] | 648 |
What is A Disciplined Life®?
Well before the value of social emotional learning became widely recognized in 2003, Perspectives Co-Founders Diana Shulla-Cose and Kim Day had already realized how critical this kind of learning was to their students' success. Fifteen years ago, they embraced the idea that social emotional learning would be an integral part of the Perspectives education model. They understood that the right foundation would help them provide children with safe, caring and well-managed learning environments.
Believing that character development and academic achievement are interdependent, they began brainstorming ideas for creating a school culture of both personal and academic excellence. They knew that providing their students with instruction in life skills, such as self-discipline, perseverance and good communication, would help them succeed. Together, they identified a set of principles that would guide Perspectives and called them A Disciplined Life®.
Social emotional learning standards have since been developed in accordance with Section 15(a) of Public Act 93-0495. This Act calls upon the Illinois State Board of Education to "develop and implement a plan to incorporate social and emotional development standards as part of the Illinois Learning Standards." Since the day Perspectives opened the doors to its first school, A Disciplined Life® has been in place, helping our students to succeed.
Today, the 26 principles of A Disciplined Life form the foundation of our culture at Perspectives Charter Schools and help prepare our students for success in college, the workplace and in life. Over time, A Disciplined Life has become integral to every aspect of Perspectives, informing our behavior, communication and productivity, while being cornerstone for our curriculum and professional development. It serves as a common language for our students, staff and parents as we work to achieve a culture of success.
A Disciplined Life translates into success for our students. Of our 2010 graduates, 97 percent were accepted to college. They have learned what it takes to succeed and understand that character, self-discipline and personal responsibility can change what the future holds for them.
We integrate the principles of A Disciplined Life in all aspects of our school community. From the classroom to the playground, from the front office to staff meetings – it is our common language and practice. A Disciplined Life ensures that we are focused and intentional about creating a culture of success for our students and we have recently begun developing assessments to measure impact.
How do we measure A Disciplined Life? | [
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] | 510 |
Children’s safety plan
Children can participate and learn some strategies to stay safe during violent episodes in their homes. The goal is for them to seek safety and to know where and how to get help. It is not their role to stop the violence. Before engaging in a conversation with your child, remember to consider what are the best age-appropriate actions they can take. Children are more likely to follow through with a plan when they have been part of creating it themselves. | [
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] | 97 |
This year, more than 12,000 U.S. women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer. And more than 4,210 will die.
Now, Take the Pearl Pledge and help protect yourself and other women from this preventable disease!
Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, which is the opening from the vagina to the uterus. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. In the United States, 12,200 women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2010, and 4,210 women will die of the disease, according to the American Cancer Society.
Cervical cancer is caused by "high-risk" types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a very common sexually transmitted infection. In fact, about 3 of every 4 adults will have had HPV at some time in their lives.
Most HPV infections go away without treatment. Infections that do not go away can cause cells on the cervix to change and become abnormal. Over time, abnormal cells can slowly develop into cervical cancer.
The good news is with proper screening and vaccination, almost every case of cervical cancer can be prevented.
Cervical cancer does not cause any symptoms until it has advanced to a very late stage. That’s why it’s important to get screened regularly even if you feel healthy.
There are 2 tests used for cervical cancer screening:
The Pap test looks for abnormal cells that can develop into cervical cancer.
If the Pap test finds abnormal cells, your healthcare provider will probably recommend a colposcopy, an exam in which your cervix is viewed more closely. If necessary, the abnormal cells can be treated. Keep in mind: abnormal cells are not yet cancer. If abnormal cells are effectively treated at an early stage, they will not develop into cervical cancer.
When to have the Pap test: Current U.S. screening guidelines recommend women have their first Pap test at age 21.
The HPV test looks for the high-risk types of HPV that can cause abnormal cervical cells and cervical cancer. If your HPV test is positive, it does not mean you have abnormal cells or cervical cancer. It just means that you have HPV and that your healthcare provider will want to follow-up more closely.
When to have the HPV test: Current U.S. screening guidelines recommend that women who are 30 or older get an HPV test along with their Pap test. (HPV testing is not recommended for women under the age of 30 because HPV infections in younger women are very common and usually disappear on their own.) If both the HPV test and Pap test are normal, women can wait 3 years before their next screening.
HPV vaccination protects against the two most common types of high-risk HPV – 16 and 18 – that cause about 70% percent of all cervical cancers.
When to have the HPV vaccine: HPV vaccines are most effective when given to girls and young women who are not yet sexually active. The HPV vaccines are recommended for girls 11 and 12 years old, and are approved for girls and young women up to age 26.
Because HPV vaccines do not protect against all high-risk HPV types, they do not eliminate the risk of cervical cancer. Even women who have been vaccinated must still be screened to prevent cancer developing from HPV types not covered by vaccination.
Speak with your healthcare provider about what cervical cancer prevention methods are right for you and how often to get screened. | [
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] | 707 |
Filling out one college application form after another can be daunting, especially when you're trying to make a good impression upon the admission committees and get everything done on a deadline. This list should help you get the job done well — and on time!
The college application: what to do
- DO read college applications and directions carefully.
- DO make sure that everything that is supposed to be included is enclosed.
- DO fill out your own applications. Type the information yourself to avoid crucial mistakes.
- DO start with the simple applications and then progress to the more complex ones.
- DO make copies of college applications, and practice filling one out before you complete the original.
- DO type or neatly print your answers, and then proofread the applications and essays several times for accuracy. Also ask someone else to proofread them for you.
- DO describe how you can make a contribution to the schools to which you apply (if you're asked).
- DO be truthful, and do not exaggerate your accomplishments.
- DO keep a copy of all the forms you submit to colleges.
- DO be thorough and turn things in on time.
The college application: what NOT to do
- DON'T use correction fluid. If you type your application for college, use a correctable typewriter or liftoff strips to correct mistakes. Better yet, fill out your application online.
- DON'T write in script. If you don't have access to a computer or typewriter, print neatly.
- DON'T leave blank spaces. Missing information may cause your application to be sent back or delayed while admission officers wait for complete information.
- DON'T be unclear. If the question calls for a specific answer, don't try to dodge it by being vague.
- DON'T put it off!
One way to save time when filling out applications is to use the college common application form for the schools you're applying to that accept it. This way, you only have to fill out the form once and it can be sent to multiple colleges! | [
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] | 428 |
European Decorative Arts and Sculpture
Drawing Room from Lansdowne HouseMade in England, Europe
Designed by Robert Adam, Scottish, 1728 - 1792. Painted decoration by Giovanni Battista Cipriani, Italian (active Florence and England), 1727 - 1785, and Antonio Zucchi, Italian, 1726 - 1795. Gilded by Joseph Perfetti, Italian, active London from 1760 - 1778.
1931-104-1Gift of Graeme Lorimer and Sarah Moss Lorimer in memory of George Horace Lorimer, 1931
This drawing room is an archetypal example of the work of Robert Adam, a Scottish architect and designer whose name has become synonymous with this style of neoclassical decoration. The room was originally situated on the ground floor of the grand London house that Adam designed for the third Earl of Bute in the early 1760s. Adam's original plans refer to it as the "Organ Drawing Room," the large recess being intended for Lord Bute's vastly expensive mechanical organ.
In 1765, Lord Bute sold the unfinished house to William Petty Fitzmaurice, second Earl of Shelburne and later first Marquess of Lansdowne, with the provision that Adam be retained to continue work on the home. Adam was already well known to Lord Shelburne, whose father had employed the architect to remodel Bowood, his family's country estate in Wiltshire. (Shelburne, who served as Secretary of State and in 1783 concluded the Treaty of Paris granting independence to the United States, entertained Benjamin Franklin at Bowood on several occasions.) Lord Shelburne and his wife moved into the house in 1768, when it was in what Lady Shelburne described as "so unfurnishd a State." Yet by the time of Lady Shelburne's death and the end of Adam's employment by Lord Shelburne in 1771, the decoration of the drawing room remained incomplete and was evidently abandoned.
Although the room's original furnishings do not survive today, it is known that Adam provided designs for a pier-glass and a semicircular pier-table, executed by John Gilbert; circular picture frames, executed by Sefferin Nelson; and a carpet, the design for which is in the collection of Sir John Soane's Museum in London.
In 1929, Lord Shelburne's heirs sold the house to a group of investors. The room was acquired by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1931, when the front of the house, including the drawing room and the dining room (now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art), was slated for demolition to make way for a new street.
Social Tags [?]adam [x] drawing room [x] georgian [x] lansdowne house [x] neoclassical [x] period room [x] robert adam [x] the adam style [x] [Add Your Own Tags]
* Works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. Although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit. | [
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] | 658 |
The associative array -- an indispensable data type used to describe a collection of unique keys and associated values -- is a mainstay of all programming languages, PHP included. In fact, associative arrays are so central to the task of Web development that PHP supports dozens of functions and other features capable of manipulating array data in every conceivable manner. Such extensive support can be a bit overwhelming to developers seeking the most effective way to manipulate arrays within their applications. In this article, I'll offer 10 tips that can help you shred, slice and dice your data in countless ways.
1. Adding Array Elements
PHP is a weakly typed language, meaning you're not required to explicitly declare an array nor its size. Instead you can both declare and populate the array simultaneously:
Additional array elements can be appended like this:
$capitals['Arkansas'] = 'Little Rock';
If you're dealing with numerically indexed arrays and would rather prepend and append elements using an explicitly-named function, check out the array_push() and array_unshift() functions (these functions don't work with associative arrays).
2. Removing Array Elements
To remove an element from an array, use the unset() function:
When using numerically indexed arrays you have a bit more flexibility in terms of removing array elements in that you can use the array_shift() and array_pop() functions to remove an element from the beginning and end of the array, respectively.
3. Swapping Keys and Values
Suppose you wanted to create a new array called $states, which would use state capitals as the index and state names as the associated value. This task is easily accomplished using the array_flip() function:
Suppose the previous arrays were used in conjunction with a Web-based "flash card" service, and you wanted to provide students with a way to test their knowledge of worldwide capitals, U.S. states included. You can merge arrays containing both state and country capitals using the array_merge() function:
Suppose the data found in an array potentially contains capitalization errors, and you want to correct these errors before inserting the data into the database. You can use the array_map() function to apply a callback to every array element:
The Standard PHP Library (SPL) offers developers with quite a few data structures, iterators, interfaces, exceptions and other features not previously available within the PHP language. Among these features is the ability to iterate over an array using a convenient object-oriented syntax:
$capitals = array(
'Arizona' => 'Phoenix',
'Alaska' => 'Juneau',
'Alabama' => 'Montgomery'
$arrayObject = new ArrayObject($capitals);
foreach ($arrayObject as $state => $capital)
printf("The capital of %s is %s<br />", $state, $capital);
// The capital of Arizona is Phoenix
// The capital of Alaska is Juneau
// The capital of Alabama is Montgomery
This is just one of countless great features bundled into the SPL, be sure to consult the PHP documentation for more information.
About the Author
Jason Gilmore is the founder of the publishing and consulting firm WJGilmore.com. He also is the author of several popular books, including "Easy PHP Websites with the Zend Framework", "Easy PayPal with PHP", and "Beginning PHP and MySQL, Fourth Edition". Follow him on Twitter at @wjgilmore. | [
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] | 723 |
Estimates and assumptions
6. Estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions which, in some circumstances, are based on difficult and subjective judgments and estimates derived from historical experience and assumptions which, each time, are believed to be reasonable and realistic under the circumstances. Such estimates affect the reported amounts of some assets and liabilities, costs and revenues, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date.
The estimates and assumptions will generally refer to the measurement of the recoverable amounts of intangible assets, the definition of the useful lives of property, plant and equipment, the recoverability of receivables and the recognition and measurement of provisions. The estimates and assumptions are based upon data which reflects the current state of available knowledge.
Accounting policies of particular importance requiring a higher degree of judgment
The accounting policies involving a higher degree of judgment by management in making estimates and for which a change in the conditions underlying the assumptions could have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements are the following:
In accordance with the accounting policies applied in the preparation of the financial statements, goodwill is tested annually in order to assess whether there is an impairment that should be recorded in the income statement. In particular, the test involves the allocation of goodwill to cash-generating units and the determination of the relative recoverable amount, understood as being the higher of fair value and the value in use.
If the value in use is lower than the carrying amount of the cash-generating units, an impairment on the goodwill allocated to them should recognized. The allocation of goodwill to cash-generating units and the determination of their value in use involves estimates which depend on subjective valuations as well as on factors which could change over time with consequent and possibly significant effects on the assessment made by management.
Impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets
In accordance with the accounting policies applied, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are tested to ascertain if there is an impairment, which should be recognized, when there are indications that would imply difficulties in recovering the net carrying amount through the use of the asset. The verification of the existence of these indications requires management to make judgments based on available internal or external information and historical experience. Moreover, when it has been determined that there could be a potential impairment, that impairment must be determined by reference to suitable valuation techniques. The proper identification of elements indicating the existence of a potential impairment and the estimates used to determine it depend on subjective judgments and factors which can vary over time and influence the assessments and estimates made by management.
Deferred income taxes
The recognition of deferred tax assets is made on the basis of expectations of future income. The measurement of future income for purposes of recognizing deferred income taxes depends on factors which can vary over time and determine significant effects on the measurement of deferred tax assets.
Provisions for other liabilities and charges
Accruals are made for legal and fiscal liabilities and charges that will probably require an outflow of resources. The amount of the provisions recorded in the financial statements relating to such liabilities and charges represents the best estimate at that time made by management. This estimate involves assumptions which depend on factors which can change over time and which could therefore have significant effects on the current estimates made by management in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. | [
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] | 678 |
Planet News in 2025
One of the best ways to prevent a crisis from happening is to make projections about what will happen if nothing is done; if the present course of action is continued. Planet News 2025 brings you the stories of the future. This is not fiction. It is science fiction - only the science is true and thus the predictions must also be true if the variables have been accurately ascertained and fitted into a model. It is better to describe Planet News 2025 as science faction.
Energy Consumption in 2025
In 2025 energy consumption will increase by 50% from the present rate in 2012 ("Growing Demands for Energy," Mapping the Global Future - Report of the National Intelligence Council's 2020 Project). Despite improvements in energy efficiency the continued rate of growth of the Indian, Chinese, Brazilian and Russian economies will require a doubling of the current amount of energy consumed. The present small percentage of energy generated from renewable resources does not bode well for the environmental impact of doubling energy consumption.
World Population in 2025
By 2025 the world population will reach 7.9 at the current exponential growth (U.S. Census Bureau, "Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050," International Data Base). In America the population will reach 350 million. Not only America but countries around the world will suffer serious urban overcrowding, shortages of housing (and consequent rises in house prices). There is likely to be an increase in the number at the bottom of societies that will cause increases in crime and a fast erosion of civil liberties as governments seek to enact draconian measures to counter the rising wave of crime.
It is also likely that the movement of people both through legal and illegal immigration will greatly increase as people from developing countries seek to go to developed countries with more employment opportunities and less dense populations. Scandinavia and Australia will be targeted in particular.
In 2007 one third of the world lived in areas identified as having a water shortage. By 2025 over half the world population (5 billion people) will suffer water shortages. This will lead to human disaster zones where many die of drought. The price of water will become so high that a certain percentage of the world population will not be able to afford clean water. Wars will be fought over fresh water supplies. The world will rush to bring out better desalination technology, and world leaders will have to fight corporations who seek to profit from the patents on this new desalination technology.
Although water conservation in the home (http://www.greeninteriordesign.info/water.html) will be an everyday part of life in 2025 the average person won’t have the luxury of taking long baths or showers every day. Only the very rich will be able to afford fresh water swimming pools.
The scarcity of water will also severely hamper the production of energy as without water cooling systems power plants cannot operate. Energy production will move to coastal regions where sea water can be used for cooling. This will be a double edged sword because with rising water levels due to climate change it will be harder to secure the power plants from sea encroachment.
Social Upheaval in 2025
By 2025 conditions will have deteriorated so much that social upheaval will happen across the developed world. Just as the Arab spring of 2011 saw north African dictatorships crumble under internal dissent and international action, so the supposed ‘democracies’ of the West will face open revolt against short-sightedness that has got their nation in the present parlous state. Militant green movements will replace Marxism as the ideology forcing change. This movement will seek to remove Wall Street lackeys from the corridors of the White House. Economic growth for the first time will be superseded in terms of priority by seeking to limit environmental health decline.
Greenhouse gases in 2025
By 2025 the permafrost will melt. This will release 190 gigatons of trapped greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This will signal the end of our window of opportunity to stop climate change. By 2025 temperatures around the world will rise by several degrees. This will result in certain areas of the world becoming uninhabitable. Formerly cold and unattractive areas such as northern Canada will become desirable places to live.
That is the news in brief for 2025. Read on to discover more about what will happen in 2025 if nothing is done now. Naturally, none of us want the predictions above to come true. The purpose of planet2025news.net is to make people think about what they can do now to make this website defunct in 2025, instead of a chillingly accurate forecast of death, destruction, unrest, shortages and misery.
It is widely recognized that production of foods for a meat based diet use up more resources – land, water, energy – than a plant based diet. In this sense, we know that as the world population continues to increase, we cannot keep on eating meat in such large quantities. In actual fact, it would be beneficial for the health of the planet (as well as ourselves), if we could base our diets on whole plant foods.
Looking around the world, there are more people who consume a plant based diet rather than a meat based diet. It is only Westerners who consider eating the quantities of meat that we do, as normal. In Asian countries for example, when eaten, meat is used mainly for flavor, so much less is eaten per person.
Throughout Asia, rice is a staple food. We might see it as boring, but without this grain the survival of millions would be called into question. It is a food for the masses. It is interesting to note that looking at countries such as Thailand, the Philippines and China, any fat people are ones eating a more Western style, meat based diet. Those who consume a traditional, high carbohydrate, rice based (plant food) diet are much slimmer and healthy looking.
Maybe it would be a good idea for Westerners to eat more rice as part of their diet. This, how to cook rice website, talks about various easy to cook rice dishes and how to prepare them. Rice cookers are in fact an efficient way to prepare rice and provided the ‘keep warm’ function isn’t used for a long period of time, they don’t use a great deal of electricity.
Further reading: Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment by David Pimentel and Marcia Pimentel in the American Journal for Clinical Nutrition
Posted: October 15th, 2012 under Resources.
Tags: Asia, rice, staple foods
Some very brave Greenpeace activists have just staged a daring protest on board a coal ship leaving Australian waters. They were from several countries and got on board the Korean ship MV Meister two days ago. The cargo is mostly coal which has been picked up in Queensland from Abbot Point.
The reason the activists are targeting Australian cargo ships is the huge growth in coal exports the country is experience. Some estimates suggest that the export of this fossil fuel will more than double over the next few years. Their act is to try and bring the ’coal boom’ issue to the table, despite many green agendas none of the political parties have even suggested possible solutions to this issye.
The issue is very real, the export growth of coal will lead to increased climate change. It’s easy to duck the issue by gaining income from exporting it and pretending that the emissions are the problem of someone else. The fact is that Australia is one country that is at huge risk from climate change with some extrme temperatures already in many areas.
Australia has pledged it’s part to reduce global emissions, these huge exports of one of the most polluting energy sources are a direct contradiction to that policy. There has been no response from the Governments Climate Change department which was specifically set up to promote cleaner energy and to reduce global emissions.
The protest has certainly promoted some important debate within the Australian media. There are several shows on the mainstream media highlighting this huge contradiction in government policy – unfortunately you might need an Aussie proxy server to watch some of these shows though. One thing it also highlights is the fantastic job done by the brave activists of Greenpeace.
Posted: May 2nd, 2013 under Soutions.
Tags: environment, activists, coal, energy, politics, Australia
All across the world people want to censor the internet. In places like Iran and Syria, there’s a desperate need to control the internet primarily social media. For protestors, the internet is a place to meet, to plan or to rouse support for the opposition it’s a place to trap dissent and block free speech. But it’s not just obvious cases like these where there’s a drive to control what you can do and see online. In Australia, there’s a huge drive to block access to all sorts of websites using state of the art content filters. In Iceland they’ve decided to wage a war on internet pornography and stop sex based websites from being access from their country.
In other countries the censorship is a little more subtle but arguably just as dangerous. You would have thought in the land of the First Amendment, where free speech is valued like nowehere else – that the US would be one land where the internet continues to be unfiltered. Here though it’s big business and commerce which is the risk, through proposed legislation like SOPA. Here the threat is that anyone who owns a website becomes responisble for content that appears on it. So anyone for example who runs a discussion forum they could be liable for any statement or link posted to an illegal site or one which breaches a companies copyright. Instantly websites like YouTube, Twitter and Facebook for example become a litigation nightmare. People will be scared to post, scared to host and scared to discuss anything online for fear of stepping into a legal minefield.
The censorship via this method would be much more subtle, but arguably more encompassing. Slowly the internet would turn into a collection of big web sites with legal backing, hosting preapproved content. Smaller, unmoderated sites would slowly disappear, they would simply be not worth the risk and the options for free speech would be slowly eroded. Thankfully SOPA was defeated, but it was a close call, the mobilisation of millions through organisations like Wikipedia and Google helped block the bills progress. Next time we may not be so lucky, there’s big business online and powerful lobbying funds seek to dictate the internets direction.
The attack will continues from all these sources, it is up to us to defend the neutrality of the internet. For some protestors like Aaron Swartz the battle has cost them their lives. It is up to us to ensure that politicians, big business and dictators cannot control the internet. Make sure that we use proxies and VPNs to demonstrate that technical controls can be circumvented. When you use a proxy server to watch Iplayer in the US, you are not only getting to watch great TV – but you’re showing that content is accessible to all whatever restrictions are implemented.
The other battles will happen in places like Congress, Parliament and of course the market places. Any of these places could enforce control over the internet, we should ensure that our voices make sure that this never happens.
Posted: March 31st, 2013 under Soutions.
Tags: proxies, SOPA, censorship, Internet, Swartz
When I left University some 20 plus years ago, I had what I thought was a rather large overdraft. I was not alone and at the time a couple of thousand pounds seemed a huge amount of money to pay back, however this is nothing compared with what todays youngsters have to endure. It might be different in other countries but nowadays in the United Kingdom most students leave with an enormous amount of debt. They have to pay their fees, tuition plus all the other living expenses that go with being a student. I had a grant, paid no fees and a part time job at the student union and I still managed to stagger out with a big overdraft.
But by 2025 I think education will change massively. The standard model is school, college and the some sort of degree at a University or college. This last bit usually involves living away from home and paying lots of money for tuition. This model works reasonably well in times of plenty, sure the bills rack up but graduates can expect to earn much more and paying them off is no big worry. However we’re now seeing students who can’t find any job and little prospect of paying off their various loans.
However in the future things could have changed considerably, I’m talking of course about the MOOCs that appeared last year. These are Massive Open Online Courses that are taking the world by storm. The University Lectures are delivered across the planet using the medium of the internet. A brilliant professor is no longer restricted to teaching a handful of students in his lecture room, but literally tens of thousands across the world.
At the moment nearly all the leading Universities in the world are getting involved. It will be interesting to see where it leads, particularly how it’s funded, currently all the courses are pretty much free. However Universities need fees to survive so this model won’t scale up. Perhaps the costs will lower and you’ll be charged a fee and can study anywhere. Maybe you’ll need to be located in a certain place, perhaps to study in Oxford or Cambridge you’ll need to prove you’re in the UK or at least use a fake IP address!
It may not stop there, perhaps all other levels of learning could follow this route? Whatever happens, opening up world class education to the world not based on where you are born has got to be a positive thing for the human race.
Posted: January 18th, 2013 under Resources.
Tags: Mooc, education, online learning
A really important aspect of this overall subject is handicap mobility and the needs of those people that are affected by physical disabilities.
There are several arguments about the benefits and drawbacks of a variety of mobility solutions for the physically challenged and what folks can and cannot do in certain circumstances. Don’t let this cloud your view, but when you think about it, vehicles customized for use by the physically handicapped are highly beneficial.
If you were ever scared of using or felt intimated by motorized scooters for instance, this may go some way to allay those fears. You know it is not always easy to comment on something that describes the needs of people with disabilities so well.
If you want to feel confident about getting up and down stairs, then based from reports of mobility issues along with the social and public aspects, installing a stair lift in your home can increase your access considerably. These amazing yet simple devices provide important and often essential access to parts of the home that would otherwise be off limits to a person with mobility limitations.
It helps to be at the right place to learn a lot of new things. Knowing where to find definite information is important. Most people with disabilities are not so fragile that can’t navigate some obstacles, but stairs often represent an unassailable barrier for many. Being able to ascend or descend easily, safely and without aid can be liberating and dignifying.
How would you know if a handicap ramp exists in every building that needs it? While that probably varies from place to place, any specialized form of transportation such as wheelchairs or motorized scooters will find it a whole lot easier to gain access to public buildings with carefully placed ramps as an alternative to stairs.
If you really want to learn some in-depth facts about his, a trip to any municipal building will reveal what you need to know graphically. The truth is you can do this for next to nothing, but you can learn much from the exercise.
When a handicap vehicle is provided to those who follow the well worn transportation path, it could turn out that you’ve stumbled upon a great benefit. There are many kinds of specialist vehicles that cater to the needs of those with physical mobility issues that provide useful transportation to places they may not otherwise have access to.
In general, it is worth using knowledge about the many aspects of handicap mobility to see how it works from a different perspective. The issues surrounding handicap mobility can be immense but well worth taking on board.
You can learn more about the issues facing people with physical disabilities by visiting this excellent website: handicapeasylife.com. There seems to be little or even no independent thought at all on many of the issues that concern people with disabilities, but attitudes are changing for the better.
Posted: December 15th, 2012 under Soutions.
Tags: handicap access, mobility issues, people with disabilities
A conference scheduled to last 11 days has begun in Dubai with the intention to try and agree a direction for the furture of the internet. The goal sounds quite simple – to agree some common standards for the future of the internet. However the UK organisers were quoted as mentioning that they expect a certain amount of friction within the debates.
It’s been a long time since such talks have taken place, the last global conference on the future of telecoms across the planet took place in 1988. Obviously the world has changed a lot since then! One of the key concerns of the organisers is that today still over 4 billion people have no access at all to the internet, this can only lead to inequalities in knowledge and opportunity.
Some are concerned that censorship and filtering are going to be high on the conference agenda. Google has started advertising on their search page asking people to support the principles of a free and open internet. They seem to be worried that governments are intending to impose strict regulations on a global scale on the free use of the internet. The United Nations who are driving this conference are keen to deny this allegation.
It will be interesting to see where Google go with this campaign, they obviously have the potential to leverage enormous power globally simply through their search page. The meetings at this conference are closed to the public however Google will be well represented there anyway.
We would hope that some of the increasing restrictions and filtering that is happening throughout the world can be addressed. The internet is increasingly being used as a tool either for oppression by denying access like the Syrian Government or artificial blocks put up by commercial organisations keen to carry on with their global price discriminations. The sad truth is to operate on anything like a free and open internet then you need to use some sort of proxy or VPN service like something detailed here - http://www.proxyusa.com/. However this require money and not all people are lucky enough to be able to afford such services to protect their online freedom.
Posted: December 10th, 2012 under Resources.
Tags: ITU Meeting, internet freedom, censorship
One of the most poignant aspects of the future has to be progressive advances made in personal health. It may have taken a long time to finally get people educated to the facts about nutrition and diet, but the obesity epidemic that swept through western civilization in the early part of the century had finally been brought under control.
People at last realized that their excessive consumption of sugar and processed foods were largely responsible for their expanding waistlines and the food industry was forced to change. The way that food was presented finally changed and the emphasis switched from high fat, high sugar comfort foods to healthy, fresh produce
Big Companies Go Under
It cost some of the biggest processed food manufacturers their business and huge losses were seen as one household name company after another fell into receivership through the sudden drop off in sales. The survivors were the companies that saw the writing on the wall and changed with consumer eating habits.
The biggest casualties were the big name fast food restaurants that failed to come up with completely healthy alternatives to their high fat, cholesterol promoting unhealthy food. Consumers saw through the many futile attempts to hoodwink them with healthy looking food that on closer inspection was really no better than the junk they had been serving up for decades before.
A Long Time Coming
It took several years for the changes to come about. Obese people started losing weight once they came to realize that they could still enjoy good food and not load up on so many calories. The nation’s statistics for overweight citizens fell steadily year after year until it reached levels not seen since the middle of the 20th Century!
The lesson learned by millions of people may have been a harsh one in the beginning, but the blow was satisfactorily cushioned by the subsequent loss of weight. Clothing manufacturers specializing in outsize garments had to rapidly par down their sizing to reflect the shrinking girths of their customers.
By the year 2025, populations had become healthy, slim and much happier. It may have been a long time coming, but the lessons learned about the eternal health concepts such as can be seen at http://eternalhealthconcepts.com of sensible eating and drinking were well worth learning. People are now living longer on average than they did only a decade ago with far fewer hospital admissions for weight related diseases and conditions. This surely has to be the best time to be alive ever!
Posted: October 31st, 2012 under Soutions.
Tags: health, sensible diet, health concepts
While the current trend seems to be a rapidly expanding world population with an equally rapidly expanding collective waistline, this simply cannot be sustained in the long term. Attitudes toward diet and the way we eat must and will change over time as people are better educated in the ways of sensible eating and by having a greater awareness of what is in the food and drinks that they are consuming.
The year 2025 is not such a long way off that our current generations will be able to enjoy the many benefits that more widespread health education will bring. A more realistic diet awareness will take over from the current widespread ignorance of what nutritional constituents are in all foods that are consumed. This means that the stranglehold the food industry and manufacturers currently have over people will be dissolved as it cannot be sustained under the weight of greater consumer awareness of what is in the food they buy in stores.
So what will this global rise in nutritional awareness mean for the average person on the street?
A Diet Revolution
It will mean that all foods that are processed and packaged for convenience will have to be totally transparent as to their constituents and full documentation as to the properties of every single additive must be not only available but proofs that they have been acknowledged and understood by the consumer will be mandatory before they can be purchased. Of course, in a changed new world of infinitely more widespread and comprehensive education that ensures that all children leave school with a high level of knowledge of diet and nutrition, consumers will already be completely aware of what all additives can potentially do to their health.
Advances in medical science and nutritional understanding will also play a part in further highlighting the health impact from certain food additives. Those additives that are currently unsafe or that have a high potentiality to initiate damaging health consequences will not be allowed to be added to any foods.
The great hope is that these advances in knowledge and understanding will lead to a healthier population that knows what it should and should not eat or drink. The resulting effect will be a healthier, slimmer population less dependent on health services to treat weight related illnesses. This will be a hugely positive development that will happen gradually over the years. Certainly by 2025 the results will speak for themselves just by looking around and seeing a world full of healthier, better informed and happier people.
Posted: August 3rd, 2012 under Soutions.
Tags: diet, diet awareness
As advances have come in the medical and chemical industries, the cosmetic and beauty industry has become somewhat akin the Wild West. Ingredients aren’t regulated, so it’s very possible for untested products to hit the shelves at the expense of eager consumers. Sites like the Skin Deep Cosmetics Database aim to educate consumers on the dangerous chemicals that lurk inside of their favorite cosmetics.
In 2025, however, things will be different. There won’t just be online databases that warn only the most interested of consumers about the dangers of chemicals in their favorite products. Many more government regulations will be in place by then that will ban companies from using carcinogenic ingredients in the products they produce. Although many of the government regulations that will be in place in 2025 will have a negative impact on the social and economic structure of the world, these regulations will have a positive impact on the health of citizens.
Some products that exist today will thrive in 2025. The products that will thrive are the ones produced by companies that are already aware of the dangers of chemicals in beauty products. Products like Aubrey Organics Shampoo, Nature’s Natural, and Mira hair oil will increase greatly in popularity as consumers are forced to abandon the dangerous products that they once (unknowingly) used.
Although there is much to fear in 2025, there are some things to look forward to as well. We have no choice but to be alive in that year, so it is important to look for the positives where they exist.
Posted: April 18th, 2012 under Resources.
By the year 2025 the travel industry will have changed considerably. At the moment (in 2012) the travel industry accounts for 5% of the total GDP of the world. This revenue goes to big travel companies but also to developing countries such as Thailand, India, Brazil and the Caribbean. A lot also goes to the second tier of the developed world such as Italy, Greece and Spain.
It is hard to make predictions about whether people will have more or less leisure time in the near future. Certainly the wave of money seems to have left the west coast of America and is cresting in China. Chinese employers are notorious, like their Japanese and Korean counterparts, for making their employees work 6 or 7 days a week and severely restricting public holidays. If China holds the economic reins in 2025 then it can be expected that the average length of holidays will decrease. However, it can be expected that those with lots of money will still go on foreign holidays. It is likely that high-end hotels and resorts in Koh Samui, the Bahamas and Italy will continue to do good business.
With the releasing of the green house gases caught in the perma-frost caused by the melting of the polar caps world average temperatures will rise. This will result in two outcomes. One, places like Fiji and the Maldives will be underwater and their tourist trade will vanish along with their islands. And secondly, countries that were formerly too cold to attract many tourists such as Scandinavia and Canada will see an upsurge in tourist numbers, especially from tourists traveling in their own country.
Finally, with dwindling supplies of petrol, energy costs will be higher. Plane tickets will cost more. Air-con will cost more. As fewer people can afford to go to the tropics, and as they become hotter their will be initially a price war. This competition will be most strongly felt among mid-range and budget places.
To sum up, it looks like less holidays in 2025. There will still be a travel industry, but there will be clear winners and losers.
Posted: March 28th, 2012 under Energy.
Tags: travel in 2025, energy, price wars, less holidays | [
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The shape-memory alloy actuators might power minimally invasive surgical devices or tiny laptop cameras
Shape-memory alloys that change shape when heated could become tiny mechanical muscles for electronic devices. New mechanical devices based on the alloys produce three to six times more torque than electric motors, and weigh just one-20th as much.
Such devices, known as actuators, can be cut from a flat sheet of metal just a fraction of a millimeter thick. They emerged from a roject that aims to build printable robots, where the robots would consist of both the metal actuators and plastic components that could be built layer-by-layer through a process similar to inkjet printing. | [
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] | 141 |
Researchers at UCLA have built a cheap, optics-free holographic microscope capable of detecting bacteria like E. coli in things like water, food, and blood. And by cheap, we mean really cheap. The researchers say it costs less than $100 to build.
The microscope has two ways of analyzing samples: a transmission mode and a reflection mode. The transmission mode is good for transparent media, like thin slices of a sample or clear liquids. In this case, the microscope’s laser can easily penetrate and analyze microscopic objects. For denser, more solid samples the microscope uses holography to generate a 3-D image of the sample that can be beamed to remote computers for further analysis if necessary.In reflection mode, the microscope basically splits the laser beam using a mirror. It then uses one half of the beam to illuminate the sample. On the other side the sample beam and the control beam are recombined. Some “clever mathematics” can then use resulting the changes in the beam to generate a 3-D image of the object sampled.
But while that may sound fairly high-tech, there are no expensive optics or other pricey components required. The photo sensors are of the variety often found in smartphones, and small lasers like the one used in the device are really inexpensive these days as well. That all means that these holographic microscopes could be widely deployed at little cost.
And that’s the idea. Places that don’t have access to high-tech diagnostic equipment could use these devices to sample food and water--or even human blood--for harmful bugs and beam the images to more powerful computing devices elsewhere for analysis or diagnosis. That could help contain contaminations and outbreaks faster, saving lives while keeping costs down.
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more. | [
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] | 414 |
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Barrie Hunt, says 'Despite 2010 being a very warm year globally, the severity of the 2009-2010 northern winter and a wetter and cooler Australia in 2010 relative to the past few years have been misinterpreted by some to imply that climate change is not occurring.'
'Recent wet conditions in eastern Australia mainly reflect short-term climate variability and weather events, not longer-term climate change trends. Conclusions that climate is not changing are based on a misunderstanding of the roles of climatic change caused by increasing greenhouse gases and climatic variability due to natural processes in the climatic system.
'These two components of the climate system interact continuously, sometimes enhancing and sometimes counteracting one another to either exacerbate or moderate climate extremes.'
Mr Hunt says his climatic model simulations support what is clear from recent observations – that in addition to the role of climate change linked to human activity, natural variability produces periods where the global climate can be either cooler or warmer than usual. Mr Hunt’s results were published in the latest edition of the international journal Climate Dynamics.
He says some such natural temperature variations can last for 10 to 15 years, with persistent variations of about 0.2°C.
'Such natural variability could explain the above average temperatures observed globally in the 1940s, and the warm but relatively constant global temperatures of the last decade.'
Mr Hunt also found that seasonal cold spells will still be expected under enhanced greenhouse conditions. For example, monthly mean temperatures up to 10°C below present values were found to occur over North America as late as 2060 in model simulations, with similar cold spells over Asia. Variations of up to 15°C below current temperatures were found to occur on individual days, even in 2060, despite a long-term trend of warming on average.
'These results suggest that a few severe winters in the Northern hemisphere are not sufficient to indicate that climatic change has ceased. The long-term trends that characterise climate change can be interpreted only by analysing many years of observations.'
'Future changes in global temperature as the concentration of greenhouse gases increases will not show a simple year-on-year increase but will vary around a background of long-term warming. Winters as cold as that recently experienced in the Northern Hemisphere, however, will become progressively less frequent as the greenhouse effect eventually dominates,' Mr Hunt said.
This underlying warming trend, reflected in the projections of future climate and the observation that the past decade has been the warmest in the instrumental record, underline the need to both adapt to what is now inevitable change and mitigate even greater changes.
Photographs are copyright by law. If you wish to use or buy a photograph you must contact the photographer directly (there is a hyperlink in most cases to their website, or do a Google search.) with your request.
Please do not contact
as we cannot give permission for use of other photographer’s images. | [
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] | 602 |
The first example (Fig. 1) was a great way to look at finger
independence, which is our first left-hand technique. Having your fingers do independent
things is one of the most challenging aspects of playing the guitar. If you had trouble
changing chords fast enough when you started playing guitar, you were dealing with finger
independence issues. It turns out that out hands aren’t built equally. There’s an
individual tendon for each of your individual fingers, except the ring finger and pinky.
Those unfortunate digits have to share one, and now you know why most guitar players only
use three fingers on their left hand: The pinky is a bit weak, short, and it’s sharing a
tendon with the ring finger.
For a great example of this, place your fingertips on a table and make them all touch
at the same time. Now, try to lift up just your third finger, making sure your pinky stays
down. Hard, isn’t it? Have no fear—while the pinky may be weak and muscularly challenged,
it can be beefed up! Fig. 2 is the first of our “spider” exercises. I
learned these in college and when you do it fast enough, you look like a tarantula walking
across the fretboard. It’s creepy and awesome at the same time.
Fig. 2 is all about pairs of fingers: first and third, and second and fourth. By moving
them together, first in parallel, and then in opposing motion, you’re making sure that
each finger can work independently from each other. While the exercise sounds pedantic,
the motion is just what you need to get from chord to chord with ease. In the audio
example, I’m keeping my fingers down as long as I can, forcing the other fingers to work
If we break up the fingers and play them one by one, we get Fig. 3,
which proves that you can apply finger independence drills to enhance your lead playing as
well. I’ve added a string skip to each finger pair to make it a little more
I’ll do one last exercise based on the spider drill with Fig. 4. This
time, I’m adding a string skip each time I use all four fingers. This one is tricky, but
it really shows how wimpy most people’s fingers are.
Now let’s take the finger independence idea and make all four fingers play at the same
time—you know, like you do with chords. These shapes are called mirrors because they are
mirror images of each other. Much like Fig. 1, I’m intentionally making the fingers do
something pretty unnatural here in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 clearly sounds like gibberish, and that’s the point—it’s a pure exercise that you
can do unplugged while watching the game. You can take it and really go to town with it by
adding string skips between any of the fingers, or moving it to different strings. Fig. 6
ups the ante by only changing the two middle fingers every other chord. This one is really | [
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] | 680 |
Researchers develop edible 'peels' for variety of liquid, semi-solid foods
Imagine getting your yogurt from a little ball with an edible skin. Or your ice cream. How about your soda coming from a vending machine not in a recyclable can, but rather with a peel you can bite right into. It's closer to reality than you might think.
Editor's Note: This report is part of a collaboration between PRI's The World and NOVA.
A team of chefs, chemists and designers has come up with a way for you to eat a cocktail, to hold a mouthful of juice in your hands.
They’ve created a biodegradable shell that can enclose ice cream, mousses, cheeses and liquids. Take an orange, for example.
David Edwards, an inventor and engineer at Harvard University, slices one open.
“Now look at that,” he said, pointing to the pulp. “Obviously the orange is full of water and moisture. And then you’ve got the orange peel.”
The peel is a kind of durable, biodegradable packaging. Few people eat an orange peel, but it is edible. And, of course, we do eat the peels of other fruits, like peaches and apples.
The fact that these fruits come in their own built-in packaging is convenient. It means they do not have to be sold in boxes or bags.
This idea is the inspiration behind a company that Edwards has founded. He wants to change the way we package and eat food.
Making His Own Peel
This is where things start to get less familiar.
Edwards fetches a plate of what look like red rubber balls. He picks one up between his thumb and forefinger.
“I’m going to bite into it just to show you what’s going on here,” he said.
Edwards bites it in two and holds up the half still in his fingers. Greek yogurt sits inside. He squeezes the yogurt out.
The innovative part is what is on the outside. It is a protective, biodegradable skin — like an orange peel. And it’s edible.
“That skin keeps moisture inside, and it keeps germs and other things outside,” Edwards said.
He won’t reveal the exact recipe, but he says in this case the raw ingredients come from raspberries and algae.
And it is not just yogurt that Edwards is wrapping in this kind of edible peel. His vision is that one day you will go to the supermarket and, instead of buying cartons of juice and cans of soup, you will fill your cart up with balls of food and drink.
“I get home, and I hand (the food) to my son, and he hands it to his friend,” Edwards said. “And then the friend says, ‘But did you wash your hands?’ At that point, I clean it as I do fruit and vegetables today. I can run water over it, and it doesn’t dissolve, actually. And it can be cleaned, and then I can eat it.”
A Curious Display of Food
It may sound like something from Star Trek, but Edwards is already trying these products out on the public. His company recently organized a tasting at its test kitchen in Paris.
Just before the event, the company’s research and development manager, Heloise Vilaseca, was eager to hear what the taste testers would say.
“Would they like it?” she wondered. “Would they understand the product? Would they want to share it with friends?”
On this day, four volunteers had arrived to try the new foods. Maëva Tordo was one of them. She works in business innovation, and her eyes were wide with anticipation.
“I’m really, really curious about it because I always dreamed about being able to eat the cap of my yogurt,” she said. “So I can’t wait.”
Before long, the group was brought into a room where the food had been laid out. White spheres of frosty ice cream and brown orbs of mousse rested in shallow bowls. Yellow and green cheese marbles huddled on little plates. The gelatinous balls of yogurt were on display, as well.
The taste testers plucked them up with their fingers and popped them into their mouths like grapes. They seemed to be loving it, though someone did mention that the ice cream could be improved by making it smaller.
Perhaps the strangest things on the table were the beverages – colorful globes of liquid. Some contained orange juice. Others held a cocktail made with blue Curaçao, wrapped in a transparent spherical skin flecked with orange rind and placed in martini glasses.
Chris Tallec, a designer, poked a straw through the skin of his turquoise cocktail and slurped the liquid inside. Then he held up the skin and ate it.
“It’s really tasty because it has the flavor of the orange,” he said.
Tallec said he enjoyed this new way of eating.
“It’s playful. Also, it’s seducing — you know, you’re curious about it," he said.
Before the tasting ended, Maëva Tordo’s curiosity got the better of her. She reached for one more ball of yogurt, but the contents had warmed up to room temperature. So when she bit it in half to admire how it was created, the yogurt squirted out and splattered her hair.
“That’s what happens when you play too much with food,” she said, laughing.
The Future of Edible Packaging
The taste testers seemed to be sold on the concept, but is the general public really ready to buy edible balls of soda or coffee at the grocery store and from vending machines? Is it realistic to think we can bundle much of our food into this kind of packaging?
Edwards thinks so.
“Interest from leading multi-national food and beverage companies has been great,” he said.
Still, there is a lot to do before he licenses this technology to major food brands. He has patent applications in the pipeline, and he has to make sure the technology can scale easily from a small test kitchen to mass production.
As Edwards continues to refine this new kind of food, he is relying on the public to tell him what works and what doesn’t. In fact, he calls his company WikiCell Designs, because, as he sees it as a collaborative effort.
The next step in that collaboration will come soon when the world’s first Wiki Bar opens, in Paris.Consumers will be able to purchase these balls of yogurt, mousse, and juice, and offer feedback. Edwards says if all goes well, he plans to roll out his products in the United States next year.
"PRI's "The World" is a one-hour, weekday radio news magazine offering a mix of news, features, interviews, and music from around the globe. "The World" is a co-production of the BBC World Service, PRI and WGBH Boston. More about The World. | [
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] | 1,537 |
Shots - Health News
Wed February 27, 2013
How Guinea Pigs Could Help Autistic Children
Originally published on Thu February 28, 2013 12:18 pm
Feeling a little awkward? Consider skipping the alcohol and grabbing a pet instead.
As any dog walker knows, it's easy — unavoidable, even — to strike up conversations with strangers when accompanied by a canine friend. Smaller animals like rabbits and turtles can also lubricate social interactions.
Given this effect, Maggie O'Haire, a doctoral candidate in psychology at the University of Queensland, wondered if animals could also help children with autism spectrum disorders connect with other people.
As it turns out, they can.
In a study described in the latest PLOS ONE, O'Haire and her colleagues introduced two guinea pigs into 15 different classrooms and looked at how the presence of these furry creatures affected the interactions of autistic children with adults and non-autistic kids.
The researchers found that autistic children were significantly more talkative and cheerful in the presence of guinea pigs than in the presence of toys. The children were also more likely to look at faces, make physical contact, and interact with other children and adults.
O'Haire has several theories as to why animals might have this effect.
First of all, animals facilitate social interaction by giving people a common focus of attention. "There's something about having an animal present that gets people talking," says O'Haire.
Additionally, animals have a calming effect. For children with autism, the classroom can be a stressful environment, and O'Haire says an animal may relax them enough to make them feel comfortable interacting with peers.
Animals also make people look better. "If you have an animal with you, people actually perceive you as friendlier, happier, and less threatening," O'Haire says. "Having an animal there may have changed the children's perceptions of their peers in a more positive light."
O'Haire thinks animals could aid autistic children with social interactions in a many places, including classrooms and therapists' offices. "I certainly think that in any situation where there's rapport that needs to be built, this data seems to show that having an animal would really help," she says.
But is it practical? More research needs to be done to figure out how to implement so-called animal-assisted interventions, but O'Haire doesn't think that it's far-fetched to hope that animals could be useful.
She points out that fish tanks are already commonplace in doctor's offices and that some other workplaces allow pets because of their demonstrated benefits for both social interaction and stress reduction.
Take two guinea pigs and call us in the morning. | [
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] | 557 |
Try the following RSS feeds for books and magazines:
|CSIRO PUBLISHING New Books & CDs|
|ECOS: Towards a Sustainable Future|
And research journals:
What are RSS Web Feeds?
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) is a standard file format for syndicating information on the web. There is a wide range of applications that support RSS feeds including newsreaders and personalised homepages available.
What is a newsreader?
A “news” or “feed” reader is a special application that aggregates and displays multiple feeds. Your choice of reader will depend on a number of factors including cost (some are free and some have a fee) and suitability with your computer’s operating system. Getting advice from a colleague experienced with RSS is recommended. Two popular examples are:
Getting Started with RSS
Once a reader is installed, select a feed from the list above or look for RSS feeds on your favourite web sites which are usually indicated by an orange or RSS (or XML) button. You then simply copy the URL address into your reader (hint: right click on the feed button, select Copy Shortcut and paste into your reader). Your reader will regularly check for new information from all sites selected and alert you to any new items found.
Adding RSS feeds to a personalised homepage
To place a RSS feeds on a personalised homepage, choose a feed from the list above by clicking
and follow the simple instructions to sign-up. | [
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] | 312 |
The Magic String Game #4 (Schnurspiel mit sechs W
Object: Remove the metal piece from the string
Difficulty: Level 8 - Demanding
Brand: Logika Spiele
Warning! The instructions are in German.
Colors may vary.
These games are thinking- and cleverness-games out of recycled-plastic. A magic string game consists of a string and several stones. These stones have holes of different dimensions. There are 3 different string games: with one cube and 2 rectangular solids, with 2 cubes and 1 rectangular solid and with 6 cubes and one rectangular solid.
The origin of these games was found in the distant Africa. Modifications of these were also found in Guinea and China and they are also used for the conversation today. The object of the magic string games is to transport the stones from one string to another, or to take away the string completely from the stones. | [
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] | 194 |
Jesus and His disciples were reclining at their Passover meal. Jesus blessed the matzoh bread
Then He blessed the wine and passed around His cup."Drink this, for this is my blood."
Then Jesus looked at each of his disciples. His face was full of sorrow. "One of you sitting here will betray me."
Jesus answered, "The one to whom I shall give this bread." Then Jesus took a piece of bread from the loaf, dipped it in the dish of wine and handed it to Judas Iscariot. "Do whatever you have to do, but do it quickly." Jesus said. With a start, Judas got up from the table, left the room, and walked out into the night.
photo from Greg Olsen
When Jesus and His disciples ate the "Last Supper" it was on the first night of the Passover festival, or during the Seder Meal. During this meal Jesus explained to His Disciples that The Bread was His body and the wine was His blood of the new covenant, shed for the remission of our sins. Jesus instructed us to "Do This in remembrance of Me" (Luke 22:19)
The example Jesus set in washing the feet of His disciples is sometimes still done today on Maundy Thursday before the Passover supper. Most Churches offer a Maundy Service in which they end the service with Communion, Breaking the Bread and Drinking the wine in remembrance of Jesus' death.
God commanded the Israelites to remember the Passover as a festival to the Lord for generations to come (Exodus 12:14).
Most Jewish families continue to observe the feast of Passover Seder (supper) on the first day of Passover. Passover is a week long celebration.
Today, the meal in the Upper Room has become part of Holy Week. Each ingredient in a Passover Meal has a special meaning.
As Christians we can explain that we are all "chosen people" if we have been "born" into God's family by believing in His Son, Jesus, as our Messiah. We can share the cup of joy with other Christians out of thanksgiving that Jesus became the final "Lamb" to be sacrificed in order that our "joy may be full".
Below are the Passover foods and the explanations of the meanings from the Old Testament Exodus story
(and the New Testament story of Jesus' as our Messiah.)
*Three whole Matzos (unleavened bread).
A reminder that the Israelites did not have time to wait for the yeast bread to rise because they had to be ready to move when God said. A piece of the middle one is hidden for a child to find.
(New Testament represents the Body of Jesus Christ broken for our sins. As Christians it is a reminder to live so that we are always "ready to go" when Jesus returns. Also yeast sometimes represents the evil in the world. God wants His people to be pure.)
*A roasted lamb ~ placed to the host's right ~
in memory of the lamb sacrificed by Israelites the night before their flight from Egypt.
(Jesus is our final perfect Lamb sacrificed for us.)
*A roasted egg ~ to the left ~
in mourning for destroyed temple.
(Symbol of the free-will offering that was given with the lamb. This represents giving more to God than just what is demanded. This is a gift of love. Jesus is God's ultimate gift. God's law demanded justice, but with the gift of Jesus, God gives us more than justice; He gives us mercy, love and forgiveness.)
* Maror (bitter herbs) ~ placed in the middle
A reminder of the bitterness of slavery in Egypt.
(As Christians we remember that many suffered so that we may know the joy of the good news of Jesus.)
*Charoseth (chopped almonds, apple, wine, sugar and cinnamon)~
Symbolizes the mortar which the Jews had to mix in making bricks for the king of Egypt.
*Salt water ~
to signify the Red Sea which miraculously parted to let the Israelites across.
(Represents the tears of all of God's Saints)
* Karpar (celery, parsley, greens)-
The Hebrew word means 600,000 the recorded number who left Egypt.
(These plants stay green all year and represent the everlasting life because of Jesus Christ's Ressurection.)
*Wine or grape juice ~
Wine represents JOY.
As the service proceeds, as each plaque is mentioned, each person sips a little of the wine. This means that until we were totally free and out of bondange, joy was incomplete.
(At the Last Supper Jesus said that the wine represented His own life's blood, poured out for us. He had to die so that we could know the total joy of freedom and forgiveness.)
*Elijah's cup ~ usually a treasured one filled with wine ~
is placed on the table to await the arrival of the Messiah.
(Jesus said in Matthew 11:14 that John the Baptist was the promised Elijah who was to announce the Messiah's coming. For Christians this cup does not remain untouched. It is shared by everyone at the table in the joy that our hope had come true. The Messiah has come to us and is alive to give our lives eternal joy.
The youngest son or male asks the same question 5 times, and the father answers explaining why. Here is the question, and the answers.
Why is this night different from all other nights?
On all other nights we eat either leavened bread or matzah.
On this night, only matzah.
On all other nights we eat all kinds of herbs.
On this night, only bitter herbs.
On all other nights we do not dip even once.
On this night, we dip twice.
On all other nights we eat either sitting up or reclining.
On this night we all recline.
On all other nights we eat in any ordinary way.
On this night we dine in special ceremony.
To start we Read Exodus 7 - 12. Dad starts reading from Ex. 7:1-13. Then each of our children take turns reading the 10 plagues. We start with the oldest to the youngest. To represent each plague the younger children painted wooden cutouts, which I found at the craft store. (A Red Heart to represent the River Nile turning to Blood, A Green Frog, A Fly, Locust, etc.) After the child reads the plague from the Bible they place the wooden object in a basket that is set in the center of the room. After everyone reads Dad explains the seder food and what each represents. The youngest son or grandson asks the question 5 times as explained in the Seder Ceremony above. After the meal is eaten we move the table back to the dining room clear the dishes. To remember Jesus' washing the Disciples feet we preform a foot washing ceremony. This year I wrote everyones name and placed the names in a jar. Starting with the youngest, the person draws a name out and washes that persons feet, and drys their feet with a towel. We continue until everyone has had their feet washed.
To concluded we watch either The 10 commandments or the Prince of Egypt animated movie. After the Ceremony it is fun for the family to make Jelly Bean Prayer Jars, and address Easter Cards for friends and elderly people. This craft is really easy to make. You won't need a Masters Degree in Special Education or an Information Assurance degree to show your children how to make these prayer jars.
After the feast Jennifer, Jonathan, and Jamie preformed a play on the "Ten Plagues and Passover". The three grandchildren especially enjoyed the little frogs, flies etc that were tossed towards them during the play. It was a wonderful way to teach the story of Moses and the ten plagues and the Passover to the kids.
to Your Family
May the Joy of Jesus Christ be with you and your family every day!
to Your Family
Passover LinksUncle Eli's Site Be sure and click on the story about the 10 placgues and the Passover Seder. They are both great for kids.
and for parents here is a detail Passover and Seder explanation at US Israel.org
Bitsela.com Free Art - Provided the Jewish Art
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] | 1,795 |
Southern Polar Cap
Mars has a seasonal southern polar cap composed of carbon dioxide (CO2, commonly known as dry ice), that overlies a permanent polar cap which is a mixture of CO2 ice, water ice and dust. As the CO2 evaporates in the spring the escaping gas carves channels in the permanent cap below. Often these channels radiate outward (or converge inward), giving them a spider-like appearance.
In this false color image the seasonal frost is whitish-lavendar. The tan areas starting to show through are where the frost has already evaporated (sublimated is actually the correct term, when ice changes directly to a gas). Tan-colored dust blows around and accummulates in the bottom of some of the channels.
This is truly other-worldly terrain, with exotic landforms with no earthly analogs. | [
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] | 174 |
The British Agricultural Revolution describes a period of development in Britain between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. This in turn supported unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution. How this came about is not entirely clear. In recent decades, enclosure, mechanization, four-field crop rotation, and selective breeding have been highlighted as primary causes, with credit given to relatively few individuals.
Prior to the 18th century, agriculture had been much the same across Europe since the Middle Ages. The open field system was essentially post-feudal, with each farmer subsistence-cropping strips of land in one of three or four large fields held in common and splitting up the products likewise.
Beginning as early as the 12th century, some of the common fields in Britain were enclosed into individually owned fields, and the process rapidly accelerated in the 15th and 16th centuries. This led to farmers losing their land and their grazing rights, and left many unemployed. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the practice of enclosure was denounced by the Church, and legislation was drawn up against it; but the developments in agricultural mechanization during the 18th century required large, enclosed fields in order to be workable. This led to a series of government acts, culminating finally in the General Inclosure Act of 1801.
While farmers received compensation for their strips, it was minimal, and the loss of rights for the rural population led to an increased dependency on the Poor law. Surveying and legal costs weighed heavily on poor farmers, who sometimes even had to sell their share of the land to pay for its being split up. Only a few found work in the (increasingly mechanised) enclosed farms. Most were forced to relocate to the cities to try to find work in the emerging factories of the Industrial Revolution.
By the end of the 18th century the process of enclosure was complete.
Joseph Foljambe's Rotherham plough of 1730, while not the first iron plough, was the first iron plough to have any commercial success, combining an earlier Dutch design with a number of technological innovations. Its fittings and coulter were made of iron and the mouldboard and share were covered with an iron plate making it lighter to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs. It remained in use in Britain until the development of the tractor. It was followed by John Small of Doncaster and Berwickshire in 1763, whose 'Scots Plough' used an improved cast iron shape to turn the soil more effectively with less draft, wear, or strain on the ploughing team.
Andrew Meikle's threshing machine of 1786 was the final straw for many farm labourers, and led to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of Captain Swing (a probably mythical character comparable to the Luddite's Ned Ludd).
In the 1850s and '60s John Fowler, an agricultural engineer and inventor, produced a steam-driven engine that could plough farmland more quickly and more economically than horse-drawn ploughs. His ploughing engine could also be used to dig drainage channels, thereby bringing into cultivation previously unused swampy land. Although faster than horse-drawn ploughing, the capital costs of a pair of engines would often be too much for a single farmer to purchase for his own exclusive use, which lead to the development of an independent contracting industry for ploughing.
During the Middle Ages, the open field system had employed a three year crop rotation, with a different crop in each of the three fields, eg. wheat and barley in two, with the third fallow. 'Fallow' is a term which means that the field is empty, there is nothing growing there. Over the following two centuries, the regular planting of nitrogen-rich legumes in the fields which were previously fallow slowly increased the fertility of croplands. The planting of legumes (leguminosae, plants of the pea/bean family) helped to increase plant growth in the empty field because they used a different set of nutrients to grow than the grains. The legumes put back nutrients the grains used, nitrates produced from nitrogen in the atmosphere, and the grains put back the minerals the legumes used. In a way, they fed each other. Other crops that were occasionally grown were flax, and members of the mustard family. Medieval record keepers did not distinguish between rape seed or other mustards grown for animal feed and mustard grown for mustard seed for condiments. When the pastures were brought back into crop production after their long fallow, their fertility was much greater than they had been in medieval times. The farmers in Flanders (current day Belgium), however, discovered a still more effective four-field rotation system, introducing turnips and clover to replace the fallow year. Clover was both an ideal fodder crop, and it actually improved grain yields in the following year (clover is part of the pea family, leguminosae). The improved grain production simultaneously increased livestock production. Farmers could grow more livestock because there was more food, and manure was an excellent fertilizer, so they could have even more productive crops. Charles Townshend learned the four field system from Flanders and introduced it to Great Britain in 1730.
The increase in population led to more demand from the people for goods such as clothing. A new class of landless labourers, products of enclosure, provided the basis for cottage industry, a stepping stone to the Industrial Revolution. To supply continually growing demand, shrewd businessmen began to pioneer new technology to meet demand from the people. This led to the first industrial factories. People who once were farmers moved to large cities to get jobs in the factories. It should be noted that the British Agricultural Revolution not only made the population increase possible, but also increased the yield per agricultural worker, meaning that a larger percentage of the population could work in these new, post-Agricultural Revolution jobs.
The British Agricultural Revolution was the cause of drastic changes in the lives of British women. Before the Agricultural Revolution, women worked alongside their husbands in the fields and were an active part of farming. The increased efficiency of the new machinery, along with the fact that this new machinery was often heavier and difficult for a woman to wield, made this unnecessary and impractical, and women were relegated to other roles in society. To supplement the family's income, many went into cottage industries. Others became domestic servants or were forced into professions such as prostitution. The new, limited roles of women, dubbed by one historian as "this defamation of women workers", (Valenze) fueled prejudices of women only being fit to work in the home, and also effectively separated them from the new, mechanized areas of work, leading to a divide in the pay between men and women.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the substantial gains in British agricultural productivity were rapidly offset by competition from cheaper imports, made possible by advances in transportation, refrigeration, and many other technologies. From that point, farming in Britain entered a period of economic struggle which continues to the present day.
Prior to the Agricultural Revolution, perhaps half of land was kept in an open-field system, which included the village commons, where such activities as wheat threshing and animal grazing might take place. Parliamentary enclosures saw much of this being taken into private plots of land. With the elimination of the manor court, private property laws prevailed over what had once been land for common usage. | [
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The story explains how Huey, Dewey and Louie originally joined the Junior Woodchucks. Years ago, when the boys were still very small, they were up to so much mischief that Donald finally got fed up with it and decided that something must be done. By chance, he ran across a scout group of the Junior Woodchucks, and this inspired him to send his nephews to join the organisation.
At the annual grand jamboree of the Junior Woodchucks, the boys discovered that their own grandmother is the daughter of the organisation's founder. Thus interested, the boys wanted to join the Junior Woodchucks immediately. The chiefs originally didn't want to accept them, but when they learned they were the great-great-grandchildren of their original founder, they accepted them immediately. They never had descendants of their founder before, even though Huey, Dewey and Louie weren't the first ones to try; Donald had also tried to join them, but was rejected because of his bad temper.
As novices in the Junior Woodchucks, the boys' first task was to find the remains of the Fort Duck, which was demolished to make room for Scrooge McDuck's Money Bin. The trail led the boys, accompanied by Major Snozzie, to a wood pulp factory owned by Scrooge, where the logs from the fortress were about to be made into pulp. But when the worker responsible for the pulp making learned of the logs' origin, as a former Junior Woodchuck himself, he immediately stopped the machines, to avoid destroying the historical remains.
The story ends with the boys being promoted to full members of the Junior Woodchucks and Donald being awarded an honorary medal. | [
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United States Department of State, U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1993 - Vietnam, 30 January 1994, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aa54c.html [accessed 21 May 2013]
This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.
VIETNAM The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) is a one-party state ruled by the Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP). A 13-member Politburo and a Party Central Committee are nominally elected by a party congress held about every 5 years. The Politburo provides guidelines, often in the form of specific directives, that shape government policies. Despite the adoption of a new Constitution in 1992 that provides for the rule of law and respect for human rights, in practice the Government continued to restrict individual rights on national security and other grounds. In addition, the Constitution contains references to "democratic centralism" and "the leading role of the Communist Party" that have been used to justify limits on civil liberties. In addition to the military and police force, Vietnamese security forces monitor internal movements and activities of the general population. The Ministry of Interior has units that monitor persons suspected of involvement in political or religious affairs. Also, government surveillance through informants, household registration, and party-appointed block wardens continued in 1993. The Government continued the market-oriented economic reforms begun in 1986. These reforms have boosted Vietnam's predominantly agricultural economy and improved the lives of Vietnamese citizens. Goods and services are more widely available, and the general population is freer to engage in entrepreneurial activity. Although some senior SRV officials have publicly asserted the profound commitment of the Vietnamese people and State to the cause of human rights, the Government continued to violate human rights in 1993. The authorities continued to limit severely freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association, as well as worker rights and the right of citizens to change their government. The Government continued its longstanding practice of not tolerating dissent and reacted sharply to efforts by Buddhist activists to assert their independence from the government-sponsored Buddhist church. However, restrictions on travel eased, and contact with foreigners is more widely accepted. There appears to be increasing separation between the party and the State.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from:
a. Political and Other Extrajudicial Killing
In 1993 there were no known executions of political prisoners or politically motivated extrajudicial killings. There were also no known cases of deaths of political prisoners while in detention in 1993.
There were no documented incidents of political abductions by government security organizations or by antigovernment forces.
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
The law prohibits physical abuse, and released reeducation camp detainees report that camp conditions have improved since 1989. Although there were no credible, consistent reports of police brutality during interrogation of suspects, reports of severe conditions for those confined in prisons continued. There have been reports of coercion to elicit confessions. After their release in 1993, American citizens held on political grounds reported that they were threatened with violence several times in attempts to coerce confessions, although they were not actually beaten.
d. Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile
In 1993 Vietnam continued to arrest and imprison people arbitrarily. The 1989 Criminal Procedure Code and subsequent amendments provide for various rights for detainees, including time limits on pretrial detention, the right of the accused to be informed of the charges against him or her, a ban on coercion or corporal punishment, and the right to have a lawyer present during interrogation. In practice, however, the authorities frequently ignore these safeguards. Credible reports indicate that detainees continue to be held incommunicado for indefinite periods without formal charges, with authorities using old administrative procedures in contravention of the new legislation. The retention and continued use of these administrative procedures appear to be a deliberate government policy. The Government continued its efforts to implement Party Directive 135, which calls for the arrest of those who incite opposition to the Government or advocate political pluralism. Some intellectuals, clergy, journalists, and foreigners have been arrested and detained. For example, Doan Viet Hoat, a scholar who before 1975 had been Vice President of the Van Hanh Buddhist University in Saigon and had been incarcerated in Chi Hoa prison from 1976 to 1988, was rearrested in 1990 and in March 1993 was sentenced to 20 years for counterrevolutionary activity, apparently related to the "Freedom Forum" case. Dr. Hoat is said to be in poor health. In July the local press reported that an Appeals Court had reduced his sentence to 15 years. According to reputable international nongovernmental organizations (NGO's), Doan Thanh Liem is currently serving a 12-year labor camp sentence after being convicted of spreading anti-Socialist propaganda. Truong Hung Thai, arrested with Liem, continues to serve an 8-year sentence. Do Ngoc Long, also arrested in April 1990, was never tried and was released from prison in April 1993 after serving an 3-year administrative sentence. Nguyen Dan Que, sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment in 1991, was recently transferred to a labor camp in Dong Nai Province; he is reportedly in poor health. Legislation designed ostensibly to prevent inordinate delays in charging suspects is often, if not routinely, ignored in political cases. In April and May 1992, two American citizens of Vietnamese origin were arrested along with numerous Vietnamese for attempting to organize two separate political movements. Both were held until 1993 without ever being formally charged with a crime. No official statistics are available on the number of detainees held for alleged antigovernment activities, and an accurate account is impossible since arrests are not publicized and secret detentions, trials, and sentencing are common. In June 1993, American citizen Nguyen Sy Binh, arrested in April 1992 for training members of the "Peoples' Action Party", a group he founded, was released from custody and deported. On November 11, four Catholic priests and brothers of the Coredemptrix order were released from prison in Vietnam. Reverend John Doan Phu Xuan, Reverend Hilary Do Tri Tam, Brother Luke Vu Son Ha, and Brother Mark Tran Khac Kinh were all freed before the expiration of their sentences. Search and arrest warrants are provided for in law, but they can be issued by branches of the security apparatus without judicial review. Law enforcement and security personnel appear to be able to arrest and incarcerate people without presenting warrants for their arrest. Each province and city has a "security committee" under direct party control. This committee includes both central and local security officials and does not coordinate its activities with the judicial process. Exile is not used as a means of political control.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The Vietnamese court system consists of local people's courts, military tribunals, and the Supreme Court. The last may review cases from either of the lower courts. Both the National Assembly and State Council have the authority to establish special tribunals which may be superior to the Supreme Court. In addition, local mass organizations are empowered to deal with minor breaches of law or disputes. Judges in all regular courts are appointed after the party organization selects all candidates. Article 130 of the Constitution provides for the "independence" of judges and jurors. However, this is negated at all levels by a political system that is closely controlled by the VCP and by a selection process that puts a premium on political reliability. The Penal Code consists of the Criminal Code and a Criminal Procedures Code, which was amended in 1990. Vietnam has a long-established body of family law but lacks civil law codes. There is virtually no evidence that legislative improvements promulgated in 1990 have been implemented. Prison sentences are frequently imposed by administrative procedure, without benefit of due process or judicial review. In addition, such sentences are imposed on persons for the peaceful expression of their views. The SRV criminalizes certain forms of peaceful expression, including, for example, "anti-Socialist propaganda." Over the years people have been sentenced to long prison or reeducation camp terms for such "crimes." For example, after a demonstration in May by approximately 300 Buddhists, including monks, several Buddhist monks were arrested for inciting antigovernment unrest. The Government tried four of the monks in November, and the court announced sentences ranging from 6 months to 4 years in prison. Accurate statistics on the total prison population, including pretrial detainees, political prisoners, and persons held arbitrarily are not available due to the secrecy surrounding these procedures.
f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence
In 1993 the Government continued to operate a nationwide system of surveillance and control through household registration and party-appointed block wardens who use informants to keep track of individual activities. In general, reports suggest that the system is unevenly implemented throughout the country and that local caprice and corruption are significant factors in its application. Urban dwellers appear to be increasingly relaxed about sending mail overseas and meeting foreign visitors. It appears that the Government is combining stricter surveillance, designed in part to intimidate potential critics, with some relaxation vis-a-vis the general population. While the Government continued to censor mail and confiscate packages in 1993, it seems to have done so on a more selective basis than in the past. The party expects people to belong to one or more mass organizations, which exist for villages, city districts, school, work (trade union), youth, and women. However, these organizations which disseminate party propaganda, support party-sanctioned activities, and play a watchdog role have become increasingly ineffectual. While membership in the VCP remains an aid to advancement in the state sector, recruitment of new party members has become more difficult, and many older party members have ended their participation in party activities. Membership in the youth union the normal path to VCP membership has dropped sharply over the past few years.
Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Speech and Press
The Constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, but in practice such freedoms are severely limited. A pervasive network of informants chills free speech considerably, although the party continued to tolerate (and at times invite) criticism concerning its own performance and that of persons deemed to be corrupt or incompetent. Questioning the legitimacy of the VCP or its exclusive vanguard role is not tolerated. The Communist Party line and policies are disseminated regularly from the Party Central Committee to provinces, cities, and districts through memorandums for internal distribution only. Only party members are privy to this information, which covers the issues of freedom of speech and press for the citizenry and economic policy, as well as party interpretations of changes to the status quo (i.e., dynamic interpretations to fit current conditions). Short of clearly proscribed writing, such as advocacy of a multiparty system, the limits of criticism are not clear. Some ideas may be expressed in internal party meetings and in internally circulated documents but not publicly. The movements and activities of foreign journalists are monitored but seldom interfered with. Criticism is occasionally expressed publicly within established forums, such as National Assembly proceedings broadcast over the national radio service. The Government does not use systematic prior censorship to control the media, but guidance from party watchdogs is pervasive, and national security legislation is sufficiently broad to ensure effective self-censorship. The Government controls all broadcast media and does not normally permit the broadcast of opposing views, though it has broadcast reports of debates during National Assembly meetings. In addition to government controlled radio (both domestic and international), television stations, and the Vietnam news agency wire service, Vietnam has five mass daily newspapers and many smaller newspapers. Party organizations and the Ministries of Culture, Information, Sports, and Tourism control the newspapers as well as other publications and cultural exhibits. Western and other publications are widely available in stores frequented by Vietnamese, without obvious restriction on their sale or distribution.
b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
The right of assembly is restricted in law and practice. People wishing to gather in a group are required to apply for a permit, which local authorities can issue or deny arbitrarily. In practice, large informal gatherings in public, like market areas or parts, are commonplace especially in urban areas. There is little evidence to suggest that informal public gatherings are restricted. However, demonstrations or meetings that could be seen as having a political purpose are not permitted and are sometimes forcibly suppressed. For example, the Government refused to permit a conference on democracy that was to be held in Ho Chi Minh City in November. The existence of NGO's is permitted, but they may meet only for approved and narrowly defined objectives. Opposition political organizations and activities are not permitted.
c. Freedom of Religion
Vietnam has no state religion, and adherence to a religion is not permitted for party members. According to some estimates, nearly three-fourths of the population of 70 million people are Buddhists, but the Government has claimed that only 6 million of these actually practice their religion. The Vatican believes that some 6 million Vietnamese are Catholic; a much smaller number are Protestant. Virtually all foreign clergy remaining in the south in 1975 were expelled at the end of that year. While the SRV has permitted visits by foreign clergy, it has not been willing to permit them to reside permanently for religious purposes in Vietnam. Reports indicate that religious groups are allowed freedom in their activities to the degree that they cooperate with the Government. Buddhism was afforded increasing tolerance until the Unified Buddhists (An Quang sect) began to protest government control through 1992. The tension increased in early 1993 when the arrest and confinement of numbers of middle- and low-level leaders sent a clear signal to the Buddhist hierarchy that they cannot challenge the Government. While restrictions on religious organizations are usually severe, they vary widely by locality. This is also true of church attendance. Many people report they have generally been free to attend worship services since 1975, and, during the past few years, visitors to Vietnam have reported that attendance at religious services is growing. Churches in and around Ho Chi Minh City and elsewhere have been observed overflowing during Sunday services. Buddhist temples and edifices of the Hoa Hao and Cao Dai sects in several towns of the south appear active and prosperous enough to be well maintained. Freedom of worship is provided for in the Constitution, along with the proviso that no one may use religious adherence or belief to violate state laws and policies. The Government, concerned that religious groups might become competing centers of influence within the society, has consistently attempted to divide and control religious groups, in part by establishing government-controlled policymaking bodies such as the Catholic Patriotic Association to which clergy are obliged to belong. The Government has also attempted to prevent the growth of religious groups by inhibiting the publication of religious materials and the training of new clergy. The Government exercises approval authority on the content of speeches and sermons by clergy, but reports continue to indicate that approval is generally granted as long as the content cannot be construed as a challenge to the legitimacy of Vietnam's one-party system. Also, Buddhist monks have reported that permission is usually given to young people wishing to study to become monks, if they register with the authorities. Several hundred are reported to be enrolled in Buddhist instruction in Ho Chi Minh City. The Government has regularly detained, arrested, and restricted the activities of religious figures of all faiths on political grounds. Authorities leveled charges of "possessing and disseminating counterrevolutionary propaganda," "fomenting unrest," or "anti-Socialist propaganda" against Buddhist monks and nuns and Catholic, Protestant, and other religious leaders. A number of Catholic and Buddhist clergy remained in prison or confined to home villages. In September an American citizen reported that an informal prayer meeting involving approximately 30 Vietnamese and 3 foreigners was broken up by the police, who detained the Vietnamese and seized the foreigners' passports. There have been some releases this year (see Section 1.d.), and, with the exception of members of the An Quang sect, few new arrests. The Buddhist Patriarch, Thich Huyen Quang of the Unified Buddhist Church, has been under house arrest in Quang Ngai province since 1982, reportedly because he refuses to submit to the government-dominated Vietnam Buddhist Church. In May, after a self-immolation at the Linh Mu Pagoda (supporters of Quang) in Hue and the police interrogation of the abbot, Thich Tri Tuu, there were large protest demonstrations by Buddhists (see Section 1.e.). Thich Duc Nhuan, a former Secretary General of the Unified Buddhist Church, was released in January, after receiving a 1-year reduction in his sentence. Vietnam has in recent years expanded its dialog with the Vatican. In 1993, however, the Government continued to prevent the return from Rome to his archdiocese in Ho Chi Minh City of Archbishop Francis Xavier Nguyen Van Thuan (a nephew of Ngo Dinh Diem) to succeed the ageing Archbishop Nguyen Van Binh. In September the Government rejected the Vatican's appointment of Bishop Huynh Van Nghi to administer the Roman Catholic church in Ho Chi Minh City. While the Government now permits Catholic seminarians to be admitted to seminaries every 3 years instead of 6, it still places sharp limits on the recruitment, training, ordination, and assignment of new seminarians, priests, monks, and nuns. The selection of both students and teachers is subject to government veto, and there are continuing difficulties in obtaining teaching materials and in expanding religious training facilities. Father Dominic Tran Dinh Thu, founder of the Mother Coredemptrix, was released in May. He had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 1987 for "propagandizing against the Socialist system." In November four more clergy affiliated with the Mother Coredemptrix order were freed (see Section 1.d.). In 1993 the first foreign religious community received government approval to work in Vietnam; Mother Theresa's Sisters of Charity began work in Hanoi at the end of the summer. After a Vatican-based cardinal admonished Vietnamese Catholics not to join the government-sponsored union of Vietnamese Catholics, observers noted that fewer priests attended the annual meeting of this organization. At last report the only Protestant seminary had not been permitted to take in new students since 12 were admitted 6 years ago. Some religious leaders believe that the Government's goal is to weaken the churches as a social force by limiting personnel and restricting their ability to move their clergy around the country. For example, only 15 priests in Haiphong serve over 150,000 Catholics there, and no religious women have been allowed to establish convents or novitiates there. Most property of religious institutions remains under government control, including temples, churches, convents, seminaries, former religious schools, libraries, and orphanages. Sharp restrictions are exercised on the use, repair, or extension of those facilities that are returned to religious control.
d. Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign Travel, Emigration, and Repatriation
During 1993 the Government continued the trend of recent years of allowing freer movement within the country for most citizens. Vietnamese are required technically to obtain permission to change their residence, but it appears that obtaining permission has not been difficult during the past few years. Large numbers have changed residence without official permission, apparently without adverse consequences. Areas that have previously been off-limits to foreigners were reportedly opened. Since April 1, foreigners have been permitted to travel without permits to all areas except islands, border, or highland areas. Private travel abroad is usually restricted to 3 months, except travel for education or medical treatment. Violators of this limitation may be barred from further travel for 3 to 5 years. The Government continued its program of relocating people into sparsely populated New Economic Zones (NEZ's), but we have no reports that these relocations are forcible. There are reports of some people voluntarily moving to the NEZ's to gain access to land or remaining in the NEZ's to which they were sent earlier. The state-run radio has said that, of more than 2 million people who were moved from their homes in cities or crowded areas, only a quarter had substantially improved their living standards. The report admitted that many of the NEZ's were unfinished or short of basic facilities. The Government's rationale for relocating people to the NEZ's is to reduce urban crowding, exploit little-used land, and thereby help develop the economy. There have been no reports in recent years of banishment to the NEZ's as a form of punishment. The Government continued to permit emigration for family reunification and for Amerasian Vietnamese and their close family members. The U.S. Orderly Departure Program, including Amerasians, former reeducation detainees, and family unification cases, continued to resettle beneficiaries at the rate of about 4,700 persons per month; a total of 57,000 immigrants and refugees in 1993. Other nations operate smaller resettlement programs for Vietnamese nationals. There are some concerns that members of minority ethnic groups, particularly highland peoples, might not have ready access to these programs. Vietnamese who emigrate are generally free to return. The Government regards overseas Vietnamese both as a valuable potential source of foreign exchange and expertise and as a potential security threat. Thus, the Government generally grants visas to overseas Vietnamese and encourages them to visit Vietnam, whether they emigrated legally or had been granted permanent resettlement after illegal departures from Vietnam. At the same time the public security police monitor them, especially those who come under suspicion as a result of their actions or associations. During 1993 some overseas Vietnamese were arrested, detained, and deported for activities deemed to be subversive, as described in Section 1.d. In 1988 Vietnam signed a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to increase acceptance of voluntary repatriates, provided there was financial assistance. This agreement included a commitment by Vietnam to waive prosecution and punitive measures for illegal departure from Vietnam of persons who return under the UNHCR voluntary repatriation program. Vietnam also agreed to permit the UNHCR to monitor the returnees through direct visits. This agreement has resulted in a substantial flow of repatriates from several countries back to the SRV. Although there were suspicions that Vietnamese who decided to repatriate to Vietnam voluntarily would face discrimination, the evidence indicates they do not. More than 55,000 Vietnamese have returned voluntarily. The UNHCR, which monitors them extensively after they return, says they do not face retribution or discrimination. Although the source of refugees itself, Vietnam has also been the country of first asylum for between 15,000 and 20,000 Cambodian refugees (mainly ethnic Chinese) who have fled to Vietnam since 1975. Repatriation of these refugees, who have been cared for by the UNHCR in well-organized camps, began in 1992. Atrocities committed against ethnic Vietnamese residents of Cambodia resulted in substantial refugee flows into Vietnam in 1993. The SRV has moved to absorb ethnic Vietnamese refugees from Cambodia, and there have been no reports of political problems. Some 30,000 are receiving international assistance.
Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government
Citizens are not free to change their government. All authority and political power is vested in the VCP; political opposition and other political parties are not tolerated. The Central Committee of the VCP is the supreme decisionmaking body in the nation; its 13-member Politburo is the locus of policymaking. The Secretariat of the Central Committee oversees day-to-day implementation of leadership directives. Debate and criticism is limited to certain aspects of individual, state, or party performance determined by the party itself. No challenge to the legitimacy of the one-party state, or even debate on this subject, is permitted. Citizens elect members of the National Assembly, ostensibly the chief legislative body, but it is still constrained by party guidance. The 395 delegates were elected in the summer of 1992. Candidates for the National Assembly election were carefully screened, and credible reports indicate that many people who wished to become candidates were not permitted to run because their views were not considered reliable. Although candidates are screened by party front groups, they are not required to be party members themselves, and multiple candidates contest each seat. The law provides for equal participation in politics by women and minority groups, but in practice minority groups and women are underrepresented. The Government has claimed that women hold 46 percent of the senior posts in government and that 18 percent of the members of the Ninth National Assembly are women. A woman was elected Vice President of the country in 1992. The most senior leadership, however, is predominately male as can be seen, for example, in the all-male Politburo and Council of Ministers.
Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
Vietnam does not permit private human rights organizations to form or operate. Moreover, it generally prohibits private citizens from contacting international human rights organizations. Since 1989, however, the Vietnamese Red Cross has been permitted expanded cooperation with the American Red Cross in assisting persons seeking missing relatives, including those in reeducation centers. The SRV has permitted international visitors to monitor implementation of its repatriation commitments under the Comprehensive Plan of Action and carried on a limited dialog with human rights organizations. The SRV has allowed some human rights organizations to visit. For example, it received a delegation from the U.S.-based human rights group Asia Watch. In addition, the SRV has shown some willingness to discuss human rights issues bilaterally with other governments if such discussions take place under the rubric of "exchanges of ideas" rather than "investigations." The SRV refused, however, to grant a U.S. Senator access to Nguyen Dan Que (see Section 1.d.). The Government has on occasion granted consular access to third-country nationals imprisoned in Vietnam. In November SRV authorities for the first time allowed a U.S. consular official to visit an American citizen in a Vietnamese prison.
Section 5 Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion, Disability, Language, or Social Status
Varying levels of discrimination have been reported by people released from reeducation camps in the areas of housing or education. Those released from reeducation camps generally are not eligible to regain their citizenship rights until 1 year after their release date. They and their families are not allowed employment with the Government, which restricts their access to housing and other benefits given to state employees. Priority in social services is given to families of party members and families of soldiers who fought for the Government. Testing standards of university entrance examinations are reportedly lower for children of party officials. Arbitrarily high standards are set to keep the children of suspect background out of a university. Study abroad is also restricted to politically acceptable persons. Women In general women do not appear to face discrimination in employment and are treated equally under the law. However, they face problems competing with men for higher status positions owing to attitudes deeply ingrained in traditional Vietnamese society. Such problems persist in spite of government efforts to mold popular attitudes to conform with the Constitution, legislation, and regulations mandating equal treatment before the law in virtually all respects. Article 63 of the new Constitution provides that women and men receive equal pay for equal work, and a large body of legislation and regulations is devoted to the protection of women's rights in marriage as well as in the workplace. Government statistics indicate that approximately 50 percent of the primary school students are girls and that women represent about 39 percent of university students. Although Vietnamese law does address the issue of domestic violence, there is no information readily available on how comprehensive the law is in this area. Limited anecdotal evidence indicates that violence occurs (although its extent is unclear) and that law enforcement is somewhat limited. There are no official or unofficial statistics on domestic abuse.
Reputable international NGO's reported that the Government's interest in children's issues and promoting child welfare was commendable. For example, the Government began a nationwide immunization campaign for children.
Gradual assimilation appears to be the Government's long-term strategy for ethnic minorities. A member of a northern highland minority is currently serving as President of the National Assembly. The Government has created special schools in the Hanoi area for the education and indoctrination of members of minorities to be the "eyes and ears of the party" among their own people. Highland minorities in central Vietnam are subject to repression if suspected of ties with resistance groups. Officially programmed resettlement of ethnic Vietnamese into the highlands is designed in part to increase government control over minority groups. At the same time, the Government appears to be trying to narrow the gap in the standard of living between highlanders and lowland ethnic Vietnamese.
People with Disabilities
There is little official protection or government support for the disabled, and, apparently, no laws mandating access for the disabled.
Section 6 Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
Vietnamese workers are not free to form or join unions of their own choosing. If working for the state sector, all workers automatically become members of the union in their workplace, and dues are deducted from their pay. These unions are organized by the Party and belong to the Party-controlled Confederation of Vietnamese Workers (CVW). Strikes are considered unpatriotic and are officially forbidden. Nonetheless, authorities have tolerated a few peaceful strikes at foreign-owned factories.
b. The Right To Organize and Bargain Collectively
Vietnamese workers do not have the right to organize unions of their own choosing or to bargain collectively. However, the Chairman of the CVW is empowered by legislation to attend conferences of the Council of Ministers and raise issues on behalf of labor that cannot be resolved at lower levels. SRV officials have stated that wages are set by a bureaucratic system and that the wage scales provided for existing state corporations are also imposed on newly formed enterprises. With a growing private sector, local market forces played a greater role in wage determination. The question of antiunion discrimination on the part of employers against employees seeking to organize does not arise.
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
Compulsory labor is permitted by the Constitution, which states in Article 80 that "citizens must pay taxes and labor in the common interest as provided by law." Refugees report that every Vietnamese citizen is required by law to contribute 15 days of work per year to the State or pay a fee. A number of government projects have used forced labor provided by reeducation camp prisoners.
d. Minimum Age for Employment of Children
According to regulations inherited from the former French colonial administration, the minimum age for employment of workers is 17. There is no reliable information concerning the enforcement of these regulations, but refugees report that they are not enforced. There are no statistics available on the number of child workers in Vietnam. Refugees report that children under 15 are exempt from compulsory labor requirements. Compulsory elementary education laws exist but appear to be honored mostly in the breach for the children of the poor. Vietnamese culture holds education in high regard, however, and families send their children to school if they can afford to do so.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The Government adopted the former French colonial administration's system of regulations pertaining to working conditions, including a minimum wage; a maximum workday of 8 hours; a workweek of 6 days; and safety standards. Existing standards do not appear to be widely enforced. Wages are generally low in Vietnam, inadequate to provide the cast majority of workers and their families a decent living. The minimum wage for employees at joint venture (Vietnamese and foreign) companies is $35 per month (VN Dong 367,500), which is higher than the average wage paid by Vietnamese firms. In August workers at a foreign-owned factory staged a peaceful strike for improved labor conditions, which was tolerated by the authorities. Vietnamese unions are not legally free to, and do not in practice, join, affiliate with, or participate in international labor bodies. However, in 1992, the SRV rejoined the International Labor Organization, from which it had withdrawn as a member state in 1985. | [
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You are here: REHACARE Portal. Up-to-date. Archive. Research.
Testing Sign Language by Cell Phone
Testing students are positive about
its quality for fast communication;
© University of Washington
Engineers are developing the first device able to transmit American Sign Language over U.S. cellular networks. The tool is just completing its initial field test.
"This is the first study of how deaf people in the United States use mobile video phones," said project leader Eve Riskin, a University of Washington (UW) professor of electrical engineering.
The MobileASL team has been working to optimise compressed video signals for sign language. By increasing image quality around the face and hands, researchers have brought the data rate down to 30 kilobytes per second while still delivering intelligible sign language. MobileASL also uses motion detection to identify whether a person is signing or not, in order to extend the phones' battery life during video use.
Transmitting sign language as efficiently as possible increases affordability, improves reliability on slower networks and extends battery life, even on devices that might have the capacity to deliver higher quality video.
This summer's field test is allowing the team to see how people use the tool in their daily lives and what obstacles they encounter. Eleven participants are testing the phones for three weeks. They meet with the research team for interviews and occasionally have survey questions pop up after a call is completed asking about the call quality.
In the first two and a half weeks of the study, some 200 calls were made with an average call duration of a minute and a half, researchers said. A larger field study will begin this winter.
"We know these phones work in a lab setting, but conditions are different in people's everyday lives," Riskin said. "The field study is an important step toward putting this technology into practice."
Most study participants say texting or e-mail is currently their preferred method for distance communication. Their experiences with the MobileASL phone are, in general, positive.
"It is good for fast communication," said Tong Song, a Chinese national who is studying at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. "Texting sometimes is very slow, because you send the message and you're not sure that the person is going to get it right away. If you're using this kind of phone then you're either able to get in touch with the person or not right away, and you can save a lot of time."
Some students also use video chat on a laptop, home computer or video phone terminal, but none of these existing technologies for transmitting sign language fits in your pocket.
REHACARE.de; Source: University of Washington
- More about the University of Washington at www.uwnews.org
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] | 581 |
A number of recent articles including Dr. Boreinstein's study from UC Berkeley and a feature in the Economist questioning the cost effectiveness of solar, have sparked some serious debate amongst solar enthusiasts and have served to propagate false impressions about solar in the public arena.
Due to the complexity of the product and misconceptions surrounding solar energy, the solar industry could greatly benefit from a collective advertising and branding campaign in order to achieve consistent messaging and dispel widespread myths about solar.
There is a common misconception that solar is not cost effective because most people compare the cost of distributed solar to wholesale electricity prices. This is an inaccurate comparison since homeowners are actually paying retail electricity prices and not wholesale electricity prices. One can argue that solar is cost effective now if we compare apples to apples.
The cost of RETAIL electricity in California can run upwards of $.30 to $0.41 cents per kWh for a household with high electricity consumption (a home with an air conditioner, swimming pool, refrigerator, TV, and a few electronic toys). A typical 3kW residential system costs $25,000 without incentives, and will produce 4,500 kWh per year virtually maintenance-free for 25 years. That works out to be 25 cents per kWh for solar — on a residential or commercial customer's rooftop. With the state rebate and federal tax credit the cost for solar is 18 cents per kWh.
Despite solar being an obvious smart financial and environmental decision for many home and business owners, daily articles from misinformed journalists claim that solar does not make financial sense. In order to create the drastic shift in the public's mind a pervasive and cooperative advertising effort on the behalf of all solar players is perhaps necessary.
In fact, the solar industry could learn a thing or two from the beef, milk, and cell phone industries, who all managed to successfully brand their products into mainstream acceptance via collective advertising and branding campaigns.
A commodity is a good with very little differentiation. Beef, milk, cell phones and PV are all examples of commodities. When it comes to marketing a commodity, an individual company's marketing expenditures tend to have a poor return. However, by financing a branding campaign by spreading the cost across the entire industry, every actor in the marketplace pays for and benefits from the increased effectiveness. This strategy minimizes some players' free-riding on other players' marketing efforts.
The 1985 Beef Act, passed by Congress, was designed to promote the beef industry. The Texas Beef Council spearheaded a branding campaign that included the now-famous slogan, "Beef: It's What's For Dinner" and financed it with a $1 fee per head of beef cattle. This campaign's goal was to address the slump during the 1980's within the beef industry.
The branding campaign utilized by the beef industry had more than the catchy "Beef: It's What's For Dinner," tagline. It also effectively utilized music within the branding campaign. Aaron Copland, an American composer, had originally written "Hoe Down" for the ballet Rodeo in 1942. Now, many people associate the distinctive melody with "Beef: It's What's For Dinner." The ads for beef displayed everyday Americans enjoying beef and focused on ease of preparation and the nutritional benefits. The ads typically displayed a family preparing or sitting down to a meal and featured recipes with estimated prep and cooking times that were typically quite short. Through these ads, the beef industry was able to greatly increase its sales and profits by dispelling the unhealthy and difficult-to-prepare reputation that beef had acquired in the early 80s.
The milk industry has also undergone several branding and re-branding campaigns as it sought to carve its own brand identity. In the past, milk ads used the tag line, "It Does a Body Good," to emphasize the health benefits of milk.
The next generation of milk ads started with the "got milk?" campaign. The first "got milk?" ad was a television spot in which a fellow with a shrine to the Alexander Hamilton - Aaron Burr duel hears a radio promotion asking, "Who killed Alexander Hamilton?" He phones into the contest, gets through, and tries to answer "Aaron Burr," but his mouth is full of sticky peanut butter. Because he is out of milk and cannot wash down the peanut butter, his answer is completely intelligible. As he screams in frustration from losing out on the large monetary prize, the words: "got milk?" flash on the screen.
Milk print ads briefly went to the "where's your mustache?" tagline, but that was dropped in favor of the more memorable "got milk?" tagline. These ads combined the memorable phrase with milk mustached celebrities, athletes, and other notables.
The branding of milk emphasizes the health benefits that result from milk consumption. Among the many benefits milk provides are the multiple essential nutrients to promote strong bones and shiny, healthy hair. Awareness of the "got milk?" branding campaign rates over 90% nationally, making it a highly successful brand.
It is not just the milk and beef industries that have been transformed through branding campaigns. The high tech industry has also successfully used this approach with cell phones. It wasn't until 1984 that cellular phones were first mass marketed to the general public. It was a technical marvel by which people could reach into their pockets and simply make a call to someone — anywhere in the world. This new wireless gadget was bulky, expensive to operate (compared to nowadays) and back then seemed like just another toy on the wish list of those who had money. The aggressive branding campaigns from the cellular companies successfully branded the expensive cell phones into must-haves for mass consumers.
All three industries have effectively used branding to increase awareness of their product as well as the industry as a whole. Instead of putting so much emphasis into nickel and diming the cost effectiveness of solar, perhaps the solar industry would be best served by utilizing a collective branding effort in order to bring solar to the mainstream.
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] | 1,224 |
WASHINGTON - The Voting Rights Act that goes on trial at the Supreme Court on Wednesday has helped boost African Americans' presence in Southern legislatures. But in a twist of irony, it also has contributed to their loss of political clout.
Since its passage in 1965, the law's Section 5 has forced states with a history of racial discrimination to clear changes in voting procedures with the federal government. The Justice Department, in turn, has insisted that drawing district lines is one of those procedures ‚?? one that should give blacks and other minorities ample opportunity to elect their preferred candidates.
That has led to the creation of so-called majority-minority election districts dominated by blacks or Hispanics, nearly all of them Democrats. Achieving that goal, however, has required the simultaneous creation of more heavily white, Republican districts in surrounding areas.
Although the Voting Rights Act has played a major role in the South's racial transformation, it also has played a supporting role in its political transformation. In 1965, every state legislature was Democratic. In 2013, they are all Republican.
"African Americans are totally and completely shut out of any political influence, with a few exceptions, in the Southern states," says David Bositis, senior research associate at the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.
The court's decision, expected in the spring, could have an equally ironic result. If the justices keep Section 5 intact, it will help maintain or boost blacks' and Hispanics' ability to win elections. But it won't help their party at the polls.
"It is an unintended consequence," says Chris Jankowski, president of the Republican State Leadership Committee, which focuses on building GOP majorities. "It's clear that the effect of compliance with the Voting Rights Act to some extent does benefit the Republicans."
In 1965, the 11 states of the Old Confederacy, stretching from Virginia to Texas, had a total of three black state legislators. By 2009, the number had grown to 321, or 18% of the total, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
But over the same period, Southern legislatures that were overwhelmingly Democratic in 1965 have switched to Republican dominance. The last ones flipped over to the GOP since 2010 in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and Virginia.
Today, the GOP controls both houses of the legislatures in all 11 states. Even the Virginia Senate, tied 20-20, is ruled by Republicans because of a GOP lieutenant governor.
And only three of the 321 black state legislators are Republicans. Most of the others come from majority-minority districts ‚?? but politically, they're back in the minority.
The Voting Rights Act's focus on creating opportunities for blacks to win election is just one factor. The South had been trending toward the Republican Party ever since the civil rights era, and in part because of it. The trend, which included Democratic office-holders switching to the GOP, increased during Ronald Reagan's presidency.
"The real change was not the creation of majority-minority districts, especially in urban areas. It was more the ability of Republicans to compete for and win white-majority seats in rural areas held by conservative, white, Democratic incumbents," says Ralph Reed, a Georgian who chairs the conservative Faith and Freedom Coalition. "And that took a while for that to happen."
The phenomenon calls attention to one of the lingering problems in the South that the Voting Rights Act hasn't cured: racially polarized voting. For blacks to win election, they often require districts that are majority-black. The same goes for Hispanics in the Southwest. That dilutes their clout in neighboring districts, making it easier for Republicans to capture those seats.
At the same time, state legislatures that have sought to design "safe" Republican or Democratic districts for political advantage tend to draw them homogeneously, says Haley Barbour, a former Mississippi governor and Republican National Committee chairman.
"You have certainly had times where black Democrats and white Republicans had their interests served by the same redistricting," Barbour says.
Some don't think it's unintended. "There's been this unholy alliance between some Democrats and some Republicans on wanting to keep Section 5 in place for that very reason," says Hans von Spakovsky, a former Federal Election Commission member now with the conservative Heritage Foundation. "It drains Democratic voters out of surrounding districts, making very nice, tidy Republican districts."
Debo Adegbile, special counsel to the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, puts it another way. "In redistricting," he says, "race and politics are not entirely distinct."
The latest effort to combine the two goals came in Virginia earlier this month. Senate Republicans sought to create a sixth majority-black district in the 40-seat Senate while increasing the GOP's margin in eight other districts. The effort, which could have solidified Republican control of the 20-20 Senate, was blocked ‚?? ironically ‚?? by the Republican House speaker.
But in North Carolina, lawmakers have boosted black majorities in many legislative districts to greater percentages than are needed to elect black legislators ‚?? "effectively bleaching the rest of the state," says Paul Smith, a civil liberties and human rights attorney.
"There is a willful interpretation of the Voting Rights Act that is justifying the re-segregation of North Carolina," Smith says.
Mississippi, the state with the greatest percentage of black state legislators, is another example. "We still have a lot of racial polarization, a lot of racial voting," says state Sen. Hillman Frazier, a black lawmaker for the past 20 years. "It has benefited African-Americans and Republicans in terms of the results."
Copyright 2013 USATODAY.com
Read the original story: Voting Rights Act: A political twist for the South | [
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] | 1,182 |
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Hyperexplexia: A rare condition where the startle reflex is exaggerated. Triggers include sudden noise, movement or touch. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of Hyperexplexia is available below.
Home medical testing related to Hyperexplexia:
Read more about complications of Hyperexplexia.
Read more about causes of Hyperexplexia.
Research the causes of these diseases that are similar to, or related to, Hyperexplexia:
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Research related physicians and medical specialists:
Other doctor, physician and specialist research services:
Read about other experiences, ask a question about Hyperexplexia, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Search Specialists by State and City | [
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] | 185 |
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
General anesthesia: Drugs that cause loss of feeling or awareness and put the person to sleep.
Source: National Institute of Health
General anesthesia: state of total unconsciousness resulting from anesthetic drugs.
These medical condition or symptom topics may be relevant to medical information for General anesthesia:
Source - CRISP
Search to find out more about General anesthesia:
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See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Loss of speech: The loss of ones ability to communicate through speech. See detailed information below for a list of 49 causes of Loss of speech, Symptom Checker, including diseases and drug side effect causes.
Listed below are some combinations of symptoms associated with Loss of speech, as listed in our database. Visit the Symptom Checker, to add and remove symptoms and research your condition.
Review further information on Loss of speech Treatments.
The following drugs, medications, substances or toxins are some of the possible
causes of Loss of speech as a symptom.
Always advise your doctor of any medications or treatments you are using,
including prescription, over-the-counter, supplements, herbal or alternative treatments.
Some of the comorbid or associated medical symptoms for Loss of speech may include these symptoms:
Research the causes of these more general types of symptom:
Research the causes of this symptom in broader categories:
Research the causes of related medical symptoms such as:
Research the causes of these symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom Loss of speech:
Read more about causes and Loss of speech deaths.
The list below shows some of the causes of Loss of speech mentioned in various sources:
This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of Loss of speech. Of the 49 causes of Loss of speech that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information:
The following list of conditions have 'Loss of speech' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.
Select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of Loss of speech or choose View All.
Ask or answer a question about symptoms or diseases at one of our free interactive user forums.
Medical story forums: If you have a medical story then we want to hear it.
This information shows analysis of the list of causes of Loss of speech based
on whether certain risk factors apply to the patient:
Medical Conditions associated with Loss of speech:
Symptoms related to Loss of speech:
Speech symptoms (1393 causes), Hoarseness (417 causes), Voice symptoms (550 causes), Early-onset Alzheimer's, Familial Forms of Alzheimer's Disease, Familial porencephaly, Hysteria (15 causes), Late-onset Alzheimer's, Mental retardation (2098 causes), X-linked, 12, Passos-Bueno syndrome, Rasmussen's Encephalitis, Right parietal lobe syndrome related Alzheimer's disease, Variant CJD
Doctor-patient articles related to symptoms and diagnosis:
These general medical articles may be of interest:
Medical research papers related to Loss of speech include:
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] | 611 |
India experiences three seasons a year: Summer, Rainy Season (monsoon), and Winter (although the tropical south does not quite experience a cold winter). Except in the Himalayan regions, there is usually never any snow.
April and May are the hot months, June through September is the rainy season, and November through January is the winter season. There is a brief Spring in February and March, especially in North India.
From June through September, the Southwest monsoon causes rains over most parts of the country. It hits the west coast the most and therefore the western coastline is much greener than the interior.
The Northeast monsoon hits the east coast between October and February, and causes much devastation due to the occasional cyclones. The only region that gets rains from both the Southwest and the Northeast monsoons is Northeastern India, which experiences the highest rainfall in the world.
India has many different regions and therefore, there are 22 official languages with hundreds of other less prominent languages. Hindi is spoken by 30% of the population and is the main working language of the Central Government. Speaking Hindi will allow you to get by in most of India, except in Tamil Nadu and the Northeast, which is met with hostility from the locals.
English is widely spoken in major cities and in most government offices.
National Holidays and Festivals
January 26 – Republic Day
August 15 – Independence Day
October 2 – Gandhi Jayanti
February or March – Holi (Festival of Color)
September or October – Navratri
October or November – Diwali (Festival of Lights)
The official currency is the rupee. The subdivision is the paise (at 100 paise per rupee). The exchange rate as of Feb 2010 is 46.4 rupees to US$1.
Carry small denominations of cash with you wherever you go to avoid problems with changing larger denominations, as many merchants and taxi drivers will not be able to break a large bill or they do not want to be stuck with the large bill.
Rates for exchanging rupees overseas are often poor.
Bargaining is normal and is expected with vendors, but not with department stores and the like. You will get better prices when buying multiple items in the same store rather than by bargaining in different stores individually.
Tipping in India is practiced but is optional; however, tipping to porters, tour guides, and tour drivers is customary and expected. In restaurants, if the service was good, a small tip is appreciated. In some cases, tipping can be done beforehand to ensure good service.
230V/50Hz; Indian (Old British)/European plugs | [
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] | 545 |
Snoring is the hoarse or harsh sound that occurs when your breathing is obstructed in some way while you're sleeping. Sometimes snoring may indicate a serious health condition. In addition, snoring can be a nuisance to your partner.
As many as half of adults snore at least occasionally. Snoring occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues in your throat, causing the tissues to vibrate as you breathe, which creates those irritating sounds.
Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol close to bedtime or sleeping on your side, can help stop snoring.
In addition, medical devices and surgery are available that may reduce disruptive snoring. However, these aren't suitable or necessary for everyone who snores.
Depending on the cause of your snoring, in addition to the noise caused by snoring, you may also experience:
See your doctor if:
These may indicate your snoring is caused by a more serious condition, such as obstructive sleep apnea.
If your child snores, ask your pediatrician about it. Children can have obstructive sleep apnea too. But, nose and throat problems — such as enlarged tonsils — and obesity often underlie habitual snoring in children. Treating these conditions could help your child sleep better.
There are a variety of factors that can lead to snoring, such as the anatomy of your mouth and sinuses, alcohol consumption, allergies, a cold, and your weight.
When you doze off and progress from a light sleep to a deep sleep, the muscles in the roof of your mouth (soft palate), tongue and throat relax. The tissues in your throat can relax enough that they vibrate and may partially obstruct your airway. And, the more narrowed your airway, the more forceful the airflow becomes. This causes tissue vibration to increase, which makes your snoring grows louder.
The following conditions can affect the airway and cause snoring:
Snoring occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues, such as your tongue, soft palate and airway, as you breathe. The sagging tissues narrow your airway, causing these tissues to vibrate. ...
Risk factors that may contribute to snoring include:
Habitual snoring may be more than just a nuisance. Depending on the cause of your snoring, it may result in:
Preparing for your appointment
You're likely to first see your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, you may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating sleep disorders or an ear, nose and throat specialist (otolaryngologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to arrive well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.
What you can do
Your time with your doctor may be limited, so preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time together. For snoring, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment at any time that you don't understand something.
What to expect from your doctor
What you can do in the meantime
Tests and diagnosis
Using sensors placed on your head and various parts of your body, polysomnography records your brain waves, blood oxygen level, heart rate and breathing rate, as well as eye and leg movements during sleep.
Sometimes, these tests can be done at home, but the in-center sleep tests tend to be more accurate than those done at home.
Treatments and drugs
Your doctor will likely first recommend lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol close to bedtime and changing sleeping positions. If lifestyle changes don't eliminate snoring, your doctor may suggest:
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
For moderate to severe sleep apnea, your doctor may recommend a common therapy device called a nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine. A CPAP machine delivers just enough air ...
Lifestyle and home remedies
To prevent or quiet snoring, try these tips:
Because snoring is such a common problem, there are numerous products available, such as nasal sprays or homeopathic therapies. However, most of the products haven't been proven effective in clinical trials. For example, MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) is marketed in a nose drop formula to treat snoring, but there's no evidence it has any effect on snoring.
Therapies that might help ease your snoring include:
Coping and support
If your partner is the one who's snoring, you may sometimes feel frustrated as well as fatigued. Suggest some of the home remedies mentioned, and if those don't help quiet your partner's nocturnal noisemaking, have your partner make a doctor's appointment. In the meantime, earplugs or earphones hooked up to soothing music might help block some of the noise. Or, you could try going to sleep at different times. Maybe if you're already asleep when your partner starts snoring, it might not bother you.
Last Updated: 2010-05-25
© 1998-2013 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.com," "Mayo Clinic Health Information," "Reliable information for a healthier life" and the triple-shield Mayo logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
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] | 1,184 |
1810 - Born on December 8th in New Britain, Connecticut. American crusader for peace and a code of international law.
1826 - At sixteen he was apprenticed to a blacksmith, and he made this his trade both there and at Worcester, Massachusetts.
1828 - He supported the plan of William Ladd, founder of the American Peace Society, for a congress of nations to formulate international law and for a court of nations to interpret that law.
1840 - He mastered Latin, Greek, French, Spanish, Italian and German, and by the age of thirty could read nearly fifty languages.
1848 - He organized peace congresses in Brussels, Paris, Frankfurt am Main, London, and other cities.
- He wrote, for insertion in European newspapers, a succession of single pages called Olive Leaves, presenting pacifist arguments with emphasis on an international law code.
1865 - He was U.S. consul at Birmingham.
1873 - Among his much-read books were Sparks from the Anvil and Ten Minute Talks.
1879 - Died on March 6th in New Britain.
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] | 247 |
The United States joined more than 50 countries Thursday in a recommendation to regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs) to better track vessels engaged in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing for tunas, swordfish, sharks and other highly migratory species. Annual global economic losses due to IUU fishing are estimated to be as high as $23 billion.
This action is a first step toward procedures for sharing information about vessels engaged in IUU fishing. Global cooperation to prevent IUU fishing coupled with sound science and effective management are essential to the sustainability of these wide-ranging species that are highly valued in commercial and recreational fisheries.
The recommendation means that the nations that make up the five regional fishery management organizations managing highly migratory species in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans and adjacent seas will share information about IUU vessels. RFMO rules require their member nations to prevent IUU fishing in their regions. Sharing information about IUU vessels across the RFMOs means an IUU vessel previously listed in only one region would have more difficulty avoiding detection by moving to another region.
“Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing undermines the sustainability of fisheries and the ability of fishermen who abide by the rules to make a decent living,” said Jane Lubchenco, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator. “Sharing information on IUU vessels across oceans will strengthen enforcement and prevent legal and sustainable fishing operations from being disadvantaged in the global marketplace.”
This outcome was a key goal for the NOAA-led U.S. delegation to the third joint meeting of the world’s regional fisheries management organizations that manage tunas and other highly migratory species. This week’s meeting, known as Kobe III because it is the third in a series that began in Kobe, Japan in 2007, was hosted by NOAA in La Jolla, Calif.
“I am pleased with the overall level of cooperation among participants. It has helped us make strides to coordinate measures that improve compliance with international fisheries management,” said Russell F. Smith, NOAA’s deputy assistant secretary for international fisheries, who chaired the meeting. “Now we must focus our efforts on meaningful, binding implementation of these measures within the five tuna regional fisheries management organizations.”
Delegates also recommended to RFMOs a set of decision-making principles designed to ensure all management measures are consistent with scientific advice. “The long-term sustainability of tunas and other highly migratory fish stocks depends on international cooperation and a strong commitment to follow the scientific advice when setting quotas and other measures,” said Eric Schwaab, assistant NOAA administrator for NOAA’s Fisheries Service, who headed the U.S. delegation.
Although recommendations and actions from the Kobe III meeting are not binding, this week’s agreements will inform negotiations for binding measures within each of the five regional tuna fishery management organizations.
Delegates from member countries to all five regional tuna fisheries management organizations participated in Kobe III. Representatives from industry, environmental non-governmental organizations, academia, and inter-governmental organizations were observers at the meeting.
The five tuna RFMOs are the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) and the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT). The United States is a member of ICCAT, IATTC, WCPFC, and is an observer at IOTC. These organizations are charged with coordinating scientific research and developing conservation and management measures for stocks of tunas and other tuna-like species that are caught in the same fisheries (e.g. swordfish, marlins, sailfish and some sharks.)
To learn more about Kobe, read Dr. Lubchenco’s opening remarks, see articles about participants and photos, go to http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2011/07/kobeiii.html | [
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] | 848 |
The Malagrotta Affair was one of the major events that lead up to the Reunification War. The incident occurred in February of 2573 and was a 'misunderstanding' on all sides during an increasingly volatile time. Both the Star League and Federated Suns had become angry over the continued indifference of the Taurian Concordat; the Periphery nation would not bow or acknowledge the Inner Sphere's authority. But the Concordat was not entirely clean in this debacle, as long-buried records imply that the 'error' in navigation was less accident and more intent to gauge House Davion's resolve.
In 2499 the Taurian Concordat explored the Malagrotta star system and discovered on one of the moons orbiting the gas giant DeeCee was tremendously rich in titanium. But right on their heels came a Davion exploratory mission in the same system. Though colonized first by the Taurians, mining rights to the moon of Fontana were granted to both Taurian and Davion mining concerns following the Omsol Accord in 2511. This treaty was one of the very few times a resolution was made without military force, a great rarity of the era. The treaty also stipulated that neither the Concordat nor the Federated Suns could establish a military presence in the system. For over 60 years separate mining operations were successful for both nations when, during the escalating hostilities leading to the Reunification War, a small Taurian WarShip flotilla entered the system accidentally. The frightened Davion mining crews immediately notified a Davion fleet that happened to be waiting in a nearby system. The larger Davion fleet jumped into the system and found the five Taurian vessels orbiting the moon. Unable to communicate with the 'invading' Warships, the Davion officers ordered an attack, destroying two Wagon Wheel-class Warships and capturing a third vessel.
Though the Taurians were technically in the wrong, the Davion response went far overboard. First Lord Ian Cameron ordered both parties to come to him and let him mediate. However, Alexander Davion attempted to cover up the errors of his officers, and Protector Caterina Calderon was not kind in her assertion that the matter was solely between the Federated Suns and the Taurian Concordat; the First Lord and his Star League had no right to control mediation. Thus, an irate First Lord declared the Taurians in the wrong and even commented "We have been compassionate long enough. I'll be damned if I am going to pull anymore punches." Several months later, Protector Caterina Calderon offered an apology and restitution. However, the apology was too little and too late to prevent the oncoming cataclysm. Nineteen months after the Affair, Ian Cameron delivered the Pollux Proclamation and set what would become the Reunification War into motion. | [
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] | 590 |
Comparative Environmental Economic Analysis of the Tourism Sector in the MENA Region
Since the beginning of the 1990's, the tourism sector has rapidly grown in the MENA countries with adverse environmental effects. The relationship between environmental requirements and tourism productivity is complex. In fact, ecologists consider that tourism activities are incompatible with the current lack of resources (e.g. fresh water, energy) and may lead to large landscape and shore deteriorations. On the other hand, managers argue that tourism activities create high value-added and incentives for protecting the natural patrimony. The reality lies somewhere in between. In order to set the limits in this domain, policies are needed.
The comparative environmental economic analysis of the tourism sector in the MENA region will help to link environmental and economic perspectives. The project approach consists in estimating the monetary value of environmental damages
The project will offer decision-making tools
that can balance the economic and environmental perception of tourism. The findings and conclusions will support the policy-makers' strategic choices and prioritizing.
The project aims to define and analyse decision-makings tools (based on the monetary valuation of the environment) for the tourism sector in the MENA region in order to ensure the economic efficiency of environmental protection (i.e. to guarantee that the most efficient remediation measures are used first).
The overall goal of such environmental economic study is to address several normative issues to guide tourism activities.
The environmental economic approach applied to the tourism sector in the MENA region will answer the following questions:
- What are the economic benefits for the tourism sector to protect the environment?
- What are the most efficient remediation measures to be applied in the tourism sector?
- What is the share of the tourism sector (meso level) in the national degradation of the environment (macro level)?
The project will also provide answers to the following questions:
- What are the indicators allowing the monitoring of the environmental degradation evolution at the micro level (hotel, resort, chain, touristic village, etc.)?
- What are the best-chosen indicators to obtain a relevant comparative approach of environmental degradation due to tourism (meso level) in the MENA region?
Additionally, the project will take into account potential problems that the tourism sector will face:
- What would happen to water resources in case of a massive influx of tourists?
- What is the impact of the development of tourism infrastructure on coastal ecosystems and natural resources?
- How will the tourism sector evolve environmentally in the MENA region?
Environmental category and data
To conduct such environmental economic study, it is important to define first the potential damage and inefficiency related to the tourism sector in the MENA region. In this respect, the following environmental categories will be addressed:
- Soil degradation
- Air pollution
- Energy consumption
- Water consumption and pollution
The analysis will observe the impact of tourism on the demand of water and natural resources, on traffic congestion and emissions as well as its impacts on land quality (landscape, littoral).
The project requires secondary data to highlight the economic dimensions of the tourism sector (VA, turnover, direct and indirect employment, number of tourists, prices) and its environmental repercussions (resources used, waste generated, pollutant emitted).
The project will have three major outputs:
- Database of environmental and economic information. This database will be an important tool for managing the environmental dimensions of the tourism sector in the MENA region. It will also indicate where important information is missing in order to be collected.
- Analysis of the main environmental economic results in order to decision-making process and priority setting of tourism managers and policy-makers in the MENA region.
- Final executive report highlighting main findings of the project that will also be published in an international peer reviewed scientific magazine for a wide dissemination.
This research is supported by a grant from the Economic Research Forum: www.erf.org.eg
Main findings will be presented during an international conference to be held in Morocco on 27-28 November 2010. | [
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] | 829 |
How To Calculate and Make Estimated Tax Payments
by Caron_Beesley, Community Moderator
- Created: March 5, 2012, 7:54 am
As a new business owner, understanding your tax obligations is critical and one of the first requirements you’ll need to understand are estimated tax payments.
What are estimated taxes? Who must pay them and how? Below are some facts from the IRS Estimated Tax Guide to help new small business owners understand their estimated tax obligations.
What Are Estimated Taxes?
The IRS and your state’s treasury department require that individuals and businesses pay taxes almost as quickly as they earn income. If taxes aren’t withheld from wages or other payments, then you will likely need to pay estimated tax payments each quarter.
Think of estimated taxes as a “pay-as-you-go” tax. Four times a year (quarterly), you are required to send Uncle Sam enough of your revenues to cover your income tax and your self-employment tax (Social Security and Medicare) obligations.
If you don’t pay enough tax throughout the year, either through withholding or by making estimated tax payments, you may have to pay a penalty for underpayment of estimated tax. However, the IRS knows that calculating earnings isn’t easy, so it offers a safe harbor rule – if you pay at least as much as your previous year’s liability or pay within 90 percent of your actual liability, there’s no penalty for underpayment.
Who Pays Estimated Taxes?
If you are self-employed and expect to owe $1,000 or more when you file your annual return, then you must pay estimated taxes on income. If it’s not through withholding, then it has to be done by quarterly estimated taxes. If your business is structured as a corporation, you’ll need to pay estimated taxes if you expect to owe $500 when you file.
How Much Should You Pay in Estimated Taxes?
Calculating what you owe each quarter requires figuring out your expected adjusted gross income, taxable income, taxes, deductions, and credits for the year. Each business situation is different, especially if you are a new business owner, so it’s worth spending some time with a tax advisor to understand the best calculation method for your situation.
You have a number of options when it comes to calculating what you owe each quarter:
- Use Form 1040-ES – You can calculate your quarterly estimated tax payment using Form 1040-ES (the same form used to pay estimated taxes), which includes a worksheet that helps you estimate how much you owe for the current year. Corporations should use Form 1120-W to calculate estimated taxes.
- Refer to Last Year’s Return – If you have been in business for a while, you can refer to your previous year's federal tax return. Include all the income and deductions you expect to take on your current year's tax return and refer to the total tax you paid so that your estimated tax payments are in the same range as last year’s taxes (100-110 percent is the range to shoot for to avoid underpayment problems).
- Make a Quarterly Calculation – If you are a freelancer or independent contractor and face fluctuating or cyclical income, you might prefer to calculate your estimated taxes on a quarterly basis.
The IRS offers more advice in its Estimated Taxes Guide on how to calculate your payment and adjust estimates if you think you are paying too much – or too little – as the year progresses.
When Are Payments Due?
For estimated tax purposes, the year is divided into four payment periods. Payments for each year are due on the 15th day of April, June, September and the following January. You should try to pay at least the minimum owed by the due date (with the remainder paid on April 15), or risk incurring penalties from the IRS or your state.
How To Pay Estimated Taxes
Paying your estimated taxes is an easy process. If you are filing as a self-employed individual, use Form 1040-ES, which includes quarterly payment vouchers to submit with your payment. Corporations can deposit the payments by using the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System for deposit coupons (Forms 8109). Once you are in the system, the IRS will send you payment vouchers at the end of each tax year so you won't have to worry about downloading the latest forms.
Paying Estimate Taxes to Your State?
You need to pay your estimated state income taxes at the same time you pay your federal taxes. Find links to your state's tax office for the appropriate forms here.
Talk to a Tax Specialist
Spend an hour with a tax specialist to help you understand what the best calculation methods are, how to appropriately track and deduct expenses, and how to maintain good records. Many will provide this initial consultation for free simply because they hope you will return and use them come filing season.
- SBA.gov Small Business Tax Guide
- Startup Cost Tax Deductions – How to Write Off the Expense of Starting Your Business
About the Author
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Hands-On Is Minds-On
Want to Engage Every Student? Break out the Old-Fashioned Scissors and Glue
Second-grade teacher Becky Hicks has learned that there is no substitute for activities that require kids to use their hands as well as their minds. During literacy hour in Hicks's class at Blanchard Elementary School in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, students pair up and head to one of 16 "corners," or centers, to tackle hands-on vocabulary, reading, and math activities. In the ABC corner, students thumb through clues to find mystery words. In the math corner, students stack buttons, plastic fruit, and toy bugs to create graphs. And in the spelling corner, they manipulate alphabet puzzle shapes to piece together vocabulary words.
In corners, Hicks's students practice what they know by playing teacher. "Look closely at the clock's hands," one student says to her partner in her best teacher voice. "Which one shows the hour, and which one shows the minutes?" Some explain their work to other students by showing them how to move, group, or assemble objects. Concepts are explained through tactile procedures, and skills are bolstered as children practice new ideas and test out theories.
Over the years, Hicks has noticed that her students are more engaged and focused when they're working on hands-on projects—even those who fidget during large-group lessons. In her classroom, Hicks has figured out what research has revealed: The best way to engage kids' brains is by having them move their hands.
Busy Hands, Busy Brains
As students put projects together, create crafts, or use familiar materials in new ways, they're constructing meaning. "Kids learn through all their senses," says Ben Mardell, PhD, a researcher with Project Zero at Harvard University, "and they like to touch and manipulate things." But more than simply moving materials around, hands-on activities activate kids' brains. According to Cindy Middendorf, educational consultant and author of The Scholastic Differentiated Instruction Plan Book (Scholastic, 2009), between the ages of four and seven, the right side of the brain is developing and learning comes easily through visual and spatial activities. The left hemisphere of the brain—the side that's involved in more analytical and language skills—develops later, around ages 10 and 11.
When you combine activities that require movement, talking, and listening, it activates multiple areas of the brain. "The more parts of your brain you use, the more likely you are to retain information," says Judy Dodge, author of 25 Quick Formative Assessments for a Differentiated Classroom (Scholastic, 2009). "If you're only listening, you're only activating one part of the brain," she says, "but if you're drawing and explaining to a peer, then you're making connections in the brain."
Multitasking in the classroom is not a negative when it comes to hands-on activities such as coloring, scribbling, or cutting with scissors. Indeed, even adults benefit from the "busy hands, busy brain" phenomenon: Recent research has shown that people who doodle during business meetings have better memory recall. A report in the journal Applied Cognitive Psychology demonstrated that volunteers who doodled during a dull verbal message were 29 percent better at recalling details from the message. Researchers suggest that engaging in a simple hands-on task, such as cutting out a shape with scissors, can help prevent daydreaming and restlessness during a learning experience. If adults in business settings can benefit from mnemonic tricks such as doodling, then students should certainly be encouraged to try these strategies.
The Hands-On Classroom
Terri LaChance, a kindergarten teacher at Darcey School in Cheshire, Connecticut, uses hands-on activities all day, every day, to let all her students shine. Currently, LaChance is teaching a student who is a gifted artist but has poor language skills. He fidgets during large-group activities but can spend hours drawing or building. LaChance nurtures his interest and talent by allowing him to make projects; she recalls one day when he carefully constructed bird beaks out of recycled materials, then gave them to other kids to wear in class. Through art projects and play, LaChance has seen the student's language skills improve as he answers questions about his creations and illustrations.
We know our students learn in many different ways: visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, and social. Still, says Dodge, most of us teach the way we're most comfortable, and that's not necessarily the way our students learn. "It's a missed opportunity if we don't use the way that a child learns best to hook them and get them excited about learning," says Dodge.
Hands-on projects obviously engage kids who are tactile or kinesthetic learners, who need movement to learn best. They also engage students who are auditory learners, who talk about what they're doing, and visual learners, who have the opportunity to see what everyone else is creating. For social learners, the time spent in small group conversation will strengthen their knowledge. Just as Hicks has found in her classroom, hands-on activities let students become teachers. "When students explain and demonstrate skills to each other," says Sheldon Horowitz, EdD, director of professional services for the National Center for Learning Disabilities, "they are validating their understanding of the material being learned and, often in ways that adults are less successful, helping their peers to build and master new skills.”
Hands-on activities also lend themselves to authentic assessment and observation, says Lanise Jacoby, a 2nd grade teacher at Pierce School in Arlington, Massachusetts, who observes how well her students follow directions and use fine motor skills during center time. Next time your students are working on a craft project or in centers, ask each student to quickly explain what they're doing and why, as well as what they're learning along the way.
Using tools such as markers, scissors, and glue in hands-on projects also builds the fine motor skills that children will need to use for functional activities throughout their lives. Simple tasks such as buttoning, tying shoes, and using a key to open a lock all require manual precision. The best way to build that precision is, of course, through practice.
Yet practice need not be dull and repetitive. Activities such as constructing a miniature city out of recycled materials, or crafting a butterfly's life cycle using fabric scraps, not only help kids strengthen their hands and minds -- they are also fun and engaging. The more arts and crafts that teachers can bring into the classroom, the more opportunity they have to reach every child in the room, from kids with sensory difficulties to those who need an extra challenge in order to stay focused. Hands-on, creative, and artistic activities help students to focus and retain knowledge, and at the same time emphasize the importance of beauty and design in our world.
TIPS FOR USING TACTILE LEARNING
Here are more ways to increase the amount of time your students spend with their hands and minds in motion:
- Provide self-check materials: Hands-on activities naturally lend themselves to differentiation, but Cindy Middendorf suggests adding in tools, such as number charts, for kids to use at each center to help them work independently.
- Include assessment: In addition to observing and asking students to talk about what they've learned, teacher Becky Hicks has students record their center work and what they learned on individual accountability sheets. Judy Dodge suggests creating flip books with a page for each center so children can record what they learn at each station.
- Keep kids moving: Dodge suggests using rotation stations that change every few minutes. Some examples: an observation station where students peer at objects under a microscope; an exploration station where students explore materials that you've just introduced; a visualization station where students draw what they've learned; a collaboration station where students talk about what they've learned; and a "ketchup and mustard" (catch-up and must-do) station where students can make up work they didn't get to.
- Move the materials: If you can't handle all the movement of center rotations, Dodge suggests putting each activity and the necessary supplies in a basket. Then pass the baskets from table to table instead of moving the students.
- Group students by interest: Grouping students according to what they're interested in can increase their engagement. "When you're in a small group, you have more air time," says Ben Mardell, PhD, with Project Zero at Harvard University. "Kids can talk more and if you put a group together based on interest, then you have kids who share a passion and they're more involved in being there." Small groups also build accountability, as each child has to attend to the activity for the product to come together.
- Incorporate language: As students move into third grade and beyond, the amount of language used in class will increase. Prepare them by incorporating speaking skills into your assessment of tactile activities: Ask students to explain what they're doing and end some units with oral presentations.
- Adjust expectations: Kindergarten teacher Terri LaChance admits that during hands-on activities, her classroom is louder. To manage the volume level, LaChance limits the number of students in each activity to two.
Get inspired for more hands-on learning with these sites from teachers and professionals:
You'll find activities and tips from retired kindergarten teacher Linda Critchell here: www.kinderteacher.com.
Former kindergarten teacher Mrs. Perdue has a variety of literacy centers and photos of how to set them up.
First-grade teacher Ms. Ross's class Web site has ideas for literacy centers.
Second-grade teacher Becky Hicks's class Web site has more ideas for hands-on activities.
You'll find more information about tactile learning here.
Take an online inventory to figure out your personal learning style. Then, find out more about learning styles so you can incorporate activities that will grab all your students. You can also find an inventory on Judy Dodge's Web site. | [
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|Product #: EMC0784070_TQ|
Population Density and Continents (Ten-Minute Activities) (Resource Book Only eBookGrade 1|Grade 2|Grade 3
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
Two ten-minute social studies activities about using a world map: 'People in the World' (students move and sit at desks to show population v. land mass) and 'Continent Spotlight' (students guess continents from clues).
Submit a review | [
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] | 159 |
This resource helps you teach students how to use the Internet effectively. The activities teach how to identify, acquire, interpret, evaluate, organize, and share information found on the Internet. There are also tips for incorporating the use of primary sources in the classroom. And situational analysis for citing sources found on the internet.
This enhanced eBook gives you the freedom to copy and paste the content of each page into the format that fits your needs. You can post lessons on your class website, make student copies, and more. | [
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] | 104 |
29 November 2010 | EN
Average growing period for crops may reduce (grey and black areas) by 20 per cent (black) in Africa over the next 80 years
Thornton et al. (2010)/The Royal Society 2010
A widespread farming catastrophe could hit Africa if global temperatures rose by four degrees Celsius or more, according to a study that calls for urgent planning for a much warmer future and investment in technology to avert disaster.
In most of southern Africa the growing season could shrink by as much as a fifth, according to scientists at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Kenya, who carried out simulation studies based on existing climate change models.
The 'four degrees plus' scenario is increasingly being contemplated as negotiations, which began again in Cancún, Mexico, today (29 November–10 December), have stalled on measures aimed at limiting the global temperature rise to two degrees.
Drastic changes to farming will be needed under such a scenario, said Carlos Seré, director-general of ILRI.
"The general feeling is that the world is not going to move quickly enough on [confining global warming to] two degrees," he told SciDev.Net: "We are not getting traction.
"The common thinking has been that there will be enough variability in farming today to allow us to cope, but the reality is that in a four degree world the range of options is very narrow."
According to the models, the growing season may increase modestly in eastern Africa. But cropping seasons are likely to decline more quickly everywhere in the region except central Africa.
Much of southern Africa's rain-fed agriculture could fail every other season by the 2090s, says the study.
"It is not difficult to envisage a situation where the adaptive capacity and resilience of hundreds of millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa could simply be overwhelmed by events."
Simply making crops more drought-tolerant or flood-resistant is just tinkering about the edges, said Seré.
"The changes which will be required in the farming system are quite drastic, pushing farmers beyond the limits of their knowledge and experience. They will be overwhelmed by extreme climate events," he told SciDev.Net.
"We are talking about farmers abandoning cropping and migrating out of those regions. But where are farmers who cannot cope with this level of stress in the system to go?
"Where is the alternative livelihood for 60 per cent of the continent where farming is still a very key part of coping with food security? You cannot escape the fact that for decades many people are going to be in the rural sector. It is a moral imperative to give those people a livelihood.
"We need to understand and find much smarter ways to get knowledge out there. Extension services in Africa have largely collapsed in many countries".
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 assumed that regional shortfalls in food production in Sub-Saharan Africa could be plugged with imports from global markets, says the paper, but it adds that the experience of the 2008 food crisis highlighted the difficulties of such an 'adaptation' strategy.
Instead ILRI scientists are calling for better monitoring, in particular 'back to basics', land-based observation and data collection in Africa, which have been in decline for decades. Information on weather, land use, markets and crop and livestock distribution is critical for an effective response to climate change, they said.
"Africa's data-collection systems could be improved with relatively modest additional effort," the study says.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A doi: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0246
All SciDev.Net material is free to reproduce providing that the source and author are appropriately credited. For further details see Creative Commons. | [
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] | 778 |
Jan. 21, 2005 Wheat grown under elevated levels of carbon dioxide over the next half-century will need slightly more nitrogen to grow, but not as much as previously predicted, according to a two-year study by Agricultural Research Service scientists and cooperators.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are projected to increase 43 percent by 2050. The increased CO2 makes plants like wheat grow larger. But a bigger plant needs more nutrients such as nitrogen, at least in theory, according to ARS soil scientist Floyd J. Adamsen, who works at the agency's U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory in Phoenix, Ariz.
So the ARS scientists have been trying to determine whether higher CO2 levels will increase the amount of nitrogen that wheat and other crops need to grow. They reported their findings on the interaction between carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the January-February 2005 issue of Agronomy Journal.
At the Maricopa Agricultural Center near Phoenix, the team compared wheat grown under current levels of CO2 to wheat grown with the CO2 levels expected by 2050. A series of tubes injected CO2 into circular, open-air field plots to increase the CO2 concentration in the air during the two-year experiment. The plants grown with higher CO2 levels only used about 3 to 4 percent more nitrogen than the plants grown at current CO2 levels.
The researchers applied fertilizer four times, which spread out the uptake of the nutrients. Based on the study's findings, farmers in the future may need to apply fertilizer four times on wheat, instead of the traditional one or two applications.
The scientists believe growers need to understand how rising levels of CO2 may affect their crops. Accordingly, farmers may have to adapt their farming practices--such as altering the timing and amounts of nitrogen fertilizer--to produce crops in the changing environmental conditions of the future.
ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.
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Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
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] | 442 |
June 14, 2007 At one time Cyclone Gonu was a powerful Category 5 storm packing sustained winds of 160 mph (139 knots), according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, making it the most powerful cyclone ever to threaten the Arabian Peninsula since record keeping began back in 1945. Fortunately the storm weakened significantly by the time it brushed the far eastern tip of Oman, but it still threatened petroleum shipping lanes in the northern part of the Arabian Sea that are unprepared for such an intense cyclone.
While tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Arabian Sea, they rarely exceed tropical storm intensity. In 2006, Tropical Storm Mukda was the only tropical system to form in the region and it remained well out to sea before dissipating.
Gonu became a tropical storm on the morning (local time) of Sat., Jun. 2, in the east-central Arabian Sea. After some initial fluctuations in direction, it settled on a northwesterly track and began to intensify. Gonu strengthened from tropical storm intensity on the morning of June 3 to Category 2 that night. By daybreak on June 4, Gonu had intensified to Category 4 with winds estimated at 132 mph (115 knots).
NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite captured an image of Gonu as it was moving northwest through the central Arabian Sea. Taken on Mon., Jun. 4 at 0323 UTC (11:23 p.m. EDT on Sun., Jun. 3), it shows the horizontal distribution of rain intensity looking down on the storm. TRMM reveals the tell-tale signs of a potent storm. Not only does Gonu have a complete, well-formed symmetrical eye surrounded by an intense eyewall (innermost red ring), this inner eyewall is surrounded by a concentric outer eyewall (outermost red and green ring). This double eyewall structure only occurs in very intense storms. Eventually the outer eyewall will contract and replace the inner eyewall.
Another image provides a unique 3-D perspective of Gonu using data collected from the TRMM Precipitation Radar from the same overpass as the previous image. Higher radar echo tops are indicated in red. The areas of intense rain in the previous image are associated with deep convective towers both in the innermost eyewall and in parts of outer eyewall. The inner ring has the higher tops at this time. Deep convective towers near the storm's center can be a precursor to future strengthening as they indicate that large amounts of heat are being released into the storm's core. At the time of these images, Gonu was a Category 4 cyclone. Several hours later, Gonu reached Category 5 intensity.
The system finally began to weaken during the night of June 4 and was downgraded to a Category 3 storm at 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) on June 5.
NASA's Quikscat spacecraft also observed Gonu. Its SeaWinds scatterometer, a specialized microwave radar, measured near-surface wind speed and direction within the storm.
Gonu continued to weaken as it neared the coast of Oman. The center remained just offshore Oman's northeast coast as a Category 1 storm before turning northward towards Iran, where it is expected to make landfall as a tropical storm.
TRMM is a joint mission between NASA and the Japanese space agency JAXA. QuikScat is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Images produced by Hal Pierce (SSAI / NASA GSFC). Caption by Steve Lang (SSAI / NASA GSFC), Mike Bettwy (RSIS / NASA GSFC), and NASA/JPL/QuikScat Science Team.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
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] | 807 |
Sep. 13, 2012 It's not a magic trick and it's not sleight of hand -- scientists really are using levitation to improve the drug development process, eventually yielding more effective pharmaceuticals with fewer side effects.
Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory have discovered a way to use sound waves to levitate individual droplets of solutions containing different pharmaceuticals. While the connection between levitation and drug development may not be immediately apparent, a special relationship emerges at the molecular level.
At the molecular level, pharmaceutical structures fall into one of two categories: amorphous or crystalline. Amorphous drugs typically are more efficiently taken up by the body than their crystalline cousins; this is because amorphous drugs are both more highly soluble and have a higher bioavailability, suggesting that a lower dose can produce the desired effect.
"One of the biggest challenges when it comes to drug development is in reducing the amount of the drug needed to attain the therapeutic benefit, whatever it is," said Argonne X-ray physicist Chris Benmore, who led the study.
"Most drugs on the market are crystalline -- they don't get fully absorbed by the body and thus we aren't getting the most efficient use out of them," added Yash Vaishnav, Argonne Senior Manager for Intellectual Property Development and Commercialization.
Getting pharmaceuticals from solution into an amorphous state, however, is no easy task. If the solution evaporates while it is in contact with part of a vessel, it is far more likely to solidify in its crystalline form. "It's almost as if these substances want to find a way to become crystalline," Benmore said.
In order to avoid this problem, Benmore needed to find a way to evaporate a solution without it touching anything. Because liquids conform to the shape of their containers, this was a nearly impossible requirement -- so difficult, in fact, that Benmore had to turn to an acoustic levitator, a piece of equipment originally developed for NASA to simulate microgravity conditions.
Levitation or "containerless processing" can form pristine samples that can be probed in situ with the high-energy X-ray beam at Argonne's Advanced Photon Source. "This allows amorphization of the drug to be studied while it is being processed," said Rick Weber, who works on the project team at the synchrotron.
The acoustic levitator uses two small speakers to generate sound waves at frequencies slightly above the audible range -- roughly 22 kilohertz. When the top and bottom speakers are precisely aligned, they create two sets of sound waves that perfectly interfere with each other, setting up a phenomenon known as a standing wave.
At certain points along a standing wave, known as nodes, there is no net transfer of energy at all. Because the acoustic pressure from the sound waves is sufficient to cancel the effect of gravity, light objects are able to levitate when placed at the nodes.
Although only small quantities of a drug can currently be "amorphized" using this technique, it remains a powerful analytical tool for understanding the conditions that make for the best amorphous preparation, Vaishnav explained.
Argonne researchers have already investigated more than a dozen different pharmaceuticals, and the laboratory's Technology Development & Commercialization Division is currently pursuing a patent for the method. Technology Development & Commercialization is also interested in partnering with the pharmaceutical industry to develop the technology further as well as to license it for commercial development.
After adapting the technology for drug research, the Argonne scientists teamed up with Professors Stephen Byrn and Lynne Taylor at the Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy at Purdue University and Jeffery Yarger of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Arizona State University. The group is now working on identifying which drugs the levitation instrumentation will impact most strongly.
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] | 847 |
Feb. 1, 2013 A genetically reprogrammed Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cure metastatic diffusion of human cancer cells in the abdomen of laboratory mice, according to a new study published January 31 in the Open Access journal PLOS Pathogens. The paper reports on the collaborative research from scientists at the at the University of Bologna and specifically describes that the HSV converted into a therapeutic anticancer agent attacks breast and ovarian cancer metastases.
Past decades have witnessed significant progress in the ability to treat numerous cancers by means of surgery, chemo- and radio-therapy, or combinations thereof. However, many treatments prolong life for a short time only, or are associated with a poor quality of life.
Lead investigator Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume and colleagues re-engineered the entry apparatus of a candidate oncolytic herpesvirus. The reprogrammed virus no longer infects the cells usually targeted by the wild-type virus, nor does it cause herpes-related pathologies. Rather, it acts as a specific weapon against tumor cells that express the HER-2 oncogene.
"Numerous laboratories worldwide are using viruses as more specific weapons against cancer cells, called oncolytic viruses," says Campadelli-Fiume, Professor of Microbiology and Virology. "Safety concerns prevailed so far, and all oncolytic herpesviruses now in clinical trials are debilitated viruses, effective only against a fraction of tumors. We were the first to obtain a herpes virus reprogrammed to enter HER-2-positive tumor cells, unable to infect any other cell, yet preserves the full-blown killing capacity of the wild-type HSV."
Additionally, the laboratory of Pier-Luigi Lollini, Patrizia Nanni and Carla De Giovanni in collaboration with researchers at the Rizzoli Institute, established the new model of human cancer metastases in mice that was used to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of the reprogrammed virus.
The positive results obtained in the treatment of experimental metastasis hold the promise that the newly retargeted oncolytic HSV described in PLOS Pathogens is a good candidate to become a novel type of cancer treatment, and represents a key step forward in the path to clinical trials for late stage human breast and ovarian cancers.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Public Library of Science.
- Patrizia Nanni, Valentina Gatta, Laura Menotti, Carla De Giovanni, Marianna Ianzano, Arianna Palladini, Valentina Grosso, Massimiliano Dall'Ora, Stefania Croci, Giordano Nicoletti, Lorena Landuzzi, Manuela Iezzi, Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume, Pier-Luigi Lollini. Preclinical Therapy of Disseminated HER-2 Ovarian and Breast Carcinomas with a HER-2-Retargeted Oncolytic Herpesvirus. PLoS Pathogens, 2013; 9 (1): e1003155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003155
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
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] | 672 |
The chemical traces of water have been found in this moon rock, called the Genesis Rock. The moon rock was collected by astronauts during the Apollo 15 mission in 1971 and is thought to be a piece of the moon's primordial crust. Image: NASA/Johnson Space Center
The discovery of "significant amounts" of water in moon rock samples collected by NASA's Apollo astronauts is challenging a longstanding theory about how the moon formed, scientists say.
Since the Apollo era, scientists have thought the moon came to be after a Mars-size object smashed into Earth early in the planet's history, generating a ring of debris that slowly coalesced over millions of years.
That process, scientists have said, should have flung away the water-forming element hydrogen into space.
But a new study suggests the accepted scenario is not possible given the amount of water found in moon rocks collected from the lunar surface in the early 1970s during the Apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions. By "water," the researchers don't mean liquid water, but hydroxyl, a chemical that includes the hydrogen and oxygen ingredients of water.
Those water-forming elements would have been on the moon all along, the scientist said. [Water on the Moon: The Search in Photos]
"I still think the impact scenario is the best formation scenario for the moon, but we need to reconcile the theory of hydrogen," study leader Hejiu Hui, an engineering researcher at the University of Notre Dame, told SPACE.com.
The results were published in Nature Geoscienceon Sunday (Feb. 17).
Water in moon's 'Genesis Rock'
Past studies have suggested water-forming elements came to the moon from outside sources long after the moon's crust cooled. The solar wind — a stream of particles emanating from the sun — as well as meteorites and comets were pegged as possible sources ofwater depositson the moon in recent studies.
But that explanation does not account for the amount of water found in the Apollo samples, the researchers stated in the new study.
Because they found hydroxyl deep inside each sampled rock, the scientists say they have eliminated the solar wind moon water explanation, because those particles can penetrate the surface only slightly. An impact from an asteroid or comet could push the hydrogen in further, but it would not be as pristine as the samples the researchers observed, because it would have melted from the heat of the asteroid collision.
Researchers probed samples from the late Apollo missions, including the famous "Genesis Rock" that was named for its advanced age of 4.5 billion years, about the same time the moon is thought to have formed.
Using an infrared spectrometer, the researchers found water embedded in the Genesis Rock, as well as all the Apollo samples they studied. This implies that the various landing sites of Apollo 15, 16 and 17 each had water present.
Hui's research flies in the face of past analyses of Apollo rocks that found they were very dry, except for a small bit of water attributed to the rock containers leaking when they were returned to Earth.
Past instruments that analyzed these samples, however, were not very sensitive. Hui said those older spectrometers had a sensitivity of around 50 parts per million (ppm), while his instruments were able to detect water at concentrations of about 6 ppm in anorthosites and 2.7 ppm in troctolites, which are both igneous rocks found in the moon's crust.
Troctolites form in the highlands as part of the moon's highland upper crust, and anorthosites are believed to be a part of the moon's "primary" crust, which solidified around the same time as other bodies in the solar system. | [
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] | 763 |
CURBING WASTE: Simple actions like cutting back on food waste or properly inflating tires on your car could collectively cut greenhouse gas emissions by as much as one billion metric tons. Image: © iStockphoto.com
Energy efficiency seems to make rational economic sense—the less energy used, the more money saved. Yet, in the real world it's actually competition with neighbors rather than cost savings that can drive people to turn down their thermostats, install insulation or simply switch off the lights when they leave a room. Such is the lesson of a host of efforts, ranging from a group called OPOWER's comparative use utility billing to switching from miles per gallon to rate vehicle efficiency to gallons per mile.
Now a new collaborative study from the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the Garrison Institute's Climate, Mind and Behavior Project reveals that such simple actions—from taking one fewer flight per year to wasting less food—can add up. The environmental group estimates that if all Americans adopted 14 such steps over the next decade the country would avoid one billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020—or the equivalent of the entire annual greenhouse gas emissions of Germany.
"Much of this is eliminating waste—and most waste costs you money," says NRDC's executive director Peter Lehner. "If all Americans did take a fairly modest range of actions, most of which actually save you money, we can make a big difference."
The recommendations, in addition to flying less and wasting 25 percent less food, include: carpooling or telecommuting once a week (75 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) saved by 2020, if adopted by all Americans); maintaining your car or truck, such as keeping tires properly inflated (45 million metric tons of CO2e); cutting the time spent idling in a vehicle in half (40 million metric tons of CO2e); better insulation at home (85 million metric tons of CO2e); programmable thermostats set higher (80 million metric tons of CO2e); reducing electricity demand from appliances that are "off," so-called phantom demand (70 million metric tons CO2e); using hot water more efficiently, such as washing clothes in colder water (65 million metric tons of CO2e); buying EnergyStar appliances when old ones wear out (55 million metric tons CO2e); replacing incandescent lightbulbs with compact fluorescents (30 million metric tons CO2e); eating chicken instead of beef two days a week (105 million metric tons of CO2e); increased recycling of paper, plastics and metals (105 million metric tons of CO2e); "responsible" consumption, such as buying less bottled water (60 million metric tons CO2e).
"We make bad decisions all the time," says Sabine Marx, associate director at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, thanks to incomplete information or other barriers to action, like high up-front costs for things like insulation. Overcoming those "doesn't mean we have to manipulate people's minds," Marx says, but rather make good decisions easier.
For example, rates of organ donation vary widely within Europe, from 100 percent in France and Poland to 17 percent in the U.K. and just 4 percent in Denmark. The difference cannot be ascribed to different cultural views about organ donation but rather whether the country in question has a policy that is opt-in (check this box if you want to donate your organs) or opt-out (check this box if you do not want to donate your organs). "We think we're rational," says economist John Gowdy of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y. "But really it's the person who designs the question on the back of a driver's license who made the choice for us."
NRDC, the Garrison Institute and others hope to bring this kind of choice editing to the world of personal behavior. Part of this is a result of ongoing frustration with broader policy measures, particularly at the national level, when it comes to confronting climate change. "If Congress does enact something, it will be completely inadequate to the task," says Gus Speth, former dean of Yale University's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. It would be a "first step," however, Lehner notes. The primary benefit of personal action is that it can start immediately, he adds.
But Lehner admits that his organization has no idea how to convince people to undertake these 14 steps in the next decade on their own. And there is significant danger that any energy efficiency undertaking ends up ultimately increasing energy use. "The rebound effect is quite clear," Speth notes. "You buy an EnergyStar refrigerator, but you buy two of them. We have to bring overconsumption into this. How do we get out of this consumerist trap we've been in?"
Economists Hunt Allcott of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Sendhil Mullainathan of Harvard University offer one answer in the March 4 Science: more funding for research into the "behavioral factors that influence energy consumption."
For example, programs like OPOWER's that compare electricity use among neighbors have been shown to reduce electricity use by 2 percent at a cost of 2.5 cents per kilowatt-hour. "If scaled nationwide," the economists wrote, "a program like this could reduce U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from electric power by 0.5 percent while actually saving $165 per metric ton of reductions." And all from a simple bar chart—paired with a smiley face for energy-efficient behavior—on an electric bill. | [
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] | 1,153 |
A hands-on discovery of robotics technology
While the history of robots has its roots in ancient myths and legends, the technology needed to actually build them has been evolving for decades. Use the science of robotics to make a rudimentary bipedal walking robot that runs by alternately moving its legs.
This fun-to-build kit includes paper body parts and assorted supplies needed to put your 120 mm x 150 mm x 85 mm robot. Tools needed include tape, scissors, exacto knife, and a philips head screwdriver. Requires one AA battery (not included).
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD – Small parts. Not for children under 3 years. | [
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] | 136 |
Gather Power From Thin Air
Renewable energy is the wave of the future. Discover the applications of wind power with this hands-on activity kit.
Build a working wind turbine and use it to conduct more than 20 experiments, including using it to generate electricity to power an LED or charge a battery.
Vary the number of rotor blades, different blade angles and profiles, different wind speeds, different gear ratios, and more to learn the physics of force, motion, and vectors.
Includes a full-color, 32-page experiment manual with illustrated instructions and scientific information. | [
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] | 120 |
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The event known as the Warsaw Ghetto
Uprising began on April 19, 1943 and ended on May 16, 1943. A
total of 56,065 Jews were captured by the Germans during the
uprising, and around 6,000 were killed during the destruction
of the buildings in the ghetto.
All the photos on this page are from
the photo album of Jürgen Stroop, the Commander of the SS
troops who put down the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943. There
are 50 photos included in The Stroop Report, which documents
the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto during this action.
In spite of the fact that the photo above
is included in the Stroop Report, which was compiled during April
and May, 1943, it was identified by Holocaust survivor Tsvi C.
Nussbaum as a photo taken after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising on
July 13, 1943 in front of the Hotel Polski on the Aryan side
of the Warsaw ghetto, where some Jews had been living as Gentiles.
Nussbaum claims that he is the seven-year-old boy in the photo
and that the woman on his left is his aunt. Since Nussbaum and
his aunt had foreign passports, they were sent to the Bergen-Belsen
detention camp as "exchange Jews."
The soldier, who is holding a gun on
the little boy in the photo, was Josef Blösche; he was put
on trial in East Germany after the war and was executed after
being convicted of participating in the action to put down the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Beginning in June 1942, the Jews in the
Warsaw Ghetto were transported to the Treblinka death camp on the Bug river, near
the eastern border of German-occupied Poland, where they were
immediately killed in gas chambers. Eventually, reports of the
mass murder got back to the Warsaw Ghetto and a resistance organization
called the Z.O.B. (Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa) was formed to
prevent any more deportations from the ghetto. The leader of
the Z.O.B. was Mordecai Anielewicz.
In January 1943, the Jews in the Warsaw
Ghetto resisted the next round-up for deportation to Treblinka;
the young Z.O.B fighters fired on German troops as they tried
to get the Jews into railroad cars to be transported to the death
camp. The Germans retreated after four days of fighting and the
Jews began to prepare to hold out against future attempts to
liquidate the ghetto.
The following quote is from the opening
statement by Robert Jackson at the Nuremberg International Military
Tribunal in which he reads from the Summary of the Stroop Report:
It is the original report of the SS
Brigadier General Stroop in charge of the destruction of the
Warsaw Ghetto, and its title page carries the inscription "The
Jewish ghetto in Warsaw no longer exists." It is characteristic
that one of the captions explains that the photograph (the photo shown at the top of this page) concerned
shows the driving out of Jewish "bandits"; those whom
the photograph shows being driven out are almost entirely women
and little children. It contains a day-by-day account of the
killings mainly carried out by the SS organization, too long
to relate, but let me quote General Stroop's summary:
"The resistance put up by the
Jews and bandits could only be suppressed by energetic actions
of our troops day and night. The Reichsfuehrer SS ordered, therefore,
on 4/23/1943, the cleaning out of the ghetto with utter ruthlessness
and merciless tenacity. I, therefore, decided to destroy and
burn down the entire ghetto without regard to the armament factories.
These factories were systematically dismantled and then burned.
Jews usually left their hideouts, but frequently remained in
the burning buildings and jumped out of the windows only when
the heat became unbearable. They then tried to crawl with broken
bones across the street into buildings which were not afire.
Sometimes they changed their hideouts during the night into the
ruins of burned buildings. Life in the sewers was not pleasant
after the first week. Many times we could hear loud voices in
the sewers. SS men or policemen climbed bravely through the manholes
to capture these Jews. Sometimes they stumbled over Jewish corpses:
sometimes they were shot at. Tear gas bombs were thrown into
the manholes and the Jews driven out of the sewers and captured.
Countless numbers of Jews were liquidated in sewers and bunkers
through blasting. The longer the resistance continued the tougher
became the members of the Waffen SS, Police and Wehrmacht who
always discharged their duties in an exemplary manner. Frequently
Jews who tied to replenish their food supplies during the night
or to communicate with neighboring groups were exterminated.
"This action eliminated,"
says the SS commander, "a proved total of 56,065. To that,
we have to add the number killed through blasting, fire, etc.,
which cannot be counted." (1061- PS)
This page was last updated on March 10, | [
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] | 1,129 |
Network for Integrated Planning and Sustainable Development Strategies-Asia&Pacific (SDplanNet-AP) exists to help professionals involved in development planning share innovative approaches for integrating sustainable development into plans, strategies and budgeting processes at national, sub-national and local levels.
Types of Approaches and Tools being shared
The network focuses on approaches that facilitate forward-looking analysis and adaptive strategy-making and that identify important linkages and trade-offs among economic, social and environmental issues. Examples of approaches include, but are not limited to: the use of scenario outlooks for long-term planning; indicator information systems to measure progress towards improved quality of life and sustainability; integrated assessment techniques such as sustainability assessment and integrated policy appraisal; creation and operation of multi-stakeholder councils and advisory groups; and innovative financing mechanisms such as payment for ecological goods and services.
- Persons from national governments who are responsible for developing and coordinating national development plans and strategies, including planning and finance departments, as well as environment, natural resources, education, health, and community development
- Persons from sub-national and local governments, including city officials, who are responsible for developing and coordinating development plans and strategies
- Persons from organizations who have a mandate and interest in advancing approaches for integrating sustainable development into decision-making
- (Not currently conducting) Host bi-monthly internet-based learning events on specific tools and approaches used by network participants and in other countries around the world.
- (Currently conducting) Moderate e-mail correspondence among the participants to share new practices and questions posted by the participants.
- (Currently conducting online) Share best practices with other similar networks worldwide.
- (Currently conducting online) Conduct targeted research on specific tools and approaches of interest to network participants.
- (Not currently conducting) Coordinate and host annual conferences featuring tools and approaches for integrating sustainable development into national plans, strategies and budgeting processes.
Advisory Group Members
›› European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils (EEAC)
›› Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
›› Earth Council
›› Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
›› Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
›› International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
›› International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
›› Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
›› The Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat
›› Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme
›› UN Division for Sustainable Development
›› UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
›› UNEP Regional Resource Center for Asia and the Pacific | [
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] | 579 |
PASADENA - It's a typical Friday afternoon in Whyville. The beaches are packed with preteens anxiously planning their weekends and snickering about the opposite sex.
Gaggles of middle schoolers are filling up the local mall, where they part with hard-earned cash to purchase sparkly earrings and tank tops.
For those who feel like getting away from the hustle and bustle, there is always the option of teleporting into outer space, or taking a motorboat to the wetlands and conducting algae research with professional oceanographers.
The ordinary and extraordinary coexist almost without distinction inside the Pasadena-based Whyville.net, a virtual community for youths - usually ages 10-13 - founded by a former Caltech professor and graduates.
Once the domain of only hard-core gamers and early adopters, the concept of "living" and interacting online is fast reaching the mainstream.
Millions of users are now registered with a variety of virtual communities worldwide. Online, residents form their own digital characters, called avatars, and go about integrating into their chosen online societies.
"There are so many places out there," said Jacquelyn Ford Morie, senior scientist and associate director for Creative Development at USC's Institute for Creative Technologies. "All have their different customs, constraints and social morays based on what we have in everyday life."
But while there's been an explosion in the number
First online in 1999, the seeds for the project were planted in 1986 by Caltech biology professor Jim Bower.
Bower, an innovator in the field of education technology, had created a primitive community inside the Los Angeles County Library's computer system that allowed children to explore its offerings. By the late 1990s, he had advanced his work with an array of educational projects, and turned his attention toward a way to teach science to children via an informal, social and interactive setting.
"We knew that if you wanted to engage kids you have to have a social component. We're all fundamentally social, we are a social animal," he said, adding that, in this setting, learning can be designed to appeal to young people's desire to stand out.
But while Bower saw the virtual community model as the logical direction the Internet would take, he had a hard time convincing anyone that it was a worthwhile idea.
"We were trying to convince people for a number of years that this makes sense and nobody in corporate America knew what we were talking about. So we did it ourselves," he said.
Bower, two Caltech graduates and a graphic designer from the Art Center College of Design resigned to going at it alone and, using much of Bower's own money, created Whyville and its parent company, Numedeon.
"We really just bootstrapped ourselves. It was really exciting," said Jennifer Sun, founding member and president of Numedeon. "We were convinced that the Internet was going to be for two-way interaction. We thought that was the most interesting thing that the Internet could offer this to education."
Today, Whvyille reports
2.2 million registered users from around the world and a list of sponsor companies that keeps growing.
The concept behind Whyville is simple. It's a world where kids do much of what adults do - with the idea that they are learning practical skills in the grown-up world at play. While a large amount of time is taken up chatting with friends, they also save money for land and build houses on their plots.
Here, it's common for 10-year-olds take out bank loans to purchase Toyota Scions (they all have WHYCO scores instead of FICO scores) and everyone works to support the economy, which is based on clam shells.
In order earn a "salary," and make use of most of what's available, users must participate in a variety of educational games and activities often sponsored by science organizations (Toyota is currently the only for-profit sponsor on the site).
One of the latest offerings is found at the most popular Whyville hangout, the beach.
Users arrive to find the ocean has turned red, and are instructed to take a water sample and head to the Whyville branch of the very real Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the largest independent oceanographic research institution in the United States.
There they examine the sample and identify the culprit as red bloom algae. Then they must investigate what's causing the algae outbreak and head out to the wetlands to figure out how to quell it.
It's a complex process.
"I don't know of any other sites of this kind that tries to attempt this type of science learning," said Yasmin Kafai,associate professor of psychological studies in education at UCLA who has studied Whyville extensively and written a range or research papers on the topic. "I think they are very successful in this respect - constantly innovating."
While Whyville was practically flying solo for a while, the times are certainly catching up with them.
In 2003, an adult-themed community called Second Life came online and began growing fast.
In late 2006, Second Life began attracting tons of media coverage, which sent attention back to Whyville in the process.
With all the buzz surrounding them, Numedeon's president, Sun, said she can't help but feel gratified, "to have been so ahead of the curve."
And even with all the new entrants to the game, Bower remains convinced his creation is still in a league of its own.
"The land has gotten richer and richer," he said, "but Whyville is a lot more deep and a lot more interesting than a lot of virtual worlds out there."
(626) 578-6300 Ext. 4494 | [
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] | 1,185 |
November 2004 -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture?s Forest Service announced on Sept. 8, 2004, the extension of a public comment period for a proposed rule on protecting roadless values in national forests and grasslands by an additional 60 days.
The original comment period was to have ended on Sept. 14, 2004. Comments must now be received in writing by Nov. 15, 2004.
On July 16, the Forest Service published a proposed rule to revise regulations concerning the Roadless Area Conservation Rule, published on Jan. 12, 2001. The proposed rule would allow governors to petition the secretary of agriculture to establish or adjust management direction that exists in forest plans for inventoried roadless areas within their state.
Until the new rule is publicized, the interim directive to conserve inventoried roadless areas remains in effect.
The proposed rule is available at www.roadless.fs.fed.uson the Internet. | [
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] | 189 |
Page: | 1 |
Frog is very worried as he has an important speech to make at his school assembly. The speech is about breathing and he doesn't know a thing about it! He asks his friends for help and they teach him all about the lion breath, the crocodile breath, the humming bee breath and the woodchopper breath. Can any of these breathing techniques calm his nerves before the big speech?
Keywords: anger management, anxiety, child psychology, children, education, emotions, fiction, mainstream education, mental health, movement, yoga
Learning the Chinese arts of Tai Chi and Qigong is a great way for children to relax, have fun, and strengthen body and mind. This easy-to-use teacher training pack provides step-by-step instructions and simple techniques that enable anyone to teach Tai Chi and Qigong to children.
Keywords: anxiety, chi kung, children, complementary therapies, dance and movement therapy, education, health care, mainstream education, mental health, occupational therapy, pastoral care, qigong, tai chi, taiji jian, taiji quan
Page: | 1 |
Singing Dragon is an imprint of Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Jessica Kingsley Publishers is a limited company registered in England. Registered number: 2073602. VAT Reg. No: 455 2134 66.
© 1996, 2013 Jessica Kingsley Publishers. | [
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] | 292 |
The horse chestnut tree, also known as the aesculus hippocastanum, is a large, deciduous hardwood tree that grows in temperate climates. It has large, green leaves with five to seven lobes and white flowers. The seeds of the horse chestnut tree grow in green, spiny cases. When the cases split open, the seeds inside are round, brown and extremely shiny. Horse chestnut extract is made from the glossy brown seed of the horse chestnut tree.
Horse chestnut extract can be found listed as an ingredient in some skin cleansers. The high level of saponins in horse chestnut extract makes it an effective skin purifier. Bath oils and infusions sometimes contain horse chestnut extract due to its skin softening properties.
Horse chestnut extract contains a saponin called escin, which has anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, escin strengthens the walls of the veins and arteries, giving it vasoprotective properties. The condition of capillaries is improved because horse chestnut extract reduces the presence of elastase and hyaluronidase, enzymes that break down protein. Horse chestnut extract also thins the blood by impairing the action of platelets. When taken orally, escin has been scientifically proven to be effective in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, a condition which prevents deoxygenated blood being pumped back to the heart effectively. Blood can pool in the lower extremities, leading to swelling of the legs and ankles. Leg injuries can trigger this debilitating condition. Women tend to be more susceptible to chronic venous insufficiency than men.
High levels of escin also make horse chestnut extract an effective treatment for varicose veins and hemorrhoids due to its vasoconstricting properties. Both varicose veins and hemorrhoids are caused by enlarged, protruding veins. Horse chestnut extract tightens and shrinks enlarged varicose veins and hemorrhoids, making them less visible. Horse chestnut extract is also used as a herbal treatment for diarrhea.
Spider veins are a mild type of varicose veins that are not dangerous, but can make individuals self-conscious about their appearance. Horse chestnut extract’s capillary constricting and strengthening properties make it a useful ingredient in skin care creams that have been formulated to treat visible spider veins and unsightly red threads. This includes creams designed to improve the condition of the delicate skin under the eyes. Eye creams containing horse chestnut extract effectively lighten dark circles under the eyes by thickening the skin and strengthening fragile capillaries.
Horse chestnut extract boosts the condition of the skin by improving the circulation and delivering oxygen-rich blood to the dermal matrix. By inhibiting enzymes elastase and hyaluronidase, horse chestnut extract helps the skin to battle the signs of aging that deplete collagen and elastin from the skin. Reduced levels of collagen and elastin are a primary cause of wrinkles and sagging skin that are typical of aging skin.
When applied topically as a 2% gel or balm, the escin in horse chestnut extract is an effective treatment for bruised skin. Its anti-inflammatory properties reduce swelling, while the broken capillaries under the skin that cause the blue/black discoloration are strengthened and repaired. External, topical application of horse chestnut extract can be effective in treating sports injuries.
Horse chestnut extract is often found in products that contain centella asiatica, because these two botanical extracts work together in synergy to provide highly effective results.
Oral supplements of horse chestnut extract are typically found in capsule and tablet format. The extract tastes bitter and can some people may find it unpalatable in liquid form.
Care should be taken when consuming horse chestnut extract as it can interfere with certain medication, including anticoagulant and blood thinning drugs, such as warfarin or heparin. It should not be taken by individuals with a blood clotting disorder. As horse chestnut extract can lower blood sugar, it should not be taken by anyone with diabetes. It is possible to overdose on supplements of horse chestnut extract.
The leaf, bark, flower, and seed of the horse chestnut tree should not be consumed in their raw state because they contain a toxic substance called esculin. Ingestion of esculin can cause stomach upset, vomiting, and diarrhea. If raw horse chestnut leaves, bark, flowers, or seeds are ingested, immediate medical attention should be sought. | [
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] | 944 |
A Simple Guide to Pharyngitis and Throat Diseases by Kenneth Kee
Price: $2.99 USD. 3930 words.
Language: English. Published on April 27, 2013. Nonfiction » Health, wellbeing, & medicine » Diseases / contagious.
This book describes the Pharyngitis and Throat Diseases such as Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Quinsy, Sialadenitis, Stomatitis, Gingivitis and Scarlet Fever which are seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic. | [
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BLACK HISTORY MONTH
11 Ideas for Learning and Teaching During Black History Month
Black History Month is an excellent opportunity to not only learn about how Islam figures in the life and history of Africa and Muslim Africans, but also to share this knowledge with others for the purpose of Dawa. Here are some tips and ideas of what you, your school, Masjid or Muslim Students' Association can do during Black History Month
1. Attend events held in your community, on campus, at your local library etc.
Not only will this show a Muslim presence. It will also show Muslim interest in the topic. Too often, Muslims are seen as being interested only in "their own" issues. Your desire to listen and learn will Insha Allah, provide you with more knowledge of the topic.
You can also provide an Islamic perspective there if there is none being presented.
2. Read a book about the history of Islam among African people in the United States and in Africa
Check out some good ones in our recommend bibliography.
3. Arrange to have a speaker knowledgeable of Islamic history amongAfrican-Americans to address your Masjid
This can actually become two events. One will be a lecture to educate Muslims. The second will be a mosque open house, where not only will non-Muslims learn about African-American Muslim history, but about Islam as well, Insha Allah. It will facilitate direct contact between Muslims and non-Muslims, which is one of the key ingredients of good Dawa.
Make sure there is plenty of publicity inside and outside the mosque of the event. And refreshments, of course.
4. Sponsor events with non-Muslim African-American organizations
This is a great way for the MSA, for instance, to organize an activity with another organization which may have more resources (i.e. money and contacts).
More importantly though, this is a way to show Muslim interest in African history through action (i.e. trying to arrange an event to educate others about the topic). Give the Islamic perspective as much as you can as you work with the non-Muslims.
5. Arrange for a small group discussion/video showing at your home or MSA concerning African-American history and its significance to the development of the Ummah in this part of the world
Deeper Roots: Muslims in the Americas before Columbus would be a great video to see here.
Also be sure there are refreshments for everyone at the end. Print out a couple of one-page articles or Dawa pamphlets on the African-American or African Muslims that people can take home, with Muslim contact names and numbers on the back.
6. Make bedtime story night for your kids a story about African or African-American Muslims
Do you read to your kids at night before they go to bed? If so, talk to them a bit about Black History Month (if they go to public school, they may already be doing something on the topic in class) and read a chapter of a book about notable Muslim Africans or African-Americans.
7. Have one of the kids do a presentation on one of the Sahabah from Africa or a more recent Muslim African-American personality during a family meeting
They'll teach everyone, learn something themselves, and know that Muslims have their own Africans and African-Americans to be proud of.
8. Have your school or local library include notable Muslim African-Americans in its display during Black History Month
Talk to the librarian. S/he has probably already decided to have a special Black History Month exhibit during February. But who has s/he decided to include. Give some suggestions of Muslim Africans and African-Americans who contributed to the development of the Ummah, America and the world.
9. Do the above for a museum
Contact the organizer of the exhibition and suggest a few names of personalities to include. If they're clueless even better: give them the information about these Muslims. And add a couple of articles or books about Islam while you're at it.
10. Write an article in your school and/or local paper about what Black History Month means to you as a Muslim
This can be done on an individual basis, or better yet, designate someone from the MSA or the Islamic center to do this. You can talk about the rich history of Muslim Africa, and how Muslim African-Americans have impacted the U.S.A. today.
11. Do a class presentation on a notable Muslim African or African-American
If this is a general class assignment, you've just found your topic. If not, suggest it to your teacher. If you're afraid your classmates will get angry you gave them extra homework, suggest doing this as a special assignment for yourself.
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Email: [email protected] · Phone: 773-973-4200
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] | 1,058 |
SAVINGS ACTION 62: Consider a laptop for your next computer
Are you thinking of buying a new computer? Why not consider buying a laptop instead of a desktop? Desktops use much more power than a laptop does, and costs you more money to run. Desktops use around 100 watts of energy to run while laptops only use about 38 watts. Also, desktops need to be plugged in to function while laptops can operate for hours on battery power. Modern laptops now have fairly equal functionality, so choosing a laptop does not mean you'll have to sacrifice functionality for mobility. You can use a laptop almost anywhere, while a desktop will always be limited by its size and need for an outlet to function.
Cost: An average laptop costs $500, but the price is largely dependent on what brand you want to purchase.
Savings: Approximately $1,320.42 annually by using a laptop instead of a desktop
Environmental Impact: Prevent the emission of 227 pounds of CO2 annually
Take the challenge and learn more about saving energy! Visit: www.SouthCoastEnergyChallenge.org | [
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] | 226 |
scientific Name : Rhododendron ferrugineum
- Common nouns : Ferruginous rhododendron, Rose laurel of the Alps, Rosage, Rose of the Alps.
- Family: Éricacées
- Kind: Rhododendron , of the “pink” Greek rhodon and dendron “tree”
- Form: bushes from 30 to 120 cm height, marrying the forms of the relief.
- Sheets: persistent, glabrous on whole board not cilié, of color dark green and luisantes in lower part.
- Flowers: odorous of beautiful a pink sharp, grouped by 6 to 10 at the end of the branches.
- Flowering: from June to August.
- Habitat: rubbles, lawns, wood lights on the acid grounds of the slopes north.
- Altitude: between 1600 and 2400 Mr.
- Toxicity: yes, contains Arbutine, Aricoline and of Rhodoxanthine. They are considered of average toxicity, but causes vomiting, various digestive disorders, nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders.
- protected Plant: not
See tooFlowers of the Alps
|Random links:||Pretty Hastens Machine | Corneria | Santiago Meson | Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas | Fault lines | Vitamine| | [
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] | 286 |
The ancient city of Hyderabad, once the Nizamís capital and now the capital of Andhra Pradesh, is the fifth largest city in the country. Sprawled on the banks of river Musi, the City was founded in 1589 by Sultan Dynasty. The city spread over 260 sq. kms and situated 566 metres above sea level. Hyderabad has been described as Panchanami Sangam, a place where five linguistic and cultural streams, Telugu, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil and Urdu meet. All the cultures that have reigned the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad have left indelible marks on them. The result is a unique cultural amalgam and social blend to which modernism has added its mite by way of major industries, educational institutions and important research and training centres.
There are many Historical places worth seeing like Charminar, Golconda Fort, Qutub Sultan Tombs, Macca Masjid etc.. Other important places to visit are Gandipet Lake, Hussain Sagar Lake, Necklace Road, Salarjung Museum, Public Gardens, NTR Gardens, Ramoji Film City, Hi-Tech City etc. | [
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Home | Organization | Map | Events and Discussions | Resources | Standards and Frameworks | [
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] | 437 |
Miami followed other cities including San Francisco, Detroit and Washington DC when, in January 1977, it amended its antidiscrimination ordinance to include gays and lesbians. Impetus for its passage came from the Dade County Coalition for the Humanistic Rights of Gays. The coalition had been founded by Jack Campbell, proprietor of the Club Baths chain and himself a gay pioneer when he ran for Miami city commissioner as the one of first openly gay candidates in the country.
The coalition endorsed 49 candidates for local office in 1976, of whom 44 won their races. One of them was Ruth Shack, who had also been endorsed by singer Anita Bryant as a favor to her agent, who was Shack’s husband.
As a Miami-Dade commissioner, Shack introduced the pro-gay amendment to Miami’s existing antidiscrimination ordinance. Bryant, who belonged to the conservative Northwest Baptist Church, a congregation that advertised itself as “Bible-believing and soul-winning” and had campaigned against school desegregation, was chagrined when people from her church approached her, saying, “I voted for Ruth Shack because you said to do it, and now look at the resolution she’s introduced.”
Bryant wrote to the Dade County Commission that passing the ordinance would mean “infringing upon my rights as a citizen and mother to teach my children and set examples of God’s moral code as stated in the Holy Scriptures.” She concluded, “I urge you with every ounce of my being to vote NO.” GO TO PANEL 6 | [
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] | 332 |
Mars rover Curiosity working 'flawlessly': Nasa
WASHINGTON (AFP) - National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (Nasa) Curiosity rover, which landed on Mars more than a month ago, appears to be working "flawlessly" as it prepares to continue its two-year exploration of the Red Planet, the United States (US) space agency said on Wednesday.
For the past week, the rover, which touched down on Aug 6, has undergone a series of instrument tests, as well as a rebooting of its steering computers, and everything so far appears fine, according to officials with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
"Through every phase of the check-out, Curiosity has performed almost flawlessly," said Ms Jennifer Tropser, mission manager for Curiosity at the laboratory, adding that a final few tests would be done early on Thursday.
"The success so far of these activities has been outstanding," she told reporters in a telephone briefing. | [
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] | 202 |
As we hold our children a little closer, we wonder how such a tragedy could have possibly unfolded in a quiet New England town.
As our hearts ache for those parents who have lost children, and those children who have lost brothers, sisters, parents and teachers, we wonder why. I wonder how they will go on, living with grief, or in fear, as their lives have been changed forever. Nothing can bring back their loss, or ease the pain that hundreds of families will endure from a senseless tragedy in Newtown, Conn.
Why does violence continue to be breaking news?
Could it be that we have desensitized our children by allowing them to play video games with guns and weapons that clear a room full of cartoon warriors? Do those games normalize violence and killing with a powerful adrenalin rush?
Children learn what they live. Have we allowed violent movies and TV to seep into our everyday lives? Many children are permitted to watch movies that are well beyond their understanding.
Television needs to be monitored, as much of it is completely inappropriate for those who are learning as they watch. Have we become too busy or just careless? Have we all become desensitized to violence?
How can we protect our children? Experts across the country are weighing in and recommending how to talk to children about traumatic circumstances.
Common themes suggest that we provide information, emotional security, stability and love. I believe that every child needs each of those supports every single day, not just when tragedy unfolds.
It is always important to tell children the truth so they learn trust, believe what we say, and come to us often with their questions. As parents, we want them to learn that they can rely on us for the answers.
However, it is not necessary, or even recommended, to offer more information than is asked. Children ask what they need to know.
Provide a clear, simple answer in one or two sentences, and then stop. Wait for your child to process that information.
Your brief answer may be enough. If your child asks another question, give another brief, one sentence answer. On any given day children ask what they want to know. Don’t tell them more than they can understand or process.
Children develop a sense of emotional security when they know what to expect.
Waking up each day to normal routine is always in a child’s best interest, because emotional and functional learning occurs more readily when a child is comfortable. With a consistent, routine environment children are better able to maintain healthy emotional self-control, and when distressed can often self-regulate more easily.
In the face of tragedy, there is very little that is normal, but whenever possible be consistent with routines that directly affect your child. Always provide routine comfort at bedtime with time for prayers and stories.
Increase family time
Experts suggest that families spend more time together when tragedy occurs. Family time includes sharing meals, going for walks or reading together. It is your physical presence that provides comfort and emotional security. Family time provides the foundation for children to develop the social skills they need to be successful. Turn off the TV and find time every day to play a board game, piece together a puzzle, look through family albums, or bake a family recipe together. Make family night part of your weekly routine to instill and reinforce the values you hold true.
Communicate your love, understanding and support with unexpected hugs or a gentle loving touch. Take time to sit and rock together. Express your love, with and without words.
Be there for your child. Eliminate access to violent games, TV and movies. Teach with thought, and wrap your child in love and hugs every day.
Diana Boggia, M.Ed., is a parenting coach who lives in Stark County Ohio. She is author of “Parenting with a Purpose.” Send your child-rearing questions to [email protected] or The Repository, c/o Family Matters, 500 Market Ave. S, Canton, OH 44702. Find parenting resources at her website, www.yourperfectchild.com.
By Diana Boggia, GHNS
Stuttgart Daily Leader - Stuttgart, AR
By Diana Boggia, GHNS
Posted Dec. 18, 2012 @ 1:55 pm
» EVENTS CALENDAR
Connect with Stuttgart Daily Leader - Stuttgart, AR | [
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] | 912 |
How to teach...
Catcher in the Rye by Megan Fritz
One flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest -- Post Modern Focus:Paranoia, Fragmentation by Ken Kesey
In the lake of the woods- Elements of Postmodernism: Paranoia, Blending of Genres/Pastiche, Blending of Fact and Fiction, Non-Linear Time Frame
Introduction to Modernism and Postmodernism In Contemporary Literature by Last
Elements of Postmodernism: Use of Multiple Perspectives -- The Laramie Project By Moises Kaufman and the Tectonic Theater Project
Post-Modern Focus: Bildingsroman, Kunstelrroman, Meta-Fiction by Maus | [
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] | 146 |
Source: Between the Lions: "Spicy Hot Colors & Yesterday I Had the Blues"
In this video segment from Between the Lions, Tammy Lionette (Cleo) sings about the two sounds made by the letter "c." Words that appear on screen include: cry, certainly, card, crate, celebrate, call, cell, city, cycle, December, clear, nicely, crack, circus, camp, center, cramp, circles, crying, can, concede, cope, can’t, and conceive. The letter "c" is in a different color and is colored regardless of where it appears in the word. This video segment provides a resource for Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Letter Knowledge Awareness, and Phonological Awareness.
Academic standards correlations on Teachers' Domain use the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) database of state and national standards, provided to NSDL projects courtesy of JES & Co.
We assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. If a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by ASN or by Teachers' Domain. We will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment. | [
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] | 281 |
It was the favourite fruit of founder Steve Jobs. He was three months late in filing a name for the business, and he threatened to call his company Apple Computers if the other colleagues didn’t suggest a better name by 5 O”clock.
It is not an acronym as popularly believed. It is short for San Francisco.
This name was formed by using COMp, for computer, and PAQ to denote a small integral object.
The name was derived from the founder’’s name Dr.Michael Cowpland. It stands for COwpland REsearch Laboratory.
The name started as a joke boasting about the amount of information the search-engine would be able to search. It was originally named ”Googol”, a word for the number represented by 1 followed by 100 zeros.After founders – Stanford graduate students Sergey Brin and Larry Page presented their project to an angel investor, they received a cheque made out to ”Google”.
Founder Jack Smith got the idea of accessing e-mail via the web from a computer anywhere in the world. When Sabeer Bhatia came up with the business plan for the mail service, he tried all kinds of names ending in ”mail” and finally settled for hotmail as it included the letters “html” – the programming language used to write web pages. It was initially referred to as HoTMaiL with selective uppercasing.
Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett.
Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore wanted to name their new company ”Moore Noyce” but that was already trademarked by a hotel chain so they had to settle for an acronym of INTegrated ELectronics.
Mitch Kapor got the name for his company from ”The Lotus Position” or ”Padmasana”. Kapor used to be a teacher of Transcendental Meditation of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
Coined by Bill Gates to represent the company that was devoted to MICROcomputer SOFTware. Originally christened Micro-Soft, the ”-” was removed later on.
Founder Paul Galvin came up with this name when his company started manufacturing radios for cars. The popular radio company at the time was called Victrola.
Larry Ellison and Bob Oats were working on a consulting project for the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). The code name for the project was called Oracle (the CIA saw this as the system to give answers to all questions or something such). The project was designed to help use the newly written SQL code by IBM. The project eventually was terminated but Larry and Bob decided to finish what they started and bring it to the world. They kept the name Oracle and created the RDBMS engine. Later they kept the same name for the company.
It originated from the Latin word ‘’sonus” meaning sound, and ‘’sonny” a slang used by Americans to refer to a bright youngster.
Founded by 4 Stanford University buddies, SUN is the acronym for Stanford University Network. Andreas Bechtolsheim built a microcomputer; Vinod Khosla recruited him and Scott McNealy to manufacture computers based on it, and Bill Joy to develop a UNIX-based OS for the computer.
The word was invented by Jonathan Swift and used in his book ”Gulliver’’s Travels”. It represents a person who is repulsive in appearance and action and is barely human. Yahoo! Founders Jerry Yang and David Filo selected the name because they considered themselves yahoos. | [
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] | 782 |
Design and Implementation of Highway Management System Based WebGIS
Source: Academy Publisher
Network Geographic Information System is a GIS based on Web technical standards and communication protocol of network, a product of Web technology and GIS technology, it is based on Internet / Intranet to provide users with information distributed in space, data sharing, exchange and cooperation. WebGIS make full use of network resources, a large scale to reduce costs and complexity of dealing with the implementation of the server, the client is simple, is an ideal global optimization model, replace a desktop GIS system, and provide personalized service. Based on WebGIS for the new technology platform, the highway pavement management system designs and builds roads spatial database and attribute database. | [
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] | 149 |
Living snow fence utilization is one of the most sustainable engineering actions DOTs can do along highway corridors. Living snow fences are designed plantings of trees and/or shrubs and native grasses along highways, roads and ditches that create a vegetative buffer that traps and controls blowing and drifting snow. These strategically placed fences have been shown to be cost effective in reducing highway maintenance associated with blowing and drifting snow conditions.
This is not a new concept. As early as 1905 railroad companies planted trees as barriers to control blowing snow along rights of way. By 1915, the Great Northern Railway Company had planted over a million trees. In North Dakota over 96,000 trees and shrubs were established. This action reduced snow drifting, line closure and helped maintain an expected level of service along the rail line.
Many Highway road system designs do not take into account the potential of using living snow fences. It is possible that DOT and/or consulting designers do not understand the long term cost benefits of these snow fences and are not taking a big picture look at the long term highway maintenance operations and costs, when planning for wintertime conditions.
Many DOTs use wooden slat fencing in areas with large open areas and fetches that are expensive to purchase, install and maintain. The maintenance of snow fences was estimated to be $3 per mile per year, compared to $185 per mile per year for a 4 foot slat fence (USDA, 1994). In Minnesota, benefit/cost ratios range from 9:1 to 46:1 in favor of living snow fences (University of Minnesota, 2002).
Why is the implementation of living snow fences such a great sustainable transportation action for highway DOTs? The living snow fence concept really incorporates all the components associated with sustainable actions such as environmental condition improvements, consideration of financial resources and cooperation with the local landowners/community. The following summarizes the main advantages of living snow fencing and why DOTs should consider increasing their use along highway corridors:
- The service life of living snow fences is 50-75 years in comparison to the 20-25 year life of a slat fence.
- Living mature trees can capture up to 12 times more snow than slat fences.
- Living snow fences can be installed to address tree mitigation from highway construction projects
- Trees and shrubs sequester carbon that can reduce a DOTs overall carbon footprint
- Wildlife habitat is enhanced
- Maintenance plowing activities and the potential of road closures are reduced
- Reduced soil erosion along the right of way
- Reduced amount of snow plowing thus minimizing fuel consumption and costs, and green house gas emissions
- Increased vegetation provides enhanced aesthetic features along the highway corridor
- Maintenance free when trees are established
The challenges to living snow fences are that they require more space than the wooden slat fencing, plantings need to be protected from livestock and wildlife and it takes 5-7 years to provide effective snow control and up to 20 years for trees to reach full maturity. There may be site conditions such as shallow soils, arid climate and soil pH issues that may challenge plant establishment.
The design and implementation of living snow fences requires acceptance and cooperation of stakeholders. Generally for large open areas living snow fences need to be 150-200 feet away from the road surface which many times requires planting off the DOT right of way. Coordination with the following stakeholders may make the planning process more complex: 1) the local landowner, 2) county commissioners, 3) resource conservation districts, 4) state and federal forest services, 5) land management agencies and 6) local environmental organizations. Cooperation among stakeholder is critical to the success of the living snow fencing in regards to the following:
- site access
- tree plantings
- irrigation water
- fencing from livestock or wildlife
- weed maintenance
- erosion control
The Minnesota Department of Transportation initiated a Living Snow Fence Partnership Program with the US Department of Agriculture, Minnesota Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts and the Natural Resource Conservation Service. The intent of the Program is to efficiently manage blowing and drifting snow on Minnesota roadways to reduce accidents and save lives. The Living Snow Fence Partnership Program is very proactive in establishing work groups, raising public awareness, cost sharing among stakeholders and defining specific program roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders.
Living snow fences can be a win/win for both the DOT and landowner by increasing the number of planted trees to sequester carbon, improving soil stability, improve aesthetics, and wildlife habitat improvements.
There needs to be more emphasis on using living snow fences along highway systems. It makes economic and environmental management sense for many DOTs to implement living snow fence programs. DOT’s environmental, maintenance and engineering professionals need to work together and review potential construction sites for implementing living snow fencing especially during the design-NEPA phase of the project. It is possible to directly specify the use of living snow fences in the NEPA document that must be incorporated into the final design. A landscaping plan that incorporates the NEPA requirements should be developed and provided to the selected construction contractor. DOTs should consider increased education, training and awareness about snow fencing design opportunities. Finally, DOTs could perform a state-wide, landscape GIS study to identify existing road corridors where cost effective living snow fences could be implemented along and near the existing highway right of ways.
The reader is directed to the following websites for living fence design criteria:
www.ext.colostate.edu/sam/windbreaks.html (Colorado State University Extension)
www.unl.edu/nac/aug94/snowfences/snowfence.html (USDA National Agroforestry Center)
www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/DD7277.html (University of Minnesota Extension)
http://climate.umn.edu/snow_fence/intro/html (Minnesota DOT) | [
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] | 1,205 |
Over the years, archaeologist Randall White of New York University and his colleagues have discovered various artistic items of southern France’s Abri Castanet, a shallow cave in the Vexere valley, including ornamental snail shells and engraved limestones. But the researchers were unable to date the art due to a lack of organic matter. So when, in 2007, the team discovered a large block of limestone with paintings of what look like a female’s vulva that had fallen from the cave ceiling in an area with numerous animal bones, suggesting they dated to around the same time period, they sent the samples to the University of Oxford for radiocarbon dating. The results came back dating the bones to somewhere between 36,000 and 37,000 years ago, making them as old, or older, than the paintings of lions and other animals in southern France's Chauvet Cave, which have been noted as the oldest known cave art since their discovery in 1994.
The researchers, who published their findings yesterday (May 14) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggest that this date likely also applies to the other vulva-like art previously found in the cave. “The fact that the most recognizable image on the newly discovered surface falls broadly within the range of ovoid forms traditionally interpreted as vulva leads us to suppose that the above dates apply to other such images from Castanet, many of which were located within a few meters of the engraving described here,” they wrote.
The images also differ greatly from the drawings at Chauvet, such as the fact that they are displayed in the areas of the cave used for sleeping and eating, as opposed to deeper areas beyond the prehistoric humans’ living space, suggesting regional differences in artistic traditions. “The vulvar tradition in the Vézère Valley seems to constitute a distinct regional variant within a mosaic of graphic and plastic expression across Europe in the Early Aurignacian,” the authors wrote. | [
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] | 407 |
Features of Constitution1
|Is there a constitution?||Yes|
|Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?||Yes|
|Last Amended||not amended|
|Source||Kosovo Constitution (Constitutional Commission)|
|Translation||Source is an English translation|
|Current as of||May 11, 2011|
Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion)2
Article 8: Secular State
The Republic of Kosovo is a secular state and is neutral in matters of religious beliefs.
Article 9: Cultural and Religious Heritage
The Republic of Kosovo ensures the preservation and protection of its cultural and religious heritage.
Article 24: Equality Before the Law
1. All are equal before the law. Everyone enjoys the right to equal legal protection without discrimination.
2. No one shall be discriminated against on grounds of race, color, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, relation to any community, property, economic and social condition, sexual orientation, birth, disability or other personal status.
3. Principles of equal legal protection shall not prevent the imposition of measures necessary to protect and advance the rights of individuals and groups who are in unequal positions. Such measures shall be applied only until the purposes for which they are imposed have been fulfilled.
Article 38: Freedom of Belief, Conscience and Religion
1. Freedom of belief, conscience and religion is guaranteed.
2. Freedom of belief, conscience and religion includes the right to accept and manifest religion, the right to express personal beliefs and the right to accept or refuse membership in a religious community or group.
3. No one shall be required to practice or be prevented from practicing religion nor shall anyone be required to make his/her opinions and beliefs public.
4. Freedom of manifesting religion, beliefs and conscience may be limited by law if it is necessary to protect public safety and order or the health or rights of other persons.
Article 39: Religious Denominations1. The Republic of Kosovo ensures and protects religious autonomy and religious monuments within its territory.
2. Religious denominations are free to independently regulate their internal organization, religious activities and religious ceremonies.
3. Religious denominations have the right to establish religious schools and charity institutions in accordance with this Constitution and the law.
Article 40: Freedom of Expression
1. Freedom of expression is guaranteed. Freedom of expression includes the right to express oneself, to disseminate and receive information, opinions and other messages without impediment.
2. The freedom of expression can be limited by law in cases when it is necessary to prevent encouragement or provocation of violence and hostility on grounds of race, nationality, ethnicity or religion.
Article 42: Freedom of Media
1. Freedom and pluralism of media is guaranteed.
2. Censorship is forbidden. No one shall prevent the dissemination of information or ideas through media, except if it is necessary to prevent encouragement or provocation of violence and hostility on grounds of race, nationality, ethnicity or religion.
3. Everyone has the right to correct untrue, incomplete and inaccurate published information, if it violates her/his rights and interests in accordance with the law.
Article 44: Freedom of Association
1. The freedom of association is guaranteed. The freedom of association includes the right of everyone to establish an organization without obtaining any permission, to be or not to be a member of any organization and to participate in the activities of an organization.
2. The freedom to establish trade unions and to organize with the intent to protect interests is guaranteed. This right may be limited by law for specific categories of employees.
3. Organizations or activities that infringe on the constitutional order, violate human rights and freedoms or encourage racial, national, ethnic or religious hatred may be prohibited by a decision of a competent court.
Article 57: General Principles
1. Inhabitants belonging to the same national or ethnic, linguistic, or religious group traditionally present on the territory of the Republic of Kosovo (Communities) shall have specific rights as set forth in this Constitution in addition to the human rights and fundamental freedoms provided in chapter II of this Constitution.
Article 58: Responsibilities of the State
…3. The Republic of Kosovo shall take all necessary measures to protect persons who may be subject to threats or acts of discrimination, hostility or violence as a result of their national, ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity.
…5. The Republic of Kosovo shall promote the preservation of the cultural and religious heritage of all communities as an integral part of the heritage of Kosovo. The Republic of Kosovo shall have a special duty to ensure an effective protection of the entirety of sites and monuments of cultural and religious significance to the communities.
Article 59: Rights of Communities and their Members
Members of communities shall have the right, individually or in community, to:
(1) express, maintain and develop their culture and preserve the essential elements of their identity, namely their religion, language, traditions and culture;
…(12) enjoy unhindered contacts among themselves within the Republic of Kosovo and establish and maintain free and peaceful contacts with persons in any State, in particular those with whom they share an ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity, or a common cultural heritage, in accordance with the law and international standards;
Article 81: Legislation of Vital Interest
1. The following laws shall require for their adoption, amendment or repeal both the
majority of the Assembly deputies present and voting and the majority of the Assembly
deputies present and voting holding seats reserved or guaranteed for representatives of
Communities that are not in the majority:
…(6) Laws on religious freedom or on agreements with religious communities;
1. Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
2. The constitutional excerpts shown above are reproduced from the websites given in the "Source" field; the links to these websites were active as of May 2011. Where the constitutional text shown on these websites was provided in a language other than English, this text was translated to English by ARDA staff with assistance from web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate and Yahoo! Babel Fish. Constitutional text was converted to American English where applicable. Constitutional clauses were judged to contain religious content based largely on the standards used in the construction of the Religion and State Constitutions Dataset collected by Jonathan Fox. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to highlight religious content in articles that also contain content that does not pertain to matters of religion. The data on this page were correct to the best of the knowledge of the ARDA as of the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at [email protected] if you are aware of any incorrect information provided on this page. | [
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] | 1,460 |
Douglas Cardinal describes his creative process as inspired by nature. From YouTube.
Accepted by the School of Architecture at the University of British Columbia in 1952, he studied there for 3 years. But it was the University of Texas School of Architecture at Austin that provided the intellectually open, yet rigorous, training he needed to develop the complex, undulating architecture for which he is now internationally acclaimed. He graduated with honours in 1963.
Like many of the renowned western Canadian architects developing during the 1950s, Douglas Cardinal sought to interpret the teachings of European modernism by investigating a regional modification of the International Style. He was particularly drawn to the modernity of architects such as Hans Poelzig and Erich Mendelsohn, and his mature work harmonizes an attraction to Italian and Spanish baroque buildings with the expressionist arm of European modern architecture that reached its ascendancy in Germany just after the First World War. Cardinal was to synthesize his direct experience of architecture in western Canada (Prairie expressionism in particular) and the neo- baroque of Mexican church architecture, which he would encounter during his travels in the late 1950s, with his formal training in architecture and the history of architecture. This knowledge was conflated with his experience of the terrain of western Canada, in particular the Plains and the Badlands of Alberta, in the development of the curvilinear massing that is a signatory feature of his buildings.
In Cardinal's architecture, principles of seamless unity, sustainability, community, green buildings and ecological design are interwoven with his strong sense for Nature. The resulting designs are typified in award-winning projects such as ST MARY'S CHURCH in Red Deer, Alta (1965-68). His desire to integrate his architecture with these principles brought on experimentation with computer-aided drafting and design systems (CADD). It was during the construction of St Mary's that the Cardinal firm began using CADD. By 1981 he was identified as a world pioneer and leader of CADD, and his firm was selected by the federal government as a demonstration site to test and advance Canadian CADD technology.
Douglas Cardinal's principal public buildings include Grande Prairie Regional College in Grande Prairie, Alta (1972-76), the Alberta Government Services Building at Ponoka (1977) and the St Albert Civic and Cultural Centre at St Albert, Alta (1983), as well as numerous schools, all of which continued the curving wall exterior adapted to ever-increasing complex functional programs.
Throughout the 1990s Cardinal undertook a leadership role by providing architectural definition to the aims and aspirations of Amerindian communities. These projects included, among others, the Saskatchewan Federated Indian College master plan and concept design for expansion, Regina, Sask (1990); the Institute of American Indian Arts master plan, Sante Fe, New Mexico (1993); Kainai Multi-Purpose Cultural Resource Centre, Blood Indian Reserve, Alberta (1996); and a master plan and design of principal public buildings for the Cree Village of Oujé-Bougoumou in northern Québec (1990), which earned a United Nation's award of excellence for its environmentally sensitive concepts and was celebrated at Expo2000 in Hanover, Germany.
Cardinal's first project outside Alberta and the Northwest Territories brought Prairie expressionism to central Canada through the design for the CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION (CMC) in Hull, Québec, inaugurated in 1989. Acknowledged internationally as a technologically complex building that reframed museum architecture, the CMC is a culturally significant building that was designed to accommodate a shifting perspective on Amerindian history and national culture at the end of the 20th century. In 1993 Cardinal was awarded the commission for the National Museum of the American Indian on the Smithsonian Institution Mall in Washington, DC, which resulted in an outstanding design, finished after Cardinal's exclusion from the project and surrounded by controversy.
Renovation of the Grotski Residence by Douglas Cardinal contributed to its designation as a municipal historic site. The designation recognizes Cardinal's "organic design aesthetic," one theme among urban post-war development in Edmonton.
Other accomplishments include the design of the Cree Cultural Institute (2011) in Quebec and the Meno-ya-win Health Centre (2010) in Northern Ontario. His works include several Masterplans, a student centre at the University of Saskatchewan, a stadium in Regina and prefabricated/modular housing. Cardinal has also designed a gallery to house the permanent collection of the great Canadian artist Alex JANVIER in Cold Lake, Alta. These projects show how Cardinal's material palette has become much more varied, revealing his willingness to continually explore.
In 1990 Douglas Cardinal was awarded the ORDER OF CANADA, in 1992 the Canada Council Molson Prize for the Arts and in 1995 the National Aboriginal Achievement Award. In 1999 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, the highest architectural honour bestowed upon an individual in Canada. He was awarded the Governor General's Award for Visual and Media Arts in 2001 and in 2002 he received the Golden Jubilee Medal in honour of Her Majesty the Queen's 50th Anniversary. By the year 2011 he had been granted 12 honorary doctorates in recognition of his significant contribution to excellence in architecture, by every major Canadian university.
Douglas Cardinal's office is located in Ottawa. The Douglas Cardinal collection of drawings and models is archived at Carleton University, beginning with his work in 1984. Other material is in the University of Calgary Archives.
Author JOAN ACLAND Revised: BRANKA BAIC
Trevor Boddy, The Architecture of Douglas Cardinal (1989); University of Calgary, The Douglas Cardinal Architectural Drawings: An Inventory of the Collection at the Canadian Architectural Archives, University of Calgary Library (1997).
Links to Other Sites
Canadian Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge
The website for the Canadian Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge, which features Canada's largest essay writing competition for Aboriginal youth (ages 14-29) and a companion program for those who prefer to work through painting, drawing and photography. See their guidelines, teacher resources, profiles of winners, and more. From the Historica-Dominion Institute.
Written in Stone
This multimedia tour of the Canadian Museum of Civilization features extensive commentary about the design, development, and construction of this landmark building in Gatineau, Quebec. A great resource for students interested in architecture.
Take a virtual tour of the new Oujé-Bougoumou community facilities. Features stunning architectural designs by renowned Canadian architect Douglas J. Cardinal.
Douglas J. Cardinal Architect Ltd
View illustrations of architectural projects designed by Douglas J. Cardinal Architect Ltd. Renowned for “living organic” building designs, such as the acclaimed Canadian Museum Of Civilization. | [
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] | 1,393 |
Deer and carEnlarge Photo
While autumn brings the glorious color display of leaves along the highway, it’s also the start of fall breeding season for deer. That means motorists need to exercise extra caution during the months of October through December to watch out for deer on the highway and reduce the risk of a deer-vehicle crash.
Besides damage to the vehicle, any collision with a deer can result in injuries or deaths, particularly if the vehicle strikes another vehicle, leaves the roadway or rolls over.
How to avoid a close encounter with a white-tail deer
There are some common sense tips to follow that can help you avoid hitting a deer with your car.
- Slow down after sundown and before sunrise. Dawn and dusk are the times to slow down in deer-populated areas. You may be on the way to or from work and otherwise preoccupied, but this is not the time to become lax at the wheel. Stay alert.
- Be extra cautious on two-lane roads. If you’re traveling along two-lane roads or in an area with deer signs posted, be extra vigilant as deer are likely to appear out of nowhere and be directly in your path at any time. In areas with a heavy deer population, keep alert not only during the fall rut season but year-round as well.
- Be on the look-out for stragglers after one deer has crossed the road. Just because you’ve seen a deer ahead of you cross the road, this doesn’t mean you should let your guard down and resume higher speed. Deer frequently travel in groups and in single file. Sometimes, after one deer has crossed, other deer use that as a signal to also cross, and they do so blindly, just following the deer ahead. Deer waiting on the sides to cross may be startled by an approaching vehicle, darting out from any direction without warning.
- If you see deer on the side of the road, slow down. Fall is the time when bucks may begin chasing does. Other times, they may pursue with their heads to the ground nosing a scent trail. And deer will travel up to 40 miles or more during the fall season, up considerably from their normal four to five miles on average. That means drivers need to be always looking out for deer during the October through December timeframe.
How to minimize injury in a deer-vehicle crash
You can’t avoid deer-vehicle collisions in all situations. But there are some things that conservation officers, law enforcement and safety experts advise you can do to help minimize injuries to you and your passengers.
- Always wear your seat belts. The single-most important safety precaution you can take is to make sure that you and all your vehicle’s passengers wear their seat belts. Make sure child safety seats are properly secured and children firmly restrained with safety belts.
- Don’t swerve. Since most injuries and deaths occur when motorists swerve to avoid hitting a deer on the road, it’s important to stay in your lane and maintain control of the car. If you swerve to avoid a deer, this could send your vehicle skidding into another vehicle or cause it to roll over or leave the roadway. When a driver fails to recognize and react to a skid, they are more likely to lose control of their vehicle.
- Brake firmly and hold onto the steering wheel with both hands. Regardless of how you feel about hitting an animal, in this case, a large deer, it is in your best interest to maintain control of your vehicle before, during and after a crash. | [
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] | 743 |
Mao Tse-Tung 1893-1976
MAO TSE-TUNG has departed from the world. For one quarter of a century he helped organize and later led a successful revolutionary struggle, and in the next quarter century he eliminated starvation and brough socialism to the globe's largest nation state. He violently opposed forces that advocated a pragmatic rather than revolutionary approach to modernization, yet today, industrial production is 20 times what it was at the end of the revolution in October 1949, when Mao announced in Peking, "Our nation will never again be an insulted nation. We have stood up."
"A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture," Mao said in his early days of organizing. For 20 years, his army marched across the length and breadth of China, educating and organizing the peasants who were the movement's core. In one year his army marched and fought across 7000 miles of rugged, Kuomintang dominated terrain, losing 90,000 of its 100,000 troops. The Kuomintang also killed Mao's sister and first wife. Only after the Second World War were the communists able to devastate the U.S.-backed forces of General Chiang Kai-Shek, until eventually and finally China's major cities "fell like ripened fruit."
Mao's achievements in the face of enormous opposition are miraculous, but they were never enough to satisfy the communist party chairman or occasion complacency. Even at age 72 he inaugurated a second revolution in China, aimed at "revisionists," whom Mao felt were not true to the goals of socialist revolution. As the personal symbol of China's potential for renewed vigor, Mao swam against the currents of the Yangtze River. When China's agricultural production dropped, he went without meat. Mao did not expect any Chinese citizen to make a sacrifice that he himself could not endure--he was a leader in the purest sense of the word.
And Mao proved that leadership is not of necessity the domination by a small elite over the many. Day to day decisions in China are now made primarily by councils of workers and peasants. University students and government cadres are sent to the country to perform manual labor and learn from the rural workers. While fighting the Kuomintang in the late 1930s Mao said that the communist party's leaders must be the pupils of the masses as often as their teachers. Power did not corrupt the chairman's visions.
Continuous revolution, self-sacrifice, and the "boundless creative power of the masses" are the forces that propelled Mao to personal greatness and regained for China a lost pride, a sense of purpose. They are reminders to those of us who would unabashedly indulge ourselves because the world is better than it was, or leave the tasks of social change to other citizens. "Dare to struggle: dare to win." Those who embody the principles of continued sacrifice and struggle, be they workers, peasants or any oppressed people have fought in Mao's spirit and will ultimately be victorious. | [
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] | 622 |
Have you ever sipped a shrub? Not a bush, but a fruit syrup, preserved with vinegar and mixed with water or alcohol to make a tangy, refreshing beverage. An old-fashioned favorite, shrubs have steadily made a comeback, especially on cocktail menus, but they aren't solely the province of mixologists. Making a shrub syrup at home is a fun way to preserve and play with seasonal fruit, and this template may be followed for practically any fruit you have on hand. In addition to drinks, you can use the brightly flavored syrup in salad dressings, as a glaze for meats, or add a splash to homemade jam.
The word "shrub" is derived from the Arabic sharbah, which means "a drink." "Sherbet" and "syrup" also come from this Arabic root. Although drinking vinegars aren't so common today, they have a long history stretching back to the Babylonians, who added date vinegar to water to make it safe to drink, and the Romans, who mixed vinegar and water to make a beverage called posca. Colonial-era sailors carried shrubs, rich with Vitamin C, aboard their boats to prevent scurvy. Shrubs also gained popularity during the Temperance movement and many 19th and early 20th century housekeeping manuals contain recipes for them.
Although there are several different methods for making shrubs, the most common process involves creating a fruit-flavored vinegar and sweetening it with sugar. The acetic acid in vinegar acts as a preserving agent, so shrubs were – and still are – a delicious way to enjoy seasonal fruit juices year-round. I love experimenting with different combinations of fruit and vinegar to make these flavorful syrups.
Because vinegar is high in acid, it does not support the growth of the bacteria that produces botulism. However, some vinegars may support the growth of other harmful bacteria, so cleanliness and proper storage is important. There are faster, easier shrub instructions out there, but I believe this one to be more reliable in terms of rich flavor and long-term keeping.
What You Need
Basic formula: Use 2 cups fruit per 1 pint vinegar. Sweeten with 1 1/2 to 2 cups sugar (level of sweetness is up to personal preference).
Fruit: Berries are perhaps the finest fruit for shrubs, but cherries, peaches, plums, pears, and other fruits may be used. They should be ripe and sweet, yet they do not need to be perfect; this is a great opportunity to use farmers' market "seconds" and any fruit that is abundantly in season. Fruit should be thoroughly washed and may be peeled, chopped, or lightly crushed to shorten the infusing process. Ginger, citrus peel, or even peppercorns may also be added for flavor.
Vinegar: Any vinegar may be used, as long as it is labeled at least 5% acidity. Distilled white vinegar has a clear, sharp flavor; apple cider vinegar tends to be milder with a fruity flavor; and wine vinegars, while more expensive, often provide a superior smooth flavor. Balsamic vinegar is delicious with cherries and strawberries.
Sugar: White granulated sugar provides a neutral sweetness; brown and raw sugars may also be used.
Clean hands and tools are a must!
Glass container with a lid or cap (a quart mason jar works well)
Measuring cups (liquid and dry)
Funnels (useful, but not required)
Clean kitchen cloth or paper towel
Fine cheesecloth or coffee filter
1. Sterilize the container: Wash the container in hot, soapy water and rinse thoroughly. Submerge in a pot of warm water to cover by 1 to 2 inches, bring to a boil, and boil for 10 minutes. For the lid or cap, wash it in hot, soapy water, rinse well, and scald in boiling water.
2. Add the fruit: Carefully remove the container from the pot using canning jar lifters or tongs. Place the fruit in the container.
3. Add the vinegar: Place the vinegar in a saucepan and heat to just below the boiling point, or at least 190°F. Pour the vinegar over the fruit, leaving at least 1/4-inch headspace. Wipe the rim with a clean, damp cloth, and cap tightly.
4. Let it stand: Let the container cool undisturbed and then store it in a cool, dark place such as a cupboard or the refrigerator. Let it stand at least 24 hours and up to 4 weeks until the desired flavor is reached.
5. Strain it: Strain it through a damp cheesecloth or coffee filter one or more times until the vinegar shows no cloudiness. Discard the fruit or save it for another purpose (it's often delicious for use in chutneys).
6. Add the sugar: Place the vinegar and sugar in a saucepan. Bring to a boil, stirring to dissolve sugar. Remove from heat and let cool. Pour into a clean, sterilized container (use the original mason jar or other bottles; see step 1 for sterilization procedure) and cap tightly.
7. Store: Store the shrub syrup in the refrigerator. Tightly sealed, it may last for up to 6 months. Taste before using to make sure the flavor is still good. Discard immediately if it has mold or any signs of fermentation such as bubbling, cloudiness, or sliminess.
8. Serve: To serve, mix 1 tablespoon shrub syrup into a glass of still or sparkling water. Taste and add more syrup, if desired. Shrub syrups may also be used as cocktail mixers, in salad dressings, and more.
• Process developed by Emily Ho based on historical recipes and the "Flavored Vinegars" chapter of So Easy To Preserve (Cooperative Extension, The University of Georgia, 2006).
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(Images: Emily Ho) | [
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] | 1,283 |
The Lancet, Volume 359, Issue 9310
, Page 908, 16 March 2002
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08016-9Cite or Link Using DOI
Hot, cold, and now bubble fusion
For almost 50 years now, physicists have been trying to mimic energy-producing mechanisms that the sun uses. It is very difficult to persuade two people who naturally repel each other to come together-and so it is with nuclear fusion. The hydrogen bomb, a fusion device, needs an atom bomb to get it started. Huge and very expensive experiments with “hot” fusion are still in progress, but a commercially viable machine seems as far away as ever.
Then, in 1989, came “cold” fusion. Perhaps deuterium a ...
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] | 312 |
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