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Apr 4, 2012 / ENERGY GLOBE Award
Project presentation - "One Child - One Solarlight"
Electricity is a scarce commodity in Africa. The whole continent spends not more electricity than New York. At night the villages are dark. The only source of light for many children – while they do their homework – is kerosene light, which is expensive, unhealthy and smells. The sun, however, is clean and for free!
The nonprofit organization Solux started the model project „One child, one solar light“ in Ghana to bring light to people who live in darkness. The goal was to supply solar lights to children and their families in off‐grid regions.
The company Solar4Ghana Ltd. was founded to inform children, parents and teachers about the advantages of solar lights. Solux also provides micro credits, so that solar light is affordable to anyone. After one year of the project:
- More than six persons profit from a single solar light.
- The quality of life of 35,000 people has been significantly improved via solar lamps.
- 100% of the users recommend Solux solar lights.
- This model project is transferable to and reproducible in other countries.
More information: www.solar4ghana.com | [
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Phthalates Action Plan Summary
- What chemicals are addressed in the Action Plan?
- Why is EPA concerned about these chemicals?
- What action is EPA taking?
What chemicals are addressed in the Action Plan?
Eight chemicals are included: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP), di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Phthalates are high production volume chemicals used primarily as plasticizers in polyvinylchloride (PVC) products.
Why is EPA concerned about these chemicals?
EPA is concerned about phthalates because of their toxicity and the evidence of pervasive human and environmental exposure to these chemicals.
Phthalates are used in many industrial and consumer products, many of which pose potentially high exposure. Phthalates have been detected in food and also measured in humans.
Adverse effects on the development of the reproductive system in male laboratory animals are the most sensitive health outcomes from phthalate exposure. Several studies have shown associations between phthalate exposures and human health, although no causal link has been established. Recent scientific attention has focused on whether the cumulative effect of several phthalates may multiply the reproductive effects in the organism exposed.
What action is EPA taking?
On the basis of existing information, EPA included the the following actions in its Action Plan:
- EPA intends to initiate rulemaking in autumn 2010 to add these eight phthalates to the Concern List under TSCA section 5(b)(4) as chemicals that present or may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment.
- EPA also intends to initiate rulemaking in late 2010 to add the six phthalates not already on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI).
- In preparation for rulemaking in 2012 under TSCA section 6(a), EPA intends to cooperate with the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to more fully assess the use, exposure and substitutes for these chemicals. EPA plans to consider the results of the cumulative assessment currently being developed and due to be completed by CPSC in 2012 pursuant to the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA), as well as the ongoing review of phthalates at FDA and the assessment for EPA’s IRIS program, due to be completed in 2011. These assessments will inform EPA’s decision on future action to address these chemicals. EPA’s potential control measures may include a ban of all or several of these chemicals, as appropriate.
- EPA may consider pursuing additional rulemaking under TSCA section 5(a)(2) in late 2010 or early 2011 to require manufacturers and processors of DnPP to notify EPA before manufacturing or processing DnPP for a significant new use. The most recent Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) data contains no reports of this phthalate being produced or imported into the United States, and thus it is possible that any use of DnPP may be a significant new use.
- EPA intends to conduct a Design for the Environment and Green Chemistry alternatives assessment by 2012. The information developed could be used to encourage industry to move away from phthalates in a non-regulatory setting to expand risk management efforts beyond whatever regulatory action might be taken under TSCA, or it could be used as input to a regulatory action. The alternatives assessment would build upon existing knowledge and would consider exposures to all human subpopulations, including children, as well as environmental exposure.
- August 2011: EPA began the DfE alternatives assessment.
Download the complete Phthalates Action Plan (PDF), 16 pages, 80 KB, About PDF | [
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] | 829 |
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Writing Workshop - NJ
Wednesday, July 25, 2012 from 8:30 PM to 11:30 PM (EDT)
In this class designed for elementary school teachers, we will look at how to use a SMART Board and other technology to facilitate writer’s workshop. During the session we will explore and create interactive mini lessons, look at easy to use observation sheets to track the progress of students (either to be used on an iPad or can be printed out), and then best ways to do sharing time using a document camera. During the session, we will also discuss the writing process and participants will be given resources for final projects students can create using technology | [
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] | 160 |
Armenian literature. The Armenian Church fostered literature, and the principal early works are religious or hagiographical, most of them translations. The first major Armenian literary work is a 5th cent. translation of the Bible; its language became the standard of classical Armenian. Early Mesopotamian influence resulted in Syriac translations (Aphraates and St. Ephraem Syrus). Armenia then turned to the West for literary inspiration, producing translations of many religious works (Athanasius, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Nazianzen, and John Chrysostom). Among secular works are renderings of Aristotle and of the romance of Alexander. The original writings of the golden age are confined to saints' lives and histories. The 5th-century history of Moses of Khorni contains practically all that is known of pre-Christian Armenia, its folklore and epics. Later historians include Thomas Ardzruni (10th cent.), Matthew of Edessa, who described the Crusades, and Stephanos Orbelian, who wrote of the Mongol hordes (13th cent.). A tradition of nationalistic epic poetry, influenced by Muslim form, emerged; the best-known example is David of Sassoun. The principal figure of the 12th cent. is Catholicos Narses IV, a prelate and poet notable for his literary style. After the decline of Armenian cultural centers in the 14th cent., the literature of Armenians abroad was heavily influenced by their host countries. In 18th-century Constantinople, Mechitar (1676–1749), a monk of the Catholic Armenians, founded a community (the Mechitarists) to cultivate Armenian letters. Their headquarters are now in Venice, and they are the principal Armenian publishers. Anticipated by the late 18th-century folk poetry of Sayat Nova ( = Haroutioum Sayadian), the 19th cent. saw a considerable revival of Armenian letters and the establishment of a modern literary language. The major novelists of the 19th cent. were Khachatur Abovian and Hagop Melik-Agopian (called "Raffi"). The 1915 Turkish massacres sent many Armenian writers (including Hagop Ochagan, Nigoghos Sarafian, and Zareh Vorpuni) into exile, which became the subject of their writing. After the incorporation of part of Armenia into the Soviet Union in 1921 the poet Leguiche Tcharentz and novelist Alexander Bakountz perished in Stalin's purges. Notable writers of the period were the poet Avetik Issahakian and the historical novelist Derenik Demirdjian. More recent figures include the poets Parouyr Sevak, Hovhannes Chiraz, and Hrant Matevosian.
See Z. C. Boyajian, ed., Armenian Legends and Poems (2d ed. 1959); J. Etmekjian, An Anthology of Western Armenian Literature (1980).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Armenian literature from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Asian Literature | [
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] | 656 |
palomino horse, American light horse that, contrary to popular opinion, is not a breed but a color type. The palomino is a characteristic golden, creamy tan, with an almost white mane and tail. White stripes on the face and white stockings are common. This coloring occurs in several breeds of light horse. Palominos were probably first selected for their beautiful color in Spain. They accompanied the conquistadors to the New World, where they were perpetuated by early Mexican horse breeders. They were discovered by Americans in California during the Mexican-American War, and are now popular parade and show horses; fanciers in the United States are trying to establish the palomino as a breed. Palominos have Arabian or Thoroughbred features, stand about 15 hands (60 in./150 cm) high, and weigh about 1,100 lb (500 kg).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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] | 226 |
Galago - Bush Baby, Tiny African Primate
The galago or bush baby is a small primate which can be found across many countries, mainly in Africa. No one is really sure how the term "bush baby" came to be used but it has been suggested that the name is either due to their appearance or their sharp cry. This species is a very small primate which has an average size of approximately 5 inches (13 cm).
The bush baby has long, fuzzy wool-like fur which can be either a shade of silvery gray or brown. Their ears are very large with four ridges which allow them to bend back easily and wrinkle up. They also have characteristically large eyes. Other interesting characteristics of this species include its advanced hearing, thickened pads on its toes to allow it to cling and climb safely and also its second tongue. This second tongue is situated below their normal tongue and is used specifically in conjunction with their front teeth for grooming. It’s interesting to think the bush baby has evolved to have an actual appendage designed solely for grooming!
The bush baby is especially well known for its amazing jumping abilities. In fact, this species can jump up to 6.6 feet (2 m) in the air and it is believed this is due to elastic energy stored in the tendons of their lower legs. Without these special tendons, they would not be able to jump as high as they can because of their comparatively small size.
Bush babies have a gestation period of between 110 and 130 days. The young are born with their eyes half-closed and for the first few days of their life they cannot move independently. After the first few days of life, the mother will carry the infant round in their mouth and puts it down on branches when it is time to feed.
There are many different subspecies of bush baby including the Rondo bush baby and Dusky bush baby. They can be found all across Africa and they are a really cuddly looking creature. Of course as a wild animal they are very timid and shy but it can’t hurt to look at them! | [
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Plants yielding fibers have been second only to food plants in their usefulness to humans and their influence on the furthering of civilization. Primitive humans in their attempts to obtain the three most important necessities for life: food, shelter & clothing, focused on plants. Even though animal products were available, some form of clothing was needed that was lighter and cooler than skins and hides. It was easier to obtain from plants such items as bowstrings, nets, snares, etc. Also plant products were available from the leaves, stems and roots of many plants to construct shelter.
Very early on plant fibers have had a more extensive use than silk, wool and other animal fibers. Gradually as humans’ needs multiplied, the use of vegetable fibers increased greatly until presently they continue to be of great importance even after the onset of plastics. It is impossible to estimate the number of species of fiber plants, but over a thousand species of plants have yielded fibers in America alone, and over 800 occur in the Philippines. However, plant fibers of commercial importance ore relatively few, the greater number being native species used locally by primitive peoples in all parts of the world. Their durability often exceeds those of synthetic manufacture, one example being sisal & Manila hemps.
The most prominent fibers of the present are of great antiquity. The cultivation of flax, for example, dates back to the Stone Age of Europe, as discovered in the remains of the Swiss Lake Dwellers. Linen was used in Ancient Egypt and cotton was the ancient national textile of India, being used by all the aboriginal peop0les of the New World as well. Ramie or China grass has been grown in the Orient many thousands of years.
Plastic materials are often used instead of natural products because they cost less and sometimes tend to be more durable. However, natural plant products continue to have some superior attributes and are used when materials are readily available. There are six principal groups of fibers distinguished according to the way in which they are used.
Textile Fibers are the most important in that they are used for fabrics, cordage and netting. To make fabrics and netting flexible fibers are twisted together into thread or yarn and then either spun, knitted, woven or in some other way utilized. Fabrics include cloth for wearing apparel, domestic use, awnings, sails, etc., and also coarser materials such as gunny and burlap. Fabric fibers are all of some commercial value. Netting fibers that are used for hammocks, lace and all forms of nets include many of the commercial fabric fibers and a number of native fibers as well. Both commercial and native fibers are used for cordage. For this the individual fibers are twisted together instead of being woven. Binder Twine, fish lines, hawsers, rope and cables are among the many types.
Brush Fibers are stiff tough fibers including small stems and twigs that are utilized for making brooms and brushes.
Rough Weaving & Plaitling Fibers. Plaits are fibrous, flat and pliable strands that are interlaced to make straw hats, baskets, sandals, chair seats, etc. The most elastic strands are woven together for mattings and the thatched roofs of houses. The supple twigs or woody fibers are for making chairs, baskets and other wickerwork.
Filling Fibers are used for stuffing mattresses, cushions and in upholstery; for caulking seams in boats and in casks and barrels; as stiffening in plaster and as packing material.
Natural Fabrics are usually obtained from tree basts that are extracted from bark in layers or sheets and pounded into rough substitutes for lace or cloth.
Fibers for Paper Manufacture includes textile fibers and wood fibers that are used in either the raw or manufactured state.
A plant cannot be restricted absolutely to any single group because the same fiber may be used for different purposes. Also, a plant may yield more than one kind of fiber. Thus the following discussion includes species that are considered in the group in which they are of the greatest importance.
All fibers are similar in that they are sclerenchyma cells that serve as part of the plant skeleton. They are predominantly long cells with thick walls and small cavities and usually pointed ends. The walls often contain lignin as well as cellulose. Fibers occur singly or in small groups, but they are more apt to form sheets of tissue with the individual cells overlapping and interlocking.
Fibers may occur in almost any part of a plant: stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, etc. The four main types grouped according to their origin include bast fibers, wood fibers, sclerenchyma cells associated with the vascular bundle strands in leaves, and surface fibers that are hair like outgrowths on the seeds of the plants. The term “bast fiber” is subject to criticism, as it gives no indication as to the particular tissue or region in which the fibers occur. It might be preferable to designate those fibers that occur in the outer parts of the stem as cortical fibers, pericyclic fibers or phloem fibers. But “bast” is a term that has been in use for a long time and is so established in commerce that it will be used in this discussion.
Fibers of economic importance occur in many different plant families, especially those from the tropics. Some of the more important families are the Palmaceae, Gramineae, Liliaceae, Musaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Malvaceae, Urticaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Tiliaceae, Bromeliaceae, Bombacaceae, and Luguminosae.
These fibers must be long and possess a high tensile strength and cohesiveness with pliability. They must have a fine, uniform, lustrous staple and must be durable and abundantly available. Only a small number of the different kinds of fibers possess these traits and are thus of commercial importance. The principal textile fibers are grouped into three classes: surface fibers, soft fibers and hard fibers, with the last two often referred to as long fibers.
Surface or short fibers include the so-called cottons. The soft fibers are the bast fibers that are found mainly in the pericycle or secondary phloem of dicotyledon stems. Bast fibers are capable of subdivision into very fine flexible strands and are used for the best grades of cordage and fabrics. Included are hemp, jute, flax and ramie.
Hard or mixed fibers are structural elements found mainly in the leaves of many tropical monocots, although they may be found in fruits and stems. They are used for the more coarse textiles. Sisal, abacá, henequén, agaves, coconut and pineapple are examples of plants with hard fibers.
Cotton is one of the greatest of all industrial crops. it is the principal fiber plant as well as one of the oldest and most economical. It was known since ancient times and well before written records. There are references to cotton by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Cotton was found in India before 1,800 B.C. The Hindus were believed to be one of the first people to weave cloth in the Eastern Hemisphere, although reference to Nordic traders of woven goods in North America during the Bronze Age has been made by Fell 1982 (http://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/bronze/fell2.htm). Cotton was introduced to Europe by the Arabs who called the plant “qutn.” The plant had several origins because Columbus found it in cultivation in the West Indies, and it was known to the Amerindians of Neotropical America in Pre-Columbian times. Cotton became a commercial crop in the united States after 1787..
Several species of the genus Gossypium provide what we call cotton. The fine fibrous hairs that occur on the seeds constitute the raw material. These hairs are flattened, twisted and tubular. They compose the lint, floss or staple. Their length and other qualities vary with the different varieties. The plant is a perennial shrub or small tree naturally, but under cultivation it is treated as an annual. It branches freely and grows to a height of 4-8 ft. Cotton thrives in sandy soil in humid regions that are near water. This environment is typified in the southern United States and in the river valleys of India and Egypt. Cotton matures in 5-6 months and is ready to harvest soon after.
Hundreds of varieties have been developed from wild ancestors or produced by breeding during the long period of cultivation. Varieties differ in fiber character as well as other morphological features. Cotton is a difficult group to classify and the exact number of species is subject to argument. Cultivated cottons of commercial importance are usually referred to one or another of four species: Gossypium barbadense and G. hirsutum in the Western Hemisphere and G. arboreum and G. herbaceum in the Eastern Hemisphere.
1.--Gossypium barbadense probably originated in tropical South America. The flowers are bright yellow with purple spots. The fruit, or boll, has three valves, and the seeds are fuzzy only at the ends. Two distinct types exist:
Sea-Island Cotton. This type has never been found in the wild as it was already being cultivated at the time of Columbus. It has fine, strong and light cream-colored fibers that are regular in the number and uniformity of the twists and they have a silky appearance. These characteristics are valuable and sea-island cotton was formerly in great demand for the finest textiles, yarns, and lace and spool cotton. Sea-island cotton was brought to the United States from the West Indies in 1785. The finest types were developed on the islands off the South Carolina coast and adjacent mainland. Here strong and firm stables of two inches or more in length were produced. Another form of sea-island cotton was grown along the coast in Georgia to Florida and in the West Indies and South America. This has a staple of 1.5-1.75 in. in length. The yield of sea-island cotton was lower than other kinds of cotton, but this was compensated for by the greater value of the fiber. The boll weevil almost completely eradicated production of sea-island cotton before control measures were discovered.
Egyptian Cotton This cotton is grown in the Nile basin of Egypt where it was introduced from Central America. The plant is similar in appearance to sea-island cotton and is believed to be a hybrid. However, the staple is brown in color and shorter. Its length, strength, and firmness make this cotton suitable for thread, undergarments, hosiery, and fine dress goods. Egyptian cotton was brought to the United States in 1902 as an experimental crop and 10 years later it was recommended to farmers in the semiarid regions that were under irrigation. It was then grown in the western states of California, New Mexico and Arizona. Repeated selection and breeding resulted in the development of new strains of which Pima Cotton is of highest quality.
2.--Gossypium hirsutum is a native American species that was grown by Pre-Columbian civilizations. It is usually called Upland Cotton, and is the easiest and most economical kind of cotton to grow. It constitutes the greater part of the cultivated cotton of the world. The flowers are white or light yellow and unspotted. The bolls are four- or five-valved, and the seeds are covered with fuzz. Upland cotton thrives under a variety of conditions but does best in a sandy soil with abundant moisture during the growing and fruiting season and dryness during the time of boll opening and harvest as well as a temperature of 60-90 deg. Fahrenheit. The northern limit of economic growth is 37 deg. N. Lat. The Cotton Belt of the southern United States grows mostly upland cotton. The fibers are white with a wide range in staple length (5/8ths to 1.3/8ths in.). There are over 1210 named varieties, many of which were developed through breeding experiments. The species probably originated in Guatemala or southern Mexico and spread northward to its present limits in North America. A well-marked variety, often recognized as a distinct species, occurs in the West Indies and along the dry coastal areas of South America as far as Ecuador and Brazil. Another variety occurs in Central America, northward along the Gulf of Mexico to Florida and the Bahamas and in the Greater Antilles.
3.--Gossypium arboreum is the perennial tree cotton of Africa, India and Arabia. It was most likely the first to be used commercially, but production is now confined to India. The staples are coarse and very short (3/8ths to 34 in. long), but they are strong.
4.--Gossypium herbaceum is the principal cotton of Asia. It was grown in Indian in ancient times and continues to be used locally there and in Iran, China and Japan. Its chief use is for fabrics, carpets and blankets and is often blended with wool.
There are additionally several wild species of Gossypium in some tropical and subtropical areas.
Cotton used to be an expensive material because it was difficult to remove the fibers from the seed. The cotton gin developed by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed this situation and a revolution of the industry was started. Cotton then assumed a very prominent position in world commerce. The economics of cotton has had a profound effect on both the producing and purchasing nations. It is well accepted that slavery was perpetuated in America because of this crop.
There are several steps necessary in the preparation of raw cotton fiber in order to prepare it for the textile industry. These operations involve ginning in either a saw-tooth or a roller gin, baling, transporting to the mills, picking to remove any foreign matter and delivers the cotton in a uniform layer, lapping where three layers are combined into one, carding, combing and drawing where the short fibers are extracted and the others straightened and evenly distributed, and finally twisting the fibers into thread.
Cotton is used either by itself or in combination with other fibers in the manufacture of all types of textiles. Unspun cotton is extensively used for stuffing purposes. Treating the fibers with caustic soda, which imparts a high luster and silky appearance, makes Mercerized Cotton. Absorbent Cotton consists of fibers that have been cleaned and from which the oily covering layer has been removed. It is almost pure cellulose and makes up one of the basic raw materials of various cellulose industries.
A noteworthy advance in the cotton industry was the utilization of what were formerly waste products. In the early stages of the industry the cotton seed along with its fuzzy covering of short hairs or linters was discarded. However, all parts of the plant are now conserved to yield products that are valuable. The stalks contain a fiber that can be used to make paper or fuel and the roots possess a crude drug. The seeds are used for oil extraction and for livestock feed. The linters give wadding, stuffing for pads, cushions, pillows, mattress, etc; absorbent cotton; low grade yarn for twine, ropes and carpets; and cellulose. The hulls are also livestock feed; fertilizer; lining oil wells to prevent cave-ins of the sides; as a source of Xylose, a sugar that can be converted into alcohol or various explosives and industrial solvents. The kernels yield an important fatty oil, cottonseed oil; and oil cake and meal are used for fertilizer, livestock feed, and flour and as a dye.
Once the most valuable and useful of fibers, flax gradually became less important as synthetics and cotton assumed more prominent roles. Flax is more durable than cotton and can yield a very fine fabric. The plant has been under cultivation for so long that its point of origin is unknown. It was used by the Swiss Lake Dwellers and was known to the ancient Hebrews and is frequently noted in the Bible. The ancient Egyptians wore linen and used it for the burial cloths. They carved pictures of the flax plant on their tombs. Long before the Christian era the Greek imported flax, and it is believed that the plant was being cultivated prior to 3,000 B.C.
Flax is in the genus Linum that contains several wild species of no economic importance as well as Linum usitatissimum, the source of the commercial fiber. The plant is an annual herb with blue or white flowers and small leaves. It grows to a height of from 1-4 ft. The fibers are formed in the pericycle and are made up of very tough, stringy strands from 1-3 ft. long that are aggregates of many long pointed cells with very thick cellulose walls. Flax does best in soil that is rich in organic matter and moisture and in temperate regions, but it may be grown elsewhere. Preparation of the fibers is a more expensive procedure than for cotton. The crop is harvested and a process known as rippling breaks the stems. The fibers may then be rotted out by submerging the stems in water or by exposing them to dew. During this process called retting and enzyme dissolves the calcium pectate of the middle lamella, which holds the cells together, and frees the fibers. After retting the straw is dried and cleaned and the fibers are completely separated from the other tissues of the stem by an operation known as scutching. Finally the shorter fibers that constitute the tow are separated from the longer fibers. The long fibers are the only ones suited for spinning.
The fibers of flax have great tensile strength, staple length, durability and fineness. They are used in the manufacture of linen cloth and thread, canvas, duck, strong twine, carpets, fish and seine lines, cigarette paper, writing paper and insulating materials. Fibers from the stalks of flax grown for seed are too harsh and brittle for spinning but may be used for other purposes.
The principal production area was Northern Europe, with Russia producing around 70 percent of the world crop. Some of the finest flax is grown in Belgium. The Pilgrims introduced flax into North America and these and other colonists were growing sufficient amount for domestic use until 1900. Flax is a good crop with which to reclaim native soil and for a long time its cultivation was confined to the frontier. Flax is grown for its seed in areas with low rainfall. The seed is used in medicine and as a source of linseed oil.
The term “hemp” is applied loosely to include a number of very different plants and fibers. The true hemp is Cannabis sativa, a plant native to Central and Western Asia but has spread worldwide where it often occurs as a troublesome weed.
The plant is a stout, bushy, branching annual that varies from 5-15 ft in height. It is dioecious with hollow stems and palmate leaves. The best grade of fiber is obtained from male plants. Hemp requires a mild humid climate and a rich loamy soil with an abundance of humus. Calcareous soils are especially suitable.
The fiber is white bast that develops in the pericycle. It is valuable because of its length that varies from 3-15 ft, its strength and great durability. However, it lacks the flexibility and elasticity of flax because of its lignification. Yields are usually high with one acre producing 2-3 tons of stems, 25 percent of which is fibrous material. The plants are harvested and shocked and dried. The fibers are separated from the rest of the bark by retting, either in dew or in water. They are then broken, scutched and hackled. Hemp must be harvested when the male flowers are in full bloom or the fibers are too week or too brittle to be of value.
Hemp is an ancient crop that had been grown in China before 2,000 B.C. It was introduced into Europe around 1,500 B.C. It reached North America in early colonial days and became a viable industry in Kentucky and Wisconsin. By the 21st Century very little of the crop was being grown in North America.
Hemp has been used to make ropes, carpets, twine, and sailcloth, yacht cordage, binder twine, sacks, bags and webbing. The waste and woody fibers of the stem were sometimes used to make paper. The finer grades can be woven into a cloth that resembles coarse linen. The short fibers or tow and ravelings constitute Oakum. This is used for caulking the seams between the plants in shipbuilding, in cooperage and as packing for pumps, engines, etc. In the tropics hemp is grown for its seed, and also for a drug that is gotten from the flowering tops and leaves. The seeds contain oil that is useful in the soap and paint industries as a substitute for linseed oil. The drug, known as Hashish, is a resinous substance that contains several powerful alkaloids. In America this type of hemp is known as Marijuana. Ganja is a specially cultivated and harvested grade of hemp used for smoking and in beverages and candies. It has high resin content.
Jute has been used almost extensively as cotton even though it is much less valuable than either cotton of flax. It is a bast fiber obtained from the secondary phloem of two species of Corchorus of Asia. The best quality is from C. capsularis, a species with round pods that is grown in lowland areas subject to flooding. The plant is a tall, slender, somewhat shrubby annual with yellow flowers that grows to a height of 8-10 ft. It requires a warm climate and a rich, loamy alluvial soil. Fiber from C. olitorius, and upland species with long pods, is somewhat inferior but the two are not separated in commerce.
Harvest occurs within 3-4 months after planting and while the flowers are still in full bloom. The stems are retted in pools or tanks for several days to rot out the softer gummy tissues, and whipping the stems on the surface of the water then loosens the jute, or Gunny, strands. The pale-yellow fibers are very long, from 6-10 ft. in length, and they are very stiff being highly lignified. They have a silky luster. They are produced in abundance, but are not especially strong and they tend to deteriorate when exposed to moisture. Despite these disadvantages they are economical and easily spun. Plastics have replaced many of the products formerly made from jute, however.
Jute has been used mainly for rough weaving into burlap bags, gunnysacks and covers for cotton bales. The fiber is also used for twine, carpets, curtains and coarse cloth. Short fibers and pieces from the lower ends of the stalks make up jute butts that have been used in paper manufacture. India has the largest acreage of jute.
Baehmeria nivea is a perennial, herbaceous or shrubby plant without branches when cultivated. It has slender stalks that reach a height of 3-6 ft. and they bear heart-shaped leaves that are green above and white beneath. The plant is from Asia and was grown in China in ancient times. It requires a fertile, well-drained soil. Several crops per year compensate for a rather low yield, especially in North America.
Fine fibers are obtained from the bast, which are very long, strong and durable. They also have a high degree of luster and would be desirable for textile purposes were it not for difficulties in the extraction and cleaning process. The stems are first immersed in water. The bark is then peeled off and the outer portions and green tissue are scraped off or are removed by oiling or mechanical means. The fibers that remain are heavily coated with gum and require further treatment before they can be used. They make up the China Grass, or Filasse, that is used in the manufacture of grass cloth and other dress goods in Asia. Ramie has been used in Europe for under garments, upholstery, thread and paper. Although it is one of the strongest fibers known, being three times as strong as hemp, ramie has not been generally used because the treatment necessary to remove the fibers is very costly. The development of a simpler process has not increased the use of ramie.
Another variety, Boehmeria nivea var. tenacissima, is sometimes called Rhea. This plant is native to Malaya and resembles ramie except that the leaves are green on both sides. Rhea fiber is included under ramie in industry.
Crotalaria juncea is an important fiber plant in Asia. It has been cultivated since ancient times and there are no known wild ancestors. It is the earliest fiber to be mentioned in Sanskrit writings (Hill 1952). It is a shrubby annual legume from 6-12 ft tall with bright yellow flowers. It is grown primarily in southern India.
Almost all the members of the Malvaceae yield bast fibers that can be used in textiles. Some of the most important are as follows:
China Jute or Indian Mallow (Abutilon theophrasti) is an annual plant that yields a strong, coarse, grayish-white lustrous fiber with characteristics similar to jute. It has been extensively grown in China and was introduced into North America where it can thrive. The fibers have great tensile strength, take dyes readily and are used in China for making rugs and paper.
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is a tall herb that yields a fiber with has over 129 names, among them Deccan, Ambari or Gambo Hemp, Java Jute and Mesta Fiber. It is a substitute for hemp and jute in the manufacture of coarse canvas, gunnysacks, cordage, matting and fishing nets. The plant is adapted to a wide range of climates and soils. Harvest is right after the flowers come into bloom. The fibers are 5-10 ft. long and are usually extracted by retting. Kenaf seed yields up to 20 percent of edible oil on being refined.
Roselle or Rama (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is cultivated in India, Southeastern Asia and some Pacific islands as a substitute for jute and for its edible fruit. The light-brown fibers are silky, soft and lustrous. Roselle is adapted to well-drained fertile soil where there is a 20-in. rainfall. It grows fast and can be harvested 90 days after planting. Retting is accomplished in 10-12 days, and the fibers are easily slipped from the bark. The red fleshy calices and involucels surrounding the young fruits are acid and provide a sour relish. The juice is used for flavoring and in making jellies, jams and wine.
Aramina or Cadillo (Urena lobata) occurs as a weed in most tropical countries. It provides a yellowish-white fiber that is more durable than jute and is used as a substitute in some industries. It has been grown commercially in Cuba, Madagascar, Nigeria, the Congo and Brazil where it is made into coffee sacks.
Other malvaceous species that yield fibers but which are of minor importance include Okra, Hibiscus esculentus, Majagua, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and several species of the genus Sida. Sida acuta is an extremely easy plant to harvest and prepare and the fibers are twice as strong as jute.
The Amerindians used the bast fibers of different plant for their bowstrings, nets, etc. Colorado River Hemp, Sesbania exaltata, was widely used by the western groups, while Indian Hemp, Apocynum cannabinum, and Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, yielded important fibers for eastern groups of Amerindians.
This is a premier cordage material that is obtained from several species of wild plantain or banana. Musa textilis is the principal source. It resembles the true banana but has narrow more tufted leaves and inedible fruits. The plant forms a clump of 12-30 sheathing leafstalks 10-20 ft. high with a crown of spreading leaf blades 3-6 ft long. The fiber is secured from the outer portion of the leafstalks. Mature stalks are cut at the roots and split open lengthwise. The pulp and the fiber strands are removed, and the strands are washed and dried.
Individual fibers are 6-12 ft. long, lustrous and variable in color from white to light ocher. They are light, elastic, stiff and very strong, durable and resistant to both fresh and salt water. Therefore, the main use of abacá has been in the manufacture of high-grade cordage, especially marine cables. Plastic cables are frequently substituted but they are not as easy to manage on ships as true abacá. Other products made from this kind of hemp are binder twine, bagging, strong tissue paper, papier-mâché, wrapping paper and Manila paper for sacks. In Japan Manila hemp was used in making movable partitions in houses. The individual fibers cannot be spun, but strands of fibers are used to make the lustrous cloth known as Sinamay.
Musa textilis has been of commercial importance only in the Philippines although it grows in other Asian countries as well. The plant was known and used by the inhabitants of the region centuries before the arrival of the first European explorers early in the 16th Century. The first shipment was made to North America in 1818. From then until 1918 it was the main export of the Philippines, amounting to over 300-thousand pounds annually (Hill 1952). More recently sugar and sometimes copra have exceeded it in production.
Manila help requires a warm climate, fertile soil, shade, good drainage, abundant moisture and an elevation lower than 3,000 ft. Suckers and rootstalks propagate it. The crop is grown in small fields or on large plantations and matures in 18-36 months.
After several failures, abacá was successfully introduced into the Western Hemisphere in 1925 in Panama, but did not develop into a commercial item. However, with World War II the serious shortages of Manila hemp became a serious threat to the war effort and the United States government financed a project in several Central American countries. Machines for cleaning the leaves were devised and installed, and soon some 26,000 acres were being cultivated that produced 3-million pounds of fiber. At the end of the war the industry was soundly established in Costa Rica.
By the middle of the 20th Century agave fibers were next to cotton in importance in America. By 1952 their value sometimes amounted to over 36 million dollars per year. But due to labor costs and the availability of synthetic alternatives their production declined thereafter. These plants are stemless perennials with basal rosettes of erect fleshy leaves. The leaves contain fibers that are removed either by hand or machine. There are numerous species of local occurrence. They are very drought tolerant and flourish in dry sterile soils. Several kinds of commercial importance are discussed as follows:
Amerindian groups have used this native Mexican species since ancient times. By the mid 20th Century Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula produced most of the crop. The leaves bear spines that make them difficult to handle. The light straw colored fiber is scraped out from the leaf tissue. It is hard, elastic and wiry, measuring 2-5 ft. in length. It was used mainly for binder twine, lariats and durable mats. It is not suited for marine or hoisting cables, as it is heavy and weak. Tablemats constructed from this fiber have a beautiful luster and are resistant to stains. Agave letonae from El Salvador is a related species. Production declined dramatically by the 21st Century.
This is very similar in appearance to henequén but the leaves bear few spines. Native to Mexico and Central America it was cultivated in Hawaii, the East and West Indies and in several parts of Africa. The plant is very drought resistant and will grow where other species fail. Little cultivation is required. The coarse, stiff, light yellow to white fibers are removed, cleaned, dried and packed in bales for shipment. Synthetic fibers also largely replaced sisal by the 21st Century.
In ancient times there were several fibers used in Mexico under the names of Istle, Ixtle or Tampico Fiber. Three species of most importance are Jaumaveistle, Agave funkiana, Tula Istle, A. lecheguilla, and Palma Istle, Samuela carnerosana. Several species of Yucca were also grouped under the category of Istle. The fibers are obtained from immature leaves of wild plants. Although these fibers are shorter than those of sisal and henequén, they are very strong and durable. They were formerly used for brushes and as a cheap substitute for sisal and abacá to make bagging, twine and rope.
Manila Maguey or Cantala, Agave cantala, is a species from Mexico that was introduced into India and Southeastern Asia. It was grown commercially in the Philippines, Java and elsewhere as a substitute for sisal. Mexican Maguey is obtained from different species of Agave and the fibers are valued only locally by the inhabitants of the region in which it grows. It was nevertheless a highly valued plant by Amerindians who used it to make the fermented beverages of Pulque and Mescal.
Leaves of the green aloe, Furcraea gigantea, are the source of Mauritius hemp. The plant is native to tropical America but is grown worldwide, where local inhabitants use its fiber. It has been grown commercially in Mauritius, Madagascar, St. Helena and South Africa, India, Venezuela and Brazil, where it is know as Piteira. The plant resembles an agave but has larger, less rigid leaves and a very long peduncle or flower stalk that can reach of height of 20-40 ft. The fibers are very long, 4-7 ft., and they are white, soft, very flexible and elastic. They are not as strong as sisal and are used either alone or in a mixture for making bags, hammocks, coarse twine and other cordage.
Several other species of Furcraea yield fibers of local importance in tropical America. Included are Fique, Furcraea macrophylla, of Colombia; Cabuya, F. cabuya, of Central America; and Pitre, F. hexapetala, of the West Indies and sometimes called Cuban Hemp.
Also called New Zealand Flax, Phormium tenax is from the leaves of an iris like plant. It is native to wet areas of New Zealand but has been transported throughout the tropics and temperate regions of the world. In North America it serves as an ornamental. The fibers are very long, 3-7 ft. in length, and have a high luster. They are softer and more flexible than abacá and are used mainly for towlines, twine and other forms of cordage and mattings, and sometimes for cloth.
Many species of the genus Sansevieria occur as wild plants in parts of tropical Asia and Africa. These bowstring hemps are herbaceous perennials with basal rosettes of sword like leaves that arise from a creeping rootstalk. The leaves contain a strong white elastic fiber that has been used since ancient times for mats, hammocks, bowstrings and other types of cordage. Wild plants are generally utilized but some species have been cultivated. The fibers are removed by hand or mechanically. Important species include Sansevieria thyrsiflora of tropical Africa, S. roxburghiana of India and S. zeylanica of Sri Lanka. Several species were introduced into North America among which is the Florida Bowstring Hemp, S. longifolia.
This is a term applied to the short, coarse and rough fibers that make up a large part of the husk of coconut fruits, Cocos nucifera. It is the only prominent fiber that is obtained from fruits. Unripe coconuts are soaked in salt water for several months to loosen the fibers. They are then beaten to separate the fibers that are then washed and dried. The product has varied uses. In tropical Asia and Pacific Islands it is the source of Sennit Braid that is used for cables, small cordage and hawsers. Coconut fibers are superior to all others for this purpose because they re very light and elastic and resistant to water. Coir has also been used for brush bristles, doormats, sacks, floor coverings, some textiles, upholstery, and stuffing for the bearings of railroad cars and as a substitute for oakum. Sri Lanka has been the center for commercial production. In Puerto Rico coir was used in horticulture as a substitute for peat.
Pineapple, Ananas comosus, is the source of fibers of great strength and fine qualities. They are shiny white, very durable and flexible and are not harmed by water. When grown for the fiber pineapples are planted closer together and develop longer leaves. The best fibers are gathered from leaves that have not attained their maximum length. Two-year old leaves are usually harvested and the fibers scraped out by hand, which is an expensive process. After drying and combing, the fibers are tied end to end and can be woven. In the Philippines Piña Cloth is one of the most delicate and expensive of fabrics made from these fibers.
Aechmea magdalenae is a plant that resembles pineapple. It is native to the dry alluvial soils from southern Mexico to Ecuador. The long leaves have a fiber of high quality known as Pita Floja or Pita. These fibers are the basis of one of the most ancient and most important native industries in Oaxaca and have also been used in Central America and Colombia. The fibers are 5-8 ft. long, white or light cream colored, lustrous, finer and more flexible than other hard fibers and with a high tensile strength. They are very resistant to salt water so they are used to make fish lines and nets. They are also used for sewing leather.
This fiber is a substitute for jute. It is from Neoglaziovia variegata a bromeliad of the dry, hot arid areas of northeastern Brazil. The leaves yield a soft, flexible, white elastic fiber three times as strong as jute. Caroá is used for rugs, sacks, textiles, cordage, twine and paper.
Brushes, brooms and whisks are made from various vegetable fibers. These fibers need to be strong, stiff and elastic with a high flexibility. Sometimes whole twigs, fine stems or roots are used, or the fibers are secured from leafstalks. Several important brush fibers are as follows:
A few species of palms that grow in tropical America and Africa are the source of brush fibers called commercially Piassava, Piassaba or Bass Fiber. These trees have leaf stalks or leaf sheaths that yield the stiff, coarse, brown or black fibers in making brushes for sweeping large areas such as sidewalks and streets
West African Piassava is obtained from a wine palm, Raphia vinifera that grows in profusion in the tidal bayous and creeks of Liberia and other parts of West Africa. The leafstalks are retted and the bundles beaten. The long fibers are used to make mats and brushes. A wine is fermented from the palm tree sap.
Brazilian Piassava is from two species of palm found in profusion in the lowlands of the Amazon and Orinoco regions. Attalea funifera is the source of Bahia Piassava. The fibers are wiry, stiff and brown and almost like bristles. They are removed from the swollen bases of the leafstalks with an ax. They have been used primarily for street-cleaning machine brushes because the fibers are very durable and retain their resiliency even when wet. Para Piassava fibers are formed on the margins of the leaf petioles of Leopoldinia piassaba. They are used not only for brushes and brooms but also for hats, baskets and ropes.
Some other coarse fibers such as Palmyra and Kittul Fiber are classed as piassava in commerce. Palmyra Fiber is from the Palmyra palm, Borassus flabellifer, of the East Indies. This palm is one of the most useful as all parts of the plant are used for some purpose. The fibers are made into twine, paper, rope and machine brushes. Kittul Fiber is finer, softer and more pliable. It is obtained from the leaf sheaths of the toddy palm, Caryota urens, of Sri Lanka and the East Indies. The black bristles are made into strong ropes or into soft brushes. They also are substitutes for horsehair and oakum.
Cabbage palm, Sabal palmetto, of coastal southeastern North America yields a valuable fiber called Palmetto Fiber. The highest-grade fiber is obtained from young leaf stalks that are still in the bud. Coarser fibers come from mature leaves or the bases of old leaf stalks surrounding the bud. There was one an industry in Florida that processed this fiber for use as a substitute for palmyra in brushes. Palmetto fibers are reddish tan in color and 8-20 in. long. The bud of the palm is edible and the roots contain tannin.
The sorghum, Sorghum vulgare var. technicum, differs from other sorghums by having a panicle with long straight branches. This inflorescence or seed head is the “brush” that is made into brooms. A dwarf variety exists that furnishes fiber for whiskbrooms, while the normal sized variety is used for carpet brooms. Harvest is before the end of flowering season by cutting the stems a few inches below the head. The heads are sorted, threshed and dried. Another species, Spartina spartinae, is a native grass of the southern Coastal Plain from Florida to Mexico that has been used in combination with the sorghum. Brooms often consist of as much as 50 percent Spartina surrounded by broomcorn.
Broomroot or Zacaton, Muhlenbergia macroura, is used to manufacture cheaper brushes. The plant is a grass found from Texas to Central America, especially in the mountainous regions of Mexico. It is a perennial with tufted wiry culms and coarse roots. The roots are the plant part utilized. They are harvested year-round, washed, cleaned and dried. They are then cut from the tops, graded according to quality, length and color and baled for export.
There are relatively few materials that are manufactured for plaited or coarsely woven articles. The raw materials include the rushes, stems of reeds, willows, bamboo, grasses, rattan and leaves and roots. They are used entirely or split. They are woven or twisted together in a simple manner and made into sandals, mats, hats, matting, screens, chair seats, baskets, etc.
In many parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, rice, barley, wheat and rye are grown for the purpose of making braids or straw plaits for hats. The plants are grown close together so that they will have few leaves, and they are harvested before they mature. The stems are split lengthwise before plaiting. The Leghorn Hats and Tuscan Hats of Italy are some of the best of the straw hats.
Panama Hats are made from the leaves of Toquilla, Carludovica palmata, a stem less, palm like plant that grows wild in the forests from southern Mexico to Peru. It has been cultivated in Ecuador and parts of Colombia. The Panama hat industry is concentrated in Ecuador. Young leaves are collected while they are still folded in the bud and treated with hot water. The coarse veins are removed and the plaits are separated and split lengthwise into slender strips that are slowly dried and bleached. They gradually roll inward forming fine cylindrical strands known as Jipijapa. The hats are woven by hand from these strands. About six leaves are necessary to make one hat. The best quality Panama hats are uniform and have a fine texture, are strong, durable and elastic and resistant to water. The Puerto Rican Hats are made from the leaves of the hat palm, Sabal causiarum.
In the Eastern Hemisphere commercial mattings have been made from several rushes, grasses and sedges. Usually the stalks or leaves are used alone, but they may be combined with cotton of hemp. Some of the species utilized are Chinese Mat Grass, Cyperus tegetiformis, and Japanese Mat Rush, Juncus effusus.
The Screw Pines, Pandanus tectorius and P. utilis are important in Southeastern Asia and Oceania for making mats. The leaves of these species are also used for sugar bags, cordage, hats and thatching.
Baskets have been and are continuously being made from an array of plant species worldwide. Roots, stems, leaves and even woody splints have been used. Commercial baskets are usually made from rushes, cereal straw, osiers or willows, and ash or white oak splints. Sweet grass baskets are made from Hierochloe odorata, a common species in lowlands along the coast and Great Lakes. Another important source of basket fiber is the raffia palm, Raffia pedunculata, native to Madagascar. Strips of the lower epidermis of the leaves are the raffia of commerce. The fiber is so soft and silk like that it can be woven. It is especially useful as a tie material for nurseries and gardens.
This includes chair seats, chairs, infant carriages, hampers and other light articles of furniture. Willows, rattan and bamboo are the main plants used.
Rattan is obtained from several species of climbing palms, Calamus spp., that grow in the humid forests of the East Indies and other parts of tropical Asia. The stems of these plants are long, strong, flexible and uniform. They are used either entirely or as splits in Asia for furniture, canes, baskets and other items. A considerable quantity of rattan is exported for making furniture.
Bamboos occur in most tropical areas, but they are especially abundant in the monsoon regions of Eastern Asia. They are the largest of the grasses with woody stems that sometimes reach one foot in diameter and a height of over 10 feet. There are many species in the families Arundinaria, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, Phyllostachys, and other genera. The stems are used for all kinds of construction in areas where these plants grow. Exported bamboo is used in the manufacture of furniture, fishing rods and implements of various kinds. Bamboo splits are made into baskets and brushes.
In the Western Hemisphere bamboos have not been extensively utilized. Guadua angustifolia is a species with very strong culms and has been used in Ecuador to make furniture and in house construction.
Many plant fibers have been used to stuff pillows, cushions, furniture, mattresses, etc. They are also used to caulk the seams of vessels, in the making of staff for buildings, as stiffening for plaster, packing for bulkheads and machine bearings, and for the protection of delicate objects during shipment. Synthetic materials frequently take the place of these long used products, but in some ways they retain some superiority. Surface fibers are commonly used for stuffing because their staples are too short to be spun and thus are not valued in the textile industry. Bast fibers are too costly, and hard fibers are frequently too stiff and coarse. The silk cottons are the most important source for stuffing.
This is the most popular silk cotton and most valuable of all the stuffing substances. Kapok is the floss produced in the pods of the kapok tree, Ceiba pentandra. Originally confined to the American tropics, it is now found worldwide. It is an irregular tree, 50-100 ft. tall, with a buttressed base and weird growth habit. It grows rapidly and begins to bare when only 15 ft. tall. A mature tree can produce more than 600 pods and from 6-10 lbs. of the cottony fibers. Pods are clipped from the branches and opened. The floss is removed and the seeds separated by centrifugal force. The floss is 1/2-1 1/2 in. long and whitish, yellowish or brownish in color. It is very fluffy, light and elastic and is thus an ideal stuffing material for mattresses and pillows. The fibers have a low specific gravity. They are five times more buoyant than cork and are impervious to water. Therefore, kapok is valuable as a filling for life preservers, cushions, portable pontoons, etc. Its low thermal conductivity and its high ability to absorb sound make kapok an excellent material for insulating small refrigerators and for soundproofing rooms. It has also been used for the linings of sleeping bags, gloves for handling dry ice and in the tropics as surgical dressings. Kapok seeds have 45 percent fatty oil that is extracted and used for soap and food.
There are a number of other plants with seed hairs or floss that can be used as a substitute for kapok. The Red Silk Cotton Tree or Simal, Salmalia malabarica, is a very large ornamental tree. It supplies reddish floss known as Indian Kapok that has been important as a stuffing in India for centuries. The White Silk Cotton Tree, Cochlospermum religiosum, yields a fiber of some importance. This handsome tree is native to India but is now widespread in the world tropics. It is also one source of Kadaya Gum.
Madar, Calotropis gigantea, and the related Akund, Calotropis procera, are shrubs native to Southern Asia and Africa that produce a silk of some importance. Although inferior to kapok, this substance is often used in mixtures with kapok.
The Pochotes of Mexico, Ceiba aesculifolia, C. acuminata, etc., yield a silk cotton almost equal to kapok in buoyancy and resiliency. Palo Borracho, Chorisia insignis, and Samohu, Chorisia speciosa, of South America yield large amounts of a glossy, white silk cotton with properties similar to kapok.
<bot183> Pink-flowering Floss Silk Tree [Chorisia speciosa], Concordia, Argentina
All of the milkweeds have silky hairs on their seeds and several species are a source of stuffing materials. Milkweed floss is one of the lightest materials. it is very buoyant and a perfect insulator. It was used during World War II as a substitute for kapok. The pods contain oil and a wax that may have future applications. Some species yield textile fibers. In North America, Asclepias syriaca and A. incarnata produce abundant floss. In the Neotropics, A. curassavica has some value.
There are innumerable plants and fibers that have use as filling materials. Included are cereal straw, cornhusks, Spanish Moss and Crin Végétal.
Spanish Moss, Tillandsia usneoides, is a conspicuous tree epiphyte in Southeastern North America. This is an excellent substitute for horsehair after it is processed. The plant is pulled from the trees with rakes or hooks, or it is collected from the ground or water. It is then fermented in order to rot off the gray outer covering and ginned to remove impurities. The prepared fiber is brown or black, lustrous and very resilient. It has been used in upholstery and for automobile cushions.
Crin Végétal. Chamaerop humilis a dwarf fan palm of Northern Africa and the Mediterranean region in which the leaves have shredded and twisted fibers. These have been used as stuffing material.
Some trees have basts with tough interlacing fibers that can be extracted from the bark in layers or sheets and can then be pounded into rough substitutes for cloth. Tapa Cloth is one of these as it once constituted the main clothing in Polynesia and parts of Eastern Asia. The material is obtained from the bark of the paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera. Strips of bark are peeled from the trunk and the outer coating is scraped away. After soaking in water and cleaning these strips are placed on a hardwood log and pounded with a mallet. Overlapping the edges and beating them together unite the individual strips. The finished product varies according to thickness from muslin like material to one of leather. Tapa cloth is frequently dyed.
Similar bark cloths have been manufactured from different sources since antiquity. In South America the Amerindians used the Tauary, Couratari tauari, and other species of the same genus. In Mozambique the wild fig, Ficus nekbudu, was used as a source of Mutshu Cloth. The Upas Tree, Antiaris toxicaria, of Sri Lanka furnishes a bark cloth. it is also the source of an important poison used with arrows.
Lace Bark is the produce of Lagetta lintearia, a small tree of Jamaica. The inner bark is removed in sheets and can be stretched into a lacelike material with pentagonal meshes. It is suitable as a textile and ornament.
Cuba Bast is from Hibiscus elatus, a small bushy tree of the West Indies. The inner bark is removed in long ribbon-like strips that have been used in millinery and for tying cigars.
The vegetable sponges, Luffa cylindrica and L. acutangula, yield a unique fiber. These are climbing cucumbers of the tropics that bear edible fruits containing a lacy network of stiff curled fibers. This material is extracted by retting in water. After cleaning it is used for making hats, for washing and scouring machinery, in certain types of oil filters and as a substitute for bath sponges. A large amount of this material used to be exported by Japan.
The manufacture of paper requires the use of cellulose present in plant fibers. This subject is discussed under Forest Products
The artificial fibers in use in the textile industry are mostly organic in nature, with synthetic glass fibers being the exception. The organic materials utilized are cellulose, plant and animal proteins, and synthetic resins, such as nylon that is made from soft coal, water and air. The cellulose fibers are discussed under Forest Products, while the protein fibers of only minor importance. Although they have many of the general properties of wool, their low strength when wet is a serious detriment. Soybeans, corn and peanuts are the main plant sources of protein fibers. | [
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] | 11,594 |
Best Poems by
great poets : Some of the greatest famous poems by
your favourite poets . . .
Sing of the Banner at Day-Break. by Walt Whitman
O A NEW song, a free song,
Flapping, flapping, flapping, flapping, by sounds, by voices clearer,
By the wind’s voice and that of the drum,
By the banner’s voice, and child’s voice, and sea’s voice, and
Low on the ground and high in the air,
On the ground where father and child stand,
In the upward air where their eyes turn,
Where the banner at day-break is flapping.
Words! book-words! what are you?
Words no more, for hearken and see,
My song is there in the open air—and I must sing,
With the banner and pennant a-flapping.
I’ll weave the chord and twine in,
Man’s desire and babe’s desire—I’ll twine them in, I’ll put in
I’ll put the bayonet’s flashing point—I’ll let bullets and slugs
(As one carrying a symbol and menace, far into the future,
Crying with trumpet voice, Arouse and beware! Beware and arouse!)
I’ll pour the verse with streams of blood, full of volition, full of joy;
Then loosen, launch forth, to go and compete,
With the banner and pennant a-flapping.
Come up here, bard, bard;
Come up here, soul, soul;
Come up here, dear little child,
To fly in the clouds and winds with me, and play with the measureless light.
Father, what is that in the sky beckoning to me with long finger?
And what does it say to me all the while?
Nothing, my babe, you see in the sky;
And nothing at all to you it says. But look you, my babe,
Look at these dazzling things in the houses, and see you the money-shops opening;
And see you the vehicles preparing to crawl along the streets with goods:
These! ah, these! how valued and toil’d for, these!
How envied by all the earth!
Fresh and rosy red, the sun is mounting high;
On floats the sea in distant blue, careering through its channels;
On floats the wind over the breast of the sea, setting in toward land;
The great steady wind from west and west-by-south,
Floating so buoyant, with milk-white foam on the waters.
But I am not the sea, nor the red sun;
I am not the wind, with girlish laughter;
Not the immense wind which strengthens—not the wind which lashes;
Not the spirit that ever lashes its own body to terror and death;
But I am that which unseen comes and sings, sings, sings,
Which babbles in brooks and scoots in showers on the land,
Which the birds know in the woods, mornings and evenings,
And the shore-sands know, and the hissing wave, and that banner and pennant,
Aloft there flapping and flapping.
O father, it is alive—it is full of people—it has children!
O now it seems to me it is talking to its children!
I hear it—it talks to me—O it is wonderful!
O it stretches—it spreads and runs so fast! O my father,
It is so broad, it covers the whole sky!
Cease, cease, my foolish babe,
What you are saying is sorrowful to me—much it displeases me;
Behold with the rest, again I say—behold not banners and pennants aloft;
But the well-prepared pavements behold—and mark the solid-wall’d houses.
BANNER AND PENNANT.
Speak to the child, O bard, out of Manhattan;
(The war is over—yet never over.... out of it, we are born to real life and
Speak to our children all, or north or south of Manhattan,
Where our factory-engines hum, where our miners delve the ground,
Where our hoarse Niagara rumbles, where our prairie-plows are plowing;
Speak, O bard! point this day, leaving all the rest, to us over all—and yet we know
For what are we, mere strips of cloth, profiting nothing,
Only flapping in the wind?
I hear and see not strips of cloth alone;
I hear again the tramp of armies, I hear the challenging sentry;
I hear the jubilant shouts of millions of men—I hear LIBERTY!
I hear the drums beat, and the trumpets yet blowing;
I myself move abroad, swift-rising, flying then;
I use the wings of the land-bird, and use the wings of the sea-bird, and look down as from
I do not deny the precious results of peace—I see populous cities, with wealth
I see numberless farms—I see the farmers working in their fields or barns;
I see mechanics working—I see buildings everywhere founded, going up, or
I see trains of cars swiftly speeding along railroad tracks, drawn by the locomotives;
I see the stores, depots, of Boston, Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans;
I see far in the west the immense area of grain—I dwell awhile, hovering;
I pass to the lumber forests of the north, and again to the southern plantation, and again
Sweeping the whole, I see the countless profit, the busy gatherings, earned wages;
See the identity formed out of thirty-eight spacious and haughty States (and many more to
See forts on the shores of harbors—see ships sailing in and out;
Then over all, (aye! aye!) my little and lengthen’d pennant, shaped like a sword,
Runs swiftly up, indicating war and defiance—And now the halyards have rais’d
Side of my banner broad and blue—side of my starry banner,
Discarding peace over all the sea and land.
BANNER AND PENNANT.
Yet louder, higher, stronger, bard! yet farther, wider cleave!
No longer let our children deem us riches and peace alone;
We may be terror and carnage, and are so now;
Not now are we any one of these spacious and haughty States, (nor any five, nor ten;)
Nor market nor depot are we, nor money-bank in the city;
But these, and all, and the brown and spreading land, and the mines below, are ours;
And the shores of the sea are ours, and the rivers, great and small;
And the fields they moisten are ours, and the crops and the fruits are ours;
Bays and channels, and ships sailing in and out, are ours—and we over all,
Over the area spread below, the three or four millions of square miles—the capitals,
The forty millions of people—O bard! in life and death supreme,
We, even we, henceforth flaunt out masterful, high up above,
Not for the present alone, for a thousand years, chanting through you,
This song to the soul of one poor little child.
O my father, I like not the houses;
They will never to me be anything—nor do I like money;
But to mount up there I would like, O father dear—that banner I like;
That pennant I would be, and must be.
Child of mine, you fill me with anguish;
To be that pennant would be too fearful;
Little you know what it is this day, and after this day, forever;
It is to gain nothing, but risk and defy everything;
Forward to stand in front of wars—and O, such wars!—what have you to do with
With passions of demons, slaughter, premature death?
Demons and death then I sing;
Put in all, aye all, will I—sword-shaped pennant for war, and banner so broad and
And a pleasure new and extatic, and the prattled yearning of children,
Blent with the sounds of the peaceful land, and the liquid wash of the sea;
And the black ships, fighting on the sea, enveloped in smoke;
And the icy cool of the far, far north, with rustling cedars and pines;
And the whirr of drums, and the sound of soldiers marching, and the hot sun shining south;
And the beech-waves combing over the beach on my eastern shore, and my western shore the
And all between those shores, and my ever running Mississippi, with bends and chutes;
And my Illinois fields, and my Kansas fields, and my fields of Missouri;
The CONTINENT—devoting the whole identity, without reserving an atom,
Pour in! whelm that which asks, which sings, with all, and the yield of all.
BANNER AND PENNANT.
Aye all! for ever, for all!
From sea to sea, north and south, east and west,
(The war is completed, the price is paid, the title is settled beyond recall;)
Fusing and holding, claiming, devouring the whole;
No more with tender lip, nor musical labial sound,
But, out of the night emerging for good, our voice persuasive no more,
Croaking like crows here in the wind.
My limbs, my veins dilate;
The blood of the world has fill’d me full—my theme is clear at last:
—Banner so broad, advancing out of the night, I sing you haughty and resolute;
I burst through where I waited long, too long, deafen’d and blinded;
My sight, my hearing and tongue, are come to me, (a little child taught me;)
I hear from above, O pennant of war, your ironical call and demand;
Insensate! insensate! (yet I at any rate chant you,) O banner!
Not houses of peace indeed are you, nor any nor all their prosperity, (if need be, you
have every one of those houses to destroy them;
You thought not to destroy those valuable houses, standing fast, full of comfort, built
May they stand fast, then? Not an hour, except you, above them and all, stand fast;)
—O banner! not money so precious are you, not farm produce you, nor the material good
Nor excellent stores, nor landed on wharves from the ships;
Not the superb ships, with sail-power or steam-power, fetching and carrying cargoes,
Nor machinery, vehicles, trade, nor revenues,—But you, as henceforth I see you,
Running up out of the night, bringing your cluster of stars, (ever-enlarging stars;)
Divider of day-break you, cutting the air, touch’d by the sun, measuring the sky,
(Passionately seen and yearn’d for by one poor little child,
While others remain busy, or smartly talking, forever teaching thrift, thrift;)
O you up there! O pennant! where you undulate like a snake, hissing so curious,
Out of reach—an idea only—yet furiously fought for, risking bloody
So loved! O you banner leading the day, with stars brought from the night!
Valueless, object of eyes, over all and demanding all—(absolute owner of ALL)—O
I too leave the rest—great as it is, it is nothing—houses, machines are
I see but you, O warlike pennant! O banner so broad, with stripes, I sing you only,
Flapping up there in the wind. | [
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] | 2,618 |
water rice-based systems and wetlands to mangrove and coastal strips used primarily for fishing.
Much irrigation (mainly rice) is practised in the coastal low-lying areas where drainage is often difficult due to lack of slope.
Assessment of the impacts of the tsunami will address the damage by flooding (duration), erosion, scouring, deposition and salinity in these fragile tropical agro-ecosystems.
This will require mapping the aquatic and agro-ecosystems and diagnosing the physical impact of the tsunami (extent, severity and type).
High resolution global irrigation maps show no irrigation in coastal areas in Aceh and North Sumatra, none or almost none in Thailand's affected areas.
This suggests a concentration of likely effects to irrigated rice production in South-Eastern India, West Coast and the middle of Southern Coast of Sri Lanka. Very roughly, the coastline of the affected areas would be 700 to 800 km in Sri Lanka, 2000 km in Aceh, and 2000 km in South-east India.
Areas of intervention
Assessment of the land and water resources and agriculture-related damages
Appraisal and mapping of the different types, extent and severity of damages
Identification and prioritisation of the types of rehabilitation/intervention (short, medium and long term)
Estimates of the costs of the proposed rehabilitation/interventions | [
7050,
11464,
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] | [
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] | 285 |
- Safe chemical and equipment
- Safe and security
- Always available
- Professional uniforms
There are thousands of varieties of cockroaches, but only about thirty of them can comfortably live with humans. The four main species of pests in the United States are the American, German, Asian, and Oriental cockroaches. (These names have little bearing on origin?the American roach was introduced to the United States from Africa as early as 1625). Roaches vary in size from about 1/2" (German), up to 2" (American). Ironically in America, the species that is most common in homes is the German variety.
German roaches prefer warm, moist environments, particularly kitchens, boiler rooms and heating systems in large buildings. They can swim, fly (although they rarely do), climb smooth surfaces (including the ceiling) easily and hide in inaccessible places. They are brown to dark brown in color and can be found all over the world. This species increases in population at a very rapid rate: a single female and her offspring can produce over 30,000 individuals in a year. This is the roach that roach exterminators are most often called on to eliminate. They are resilient and best able to withstand home roach control products.
The American roach is the species that people find most repulsive. It is the largest of these common species and can easily reach two inches in length. We see these roaches crawling over garbage and other waste, skittering out of sight when the light is turned on, interrupting their feeding activities. They access buildings and contaminate food, shed skin, deposit waste and saliva and create an unpleasant odor when enough gather. They prefer dark, moist, warm areas. American cockroaches are found in basements, boiler rooms, and laundry rooms. The adult American roach is reddish brown in appearance with a pale-brown or yellow band behind the head.
Oriental (or Common) Cockroaches
Oriental cockroaches are very dark brown to shiny black in color and roughly an inch to 1 and 1/2 inches in length. They are often thought of as a water bug or black beetle. They have wings but cannot fly. These pests like to live outdoors when the weather is warm, but they move indoors during extremes of heat, cold or drought. They like garbage storage areas, basements and crawl spaces, spaces between the soil and building foundations, the undersides of stoops and sidewalks, landscaping mulches, water meters, basements and their floor drains, and other such moist places. These cockroaches frequently live in floor drains that drain directly outside; these drains are also used as entrances to homes. The Oriental roach prefers starchy food, and builds up populations around garbage cans. They tolerate lower temperature ranges than other roaches and may winter in rock walls or such protected sites. These cockroaches are more sensitive to lack of water than other roaches.
Asian cockroaches are essentially outdoor roaches; their populations are seasonal. They have successfully colonized urban neighborhoods after being introduced into Tampa, Florida. They live outside and gather under fallen leaves and ground cover. They favor shady, moist areas, and swarm under trees. Unlike most roaches, they are attracted to light. Adults fly to lighted windows, doors, yard lights, and parking lot lights at dusk. From these points they often crawl into buildings or fly to indoor room lights. Asian cockroaches begin building up their population in spring, and produce several generations through the summer. They are limited to warm, moist regions and may become a serious problem in areas of the United States Gulf Coast area where temperate climate conditions allow for population increases earlier in the year.
Look at further information we provide about getting rid of roaches, roach extermination, cockroach control, bed bugs, pest control services, termites, common pests, and animal control services, or take a look at our blog for recent news articles about cockroach identification. | [
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] | 818 |
Psychology News and Research Briefs Tag Archive:
Parents of ADHD Children Also Taking Medication
Parents of children prescribed drugs to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are more than nine times likely than other parents to also take the drugs, says a study by Medco Health Solutions. Moreover, if one parent and child in the househo...
Continue reading Parents of ADHD Children Also Taking Medication
Improving Tourette's Symptoms with Parent Management Training
A study by researchers at the Yale University School of Nursing shows that using Parent Management Training (PMT) can reduce the symptoms of children with Tourette's Syndrome and chronic tic disorders.
Continue reading Improving Tourette's Symptoms with Parent Management Training
Study: How Childhood Abuse Impacts Adult Interactions
New York University psychologists have shown that adults may have difficulties meeting someone who reminds them of a parent who emotionally or physically abused them as children. In the study, published in the November issue of Personality and Social Psych...
Continue reading Study: How Childhood Abuse Impacts Adult Interactions
Fathers Vital to Child Language Development in Dual-Income Homes
A new study shows that in families with two working parents, fathers play a greater role in child language development than do mothers. Researchers videotaped couples interacting with their two-year-old children. Returning a year later, they found that whe...
Continue reading Fathers Vital to Child Language Development in Dual-Income Homes
Parenting-Focused Infotainment Helps Real-Life Families
Reality shows where seasoned professionals help clueless parents learn to discipline and care for their unruly offspring may be more than just fluff entertainment. Watching programs promoting good parenting skills and children's behavioral problems can actu...
Continue reading Parenting-Focused Infotainment Helps Real-Life Families
Half of Relationships Suffer After First Child
A study of Australian couples shows that nearly half of couples report a "significant decline" in their relationship after they have children. However, intervention programs that address expectations about being parents and teach communication and conflict ...
Continue reading Half of Relationships Suffer After First Child
Article: Parents' Jobs Stress Children Too
The average American work week has increased ten hours in the last 30 years and with this jump has come more stress at home--for parent and child alike, scientists reported this week at the annual meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association. A study...
Continue reading Article: Parents' Jobs Stress Children Too
Infant Education Helps Depressed Moms
Infants rely on parental interaction for stimulation and healthy development. Unfortunately, that interaction is often interrupted by the post-partum depression which affects about 30 percent of mothers. However, a new Canadian study published in this month...
Continue reading Infant Education Helps Depressed Moms
Study: Family Stability And Behavior Problems In Children
The twists and turns of parental love lives can have drastic effects on the behavior and academic success of children, particularly where divorce is involved. A new study shows just how important a stable family is to child behavior and achievement, even if...
Continue reading Study: Family Stability And Behavior Problems In Children
One Third Of Child Drinkers Get Booze From Parents
Seventeen percent of children have tried alcohol before they finished grade school, shows a study published in this month's Preventative Medicine. By the end of junior high, that number jumps to 41 percent, the longitudinal survey of 3,709 racially diverse ...
Continue reading One Third Of Child Drinkers Get Booze From Parents
PsychBriefs: November 25-December 1, 2007
Our weekly wrap-up of news, interesting research, and noteworthy happenings in the worlds of psychiatry, psychology, and social work.
Continue reading PsychBriefs: November 25-December 1, 2007
How Childhood Relationships Affect Expectations About Motherhood
A study of 160 women in the last trimester of their first pregnancy shows a woman's relationship with her parents during early childhood has a substantial impact on her expectations about motherhood.
Continue reading How Childhood Relationships Affect Expectations About Motherhood
This is an archive page containing articles from Psychology Briefs, the FindCounseling.com Blog. | [
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] | 861 |
Connect me to:
Cuba: Chinese Food and a Festival
Chinese Food in Central and South America
Spring Volume: 2002 Issue: 9(1) page(s): 13, 14, 16, 17, and 20
To understand how Chinese food came to Cuba, a little history is important. Long before Columbus knew anything about Cuba, the native Arawak people had developed a successful civilization. Columbus blundered upon the island in 1492, and by the early 1500's Spain had taken over killing natives and importing Africans as slaves for the sugar cane industry. Spain held firm until 1898 when Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders liberated Cuba. Sadly, the good feelings this engendered between the United States and Cuba soon dissipated. By 1963, things had soured so much that an embargo was imposed.
From 1847 through 1883, one hundred fifty thousand Chinese migrant workers were shipped to Cuban ports to replace freed African slaves and their descendants. The first boatload of Chinese arrived in Havana harbor on June 3, 1847. Immigrants continued to come, from Guangdong, Fujian, Haikou, Macao, and Hong Kong, when it was called Ziang gang. Chinese were brought to Cuba in ships owned by France, Spain, England, North American, Portugal, Holland, Russia, and a handful of other countries. By the 1860's, some thirty thousand Chinese arrived annually. In 1877 immigration peaked at forty thousand men, but had slipped to five thousand by 1970. Only a handful of Chinese move to Cuba these days.
The earliest Chinese immigrants to Cuba lived under worse conditions than the African slaves and thay faced near constant and inhumane exploitation. In another wave, some five thousand Chinese came after attempting to strike it rich in California’s gold rush. Failure to find gold was one reason they left the Pacific Coast. Chinese men had also been victimized by the United States xenophobia; and they were often denounced by Cuba’s first President, Jose Marti. Chinese immigrants were a steady source of cheap labor. They continued entering Cuba through the first decades of the 20th century. They usually settled in urban areas of Cuba and came to be known as hard workers and enterprising traders. Commonly employed at sugar cane plantations, the Chinese men had to either intermarry with African or Creole women, or stay single. Many could not stand the harsh new world and left or committed suicide. Others simply waited it out until their eight-year contracts expired, knowing they could never return to China. Quite a few joined the Cuban liberation movement. They achieved varying ranks in the military and they actively participated in the Cuban War of Emancipation.
During the end of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries, many Chinese workers gained their freedom and began serious cultural resurgence efforts by forming Chinese associations. These associations provided social infrastructure, cemeteries, drug stores, theaters, homes for aged, banks, newspapers, and more. Chinese people had traditionally created associations delineated by their territory of origin, but the associations in Cuba were free to center around other ties, such as economics, arts, sports, political ideas either public or secret, or the need for national representation. Because the immigrants were nearly always male, most marriages that took place were between a Chinese father and Cuban born mother. Most Cubans learned early to spot the phenotypical diversity among Cuban people of Chinese origin.
By 1980, there were more than four thousand Cantonese living in Cuba, but in 2002, there are only three hundred pure-blooded Chinese Cubans, half living in Havana, and most of them elderly. Major associations not in Havana’s Barrio Chino are spread across Cuba in Santa Clara, Camaguey, Crego de Avila, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantanamo. Still, Chinese blood is highly diffused throughout tens of thousands of Cubans, many of whom are called, in a non-derogatory manner, 'Chino' or 'China.'
Chinese culture continues to permeate many aspects of life in Cuba today. Any libertine knows that music is right up there with rum and cigars as Cuba’s finest products, but many are unaware that Cuba’s traditional music groups use three instruments that were first imported by the Chinese: the cornet, the Chinese box, and a drum Cubans call tambares, the same drum used in the traditional Chinese lion dance. In the visual arts, Wilfredo Lam, arguably Cuba’s most famous international artist, is typically Cuban, in that he has a Cuban mother and a Chinese father, with some African blood as well, presumably on his mother’s side. Like many Cubans, Lam is honest about his mixed ancestry.
Early Chinese settlers introduced, cultivated, and helped assimilate into the Cuban diet a number of new vegetables, including pumpkin, cabbage, long green beans, and cucumber. Indeed, in Havana’s marketplace, Mercado Agropecuario Egido on Avenida de Belgica, the only green beans are the very long Chinese variety often called 'snake beans.' Roughly the size of a one hundred fifty seat outdoor café, it is hard to fathom how Cuba’s main food market has no more than fifty foodstuffs.
It seems that while there is an adequate amount of food to feed Cuba’s eleven million people, there is no overabundance of comestibles and severely curtailed selection. The gleam of Havana as a mid-20th century paradise, the world’s hottest nightspot, and a top cruise ship destination for international jet setters, is gone, nothing more than memories and a faded swizzle stick or two. Lobster is now endangered, a result of slaughter for tourist plates or export for hard currency, yet it is still available. We ate a luscious home-cooked Cuban Lobster Enchilada in a deep and delicate tomato and aji cachucha sauce. Sea turtles have already been eaten into near extinction and rare to see on menus although during the 1970's large tour groups were fed turtle steak regularly.
Restaurants, snack bars, and markets alike might have one, two, three or six offerings on a given day. Small signs are posted in racks that can advertise a maximum of eight items. People wait in long lines for things like fresh bread and newspapers, some only to sell it to those who can afford to pay a little extra not to have to wait in line. We did not see anyone starving but neither did we see any food going to waste. It has been a long time since Cubans have enjoyed the full marketplaces they enjoyed when things were flush. There no longer exists the diverse larder of ingredients needed to ignite Cuba’s rich international culinary heritage, and it has been so long that many people would not know nor recall the proper taste of a given dish. It is sad to see Cuba’s superb culinary tradition wither.
Cuba’s countryside remains gorgeous, breathtaking. Each province boasts natural beauties, perhaps none as spectacular as Pinar Del Rio, where royal palms sway mightily in fertile valleys ringed by craggy, weather-beaten mountain ranges. Cuba has many fruit orchards with trees of Chinese origin, like the Chinese orange, of which nineteen types exist in Cuba. The traditional fruit hawker’s cry of 'Naranjas China dulce' (sweet Chinese oranges) is part of the Cuban oral tradition. Nearly all the fruit we ate, however, was less than good. How can guavas (guayaba), mangos, soursop (guanábana), and papaya (called fruta bomba because 'papaya' has become slang for female anatomy) from a tropical clime taste so unsatisfying--is it a lack of proper care or lack of good fertilizer?
There are two types of Chinese gunip trees now common in Cuba, Oleaginous trees like the Chinese Oil Tree, used in industries, and the Lauraceous species like the Chinese Cinnamon tree which is ornamental, aromatic, and medicinal. Also popular are delicate blue Chinese violets, known as Pensamiento Chino or Chinese thought, the traditional Chinese minimalist symbol of meditation and celestial movement.
Information about the history of Chinese in Cuba is not readily available. For example, the Lonely Planet guidebook to Cuba cites nothing Chinese in its index or map, although it does contain some tidbits corroborating the extensive data gleaned from Chinese Presence in Cuba, a fact, map, and graph-laden brochure prepared by Jesus Guanche Perez. The film: 'Ancestors in the Americas: Coolies, Sailors, Settlers,' a film by Loni Ding, and a small green book Los Chinos en Cuba provide more information, as does Mis Imagenes by Mercedes Crespo Villate. This Cuban Chinese lady writes about the Chinese presence in Cuba, her motivations, and the reasons for Chinese immigration. She discusses Cuban reactions to the pobre culis or poor coolies. The book has information on the Cuban War of Independence from Spain, including lists of Chinese participants, as well as copies of documents, photographs, a bibliography, and it has information about Chinese culture in general.
In his informative brochure, Dr. Perez asks: “What are the reasons why we Cuban people assume this millenary heritage as a patrimony for ourselves” and then answers his own question by talking about China’s 'five virtues' of: Kindness, honesty, decorousness, wisdom, and faithfulness. Perhaps things Chinese quickly intimated themselves into Cuban civilization because both peoples share these universal values of human duty.
Cuba, a nation of mixed ancestry, has developed a 'native' cuisine flavored with foods imported from China, Africa, and places in the Caribbean. Africans brought their traditional starch known as fufu. It is made from plantains. In the 19th century, French coffee planters from Haiti brought Congri Orientale with them, a dish of rice cooked with red kidney beans. In Cuba’s vast Oriente region, black beans are substituted for the red kidneys, and the dish is famously renamed Moros y Christianos, a common dish on every Cuban table, every day, and a distant reminder of their colonists.
The two colors in this typical Cuban platter reference the famous war between the White Christian Spaniards and the Black Moors and can be compared to the racial mix of Cuba itself. History and politics in cuisine? We’re definitely in Cuba now. Today, Havana’s Chinatown is concentrated in an area just west of Cuba’s Capitolio Nacional, which is based on the same architectural plans as the U.S. capitol, except larger and grander. The easiest way to find Chinatown is to start at the famous Malecon, the broad ocean-side boulevard that is the last bit of land between Havana and the United States. Turn south at the intersection of Malecon and Avenida Italia, often called by its older name, Avenida Galiano. Walk about ten blocks until you pass a gated park with tall columns painted with Chinese characters and the Spanish words: Barrio China--Playa las Columnas.
The park’s white columns carry inscriptions such as: Lucky, Happiness, Shi Bo Ping Yan (Peace for You), and Sun Yi Shing Long (May Business Prosper Well). On a sunny Saturday in September the gated park was loaded with Cubans whiling away the afternoon around café tables. There was a birthday party where dozens of swankily dressed celebrants danced elegantly to a sixteen-piece son band that played for hours without a break. There is one bottle of soy, and one menu, with a brief history of Chinese in Cuba, shared among some one hundred customers, most of whom were drinking beer, huffing cigars, and snacking on scoops of pitiful fried rice on paper plates or slices of ham flanked by slices of a pickle on the same plates. The summer Havana atmosphere was thick with the feel of a 1953 Buick four-hole Special.
Barrio China de la Habana, alternately called Miramar, Cayo Hueso, and Chinatown, which first began as a neighborhood with residences and trade, then hostelries, and finally restaurants plying international customers, a huge portico inexplicably incised 'Barri Hino' instead of 'Barrio Chino' on Amistad Avenue was the mark of the Western edge of the twelve-square mile Chinese barrio squared in by San Miguel, Estrella and Belascoain.
As far as tourists know, however, Chinatown’s principal, and shortest, street is a few blocks east. Delineated by a small gate and garish red lanterns Calle Cuchillo, angles off of Italia and Zanja, surrounded by San Nicolas, Rayo, and Dragones. Standing out from the rest of Havana like a bright red persimmon amid dusty potatoes, Calle Cuchillo is a true kitsch extravaganza of Chinese dragons, lanterns and silks. In keeping with the Oriental atmosphere, most of Havana’s pet bird merchants operate in Chinatown. On payday, the small shops are flooded with Cubans buying imported umbrellas, hair supplies, toys and other inexpensive plastic items made in China. Daytime, there is a small food market in a curved alley south of there, but even though it’s Chinatown, the offerings are indistinguishable from those at other Cuban markets. On Saturday nights at eight in the evening, one of the associations hosts a Lion Dance, intended more to draw customers than scare away evil spirits.
Here are ten restaurants on the short and narrow artery called Cuchillo, each with its own tout, usually a Cuban in Chinese costume enticing passersby with the basic menu of Chinese food the world over: soup, egg roll, fried rice, and chop suey. There are plenty of traditional Cuban snacks available through tiny windows in and around Chinatown, just like the New York’s Canal Street where hot dog carts circle around the rice and noodle shops to cater to those who are in Chinatown but can not stomach Chinese food.
We learn more about Cuban Chinese culture, and visit the Casa de Arte y Tradicion China at Calle Salucci 313, between Gervasio and Escobar. This big, largely open-air building serves as the center for many Chinese traditional art forms and also is home to the Grupo Promotor Barrio China de la Havana, a kind of Chamber of Commerce for Cuban Chinese. They can direct you to any and all of the current activities in Cuba’s Chinese community and provide excellent maps and brochures highlighting places like Cementerio Chino de la Habana, a very large Chinese-only cemetery in the heart of Havana.
Currently, there are thirteen Chinese associations in Havana, the principal one being Chung Wah. Other large ones are Say Jo Jon Sociedad Wushu Kungfu and Chueng Shan Society. The Long Sai Li Society, which was founded in 1909 for instruction and recreation and is still housed in a restaurant. It is upstairs and hiding behind intricately etched glass doors. There is also a Chinese language newspaper, the Kwong Wah Po Diario Popular.
Lung Sai Li’s Chinese doorman said he had a Cuban mom, a Cantonese dad, and a Spanish grandma. His family’s favorite dish is whole fish steamed with ginger and scallion. Cuban locals invariably say that soups are their favorite Chinese offerings, with Chicken Chop Suey a close second. Fried Rice with black beans and sliced cabbage and chunks of yucca comes in cajitas (hand-cut grey cardboard takeout boxes). These common takeout snacks can be upgraded to a full meal with a fried pork chop and/or greasy gravy made from bits of fried pork. I thought it was Chinese food, since it was being purveyed in Chinatown, but later learned it was the Cuban staple, Moros y Cristianos, which natives know to be best in and around Cuchillo. The black beans are different than the black Chinese fermented soybean, but the two cuisines do share an affinity for hearty beans, white rice, onions, garlic, and other staples that facilitate culinary fusion. Its apparently a solid foundation for the many Cuban-owned Spanish-Chinese restaurants in New York, Miami, and elsewhere.
Intent on tasting standard Chinese Cuban fare, we headed to the Sociedead Regionalista, Chung Shan’s Los Dos Dragones Restaurante y Bar con Comida China Original which is the Chung Shan Regional Society’s Two Dragons Restaurant and Bar with Original Chinese Food. It was upstairs on Calle Dragones no 311 between Rayo and San Nicolas Streets. The grand dining room had seen more glorious days. President Castro had eaten here in mid-century, and there is a prominently displayed photograph of Fidel and compatriots happily chopsticking an authentic looking Chinese spread, complete with Coca Cola.
Two Dragon’s open kitchen was full of a variety of big cast iron pots and pans but there was only a single wok for use by the three Cuban and two Chinese chefs. Every Cuban diner seemed to be eating soup and fried wontons. We worked our waiter hard until he finally relented and allowed us to order a plate of fairly decent bok choy, instead of chop suey vegetables. Tip Pan Chicken turned out to be quite tasty. A giant, flattened, boneless chicken steak, incorporating both breast and thigh was battered and just barely cooked through. To accommodate the steak-loving Cuban palate, the Golden Fried Fillet was kept whole, rather than chopped as is the Chinese tradition. Mixed Ingredient Fried Rice was drier than it looked and overburdened with handfuls of smoked meats, sickly bean sprouts and scallions. Lacking any hint of the flavor of rice it was, to be fair, sustenance.
Costillitas Ahumadas Estilo Oriental or smoked Oriental-style spare ribs were overdone, their smokiness seemed to derive more from repeated re-heatings than from intentional flavoring. The wontons in the soup were the tastiest thing on the table. These delicate noodle packets bore the telltale marks of hand-rolling, but the broth was thin and the other ingredients proved inconsequential. All told, a meal for four cost twenty-one dollars U.S. with the bok choy plate being surprisingly more expensive than the big chicken dish. Both salt and soy are on the tables, as are Italian toothpicks (carezzadente) in a container featuring an image of a Japanese samurai swordsman.
After the sub-par meal, we headed for one of the last macho fortresses, the Partagas Cigar Factory’s private smoking room, where we made the acquaintance of Orlando Quiroga, a gentlemanly septuagenarian who had just published a book, The Art and Mysticism of Habanos (in Cuba, Cuban cigars are called Habanos). While enjoying a Montecristo Number 4, a perfect afternoon cigar, Mr. Quiroga recalled Chinese influences on his life in Cuba. He spoke about the concepts of Yin and Yang and pointed out the best cigar roller in Cuba who is nicknamed Chinita, (little Chinese girl) even though she is a grown and a rather large Filipina woman.
Mr. Quiroga recalled the day when thousands of Chinese flooded the streets of Havana to celebrate Chiang Kai Shek’s victory. He believes that fried rice is not originally Chinese, and knew about the taste differences between white, yellow, and brown-colored fried rice. Quiroga recalled going to see exotic foreign films in the 1950s at the Chinatown theater called Shanghai, which devolved into a pornographic theater before it closed after the Revolution. There was also a Chinese-only movie theater on Zanja Street. There used to be two traditional Chinese herbal medicine shops, one in Chinatown and the other in the Old Havana neighborhood, catering to non-Chinese clientele. Mr. Quiroga discussed the effectiveness of the Chinese metal balls used to relieve stress, the functional qualities of Tiger Balm salve, and said that Cuban hospitals, which offer some of the world’s finest doctors at bargain prices, still use some Chinese methods. He noted how much Cubans love Chinese clothing, antiques, and knick-knacks, as well as ice cream and other Chinese foods. A true epicure, Quiroga’s favorite Chinese dishes are whole fish, and duck in orange sauce. I wish I had asked Quiroga if he’d ever seen Chinese food outside the Barrio, which we did not. Also wonder what he knows about one of the world’s prettiest and fanciest restaurants, Havana’s Café del Oriente. Though they do not serve any thoroughly Chinese foods, this el sittio del gourmet or 'place for gourmets' is worth a visit for the décor alone. The classy and pricey antique wood and stained-glass establishment is located in La Habana Viejo at Oficios 112, at the corner of Amargura, ([email protected]).
Eschew the Westernized offerings at homogenous Chinatown dives like El Pacifico, La Muralla, and Tong Po Lau, a bodeguita or small food shop which specializes in Comida China Sabor y Magia or 'Chinese food, flavor and magic' and features the Masonic logo on its business card. Instead, head for Havana’s only Chinese restaurant with over one hundred dishes. Called Tien Tan, it is on Cuchillo no 17, between Zanja and san Nicolas, and is open 11 to 11 daily ([email protected]). On the walk through the kitchen to the toilet, the one Chinese chef among nine kitchen workers did not respond to Ni Hao Ma the classic 'Hi, how are you' in Chinese. Even though it is the best of the Barrio, Tien Tan seems typically Cuban in its sullen resolve not to live up to its full potential.
In keeping with the public’s wish to be 'transported' to exotic Asia, Tien Tan is full of tacky Chinese décor mixed with photos of local VIPS. Sandalwood incense is sold and the small pass through window from the kitchen to the dining room plays stereotypical 'ching chong' Chinese music until the orders are picked up. Chefs on break eat fresh spinach and rice with chopsticks while most of the patrons are cradling soup with Chinese porcelain spoons and stabbing at fried wontons with forks.
Easily the most authentic Chinese restaurant in Havana, we plunged into Tien Tan’s fresh spinach which, while slightly immature, was earthy and perfectly cooked with fresh garlic. The rice tasted like it had been reheated a second time but the Seafood Meat Soup had broad flavor developed from long cooking. The multi-layered soup was authentic and complex, but unfortunately the ingredients had been overcooked to achieve the heady broth. A plate of Chinese ravioli was homemade, their perfect skin much better than their lifeless filling. Both the Wonton Soup and the Special Chinese Soups (which appear to be the same except the Special soup has egg and black mushroom) were meals in a bowl. The big soups harbored all the flavors of wonton, just without the wrapper. Pig’s kidney with green onion and hot pepper was tasty but very salty. Fried Noodles with Fish were greasy and plain. A mound of Fried Rice with Meat and Scallions was the same dry starch that has somehow insinuated itself into every Cuban Chinese restaurant.
On a second visit, a Chinese chef from Shanghai helped us order. He suggested a thick and fine hot and sour soup, spicy shrimp, and a plate of mixed Chinese vegetables. Loads of small shrimps fought for space with scallions, red and green peppers and decoratively cut carrots and turnip. The dish was very spicy with la chew jow (Chinese hot pepper oil) but suffered from a distinct lack of ginger flavor. The mixed vegetable dish was equally middle-of-the-road, with overcooked bok choy, string beans, bean sprouts, and tasty little wads of spinach. The waitress, typically Cuban in that she was open to discussing her ancestry with strangers, said her mother’s father was from Guangdong; her father’s mother was half-Spanish and half-Japanese but Cuban by birth. So she happily described herself as having a Japanese head, a Chinese body and a Cuban heart.
The menu from Tien Tan, The Temple of Heaven, Restaurant, has a photo of a group of Chinese-Cubans sitting in front of the restaurant, and claims to be "a genuine restaurant of national flavor. There are more than one hundred different dishes cooked the Chinese way with Chinese seasonings. The special dishes are more delicious cooking by Chinese cookers. Please choose and taste. Wish you are satisfied by our service.” The Chinese, Spanish and English menu poetically translate the Spanish word for appetizer, apertivos as 'Whet the appetite.' All of the platos familiars category, or their 'economic dishes,' are soups. The traditional dairy-free Chinese Congee is mislabeled Cremas Chinas in Spanish but called 'Chinese Thick Soup' in English. The most interesting desert is a Canoa China or 'Chinese Canoe' and consists of an oval-shaped flan filled with ice cream and fruits. The bar features a Mai Tai like drink, 'Coctel Tien Tan' as well as imported Qing Dao and local Tinimes beer. Chop sticks are available, but only on request, and there is a charge for rice and tea.
Tien Tan must be Cuba’s only Chinese location listing specialty items such as frog’s legs, fish balls, and lamb. The most interesting category on the menu, which consists mainly of Cantonese and Shanghai dishes with a few royal Beijing options, is the Solo Reservar column of foods available only by 'subscription,' meaning they must be ordered three days in advance. These offerings include Fried Chicken Integrity with Eight Eatables (treasures); Stewed Meat with red color and sweet; Stewed Pigs--their uppermost part of leg with soy sauce; Sauteed Dofu Chilli Sauce or Sea-foods or Meat and Black Mushroom; Savoury and Crispy Duck; Integrity Duck Soup with orange skin and soy sauce; Stewed Red Duck with sweet sauce special; and Stewed Integrity Duck with Eight Eatables.
On December 7, 2001 The New York Times reported delivery of the first of several planned shipments of goods from the nited States to be purchased by Cuba since embargo was imposed nearly forty years ago. The Cuban government paid thirty million dollars for meat and grain, including fifty-five million pounds of corn, in a purchase made possible by a 2000 Congressional legislation exempting food and medicine from the still-active 1963 trade embargo. John Kavulich II, president of the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council, feels this was more of a political than economic purchase, as Cuba could have gotten the same goods for less money and with enhanced delivery from other countries. Since 1963, President Fidel Castro had always insisted that Cuba would not buy 'even a grain of rice' under the stringent terms of the embargo. His country has suffered greatly, blaming the U.S. for shortages in food, milk and medicine. Cuban officials insist that this recent purchase was a one-time emergency measure necessary after this October’s devastating Hurricane Michele destroyed crops and housing. U.S. officials warn agricultural companies that Cuba, which cannot place its famous cigars and rums in the Fifty States, does not have the cash for continued purchases, and feel that the purchase is a sign of Cuba’s severely withered economy. Above all, and contrary to President Bush’s tough stance, Cuba wants the embargo to end.
After the revolution, most upper class Chinese left Cuba for the United States and elsewhere, leaving behind lesser educated Chinese who may be kind and good but do not have modern education or business acumen. Time has marched on, but most things cultural remain mired in pre-1959 torpor. There is no contemporary exchange with China, so Chinese nationals in Cuba are ignorant of China’s current status, and Mainland Chinese thinking is foreign to them. Still, the Cubans have muy respeto los Chineses or much respect for the Chinese. In America, even rich Chinese are somehow considered second-class citizens and poor Chinese are relegated to third or fourth class, but in Cuba even the poor Chinese are considered first class citizens. The utter lack of racism and the ability to talk openly about skin color and race, are two of Cuba’s most endearing characteristics.
Newcomers to New York are incredulous when they hear of Chinese Cuban restaurants, thinking it an improbable combination. No Cuban, however, would have such qualms about two kinds of black beans on one menu. It was only after visiting Cuba that this New Yorker realized that Broadway Cuban-Chinese haunts like La Victoria China were not named after a Chinese gal called Victoria, but rather named in honor of Fidel’s victorious revolution.
There used to be a restaurant on Roosevelt Avenue in Jackson Heights, the world’s most diverse neighborhood, called La Isla (The Island). They served Chinese, Polynesian, Spanish, Dominican, and other national dishes under one roof. I always thought their name referred to the islands from which their various cuisines originated. After visiting Havana, however, it became clear that all of these cuisines had long ago begun to rub shoulders in one of the world’s most diverse countries, Cuba, known to its natives as, quite simply, La Isla.
In a country with next to no economy, thousands of locals line up for inexpensive treats on Sunday nights in an entire park devoted to selling ice cream. Doctors and teachers are the highest paid citizens, earning no more than twenty or thirty US dollars per month. Socialized education and medicine is first rate in Cuba, but most people will never have enough money to visit other parts of the world. Surely, all Cubans have heard about Chinese food, but most have never experienced its taste. Pilo, an affable and highly motivated high school English teacher from San Diego de Los Banos, a village of three thousand known for medicinal baths and tobacco, summed it up best when he said, with great wonderment in his voice, “I never had the pleasure of eating in a Chinese restaurant. I want to but I cannot. I hear they have this amazing thing called Fried Rice.”
Now that you have read this article, perhaps Flavor and Fortune has enticed you to head for Havana. There could be no better time than May 30th through June 3, 2002, for the Festival Des Chinos De Ultramar, known in English as 'The Fifth Festival Chinese Over The Seas.' Registration is not without its costs. Participants need to shell out US$120.00, their companions pay only US$80:00. This includes: free access to all events, welcome cocktail, lunches, receptions and closing, presentation of Chinese arts and traditions, sight seeing around historical, cultural and amusing places, and free access to the Fair. If anyone does go, Flavor and Fortune wants to hear about your experiences there; I do, too.
Flavor and Fortune is a magazine of:|
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40274,
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286,
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13,
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198,
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2013,
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11,
340,
318,
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327,
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645,
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318,
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11,
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11,
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13,
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318,
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11,
309,
2013,
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287,
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11,
309,
2013,
11818,
318,
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286,
6331,
88,
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351,
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286,
1957,
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282,
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318,
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290,
262,
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284,
262,
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2013,
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247,
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11,
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373,
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11,
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317,
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286,
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11,
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2013,
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383,
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286,
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11,
468,
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12,
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2013,
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355,
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2013,
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307,
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247,
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13,
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11,
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286,
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11,
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] | 6,610 |
A thorough critique of the genus in Florida, by Florida firebush expert Roger L. Hammer
Butterflies and hummingbirds are constant reminders of why gardeners who live in southern and coastal Central Florida cultivate our native Firebush (Hamelia patens var. patens). This ever-blooming shrub or small tree (to 15′) seems to always have butterflies around the flowers. Hummingbirds, bees, and wasps frequent the flowers as well. As an added bonus, fruit-eating birds such as mockingbirds, catbirds, and blue-headed vireos savor the small purple fruits, and the leaves serve as larval food for the Pluto Sphinx, a hummingbird-like moth that can be seen visiting the blossoms at dusk, or laying eggs on the leaves.
Florida’s native Firebush has many horticultural attributes, but it is decidedly cold sensitive and can only be cultivated successfully outdoors in USDA Zones 10, 11, and the warmer portions of Zone 9. In Zone 8 northward it will be killed in winter, so it is sometimes grown in those colder regions as an annual. The broadly lanceolate leaves are in whorls of 3-4 (typically 3) and are often tinged with red, especially when grown in full sun. The leaves and young stems are covered with appressed (flattened) hairs. Narrow, tubular, orange-red flowers are in terminal and axillary clusters, each flower ranging from 1/2-1″ long and about 1/8″ wide. The flowers can be yellowish when in bud, turning orange after opening, and then orange-red once they are pollinated – but the dominant color on open flowers is typically red, or orange-red.
Hamelia patens var. patens has the widest natural range of any other species in the genus. It occurs from Marion County in Florida south through the Florida Keys, the West Indies, and Mexico into South America. Its distribution in South America is mostly from Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador to Peru, with isolated populations in Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, and Argentina. It is regarded as one of the most common shrubs in tropical America and is the only member of the genus native to Florida and the Bahamas.
Hamelia is a small genus of 16 species with a mostly tropical American distribution and commemorates French botanist Henri Louis DuHamel de Monceau (1700-1782). The name means “spreading,” alluding to the growth habit.
Sometime in the mid-1980s, a non-native variety of Hamelia patens was introduced into the Florida nursery trade, but, oddly enough, the material came from a botanical garden in Pretoria, South Africa. The plant quickly became popular under the misnomer Hamelia patens ‘African’ or “African Firebush,” and erroneously sold as a Florida native by many nurseries and garden centers throughout the state. Its correct botanical name is Hamelia patens var. glabra, which has a natural range that encompasses extreme southern Mexico through Central America and into northern South America, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. As the name glabra implies, the leaves are glabrous (without hairs) and are whorled in groups of 3-4 (typically 4). The flowers of this variety are mostly yellow with a reddish orange base, often with thin red lines along the outside of the floral tube. By examining the bottom of a leaf through a magnifying lens, small hairs on the veins are visible, but the leaf blade is essentially smooth.
Hamelia patens var. glabra is also sold under the trade name ‘Firefly,’ and this cultivar is advertised as having slightly smaller leaves.
Quite a number of Florida nurseries offer Hamelia patens ‘Compacta’ and there is much confusion involving this cultivar name. Some nurseries offer a variety of Hamelia patens var. patens with a rounded, compact growth form and dark red flowers. All Native LLC offers this form under the trademark name ‘Calusa.’ Other nurseries, both in Florida and on the Internet, offer a compact version of Hamelia patens var. glabra, with its typical orange-based yellow flowers, and refer to it as ‘Compacta’ as well. It is also sold as “Dwarf Firebush,” even though the plant may eventually exceed eight feet in height unless it is pruned. A large number of Florida nurseries also offer Hamelia nodosa as “Dwarf Firebush” but this is nothing more than a botanical synonym of Hamelia patens var. glabra.
Another species that has become popular in the nursery trade is Hamelia cuprea, which is advertised by many Florida nurseries as “Bahama Firebush.” This common name is another misnomer because Hamelia cuprea does not occur in the Bahamas. It is native to Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, and the Cayman Islands. Perhaps “Antillean Firebush” would be a more appropriate common name. This very ornamental small tree (to 20′) has glossy, light green or copper-colored (cuprea means “coppery”) elliptic leaves in whorls of 3, which average 3″ long and 1 1/2″ wide. The bell-shaped yellow flowers are mostly 1-1/4″ long and 3/4″ wide, turning reddish orange with age. The flowers have six thin red longitudinal stripes and six reflexed lobes. Bees frequent the flowers along with occasional hummingbirds and butterflies.
To complicate things even further, Hamelia cuprea hybridizes with Hamelia patens, and the hybrids produce flowers that are intermediate between the two species, resembling Hamelia cuprea in color but are much narrower, measuring about 1-1/4″ long and 1/4″ wide.
At present, no other members of the genus are available commercially in Florida although one Florida nursery currently advertises Hamelia macrantha, but this is likely a misidentification of Hamelia cuprea. However, a quick check on the Internet revealed one other Florida nursery advertising Hamelia macrantha with an accompanying photo of a Hamelia cuprea x Hamelia patens hybrid. True Hamelia macrantha is not known to be in Florida. It is a rainforest species native from Costa Rica south through Panama and Colombia to Ecuador. Its flowers are bell-shaped, wider than Hamelia cuprea, and solid yellow.
Whether or not any of the non-native members of this genus will escape into natural areas in Florida and become a problem for resource managers has yet to be seen. Non-native Hamelia patens var. glabra readily escapes from seed around cultivated specimens and may contaminate the gene pool of Florida’s native Firebush through hybridization, so it appears to be the plant to watch, especially with its increasing popularity as a landscape plant in Florida.
Elias, Thomas. 1976. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden: A Monograph of the Genus Hamelia (RUBIACEAE); 26(4): 81–144. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York
About the author: Roger Hammer, is a Miami-Dade County naturalist, author, and photographer. He served as Senior Interpretive Naturalist for Miami-Dade County Parks & Recreation Department for 33 years and has a statewide reputation for botanical knowledge. Roger discovered two new orchids in Florida, now listed as endangered species, has received numerous awards and is a frequent invited speaker at plant-related events, including having twice been the opening ceremony speaker for the World Orchid Conference. He is the author of three FalconGuide® reference books: Everglades Wildflowers, Florida Keys Wildflowers, Everglades National Park, and folding laminated wildflower identification cards for Southeastern Florida, Southwestern Florida, and Central Florida. His books and plant ID cards are available at all major bookstores.
And take a class on great plants for Zones 10-11 on Tuesday, Oct. 25, 2011 in Fort Myers. Click for details and to register. | [
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] | 1,730 |
Editor’s note: An update from the author has been added to this article on September 20, 2012.
Antarctic sea ice set another record this past week, with the most amount of ice ever recorded on day 256 of the calendar year (September 12 of this leap year). Please, nobody tell the mainstream media or they might have to retract some stories and admit they are misrepresenting scientific data.
National Public Radio (NPR) published an article on its website last month claiming, “Ten years ago, a piece of ice the size of Rhode Island disintegrated and melted in the waters off Antarctica. Two other massive ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula had suffered similar fates a few years before. The events became poster children for the effects of global warming. … There’s no question that unusually warm air triggered the final demise of these huge chunks of ice.”
NPR failed to mention anywhere in its article that Antarctic sea ice has been growing since satellites first began measuring the ice 33 years ago and the sea ice has been above the 33-year average throughout 2012.
Indeed, none of the mainstream media are covering this important story. A Google News search of the terms Antarctic, sea ice and record turns up not a single article on the Antarctic sea ice record. Amusingly, page after page of Google News results for Antarctic sea ice record show links to news articles breathlessly spreading fear and warning of calamity because Arctic sea ice recently set a 33-year low.
Sea ice around one pole is shrinking while sea ice around another pole is growing. This sure sounds like a global warming crisis to me.
Update: To provide more perspective on global warming and Antarctica, I would like to update this column with some additional information:
As meteorologist Anthony Watts explains, new data show ice mass is accumulating on the Antarctic continent as well as in the ocean surrounding Antarctica. The new data contradict an assertion by global warming alarmists that the expanding Antarctic sea ice is coming at the expense of a decline in Antarctic continental ice.
The new data also add context to sensationalist media stories about declining ice in small portions of Antarctica, such as portions of West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula (see here, for example). The mainstream media frequently publish stories focusing on ice loss in these two areas, yet the media stories rarely if ever mention that ice is accumulating over the larger area of East Antarctica and that the continent as a whole is gaining snow and ice mass.
Interestingly, a new NASA study finds Antarctica once supported vegetation similar to that of present-day Iceland.
“The southward movements of rain bands associated with a warmer climate in the high-latitude southern hemisphere made the margins of Antarctica less like a polar desert, and more like present-day Iceland,” a co-author of the NASA study reports. | [
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] | 576 |
At various points along the path toward productive nanosystems for molecular manufacturing it would be useful to be able to calculate the properties and reactions of assemblies of atoms of various sizes. Within the domain of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, such information is supplied by the Schrödinger equation, but this can only be solved analytically for the hydrogen atom and ions with only one electron. For larger atoms and molecules, numerical solutions require compromises between computational feasibility and accuracy. Recent work from researchers at Argonne National Laboratory suggests that machine learning can be an efficient alternative to numerical computations. A hat tip to KurzweilAI.net for pointing to this New Scientist article by Lisa Grossman “Molecules from scratch without the fiendish physics“:
A SUITE of artificial intelligence algorithms may become the ultimate chemistry set. Software can now quickly predict a property of molecules from their theoretical structure. Similar advances should allow chemists to design new molecules on computers instead of by lengthy trial-and-error.
Our physical understanding of the macroscopic world is so good that everything from bridges to aircraft can be designed and tested on a computer. There’s no need to make every possible design to figure out which ones work. Microscopic molecules are a different story. “Basically, we are still doing chemistry like Thomas Edison,” says Anatole von Lilienfeld of Argonne National Laboratory in Lemont, Illinois.
The chief enemy of computer-aided chemical design is the Schrödinger equation. In theory, this mathematical beast can be solved to give the probability that electrons in an atom or molecule will be in certain positions, giving rise to chemical and physical properties.
But because the equation increases in complexity as more electrons and protons are introduced, exact solutions only exist for the simplest systems: the hydrogen atom, composed of one electron and one proton, and the hydrogen molecule, which has two electrons and two protons. …
The researchers developed a machine learning model to calculate the atomisation energy—the energy of all the bonds holding a molecule together and applied it to a database of 7165 small organic molecules of known structure and atomization energy and containing up to seven atoms of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, plus the number of hydrogen atoms necessary to saturate the bonds. These molecules had atomization energies ranging from 800 to 2000 kcal/mol. The model was trained on a subset of 1000 compounds and then used to calculate the energies of the remaining molecules in the database. The results showed a mean error of only 9.9 kcal/mol, comparable to the accuracy of methods based upon the Schrödinger equation, but the computations were done in milliseconds rather than hours. The authors suggest that extensions of their approach might permit rational molecule design or molecular dynamics calculations of systems of atoms undergoing chemical reactions. | [
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] | 584 |
Our main goal is keeping kids safe online while encouraging them to be educated and savvy digital citizens. We realize parents and educators everywhere are concerned about how best to keep their children safe online. Below are some helpful tools to get the conversation started and help both adults and kids better understand the best ways to stay safe and secure online.
Information for Parents to help keep their family safe online.
The nature of evolving technology sees the emergence of new trends and behavior among young people and new efforts by government and industry to combat harmful behaviors. FOSI provides periodic information to keep you informed about these issues.
The Global Resource & Information Directory (GRID) provides information on the state of online safety around the world. On an individual country basis it details online safety initiatives, education and legislation along with a family online safety directory.
FOSI provides a directory detailing point of contact, by country, for the reporting of illegal material found on the Internet.
FOSI provides a compendium of websites covering Internet safety arranged by country. | [
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] | 209 |
By Terry Kovel
Fresh vegetables were part of the diet of the Victorian household during the warm, growing months. But stored root vegetables and home canned food were used on snowy days.
Advertisers knew that imaginary vegetables acting like humans were as popular a fantasy as fairies, elves, brownies, pixies and gnomes. Few color pictures were available. Magazines and newspapers were printed in black and white. But in the 1880s, retail stores advertised with colored trade cards, about 6-inch-by-2-1/2-inch, that were saved and often put in scrapbooks.
There were many different anthropomorphic fruit and vegetable cards. Humanized veggies were pictured not only in the U.S. but also in England, Germany, France and Italy. The comic figures with human bodies often had names, Mr. Prune, The Baldwin Twins (apple heads) or Mr. Pumpkin. And there often was a funny caption, like two strawberry heads asking "What are you doing in my bed?"
The trade cards are not the only place for veggie people. Vegetable people postcards came next, about 1900. Figural salt and pepper shakers, children's books, decorated plates and even small figurines were popular in the early 1900s.
Now that eating fresh food is a national goal, veggie people are being noticed by collectors. And maybe they will encourage the family to eat their fruit and vegetables. Trade cards can be $10 to $25 each, postcards a little less. Many saltshaker sets sell for less than $40.
Q: About 25 years ago, I bought a kitchen table with one leaf and four chairs at a used-furniture store in Connecticut. On one end of the table, there's a label that says "Dinah Cook Furniture" around the image of a black woman wearing a kerchief on her head. Can you tell me when the set was made and who made it?
A: "Dinah Cook Furniture" was a trademark used by the Western Chair Co. of Chicago. The trademark may have been used to appeal to black customers during the great migration of black Americans from the South to Northern cities. If so, the set probably dates from the 1920s or '30s.
Q: I have a 1937 Philadelphia Athletics scorecard that's in mint condition. It's really more like a program, because it's a six-page booklet that's 10 3/4 inches high by 6 5/8 inches wide. The inside of the booklet includes a team photo and roster, a schedule of home games, a list of the pitchers and catchers for all the teams in the American and National leagues, a photo of Chubby Dean with his facsimile autograph, the prices of refreshments and a lot of interesting ads. What is it worth?
A: Reproductions of your scorecard have been made, so the first thing to do is to make sure it's an original. If it's an original, you can try selling it online or to a dealer who sells sports memorabilia. Expect to get about $35-$45 for it. The Philadelphia Athletics, an American League team founded in 1901, became the Kansas City Athletics in 1955, then moved to California in 1968 and became the Oakland Athletics.
Q: I have two small rubber toy motorcycles that belonged to a cousin, born about 1930. One is red with green wheels; the other is green with red wheels. Both have Auburn printed on the rear wheel and a rider who appears to be a policeman. What can you tell me about them?
A: The Auburn Rubber Co. was founded in Auburn, Ind., in 1913. It started out as the Double Fabric Tire Corp., a manufacturer of tires. In the 1920s the company was reorganized and the name changed to the Auburn Rubber Co. Auburn began making rubber toy soldiers in 1935 and eventually became a major producer of rubber toys. Toy soldiers, cars, trucks, airplanes, boats, tractors, building blocks and many other rubber toys were made. The faces and details on the toys were hand painted. The toys were inexpensive and sold in dime stores. Sears, Roebuck catalogs sold a line of Auburn rubber toys under the brand name Happy Time. Toy rubber motorcycles were made in several colors in the 1940s and '50s. Auburn began making vinyl toys in 1954. The company was sold in 1960 and went bankrupt in 1969. Rubber toys can warp or become dry and brittle if they are not stored properly. They should be kept where it is cool. Value of your toy motorcycle, about $25 to $35.
Q: What is the difference between an "antique" and a "collectible"? And what does the word "vintage" mean? I figure you're the expert and can help me understand.
A: Different people, even different experts, define these words differently. Most collectors accept the U.S. Customs Service's 1930 definition of an "antique" as something of value that's 100 or more years old. In 1993 the U.S. Customs Modernization Act added that if the "essential character" of a piece has been changed or more than half of it has been repaired or restored, it's no longer considered an antique. A "collectible" is therefore something of value (to someone) that's less than 100 years old. The term "vintage" is wishy-washy. It's often used to describe clothing your grandmother — or even your mother — wore or furniture in your childhood bedroom. We usually use the word "vintage" to describe something of value that's more than 50 years old and "collectible" to refer to anything under 50. But there are no hard and fast rules.
Q: My two 12-inch ceramic Jim Beam decanters are 1968 election bottles. One is an elephant and the other a donkey. They're both dressed in polka-dot clown costumes. With presidential elections coming up this year, I was wondering if they have any value.
A: The Jim Beam brand of whiskey dates back to the late 1700s. The company started selling special decanters filled with Kentucky Straight Bourbon in 1953. Political bottles, one for each party, were made for the presidential-election years from 1956 to 1988. The bottles were made by Regal China Co. of Chicago. Your 1968 bottles sell today for $10-$25 each. The decanters are not as popular with collectors as they were 30 years ago. The most valuable Beam political decanter is a 1970 elephant bottle made for a Spiro Agnew vice-presidential fundraiser. At one time it was selling for more than $1,000.
Tip: A mirror made from an antique picture frame is worth about half as much as a period mirror in a period frame.
Take advantage of a free listing for your group to announce events or to find antique shows and other events. Go to Kovels.com/calendar to find and plan your antiquing trips.
Terry Kovel answers as many questions as possible through the column. By sending a letter with a question, you give full permission for use in the column or any other Kovel forum. Names, addresses or email addresses will not be published. We cannot guarantee the return of any photograph, but if a stamped envelope is included, we will try. The volume of mail makes personal answers or appraisals impossible. Write to Kovels, (Name of this newspaper), King Features Syndicate, 300 W. 57th St., New York, NY 10019.
Current prices are recorded from antiques shows, flea markets, sales and auctions throughout the United States. Prices vary in different locations because of local economic conditions.
Super Suds detergent box, "Super Suds, Floods o' Suds for Dishes and Duds," blue box and letters on white, Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Co., 1930s, 1 lb. 7 oz., $20.
Carnival glass toothpick holder, Octagon pattern, marigold, curved-in lip, Imperial Glass Co., 2 1/2 inches, $35.
License plate, Illinois, 1947, fiberboard (to save metal for war effort), black, white numbers 1144-114, $50.
Model kit, U.S. Army Patton Tank, Monogram Co., red box, unopened, 1959 $80.
Mortimer Snerd ventriloquist dummy, painted face, crooked mouth and buck teeth, cloth body, vinyl head and hands, pull string moves mouth, Jurn Novelty Co., 1950s, 29 inches, $85.
McCoy jardiniere, Springwood pattern, mint green, white flowers, 6 3/4 x 8 1/2 inches, $125.
Gentleman's smoking jacket, cotton and polyester, red-and-black print, black grosgrain sash belt, collar and cuffs, State O' Maine Co. label, large size, $145.
Sewing bird, brass, cast flowers, leaves and rope edges, c. 1856, 3 1/2 x 2 inches, $155.
Ericsson Bakelite telephone, black, curved mouthpiece, chrome dial, 1950s, 6 x 8 inches, $185.
Thonet bentwood dining chairs, upholstered seats and backs, 1950s, 32 1/2 inches, set of four, $695.
Available now. The best book to own if you want to buy or sell or collect — and if you order now, you'll receive a copy with the author's autograph. The new "Kovels' Antiques & Collectibles Price Guide, 2012," 44th edition, is your most accurate source for current prices. This large-size paperback has more than 2,500 color photographs and 40,000 up-to-date prices for over 775 categories of antiques and collectibles. You'll also find hundreds of factory histories and marks, a report on the record prices of the year, plus helpful sidebars and tips about buying, selling, collecting and preserving your treasures. Available online at Kovelsonlinestore.com; by phone at 800-303-1996; at your bookstore or send $27.95 plus $4.95 postage to Price Book, Box 22900, Beachwood, OH 44122. | [
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] | 2,151 |
BOSTON—According to the American Cancer Society, about one in eight women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. This year, nearly 40,000 women in the United States will die from the disease. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States, after lung cancer. Erica Mayer, MD, M.P.H., is a breast cancer expert at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. She says there are at least five simple ways women can reduce their risk of getting the disease:
1. Get a mammogram
It's recommended women get a mammogram starting at age 40. “Mammography screening does not prevent or cure breast cancer, but it may detect the disease before symptoms occur,” said Dr. Mayer.
2. Eat a healthy diet and keep your weight under control
The American Cancer Society recommends a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fiber. “High-fat diets can lead to being overweight or obese, which is a risk factor for breast cancer,” said Dr. Mayer.
There's growing evidence that physical activity reduces a woman's breast cancer risk. According to one small study, women who engaged in 10 to 19 hours of physical activity per week during their reproductive years or after menopause experienced a 30% reduced risk of developing breast cancer. “Women who exercise regularly appear to be less likely to develop breast cancer. Cancer survivors who are active may have less risk of cancer recurrence compared to those who are more sedentary,” said Dr. Mayer.
4. Limit alcohol
Research has shown having too much alcohol can increase your risk of breast cancer. “The more alcohol you drink, the greater your risk of developing breast cancer. If you choose to drink alcohol — including beer, wine or liquor — limit yourself to no more than one half to one drink a day on average,” adds Dr. Mayer.
5. Determine if you have family history of breast cancer
Twenty to 30 percent of people who develop breast cancer have a family history of the disease. About five to ten-percent of women carry a BRCA1 or 2 mutation, the so called “breast cancer genes.” “For women with a family history of breast cancer, genetic testing can offer information about their personal and family risk of developing breast cancer. And if a woman is found to have a gene mutation, options are available to significantly reduce their risk of cancer,” said Dr. Mayer.
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute is a principal teaching affiliate of the Harvard Medical School and is among the leading cancer research and care centers in the United States. It is a founding member of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, designated a comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute. It provides adult cancer care with Brigham and Women's Hospital as Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and it provides pediatric care with Boston Children's Hospital as Dana-Farber/Children's Hospital Cancer Center. | [
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] | 623 |
August 5, 2008
Taking Play Seriously by Robin Marantz Henig Part VIIII
Koach Karl continues this great article on "Play"…
Bateson, a prominent play scholar who recognizes the quandary posed by equifinality, suggested that play is the best way to reach certain goals. Through play, an individual avoids what he called the lure of ‘‘false endpoints,’’ a problem-solving style more typical of harried adults than of playful youngsters. False endpoints are avoided through play, Bateson wrote, because players are having so much fun that they keep noodling away at a problem and might well arrive at something better than the first, good-enough solution.
But maybe the flexibility hypothesis is itself a false endpoint. Maybe the idea that play is the best route to a whole host of good results — creativity, social agility, overall mental suppleness — is just the first idea scientists landed on, and they were inclined to accept it because it fit so well with their innate ideas about the nature of childhood. This is the view of a small group of play scholars we’ll call the play skeptics. What worries the play skeptics is that most people in the industrialized West — scientists in the field, play advocates and all the rest of us, parents, teachers, doctors, scholars, all the children and all the aging children — have been ensnared by what skeptics call the ‘‘play ethos.’’ By this they mean the reflexive, unexamined belief that play is an unmitigated good with a crucial, though vaguely defined, evolutionary function.
‘‘Play ethos’’ comes from Peter Smith, a psychology professor at the University of London and a leading authority on play’s effect on children’s emotional development. He uses it as a cautionary term, a reminder that most conclusions about play’s adaptive function have so far been based not on scientific evidence but on wishful thinking.
In one of his early experiments, Smith and his colleagues put 3- and 4-year-olds in two different play settings. In one group the children were allowed to play, in whatever way they felt like, with several wooden sticks. In the other group they were shown by an adult ‘‘play tutor’’ how to fit two sticks together to make a longer one. Then the children were given two tasks. First they had to retrieve a marble by connecting two sticks. Both groups performed this task, which Smith called ‘‘direct’’ problem solving, about equally well. Then they had to retrieve a marble that had been pushed farther away, so they could reach it only by connecting three sticks, not just two — what Smith called ‘‘innovative’’ problem solving. The children who had played with the sticks performed this task significantly better than the ones who had been shown how to join together only two sticks.
‘‘At this point I was happy,’’ Smith recalled years later, writing in ‘‘The Future of Play Theory.’’ His findings were taken as evidence that spontaneous free play led to more creative thinking. But then he started to wonder whether he himself had fallen victim to the play ethos.
Check back next week for a continuation of this article on "Play" | [
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] | 699 |
Throughout life there are many times when outside influences change or influence decision-making. The young child has inner motivation to learn and explore, but as he matures, finds outside sources to be a motivating force for development, as well. Along with being a beneficial influence, there are moments when peer pressure can overwhelm a child and lead him down a challenging path. And, peer pressure is a real thing – it is not only observable, but changes the way the brain behaves.
As a young adult, observational learning plays a part in development through observing and then doing. A child sees another child playing a game in a certain way and having success, so the observing child tries the same behavior. Albert Bandura was a leading researcher in this area. His famous bobo doll studies found that the young child is greatly influenced by observing other’s actions. When a child sees something that catches his attention, he retains the information, attempts to reproduce it, and then feels motivated to continue the behavior if it is met with success.
Observational learning and peer pressure are two different things – one being the observing of behaviors and then the child attempting to reproduce them based on a child’s own free will. Peer pressure is the act of one child coercing another to follow suit. Often the behavior being pressured is questionable or taboo, such as smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol.
Peer Pressure and the Brain
Recent studies find that peer pressure influences the way our brains behave, which leads to better understanding about the impact of peer pressure and the developing child. According to studies from Temple University, peer pressure has an effect on brain signals involved in risk and reward department, especially when the teen’s friends are around. Compared to adults in the study, teenagers were much more likely to take risks they would not normally take on their own when with friends. Brain signals were more activated in the reward center of the brain, firing greatest during at risk behaviors.
Peer pressure can be difficult for young adults to deal with, and learning ways to say “no” or avoid pressure-filled situations can become overwhelming. Resisting peer pressure is not just about saying “no,” but how the brain functions. Children that have stronger connections among regions in their frontal lobes, along with other areas of the brain, are better equipped to resist peer pressure. During adolescence, the frontal lobes of the brain develop rapidly, causing axioms in the region to have a coating of fatty myelin, which insulates them and causes the frontal lobes to more effectively communicate with other brain regions. This helps the young adult to develop judgment and self-control needed to resist peer pressure.
Along with the frontal lobes contributing to the brain and peer pressure, other studies find that the prefrontal cortex plays a role in how teens respond to peer pressure. Just as with the previous study, children that were not exposed to peer pressure had greater connectivity within the brain as well as abilities to resist peer pressure.
Working through Peer Pressure
The teenage years are exciting years. The young adult is often going through physical changes due to puberty, adjusting to new friends and educational environments, and learning how to make decisions for themselves. Adults can offer a helping and supportive hand to young adults when dealing with peer pressure by considering the following:
Separation: Understanding that this is a time for the child to separate and learn how to be his own individual is important. It is hard to let go and allow the child to make mistakes for himself, especially when you want to offer input or change plans and actions, but allowing the child to go down his own path is important. As an adult, offering a helping hand if things go awry and being there to offer support is beneficial.
Talk it Out: As an adult, take a firm stand on rules and regulations with your child. Although you cannot control whom your child selects as friends, you can take a stand on your control of your child. Setting specific goals, rules, and limits encourages respect and trust, which must be earned in response. Do not be afraid to start talking with your child early about ways to resist peer pressure. Focus on how it will build your child’s confidence when he learns to say “no” at the right time and reassure him that it can be accomplished without feeling guilty or losing self-confidence.
Stay Involved: Keep family dinner as a priority, make time each week for a family meeting or game time, and plan family outings and vacations regularly. Spending quality time with kids models positive behavior and offers lots of opportunities for discussions about what is happening at school and with friends.
If at any time there are concerns a child is becoming involved in questionable behavior due to peer pressure, ask for help. Understand that involving others in helping a child cope with peer pressure, such as a family doctor, youth advisor, or other trusted friend, does not mean that the adult is not equipped to properly help the child, but that including others in assisting a child, that may be on the brink of heading down the wrong path, is beneficial.
By Sarah Lipoff. Sarah is an art educator and parent. Visit Sarah’s website here.
Read More → | [
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Register New Player
Welcome to our world of fun trivia quizzes and quiz games:
Hard Drive Basics
"The hard drive is a critical component in a computer system. This is a quiz on some hard drive trivia. Good luck and enjoy!"
15 Points Per Correct Answer - No time limit
The first hard disks, created in the 1950s, could be up to 20 inches in diameter. Which company invented the hard disk?
When purchasing a hard disk which of these is generally NOT a specification that would be of concern?
Inside the hard disk drive, where is the data actually stored?
When a user formats a disk, they are generally performing a high-level format which prepares the drive to hold data. When a low-level format is performed, how does it divide the platter?
read and write
bits and bytes
sectors and tracks
kilobytes and megabytes
Which of these is disk interfaces was the precursor to SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)?
Hard drive failure rates are measured with MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures). Which of these failures would be reason to replace your current hard disk?
can't read CDs
An external hard disk is often purchased by the home computer user for backups of the main hard disk (generally installed internally to the computer case). Which of these interfaces is commonly used for this purpose?
Which of these refers to the hard drive circuit board?
During the life of a disk, is it true that defragmentation of the file system can significantly improve performance?
Which of these is NOT known as one of the world's hard disk manufacturers?
Copyright, FunTrivia.com. All Rights Reserved.
Legal / Conditions of Use
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] | 359 |
Prescribed Fires Burn Hazardous Fuels at Supawna Meadows Grasslands
Supawna Meadows National Wildlife Refuge staff recently used prescribed fire to control hazardous fuels and reduce the chances of wildfire on refuge land.
Fire control officers burned two areas on the refuge February 19th. Refuge managers targeted one burn area because it was covered mostly by phragmites, a tall, reed-like non-native plant that has invaded marshlands and become a fire hazard. The burn will improve wildlife habitat by returning nutrients to the soil as well as open the marsh to native vegetation.
The project was supported by employees and equipment from the New Jersey Forest Fire Service, five national wildlife refuges, the Northeast Region's Zone Fire Program and the Service's New Jersey field office. Fish and Wildlife Service staff came from Blackwater, Supawna Meadows, Great Swamp, Wallkill, and Cape May refuges to work on the project.
back to headlines
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] | 200 |
A description of the North Riding of Yorkshire
from Bulmer's Gazetteer (1890)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF NORTH YORKSHIRE.
Yorkshire is the largest of our English counties, and in commercial enterprise,
mineral resources, and population, one of the most important in the kingdom.
It is situated about the centre of the island of Great Britain, with natural and
well-defined boundaries of mountains, rivers, and sea, as will be seen from the
map which accompanies this volume. Measured between its most extreme
points, Caldron Snout, on the borders of Westmoreland, and Spurn Head, at the
mouth of the Humber, its length is a little short of 130 miles; but its average
length from north to south is about 80 miles; and from east to west about 90.
The circuit of the county is about 460 miles, comprising within it an area which
exceeds the united areas of Lincolnshire and Devonshire - the two counties which
most nearly approach it in size - by upwards of 600 square miles.
The difficulty of administering the law over so wide a district necessitated,
at an early period, the division of the shire into three parts, called Trithings or
thirds, corrupted in later times into Ridings, and named, from situations,
their North, East, and West Ridings. Each Riding has a separate Lieutenancy,
Magistracy, Clerk of the Peace, Treasurer, and other public officers and courts;
but all of them are amenable to the superior courts held for the whole shire at
York Castle, within the bounds of the city of York, which is also a county of
itself. Under the Local Government Act of 1888, each riding is a separate
administrative county for all purposes of the Act. The extent, population, &c.,
of each of these divisions, as given in the Census Returns of 1881, are as
Acres. Persons. Males. Females. Inhabited Increase of population
Houses. between 1871 and 1881.
North Riding 1,361,664 346,147 174,674 171,473 68,954 52,869
East Riding 750,828 310,830 154,986 155,894 64,722 42,864
York City 1,979 54,198 25,787 28,411 11,582 10,402
West Riding 1,768,380 2,175,134 1,063,319 1,111,815 450,280 344,319
Yorkshire 3,882,851 2,886,309 1,418,716 1,467,593 595,488 449,954
The North Riding, which more immediately concerns us in the present volume,
occupies the northern portion of the county, extending from the river Tees, which
separates it from Durham, almost to the walls of York, and from the borders of
Westmoreland to the shore of the German Ocean. A glance at the map will
show that this Riding, in common with the rest of the county, embraces three
distinctly marked natural districts, each possessing its own characteristic scenery
and vegetation and distinctive geological strata. On the west is a broad band of
mountains and moorlands; on the eastern side is another belt of hills and
moorlands; and between these lies the Plain of York, extending from the river Tees to
southern confines of the county.
The Western Moorlands
The Western Moorlands form part of the Pennine Chain, otherwise known
as the Backbone of England, which extends from the Cheviots to the Peak in
Derbyshire, and forms the western boundary of Yorkshire. In this range and its
offshoots occur some of the highest summits in England, but these lie north of
Yorkshire. The chain enters the county with a diminished elevation, but even
here many of its peaks rise to a height exceeding 2,000 feet. Mickle Fell, in the
north-western corner of the riding, overtops 2,500 feet; a little further south is
Nine Standards, 2,008 feet, Great Shunnor Fell, 2,346 feet, Stags Fell, 2,213 feet,
Lunds Fell, 2,186 feet, Dodd Fell, 2,189 feet, and Buckden Pike, 2,304 feet, all
within the North Riding. From this axial line branch off numerous spurs,
separated from each other by deep winding valleys, which open out in the great
plain or vale of York. Among these hills and dales is to be found some of the
wildest and most romantic scenery in England, possessing a beauty peculiarly its
own, which differs most markedly from that of the hills on the eastern side.
This characteristic beauty arises from the different geological formation of the
two ranges. These western hills are composed chiefly of hard millstone grit and
Yoredale rocks, through which breaks, in Wensleydale and other places, the
carboniferous limestone, forming bold and picturesque scars. This latter supports
a sweet green herbage, short it may be in the higher parts of the hills, but
affording a marked contrast to the brown heath of the gritstone moors, which
constitute a large portion of this western band. The scenery in these western
moors is often wild and weird, but the deep narrow valleys of the Tees, Swale,
and Ure, with their numerous rills and waterfalls, present scenes full of
picturesque and varied beauty scarcely surpassed by any in the north of England.
Eastern side of the Riding
On the eastern side of the Riding is another belt of hills and moors,
belonging to the Oolitic and Lias formations. This is known by the general name of
North York Moors. There is no well defined axial line as on the west side, nor
do any of the summits attain so great an elevation. In the north of this Oolitic
plateau are the Cleveland Hills, which have become famous in recent years
through the discovery of immense deposits of iron ore. The most remarkable
eminence in the group is Roseberry Topping, which rises like a sugar loaf to the
height of 1,022 feet. On the west the escarpment of the plateau is formed by
the Hambleton Hills (1,289 feet), which look down from their bleak precipitous
cliffs on the fertile Vale of Mowbray. The land on the top is generally level, and
has long been a well known training ground for race-horses. The higher grounds
command extensive and varied prospects, extending westward over the Vale of
York as far as the hills of Craven and Wensleydale, and southward to York's
noble minster. A little to the south of Hambleton a range of highlands, called
the Howardian Hills, forms the fringe of this Oolitic plateau, but none of its
summits reach a thousand feet. From its foot stretches the lake-like hollow of
Pickering Vale, supposed to have been in pre-historic times either a river course
or a lake opening to the sea.
The scenery of these eastern moors is generally of a dreary unattractive
character, but in some of the river valleys, especially in Eskdale, Ryedale, and
the valley traversed by the Whitby and Pickering Railway, there are many highly
picturesque and beautiful prospects.
Between these two belts of moorland lies the great Central Plain, or Vale of
York, described by Chevalier Bunsen in somewhat extravagant language as "the
most beautiful and romantic vale in the world, the Vale of Normandy excepted."
In geological sequence this level band rests on the Triassic or New Red Sandstone
series, and to these softer strata the plain owes its fertile soil and external
configuration. Throughout its whole length from the Tees to the Don there is
scarcely an eminence that reaches 200 feet. A portion of this great level,
stretching from the base of the Hambleton Hills past the town of Thirsk and the river
Codbeck, is distinctively known as the Vale of Mowbray, from the great Norman
barons that formerly owned it.
Scan, OCR and html by Colin Hinson. Checking and correction by Peter Nelson.
This page is copyright. Do not copy any part of this page or website other than for personal
use or as given in the conditions of use.
Web-page generated by "DB2html" data-base extraction software ©CRH 2006
If you find an error (small or large) in the text or a bad link, please drop me a line via
my error reporting form.
[Last updated at 16.12 on Sunday, 29 May 2011, by Colin Hinson. ©2011] | [
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] | 1,903 |
On the 28th of June, 1993 Katyusha rockets launched by Hizballah caused injuries and damage in Kiryat Shmonah. On 8-9 July, attacks by Ahmad Jibril's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Council Command (PFLP-GC) and Hizballah caused the deaths of 5 IDF soldiers in the security zone. These events led the Israeli government and IDF to seek a retaliatory operation.
After assessing that a major ground incursion would lead to significant Israeli casualties, an artillery and aerial bombardment plan was adopted with the aim of eradicating the threat posed by Hizballah and Palestinian guerillas. Its secondary goal was to disrupt civilian life and force the population to flee north with the intention of turning civilians against the Hizballah, forcing the Lebanese and Syrian governments into taking steps to curb Hizballah activities.
Between the 25th-31st of July Israel implemented "Operation Accountability", targeting Shi'ite towns and villages of south Lebanon in the heaviest attack since 1982. A cease-fire understanding was eventually brokered by the US, ending the week-long Israeli campaign in Lebanon. An oral agreement was reached whereby Israel agreed to refrain from attacking civilian targets in Lebanon while the Hizballah pledged to stop firing rockets into northern Israel. The agreement only temporarily reduced the intensity of violence. A mutual offensive continued in the subsequent months and years until the IDF was forced to launch another major offensive in April 1996.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list| | [
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] | 314 |
Data storage and management software is used to help manage the tasks associated with maintaining and accessing data stored in data files.
Backup and Recovery Software (35 suppliers)
Backup software and recovery software creates copies of files, databases, disks, drives, or entire computer systems to avoid the permanent loss of data. These applications also enable the retrieval of data from damaged files, storage devices, or file systems.
Learn more about Backup and Recovery Software
Data Storage Management Software (493 suppliers)
Data storage management software is designed for database management, data backup and recovery, and other data management functions.
Learn more about Data Storage Management Software
Data Warehousing Software (39 suppliers)
Data warehousing software is used to design, build, manage, implement, and improve data warehouses, repositories of electronically-stored data.
Learn more about Data Warehousing Software
Storage Resource and Replication Software (16 suppliers)
Storage resource and storage replication software is used to monitor the efficiency and speed at which available drive space is utilized in a storage area network (SAN).
Learn more about Storage Resource and Replication Software | [
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] | [
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] | 227 |
by Doug Mazeffa
Saturday, February 18, 2012
So 2012 is the year for a new car! Or you just love seeing what the car companies are up to. Either way, you're in the right place. Along with safety, fabulous styling and, of course, price, a car's impact on the environment is something most people care about. Since our choice of transportation is second only to our home's energy use in terms of carbon dioxide emissions (which cause that nasty global warming thing) a new car is a great way to cut your footprint if you have to drive (and driving less is the number one best way to cut the carbon).
But every car company tells you theirs is the greenest model EVER! (Likely story.) So how are you supposed to know what's what?
Maybe you've already consulted Greenopia’s Automaker Guide, which breaks it down in terms of which car companies do the best job overall for the planet.
But with the Green Car Guide, we've gotten down to nitty-gritty, looking at the most efficient vehicles that meet our minimum criteria and selecting the best of the best (the good news is that they come in all kinds of price points and styles). Take a look.
How We Did It:
We have collected data for all of the vehicles readily available in the US and applied our own criteria and then did a bunch of math in order to determine which vehicles are the greenest:
-fuel efficiency (simply how many miles to the gallon the vehicle gets).
-which cars were the cleanest burning in both greenhouse gas and smog forming pollutant emissions (we consulted the EPA’s SmartWay vehicle emissions database)
-the automaker’s environmental record. We weighted whether they have a green fleet or if they use some green materials in the production of their cars.
There are numerous hybrids on the market that are not as green as the automakers would lead you to believe. Just being a hybrid does not mean a green vehicle. In fact, coming out of the gate, the hybrid has a larger environmental production burden associated with it (largely because of its battery). The hybrid only becomes greener once it is driven, where it makes up ground with superior mileage and emissions. Toyota estimates that it takes about 12,000 miles before a hybrid and a similar traditional engine car ‘break even’ environmentally (the hybrid is greener from that point on). But, as you can imagine, this breakeven point won’t take place if the hybrid doesn’t get great mileage or if it doesn’t burn cleanly.
Two pleasant surprises were the performances of Audi and Mazda. Both did relatively well in our automaker guide, but they both had a statistically large number of cars that met at least our minimum criteria.
Greenest Cars on the Market:
-Honda Civic Hybrid
-Jetta Clean Diesel
All 3 had incredibly high gas mileage and burned cleanly to boot.
We hope you find this guide useful and recommend it to anyone who is shopping for a new car. Here at Greenopia we are always trying to bring you high quality content that is useful for you to eat, shop, and live green.
Are there ratings you would like to see on our site? (Or just say Hi!) Contact us here.
Photo of Jetta Clean Diesel by Flickr user MeganPru. | [
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] | 705 |
Alfred Music Publishing, in collaboration with Guitars in the Classroom (GITC), proudly presents The Green Songbook uniting environmental education or "eco-sustainability" with K-12 education across the curriculum. The book is authored by Jessica Baron, creator of the popular SmartStart Guitar series, author of Your Musical Child: Inspiring Kids to Play and Sing for Keeps. Jessica is also the founder and executive director of the nationally operating non-profit Guitars in the Classroom.
This is her seventh publication.
The Green Songbook presents popular and fun, inspirational songs about the environment that promote healthy lifestyles and eco-aware choices. Participating songwriters and artists include Jack Johnson, Ziggy Marley, Pete Seeger, Joni Mitchell, the Banana Slug String Band, Tom Chapin, and many others. To view the table of contents and find songs you'll want to play, please click the "Contents" link above!
Each chapter in The Green Songbook focuses on an important aspect of greening our planet and our lives- supporting us in our efforts to learn about and bring about real eco-sustainability. The language is child friendly without being simplistic, as these writers have great regard for young people and recognize that the future rests in their hands as well as our own.
These chapter introductions have been written for you by eco-experts and advocates. Starting in Chapter 2, they give you links and recommendations for their hands-down favorite resources and environmental organizations! Just click on each chapter above to see the links and get a feeling for what that chapter has to offer. You'll see a photo of the author and an excerpt from their writings plus a link to following their work and writing, where possible. Andrew Revkin writes for the New York Times online at http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/ so he is easy to follow but Caprice Potter lives in a school life-lab garden 10 months of the year so you'll have to visit her in Santa Cruz, California at Gateway School to see what she's up to. She'll be glad to meet you!
Singer-songwriter Jack Johnson has provided support through his foundation for teacher training with The Green Songbook. His nonprofit organization, the Johnson Ohana Charitable Foundation, established and supported through the profits of his touring act, funds projects in education, music and arts, and eco-sustainability. Jack's partner in love and life is Kim Johnson, and the two of them really are the First Couple of Caring for Mother Earth. Kim as an eco-advocate and parent takes sustainability to heart. She and the staff of the Kokua Hawai'i Foundation sent us additional resources after the book had gone to print. You'll find their helpful additions in the Additional Links section of select chapters.
Every copy of The Green Songbook is printed on 100% recycled paper, continuing Alfred | [
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] | 598 |
With global climate change and rapid urbanization process, rainstorm flood disaster has become major issues and severe challenges faced by human society and economic development. Vulnerability assessment is important basic content of risk assessment, which is a hot point researchof international disaster prevention and mitigation. The authors utilizeda revised SCS model to calculate heavy rain runoff by DEM and the depth of flood inundation for different return periods. Based on six returnperiods o f 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years, we select Pudong NewArea as case study and apply GIS and remote sensing technology to carry out hazards analysis and vulnerability analysis in th is paper. Base on the grid, we reclassify and draw up the inundation depth maps for different return periods. The data on disaster loss rate of mainstorm inundation in study area was survived and the vulnerability classification for study area was carried out. The obtained results give a reference to assessment of regional disaster and planning of disaster prevention and reduction.
Access Information (e.g. URL, sources, accessibility description, etc.):
JOURNAL OF NATURAL DISASTERS, VOL. 20, NO. 2 APR 2011 | [
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] | 240 |
Assessing the Impact of a Right to Sanitation on Improving Levels of Access and Quality of Services: Executive Summary
Size: 6 pages (339 kB)
Does formal recognition of a right to sanitation (RTS) increase levels of availability and access to quality, affordable and adaptable sanitation services? This study finds that progress towards these goals seems to be faster in countries that have recognised an RTS. It is highly probable that sanitation services in countries seeking to fulfil an RTS will be more equitable and inclusive than elsewhere. However, attributing successes to a rights approach will require better monitoring and evaluation that includes rights-sensitive indicators. A further finding is that what makes formal recognition meaningful is a participatory approach to working to fulfil rights: citizen-state engagement is crucial.
Internationally accepted rights standards require sanitation to be available, accessible and affordable, of acceptable quality and adaptable. When these rights standards are fulfilled, sanitation services will be fully inclusive and equitable, and will be more likely to be sustainable.
There are trade-offs between reaching the largest number of people (working at scale), and making sure services are inclusive (working towards full scale). Front-loaded, heavy investment is required to work for equitable and inclusive sanitation for all people, including the poorest and most marginalised. However, the economic, social and political benefits of equity approach are beginning to be demonstrated. Other findings include the following:
Formal recognition of an RTS can be an important accelerator if it is combined with political drivers that build an enabling environment and support inclusive implementation. Strong legal and regulatory structures and systems are also needed. These include laws and bye-laws, at all levels, on both technical and social issues (such as inclusion and participation), and systems of redress. Further recommendations include the following:
DFID, 2011, 'Assessing the Impact of a Right to Sanitation on Improving Levels of Access and Quality of Services: Executive Summary', DFID in association with Coffey International Development, London
Organisation: Department for International Development (DFID), http://www.dfid.gov.uk | [
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] | 428 |
The European Union's Emissions Trading System (ETS) is the world's biggest scheme for trading greenhouse gas emissions allowances. Launched in 2005, it covers some 11,000 power stations and industrial plants in 30 countries, whose carbon emissions make up almost 50% of Europe's total.
A cap on the total emissions allowed within the scheme is set, and allowances adding up to the cap are provided to the companies regulated by the scheme. The companies are required to measure and report their carbon emissions and to hand in one allowance for each tonne they release. Companies can trade their allowances, providing an incentive for them to reduce their emissions.
The current cap is set to fall by 1.74% annually to achieve a target of reducing emissions in 2020 to 21% below their level in 2005. In June 2011 the price of an allowance was around €16. The trade in permits is worth around $150bn annually, dwarfing other emissions trading schemes (the Clean Development Mechanism market established by the UN is valued at $1.5bn annually).
In a basic sense the ETS has worked. It has set a cap on half of Europe's carbon emissions, which were previously unregulated, and the companies covered by the scheme are no longer free to pollute. Carbon has a price and this influences the economics of burning fossil fuels.
For example, burning coal creates more carbon pollution than burning gas, so coal plant operators need more permits. The higher the price of the permits, the more expensive it is to use coal rather than gas. Power companies choosing how to generate electricity therefore have an extra cost associated with the more polluting options, so they'll choose gas over coal more of the time.
Putting precise numbers on how far the ETS has worked in practice is difficult, as it means estimating what the level of pollution would have been if the ETS was not in place. It is likely, however, that in its first few years, the scheme was responsible for turning an anticipated increase in emissions into a decline of 2.5-5%. One in-depth study analysed background emissions, economic trends and weather patterns, and concluded that between 2005 and 2007 the ETS reduced emissions by 120-300m tonnes, with a best guess of 210m tonnes across Europe.
These are fairly modest gains – especially in the context of rapidly of increasing imports of carbon-intensive goods from China and elsewhere – and although steeper reductions have been set for the third 'phase' of the ETS, which runs from 2013 to 2020, the policy has been heavily criticised and beset with problems, not least of which is the large number of permits expected to be held over from the current phase. Nonetheless, Europe has a price on carbon and a working mechanism to limit and reduce climate pollution, which puts it further ahead than other major regions in the world.
The ultimate climate change FAQ
This editorial is free to reproduce under Creative Commons
This post by The Guardian is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales License.
Based on a work at guardian.co.uk | [
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] | 634 |
By Robert Lucke
All winter recreationalists should be aware that weather factors play a big part in avalanche activity in most all mountains. The U.S. Forest Service has some weather related tips.
Wind - Even during clear weather, sustained winds of over 15 mph may cause danger to increase rapidly when loose surface snow is available for transport. Snow plumes from ridges and peaks indicate that snow is being moved onto leeward slopes. This can create dangerous situations. Leeward slopes are dangerous because wind-deposited snows add depth and may create unstable wind slabs. Windward slopes generally have less snow and the snow is compacted and usually more stable toward the leeward slopes.
Storms - A high percentage of all avalanches occur shortly before, during, and after storms. Be extra cautious during these periods.
Rate of Snowfall - Snow falling at one inch per hour or more increases avalanche danger rapidly.
Crystal Types - Observe snow-crystal types by letting them fall on a dark ski mitt or parka sleeve. Small crystals, needles, and pellets often result in more dangerous conditions than the classic star-shaped crystals.
New Snow - Be alert to dangerous conditions with a foot or more of new snow. Remember that new snow depth may vary considerably with slope elevation and aspect.
Old Snow - When snow depth covers natural anchors, such as rocks and brush, new snow layers slide more readily. The nature of the old snow surface is important. For example, cold snow falling on hard refrozen snow, such as rain crusts, may form a weak bond. Also a loose underlying snow level is more dangerous than a compacted one. Check the underlying snow layer with a ski pole, ski, or probe.
Temperature - Cold temperatures will maintain an unstable snowpack while warm temperatures (near or just above freezing) allow for snow settlement and increasing stability. Storms starting with low temperatures and dry snow, followed by rising temperatures, are more likely to cause avalanches. The dry snow at the start forms a poor bond to the old snow surface and has insufficient strength to support the heavier snow deposited late in the storm.
Temperature Inversion - It may be warmer at higher elevation when warm air moves over cold air trapped near the ground. This weather situation can occur in avalanche terrain throughout the Northwest and may produce dangerous and unpredictable changes in local snow stability.
Wet Snow - Rainstorms or spring weather with warm winds and cloudy nights can warm the snow cover. Percolating water may cause wet snow avalanches. Wet snow avalanches are more likely on south slopes and slopes under exposed rocks.
Danger Signs - Old slide paths. Generally, avalanches occur in the same areas. Watch for avalanche paths. Look for pushed-over small trees or trees with limbs broken off. Avoid steep, open gullies and slopes.
Recent Avalanche Activity - If you see new avalanches, suspect dangerous conditions. Beware when snowballs or "cartwheels" roll down the slope.
Sounds and Cracks - If the snow sounds hollow, particularly on a leeward slope, conditions are probably dangerous. If the snow cracks and the snow cracks run, this indicates a slab avalanche danger is high. | [
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] | 659 |
From: Dictionary of American Fighting Ships
A city in Illinois on the Kaskaskia River. Vandalia was the state capital from 1820 to 1839 and today is the seat of Fayette County. The origin of the name is uncertain, but the name probably is derived from the Germanic Vandal tribe. Other explanations of the name hold that it is a latinization of a Dutch family name or that it refers to a small Indian tribe of the early 19th century.
(Slp: t. 614; l. 127'4"; b. 34'6"; dr. 16'6"; cpl. 150; a. 1 8" Sg., 16 32-pdrs.; cl. Boston)
The first Vandalia-an 18-gun sloop-of-war-was laid down at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1825, launched in 1828, and commissioned on 6 November of that year, Comdr. John Gallagher in command.
Vandalia left Philadelphia on 16 December 1828, bound for duty with the Brazil Squadron off the eastern seaboard of South America. She remained off the coasts of Brazil and Argentina for the next three years, helping to protect American citizens and mercantile interests during a period of continuing political unrest on the continent of South America. She returned to Norfolk, Va., on 18 December 1831; was decommissioned the next day, and remained inactive until 4 October 1832 when she was recommissioned for service with the West Indies Squadron. Vandalia again put into Norfolk in August 1834 and was decommissioned there on the 24th for major repairs. Recommissioned on the last day of the year, she joined the West Indies Squadron in January 1835 and served with that organization into the summer of 1838 protecting American citizens and property in the West Indies, cooperating with land forces in Florida during the second Seminole Indian War, and helping to suppress the slave trade. After almost three months laid up undergoing repairs from 30 August to 24 November, the ship was reactivated and returned to duty for a year in the Caribbean, ending when her commissioning pennant was again hauled down at Norfolk on 23 November 1839.
Following more than two years on the stocks, the ship was returned to commission on 3 February 1842, joined the newly created Home Squadron in 1842, and performed routine patrol and reconnaissance duties at scattered points as far north as Newfoundland and as far south as the mouth of the Amazon River. During a visit to Haiti in the early spring of 1845, an epidemic of yellow fever broke out in the ship. She returned immediately to Norfolk, was decommissioned on 30 April, and was laid up. During the sloop's period in ordinary which lasted until 1849, she was lengthened by 13 feet in 1848. The renovated Vandalia was recommissioned on 9 August 1849 and joined the Pacific Squadron on 5 September 1849 as that organization was expanding to service the territory which the United States had recently acquired on the Pacific coast. She made several visits to the Hawaiian Islands in 1851 before returning to the New York Navy Yard on 6 October 1852 and going out of commission again on the 14th.
Vandalia's rest ended on Valentine's Day 1853, and the ship soon joined Commodore Matthew C. Perry's East Indies Squadron. She was present at Commodore Perry's historic entrance into Tokyo Bay on 13 February 1854 and in 1855 helped to protect American interests in China during the Taiping Rebellion. Vandalia was decommissioned at the Portsmouth (N.H.) Navy Yard on 30 September 1856 but was recommissioned on 11 November 1857 for duty with the Pacific Squadron. In 1859, the warship rescued survivors of the American clipper ship Wild Wave, wrecked off Oeno and Pitcairn Islands, and conducted an expedition against natives at Waya, Fiji Islands, following the murder of two American citizens. Vandalia returned to the New York Navy Yard early in 1860 and was decommissioned on 6 January of that year but was recommissioned there on 8 November and assigned to duty with the East Indies Squadron
With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861 Vandalia was called back home and assigned to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 31 May for blockade duty off Charleston and Bull's Bay, S.C. There, she captured the schooner Henry Middleton on 21 August and assisted in the capture of the sailing ship Thomas Watson in 15 October. The vessel also participated in the successful amphibious assault upon Roanoke Island, N.C., on 7 and 8 November. This victory closed the supply lines to Confederate-held Norfolk Navy Yard and was largely responsible for the evacuation of that vital naval facility six months later. Vandalia put into New York on 24 November to deliver the officers and crew of the wrecked steamer Governor.
Vandalia soon returned to duty with the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron and was deployed off Tybee Roads Ga., in December. She remained at Tybee until April i862, at which time she was ordered to proceed to the blockade at Wassaw Sound, Ga. The sloop returned to Port Royal, S.C., in June and took up blockade duty off Charleston in July. She served at Port Royal as a guardship in September and was repaired and resupplied there in November. Later that month and in December, she cruised along the outside line of the blockade off Charleston and Port Royal Bay, performing reconnaissance duties as well as giving practical sailing experience to recent Naval Academy graduates. On 12 December, the vessel was ordered north for major structural repairs at New York.
Vandalia was decommissioned at the New York Navy Yard on 4 Februarv 1863 and then sailed for Portsmouth, N.H., on 17 October for use as a receiving and guard ship. She remained at Portsmouth until broken up there sometime between 1870 and 1872. | [
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] | 1,222 |
October 12, 1492 was the day that a sailor on the Pinta sighted land. It wasn't until 1792 that we have a record of the United States celebrating Columbus Day. The celebration was organized by the Society of St. Tammany, also known as the Columbian Order, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Columbus' landing.
According to http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct12.html :
The 400th anniversary of the event inspired the first official Columbus Day holiday in the United States. President Benjamin Harrison issued a proclamation in 1892, “recommending to the people the observance in all their localities of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America…” and describing Columbus as “the pioneer of progress and enlightenment.” Since then, school programs, plays, and community festivities have been organized across the country in celebration of Columbus Day.
Today, Columbus Day is a federal holiday observed on the second Monday of October. | [
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] | 206 |
Traction is a form of treatment that uses some type of sustained mechanical pulling force on a part of your body. This force can be continuous or intermittent, which is designed to stretch, separate or realign body parts.
Traction is used to treat certain muscle and bone conditions, for instance fractures, dislocations and muscle spasms, as well as prevent or correct deformities. And the arms, legs, neck, backbone or pelvis are common body areas treated with traction.
Traction treatment is not recommended for everyone, particularly if you suffer from osteomyelitis. Also, because treatment with traction may require a long period of immobility, you may develop:
When traction is correctly administered, treatment results are typically very good. | [
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] | 153 |
Alagille syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by liver disease, typical facial features, heart murmurs or defects, vertebral changes, and eye changes as well as a variety of less frequently noted features. Alagille syndrome is also called arteriohepatic dysplasia, cholestasis with peripheral pulmonary stenosis, syndromatic hepatic ductular hypoplasia, and Alagille-Watson syndrome.
Alagille syndrome is a rare condition occurring either sporadically or in an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Approximately 70% of cases are caused by changes in the Jagged1 gene on chromosome 20. However, the diagnosis of Alagille syndrome is based on clinical features and family history. Obtaining medical information about family members can be difficult as some people with Alagille syndrome are so mildly affected or have variable symptoms that the condition may go unrecognized. Prognosis depends on the extent of major organ involvement, especially of the liver, heart, and kidneys. Liver transplantation is needed in some cases. Prenatal testing is available to families in which a genetic change has been identified. The interpretation of this testing is limited by the variability of clinical features, even within the same family. People with the same genetic change can have a wide range of medical problems with varying degrees of severity.
Alagille syndrome occurs sporadically in 15-56% of cases, but has been noted to follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in some families. In
Changes in a gene called the Jagged1 (Jag1) gene on the short arm of chromosome 20 have been shown to be the underlying defect in many patients. The Jag1 gene encodes a cell surface protein that plays a role in the regulation of development. The protein is active in many cell types and directs cells to their proper place in the embryo. Seventy to 75% of Alagille syndrome probands have had an identifiable change within this gene. Of that 70%, 6% have been shown to have a small deletion of a piece of the short arm of chromosome 20 (20p), which includes the Jag1 gene, using a laboratory technique called fluorescent in situ hybridization. There are a variety of other molecular changes in the gene that have been detected by sequencing the gene. Thirty percent of people with the condition do not have an identifiable change in this gene. It is possible that there are other genes that cause the disease in these families.
Alagille syndrome is rare, occurring in one in 70,000-100,000 live births. The condition affects males and females equally. Most patients with Alagille syndrome come to medical attention in the first four months of life with jaundice, an enlarged liver, severe itching of skin, or multiple raised nodular areas on the skin.
One of the most common and most serious symptoms of Alagille syndrome is liver disease. Liver disease occurs in 90-100% of patients and often leads to growth delay or failure as a result of malnutrition. Because there is a reduction in the number of bile ducts in the liver, there are elevated bile acids in the blood and an arrest of bile excretion from the body. This results in jaundice, pruritus (severe skin itching), and xanthomas (raised nodules on the skin, especially at skin creases or areas of friction). Some patients have mild or no liver problems, while others have progressive liver failure.
Heart defects and murmurs have been noted in 85-95% of patients with Alagille syndrome. The most common type of defect is pulmonary artery stenosis, although other types of defects also occur. Many of these defects do not have clinical significance to the patient. However, complex and severe heart defects occur and are one of the more common causes of mortality in patients with Alagille syndrome.
An important diagnostic feature of Alagille syndrome is a particular eye finding called posterior embryotoxon. This is an anterior chamber defect of the eye caused by a prominent, centrally positioned Schwalbe ring. This feature can be seen through a split lamp examination and does not affect vision. Since 56-90% of patients have this or other changes in the eye, including retinal pigmentary changes, an eye examination can aid in diagnosis.
A particular finding called a butterfly vertebra is associated with Alagille syndrome. The term butterfly vertebra refers to the appearance of the space around the vertebrae due to clefting or disruption of formation of a vertebra. There are usually no physical problems associated with this radiological finding. The frequency of butterfly vertebrae in this syndrome is uncertain, with estimates from 33-87% in different studies. Other skeletal malformations are also noted in these patients, such as spina bifida occulta and hemivertebrae. Therefore, radiological examination of the spine may aid in diagnosis.
The occurrence of particular facial features has been noted in 70-95% of patients with Alagille syndrome. The facial features include a prominent forehead, deep-set and widely spaced eyes, a pointed chin, and a straight nose with a bulbous tip. These features are more subjective, but one of the most consistent features of the diagnosis.
Problems with the structure and function of kidneys have been noted with an occurrence of 40-70%. Most often symptoms are mild, but renal disease has caused mortality in severe cases. Mild delays in gross motor function have been noted in 16% of children. Most of these children were those with severe organ disease. Intracranial bleeding has also been noted with increased frequency and is associated with mortality in this syndrome.
The diagnosis of Alagille syndrome is based on clinical features and can be made by the presence of liver disease plus two of the other major features. An ultrasound of the liver can rule out other causes of liver disease and a liver biopsy can determine if there is a reduction in the number of bile ducts. However, this finding occurs in other conditions as well as Alagille syndrome, and the timing of the biopsy is important. Older patients are more likely to have fewer bile ducts than patients under five years of age. An echocardiogram for heart defects, a radiological examination of the spine, blood tests for renal function, an ophthalmologic examination, and an examination of facial features are important diagnostic tools. A careful family history is also important in diagnosis. When a first- or second-degree relative has already been diagnosed with Alagille syndrome, the presence of even one feature of the condition may constitute a diagnosis.
Once a diagnosis has been made in an individual, the parents should undergo an evaluation for subtle features of the condition. If a parent is diagnosed, then evaluation for appropriate extended family members would be offered. A correct diagnosis is important since there are other syndromes that exhibit similar liver disease, heart defects, and eye findings. These syndromes are inherited in different ways, so the recurrence risk for offspring and other family members may be different.
Two different types of testing are used: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which detects the small percentage of patients who have a deletion of the entire gene; and sequencing, which looks at changes within the gene. Sequencing is not clinically available. New technologies may make gene sequencing for mutations more readily available in the near future. If a genetic change is identified in the family, prenatal testing would be available through chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. However, the interpretation of this testing is difficult since the presence of a gene change does not allow one to predict the severity of the condition or which medical problems may occur.
Treatment and management
Liver transplantation is needed in 15-20% of patients. Other treatments depend on which of the other features of the condition are present and the degree of severity. Repair of heart defects is another surgical treatment needed in some cases.
Prognosis for Alagille syndrome is quite variable and depends on the degree of liver, heart, and kidney disease and the presence of intracranial bleeding. Overall, survival rates are 72-85%. The survival rate of those undergoing liver transplantation is 60-80%. There is currently no method to determine which patients will reach end-stage liver disease.
Jones, Kenneth Lyons. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1997.
McKusick, Victor. Mendelian Inheritance in Man: A Catalog of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders. 12th ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Scriver, Charles, et al. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Emerick, Karan, et al. "Features of Alagille Syndrome in 92 Patients: Frequency and Relation to Prognosis." Hepatology (1999): 822-828.
Krantz, Ian, et al. "Alagille Syndrome." Journal of Medical Genetics (February 1997): 152-157.
Krantz, Ian, et al. "Clinical and Molecular Genetics of Alagille Syndrome." Current Opinions in Pediatrics (December 1999): 558-563.
Quiros-Tejeira, Ruben, et al. "Variable Morbidity in Alagille Syndrome: A Review of 43 Cases." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (October 1999): 431-437.
Rand, Elizabeth. "The Genetic Basis of Alagille Syndrome." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (February 1998): 234-237.
Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Gene Tests: Genetic Testing Resource. <http://www.genetests.org/> (February 20, 2001).
Sonja Rene Eubanks | [
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] | 2,042 |
When a family receives a heifer, they receive much more than an animal. It’s a gift that provides all of what Heifer calls the seven Ms: Milk, Manure, Muscle, Meat, Money, Materials and Motivation. And those seven things turn into health, houses, education and nutrition.
|Orphans at the Prison Fellowship
Romania Center share a meal.
Maria Moraru (above) is involved in a project called Farmers Feed the Children in Romania. In return for a heifer, 150 project families agreed to not only Pass on the Gift to another family in need, but to also donate a portion of the milk to feed local children. Milk is distributed among 12 children’s hospitals and orphanages. So far, more than 22,000 gallons of milk have been delivered, and more than 5,000 children per year are benefiting from this project. Maria’s cow Americana has produced a total of seven offspring and produces eight to nine gallons of milk a day–plenty to drink, sell and donate.
A cow can produce several gallons of milk a day. That milk provides needed protein for undernourished children or adults sick with diseases like HIV/AIDS. Milk also contains vitamins A, C and D, which help eyesight and bone strength.
Families are taught how to use cow manure as a fertilizer for gardens or crops. Cow manure can add significant amounts of organic material to the soil, improving the overall health of the Earth and producing healthy, vigorous plants.
With gallons of milk a day, families have more than enough to drink. Often, the leftover milk is sold at market to provide extra income for the family, which can pay for food, health care, home improvements and school fees so children get an education.
This holiday season, consider giving the gift of a heifer in honor of your childhood babysitter, who always fixed you chocolate milk before bed. And read more blog posts about how cows have changed the lives of our project participants all over the world.
Photos by David Snyder | [
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] | 423 |
The historic preservation effort that our region richly deserves began to take root several decades ago and continues to grow stronger. This region has a rich architectural heritage, with structures dating from as early as the late 18th Century when this “Overmountain” region was among the first settled beyond the original 13 colonies of the United States and was known, for a time, as the State of Franklin.
The preservation movement arrived here shortly after the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was passed by Congress. Jonesborough established the first National Register Historic District in Tennessee and, even today, is one of the few communities that has successfully enacted and enforced an ordinance to prevent Demolition by Neglect. Within our region Jonesborough, along with Abingdon, Virginia, provides a premier example of preservation for small communities within the United States. Historic preservation activities in many other communities in our region have also produced impressive results.
Our work is to build upon these past accomplishments and to spread the knowledge gained to others to help further the historic preservation movement. | [
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] | 210 |
The Assistant Superintendent for Curriculum and Instruction, the Director of Curriculum, Instruction and Assessments and the Curriculum Supervisors provide instructional leadership to ensure all students are provided with a rigorous curriculum to fulfill and exceed their potential.
Educational goals and objectives set by the Board of Education serve as a framework for the development of academic and intellectual skills, scientific understanding, aesthetic expression, career development and an awareness of the interaction between the individual and society. Hicksville Public School's programs provide for excellence in education in each curriculum area with opportunities for intervention and enrichment.
The instructional programs offered to all students attending Hicksville Public Schools are guided by the Common Core Learning Standards and designed to prepare students for the world into which they will graduate as college and career ready, empowering students to live and work in a changing economy and global society. Development and evaluation of the curriculum is an ongoing process to ensure that students are provided with a seamless program that is consistent, competitive and challenging. Performance objectives are established for each course with flexibliity to allow for individual growth and differentiated methods of instruction. | [
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] | 221 |
|Central Arizona Highlands|
The Central Arizona Highlands push themselves up in between the dramatic desert landscape of the Sonoran Desert to the south, and the vast Colorado Plateau to the north. This transition zone of ancient, eroded mountains lies like a sash across Arizona, from Kingman in the northwest all the way down to Safford and the Sitgreaves Apache National Forest in the southeast and beyond.
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This diversity of plant life results in a wonderful richness of wildlife species, offering us all a wealth of opportunities for exploration, discovery, and learning. For more information about all the geologic zones of Arizona, CLICK HERE | [
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Everett -- Thumbnail History
HistoryLink.org Essay 7397
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Once called the “City of Smokestacks,” Everett has a long association with industry and labor. Its first beginnings were two Native American settlements at opposite sides of the heavily wooded region, one on the Snohomish River and the other on Port Gardner Bay. Platted in the 1890s and named after the son of an early investor, it soon attracted the attention of East Coast money. Over the next 100 years, Everett would be a formidable logging mill and industrial center. In 2005, Everett numbered 96,000 citizens.
The Port Gardner Peninsula is a point of land bound by the Snohomish River on its east flank and northern tip and by Port Gardner Bay on the west. People have inhabited the Everett Peninsula for more than 10,000 years. In recent centuries, Hibulb (or Hebolb), the principal village of the Snohomish tribe stood at the northwest point of the peninsula. Its location near the mouth of the Snohomish River and next to Port Gardner Bay provided both abundant food and transportation. Other villages were located across the waterways. The Snohomish fortified Hibulb with a stockade made of Western red cedar posts to guard against their local enemies, the Makah, Cowichan, Muckleshoot, and the occasional northern raider.
On June 4, 1792, George Vancouver landed on the beach south of the village and claimed the entire area for the King of England. He named the bay Port Gardner for a member of his party. He apparently did not explore the river. After this first contact with the Snohomish, the next 50 years were quiet until traders with the Hudson’s Bay Company on the Columbia River ventured through in 1824. Hudson's Bay Company records show that they explored the Snohomish River. They named it “Sinnahamis.” Its present name “Snohomish” dates from the U.S. Coastal Survey of 1854 when it was charted.
In 1853, Washington Territory was formed. That same year the first white settlers in what would become Snohomish County established a water-powered sawmill on Tulalip Bay across the water from Hibulb. When the Treaty of 1855 created a reservation there for the Snohomish and other regional Indians, the settlers abandoned the operation and turned it over to the tribes. Gradually groups of white men from Port Gamble, Port Ludlow, Utsaladdy, and other Puget Sound points began to show up on the heavily forested peninsula to cut its giant timbers. They set up small logging camps in places reserved for homesteads.
During the Indian wars that erupted in King and Pierce counties after the treaty signings, the Snohomish area remained peaceful. Enterprising men making plans for a military road between Fort Bellingham and Fort Steilacoom in 1859 stimulated the exploration of the Snohomish River and its valleys. A ferry was planned at the spot where the road would cross the river. When Congress stopped funding the project, some of the young men working on the military road stayed there anyway. E. C. Ferguson claimed his own place and named it Snohomish City (1859). He was first to describe the area near present day Everett as full of trees:
“with their long strings of moss hanging from branches, which nearly shut out the sunlight ... At the time the opening at the head of Steamboat Slough was not more than fifty feet wide" (Dilgard and Riddle).
First Settlers on the Peninsula
Dennis Brigham was the first permanent settler in the area that would become Everett. A carpenter from Worcester, Massachusetts, he came in 1861 the same year Snohomish County was organized. He built a cabin on 160 acres along Port Gardner Bay and lived alone. Cut off from his nearest neighbors by the deep forests, he still had enough contact to gain the name of “Dirty Plate Face.”
In 1863, the area saw increased settlement. Erskine D. Kromer, telegraph operator and lineman for the World Telegraph, took a claim just south of Brigham. When the venture ended he settled down with a Coast Salish wife and raised a family. Leander Bagley and H. A. Taylor opened the first store in the area on the point next to Helbo. Indians pushed out by homesteaders and loggers came by to trade. The store would change ownership several times.
Also in 1863, on the snag-filled Snohomish River, E. D. Smith set up a logging camp at an angled bend in the river. Here the water was deep and an undercutting current kept his log booms against the bank. At the time there were no mills in Snohomish County. Logs were rafted down river and sent to mills around the sound. Everett’s future was foreshadowed when, during that same year, Jacob and David Livingston set up the first steam sawmill in the county near present day Harbor View Park on the bayside. It was a short-lived venture.
Settlement continued, although one early passerby in 1865 wrote that he saw nothing but woods. The settlers were there. Ezra Hatch claimed land in what would become downtown Everett and George Sines claimed land on the riverside. Together with Kromer, they would hold the most valuable holdings in the future city. There were others: Benjamin Young, George and Perrin Preston, J. L. Clark, and William Shears. They lived in simple log cabins scattered around in the woods, but when Bagley sold his share of the store to J. D. Tullis with the right to lease a portion back for a home and shipyard, Everett industry arrived. In 1886 he built the small sloop Rebecca which he sailed throughout the area. Eventually, the Prestons bought out all the shares to the store. George and Perrin Preston with his Snohomish wife Sye-Dah-bo-Deitz or Peggy would give the name Preston Point to the ancient Snohomish center.
Between the 1870 and 1880 census the white population in Snohomish County increased from 400 to 1,387, of which a minimal amount was found on the peninsula. Neil Spithill and his Snohomish wife Anastasia, the daughter of Chief Bonaparte, settled on the river where the peninsula jutted into it like a left-hand thumb. In 1872, Jacob Livingston filed the first townsite (“Western New York”) on Port Gardner Bay not far from his failed sawmill. John Davis settled at Preston Point where 50 acres were diked, and between the Snohomish River and the sloughs crops of oats, hay, hops, wheat, barley potatoes, and fruit began to appear. E. D. Smith continued to expand his logging businesses, employing 150 men. The area’s first postmaster, Smith platted the town of Lowell in 1872. In 1883, the U.S. government began snag-removal and cleared other impediments on the river. With the coming of mechanized lumber and cedar shingle production, several mills located in the area. Smith began construction on his own mill in 1889 the same year Washington became a state.
Booms and Busts
Statehood brought celebration and speculation. Connection to the area via the Seattle and Montana Railway was close at hand, but when James J. Hill announced that his Great Northern Railway would come over the Cascades to Puget Sound, many people thought that meant the railroad would come to the peninsula. There was money to be made.
First came the Rucker Brothers, Wyatt and Bethel and their mother. They bought the old Dennis Brigham homestead property on the bayside in 1890. They built a house and planned to start the townsite of “Port Gardner.” Joining them was William Swalwell and his brother Wellington. The Swalwells picked up a large section of the Spitlhill’s claim on the river covered with a growth of “timber so dense that trees on all sides touched the little cabin” (Roth). Frank Friday, who bought the old Kramer homestead from Kramer's widow added to the real estate mix. This juxtaposition of bayside to riverside settlements set the layout of the future city streets, though the Swalwell’s Landing, as it became known, was separated from the bay by “a mile of second-growth timber, impassable underbrush and a marshy area near the center of the peninsula” (Dilgard and Riddle). Things began to heat up when Tacoma lumberman and land speculator Henry Hewitt Jr. (1840-1918) arrived in the spring of 1890 with $400,000 of his own money, dreaming of a great industrial city.
After learning that one of John D. Rockefeller’s associates, Charles L. Colby (1839-1896), was looking for a site for the American Steel Barge Company of which he was president, Hewitt met with him. He convinced him that the peninsula with its river and bay access offered the perfect location for that and other industrial concerns. Impressed, Colby talked it up with friends and relatives. Once they were on board, Hewitt immediately approached the Ruckers, Friday, and Salwell and enticed them to join him. They transferred half of their holdings, nearly 800 acres, to the syndicate backed with the East Coast money of Rockefeller, Colby, and Colgate Hoyt, a director of the Great Northern Railroad. Hewitt also bargained with E. D. Smith for a paper mill.
In November 1890, the group incorporated the Everett Land Company. They made Hewitt president. For a time they met in offices at E. D. Smith’s boarding house in Lowell. By spring of 1891, the peninsula began to hum as land was cleared for a nail factory, the barge works, a paper mill, and smelter. Five hundred men graded, surveyed, and platted the townsite. Hewitt Avenue, one and half mile long and 100 feet wide, was cut from bay side to riverside. The townsite of stumps became Everett, after the son of Charles Colby.
Over the months, the city of Everett saw astonishing growth. Before the Everett Land Company lots went on sale, Swalwell jumped the gun and began selling his own lots on banks of the Snohomish River in September 1891. He built a large dock for the sternwheel steamer traffic. Dubbed the “cradle of Everett,” Swalwell’s Landing boomed at the riverside foot of Hewitt, at intersection of Chestnut and Pacific. The Pacific/Chestnut community was a wild west town with gambling and prostitution along with the offices of Brown Engineering Company in charge of platting the townsite, "Workingman’s Grocery,” a small shoe store, another grocery store, a tent hotel, meat market, and barber shop. The streets were muck choked, its sidewalks made of thrown down planks. Farther south at Lowell, Smith built a dock for his new paper mill already in production.
On the bayside, the Everett Land Company built a long wharf at 14th Street on which a sawmill was built at the end. They also built an immense warehouse of some 400 feet and a fancy brick hotel, the Monte Cristo, three stories high. By the time the company started selling their residential and commercial property in late 1891, the building frenzy had attracted the nation. “An Army of Men at Work On a Mammoth Establishment,” the headline in the newly established Port Gardner News boasted in September 1891.
By the spring of 1892, Everett resembled a city albeit with stumps. There were frame homes, schools, churches (land provided by the Everett Land Company), and theaters as well as 5,600 citizens, a third of them foreign born (mostly English and Scandinavian) enjoying streetcar service, electricity, streetlights, and telephones. The Everett Land Company won a suit to own the waterfront. The promise of riches in the mines in the Cascades spurred the building of the Everett-Monte Cristo railroad from there to a smelter on the peninsula.
In April 1893, Everett incorporated by election. Then came trouble. In May, the Silver Panic caused a national depression that slammed into Everett. Factories closed down. Banks failed. Wages dropped 60 percent. The railroads either failed or faltered. People left in droves. By 1895, Rockefeller started to withdraw his investments. Hewitt was dismissed from the Everett Land Company. Colby took over. The lack of return on fees nearly bankrupted the city government. The streetlights were turned off. Against this background the town of Snohomish fought the struggling city of Everett over which would be the county seat. Everett finally took the claim away in 1897.
A Second Wind
Everett began to recover in 1899 after Rockefeller's Everett Land Company transferred its holdings to James J. Hill's Everett Improvement Company. The railroad magnate saw benefits for his Great Northern Railroad. He sent 42-year-old John McChesney as his representative. Industrial growth improved. Work continued on dredging the river and the bay. Frederick Weyerhaeuser, neighbor of Hill in St. Paul, Minnesota, came to Everett and founded the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company. He built the world’s largest lumber mill which produced 70 million feet by 1912. David A. Clough and Harry Ramwell formed the American Tugboat Company.
By 1903, the Polk Everett City Directory boasted of 10 sawmills, 12 shingle mils, a paper mill, flouring mill, foundries and machine shops, planing mills, a smelter, an arsenic plant, a refinery, “creosoting” works, a brewer, a sash and door plant, an ice and cold storage plant, and a creamery. Industry employed more than 2,835 men. Telephone subscriptions went from 493 in 1901 to 980 with 23 women employees and eight linemen.
Secret societies as wide ranging as the Elks and the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the Catholic Order of Foresters and the Improved Order of Red Men “meeting at next great camp in the Hunting Grounds of Aberdeen” (Polk) flourished. Times were good.
In 1907, Everett passed the First Class City Charter and boomed after the San Francisco earthquake and fire brought huge orders for Northwest lumber. The city’s own big fire in 1909 destroyed parts of the city, but did not deter future growth. Three years later its population reached three times its size in 1900 -- 25,000. Ninety-five manufacturing plants, “including 11 lumber mills, 16 shingle mills and 17 mills producing both” (Shoreline Historical Survey,) dominated the area.
Unions also dominated the city, making it one of the most unionized in the country. There were 25 unions in all. Of these, the International Shingle Weavers Union of the American Federation of Labor was the strongest. The work they did at shingle mills was dangerous. The bolter used a circular saw with a blade that stood 50 inches in diameter and had three-inch teeth. A man pushed the log toward it at waist height with his knee and hands. Men fell or were pulled into it. Of the 224 people who died in Everett in 1909, 35 were killed in the mills -- almost one a week. Labor unrest grew and strikes threatened.
In 1916, the shingle weaver’s strike culminated in a bloody confrontation at the city dock when two boatloads of Industrial Workers of the World members sailed up from Seattle to demonstrate support of striking shingle mill workers and free speech. Five workers on the steamer Verona and two deputies on the dock were killed. Some 30 others were wounded. The strike ended not long after. This became known as the Everett Massacre.
During World War I, Everett benefited from the demand for lumber, but for the rest of the twentieth century the city saw many down times as it went through a national depression in 1920, the Great Depression, and problems with continual silting in the river channels.
Always a lumber and industrial town, it began to diversify. A Works Progress Administration project in 1936 created Paine Field on 640 acres of land owned by Merrill Ring Logging and the Pope and Talbot Company eight miles southwest of the city. The airfield established aviation and eventually a military presence in the area. The county matched federal dollars.
During World War II the field became a military base. Its name was changed to Paine Field in honor of Lt. Topliff Olin Paine, pioneer aviator from Everett killed in a 1922 Air Mail Service crash. An Army Air Corps unit moved in and stayed for five years. Runways were improved and fueling capabilities added for certain aircraft types. Alaska Airlines started a presence. The military returned during the Korean War (1950-1953) taking over the control tower, but withdrew in 1968. This opened the way for Boeing Corporation. Already owners of acreage north of the airfield, Boeing built the world’s largest building by volume (472 million cubic feet) for their radically new 747 jetliner.
Construction on Naval Station Everett began in November 1987. In January 1994, Navy personnel moved into the completed Fleet Support and Administration buildings and officially began operations. Currently, Everett is home to three frigates, one nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, one destroyer, and a Coast Guard buoy tender. It is the United States Navy’s most modern base.
In 2005, the city of Everett enjoyed growth and revitalization. During the past 20 years, the downtown area has been upgraded and some of the historic structures have been restored. Restaurants, shops, and parks line the bayside of the city. Industrial parks are planned for riverside. A community college and homes stand around Preston Point. Dennis Brigham and E. D. Smith would both be amazed. Henry Hewitt would say that his dream has gone on.
Don Benry, The Lowell Story, (Everett: Lowell Civil Association, 1985), 18-37; David Dilgard, Margaret Riddle and Kristin Ravetz, A Survey of Everett’s Historical Properties (Everett: Everett Public Library and Department of Planning and Community Development, 1996); David Dilgard and Margaret Riddle, Shoreline Historical Survey Report (Everett: Shoreline Master Plan Committee for City of Everett, 1973), 2-28 and 66-73; David Dilgard, Mill Town Footlights (Everett: Everett Public Library, 2001); Lawrence E. O’Donnell, Everett Past and Present (Everett: K & H Printers, 1993), 2-15; Everett City Directory (Seattle: R. L. Polk, 1893), 47-66; Everett City Directory (Seattle: R. L Polk, 1903), 64; Norman H. Clark, Mill Town (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970); History of Snohomish County, Washington Vols. I and 2 ed. by William Whitfield (Chicago: Pioneer Historical Publishing Company, 1926); The History of Skagit and Snohomish Counties, Washington (Interstate Publishing Company, 1906), 253-258 and 314-331; Elof Norman, The Coffee Chased Us Up Monte Cristo Memories (Seattle: Mountaineers, 1977); "Early History of Snohomish River and Vicinity," Everett Herald, January 14, 1936; Snohomish Eye, September 1893-1894; Advertisements, Everett Herald, December 17, 1891; Snohomish Sun, 1891; Everett Herald December 10, 1891 through 1892; "Puget Sound Paper Mill," Port Gardner News, September 11, 1893; "Local News," The Eye, August 22, 1893; Everett Herald, December 10, 1891; The Snohomish Story: From Ox team to Jet Stream (Snohomish: Snohomish Centennial Association, 1959).
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Hewitt Avenue looking east, Everett
Postcard Courtesy Everett Public Library
Swalwell's Landing, site of newly platted Everett, 1891
Photo by Frank La Roche, Courtesy Everett Public Library (Image No. 1056)
Birdseye view of the Everett Peninsula, ca. 1893
Courtesy City of Smokestacks
William Weahlub of the Tulalip Reservation smoking salmon and roe on the beach, 1906
Photo by Norman Edson, Courtesy UW Special Collections
Great Northern Railway Depot, Everett, 1920s
Clark-Nickerson Lumber Mill, Everett, 1900s
Night, downtown Everett, 1920s
Hewitt Avenue and Commerce Block, Everett, 1914
Hewitt Avenue looking east, Everett, 1920s
Looking west along Hewitt Avenue across Wetmore, Everett, 1920s
Photo by J. A. Juleen, Courtesy Everett Public Library (Neg. Juleen842)
Aerial view of Everett, 1950s
Naval Station Everett, 2004
Courtesy U.S. Navy
Everett, September 28, 2005
HistoryLink.org Photo by Priscilla Long
Everett, September 28, 2005
HistoryLink.org Photo by Priscilla Long | [
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13,
679,
3706,
262,
15489,
4347,
27911,
329,
257,
2888,
286,
465,
2151,
13,
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750,
407,
7301,
262,
7850,
13,
2293,
428,
717,
2800,
351,
262,
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1219,
296,
680,
11,
262,
1306,
2026,
812,
547,
5897,
1566,
21703,
351,
262,
19995,
447,
247,
82,
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5834,
319,
262,
9309,
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832,
287,
1248,
1731,
13,
19995,
338,
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5834,
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326,
484,
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262,
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1219,
296,
680,
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13,
1119,
3706,
340,
564,
250,
50,
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321,
271,
13,
447,
251,
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1944,
1438,
564,
250,
16501,
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296,
680,
447,
251,
9667,
422,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
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13084,
286,
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618,
340,
373,
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276,
13,
198,
818,
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11,
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25219,
373,
7042,
13,
1320,
976,
614,
262,
717,
2330,
25371,
287,
644,
561,
1716,
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1219,
296,
680,
3418,
4920,
257,
1660,
12,
12293,
2497,
17805,
319,
30941,
282,
541,
4696,
1973,
262,
1660,
422,
38315,
377,
65,
13,
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262,
21345,
286,
1248,
2816,
2727,
257,
24048,
612,
329,
262,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
290,
584,
7915,
12746,
11,
262,
25371,
9958,
262,
4905,
290,
2900,
340,
625,
284,
262,
15663,
13,
17701,
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2628,
286,
2330,
1450,
422,
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11,
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9319,
11,
471,
912,
282,
13218,
11,
290,
584,
33260,
316,
9506,
2173,
2540,
284,
905,
510,
319,
262,
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8222,
276,
28080,
284,
2005,
663,
6175,
4628,
1213,
13,
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900,
510,
1402,
18931,
11665,
287,
4113,
10395,
329,
3488,
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82,
13,
198,
7191,
262,
3942,
9976,
326,
23681,
287,
2677,
290,
23023,
14683,
706,
262,
15775,
42113,
11,
262,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
1989,
6150,
12309,
13,
6062,
14619,
1450,
1642,
3352,
329,
257,
2422,
2975,
1022,
6401,
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25875,
290,
6401,
2441,
346,
330,
4207,
287,
1248,
3270,
40216,
262,
13936,
286,
262,
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296,
680,
5866,
290,
663,
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13,
317,
26450,
373,
6027,
379,
262,
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810,
262,
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561,
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262,
7850,
13,
1649,
3162,
5025,
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262,
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11,
617,
286,
262,
1862,
1450,
1762,
319,
262,
2422,
2975,
9658,
612,
6949,
13,
412,
13,
327,
13,
15031,
4752,
465,
898,
1295,
290,
3706,
340,
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1219,
296,
680,
2254,
357,
1507,
3270,
737,
679,
373,
717,
284,
6901,
262,
1989,
1474,
1944,
1110,
36815,
355,
1336,
286,
7150,
25,
198,
447,
250,
4480,
511,
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13042,
286,
42853,
10938,
422,
13737,
11,
543,
3016,
4423,
503,
262,
19606,
2644,
1629,
262,
640,
262,
4756,
379,
262,
1182,
286,
9094,
24482,
3454,
619,
373,
407,
517,
621,
15334,
3625,
3094,
1,
357,
35,
346,
19977,
290,
371,
2509,
737,
198,
5962,
41479,
8116,
319,
262,
24078,
198,
35,
10679,
37434,
373,
262,
717,
7748,
2970,
1754,
287,
262,
1989,
326,
561,
1716,
36815,
13,
317,
1097,
26419,
422,
50075,
11,
10140,
11,
339,
1625,
287,
45278,
262,
976,
614,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
3418,
373,
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13,
679,
3170,
257,
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319,
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16051,
1863,
4347,
27911,
4696,
290,
5615,
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13,
9712,
572,
422,
465,
16936,
12020,
416,
262,
2769,
17039,
11,
339,
991,
550,
1576,
2800,
284,
4461,
262,
1438,
286,
564,
250,
35,
5893,
23648,
15399,
13,
447,
251,
198,
818,
47072,
11,
262,
1989,
2497,
3220,
9443,
13,
412,
3808,
74,
500,
360,
13,
509,
398,
263,
11,
573,
16606,
10088,
290,
33157,
329,
262,
2159,
21821,
11,
1718,
257,
1624,
655,
5366,
286,
37434,
13,
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262,
13189,
4444,
339,
10282,
866,
351,
257,
8545,
4849,
680,
3656,
290,
4376,
257,
1641,
13,
1004,
4066,
20127,
1636,
290,
367,
13,
317,
13,
8121,
4721,
262,
717,
3650,
287,
262,
1989,
319,
262,
966,
1306,
284,
5053,
2127,
13,
12746,
7121,
503,
416,
3488,
37897,
364,
290,
2604,
5355,
1625,
416,
284,
3292,
13,
383,
3650,
561,
1487,
9238,
1811,
1661,
13,
198,
7583,
287,
47072,
11,
319,
262,
48456,
12,
20286,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
5866,
11,
412,
13,
360,
13,
4176,
900,
510,
257,
18931,
1413,
379,
281,
48719,
19396,
287,
262,
7850,
13,
3423,
262,
1660,
373,
2769,
290,
281,
739,
29753,
1459,
4030,
465,
2604,
1489,
3150,
1028,
262,
3331,
13,
1629,
262,
640,
612,
547,
645,
41999,
287,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
3418,
13,
5972,
82,
547,
31812,
276,
866,
7850,
290,
1908,
284,
41999,
1088,
262,
2128,
13,
36815,
447,
247,
82,
2003,
373,
1674,
19106,
276,
618,
11,
1141,
326,
976,
614,
11,
12806,
290,
3271,
47717,
900,
510,
262,
717,
13324,
2497,
17805,
287,
262,
7968,
1474,
1944,
1110,
21146,
3582,
3250,
319,
262,
275,
592,
485,
13,
632,
373,
257,
1790,
12,
24489,
13189,
13,
198,
50,
27331,
3767,
11,
3584,
530,
1903,
30286,
1525,
287,
47801,
2630,
326,
339,
2497,
2147,
475,
16479,
13,
383,
25371,
547,
612,
13,
36999,
31537,
4752,
1956,
287,
644,
561,
1716,
9436,
36815,
290,
4502,
311,
1127,
4752,
1956,
319,
262,
18180,
485,
13,
17083,
351,
509,
398,
263,
11,
484,
561,
1745,
262,
749,
8119,
27572,
287,
262,
2003,
1748,
13,
1318,
547,
1854,
25,
14533,
6960,
11,
4502,
290,
2448,
12769,
34564,
11,
449,
13,
406,
13,
11264,
11,
290,
3977,
1375,
945,
13,
1119,
5615,
287,
2829,
2604,
16212,
1040,
16830,
1088,
287,
262,
16479,
11,
475,
618,
20127,
1636,
2702,
465,
2648,
286,
262,
3650,
284,
449,
13,
360,
13,
309,
724,
271,
351,
262,
826,
284,
15278,
257,
6903,
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329,
257,
1363,
290,
4074,
9413,
11,
36815,
2831,
5284,
13,
554,
49539,
339,
3170,
262,
1402,
1017,
11224,
23489,
543,
339,
33835,
3690,
262,
1989,
13,
16178,
11,
262,
24158,
684,
5839,
503,
477,
262,
7303,
284,
262,
3650,
13,
4502,
290,
2448,
12769,
34564,
351,
465,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
3656,
1632,
68,
12,
35,
993,
12,
2127,
12,
5005,
4224,
393,
40910,
561,
1577,
262,
1438,
34564,
6252,
284,
262,
6156,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
3641,
13,
198,
25262,
262,
37667,
290,
34865,
21649,
262,
2330,
3265,
287,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
3418,
3220,
422,
7337,
284,
352,
11,
32220,
11,
286,
543,
257,
10926,
2033,
373,
1043,
319,
262,
28080,
13,
15929,
1338,
342,
359,
290,
465,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
3656,
1052,
459,
23218,
11,
262,
4957,
286,
5953,
7979,
499,
32074,
11,
10282,
319,
262,
7850,
810,
262,
28080,
474,
315,
1513,
656,
340,
588,
257,
1364,
12,
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15683,
13,
554,
1248,
4761,
11,
12806,
47717,
5717,
262,
717,
11684,
578,
357,
447,
250,
24227,
968,
1971,
447,
251,
8,
319,
4347,
27911,
4696,
407,
1290,
422,
465,
4054,
2497,
17805,
13,
1757,
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10282,
379,
34564,
6252,
810,
2026,
16051,
547,
288,
17951,
11,
290,
1022,
262,
5489,
1219,
296,
680,
5866,
290,
262,
1017,
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82,
14450,
286,
47009,
11,
27678,
11,
29438,
11,
17135,
11,
38877,
18821,
11,
290,
8234,
2540,
284,
1656,
13,
412,
13,
360,
13,
4176,
3767,
284,
4292,
465,
18931,
5692,
11,
26490,
6640,
1450,
13,
383,
1989,
447,
247,
82,
717,
1281,
9866,
11,
4176,
458,
16898,
262,
3240,
286,
47657,
287,
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13,
554,
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11,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1230,
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12,
2787,
8325,
290,
12539,
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6800,
319,
262,
7850,
13,
2080,
262,
2406,
286,
3962,
1143,
34840,
290,
269,
44226,
427,
17697,
3227,
11,
1811,
41999,
5140,
287,
262,
1989,
13,
4176,
2540,
5103,
319,
465,
898,
3939,
287,
49545,
262,
976,
614,
2669,
2627,
257,
1181,
13,
198,
16635,
3150,
290,
36988,
82,
198,
9012,
2894,
3181,
14395,
290,
13367,
13,
26923,
284,
262,
1989,
2884,
262,
7312,
290,
18311,
32130,
373,
1969,
379,
1021,
11,
475,
618,
3700,
449,
13,
3327,
3414,
326,
465,
3878,
8342,
32130,
561,
1282,
625,
262,
327,
3372,
2367,
284,
33260,
316,
9506,
11,
867,
661,
1807,
326,
4001,
262,
24337,
561,
1282,
284,
262,
28080,
13,
1318,
373,
1637,
284,
307,
925,
13,
198,
5962,
1625,
262,
371,
12603,
16055,
11,
39017,
290,
5147,
2978,
290,
511,
2802,
13,
1119,
5839,
262,
1468,
16902,
37434,
3488,
37897,
3119,
319,
262,
275,
592,
485,
287,
31982,
13,
1119,
3170,
257,
2156,
290,
6027,
284,
923,
262,
11684,
578,
286,
564,
250,
13924,
27911,
13,
447,
251,
5302,
3191,
606,
373,
3977,
2451,
282,
4053,
290,
465,
3956,
30597,
13,
383,
2451,
282,
4053,
82,
6497,
510,
257,
1588,
2665,
286,
262,
48377,
75,
12639,
447,
247,
82,
1624,
319,
262,
7850,
5017,
351,
257,
3349,
286,
564,
250,
16514,
527,
523,
15715,
326,
7150,
319,
477,
5389,
12615,
262,
1310,
9351,
447,
251,
357,
49,
849,
737,
5278,
3217,
11,
508,
5839,
262,
1468,
41454,
3488,
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422,
41454,
338,
27075,
2087,
284,
262,
1103,
7964,
5022,
13,
770,
45273,
3507,
286,
275,
592,
485,
284,
18180,
485,
18573,
900,
262,
12461,
286,
262,
2003,
1748,
6483,
11,
996,
262,
2451,
282,
4053,
447,
247,
82,
29689,
11,
355,
340,
2627,
1900,
11,
373,
11266,
422,
262,
15489,
416,
564,
250,
64,
10591,
286,
1218,
12,
27922,
30605,
11,
848,
562,
540,
739,
32680,
290,
257,
22397,
88,
1989,
1474,
262,
3641,
286,
262,
28080,
447,
251,
357,
35,
346,
19977,
290,
371,
2509,
737,
11597,
2540,
284,
4894,
510,
618,
45132,
34840,
805,
290,
1956,
1020,
8927,
8616,
30446,
715,
7504,
13,
357,
1507,
1821,
12,
1129,
1507,
8,
5284,
287,
262,
6076,
286,
31982,
351,
720,
7029,
11,
830,
286,
465,
898,
1637,
11,
28368,
286,
257,
1049,
7593,
1748,
13,
198,
3260,
4673,
326,
530,
286,
1757,
360,
13,
32764,
447,
247,
82,
20093,
11,
7516,
406,
13,
1623,
1525,
357,
1507,
2670,
12,
1507,
4846,
828,
373,
2045,
329,
257,
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329,
262,
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347,
1376,
5834,
286,
543,
339,
373,
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11,
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715,
1138,
351,
683,
13,
679,
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683,
326,
262,
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351,
663,
7850,
290,
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1895,
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262,
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4067,
329,
326,
290,
584,
7593,
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13,
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11,
1623,
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510,
351,
2460,
290,
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13,
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484,
547,
319,
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11,
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715,
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262,
371,
1347,
364,
11,
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11,
290,
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290,
920,
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606,
284,
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683,
13,
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286,
511,
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11,
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11,
284,
262,
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262,
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286,
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11,
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11,
290,
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83,
11,
257,
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286,
262,
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13,
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1328,
351,
412,
13,
360,
13,
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329,
257,
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13,
198,
818,
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31982,
11,
262,
1448,
16560,
262,
36815,
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5834,
13,
1119,
925,
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715,
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13,
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640,
484,
1138,
287,
9730,
379,
412,
13,
360,
13,
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447,
247,
82,
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2156,
287,
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13,
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6076,
286,
1248,
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11,
262,
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2540,
284,
1311,
355,
1956,
373,
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329,
257,
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8860,
11,
262,
275,
1376,
2499,
11,
257,
3348,
3939,
11,
290,
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417,
353,
13,
10579,
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1450,
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11,
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11,
290,
458,
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262,
11684,
578,
13,
30446,
715,
8878,
11,
530,
290,
2063,
10591,
890,
290,
1802,
3625,
3094,
11,
373,
2005,
422,
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] | 4,729 |
The underworld was surrounded by a series of rivers. In the book The Everything Classical Mythology (Bolton 2002) describes the following rivers surrounding the Greek underworld:
Acheron: The River of Woe
Cocytuys: The River of Wailing
Lethe: The River of Forgiveness
Pyriphlegethon: The River of Fire
Styx: The river of Hate
To enter the underworld it was required to cross one of the rivers. A ferryman named Charon ferried the spirits of the dead across the rivers to the underworld. Both the Greeks and Romans buried their dead with a coin in the mouth to pay Charon for the trip. After crossing the river, the dead would pass gates guarded by a three-headed dog. Next the spirits came before one of the judges of the dead (one of the three sons of Zeus) who directed the soul to one of three areas of the underworld Elysium, the Asphodel Fields or Tartarus. Though in practice, it was only the gods or goddess who directed a person wither to Elysium or Tartarus.
Elysium was the island for a chosen few. The gods permitted only heroes or very good people to enter into this area.
The Asphodel Fields were for the spirits of the common Greek. The majority of the population would be directed to here after death. Those who went to the Asphodel Fields were people who were neither particularly good or evil during their lives.
Tartarus was an area for those who were to be punished. In this place punishments were severe and unending. It was to Tartarus that Zeus sent the Titans after winning the battles against them. Mortals also could end up in Tartarus for crimes such as raping a daughter, hording wealth, committing fraud, and other more severe crimes.
Charon Ferrying the Sades by Subleyras, Pierre Musee du louvre, Paris
Major Gods and Goddesses
Introduction | Creation Story | Olympians VS. Titans | Creation of Man | Revolt of Giants
Abduction of Persephone | The Underworld | Visitors to Underworld | Amzon Warriors
Ares vs. Athena | Daedalus and Icarus | Echo and Narcissus | Judgement of Paris
Perseus and Andromeda | Trojan War
Translate Link 101Continuous Translations for entire site
Please see Pictures Galleries for Royalty Free images for Educational uses.
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] | 539 |
Media Contact:Ginny Greenberg
Room 202 Hofstra Hall
Phone: (516) 463-6819
Fax: (516) 463-5146
Send an E-mail
Date: Sep 23, 2009
Hofstra University Part of NSF-Funded Consortium to Study Nationwide Spread of Lyme Disease and Its Prevalence in the Northern U.S.Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY … The National Science Foundation has recently funded Hofstra University and a consortium of five other universities to study why the risk of Lyme disease is much higher in the northern United States than in south. Lyme disease, first identified in Connecticut in the mid 1970s, has become a major public health issue in the northeastern United States. Associate Professor of Biology Russell Burke is representing the Hofstra on the research team.
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by the bite of blacklegged ticks (otherwise known as deer ticks) These ticks are on the move, says Dr. Jean Tsao of Michigan State University, who is leading the four-year, $2.5 million study. As ticks expand into new areas, more people will likely become infected.
Findings from this study will help public health agencies develop better prevention strategies for Lyme disease, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports infects more than 20,000 people in North America each year. Blacklegged ticks occur in both northern and southern states. However, 93 percent of all Lyme disease cases occur in only 10 northern states. Researchers and public health providers are puzzled by the lack of human cases in the South.
Researchers worry that this situation could change with infected ticks moving south. A number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain why the disease agent at this time is rare in southern tick populations. Dr. Burke explains, "Two of the prominent theories are that the lizards on which ticks feed in the South are unsuitable hosts for the disease-causing bacteria. We also have evidence that the genetics of the ticks and the bacteria differ in the North and South. These hypotheses, however, need to be tested, and our research team has the complementary expertise required to gather the data and conduct the analyses needed to help resolve this debate."
Researchers plan to study ecological and disease factors affecting the Lyme disease cycle by applying standardized survey methods at 12 sites in states ranging from Georgia to Massachusetts. "We have a really intriguing scientific puzzle to solve - many factors change as we move from North to South, and we need to be smart with our study design to unravel these," says Dr. Tsao. "Our study also has practical goals - we aim to provide the health community and the public in the various states with some reassurance, or warning, about what their future will hold for spread of Lyme disease. Understanding the reasons why Lyme disease is such a problem in some areas will help us manage the disease better, and lower the risk to human health."
Dr. Burke has been investigating the role of lizards in the transmission of Lyme disease since 2002 as part of his research program on the ecology of native and non-native lizard and their parasites. Some of these lizards live in habitats ranging from natural woodlands to downtown urban areas, and thus could be important to human health issues in both positive and negative ways.
One goal of the project is to train the next generation of scientists specializing in wildlife and human disease issues. For this reason, student involvement is key, and the project includes funding for one or two Hofstra graduate students and several undergraduate students assistants over the life of the study.
The research team consists of:
Dr. Lorenza Beati (Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA)
Dr. Russell Burke (Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY)
Drs. Howard Ginsberg and Roger LeBrun (University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI)
Dr. Graham Hickling (University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN)
Dr. Nicholas Ogden (University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec)
Dr. Jean Tsao (Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI)
For more information, go to: http://wildlifehealth.tennessee.edu/Lyme_gradient.
Hofstra University is a dynamic private institution where students can choose from about 150 undergraduate and more than 160 graduate programs in liberal arts and sciences, business; engineering; communication; education, health and human services; and honors studies, as well as a School of Law. With a student-faculty ratio of 14-to-1, our professors teach small classes averaging 22 students that emphasize interaction, critical thinking and analysis. Hofstra offers a faculty whose highest priority is teaching excellence. The University also provides excellent facilities with state-of-the-art technology, extensive library resources and internship programs that match students’ interests and abilities with appropriate companies and organizations. The Hofstra community is driven, dynamic and energetic, helping students find and focus their strengths to prepare them for a successful future. | [
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] | 1,021 |
The Dream Factory
|• Introduction||• Hollywood Magic and Movie Premieres|
|• Los Angeles: Making and Protecting the Image||• Celebrities in the Pulpit|
|• Glamour Personified: Gloria Swanson|
Los Angeles: Making and Protecting the Image
Boosters energetically promoted the city of Los Angeles in the first decades of the twentieth century in attempts to lure tourists, new residents, and investment dollars. Real estate agents focused on the nearly constant warmth of the Southern California climate, and they portrayed attractive city streets, beautiful spacious homes, well-kept gardens, and bountiful citrus farms as the norm in the city and its surrounding areas. The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce used the phrase "Los Angeles—Nature's Workshop" to promote the city as a place filled with natural beauty that fostered good health.
Ultimately, postcards and booster publications coming out of Los Angeles relied on mass-produced and widely distributed images of a relatively small set of actual neighborhoods, homes, gardens, and orange groves that were deemed "typical" as part of promotional efforts. Events like relatively small outbreaks of smallpox and pneumonic plague in 1924 threatened the image of Los Angeles that had been disseminated throughout the rest of the nation. Boosters had to redouble their efforts to promote the city in their wake.
Click Image to Get a Closer Look | [
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] | 284 |
Last week Nevada's Legislative Commission approved regulations allowing for the operation of self-driving vehicles on the state's roadways. This brings closer the day when roads will be full of driverless cars - a scenario that is examined in a thought-provoking infographic.
Nevada passed a bill in June 2011 requiring its Department of Motor Vehicles to draft rules for autonomous vehicles and this process has now been finalized, making Nevada the first US state where having a robot driver is completely legal.
To comply with new rules autonomous test vehicles will display a red license plate and when the technology is approved for public use, the cars will carry a green license plate making them distinct from Nevada's standard license plates which are are bluish-gray.
But what are the implications of the replacing car drivers by robotic systems. Here are some initial suggestions summarized in an infographic:
So, according to this analysis the downside of robot cars includes lost revenues and lost jobs while the overwhelming benefit is less carnage on the roads.
However, these are just the most obvious impacts. Consider the implications a bit further and you realize that we will all change our behavior and live our lives differently.
Even if driverless cars appear slowly on the roads and we have mixed human and robot drivers, things will change fairly quickly. If you have a robot car you don't need to park it you simply send it home and tell it to pick you up at a fixed time. If home is too far you simply tell it to "go park" and the car goes off on its own looking for a free space - which can now be a longish way from where you were dropped. If there are no parking spaces, the car can just circle the block.
Phrases that we will soon treat as perfectly normal:
"Car - go and pick up the kids after the game"
"Car - there is a takeaway meal ready for collection at...".
"Car - go to the garage and get an oil change."
and so on...
You see how radically the car changes its utility.
On a longer time scale, cars will no longer be extensions of the owner's personality.
Who cares which car they are driving when they aren't driving but being driven. The idea of car pooling suddenly becomes a no-brainer. As long as a car takes you from your home to work and then another picks you up from work and takes you home - who cares which car it is?
Come the day that robot cars are the norm and we ban human drivers because they are too dangerous, then things can change in an even bigger way.
Who needs road markings and controlled junctions. Cars can flow like particles in a pipe. Robot drivers have no need to be controlled by signals at an intersection they "know" where every other car is and can simply time things so that they pass through a clear space. The only issue is whether or not the passengers will be happy with the prospect of speeding toward a busy intersection with traffic seemingly playing chicken at the crossroads.
Of course we won't need to build many more roads because robot cars can simply drive closer and so pack more cars per road. They also do away with the braking wave effect that causes a slight slowdown in traffic flow to propagate back and become a complete halt for no obvious reason. Now cars can pack a road and move as a block, limited in speed only by the robot drivers' reaction times and the laws of physics.
If you think that building and accepting robot cars is just a way to make driving safer then think again.
It may be an over-used term but this really is a game changer. Once every car comes with its own chauffeur, things will never be the same again.
Accredible is a recent edtech service that helps you create certificates, or rather certificate portfolios, to demonstrate your achievements on any type of learning, including MOOCs and online courses [ ... ] | [
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] | 802 |
Born: July 30, 1863
Died: April 7, 1947
Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he did masterfully develop the methods that made mass-production of automobiles possible. He is perhaps the person most responsible for launching the “car culture” in the United States.
Ford was born in Dearborn, Michigan, the son of Irish immigrants who fled the potato famine in the 1840s. As a child Ford attended a one-room school for eight years and helped his father work the family farm. At age 16, the industrious Ford walked to Detroit to find work in its machine shops. It was in these shops that he had his first contact with the internal combustion engine. In internal combustion engines, the engine produces power by sucking in a mixture of gasoline and air and igniting it with a spark. The force of this explosion provides power to operate a vehicle or other machine.
Ford married Clara Bryant in 1888 and five years later welcomed their only child, son Edsel. In 1891 Ford became an engineer at the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. Within just a couple of years he was promoted to Chief Engineer. This promotion gave him enough time and money to conduct his own experiments on internal combustion engines. By the end of 1893 he had built his first working gasoline engine. Three years later he constructed his first horseless carriage, the Quadricycle. It was a four-horsepower vehicle with the chassis of a buggy frame mounted on four bicycle tires.
Ford dreamed of manufacturing automobiles, but his first two attempts at establishing a company failed. Financial backers pressured him to release a passenger automobile, but Ford insisted on waiting. Finally, in 1903, Ford was ready to market an automobile. The Ford Motor Company was incorporated with a mere $28,000 in cash put up by ordinary citizens, because Ford had already antagonized the wealthiest men in Detroit.
Ford’s idea of mass-producing a car affordable enough for the average worker met with resistance from the automobile industry. Nevertheless, Ford stuck to his goal, beginning production of the Model T in 1908. He gradually adapted the production line and in 1913 his plant incorporated the first moving assembly line, allowing for greater production. Demand for the affordable car soared; by 1927, fifteen million had been sold, and Ford was the leading auto manufacturer in the country. In addition to the moving assembly line, Ford revolutionized the auto industry by increasing the pay and decreasing the hours of his employees. During the Model T era, Ford bought out his shareholders so he had complete financial control of the now vast corporation. He continued to innovate, but competitors, growing more powerful though fewer in number, began to cut into Ford's market share.
The unprecedented scale of his competitor’s success, together with Ford's absolute control of the firm, set the stage for decline. Trusting in what he believed was an unerring market instinct, Ford refused to follow other automobile manufacturers in offering innovative features. When he was finally convinced that the marketplace had changed and was demanding more than a purely utilitarian vehicle, he shut down his plants for five months to retool. In December 1927, he introduced the Model A. The new model enjoyed solid, but not impressive, success. Ford's stubbornness had cost him his leadership position in the industry: the Model A was outsold by General Motors's Chevrolet and Chrysler's Plymouth and was discontinued in 1931.
A similar pattern of inflexibility and stubbornness marked Ford's attitude toward his workers. The $5 day that brought him so much attention in 1914 came at the cost of workers’ individualism and independence. It was, moreover, no guarantee for the future. In 1929 Ford instituted a $7 day, but in 1932, as part of the fiscal stringency imposed by falling sales and the Great Depression, that was cut to $4, below standard industry wages. Ford used company police, labor spies, and violence in a protracted effort to prevent unionization. He continued to do so even after General Motors and Chrysler came to terms with the United Automobile Workers. When the UAW finally succeeded in organizing Ford workers in 1941, he considered shutting down before he was persuaded to sign a union contract.
Henry Ford was an idiosyncratic and complex personality. Away from the shop floor he exhibited a variety of enthusiasms and prejudices. His dictum that "history is more or less bunk" was widely known. One of Ford's most publicized acts was his chartering of an ocean liner to conduct himself and a party of pacifists to Europe in November 1915 in an attempt to end the war by means of "continuous mediation." The so-called Peace Ship episode was widely ridiculed. In 1918, with the support of President Woodrow Wilson, Ford ran for the U.S. Senate. He was narrowly defeated after a campaign of personal attacks by his opponent and never ran for office again. Also in 1918, Ford bought The Dearborn Independent newspaper and used it to publish a series of anti-Semitic attacks. In 1927 he formally retracted his attacks and sold the paper. He expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.
On the other hand, Henry Ford was also recognized for several civic contributions: he established small village factories; built one-room schools in which vocational training was emphasized; experimented with soybeans for food and durable goods; sponsored a weekly radio hour on which quaint essays were read to "plain folks"; and constructed Greenfield Village, a restored rural town. He also built what later was named the Henry Ford Museum and filled it with American artifacts and antiques from the era of his youth. In the 1920s, Ford decided to move his hero and friend Thomas Edison’s Menlo Park invention factory to the museum. He and Edison went to New Jersey to recover the buildings but found that most had been removed or were in disrepair. Ford then had his staff reconstruct the Menlo Park buildings from photographs and a few surviving original materials. Today the Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village houses a vast collection of Edison artifacts.
After his death, Ford's stock holdings went to the Ford Foundation, which had been set up in 1936 as a means of retaining family control of the firm. The Ford Foundation has subsequently became one of the richest private foundations in the world. | [
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] | 1,279 |
I've Never...But I'd Like to Someday
participant should be given three popsicle sticks. The first person begins by saying "I've Never (insert words), but I'd like to someday." Each person
in the group who HAS done that activity should through a stick into the middle. This continues around the circle as many times as necessary. The goal is for each person to run out of sticks. Examples:
I've never ___________, but I'd like to someday."
* Bungee jumped
* Make straight A's on a report card
* Rode a roller coaster
* Been to Disneyland
* Traveled outside the U.S.
* See the ocean | [
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] | 145 |
Healthy Living: Blogs
Story Updated: Mar 21, 2013
New study links sugar-sweetened beverages to tens of thousands of deaths each year.
No matter where you stand on efforts to ban super-sized sugary drinks a new study released by the American Heart Association is sure to get your attention.
The study concludes that about 180,000 deaths around the world each year are associated with sugar-sweetened sodas, sports drinks and fruit drinks!
Using data from the 2010 Global Burden of Diseases study, researchers linked the intake of sugary drinks to 133-thousand diabetes deaths, 44 thousand cardiovascular-related deaths and 6 thousand cancer deaths.
Sugary beverages contribute to weight gain... which increases the risk of developing diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers.
About 25,000 deaths in the U.S. were associated with sugary drinks.
Latin America and the Caribbean regions had the most diabetes deaths related to the beverages.
What country registered the lowest number of deaths related to sugar-sweetened sodas, sports drinks and fruit drinks? Japan, which also had the lowest per-capita consumption of the products. | [
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] | [
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] | 237 |
Ptosis Correction Surgery:
Ptosis Correction Surgery India offers information on Ptosis Correction Surgery in India, Ptosis Correction Surgery cost India, Ptosis Correction Surgery hospital in India, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad & Bangalore, Ptosis Correction Surgeon in India.
Ptosis is the medical term for drooping of the upper eyelid, a condition that may affect one or botheyes.
The ptosis may be mild - in which the lid partially covers the pupil; or severe - in which the lid completely covers the pupil.
When does Ptosis occur?
Ptosis can occur at any age. When present since birth it is called congenital ptosis. When present in the elderly it is called acquired ptosis.
What causes Ptosis?
While the cause of congenital ptosis is often unclear, the most common reason is improper development of the levator muscle. The levator muscle is the major muscle responsible for elevating the upper eyelid. In adults ptosis is generally due to weakening / dehiscence of the levator muscle. It may also occur following injury to the muscle as after lid injuries and eye surgeries. Rarely it may be due to myasthenia gravis ( a condition where there is progressive weakness of muscles).
Why should Ptosis be treated?
Children with significant ptosis may need to tilt their head back into a chin-up position, lift their eyelid with a finger, or raise their eyebrows in an effort to see from under their drooping eyelid. Children with congenital ptosis may also have amblyopia ("lazy eye"), strabismus or squint (eyes that are not properly aligned or straight), refractive errors, astigmatism, or blurred vision. In addition, drooping of the eyelid may result in an undesired facial appearance and difficult social life. In moderate ptosis there is a loss of the upper field of vision by the drooping upper lid.
How is Ptosis treated?
The eye condition Ptosis is trated by a specified sugery called ptosis surgery.
Ptosis is treated surgically, with the specific operation based on the severity of the ptosis and the strength of the levator muscle. If the ptosis is not severe, surgery is generally performed when the child is between 3 and 5 years of age (the "pre-school" years). However, when the ptosis interferes with the child's vision, surgery is performed at an earlier age to allow proper visual development. Ptosis repair is usually completed under general anesthesia in infants and young children and under local anesthesia in adults.
What to expect after surgery ?
Most patients will tolerate the procedure very well and have a rapid recovery. Cold packs may need to be applied to the operated eyelid for the first 48 hours following surgery. Antibiotic ointments applied to the incision are sometimes recommended. The elevation of the eyelid will often be immediately noticeable, though in some cases bruising and swelling will obscure this finding. Most patients will have sutures that need removing about a week following surgery. In children, absorbable sutures are often used.
The bruising and swelling associated with the surgery will usually resolve in two to three weeks. Some patients may need adjustment of the sutures to better align the lid height. This may or may not require additional anaesthesia or a trip to the operating room.
India Surgery Ptosis,Ptosis Correction, India Cost Price Ptosis, Ptosis Correction Surgery, Ptosis Correction, India Ptosis Correction Surgery, India Cost Ptosis Correction Surgery, Low Cost Mechanical Ptosis Correction Mumbai,, India Low Cost Ptosis Correction Surgery Hospital, Affordable Ptosis Correction Hospital Mumbai, Health Care, Ptosis Corrective Surgery, Eyelid Surgery, Drooping, Treatment On Ptosis Correction Surgery, India Ptosis Correction Surgery Surgeons, Ptosis Correction Surgery Doctors
Call: + 91 9029304141 (10 am. To 8 pm. IST)
Email : [email protected] (Preferred)
(Only for international patients seeking treatment in India) | [
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] | 848 |
What Is It?
Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder, the small saclike organ located near the liver in the upper right side of the abdomen. It is attached to the main duct that carries bile from the liver into the intestine. Bile helps your body to break down and absorb fats. The gallbladder temporarily stores bile from the liver. When you eat, the gallbladder contracts and squeezes extra bile into the intestine to aid digestion.
There are two ways to remove the gallbladder:
- Traditional surgery. The surgeon cuts open the abdomen and removes the gallbladder through an incision that is about 6 inches long. The abdomen is then stitched closed again.
- Laparoscopic surgery. The surgeon makes four small (less than an inch) incisions for a laparoscope and instruments. A laparoscope is a tube-like instrument with a camera for viewing, and with it the surgeon can guide the surgical instruments to remove the gallbladder. The gallbladder is cut away from the liver and the bile duct and removed through one of the small incisions.
Surgeons remove about 500,000 gallbladders in the United States each year. About 90% of the time, laparoscopic surgery is used because it requires a shorter hospital stay, is less painful, and has a shorter recovery time compared to traditional surgery. In the remaining 10%, traditional surgery is used because the person has significant abdominal scarring from prior surgery, severe inflammation, unusual anatomy, or other factors that make surgery with a laparoscope very difficult and riskier.
Most people have no side effects from living without a gallbladder. Bile can still pass directly from the liver to the intestines, so the gallbladder usually is not necessary. Occasionally, people notice a tendency to diarrhea after the gallbladder is removed.
What It's Used For
Surgeons remove gallbladders to prevent complications from gallstones, which are rocklike lumps that form inside the gallbladder. Gallstones can cause symptoms as simple as intermittent crampy pain after eating, but they also can lead to cholecystitis cholangitis or pancreatitis. Cholecystitis is an inflammation or infection of the gallbladder that develops when a gallstone blocks the bile duct (or tube) that leads from the gallbladder to the main bile duct. Cholecystitis causes fever, nausea or vomiting, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. Cholangitis is an infection of the bile ducts that may occur when a gallstone passes out of the gallbladder and blocks the main bile duct between the liver and intestine. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can be caused by a gallstone blocking the duct coming from the pancreas (this pancreatic duct is attached to the bile duct). This leads to pancreatic enzymes irritating and inflaming the pancreas. Cholecystitis is not usually a severe problem, but cholangitis and pancreatitis can be.
Your doctor will review your allergies and your medical and surgical history. If there is any chance that you may be pregnant or you are trying to get pregnant, tell your doctor before your surgery.
About one week before surgery, you will need to stop taking blood-thinning medications. Beginning at midnight on the night before your surgery, you must not eat or drink anything. This reduces the risk of vomiting during surgery.
You will need to have someone drive you home after surgery.
How It's Done
No matter which type of surgery you have, you will be put under general anesthesia, making you unconscious during your surgery. An intravenous (IV) line inserted into one of your veins will deliver fluids and medications.
- Traditional surgery. The surgeon cuts a 6-inch incision in the upper right side of your abdomen and removes your gallbladder. Often, a test called cholangiography is done during the operation to look for any stones that may have passed into the main bile duct (in this test, a dye is injected into the bile ducts and X-rays are taken). If stones are seen on the X-rays, they may be removed, and a tube may then be placed in the common bile duct (and coming out of the skin) for drainage, until some time after the surgery. After the gallbladder is removed, the incision is closed with stitches. While in the hospital, you gradually will resume eating a normal diet and get out of bed. Usually you stay in the hospital for two to five days.
- Laparoscopic surgery. The surgeon makes a small incision at the navel and puts air into the abdomen to make it easier to see. This help to avoid damaging any organs with the incisions or instruments. Next the laparoscope is inserted through the small incision at your navel. Once the laparoscope is inside your abdomen, a camera on the laparoscope transmits images to a viewing screen. Three smaller incisions are made, and the surgical instruments are inserted through these incisions. The surgeon cuts out the gallbladder, and removes the gallbladder through one of the incisions, usually the one at your bellybutton. All of the instruments are removed, and the surgeon closes the incisions with stitches or surgical tape. After you wake up from anesthesia, the IV line remains in place until you can drink fluids on your own, usually within a few hours after surgery. If you are having a same-day procedure, you can leave the hospital when you feel well enough to go home safely. You may be able to eat a light meal later that day (in the evening). Sometimes patients stay in the hospital until the next morning.
If there are any difficulties during a laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon will switch to a traditional cholecystectomy. This may happen if there is too much bleeding, if there is much scarring from previous surgery, if the gallbladder is difficult to remove, or if there is severe infection.
You will need to visit your doctor for follow-up sometime after you leave the hospital. This may be within a few days to a few weeks after you return home from the hospital. Your doctor will check the healing of your incisions and remove any stitches. After laparoscopic surgery, you usually can return to work within three to seven days. After traditional surgery, you may need to wait three to six weeks before going back to work. Check with your doctor before resuming specific activities, such as sports, heavy labor and lifting.
Possible complications of a cholecystectomy include infection, bleeding, blood clots, damage to bile ducts, retained gall stones, and injury to surrounding organs. Occasionally, people have diarrhea after cholecystectomy. A medication called cholestyramine (Questran) can help to treat the diarrhea.
When to Call a Professional
Once you return home from the hospital, call your doctor immediately if you develop a fever or if your incision becomes red, tender or swollen.
American College of Surgeons (ACS)
633 North Saint Clair St.
Chicago, IL 60611-3211
American Liver Foundation
75 Maiden Lane
New York, NY 10038
National Institutes of Health Information about Digestive Diseases
2 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892-3570 | [
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February 15, 2013
(The New York Times News Service) -- Even moderate alcohol use may substantially raise the risk of dying from cancer, according to a study released Thursday offering the first comprehensive update of alcohol-related cancers deaths in decades.
"People don't talk about the issue of alcohol and cancer risk," said Dr. David Nelson, director of the Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program at the National Cancer Institute and lead author of the study.
"Alcohol has been known to be related to causing cancer for a long period of time. We talk about cancer prevention, screenings and tests. This is one of those things that seems to be missing in plain sight."
Alcohol use accounts for about 3.5 percent of all U.S. cancer deaths annually, according to the study. The majority of deaths seemed to occur among people who consumed more than three alcoholic drinks a day, but those who consumed 1.5 beverages daily may account for up to a third of those deaths, the researchers found.
In 2009, 18,000 to 21,000 people in the United States died of alcohol-related cancers, from cancer of the liver to breast cancer and other types, the researchers said. That's more that the number of people who die every year of melanoma or ovarian cancer, which caused over 9,000 and 14,000 U.S. deaths respectively in 2009.
How alcohol causes cancer is not fully understood, the study notes. Previous research has shown alcohol appears to work in different ways to increase cancer risk, such as affecting estrogen levels in women and acting as a solvent to help tobacco chemicals get into the digestive tract.
The study, published in the American Journal of Public Health, is the first major analysis of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths in more than 30 years. Researchers said the lack of recent research on the subject may contribute to a lack of public awareness of the cancer risks.
"People are well aware of other risks, like the impact of tobacco on cancer, and are not as aware alcohol plays quite a bit of a role," said Thomas Greenfield, one of the study's authors and scientific director of Public Health Institute's Alcohol Research Group, in Emeryville.
Researchers examined seven types of cancers known to be linked to alcohol use: cancers of the mouth and pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum and female breast. To link the cancer to alcohol use, they relied on surveys of more than 220,000 adults, 2009 U.S. mortality data, and sales data on alcohol consumption.
Breast cancer accounted for the most common alcohol-related cancer deaths among women -- alcohol contributed to 15 percent of all breast cancer deaths. Among men, cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus accounted for the most alcohol-linked cancer deaths.
The study drew some criticism.
Dr. Curtis Ellison, professor of medicine and public health at Boston University School of Medicine, said the study failed to take into account several important factors, such as the pattern of drinking rather than just the amount of alcohol consumed. He said consuming small, consistent amounts of alcohol is much healthier than occasional binge drinking.
"They're mixing alcohol abuse, which leads to all of these cancers as they've clearly shown, with the casual drinker, where the risk is very small," said Ellison, also co-director of the International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research.
Dr. Arthur Klatsky, adjunct investigator at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, said many studies have shown moderate drinkers in older age groups may be healthier than those who abstain. Klatsky has long researched the effects of alcohol on health, but declined to comment directly on the study because he had not yet read it.
"Advice needs to be individualized," Klatsky said. "The advice one would give to 60-year-old man who has no problem with alcohol but is at high risk of heart disease due to family history is quite different than the advice we give to a 25-year-old woman whose mother died of breast cancer."
The study's authors acknowledged alcohol can have health benefits, but claimed alcohol causes 10 times as many deaths as it prevents. There's no known safe level of drinking, they said.
"The safest level for cancer prevention is that people don't expose themselves to any potential risk," said Nelson of the National Cancer Institute. "The bottom line means for people who choose to drink, their cancer risk will be lower if they drink lower amounts."
Copyright 2013 The New York Times News Service. All rights reserved. | [
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] | 944 |
Paget's Disease of Bone
What Is It?
Bones in your body continuously break down and form again in a natural and tightly balanced process called bone remodeling. This bone remodeling also occurs in response to stress or injury placed on the bone. For example, weight-bearing exercise leads to increased bone formation.
In Paget's disease, more bone breaks down than usual and more new bone forms than usual. These changes in the bone can lead to bone enlargement and deformity. The new bone growth tends to be softer and more fragile than normal bone, and can develop in a haphazard pattern. Because of this, the bone can fracture. The long bones, especially the legs, tend to bow, and the skull may enlarge, particularly over the forehead.
Paget's disease is the second most common bone disorder in people over 50, after osteoporosis. It is rarely diagnosed in young adults.
Although the cause is unknown, genetics may play a role because the disease sometimes runs in families. Research suggests a slow-growing virus may trigger the disease; some cells in the bone of people with Paget's disease look like they are infected with a virus. However, no virus has been identified.
The condition is rare in certain parts of the world, such as Japan, but more common in the United States and Australia. In the United States, an estimated 10% of people older than age 80 have Paget's disease.
In about 20% of people with Paget's disease, only one area of the body - the spine, pelvis, thighs, lower legs or skull - is affected. The rest have many areas involved. In serious cases, complications can include deafness, congestive heart failure (caused by the extra blood flow required by the diseased bone), an elevated calcium level and cancer of the bone.
An estimated 70% of people with Paget's disease do not have any symptoms. Symptoms are more likely to occur in people who have many areas of the body affected. Symptoms can include:
- Bone pain and warmth
- Head enlargement
- Bowing of the legs
- Hearing loss
Because many people with Paget's disease do not have symptoms, the condition often is not discovered until an X-ray or blood test (called the alkaline phosphatase) obtained for other reasons suggests the disease may be present. If your doctor thinks you may have Paget's disease, specific blood and urine tests can measure the levels of certain byproducts of bone formation and breakdown. More detailed X-rays or a bone scan also may be done. In rare instances, a doctor may recommend a bone biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other possibilities. In a bone biopsy, a small piece of bone is removed with a needle so it can be examined in a laboratory.
Paget's disease cannot be cured, but treatment can control the symptoms.
There is no way to prevent Paget's disease.
Treatment is generally reserved for people with symptoms. In rare cases, a doctor may recommend treatment even if you don't have symptoms if X-rays, blood tests and a bone biopsy detect enough disease.
Medications such as including aspirin, mild pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs can help treat pain and inflammation. In advanced cases, your doctor may recommend medications such as alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), pamidronate (Aredia), zoledronic acid (Reclast, Zometa) or calcitonin (Miacalcin) to reduce the activity of cells that remodel bone.
Surgery to correct deformities is rarely necessary. If Paget's disease causes significant damage to a hip, hip replacement surgery may be considered. Hearing aides may be helpful if Paget's disease affects the bones inside the ear.
A person with Paget's disease will be monitored carefully for complications such as heart failure or an elevation in blood calcium, and these conditions will be treated if necessary.
When to Call a Professional
Contact your doctor if you experience any of the symptoms of Paget's disease for more than two weeks.
Paget's disease itself is not fatal, however, it is associated with an increased risk of a cancerous bone tumor, called osteosarcoma. Paget's disease is a long-lasting (chronic) condition. The outlook is generally good, especially if the condition is diagnosed and treated before major changes in bones have occurred and when there is no osteosarcoma.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)
6300 North River Rd.
Rosemont, IL 60018-4262
The Paget Foundation
120 Wall St.
New York, NY 10005-4001 | [
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] | 992 |
Electrophoresis is a common lab technique used to identify, quantify, and purify nucleic acid fragments and assess quality. RNA molecules are negatively charged, and during gel electrophoresis they migrate toward the anode in the presence of an electric current.
The length of RNA generally determines its migration in the gel, since longer RNA molecules move slower than shorter fragments. However, RNA molecules are subject to extensive secondary structure via intramolecular base pairing, and this can affect their gel migration. For most applications, RNA is run using denaturing conditions to disrupt secondary structure. For applications such as resolving different conformations of RNA, native (or nondenaturing) gels are recommended.
Nondenaturing RNA Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis of RNA under nondenaturing conditions maintains the secondary structure of RNA molecules. Agarose is generally preferred to acrylamide because it has lower toxicity and, at the concentrations needed to resolve typical RNA molecules, it is easier to handle. Life Technologies offers convenient reagents for nondenaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, including hassle-free precast E-Gel® agarose gels and UltraPure™ reagents to pour your own agarose gels.
Products for Nondenaturing RNA Electrophoresis:
Denaturing RNA Electrophoresis
To accurately determine the molecular weight of RNA molecules, it is essential to run RNA gels using denaturing conditions. Since northern blots typically seek to characterize RNA molecules based on their size, denaturing electrophoresis is commonly used prior to RNA analysis by northern blotting.. Denaturing conditions disrupt hydrogen bonding so that RNA runs without secondary structure, as single-stranded molecules. There are a number of denaturing agents available, including glyoxal, formamide, and methyl mercury. The disadvantage of these compounds is that they are toxic and therefore should be treated with caution.
Traditionally, formaldehyde has been used as a denaturant for RNA electrophoresis. The NorthernMax® Kit contains a complete set of RNase-free reagents for running formaldehyde-containing agarose gels. These gels must be poured and run in a fume hood. With the NorthernMax®-Gly Kit, RNA samples are denatured in glyoxal/DMSO loading buffer prior to electrophoresis and run in a formaldehyde-free agarose gel.
For determination of RNA size, a wide range of RNA ladders are available for accurate size and mass estimations, including 0.1–2 Kb ladders, 0.5–10 Kb ladders and the Millennium™ Markers.
- Learn more about RNA Ladders
For Research Use Only. Not for human or animal therapeutic or diagnostic use. | [
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] | 593 |
EL ALTO, Bolivia
Every morning from 6:00 to 8:00 AM, native people in this sprawling working-class suburb of La Paz, Bolivia listen to the programme broadcast by former education minister Donato Ayma in the Aymara language.
Peru will debut a new mechanism for prior consultation with indigenous peoples by seeking their approval for a new stage of oil drilling operations in the infamous Lot 1AB in the northeastern Amazon region of Loreto.
Up to 80 Yanomami men, women and children in a remote community in the Amazon jungle in southern Venezuela were reportedly killed in early July by wildcat gold miners from Brazil, according to indigenous organisations.
Although they are only five percent of the global population, indigenous people account for up to 15 percent of the world’s poor, according to a new study published by members of the World Bank.
Indigenous leaders from all over South America are making their way by foot, canoe and eventually on buses to be part of the Kari-Oca Caravan to Rio de Janeiro, to talk to world leaders at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20.
"Midwives in Guatemala attend to women during pregnancy, the birth and the post-partum period. They give the women warmth and support, because they speak the same language and belong to the same culture," said Silvia Xinico with the Network of Organisations of Indigenous Women for Reproductive Health.
A unique response to the challenge of global warming is happening in rural areas of Peru, where a network of indigenous elders is working out how to adjust weather forecasts in the light of climate change, while taking measures to safeguard their crops. | [
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] | 343 |
Rising as the Barcoo on the northern slopes of the Warrego Range, Queensland, the Cooper Creek flows north-west to Blackall. Joined by the Alice River, it continues south-west past Isisford and receives its
principal tributary, the Thompson. At Currareva, with the catchment area of 150 220 km2, the mean annual flow is 3.35 km3 with a standard deviation of 3.45 km3 for 33 full climatic years between 1939 and 1984.
Crossing the South Australian border near Innamincka, Cooper Creek cuts through a range of hills and these, in a similar
manner to the slight constriction of the Diamantina at Birdsville, offer the only chance of accurately measuring the flow anywhere within the 500 km of its central reach. The location also provides a
potential major dam site, a feature almost entirely missing on the other rivers of the Lake Eyre Basin.
The catchment area at Innamincka is 236 700 km2, and the mean annual flow for the period 1973-83 is 2.06 km3 with a standard deviation of 3.63 km3. The highest annual flow was 11.47 km3 in 1974; the highest monthly flow 6.49 km3 in February 1974; and the highest instantaneous flow 3 740 m 3/s on 18 February 1974.
Immediately downstream of Innamincka in periods of high flows, water is diverted through a natural control into the Strzelecki Creek, which also has a
catchment of its own and can flow due to the effect of heavy localised storms. Flow in Strzelecki Creek fills Lake Blanche, Lake Callabonna and Lake Frome in that order. In 1974, overflow from Lake Blanche also
reached Lake Gregory. It appears possible - and on some occasions probably inevitable - that Lake Gregory may overflow in a northwestern direction to Cooper Creek. If this is the case, then Strzelecki water can
re-enter Cooper Creek in the vicinity of Lake Killamperpunna. This did not happen, however, in 1974-76.
Once Cooper Creek leaves the hills of Innamincka, it emerges on to a very wide floodplain in the Sturt
Stony Desert, interlaced with channels, billabongs and lakes, and intersected by lines of north-south dunes. These floodplains of its central reach are highly complicated. | [
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One death, 15 new cases of West Nile in Louisiana
LOUISIANA — The Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals uncovered 15 new West Nile cases this week, and reports one death from the disease. The State is experiencing its worst West Nile outbreak in a decade this year, and health care providers continue identifying new cases into the fall season.
"Not only do we continue to find more cases, this week, we have three parishes reporting their first human cases of West Nile for the year," said DHH Secretary Bruce D. Greenstein. "Clearly, this virus remains a threat, and it's important to protect your health and avoid mosquito bites even as the weather gets colder and drier."
Humans contract West Nile when they are bitten by mosquitoes infected with the virus. When people are infected with West Nile, the virus will affect them one of three ways. West Nile neuroinvasive disease is the most serious type, infecting the brain and spinal cord. Neuroinvasive disease can lead to death, paralysis and brain damage. The milder viral infection is West Nile fever, in which people experience flu-like symptoms. The majority of people who contract West Nile will be asymptomatic, which means they show no symptoms. These cases are typically detected through blood donations or in the course of other routine medical tests.
There are six new neuroinvasive disease cases reported this week, from Jefferson (1), Orleans (2), Tangipahoa (1) and Rapides (2) parishes. Five of these are newly identified cases, and one is a previously reported case that progressed into neuroinvasive disease.
There are 10 new West Nile fever cases reported this week, from Assumption (1), Catahoula (1), East Baton Rouge (2), Ouachita (1), Rapides (2), St. Landry (1) and Winn (2) parishes.
No new asymptomatic cases were reported this week.
Louisiana has had 371 West Nile cases, of which 152 are neuroinvasive disease, and 16 deaths, all of which occurred within two weeks of disease onset, thus far in 2012.
DHH issues a weekly Arbovirus Surveillance Report that details cases detected thus far by parish, which is published here.
West Nile virus has been present in Louisiana since 2002, when the state experienced 328 cases, of which 204 were neuroinvasive disease, and 24 deaths. For 10 years, state health officials have conducted robust surveillance year-round, which includes working with doctors, hospitals and health care providers around the state to track human cases and reminding people to be vigilant in avoiding mosquito bites. | [
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] | 547 |
Envision Math Grade 5 Homeschool Bundle
Let the pictures to the talking! Envision Math develops math concepts through interactive and visual learning. Math concepts are taught with step-by-step purposeful, sequential illustrations along with learning activities and lesson exercises. Grades 3-6 use a hardcover student edition book which contains daily lessons that provide a Visual Learning Bridge.
The grade 5 homeschool bundle includes:
- Student Edition Worktext (hardcover)
- Mindpoint Quiz Show CD-ROM
- Teacher Edition CD-ROM
Macintosh/Windows Dual Compatibility System Requirements: Windows: Minimum Processor: Pentium II 233MHz; Minimum System: Windows 2000 (SP4)/XP (SP2); Memory: 256MB; CD/DVD Speed: 8X; Hard Drive Space: 40MB (20MB for Lite version). Macintosh: Minimum Processor: Power Mac 200MHz; Minimum System: OS 10.3.9 (Classic mode required. Will not work on Intel® based Macs.); Memory: 256; CD/DVD Speed: 8X; Hard Drive Space: 32MB (20MB for Lite version). | [
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] | 232 |
Hundreds of years ago, the Los Angeles Basin’s river and tributaries sat at the center of daily life for our first ancestors, the Tongvas Indians. They understood the river’s changing, mercurial nature and built their homes and town centers above its flood plains. Yangna, sitting just a few miles from the river near Spring Street, was the largest Tongvas village. It was a center for commerce, governance and religious ceremonies, and it is the birthplace of Los Angeles.
The Los Angeles State Historic Park was once an industrial brown field. After much debate among real estate developers, community activists, and artists, the land is now available for public use and awaits transformation into a state park.
The Zanja Madre, or "Mother Ditch," is the original aqueduct that brought water to El Pueblo from the Los Angeles River. The remains of the Zanja where uncovered in the 1970's and can be seen sitting just behind a fence in the Los Angeles State Historic Park.
KCET is the nation's largest independent public television station. On air, online and in the community, KCET plays a vital role in the cultural and educational enrichment of Southern and Central California. We offer a wide range of award-winning local programming as well as the finest public television programs from around the world.
Are you a member of the media looking for information about KCET? Visit our press room for contact details, images and all the latest news. | [
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] | 303 |
Deoxidation is the removal of excess oxygen from molten metal. The procedure involves adding materials with a high affinity for oxygen, the oxides of which
are either gaseous or readily form slags. The deoxidation of steel is usually performed by adding Mn, Si and Al, or rarely by adding
Cr, V, Ti, Zr and B.
The deoxidation of molten steel shows a paradox. By increasing the concentration of deoxidizer in the melt over some critical value reoxidation of steel
takes place. A few examples of the reoxidation of steel by adding the usual deoxidizers (Si and Al) are examined in this article.
Deoxidation is the last stage in steelmaking. In the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) and other similar steelmaking practices the steel bath as the time of tapping
contains 400 to 800 ppm activity of oxygen. Deoxidation is carried out during tapping by adding into the tap-ladle appropriate amounts of ferromanganese,
ferrosilicon and/or aluminum or other special deoxidizers. If at the end of the blow the carbon content of the steel is below specifications, the metal
is also recarburized in the ladle. However, large additions in the ladle are undesirable, because of the adverse effect on the temperature of the metal.
Eight typical conditions of commercial ingots, cast in identical bottle-top molds, in relation to the degree of suppression of gas evolution are shown
schematically in Figure 1. The dotted line indicates the height to which the steel originally was poured in each ingot mold. Depending on the carbon
content and particularly of the oxygen content, the ingot structures range from that of a fully killed or dead-killed ingot N°1 to that of a violently
rimmed ingot N°8. Included in the series are indicated in figure 1 i.e. killed steel N°1, semikilled steel N°2, capped steel N°5,
and rimmed steel N°7.
Figure 1: Series of typical ingot structures
Rimmed steel usually is tapped without having made additions of deoxidizers to the steel in the furnace or only small additions to the molten steel
in ladle, in order to have sufficient oxygen present to give the desired gas evolution by reacting in the mold with carbon. The exact procedures followed
depend upon whether the steel has a carbon content in the higher ranges i.e. %C=0.12-0.15 or in the lower ranges, e.g. %C=max 0.10 .When the metal in the
ingot mold begins to solidify, there is a brisk evolution of carbon monoxide, resulting in an outer ingot skin of relatively clean metal low in carbon and
other solutes. Such ingots are best suited for the manufacture of steel sheets.
Capped steel practice is a variation of rimmed steel practice. The rimming action is allowed to begin normally, but is then terminated after a minute
or more by sealing the mold with a cast-iron cap. In steels with a carbon content greater than 0.15% the capped ingot practice is usually applied to sheet,
strip, wire and bars.
Semikilled steel is deoxidized less than killed steel and there is enough oxygen present in the molten steel to react with carbon forming sufficient
carbon monoxide to counterbalance the solidification shrinkage. The steel generally has a carbon content within the range %C=0.15-0.30 and finds wide
application in structural shapes.
Killed steel is deoxidized to such an extent that there is no gas evolution during solidification. Aluminum is used for deoxidation, together with
ferro-alloys of manganese and silicon; in certain cases calcium silicide or other special strong deoxidizers are used. In order to minimize piping, almost
all killed steels are cast in hot-topped big-end up molds.
Killed steels are generally used when a homogeneous structure is required in the finished steels. Alloy steels, forging steels and steels for carburizing
are of this type, when the essential quality is soundness. In producing certain extra-deep-drawing steels, a low-carbon (%C=max 0.12) steel is killed,
usually with a substantial amount of aluminum that is added in the ladle, in the mold or both.
Although the deoxidation of steel by aluminum suppresses the formation of carbon monoxide during solidification, and hence suppresses blow holes, there
are many steel processing operations where aluminum killing of steel is undesirable. For example, it is widely recognized that certain alloy steels to be
cast as large ingots should not be subject to aluminum killing, because of the piping and of deleterious effects of alumina inclusions on the subsequent
processing of ingots for certain applications, e.g. generator-rotor shafts.
It has been recognized from the early days of the continuous-casting operation nearly two decades ago that casting difficulties and poor surface conditions
are often experienced with aluminum-killed steels. It is for these reasons that other forms of deoxidation are often preferred in a number of steel-processing
operations, e.g. silico-managanese deoxidation and/or vacuum carbon deoxidation.
Deoxidation reactions can be described using the deoxidation equilibrium constant. A wide spectrum of deoxidation equilibria pertaining to the most common
deoxidants for steel is summarized in Table 1 as a log-log plot of the concentration of oxygen in solution in liquid steel against that of the added elements.
Table 1: Solubility of the products of deoxidation in liquid iron.
|Equilibrium constant K*
||K at 1600°C
||< 1 ppm Al
||1.1 x 10-15
||-71600/T + 23.28
||< 1 ppm Al
||4.3 x 10-14
||-62780/T + 20.17
||1.3 x 10-8
||> 0.02% C
||2.0 x 10-3
||-1168/T - 2.07
||> 3% Cr
||1.1 x 10-4
||-40740/T + 17.78
||> 1% Mn
||5.1 x 10-2
||-14450/T + 6.43
||> 20 ppm Si
||2.2 x 10-5
||-30410/T + 11.59
||< 0.3% Ti
||2.8 x 10-6
||> 5% Ti
||1.9 x 10-3
||< 0.10 V
||8.9 x 10-8
||-48060/T + 18.61
||> 0.3% V
||2.9 x 10-6
||-43200/T + 17.52
In all cases, the oxygen and the alloying element in solution are in equilibrium with the appropriate gas, liquid or solid oxide phases at 1600°C, e.g. 1 atm CO,
pure B2O3, pure Al2O3 etc. The curves for Mn, Si and C are from compiled data. The curves for
Cr, V, B, Ti and Al are based on the recent work done in this laboratory by Fruehan using the oxygen galvanic cell previously
described in measuring the equilibrium oxygen potentials.
- Activities are chosen such that aMn ≡ %Mn and aO ≡ %O when %M→O
- Square brackets [ ] denote component present in molten steel
- Temperature (T) is on the Kelvin scale.
Deoxidation reactions can be described using the deoxidation equilibrium constant. The reaction when the alloying element (M) is added to the steel can be represented by:
MxOy = xM + Yo .....(1)
The deoxidation constant assuming pure MxOy forms (i.e. unit activity for MxOy) is given by:
K = (hM)x(hO)y .....(2)
Where hM and hO are the Henrian activities defined such that activity of the components is equal to its weight percent at infinite dilution in iron.
Hi = fi(wt.% i) .....(3)
The activity coefficient fi can be corrected for alloying elements by use of the interaction parameter eji
(d log fi/d log wt%j) = eji .....(4)
Table 2 shows the coefficients of interaction for the common elements of carbon and stainless steels at 1600°C.
Table 2: The coefficients of interaction for the common elements of carbon and stainless steels at 1600°C
|Carbon steel 1600°C
|Stainless steel 1600°C
For most low alloy steels encountered in ladle metallurgy the activity coefficient can be taken as unity and equation 2 reduces to:
KM = (%M)x(%O)y .....(5)
To illustrate how to use these constants consider a steel containing 0.1%Si at 1600°C (2912°F) in equilibrium with SiO2.
The value of KSi is given by:
KSi = (%Si)(%O)2 .....(6)
KSi = 2.2 x 10-5
(%O)2 = 2.2 x 10-4
(%O) ≈ 0.015 or 150 ppm.
It is important to remember that these calculations are for soluble oxygen content; the total oxygen content which includes both the soluble oxygen and
the oxygen associated with inclusions could be much higher.
For single element deoxidation, the solubility of oxygen in liquid iron at 1600°C (2912°F) is given as a function of the concentration of
the alloying element. In each case, the melt is in equilibrium with the respective pure oxide; e.g. SiO2, Al2O3 etc.
It can be clearly seen that aluminum is the strongest of the common deoxiders followed by titanium. Rare earths are about as strong aluminum as deoxidizers
and will be discussed later in detail. | [
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] | 2,195 |
Electricity and magnetism
The dot product Introduction to the vector dot product.
The dot product
⇐ Use this menu to view and help create subtitles for this video in many different languages. You'll probably want to hide YouTube's captions if using these subtitles.
- Let's learn a little bit about the dot product.
- The dot product, frankly, out of the two ways of multiplying
- vectors, I think is the easier one.
- So what does the dot product do?
- Why don't I give you the definition, and then I'll give
- you an intuition.
- So if I have two vectors; vector a dot vector b-- that's
- how I draw my arrows.
- I can draw my arrows like that.
- That is equal to the magnitude of vector a times the
- magnitude of vector b times cosine of the
- angle between them.
- Now where does this come from?
- This might seem a little arbitrary, but I think with a
- visual explanation, it will make a little bit more sense.
- So let me draw, arbitrarily, these two vectors.
- So that is my vector a-- nice big and fat vector.
- It's good for showing the point.
- And let me draw vector b like that.
- Vector b.
- And then let me draw the cosine, or let me, at least,
- draw the angle between them.
- This is theta.
- So there's two ways of view this.
- Let me label them.
- This is vector a.
- I'm trying to be color consistent.
- This is vector b.
- So there's two ways of viewing this product.
- You could view it as vector a-- because multiplication is
- associative, you could switch the order.
- So this could also be written as, the magnitude of vector a
- times cosine of theta, times-- and I'll do it in color
- appropriate-- vector b.
- And this times, this is the dot product.
- I almost don't have to write it.
- This is just regular multiplication, because these
- are all scalar quantities.
- When you see the dot between vectors, you're talking about
- the vector dot product.
- So if we were to just rearrange this expression this
- way, what does it mean?
- What is a cosine of theta?
- Let me ask you a question.
- If I were to drop a right angle, right here,
- perpendicular to b-- so let's just drop a right angle
- there-- cosine of theta soh-coh-toa so, cah cosine--
- is equal to adjacent of a hypotenuse, right?
- Well, what's the adjacent?
- It's equal to this.
- And the hypotenuse is equal to the magnitude of a, right?
- Let me re-write that.
- So cosine of theta-- and this applies to the a vector.
- Cosine of theta of this angle is equal to ajacent, which
- is-- I don't know what you could call this-- let's call
- this the projection of a onto b.
- It's like if you were to shine a light perpendicular to b--
- if there was a light source here and the light was
- straight down, it would be the shadow of a onto b.
- Or you could almost think of it as the part of a that goes
- in the same direction of b.
- So this projection, they call it-- at least the way I get
- the intuition of what a projection is, I kind of view
- it as a shadow.
- If you had a light source that came up perpendicular, what
- would be the shadow of that vector on to this one?
- So if you think about it, this shadow right here-- you could
- call that, the projection of a onto b.
- Or, I don't know.
- Let's just call it, a sub b.
- And it's the magnitude of it, right?
- It's how much of vector a goes on vector b over-- that's the
- adjacent side-- over the hypotenuse.
- The hypotenuse is just the magnitude of vector a.
- It's just our basic calculus.
- Or another way you could view it, just multiply both sides
- by the magnitude of vector a.
- You get the projection of a onto b, which is just a fancy
- way of saying, this side; the part of a that goes in the
- same direction as b-- is another way to say it-- is
- equal to just multiplying both sides times the magnitude of a
- is equal to the magnitude of a, cosine of theta.
- Which is exactly what we have up here.
- And the definition of the dot product.
- So another way of visualizing the dot product is, you could
- replace this term with the magnitude of the projection of
- a onto b-- which is just this-- times the
- magnitude of b.
- That's interesting.
- All the dot product of two vectors is-- let's just take
- one vector.
- Let's figure out how much of that vector-- what component
- of it's magnitude-- goes in the same direction as the
- other vector, and let's just multiply them.
- And where is that useful?
- Well, think about it.
- What about work?
- When we learned work in physics?
- Work is force times distance.
- But it's not just the total force
- times the total distance.
- It's the force going in the same
- direction as the distance.
- You should review the physics playlist if you're watching
- this within the calculus playlist. Let's say I have a
- 10 newton object.
- It's sitting on ice, so there's no friction.
- We don't want to worry about fiction right now.
- And let's say I pull on it.
- Let's say my force vector-- This is my force vector.
- Let's say my force vector is 100 newtons.
- I'm making the numbers up.
- 100 newtons.
- And Let's say I slide it to the right, so my distance
- vector is 10 meters parallel to the ground.
- And the angle between them is equal to 60 degrees, which is
- the same thing is pi over 3.
- We'll stick to degrees.
- It's a little bit more intuitive.
- It's 60 degrees.
- This distance right here is 10 meters.
- So my question is, by pulling on this rope, or whatever, at
- the 60 degree angle, with a force of 100 newtons, and
- pulling this block to the right for 10 meters, how much
- work am I doing?
- Well, work is force times the distance, but not just the
- total force.
- The magnitude of the force in the direction of the distance.
- So what's the magnitude of the force in the
- direction of the distance?
- It would be the horizontal component of this force
- vector, right?
- So it would be 100 newtons times the
- cosine of 60 degrees.
- It will tell you how much of that 100
- newtons goes to the right.
- Or another way you could view it if this
- is the force vector.
- And this down here is the distance vector.
- You could say that the total work you performed is equal to
- the force vector dot the distance vector, using the dot
- product-- taking the dot product, to the force and the
- distance factor.
- And we know that the definition is the magnitude of
- the force vector, which is 100 newtons, times the magnitude
- of the distance vector, which is 10 meters, times the cosine
- of the angle between them.
- Cosine of the angle is 60 degrees.
- So that's equal to 1,000 newton meters
- times cosine of 60.
- Cosine of 60 is what?
- It's square root of 3 over 2.
- Square root of 3 over 2, if I remember correctly.
- So times the square root of 3 over 2.
- So the 2 becomes 500.
- So it becomes 500 square roots of 3 joules, whatever that is.
- I don't know 700 something, I'm guessing.
- Maybe it's 800 something.
- I'm not quite sure.
- But the important thing to realize is that the dot
- product is useful.
- It applies to work.
- It actually calculates what component of what vector goes
- in the other direction.
- Now you could interpret it the other way.
- You could say this is the magnitude of a
- times b cosine of theta.
- And that's completely valid.
- And what's b cosine of theta?
- Well, if you took b cosine of theta, and you could work this
- out as an exercise for yourself, that's the amount of
- the magnitude of the b vector that's
- going in the a direction.
- So it doesn't matter what order you go.
- So when you take the cross product, it matters whether
- you do a cross b, or b cross a.
- But when you're doing the dot product, it doesn't matter
- what order.
- So b cosine theta would be the magnitude of vector b that
- goes in the direction of a.
- So if you were to draw a perpendicular line here, b
- cosine theta would be this vector.
- That would be b cosine theta.
- The magnitude of b cosine theta.
- So you could say how much of vector b goes in the same
- direction as a?
- Then multiply the two magnitudes.
- Or you could say how much of vector a goes in the same
- direction is vector b?
- And then multiply the two magnitudes.
- And now, this is, I think, a good time to just make sure
- you understand the difference between the dot product and
- the cross product.
- The dot product ends up with just a number.
- You multiply two vectors and all you have is a number.
- You end up with just a scalar quantity.
- And why is that interesting?
- Well, it tells you how much do these-- you could almost say--
- these vectors reinforce each other.
- Because you're taking the parts of their magnitudes that
- go in the same direction and multiplying them.
- The cross product is actually almost the opposite.
- You're taking their orthogonal components, right?
- The difference was, this was a a sine of theta.
- I don't want to mess you up this picture too much.
- But you should review the cross product videos.
- And I'll do another video where I actually compare and
- contrast them.
- But the cross product is, you're saying, let's multiply
- the magnitudes of the vectors that are perpendicular to each
- other, that aren't going in the same direction, that are
- actually orthogonal to each other.
- And then, you have to pick a direction since you're not
- saying, well, the same direction that
- they're both going in.
- So you're picking the direction that's orthogonal to
- both vectors.
- And then, that's why the orientation matters and you
- have to take the right hand rule, because there's actually
- two vectors that are perpendicular to any other two
- vectors in three dimensions.
- Anyway, I'm all out of time.
- I'll continue this, hopefully not too confusing, discussion
- in the next video.
- I'll compare and contrast the cross
- product and the dot product.
- See you in the next video.
Be specific, and indicate a time in the video:
At 5:31, how is the moon large enough to block the sun? Isn't the sun way larger?
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] | 2,886 |
Why Teach Kids Cooking Activities?
I started kids cooking activities and kids cooking lessons with my
children after my oldest son would create "something" in the kitchen
almost everyday. He would fill a pot with water, add sugar, salt,
apples, whatever he could find and ask me to cook it on the stove
top. He didn't want to follow a recipe. He just wanted to create
something using, whatever he could think of.
I came to understand how much kids love to cook and want to help in
the kitchen. When they are young they pretend to cook in the
kitchen, make mud pies in the sandbox, and what kid hasn't made
bubble cakes in the bath tub?
Kids do cooking activities all the time!
Why you should do kids cooking activities!
Here are 10 reasons why you should do cooking
activities with your children.
- Learning to cook helps children to learn about nutrition and
healthy eating. They are growing up with fast food and junk food
at their fingertips, which is part of the reason why child
obesity is on the rise! Teaching kids to cook will help
instill skills to last them a lifetime.
- Boost their self esteem. If your child needs a boost of
self confidence, (and who doesn't!) cooking in the kitchen will
do just that. They are accomplishing a task, learning something
important and contributing to the family.
- Create family time and bonding. Take time to cook with
your children and they will have memories that they, in turn,
can pass on to their families. It may take a longer time to get
the meal or snack done but the moments with your children will
be priceless. (Just remember to have patience. Don't worry about
flour on the floor or spilled milk).
- Kids will be more apt to eat what they make. Perhaps,
it is the enthusiasm of creating something themselves, but they
will be more likely to eat whatever they had a hand in making.
- Kids learn real lessons in science, language, math and
creativity. Cooking will help reinforce all these
subjects! Visit What
Children Learn While Cooking page for more information.
- What a great way to learn life skills. This can be
especially helpful when kids are on their own and won't have to
rely on fast food and junk food to sustain them.
- They can help contribute to the family and they can
feel the importance of helping.
- They are working together as a team, whether it is
with a parent or with a sibling to get the job done.
- Cooking teaches them planning and making choices.
- Practice creativity and imagination. Kids cooking
activities are a great way to express themselves and enjoy their
All of our kids cooking activities and ideas
are kid tested, doable and fun. They just need:
- A dash of time
- A pinch of originality
- A cup full of enthusiasm
So put on an apron and lets get started with Kids Cooking
Join our Newsletters and follow us on social media
We have several ways you can keep in contact with us. At the upper
right corner you'll see our links to follow our facebook, twitter
and pinterest groups.
We have a Get Cooking Newsletter
that goes out weekly with
advice, articles and tips on kids cooking.
As well as a weekly Kids Cooking Activities Club
introduce you to different sections and the highlights you'll find
in that area.
There is a lot of good information, cooking projects and children's
cooking activities on our site. Over 500 pages + hundred's of our
readers submitted recipes and ideas. You will get an email once a
week highlighting different areas on the site. | [
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] | 789 |
hi, i was wondering does anyone know anything about egyptian uses of different herbs (perfuming,incense, medicinal etc.) im curious about herbs that were popularly used in ancient egypt, and what types of herbs they had connections to, either by native growth, or by trade with other countries.
Here are some remedies that the Ancient Eyptians used with herbs:
: Used as an incense to remove demonic possession. Used as an ointment to relieve headaches, or drunk to relieve stomach aches.
: Remedy for snake bites and fevers. Also used to heal broken bones and sores after being mixed with honey.
: Mostly used for stomach upsets.
: Uses included relieving toothache and headaches.
: Drunk to banish fevers. Also was used as an insect repellent.
: Mainly used for headaches.
Plants used in perfumary:
There is apparently
a perfume called Kyphi engraved on the temple walls of Edfu and Philae.
Cinnamon, Juniper Berries, Cyperus, Cardamom, Marjoram and Lotus, were among the many ingredients in perfume making. Along with animal fat, oil and sweet wine.
I believe that many of the Ancient Egyptians herbs and spices were imported from the Mediterranean, although in the later years the Egyptians attempted to grow many foreign plants in their land.
Frankincense and Myrrh were used as incense as offerngs in rituals to the gods. These resins were imported from Central Africa via Nubia. | [
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] | 327 |
An illustrated collection of poems celebrating those who have, as the title indicates, "changed the world."
While the individuals profiled here are undeniably inspiring, the biographical poem, brief text and topical poem intended to illuminate each person’s achievements don’t adequately convey personality or relevance, resulting in an uneven collection that, ironically enough, fails to live up to its potential. Thirty poets have contributed their work, from familiar, prolific authors such as Lee Bennett Hopkins, Jane Yolen and Marilyn Singer to those whose writing is less well-known. Subjects range from the contemporary (Temple Grandin, Steven Spielberg) to the historical (Jonas Salk), and from the well-known to the obscure (Father Greg Boyle). Unfortunately, the poems are uneven in quality, with many seeming forced or predictable. In general, the topical poems are the most successful, with particularly engaging verses by Singer (about the joys of flight) and Alice Schertle (pondering the mysteries of a mummy’s tomb). A variety of poetic forms are used; some feature rhyme and are composed of multiple stanzas, others seem more like prose portraits arbitrarily broken into short lines. Jepson’s vibrant collage-style illustrations incorporate a variety of patterns and textures. Complementary colors help to tie facing pages together and also serve as backgrounds to the text, further linking the concepts on each double-page spread.
Potentially useful in classrooms that include character education in the curriculum, this purposive anthology will likely find it hard to find an appreciative audience in less-structured settings. (Picture book/poetry. 8 and up) | [
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] | 340 |
A wide-ranging study of language, including the various political dimensions involved in how and why certain languages gain prestige while others become extinct.
How have industrialization and nationalism shaped language variation worldwide? Is the writing system a natural outgrowth of speech, or can it simply be changed by government edict? Is there really one correct way of speaking English? Is the French language being threatened? Are Chinese characters really based on pictographs? These are just a handful of the many intriguing questions, issues and “linguistic myths” that Economist contributor Greene investigates in this fascinating glimpse at the global politics of language variation. Essentially, the book is a course in sociolinguistics and modern international language politics for the layperson. The author, who speaks nine languages, begins by dispelling a variety of language myths that are pervasive and, to the chagrin of many linguists, seemingly unshakeable—that some languages are more primitive than others, that the Qur’an cannot be translated from Arabic, or that the Maori of New Zealand have 35 words for dung. Greene also exposes grammar sticklers—people who are obsessively determined to “purify” language and who are nostalgic for a linguistic utopia that never existed—for the persnickety and curmudgeonly group they really are. The author blends personal narrative, reportage and humor with linguistic analysis, historical research and political punditry, and he surveys some of the most significant issues concerning language today, including the ethnocentrism involved in some English-only activism in America, as well as the draconian—and largely unsuccessful—measures of the French Academy to keep French free of English words. Greene correctly demonstrates that language change, language variety and cross-language borrowing are “highly regular” and, in fact, part of the natural evolution of all languages.
An insightful, accessible examination of the way in which day-to-day speech is tangled in a complicated web of history, politics, race, economics and power. | [
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] | 413 |
In the middle of the mountain range of the mountain chain Gailtaler Alpen. Only a few km in the south-east of the Weißensee you can find the Farchtensee in about 985m above sea-level in a parallel valley of the Stockenboier Graben. In the south the basin of the lake is bordered by the Graslitzen, a 2.044 m high summit of the mountain chain Gailtaler Alpen. In the north it is limited by the mountain ridge of the Zlan Nock. The lake is situated in the central part of the mountain chain Gailtaler Alpen, which are formed by lime, dolomite and marl stones out of the Triassic. It is settled in young Quaternary sedimentation.
The shore zone has – with a few exceptions – natural vegetation. In the south forests reach the shore, the north is chiefly formed by wet meadows. In the west and east of the lake you can find earthy lime wet moors, with dense stocks of sedge and little amounts of reed and buck beans. Next to the banks there is a small belt of yellow water lilies.
Hardly populated surroundings. Except of a few houses the environment of the Farchtensee is nearly unpopulated. The Farchtenseestraße is running along the northern shore of the lake, separated from the lake by wet meadows. Only a small creek, coming out of an eastern valley, feeds the lake, but there is a strong runoff with about 140l/s that indicates a bringing in of groundwater out of the surrounding gravel hills. The runoff leaves the lake in the west, goes together with the Tscherniheimer Bach and flows into the Weißenbach, the runoff of the Weißensee.
Lake poor of nutrients. The Farchtensee belongs to the oligotrophic lakes of the Kalkalpen. Regularly high waters bring in dim limes that reduce the temporary visual range strongly. In times without high waters with minor production of algae the visual range can reach 8 m.
Summerlike water temperatures. In spite of being relatively high up, the lake reaches more than 21 °C during midsummer. In early summer the warming up happens rather slowly, the highest temperature is measured between the end of July and the end of August.
Landscape protection area. The Farchtensee and its surroundings of 120 ha were declared Farchtensee landscape protection area (LGBl. Nr. 85/1970).
Red fins are the most dominant species in the Farchtensee. Formerly there were also coarse fish in the lake, but their stock has reduced after the stocking of pike. And there can neither be proved brown trout or lake trout (SCHULZ, 1988), nor capital individuals of pike any more. It could be because of the decreasing food offer (FARKAS).
Highest lying stock of Astacus astacus in Carinthia. The Farchtensee offers the highest situated stock of crayfish in Carinthia. The partly generous vegetation of macrophytes (e.g. large water lily stocks) offers agreeable living space conditions for crayfish. As we know that the population is much larger than the natural area distribution, we must proceed from the assumption that the crayfish have come into the lake by having been set in. | [
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] | 716 |
EPA to review power plant rule
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing part of a controversial rule that sets the first federal standards to reduce toxic air pollution from power plants.
The rule was issued in December. It's aimed at curbing mercury and other toxic pollutants from coal- and oil-fired power plants. The Obama administration calls the rule a sensible step to reduce pollution, but Republicans have denounced it as a part of a "war on coal." The rule could force hundreds of the nation's oldest and dirtiest power plants to clean up or shut down. | [
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] | 118 |
A research coordinated by the UAB has succeeded in testing a vaccine against leishmaniasis. The vaccine was tested with the best animal model existing, the golden hamster, and can be produced at low costs by using insect larvae. The research, published in the latest edition of PLoS ONE, is an important step towards the fight against a disease which causes the death of 70,000 people each year in developing countries and of countless dogs, which also suffer from this disease and are its natural reservoir.
Leishmaniasis is one of the main health problems existing at global scale. It is produced by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, and canines, which can also be infected with the disease, are the main reservoirs of the organism. The disease is transmitted by insects from the Phlebotominae subfamily (sandflies), which are very similar to mosquitos. Clinical manifestations can go anywhere from minor skin sores to organ complications and, in the worst cases, death. The disease causes 70,000 deaths a year, mainly in developing countries, and affects over 12 million people around the world. Some 1.5 to 2 million new cases appear each year and an additional 350 million people are at risk of contracting the disease. Leishmaniasis is considered an endemic disease in parts of Asia, Africa, southern Europe, Mexico, Central America and South America. With the AIDS epidemic, leishmaniasis in humans has reactivated in many countries. Current treatments are unsatisfactory and, even though the most reasonable via to fight the disease would be to obtain an efficient vaccine, conventional vaccines until now have failed.
The research team led by the UAB compared the results of applying different vaccine strategies to the best animal model in which to study the human variant of the disease: the golden hamster. The results show that the most effective strategy is a combination of two vaccines created by the researchers: three doses of DNA with genes from the L. infantum and two doses of proteins coded by these genes.
The protein vaccine can be obtained at a low cost thanks to the use of insect larvae. To create the vaccine scientists isolated protozoan genes, inserted them into a virus which affects insects (baculovirus) and used these to infect larvae of a small worm, the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni). The larvae act as bioreactors and produce in large amounts – and at a much lower cost than conventional reactors based on microorganisms – the proteins which code these genes, and which are responsible for a protective response in vaccinated individuals. Using this method, a DNA vaccine can be manufactured with the protozoan protein coding genes, and a second vaccine with proteins associated with these genes (produced at a low cost using insect larvae), with the aim of increasing its effectiveness. This vaccine strategy can be used both in a preventive and a therapeutic manner, in both humans and dogs. Presently, the possibility of a translational phase is being contemplated with the aim of transferring as quickly as possible the results of this basic research to clinical practices, and of increasing the efficacy even more by using drugs to boost the immune response.
Todolí F., Rodríguez-Cortés A., Núñez M. del Carmen, Laurenti M.D., Gómez-Sebastián S., et al. (2012) "Head-to-Head Comparison of Three Vaccination Strategies Based on DNA and Raw Insect-Derived Recombinant Proteins against Leishmania." PLoS ONE 7(12): e51181. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009617
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona: http://www.uab.es
This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail. | [
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] | 835 |
Study Guide – Anthropology 104
NOTE: This is just a guide! Any material covered in class, class discussion, videos, or in readings and home work could be incorporated in the Midterm or Final. This is not a complete summary of all you will need to know in this course.
Chapter One: What is anthropology? What are the subfields of anthropology? In what way is anthropology holistic, comparative, field work based? What is a frame of reference? What is ethnocentrism? Cultural relativism? Who was one of the most influential founders of American Anthropology? What ethical concerns do anthropologists have? What is theoretical linguistics? How does linguistic anthropology differ from theoretical linguistics? Why are anthropologists interested in language?
Chapter Two: Why do the Inuit have so many words for seals, ice and snow? What is ethnosemantics? Cognitive anthropology? Ethnoscience? What is a semantic domain? What is “the new ethnography?” What is linguistic relativity? What is linguistic determinism? What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? What is a “mental map”? What are anthropologists interested in areas of linguistic emphasis? What does the Hanunoo color system tell us about the Hanunoo? Does language affect the way we respond to the material world?
Chapter Three: What is phonology? Phonetics? Phonemics? What are the differences between acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, articulatory phonetics and descriptive phonetics? What is voicing? Based on the place of articulation, what are the various ways consonants can be articulated? What are the various manners in which consonants can be articulated? What information do we need to know how a consonant is made or sounds? What information do we need to know how a vowel is formed? What is “rounding”. What is tongue height, tongue place? What are phonenes? What are allophones? What is “complementary distribution”? What does IPA stand for? What is the point of the IPA? What is a minimal pair.
Chapter Four: What is morphology? What is syntax? What is a morpheme? What is a word? What is a base? What is a root? Stem? Affix? What is a hierarchy in terms of affixes? How are new words created? What is inflection? What is derivation? What are transformational rules, what is generative grammar? What is prescriptive grammar? What is descriptive grammar? What are substitution frames? What are free morphemes? What are bound morphemes? What as an SOV language? Is English an SVO language? What is deep structure and what is surface structure? Who is Noam Chomsky?
Chapter Five: Why is context important in the study of language? What is the Ethnography of Speaking? Who was Bronislaw Malinowski? Who was Dell Hymes? What is communicative competence? What is linguistic competence? What is a speech community? What is a linguistic community? What is a community of practice? To what do the various letters of Dell Hymes’ mnemonic – S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G refer? What is a dialect? Why is it difficult to define a dialect? What is a register? What is a “rich point?” How can gender or ethnicity affect one’s language use? How does language communicate identity? What does M-A-R stand for?
Chapter Six: What is Proxemics? What is personal space? How does it vary from group to group? What percentage of communication is non-verbal? What is Kinesics? Can silence be a part of language? What are emblems, adapters, illustrators, regulators and affect displays? What are primes? Why shouldn’t American Sign Language be called non-verbal? Can anthropologists study the use of American Sign Language the way they study spoken language use? Can smell and taste be a part of communication?
Chapter Seven: What is writing? How old are complete writing systems? What is Logographic Writing, syllabic writing, logosyllabic writing, and alphabetic writing? How can reading and writing be at the heart of a crisis in education? How does that relate to social equality?
Chapter Eight: (also recall notes from class lectures on language acquisition). What are the design features of Arbitrariness, Displacement, and Productivity? How do children acquire language? What is Broca’s Area of the brain? What is Wernicke’s Area?
Chapter Nine: What are the various causes of language change? What is a dialect? What is a language? What is the origin of most European languages? How are new words developed (lecture)? What is a Pidgin? What is a Creole? Why did the Oakland School District want to teach in Ebonics? Why did that upset people? What is codeswitching? What was the Great Vowel Shift?
Chapter Ten: What is an endangered language? What is language extinction? What are marked forms, and unmarked forms? How can there be bias in grammar? In what ways can language be sexist or racist? Can language be sexist even if there are no negative words concerning women? Do anthropologists have many opportunities to study language and language use in their daily lives?
Don’t forget the readings in the work book, as well!
|3123||ANTHRO 104||M||03:30 PM - 06:40 PM||CMS 004||Closed||Syllabus||
No courses are available yet for this semester. Please check back later.
|3027||ANTHRO 104||M||03:30 PM - 06:40 PM||CMS 004||Open|| | [
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] | 1,225 |
School district aims at boosting skills
Two out of every three Langley Grade 9 students can’t solve math problems by themselves, according to a just-released report prepared by Langley school district superintendent Cheryle Beaumont.
The numbers cited in the annual “Superintendent’s Report on Achievement” show just 31 per cent of Grade 9 students in the 2009-2010 school year met “numeracy” skills, which are defined by the provincial ministry of education as the ability to appropriately apply mathematical concepts and procedures without a teacher at their side.
That left 69 per cent who required some help or “close, ongoing assistance” by an instructor.
Beaumont, in her report, notes the district is trying to determine the impact poor Grade 9 math skills may be having on graduation rates, since students who have trouble with the more advanced math of secondary school may be less likely to finish Grade 12.
The report flags a number of other areas of concern.
It shows that roughly one out of every five Grade 1 Langley students finished the 2010 school year unable to read short, simple illustrated selections on their own.
That is based on numbers released by the school district and the provincial education ministry that show 246 of 1359 or 18 per cent of pupils “left Grade 1 still not reading at grade level.”
Provincial standards state a Grade 1 student will “fully meet expectations” for literacy when they can read short age-appropriate passages independently.”
The Grade 1 stats still represent an improvement from the previous school year when 364 of 1296 or 35 per cent of Grade 1 students failed to meet expectations.
“The district is committed to having all students reading at grade level by the end of Grade 3,” the Beaumont report states.
Langley Grade 10 students showed a drop in reading skills, with the percentage of students meeting or exceeding expectations falling from 93 per cent in the 2008-2009 school year to 85 per cent in 2009-2010.
The news is not all bad. In most categories, student performance is improving.
Overall, the number of students who graduate Grade 12 has increased from 78 per cent in 2008 to 83 per cent in 2010, the report states, better than the provincial average.
However, boys are lagging behind girls, with 78 per cent of male students gradating Grade 12 compared to 87 per cent of female students.
Langley First Nations students still have a relatively high drop-out rate, with four out of 10 failing to graduate Grade 12. That’s still better than the provincial average for aboriginal students.
Only one in two Langley graduates goes on to university or college-level studies.
“While 2009-2010 was undoubtedly a very challenging year, we have made remarkable progress,” Beaumont said in a written memo to district trustees.
“Much work remains to be done. However, the initial areas of the district that needed to be stabilized are being addressed and the work is underway.” | [
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] | 630 |
A dental veneer is a thin covering that is placed over the front of the teeth. Veneers are made from ceramic, porcelain, resin-based composite, or acrylic. Custom-made shells are created by dental lab technicians and permanently bonded to the teeth.
In most cases, dental veneers are an elective dental procedure. This means they are not medically necessary. You might choose to have veneers if you have teeth that are:
- Chipped or worn
- Slightly crooked or uneven
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your dentist will review potential problems, like:
- Sensitivity to hot and cold—This usually goes away after a few days.
- Veneer may chip or crack—Veneers are strong, but they are also brittle. You should not put excessive strain on them, such as biting your fingernails or chewing ice.
Talk to your dentist about these risks before the procedure. If you grind or clench your teeth, your dentist may recommend a nighttime bite guard to protect your veneers.
If you are interested in getting dental veneers, you can meet with your dentist to discuss:
- What you do not like about your teeth, such as discoloration or slight crookedness
- What you want your teeth to look like
- Whether you are a candidate for veneers
- Which kind of veneers are right for you
Your dentist will explain the procedure and anything you should do to prepare.
You will have a local anesthetic for some parts of the procedure. This means that the dentist will numb only the part of your mouth that is being worked on.
Depending on the kind of veneer you choose, you may need to make several visits to the dentist before your veneers are complete.
To make room for the veneers, your dentist will remove the top layer of enamel from your teeth. You may be given local anesthetic for this step. It may be given as a gel that is rubbed on your gums or as an injection. The dentist will take a mold of your teeth and send it to a dental lab. The lab will make veneers to fit your teeth. This may take several days.
At your next visit, the dentist will put a mild chemical on your teeth. This will create a rough surface for the veneer to bond to. The dentist will carefully attach the veneers to your teeth using special cement. In some cases, your dentist will use a light-sensitive resin to attach the veneer. A special light will be used to cure and harden the resin.
The procedure will take several hours. You may have to wait a few days between visits for your veneers to be created in a dental lab.
You may have some minor pain. You will be given a local anesthetic for some steps of the procedure. Talk to your dentist if your mouth is sore after the procedure. An over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever may be advised.
You will be able to leave right after the procedure.
When you return home, take these steps:
Follow your dentist's instructions to care for your veneers. This may include:
- Do not put too much strain on your teeth, such as by biting your fingernails or chewing ice.
- Avoid substances that may stain your veneers, like coffee, tea, or red wine.
- You can return to your regular oral hygiene routine. Brush your teeth twice each day and floss between your teeth at least once a day.
- Your dentist will schedule regular visits to inspect your veneers and polish them if needed.
Floss between your teeth at least once a day.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Call your dentist if a veneer chips or cracks.
For the dental patient. Improving your smile with dental veneers.
J Am Dent Assoc.
Last reviewed March 2013 by Marcin Chwistek, MD;
Michael Woods, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved. | [
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] | 952 |
NASA knew that in order to properly explore the moon, walking wouldn’t be enough.
Astronauts needed to drive.
This month marks 40 years since man has been to the moon. It also marks the last ride of the lunar roving vehicles that gave astronauts an enhanced ability to explore our nearest neighbor in space.
The four-wheel, lightweight rover carried tools, scientific equipment and lunar samples during the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions. NASA said it multiplied the amount of information the astronauts gathered by a factor of at least three.
To build the rover, NASA teamed with Boeing Co. and General Motors' Delco electronics division in Santa Barbara. The original contract to Boeing -- with Delco as a subcontractor -- was for $19 million and called for delivery of the first rover by April 1, 1971.
The first of three rovers was delivered to NASA March 10, 1971, but cost overruns led to a final cost of $38 million. To get to the moon, the rover was folded up and stored in the lunar module that landed the astronauts on the surface.
The 10-foot, 2-inch-long rovers were powered by two 36-volt batteries. The wheels, traction drive, suspension, steering and drive control permitted the rover to cross the moon’s forbidding rocky terrain.
“The rover handles quite well,” astronaut Dave Scott said while on the first drive. “We’re moving at an average of about 8 kilometers (5 miles) per hour.… The steering is quite responsive.”
A T-shaped hand controller between the two seats was used to control the rover. Moving the stick forward powered the rover forward, left and right. Flipping a switch on the handle before pulling back put the rover into reverse.
There is no GPS on the moon. Navigation was based on continuously recording direction and distance through use of a directional gyro and odometer, so astronauts knew how to return by the most direct route.
Each wheel was individually powered by an electric motor that provided about one horsepower.
With a smooth surface, the rover could hit a top speed of about 8 miles per hour. The longest trip was more than 12 miles.
During Apollo 17, the last mission to the moon, astronaut Gene Cernan accidentally hit the rover’s fender with a hammer and broke it off. This made for a picture-perfect burnout when moon dust was thrown on the astronauts and cargo during their first outing.
“This is quite a machine, I tell you,” Cernan said. | [
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] | 537 |
Search The Library's Lexicon
The Common Law of France.
The name of a code of laws so called from the Salians, a people of Germany, who settled in Gaul under their king Phararaond.
The most remarkable law of this code is that which regards succession. De terra vero salica nulla portio haereditatis transit in mulierem, sed hoc viriles sextus acquirit, hoc est filii in ipsa haereditate succedunt; no part of the salique land passes to females, but the males alone are capable of taking, that is the sons succeed to the inheritance. This rule has ever excluded females from the throne of France. | [
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] | 146 |
Planned Parenthood’s Fetal Development Info Lacks Major Facts
by Jennie Stone | Washington, DC | LifeNews.com | 9/29/11 12:24 PM
The following excerpts are from the Q&A section of Planned Parenthood’s website about fetal development, called “Pregnancy Week by Week.” It conveniently neglects some big milestones during prenatal life. If a pregnant girl were to look for facts about her unborn baby’s development on Planned Parenthood’s page, she would receive only a small fraction of the information she desires.
Planned Parenthood describes gestational age by LMP (last menstrual period); certain milestones appear as though they occur later after conception than they actually do. For example, when Planned Parenthood says “Weeks 5-6,” this simply defines when the woman’s last menstruation was, and her unborn baby is actually only 3-4 weeks old:
“The ball of cells develops into an embryo at the start of the sixth week. The embryonic stage of pregnancy will last about five weeks. During this time all major internal organs begin developing.
- The embryo is less than 1/5 inch (4–5 mm) long.
- A very basic beating heart and circulatory system develop.
- Buds for arms and legs develop.
- The neural tube begins forming. The neural tube will later form the brain, spinal cord, and major nerves.
- The bud of a tail develops.
- The umbilical cord begins developing.”
That “ball of cells” is scientifically and biologically a newly conceived human being, but don’t expect Planned Parenthood to ever admit such a thing. The “very basic beating heart,” which isn’t basic in any sense of the word, is pumping blood throughout the baby’s body just 21 days after conception—before the vast majority of women even realize they’re pregnant. By 28 days after conception, an unborn child’s heart is beating about 121 beats per minute.
Planned Parenthood claims that “the neural tube will later form the brain,” at 5-6 weeks of pregnancy when, in fact, the brain is the first organ to begin developing. By 3 weeks after conception, the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain can be identified.
- The embryo is 1/4 to 1/2 inch (7–14 mm) long.
- The heart has formed.
- Webbed fingers and toes develop.
- The arms bend at elbows.
- External ears, eyes, eyelids, liver, and upper lip have begun forming.
- The sex organs are the same — neither female nor male — in all embryos until the seventh or eighth week. If a gene triggers the development of testes, the embryo develops as a male. If there is no trigger, the embryo develops ovaries and becomes female.”
It’s interesting that Planned Parenthood’s website states that an unborn child’s heart has formed 7-8 weeks into pregnancy when their medical staff claims that there is “nothing there” at this age. Other staff members claim that the baby’s heart doesn’t begin to beat until 17-18 weeks into pregnancy. Fact is, both Planned Parenthood’s website and workers mislead on the development of the unborn, especially on their heart development.
This timeline conveniently neglects to mention the fact that an unborn baby’s brainwave activity can be recorded as early as 6 weeks, 2 days after conception via EEG, and by 7 weeks, he or she demonstrates reflexive movements if touched.
- The embryo develops into a fetus after 10 weeks. It is 1–1.5 inches (21–40 mm) long.
- The tail disappears.
- Fingers and toes are longer.
- The umbilical cord connects the abdomen of the fetus to the placenta. The placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus. It absorbs nutrients from the woman’s bloodstream. The cord carries nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and takes wastes away from the fetus.”
Around 8-10 weeks after conception, the preborn child has a very complex brain, practice his/her breathing motions, can grasp an object placed in the hand and respond to light touch, and begin thumb-sucking, and many demonstrate left- or right- hand dominance.
Why aren’t these fascinating details on Planned Parenthood’s fetal growth timeline? Where are the videos of unborn children in the womb on Planned Parenthood’s fetal development section? Where are the photographs? There are absolutely no detailed descriptions or images of preborn babies on Planned Parenthood’s website. If a pregnant girl were to look for facts about her unborn baby’s development on Planned Parenthood’s page, she would receive only a small fraction of the information and facts that she needs and deserves to know.
LifeNews.com Note: Jenni Stone writes for the Live Action blog and this column is reprinted with permission. | [
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Who are internal medicine specialists and what do they do?
Internal medicine specialists focus primarily on treating adult medical disorders, and are especially skilled in multi-system illnesses or situations where several illnesses afflict a patient at once. Despite the name, they are trained to treat the whole body, not just internal organs, and see patients for a variety of conditions and complaints.
Also known as internists, these doctors often work as general practitioners, hospitalists, and primary care physicians. Patients see an internist for an annual checkup and diagnosis, as well as for treatment and management of acute and chronic illnesses. Preventive medicine and patient education are often emphasized, including annual physical examinations to monitor patients’ blood pressure, cholesterol levels and glucose levels and ensure other baseline tests are within normal levels for a patient’s age and gender.
Because internists’ patients often suffer from multi-system disorders, internists often work in hospitals where it is easiest to administer complex treatment and tests. Some internists also work in clinics or private practices, or split their time between a private practice office and a hospital.What subspecialties might an internal medicine specialist have?
Internal medicine specialists, while often practicing general internal medicine, may also undergo additional training to subspecialize in an area of internal medicine. There are more than a dozen different subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Internal Medicine, from adolescent medicine to hematology (blood), to rheumatology (arthritis) to sports medicine. Training in a subspecialty is typically called a fellowship and requires 1-3 years of training in addition to three years of internal medicine residency training.What symptoms and conditions are typically treated by an internal medicine specialist?
An internal medicine specialists’ scope of practice varies, but they typically provide basic diagnoses and non-surgical and surgical treatment of common medical conditions and illnesses. Internal medicine doctors will collect a patient’s history and review it to help inform the decision-making process when making a diagnosis. They review prior medical history, illnesses and other health information. A physical examination and basic medical testing helps them reach diagnoses, such as reading blood and other tests, electrocardiograms and X-rays.
Together with the patient, the internal medicine doctor forms a plan that can include additional testing if needed, a referral to see a specialist, medication prescriptions, therapies, changes to diet or lifestyle, additional patient education, or follow-up treatment. Patients also may receive advice or education on improving health behaviors, self-care and treatment, screening tests and immunizations.
Some common conditions treated by internists include:
Related ArticlesBuild a Better Doctor-Patient Relationship8 Things You Don’t Tell Your Doctor – But Should!Star Treatment – How to Get Top-Notch Medical CareShopping for a New Doc
- Gynecological complaints
- Infectious diseases
- Musculoskeletal complaints
- Respiratory system diseases
- Thyroid disease | [
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] | 607 |
Hacking Quantum Cryptography Just Got Harder
With quantum encryption, in which a message gets encoded in bits represented by particles in different states, a secret message can remain secure even if the system is compromised by a malicious hacker.
CREDIT: margita | Shutterstock
VANCOUVER, British Columbia — No matter how complex they are, most secret codes turn out to be breakable. Producing the ultimate secure code may require encoding a secret message inside the quantum relationship between atoms, scientists say.
Artur Ekert, director of the Center for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore, presented the new findings here at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Ekert, speaking Saturday (Feb. 18), described how decoders can adjust for a compromised encryption device, as long as they know the degree of compromise.
The subject of subatomic particles is a large step away from the use of papyrus, the ancient writing material employed in the first known cryptographic device. That device, called a scytale, was used in 400 B.C. by Spartan military commanders to send coded messages to one another. The commanders would wrap strips of papyrus around a wooden baton and write the message across the strips so that it could be read only when the strips were wrapped around a baton of matching size. [The Coolest Quantum Particles Explained]
Later, the technique of substitution was developed, in which the entire alphabet would be shifted, say, three characters to the right, so than an "a" would be replaced by "d," and "b" replaced by "e," and so on. Only someone who knew the substitution rule could read the message. Julius Caesar employed such a cipher scheme in the first century B.C.
Over time, ciphers became more and more complicated, so that they were harder and harder to crack. Harder, but not impossible.
"When you look at the history of cryptography, you come up with a system, and sooner or later someone else comes up with a way of breaking the system," Ekert said. "You may ask yourself: Is it going to be like this forever? Is there such a thing as the perfect cipher?"
The perfect cipher
The closest thing to a perfect cipher involves what's called a one-time pad.
"You just write your message as a sequence of bits and you then add those bits to a key and obtain a cryptogram," Ekert said."If you take the cryptogram and add it to the key, you get plain text. In fact, one can prove that if the keys are random and as long as the messages, then the system offers perfect security."
In theory, it's a great solution, but in practice, it has been hard to achieve. [10 Best Encryption Software Products]
"If the keys are as long as the message, then you need a secure way to distribute the key," Ekert said.
The nature of physics known as quantum mechanics seems to offer the best hope of knowing whether a key is secure.
Quantum mechanics says that certain properties of subatomic particles can't be measured without disturbing the particles and changing the outcome. In essence, a particle exists in a state of indecision until a measurement is made, forcing it to choose one state or another. Thus, if someone made a measurement of the particle, it would irrevocably change the particle.
If an encryption key were encoded in bits represented by particles in different states, it would be immediately obvious when a key was not secure because the measurement made to hack the key would have changed the key.
This, of course, still depends on the ability of the two parties sending and receiving the message to be able to independently choose what to measure, using a truly random number generator — in other words, exercising free will — and using devices they trust.
But what if a hacker were controlling one of the parties, or tampering with the encryption device?
Ekert and his colleagues showed that even in this case, if the messaging parties still have some free will, their code could remain secure as long as they know to what degree they are compromised.
In other words, a random number generator that is not truly random can still be used to send an undecipherable secret message, as long as the sender knows how random it is and adjusts for that fact.
"Even if they are manipulated, as long as they are not stupid and have a little bit of free will, they can still do it," Ekert said.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com | [
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] | 947 |
Republican Sen. Rob Portman's flip-flop approval for same-sex marriage, is just the latest change of heart on the issue by conservatives.
Even Democrats like President Obama -- have turned around after opposing it. This change in attitude is just one of many milestones for the movement.
Here are five of the most important turning points in the same-sex marriage debate:
1993: In a landmark case, Hawaii's Supreme Court ruled that the state can't deny same-sex couples the right to marry unless it finds "a compelling reason" to do so. It orders the issue back to the state legislature, which then voted to ban gay marriage. This was one of earliest debates on the issue at the state level, and was a precursor to the legal battles nationwide. Today, domestic partnerships and civil unions for same-sex couples are legal in Hawaii.
1996: President Bill Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act, or DOMA, -- which defines marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman. The law denies federal benefits to same-sex couples in the nine states where gay marriage is legal. Clinton said he signed it because it would have tamped down calls for a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. Only 81 out of 535 members of Congress opposed DOMA. Fast-forward seventeen years to March 2013, when Clinton urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA. He explained: "As the president who signed the act into law, I have come to believe that DOMA is contrary to those principles and, in fact, incompatible with our Constitution."
2004: President Bush championed a constitutional amendment that would outlaw gay marriage. It was needed, he said, to stop "activist judges" from redefining marriage. The idea found support among Senate conservatives, but its supporters couldn't gather enough votes. By the way, all this unfolded during a contentious presidential campaign. Democratic White House hopefuls Sens. John Kerry and John Edwards opposed the amendment, but they also were against creating a specific law making same-sex marriage legal.
2012: For the first time, voters approved same-sex marriage statewide at the ballot box. Similar measures had been rejected for years. Same-sex couples became free to marry in Maryland, Maine and Washington. Gay rights supporters also scored a smaller victory in Minnesota, where voters rejected a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. Interestingly, support for same-sex marriage came from a mixed coalition of voters. Before 2012, six states had already legalized gay marriage -- but via courts and legislatures -- not voters.
2013: For the first time, the Obama administration joined the legal battle against California's 2008 same-sex marriage ban. The Justice Department made it official in February when it filed a brief to the Supreme Court. The Obama administration urged the high court to invalidate the ban. Obama said that if he sat on the Supreme Court, he would vote to strike down Proposition 8. The court document expressed the president's evolution on the issue. In a short time he evolved from a backer of civil unions to a supporter of equality in marriage. Dozens of high-profile Republicans also argued in favor of same-sex marriage, in a court brief. | [
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] | 647 |
Introducing Dominican Republic
Much more than beach resorts, this is one of the Caribbean’s most geographically diverse countries, from stunning mountain scenery to desert scrublands, not to mention an evocative colonial architecture and warm welcoming people.
Coastal Culture The DR’s hundreds of miles of coastline – some of it picturesque white-sand beaches shaded by rows of palm trees, other parts lined dramatically with rocky cliffs or backed by wind-swept dunes or serene mangrove lagoons – define the country. Whether it’s fishing villages where the shoreline is used for mooring boats, indulgent tourist playgrounds with aquamarine waters, small towns where the social glue is all-night merengue blasting from modest corner stores, or cities like Santo Domingo, the Caribbean’s largest, the sea is the common denominator, symbolizing both limits and escapes. Even with their glory days behind them, former engines of industry like crumbling San Pedro de Macoris or Puerto Plata still see waves crash over their Malecóns. Some of the bays and coves where pirates once roamed are the temporary home of thousands of migrating humpback whales, and part of an extensive network of parks and preserves safeguarding the country’s natural patrimony.
Peaks & Valleys Beyond the capital, much of the DR is distinctly rural: driving in the vast fertile interior, you’ll see cows and horses grazing alongside the roads, tractors ploughing large fields, and trucks and burros loaded down with produce. Further inland you’ll encounter vistas reminiscent of the European Alps, rivers carving their way through lush jungle and stunning waterfalls, small towns where life revolves around the Parque Central, and villages ruled by the sun’s rhythms. Four of the five highest peaks in the Caribbean rise above the fertile lowlands surrounding Santiago and remote deserts extend through the southwest, giving the DR a physical and cultural complexity not found on other islands.
Past Present The country’s roller-coaster past, a history of migrations of various peoples, is writ large in the diversity of ethnicities, not to mention the physical design of its towns and cities. Santo Domingo’s Zona Colonial exudes romance with white-washed and pastel-colored buildings, flowers blooming through wrought-iron filigree, beautifully restored monasteries and cobblestone streets where conquistadors once roamed. The crumbling gingerbread homes of Puerto Plata and Santiago remain from more prosperous eras, and scars from decades of misrule are marked by monuments where today people gather to celebrate. New communities have arisen only a few kilometers from the ruins where Christopher Columbus strode and where the indigenous Taíno people left physical traces of their presence carved onto rock walls.
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] | 631 |
With the U.S. presidential election on November 6, we are presented with an ever increasing onslaught of political polls and their results. To make a proper interpretation of a poll’s results, three additional variables should be specified in addition to the proportion results: the poll’s margin of error, the desired level of confidence, and the sample size. In this brief essay, I will review the math behind the margin of error in polls to help you with interpretation of polls.
The purpose of a poll is to estimate the opinion or behavior of a population from a sample. We work with a sample since contacting the entire population is too time consuming, often too expensive, and can be physically impossible. Several methods of sampling are used, and simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling are the most widely used methods.
After the sample is selected from the population, a statistic computed from sample information estimates a population parameter. The statistic computed from the sample that estimates the population parameter is called a point estimate. As an example, the sample mean, , is the point estimate of the population parameter, μ, the population mean. For polls, the sample proportion, ρ, is the point estimate of the population parameter, π, the population proportion.
How Close is the Point Estimate to the Population Parameter?
We now come to the essence of this essay–the confidence interval estimate (CI). A confidence interval estimate is a range of values constructed from sample data so that the population parameter is likely to occur within that range at a specified probability. The specified probability is called the level of confidence, and in most cases of poll results, the level of confidence is set at .95 (i.e., a pollster has a 95% confidence that the true measurement lies within the margin of error). Putting all of this together gives us the following equation: CI = point estimate ± margin of error
Accordingly, the CI is determined from the margin of error. You’ve seen the margin of error in some poll results, e.g., “The poll has a margin of error plus-minus 3.1 percentage points for the sample.” If the poll determined that ρ = .5, then the CI would be 50% ± 3.1% = 46.9-53.1, i.e., a pollster has a 95% confidence that the true poll results are 46.9% to 53.1%
I will now show how the margin of error is used to determine a poll’s CI and sample size.
How Is the CI Determined in a Poll?
To determine the CI in a poll, we will use the following formula to compute the margin of error: z * standard error. Mathematically, this formula is expressed as:
In this formula, z defines the level of confidence. In polls, the 95% level of confidence gives us a z score of 1.96. Also in polls, we determine the standard error as the maximum standard error by setting the proportion at 50% (ρ = .5).
We plug in these numbers to determine the margin of error at the 95% level of confidence:
Polls that we see in the media use the 95% level of confidence in determining the margin of error. However, statisticians also determine the margin of error using the 90% and 99% levels of confidence, although the 95% l.98evel of confidence is the most common. The margin of error for the 90% confidence level is calculated using a z score of 1.65:
For the 99% confidence level, the margin of error is calculated using a z score of 2.58:
How Is the Sample Size of a Poll Determined?
I noted above that the purpose of a poll is to estimate the opinion of a population from a sample. As researchers, we are interested in the generality of the data in terms of the number of subjects in the population to which the results apply. If a poll has a margin of error of 3.1%, we can use the formula for the margin of error to estimate the size of the sample:
A recent poll from NBC News/Wall Street Journal reported the following poll results:
Obama is ahead of Romney by five points, 49 percent to 44 percent. The full poll was conducted Oct. 17-20 among 1,000 registered voters. The poll has a margin of error plus-minus 3.1 percentage points for the sample of registered voters.
According to the formula above, we can see how the margin of error was calculated from the sample size of n = 1,000 registered voters.
Putting it All Together
A new TIME Poll has Obama holding a 49% to 44% lead over Romney in Ohio. The poll’s margin of error is plus or minus three percentage points. How do we interpret the results of this poll?
First, we estimate the sample size: n = (.98/.03)² = 1,067.
Second, we estimate the CI around each point estimate at the 95% level of confidence. Obama: 46-52 Romney: 41-47.
Finally, we decide that according to the results of this particular poll, a sample of 1,067 people in Ohio are equally likely to vote for Obama or Romney 95 times out of 100 (because the CIs overlap).
I wrote this essay to provide some clarity and perspective on election polls by reviewing the statistics behind polls. I emphasized that the result of a poll must be interpreted along with the poll’s margin of error so that the sample size and CI can be determined.
For more information on the science of polls, check out Nate Silver’s book The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-But Some Don’t, and Nate Silver’s blog FiveThiryEight | [
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] | 1,208 |
Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word
90% of the time, speakers of English use just 7,500 words in speech and writing. These words appear in red, and are graded with stars. One-star words are frequent, two-star words are more frequent, and three-star words are the most frequent.
The thesaurus of synonyms and related words is fully integrated into the dictionary entries. Click on the T button in an entry to review the synonyms and related words for that meaning.more
Mike lost his job last year.
Register now and don't lose your right to vote.
The family lost everything when their home burned down.
An unreasonably high exchange rate lost them export markets.
They feared losing the sale to a rival company.
'How did you do in the quiz?' 'We lost.'
England lost 2–1 to Germany.
They lost by only one point.
Those comments may well have lost them the election.
The plane lost cabin pressure and everyone had to use oxygen masks.
a plan to reduce the amount of working time lost through sickness
He must realize that an outstanding opportunity has been lost.
There's no time to lose (=used for saying that it is necessary to do something as quickly as possible because the situation is urgent).
This is the British English definition of lose. View American English definition of lose.
a part of an atom that moves around the nucleus (=centre) and has a negative electrical charge
A must for anyone with an interest in the changing face of language. The Macmillan Dictionary blog explores English as it is spoken around the world today.global English and language change from our blog | [
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] | 356 |
Ragged Lake, ca. 1887Item 1023 info
Maine Historical Society
Charles Bullen Dunn, right, and Herbert Washington, both of the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area, represent the dilemma of Maine hunting in the late nineteenth century.
The state and many businesses promoted the image of Maine as a hunting paradise and sought to attract out-of-state sportsmen as a way to boost the economy.
Hunting and fishing regulations and their enforcement seemed to some Mainers to favor the out-of-state sportsmen over the Mainers who wanted to hunt for food or economic reasons of their own. | [
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] | 126 |
We all know that the essay on the GMAT is scored separately and that the schools don’t care as much about the essay score. We also know we have to write the essays first thing, before we get to the more important quant and verbal sections (or even IR), so we don’t want to use up too much brain-power on the essay. Still, we can’t just bomb this section; the schools do care about the essay somewhat. So how do we do a good enough job without expending so much energy that we’re negatively affected during the multiple-choice portion of the test?
We need to develop a template, an organizational framework on which to “hang” our writing. The template will not, of course, tell us exactly what to write. For that, we need the actual essay prompt, which we won’t see until we take the test. We can, however, determine how to organize the information ahead of time, as well as the general kinds of messages we need to convey at various points throughout.
The template should tell us:
- how many paragraphs to use
- the primary purpose of each of those paragraphs
- the kinds of information that need to be conveyed in each paragraph
The template will vary a little bit from person to person; the important thing is to have a consistent template for yourself that you’ve worked out in advance of the official test.
As a general rule, essays should have either four or five paragraphs total. The first paragraph is always the introduction, the last paragraph is always the conclusion, and the body (middle) paragraphs are for the examples we choose to use.
Each paragraph should contain certain things; these are listed in the below sections. The information does not need to be presented in the given order below, though; just make sure that each paragraph does contain the necessary information in some sort of clear and logical order. In addition, the information listed below is the minimum necessary info; you can certainly add more where appropriate.
First, read the essay prompt. It will look / feel just like the critical reasoning arguments we see on the Verbal portion of the test, so tackle it in the same way! The argument will most closely resemble Assumption Family arguments, so find the conclusion and make sure you understand how the author is trying to support his / her conclusion. Next, brainstorm any assumptions* that you can think of and jot these down (or type them into the essay response area).
*Note: if you haven’t started studying CR Assumption Family questions yet, assumptions are unstated pieces of information that the author is assuming must be true in order to draw his/her conclusion.
Next, articulate flaws. Any assumptions are automatically flaws, because the author hasn’t established that those assumptions are, in fact, true. You may also think of other flaws along the way.
Finally, pick your two or three best flaws; these will form the basis of your essay.
This whole process should take roughly 3 to 4 minutes. Many people find this the hardest part of writing an essay; you can practice by opening up the essay chapter of your Official Guide book and simply brainstorming for one essay prompt. Don’t write the whole essay – just do the brainstorming portion once a day (only 5 minutes out of your day!) for a week or two and you’ll become much more skilled at this step.
- summarize the issue
- state a thesis
- acknowledge that the other side does have some merit
- introduce your examples
- 3 to 5 sentences total
First, briefly summarize the conclusion of the given argument in one to two sentences. Make sure to write using your own words (don’t simply quote the exact language from the essay prompt, though using the same word here or there is fine).
The first paragraph should also contain a thesis statement. The thesis is typically one sentence and conveys to the reader your overall message or point for the essay that you wrote. For the Argument essay, you can write most of your thesis sentence before you get to the test! You already know that the Argument will contain flaws, and that you will be discussing how those flaws hurt the author’s conclusion. Guess what? That’s always your thesis!
“While the argument does have some merit, there are several serious flaws which serve to undermine the validity of the author’s conclusion that XYZ.”
DON’T USE THAT EXACT SENTENCE. They’re going to get suspicious if hundreds of people use the same sentence. (Besides, that’s my sentence. Come up with your own! :) )
Note the opening clause: “While the argument does have some merit.” This is what’s called “acknowledging the other side.” We don’t say, “Hey, your argument is completely terrible! There’s nothing good about it at all!” We acknowledge that some parts may be okay, or some people may feel differently, but our position is that the flaws are the most important issue (that is, our thesis is the most important thing).
Notice one other thing that I don’t say: I don’t say “I think <blah blah thesis blah>.” I state my thesis as though it is fact and reasonable people surely agree with me. That’s a hallmark of a persuasive essay.
Finally, the first paragraph needs to introduce whatever examples we’re going to use in the body paragraphs below. Don’t launch into the examples fully; that will come later. Do, though, mention the two or three flaws that you plan to discuss in the essay.
Each flaw gets its own paragraph, so you’ll write either 2 or 3 body paragraphs of 4 to 6 sentences each. (I personally pick my 2 best flaws, so I write 2 body paragraphs. Remember, we just need to be “good enough!”)
Your goal here is to support your thesis statement. In each paragraph:
- introduce one flaw (don’t repeat the exact language from the prompt)
- explain why it is a flaw (how does this make the conclusion less likely to be true?)
- suggest ways to fix the flaw (you’re fixing the flaw, not changing the conclusion; what could the author do to strengthen his/her argument?)
For example, let’s say that an argument claims that firing half of a company’s employees will help the company to reduce costs and therefore become more profitable. What’s the conclusion, what supports that conclusion, and what assumptions is the author making?
While it’s certainly true that chopping half of your payroll will reduce costs, it doesn’t necessarily follow that the company will become more profitable! That loss of personnel may negatively impact revenues, reduce productivity, hurt morale of the remaining employees, and so on. The author is assuming that no such adverse effects will result from this action; that’s a flaw in his/her thinking.
The author of such an argument could bolster the claim by, for example, presenting evidence that half of the employees are truly “dead weight” and firing them wouldn’t affect the company adversely. (Don’t worry about whether this is likely, whether such evidence actually exists, or even whether this is the best way to improve profitability. Your job is only to strengthen the author’s existing argument a little bit. If the author could actually produce evidence showing that there wouldn’t be adverse effects from such layoffs, then his conclusion would be strengthened. Period.)
- re-state your thesis (using new words)
- re-acknowledge the other side (using new words)
- briefly summarize how your examples supported your thesis (using new words)
- 3 to 4 sentences
Are you noticing a theme within the above bullet points? Basically, the conclusion paragraph isn’t going to contain much new information. It’s a conclusion; the major points should already have been made earlier in the essay. What you’re doing now is tying everything together in one neat package: yes, the “other side” has some merit, but here’s my point-of-view and, by the way, I proved my case using examples X and Y.
Before you go into the real test, you should have a fully developed template, so that all you have to do is come up with your two examples, and then “hang” your words onto your framework. This doesn’t mean pre-writing and memorizing actual sentences – but do know in general the kinds of points you want to make in each paragraph. Practice with the above as a starting point until you develop something with which you’re comfortable. Don’t forget to leave some time to proof your essay; it’s okay to have a few typos, but systematic errors will lower your score. | [
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] | 1,884 |
Google chips in to preserve endangered languages
A newly launched partnership between academic institutions and Google aims to preserve endangered languages.
There's a language known as Aragones, spoken in northern Spain. If you don't recognize it, that's understandable. The language has fewer than 10,000 native speakers.
Aragones is one of thousands of endangered languages worldwide. A newly launched partnership between academic institutions and Google aims to preserve those languages.
"A language is endangered when it's not being passed on to the next generation," says Antony Aristar. He directs the Endangered Language Project and says as the world becomes more connected, languages are getting left behind. "People typically want their children to live modern lives and that means wealth, and wealth means jobs. Jobs often require that you speak the dominant language in the area, and that means that some parents feel the best way to make sure the children actually have good lives is to have them abandon their own language."
Google's participation in the project stems from its nonprofit arm, Google.org. Jason Rissman, a project manager at Google, sees a future where a well-stocked web presence informs future generations. "If you are a language community member or a linguist, perhaps you'll actually be able to contribute recordings or other sorts of documentation of the language, or if you're involved in curriculum development or teaching, you might be able to help develop a teaching tool that could be useful for passing these languages on."
Languages like Munji in Afghanistan, Nez Perce in the United States, Koro in New Guinea. Tracking down the necessary data to preserve a language is not easy, says Aristar.
Aristar: You try to preserve narratives especially. You have field linguists that go out there and try to write the grammar and get a dictionary, things like that. That's one kind of preservation. The other kind is to try to pass all this back to the community so that they can use it to for example to teach children who aren't learning the language under normal circumstances.
Moe: What do you hope the legacy of this project will be?
Aristar: I am hoping we will have many more communities who realize it's perfectly possible to preserve their own language, and still speak the dominant language as well. So often, the cultural wealth that exists in a culture exists through the language itself. If that's gone, the cultural continuity is gone. So, we hope we see as many cultures preserved as well as languages.
You can find out more about the project at endangeredlanguages.com.
Twitter has deleted the account of someone posing as the actor Bill Murray.
Now, no one should ever pretend to be Bill Murray. Here with me to discuss that, is -- I can't believe we got him -- Bill Murray.
Bill Murray (from a promotional video for "Moonrise Kingdom") : Hello, I’m Bill Murray.
Moe: Bill, someone got on Twitter using the name Bill_Murray and proceeded to rack up tens of thousands of followers. THEN he stole tweets from other people, and passed off the jokes as his own. What did this guy do to your reputation?
Murray (from "Ghostbusters"): He slimed me.
Moe: Yeah, I think so. Really got a lot of people upset on Twitter too.
Murray (from "Ghostbusters"): Human sacrifice, dogs and cats living together, mass hysteria.
Moe: I don't know if it went that far. Fake Bill on Twitter did start asking people for money and people sent it to him or them.
Murray (from "Rushmore"): Just remember, they can buy anything but they can't buy backbone. Don't let them forget that.
Moe: Anyway, he's been removed and your reputation will be fine.
Murray (from "Caddyshack"): So I got that going for me, which is nice.
Moe: It is nice. | [
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] | 824 |
The links below provide information, guidelines, and other documents describing initiatives to assess and promote the school readiness of Maryland's preschoolers and kindergarten students.
NEW! 2012-2013 School Readiness Report. Each year, MSDE publishes the report "Children Entering School Ready to Learn," which provides information about the school readiness skills of Maryland kindergarteners during the current year. School Readiness Reports from previous years can also be accessed through this link.
Achieving School Readiness: A 5-Year Action Agenda. This October 2002 report to the Subcabinet for Children, Youth, and Families by Maryland’s Leadership in Action Program details the goals, strategies and action steps identified as most critical for ensuring that all Maryland children are fully ready for school.
Maryland Model for School Readiness (MMSR Online) - Kindergarten Assessment Users Guide - A manual for the administration of the MMSR assessment tool and the interpretation of assessment results. Click here for the Teachers' Version of the Users Guide. Click here for an MMSR School Readiness PowerPoint presentation. (PDF of PowerPoint)
Healthy Beginnings: Supporting Development and Learning from Birth through Three Years of Age is a set of developmental and learning guidelines that was developed to ensure that those who live with or care for infants and young children have the knowledge and resources to support and encourage children during the ongoing process of growth and learning.
Early Childhood Curriculum Project – Guidance for child care and other nonpublic early childhood programs about curricular resources for three, four, and five year-olds. These resources are MSDE-recommended because they are aligned with the State’s prekindergarten and kindergarten curricular frameworks, also known as the Maryland Model for School Readiness (MMSR)/Maryland State Curriculum.
Maryland State Curriculum
Countdown to Kindergarten (CTK) - The statewide campaign to increase public awareness about the importance of a child's early experience as the basis for school readiness. | [
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] | 415 |
The purpose of Maryland's Environmental Education program is to enable students to make decisions and take actions that create and maintain an optimal relationship between themselves and the environment, and to preserve and protect the unique natural resources of Maryland, particularly those of the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed.
What Is Environmental Education?
Environmental Education promotes environmental literacy and the development of the skills needed for life-long learning. Environmental Education refers to education efforts that increase public awareness, concern, and knowledge about environmental issues and provides the critical thinking, problem-solving and decision-making skills needed to make informed and responsible decisions about the environment in all its complexity. Environmental Education promotes interdisciplinary integration of subject matter, problem-and issues-based learning experiences, and both cooperative and independent learning opportunities.
The Belgrade Charter, adopted by the United Nations, provides a widely accepted goal statement for Environmental Education:
The goal of environmental education is to develop a world population that is aware of, and concerned about, the environment and its associated problems, and which has the knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivations, and commitment to work individually and collectively toward solutions of current problems and the prevention of new ones.
The Tbilisi Declaration followed the Belgrade Charter and established these objectives for environmental education:
To foster clear awareness of, and concern about, economic, social, political, and ecological interdependence in urban and rural areas;
To provide every person with opportunities to acquire the knowledge, values, attitudes, commitment and skills needed to protect and improve the environment;
To create new patterns of behavior of individuals, groups and society as a whole towards the environment.
EE In Maryland Schools Video
featuring Kennard Elementary School
Queen Anne's County Public Schools
Check out the new BayBackpack, the source for bay education resources for teachers!
From NOAA's Chesapeake Bay Program
Teachers! Add an Environmental Education endorsement to your teaching certificate!
Contact your School System Certification Department for details.
Nature & the Environment
Primary resources from the Library of Congress
Climate Change Kit from EPA &
Global Change Research Program.
Free, online resources for 11 biomes.
Instructional modules for high school students from NOAA. | [
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] | 448 |
BONElike Combined Transparent/Bony Skull, 8 Part
The new BONElike Skulls are made of a new material that allows an absolutely natural reproduction of even finest anatomical structures for the first time. Bones made of 3B BONElike look real, have an absolutely natural feel and almost exactly the weight of a natural bone.
By combining one transparent and one bony skull half this is the first model to allow especially teachers of anatomy a topographical juxtaposition of the structures that cannot be seen in other skull versions. The right, transparent skull half allows the study of important anatomical details, such as the location of the paranasal sinuses. Therefore, in combination with the left, bony skull half, a direct transfer of the otherwise invisible structures becomes easy and uncomplicated.
The transparency of the jaw allows an exceptional view onto the periodontal pockets and roots. The teeth are removable for detailed studies. In addition, the external masticator muscles (masseter and temporal muscles) are represented on the bony skull half. To demonstrate masticator movement, the lower jaw is mounted flexibly.
These features also make the skull especially valuable for dentists. The skull can be disassembled into both halves of the skullcap and base of skull, the nasal septum, the complete mandible and both masticator muscles. | [
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] | 278 |
Michael Rice in his Chapter 3 page 107-108 comments on the first register of the reverse side: "Reverse: inverted saucepan-like object as the red crown of Lower Egypt. Surmounted by the Hathor heads and the royal name in its enclosure, the king walks forward, wearing the red crown of the northern kingdom and carrying his war mace. Behind him the same boyish sandal-bearer, carries a bolas (hunting device) for large game, or a rope for hobbling animals, as the hieroglyph ’tt’. The King and his two attendants have symbols or devices, the ancestors of hieroglyphs. The sandal-bearer is now identified by a throwing stick and a six-petalled rosette. His colleague is shaven headed, but could also be a child, but wears a full and heavy wig. He is marked by another version of the object he carries in his hand, suspended above an inverted closed semi-circle."
Rice continues in Chapter 6 page 271 about the dualism of Egypt, "The duality of the ruler is based on the primitive belief that the placenta is the brother of the new born child which as such often accompanies him throughout life in ghostly fashion, since it dies early and is ceremonially buried. The Ka is probably descendant of the placenta."
Also on page 272, "In the New Kingdom, for example it was believed that the Sphinx represented Harmachis, another manifestation of Horus in the Horizon."
Also see the earlier section on The Warka Vase regarding its reed images as being similar to the Pharaoh staff.
Waddell on page 97-98 adds that Standard No. 4 refers to his universal Sea empire. Urash was the First Phoenician Dynasty for "Sea Lord," the sign of "the great Fish" or "Sea Serpent of the Deep." In the fourth standard he call himself "The Great Sea Lord of the Lands of the Seven Seas."
Rice claims in Chapter 3 page 110 that, "These four standards represent the chiefs who supported the King in his bid to unify the Two Kingdoms. They are leading the King to ten headless bodies, lying on their backs with their severed heads between their feet." See the following images.
The intertwined serpopards (long-neck creatures on the reverse side with intertwined necks) are probably related to an Elamite design.
Rice claims in Chapter 2 page 58 that, "Among these influences are the appearance of strange saurian creatures with heavy bodies and long necks on which are carried feline heads (Plate 30a, 30b, 30c pg. 78). These are depicted on some of the decorated palettes produced in Egypt and on cylinder seals from Mesopotamia and Elam at the end of the fourth millennium."
He continues in Chapter 3 page 106, "…of ‘The Exotic Animals’ palette is a very remarkable artifact. The entire surface, except for the kohl-grinding area, is filled with animals, some of a very strange appearance. Dominating both sides are two great dogs. A good cross-section of the larger fauna of Egypt is represented but the strangest, most mysterious figure is that of a dog, or jackal-headed creature, reared up on its hind legs, playing a sort of flute. Did Orpheus have his origins in Predynastic Hierakonpolis or is this some masked Master of the Beast? There can surely be little doubt that it is the enigmatic Set who pipes who knows what strange melodies to the whirling animals (and monsters) which attend him."
Michael Rice in Chapter 3 page 106 states, "The long-necked beast can also be seen on ‘The Exotic Animals’ or ‘The Oxford’ and ‘The Two Dogs’ palette from Hierakonpolis, is one of the most complex and strange of this type of artifact."
The obverse shows two long saurian necks are surmounted by a bird and seen undulating to hold off two jackals, from the animal between them. The creatures are licking a prone caprid, and have claws on their feet.
On the reverse are more fantastic creatures, including a griffin and another long necked beast.
Some see the above creatures as two mythological camel-leopard-like animals, with their necks enclosing the pigment basin.
Waddell on page 92 upholds, "Here we see the Bull, symbolizing Naram breaking down a fort, scattering the bricks and trampling upon a fleeing foe. The picture inside the fort is possibly the hieroglyph of the towns name (Sumerian pictograph Pisan-mat or Gur-mat)."
The Great Bear or The Greater Sheepfold comes on the Meridian on April 20. There are seven bright stars that form the asterism known as the Big Dipper, the Plough, and the Wain, or Wagon. Like Ursa Minor, Ursa Major is neither a dipper nor a bear, rather a greater sheepfold as pictured in most ancient zodiacs [Middle English, from Latin Ursa Major : ursa, bear + maior, comparative of magnus, great]. Al Naish is the Arabic name of the constellation of Ursa Major meaning "The Assembled Together."
To the Egyptians the stars of the dipper were the thigh of a bull. A Star in Ursa Major in Arabic is the name for the "thigh" of the bear. It is also called Phacda meaning "Visited," "Guarded," or "Number."
To the Egyptians the deity with the bull was Apis, the Bull of Memphis. Apis was an actual bull chosen to serve as the earthly vessel of the soul of Osiris, god of the Sun and of the Nile. On the death of each Apis, the spirit of Osiris transferred itself to a successor. The animal meant to inherit the divine duty was recognized by certain markings: when a bull fitting the description was found, he was called Apis and lived as an object of reverence and sacrifice. The living bulls were worshipped in Egypt.
Memphis (Heb. noph, moph, Copt. menphe, memphi, Gr. Memphis). The first capital of united Egypt (c. 3200 B.C.) south of modern Cairo. Legend ascribes the founding of the city to Menes, the traditional first king. The original name of the city was "The White Wall." Later it was called Men-nefer-Pepi, after the name of the pyramid of Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasty; it is from this name that "Memphis" is derived.
Historians divide ancient Egyptian history into 30 dynasties. A dynasty is a series of rulers belonging to the same family. Egypt's pre-dynastic era lasted until 3,100 B.C., when the dynasties began to rule. Sometimes two dynasties ruled different parts of Egypt at the same time. Groups of dynasties make up periods. Egypt (Gr. Aigyptos, Heb. mitsrayim).
Menes around 3000 B.C., was the King of Egypt who founded the first dynasty uniting Upper and Lower Egypt. | [
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] | 1,515 |
Owning animals – specifically cattle – completely changes the meaning of a snow day. For most, snow is a welcomed sight as it means a day at home – away from the office or classroom – in their sweats enjoying daytime television and a warm fire.
But for cattle owners, snow days are some of the longest and hardest workdays they encounter each year. Cattle were created to withstand cold, snow and wind but that doesn’t mean they particularly enjoy the winter weather – especially after a streak of 50-degree temperatures. We have both heifers (first-time mothers) and cows (experienced mothers) calving right now. In fact we had about 20 calves born yesterday, five born overnight and another three this morning. More are expected throughout the day. This is peak calving season for our herd and while we never rule out the possibility of snow, snowfall like this doesn’t come along every year.
During storms like this, it’s important that we are out, among our cattle, checking to ensure mothers are doing fine, baby calves are staying warm and eating and expectant mothers get to shelter when possible. When we find a calf that looks like it just can’t get warm on it’s own, we will bring it inside and allow it to dry off and warm up before returning it to its mother.
Diet and proper nutrition are also very important for cattle in the winter. Like humans, cattle with a normal level of body fat are better able to withstand the cold and nursing mothers need all of the nutrition and calories they can get. Even on days like this, we make sure our cattle have all of the feed they need or want. But we are careful to not overfeed them so that all of their energy isn’t spent on digestion.
Derek was up most of last night checking on the cows and caring for a few calves. He and his father will spend the remainder of today and tonight making additional rounds, checking the animals as many times as possible. New calves could come at any time and we strive to be there to ensure all is going well. It’s not an easy job and the cattle don’t always express their appreciation the way a person would but it’s what we do, even on snow days. | [
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] | 475 |
Definition of Single-blind
Single-blind: Term used to described a study in which either the investigator or the participant, but not both of them, is unaware of the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving. Also called single-masked.
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications?
Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE! | [
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] | 98 |
Nasal surgery includes any surgery performed on the outside or inside of the nose. A common type of reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, nasal surgery may be performed to accomplish the following:
- Improve breathing
- Correct congenital or acquired deformities
- Change size or shape of nose (cosmetic)
- Repair nasal injuries
The following are some of the different types of nasal surgery:
Septoplasty is the surgical correction of defects and deformities of the nasal septum (the partition between the nostrils). Examples of septoplasty include the following:
- Correction of a deviated septum
A deviated septum is a condition in which the partition (septum) between the nostrils is not in a straight vertical alignment. A deviated septum can cause obstructed airflow. A deviated septum can be caused by a birth defect or injury.
- Correction of cleft defects that affect the nose and nasal cavity
Rhinoplasty is the surgical repair of a defect of the nose, including reshaping or resizing the nose. Rhinoplasty may be performed to accomplish the following:
- Change the size of the nose
- Change the shape of the nose
- Narrow the nostrils
- Change the angle between the nose and lips
Possible complications associated with nasal surgery may include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Anesthesia problems
The specific type of surgery will be determined by your physician based on:
- Your age, overall health, and medical history
- Severity of the deformity
- Your tolerance of specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- Your opinion or preference
Although each procedure varies, generally, nasal surgeries follow this process:
- Location options may include:
- Surgeon's office-based surgical facility
- Outpatient surgery center
- Hospital outpatient
- Hospital inpatient
- Anesthetic options may include:
- Local anesthesia
- General anesthesia
- Average length of procedure: about two hours
- Recuperation period:
- Usually up and around in a few days
- Usually return to school or sedentary work a week or so after surgery
- Surgeon will provide guidelines for resuming normal activities
- Some possible short-term side effects of surgery:
- A splint may be applied to nose to help maintain the new shape.
- Nasal packs or soft plastic splints may be placed inside the nostrils to stabilize the septum.
- The face will feel puffy.
- The nose may ache.
- You may experience a dull headache, swelling around the eyes, and/or bruising around the eyes.
- A small amount of bleeding is normal in the first few days.
- Small burst blood vessels may appear as tiny red spots on the skin's surface.
- Final results:
- Healing is a slow and gradual process. Some swelling may be present for months, especially in the tip of the nose. Final results of nasal surgery may not be apparent for a year or more.
- When a traditional open surgical technique is used, or surgery is performed to narrow flared nostrils, small scars will be located on the base of the nose. The scars usually are not noticeable. Scarring is not visible when rhinoplasty is performed from inside the nose.
Click here to view the
Online Resources of Plastic Surgery
Last reviewed: 6/10/2011 | [
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] | 714 |
Myoclonus refers to quick, lightning-like jerks (contractions) of a muscle or a group of muscles.
Myoclonus may involve only one hand, a group of muscles in the upper arm or leg, or a group of facial muscles. Or it may involve many muscles at the same time. Hiccups are a type of myoclonus that involves only the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen.
Myoclonus may occur normally, often when a person is falling asleep. Or it may result from a disorder, such as the following:
Myoclonus can occur after a person takes high doses of certain drugs such as antihistamines, some antidepressants (such as amitriptyline), bismuth, levodopa, or opioids (narcotics).
Myoclonus can be mild or severe. Muscles may jerk quickly or slowly, rhythmically or not. Myoclonus may occur once in a while or frequently. It may occur spontaneously or be triggered by a stimulus, such as a sudden noise, light, or a movement. For example, reaching for an object or taking step may trigger jerks that disrupt the movement. In Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (a rare degenerative brain disorder—see see Prion Diseases: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)), myoclonus becomes more obvious when people are suddenly startled. If myoclonus is due to a metabolic disorder, it may persist and affect muscles throughout the body, sometimes leading to seizures.
Diagnosis and Treatment
The diagnosis is based on symptoms. Other tests may be done to identify the cause.
The cause is corrected if possible. For example, drugs that can cause myoclonus are stopped. A high or low blood sugar level is corrected, and kidney failure is treated with hemodialysis. If the cause cannot be corrected, valproate or levetiracetam (anticonvulsants—see Seizure Disorders: Drugs Used to Treat Seizures.) or clonazepam (a mild sedative) sometimes helps. When given with carbidopa, the dietary supplement 5-hydroxytryptophan (which is produced by the brain) may also help.
Last full review/revision August 2007 by David Eidelberg, MD; Michael Pourfar, MD | [
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] | 500 |
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Male Figure (Tiki)
Barkcloth Panel (Siapo)
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This artwork is currently on display in Gallery 353
Although most Polynesian peoples appear to have made and used human images, few such objects have survived to the present day. Most were destroyed under the influence of Christian missionaries, who viewed such sculptures as "graven images." Small female figures in ivory were known from the Tongan archipelago as early as the late eighteenth century. Formerly referred to as goddesses, these figures are now thought to represent important female ancestors. A number of Tongan ivories were traded to the neighboring Fiji islands, where they were used during religious rites. This particularly expressive example was collected on the Fijian island of Viti Levu by the Reverend Cyril G. Hawdon in 1868.
Collected by Cyril G. Hawdon, Viti Levu, Fiji, in 1868; [John J. Klejman, New York, until 1957]; Nelson A. Rockefeller, New York, 1957, on loan to The Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 1957–1978
© 2000–2013 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. All rights reserved. | [
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] | 281 |
Receptive and Expressive Language
All communication has two aspects: receptive language and expressive language. Receptive language is what we hear and understand. Expressive language is what we say to others.
I believe that empathy is also a form of communication; one that is as essential to each of us as is spoken, written, or signed language in understanding the feelings of other sentient beings and in conveying our reaction to them. To oversimplify, one might think of language as the cognitive component of communication, whereas empathy is the emotional component. Of course, in reality, they overlap and complement each other.
Receptive empathy is the ability to perceive the feelings that others are experiencing. Expressive empathy is the ability to convey that understanding to others.
Definition of Empathy
“Empathy” is a complicated word — it means so many different things to different people. And, a discussion of whether autistic people have a capacity for empathy that is different from most other people further complicates the conversation.
A web search on the single word “empathy” produced for me these top 5 results, defining the word in 5 different ways:
- Empathy is the capacity to recognize emotions that are being experienced by another sentient or fictional being. (wikipedia)
- the imaginative projection of a subjective state into an object so that the object appears to be infused with it (Mirriam-Webster)
- the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another (dictionary.com)
- Empathy is the experience of understanding another person’s condition from their perspective. (Psychology Today)
- Identification with and understanding of another’s situation, feelings, and motives. See Synonyms at pity. (thefreedictionary.com)
So, which is it? “recognize emotions” or “imaginative projection” or “intellectual identification” or “vicarious experience of understanding perspective” or “identification and understanding” or “pity”?
It is probably all of those things and more, including sympathy and compassion. Trying to understand what people intend to convey by using the word is a bit like Justice Potter’s infamous definition of pornography. Empathy is something you know when you experience it, even though it is hard to describe in words.
Are there “Types” of Empathy?
Modifying the word “empathy” with “cognitive” and “affective” represents an ill-advised attempt to deconstruct empathy, in my view . Much has been made of the idea that these two aspects of empathy (to the extent that this dichotomy has any validity at all, which I doubt) arise from different parts of the brain, and that one or the other is deficient in certain personality types. This kind of hair-splitting is a distraction, it seems to me, when it comes to understanding the role and functioning of empathy.
I’m sure there is a wide range of empathic capacity, both in terms of experiencing empathy (whatever it is) and in expressing it. Those with alexithymia may have empathic capacity but may not recognize what they are experiencing or be able to express it. And all of my discussion here so far has nothing directly to do with autism. Empathy is a universal human trait. And beyond. Clearly, many other animals have empathic capacity as well.
Empathy arises from, or at least is related to, mirror neurons. In the famous incident of the discovery of mirror neurons, a monkey watched an object being picked up, and his brain region for picking things up fired as if he were doing it himself. So, he experienced what it was like to pick up an apple (or whatever it was), but not from the perspective of the other monkey (he’s not inside that brain) but from the perspective of how he would feel if he were doing what he was observing.
And What Does All of This Have To Do With Autism?
Now comes the tricky part with respect to autism. It’s twofold. The descriptions that follow are experiential (my own experiences and those of other autistic people I’ve spoken with), and represent my own speculations. What I report here may or may not be generalizable to other autistic people. See the link in the previous paragraph for a discussion of some of the controversy surrounding the linkage (if any) between autism and mirror neurons.
Autism and Receptive Empathy
It may be (1) that the mirror neuron system in the autistic brain is impaired because of the usual sensory overload that is always going on. It’s not that the mirror neurons are defective, it’s just that their functioning is clouded by the brain having so much else to deal with at the same time. Distractions, if you will. So the autistic person will not have the receptive clarity that matches the neurotypical — what is being called by some “cognitive empathy.” The emotional state of another being is recorded, but not processed with the same clarity because of the other demands on attention. The TMS experiments I participated in at Beth Israel demonstrated this. The experiment involved suppressing activity in a small area in the right hemisphere of my brain. Neuroscientists know that, through a process called neuroplasticity, when one area of the brain is compromised, another area will attempt to take over the lost functionality. That often involves the equivalent region in the opposite hemisphere of the brain.
Broca’s area is heavily involved in language and (therefore) social cognition,and much more. It is a complex and important region of the brain that is somewhat imprecisely located in the part of the brain known as Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45. I say “it” although, in my understanding (I have no formal training in neuroscience), there are two equivalent areas, one in each hemisphere, and the lion’s share of language processing occurs in the dominant hemisphere (the left one for right-handed people like me). Broca’s area, besides its central role in language comprehension and creation, also seems to serve as a bridge between the prefrontal cortex (cognition), and regions that control motor and somatosensory (tactile and other sensory) systems of the body. It is also thought to be rich in mirror neurons.
For all of these reasons, the scientists in the TMS Lab hypothesized that by temporarily and artificially suppressing the right side of my brain in the area just described, the left hemisphere would be more strongly activated than usual, thereby improving language and social (empathic) cognition. How right (so to speak) they were! I experienced (both subjectively and in their computerized measurements) sharpened ability to interpret emotional content more accurately. The difference in clarity was astounding to me and to others I spoke with who were subjects in the experiment.
Caitlin, for example, was shocked to find that she could see emotional content in written sentences and in video clips which, with the benefit of hindsight, she had not been able to see before. My clarity was more intellectual. I was able to solve (computerized) tasks faster than the computer could feed them to me, whereas before I had struggled and was unsure of the answers. Subjectively, it was like night and day, although I’m sure that the difference in my performance was measured in milliseconds. The difference in what Caitlin and I experienced (and John had a musical revelation, among many other experiences) was probably a function of where we started. I was relatively better (compared with her) at emotional reception. She, for example, had once been floored to find out that her brother knew more (much more) about the personal life of her receptionist than she did, although he lived in a distant city. It was just that when he called to speak with Caitlin, he would chat with the person who answered the phone about vacation plans and the like. It never occurred to Caitlin to make that kind of emotional connection.
The Irrelevancy of “Cognitive” Versus “Affective” Empathy
Which brings me around to the other bit (2) about autism and empathy. Take the Psychology Today definition: “Empathy is the experience of understanding another person’s condition from their perspective.” Please. Think of the monkey. Picking up a banana is probably a pretty universal monkey experience, so it’s easy to imagine that the mirror neurons of monkeys allow them to experience watching another monkey and essentially experience (vicariously) a nearly identical experience. Now, take an autistic brain. Not mine, please. I need it. If I watch a neurotypical pick up a banana, I am likely to be less clear about how that feels to them because they experience the world in a way that is very different from mine. I’m being metaphorical here, in case you didn’t pick up on that (so to speak). A physical action is one thing, but a more complex emotional reaction is quite a different level of experience. How can I empathize what you are going through if your way of experiencing the world is vastly different from mine? This works both ways, of course. How can a neurotypical person empathize with me if they have no clue what my brain is experiencing? So, it’s not a lack of empathy, or a lack of empathic capacity, it’s a knowledge or experiential gap. I can tell when my horse is happy to see me, or when he is in a playful mood, or frightened; these are fairly universal emotions. But my empathy doesn’t go too deep because I don’t really know what it’s like to be a horse. Or, maybe at some fundamental level, I do. I don’t always grok why he’s upset, but I know when he is.
Now, all of that is about receptive empathy; taking in and appreciating the emotional state of another being. This may be what is meant by “cognitive” empathy. But I also think receptive empathy includes components (or maybe all) of what has been termed “affective empathy” or “pity” or “compassion” — not just understanding, but sharing the emotional state of another. I believe this must naturally flow via the mirror neuron system that enables us to take in the feelings of another. If one is truly understanding what another is experiencing, it naturally follows that one is experiencing their emotions, too. From an evolutionary point of view, the value of being able to understand how someone else is feeling is being able to predict their behavior. If someone picks up a banana and smiles, that’s pretty non-threatening, but if someone picks up a rock and scowls, it might be better to take protective action. To truly take in another’s emotions, in the process I’m calling receptive empathy, one must also experience an approximation of those emotions. Although I’m aware these emotions are yours, and not mine, I experience my version of your anger, your pain, and your joy. It can’t be any other way.
And yes, there are people who have difficulty comprehending what they are experiencing emotionally, and conveying it, too. But, as alluded to earlier, that is a condition called alexithymia, not autism. Although studies about this are scant, I’m not aware of any definitive study that shows that alexithymia is more prevalent in the neuroexceptional population than it is in the neurotypical one. In my work with neuroexceptional couples (in a support group setting), I observe a fairly high proportion of alexithymia among the partners who are not neurotypical, but my sample is a highly self-selected subgroup of all neuroexceptional people, and I don’t have a control group to compare with.
For me, when I experience high receptive empathy (which includes sympathy, compassion or pity), such an experience is likely to lead to an emotional state of shock that requires me to tone down my feelings, because the nerves are too raw and exposed. So, I withdraw, I put up barriers to keep the world out, to keep things from getting worse. I can only take so much. Most autistic people with whom I have talked about this agree. We have too much empathic capacity. It is paralyzing. Why is that? I’m not sure. Excess myelination? I’ll get back to you on that.
Autism and Expressive Empathy: The Challenge for Autistic People
The biggest complaint in my couples support groups is that the (typically) Asperger’s partner does not express empathy. I explain the bit that I’ve just gone through, that those of us who are autistic experience a high degree of understanding (what I have called here receptive empathy), and that our flat affect or silence does not mean we lack comprehension or sympathy. It’s just that dealing with these raw emotions is too frightening.Thus, we exhibit a lack of what I have come to call expressive empathy.
To partners who are feeling emotionally isolated, and are in need of validation, it’s not comforting to hear this. To them, there is no empathy if it isn’t expressed. And they have a good point. We autistics often stop one step short of what empathy is all about; connecting with another human being, to validate and comfort them. Without that piece, it does not serve its purpose. The result is, from the outside observers point of view, a “lack” of empathy. No reaction. Or an “inappropriate” (oh, how I hate that word) reaction. If fact, the reaction is an internal volcano that is about to erupt. Sometimes it does, and that is one form of meltdown. Sometimes it is contained, and the world is shut out.
I remember a time in my second marriage when things were not going well, and I was talking with my shrink about it. At one point, he said to me (in frustration), “Can’t you just tell her you love her? That’s what she wants to hear!” And, I realized (for complex reasons) that, no, I was not capable of that at that time. It seemed like lying to me. Yet, it would have been a harmless lie that could have made all the difference to her. I was empathizing with her distress, but I was not able to communicate that to her in a way that would have been helpful.
The terms I have used here, receptive and expressive, are often used to describe forms of language communication, which is where I started this post. And that’s really what empathy is, in its fullest expression; communicating emotional states. Autistics are really good at receptive empathy, but some of us fall short when it comes to using expressive empathy.
This is a failure of execution, not of cognition. Our brains work just fine, thank you. We just need to learn how to let other people know that. The good news is called neuroplasticity, and there is a way to use that, in neurally-inspired therapies and techniques that can change our patterns of behavior. Stay tuned. Much more to come on those subjects.
Meanwhile, I will be practicing my expressive empathy. | [
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1989,
11,
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2597,
287,
3303,
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290,
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284,
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1989,
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373,
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284,
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351,
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11,
339,
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262,
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508,
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290,
262,
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13,
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284,
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326,
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286,
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198,
464,
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251,
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564,
250,
32,
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251,
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17,
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13,
7214,
262,
18430,
6288,
6770,
25,
564,
250,
36,
3149,
10036,
318,
262,
1998,
286,
4547,
1194,
1048,
447,
247,
82,
4006,
422,
511,
6650,
13,
447,
251,
4222,
13,
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286,
262,
21657,
13,
350,
7958,
510,
257,
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318,
2192,
257,
2495,
10112,
21657,
1998,
11,
523,
340,
447,
247,
82,
2562,
284,
5967,
326,
262,
10162,
16890,
286,
26697,
1249,
606,
284,
1998,
4964,
1194,
21657,
290,
6986,
1998,
357,
25531,
283,
6819,
8,
257,
3016,
10411,
1998,
13,
2735,
11,
1011,
281,
33686,
3632,
13,
1892,
6164,
11,
3387,
13,
314,
761,
340,
13,
1002,
314,
2342,
257,
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28004,
605,
2298,
510,
257,
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11,
314,
716,
1884,
284,
307,
1342,
1598,
546,
703,
326,
5300,
284,
606,
780,
484,
1998,
262,
995,
287,
257,
835,
326,
318,
845,
1180,
422,
6164,
13,
314,
447,
247,
76,
852,
13738,
12409,
994,
11,
287,
1339,
345,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
2298,
510,
319,
326,
357,
568,
284,
2740,
737,
317,
3518,
2223,
318,
530,
1517,
11,
475,
257,
517,
3716,
7016,
6317,
318,
2407,
257,
1180,
1241,
286,
1998,
13,
1374,
460,
314,
48004,
1096,
644,
345,
389,
1016,
832,
611,
534,
835,
286,
13456,
262,
995,
318,
22056,
1180,
422,
6164,
30,
770,
2499,
1111,
2842,
11,
286,
1781,
13,
1374,
460,
257,
7669,
28004,
605,
1048,
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351,
502,
611,
484,
423,
645,
18437,
644,
616,
3632,
318,
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30,
1406,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
407,
257,
3092,
286,
21452,
11,
393,
257,
3092,
286,
795,
38829,
5339,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
257,
3725,
393,
1121,
1153,
498,
7625,
13,
314,
460,
1560,
618,
616,
8223,
318,
3772,
284,
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11,
393,
618,
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318,
287,
257,
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10038,
11,
393,
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389,
6547,
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10825,
13,
887,
616,
21452,
1595,
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247,
83,
467,
1165,
2769,
780,
314,
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447,
247,
83,
1107,
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340,
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247,
82,
588,
284,
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257,
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11,
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318,
13,
198,
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326,
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3407,
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357,
273,
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477,
8,
286,
644,
468,
587,
28569,
564,
250,
2001,
13967,
21452,
447,
251,
393,
564,
250,
79,
414,
447,
251,
393,
564,
250,
5589,
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251,
851,
407,
655,
4547,
11,
475,
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262,
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1181,
286,
1194,
13,
314,
1975,
428,
1276,
8752,
5202,
2884,
262,
10162,
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1080,
326,
13536,
514,
284,
1011,
287,
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318,
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644,
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318,
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318,
13456,
511,
10825,
11,
1165,
13,
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281,
16673,
966,
286,
1570,
11,
262,
1988,
286,
852,
1498,
284,
1833,
703,
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2073,
318,
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318,
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284,
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13,
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287,
262,
1429,
314,
447,
247,
76,
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11,
530,
1276,
635,
1998,
281,
40874,
286,
883,
10825,
13,
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314,
447,
247,
76,
3910,
777,
10825,
389,
12431,
11,
290,
407,
6164,
11,
314,
1998,
616,
2196,
286,
534,
8993,
11,
534,
2356,
11,
290,
534,
8716,
13,
632,
460,
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198,
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423,
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278,
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11,
290,
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11,
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13,
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11,
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284,
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11,
326,
318,
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257,
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342,
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11,
407,
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13,
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546,
428,
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11,
314,
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247,
76,
407,
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286,
597,
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326,
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326,
257,
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342,
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544,
318,
517,
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287,
262,
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1538,
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318,
287,
262,
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605,
530,
13,
554,
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351,
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1538,
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357,
259,
257,
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314,
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257,
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257,
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342,
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407,
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11,
475,
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257,
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12,
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286,
477,
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11,
290,
314,
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247,
83,
423,
257,
1630,
1448,
284,
8996,
351,
13,
198,
1890,
502,
11,
618,
314,
1998,
1029,
41062,
21452,
357,
4758,
3407,
20242,
11,
15213,
393,
26246,
828,
884,
281,
1998,
318,
1884,
284,
1085,
284,
281,
7016,
1181,
286,
6380,
326,
4433,
502,
284,
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866,
616,
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11,
780,
262,
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389,
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290,
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13,
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11,
314,
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11,
314,
1234,
510,
14725,
284,
1394,
262,
995,
503,
11,
284,
1394,
1243,
422,
1972,
4785,
13,
314,
460,
691,
1011,
523,
881,
13,
4042,
33686,
661,
351,
4150,
314,
423,
6619,
546,
428,
4236,
13,
775,
423,
1165,
881,
795,
38829,
5339,
13,
632,
318,
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9510,
13,
4162,
318,
326,
30,
314,
447,
247,
76,
407,
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13,
1475,
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616,
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30,
314,
447,
247,
297,
651,
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284,
345,
319,
326,
13,
198,
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1042,
290,
5518,
3314,
2295,
16786,
25,
383,
13879,
329,
5231,
2569,
4380,
198,
464,
4094,
8224,
287,
616,
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1104,
2628,
318,
326,
262,
357,
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8,
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525,
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447,
247,
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407,
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13,
314,
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262,
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326,
314,
447,
247,
303,
655,
3750,
832,
11,
326,
883,
286,
514,
508,
389,
33686,
1998,
257,
1029,
4922,
286,
4547,
357,
10919,
314,
423,
1444,
994,
41062,
21452,
828,
290,
326,
674,
6228,
2689,
393,
9550,
857,
407,
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356,
3092,
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393,
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13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
655,
326,
7219,
351,
777,
8246,
10825,
318,
1165,
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13,
19093,
11,
356,
15866,
257,
3092,
286,
644,
314,
423,
1282,
284,
869,
38084,
21452,
13,
198,
2514,
4887,
508,
389,
4203,
17991,
11557,
11,
290,
389,
287,
761,
286,
21201,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
407,
34228,
284,
3285,
428,
13,
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606,
11,
612,
318,
645,
21452,
611,
340,
2125,
447,
247,
83,
6241,
13,
843,
484,
423,
257,
922,
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13,
775,
1960,
3969,
1690,
2245,
530,
2239,
1790,
286,
644,
21452,
318,
477,
546,
26,
14320,
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11,
284,
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13,
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11,
340,
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407,
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13,
383,
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11,
422,
262,
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286,
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11,
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250,
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251,
286,
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] | 3,253 |
By Mary Gallagher, Opinion Columnist
Published November 20, 2012
It’s hard to believe that within the past 100 years, issues like political participation of women and African Americans were controversial topics that divided the country. At this point, it seems absurd that anyone would believe women or African Americans didn't deserve the right to vote, but there were 42 years between the introduction of the 19th Amendment and its ratification in 1920. Now, if one political party was to oppose the suffrage of women or minorities, the opposing party would overtake them in a landslide victory, no matter how reasonable the anti-suffrage party’s views were on the economy or other issues.
More like this
The Nov. 6 election has shown us that a new group of issues may be making the leap from controversial and partisan to accepted facts of life in the United States. Of these, the most obvious is same-sex marriage. The battle for gay rights began to gain steam in the late 1960s and has made significant strides since, with same-sex marriage legal in nine states and Washington D.C., and the ubiquity of realistic and progressive portrayals of the LGBT community in the media.
However, there’s still a lot of progress to be made: 41 states continue to reject the validity of same-sex marriage. Though, in this election cycle, gay marriage won battles in every single state where it was in question: Maine, Maryland, Washington and Minnesota.
Each of these was a ballot initiative, which means every state voter had a say. Because of this, it can’t be argued that this is a case of the government usurping popular opinion, as organizations like the National Organization for Marriage have maintained about similar court rulings or legislative decisions. The people spoke, and they spoke overwhelmingly in favor of same-sex marriage.
Another oft-publicized point of contention during this campaign was the argument over abortion and access to birth control. Although Roe v. Wade was passed nearly 40 years ago, there’s still a significant number of Americans who believe that abortion should be made illegal except in cases of rape or incest — some even believe that it should be altogether outlawed no matter the circumstances. However, it seems that most of the population is hesitant to make it completely illegal. In a May 2012 Gallup poll, 77 percent of Americans responded that abortion should always be legal or sometimes legal. Despite this fact, the Republican Party continued to stand behind their position, seemingly oblivious to the fact that they now represent a minority of the population.
In a democracy like ours, the government should be ruled by the people, not the other way around. It’s easy to lose faith in the system and to believe that individual voices and opinions don’t really matter. But then an election like this comes around and reminds us that changing the minds of the voting public really can make an impact on the government.
It seemed like the way many people framed this election was around the issues of gay marriage and abortion, rather than on more complex subjects such as the economy or the environment. I prefer these Democratic economic models to that of the Republican Party. However, I’d rather hear an election that was a debate between two different plans to actually make the United States a better place to live, rather than bickering over subjects that the majority of the country has come to agree upon. Rachel Maddow said it best on election night, saying that if the Republican Party continues to focus on outdated issues, “we are all deprived, as a nation, of the constructive debate between competing, feasible ideas about real problems.” | [
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] | 741 |
Henry Levinson established a small family company in 1933, named Permanent Pigments Company. He initially only made artist oil colors. In 1955, Permanent Pigments invented the first water-based acrylic gesso. Levinson tried to think of a name that aptly described this new invention, a medium that could go from fluidity to heavy texture. He decided on the name Liquid Texture, or Liquitex.
Mr. Levinson’s idea soon took off, and in 1956, the first commercially available fluid acrylic colors, known as Soft Body paints, were developed. The first heavy bodied, water-based acrylic colors, called Heavy Body, followed in 1963.
Liquitex has a long history of creativity, but creativity doesn’t always begin in a laboratory. With this in mind, the company created a Lecture Demonstration Program that still continues to this day. In 1965, it was the first program of lectures and demonstrations given by practicing artists to students at colleges and universities throughout the United States. This program is known today as the Artist Outreach Program. [ visit manufacturer website ] | [
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] | [
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] | 226 |
This mathematically oriented introduction to the theory of logic programming presents a systematic exposition of the resolution method for propositional, first-order, and Horn-clause logics, together with an analysis of the semantic aspects of the method. It is through the inference rule of resolution that both proofs and computations can be manipulated on computers, and this book contains elegant versions and proofs of the fundamental theorems and lemmas in the proof theory of logic programming. Advanced topics such as recursive complexity and negation as failure and its semantics are covered, and streamlined setups for SLD- and SLDNF-resolution are described.
No other book treats this material in such detail and with such sophistication. Doets provides a novel approach to resolution that is applied to the first-order case and the case of (positive) logic programs. In contrast to the usual approach, the concept of a resolvent is defined nonconstructively, without recourse to the concept of unification, allowing the soundness and completeness proofs to be carried out in a more economic way. Other new material includes computability results dealing with analytical hierarchy, results on infinite derivations and an exposition on general logic programs using 3-valued logic. | [
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] | 245 |
Make a Splash with a Water Workout
Use water as your medium for an effective workout and you'll be joining a diverse group of young and old, male and female, beginners and professional athletes alike who are all wet when exercising.
Range of goals
Pregnant women, teenagers, and baby boomers take classes to get in shape, cross-train, or train for a specific sporting event. In fact, people who are at many different levels of fitness can be in the same class; the advanced participants simply do more repetitions or use equipment that increases resistance.
Water exercises can use a range of equipment to increase the challenge and difficulty of a basic workout, including flotation belts, water weights, foam noodles, and webbed gloves.
Work it out
Although many people enjoy water aerobics classes, you don't have to be in a group to work out. You can go solo by walking forward and backward in the pool or doing jumping jacks and other aerobics moves.
When exercising in the water, follow these pool rules:
Exercise in navel- to chest-deep water.
Keep your abdominal and gluteal muscles tight and your spine neutral, with your hips slightly forward and your back straight, but not arched.
Wear water shoes for better traction and to protect your feet from rough pool surfaces.
Work at your own level.
Always warm up before and cool down after your workout.
Add equipment, such as weights or water gloves, water paddles, or aquatic hand buoys if the exercise is too easy. Because of the water’s resistance, traditional weight-lifting exercises, such as bicep curls, triceps extensions, and chest presses are more challenging in the pool. | [
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] | 360 |
Micro-algae, which is highly nutritious and an excellent source of protein, chlorophyll, vitamins and minerals and amino acids. It has 26 times the calcium of milk, contains phosphorus, B12, RNA and DNA, and easily digested. It is a safe food with no side effects. It would be good for survival purposes as it is easy to store. Has sometimes been called “Manna of the future.” It has been tested in Japan and Europe and found to benefit people who suffer from many ailments including: anemia, cataracts, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, glaucoma, hepatitis, physical imbalances, aids weight loss.
Blue-green micro algae, and its cousins Spirulina and Chlorella, grow on inland waters throughout the world – visible as greenish scum on still lakes and ponds. The Aztecs of Mexico ate it as a staple food, dried and spread on tortillas. Africans of the Sahara region also use dried spirulina with grains and vegetables.
These algae are high in protein, carotenoids and minerals. Beware, however, of claims that they can provide vitamin B12 in vegetarian diets. Nevertheless, the high mineral and protein content of the various algae make them an excellent superfood, a good supplement to the diet and a useful product for the treatment of a variety of health problems.
Of the three main types of algae, spirulina is said to be the easiest to digest and absorb, because its cell walls are composed of mucopolysaccharides rather than indigestible cellulose. Chlorella needs special processing to improve digestibility of a tough outer cell wall, but it is valued for its ability to bind with heavy metals and carry them out of the body.
Today, spirulina is consumed as a health food and nutritional supplement. It is a highly concentrated source of protein, vitamins and minerals but its price is commensurately high. It contains high quantities of bioavailable iron and all minerals generally. The drawback of spirulina supplements is that you have to consume 10 or more grams daily to get a reasonable amount of nutrients. Ten grams is only two teaspoonfuls, which makes spirulina a very concentrated food source.
Spirulina is an exceptionally potent nutrient substance that has shown strong activity in many areas. It is the source of one of the most easily digestible forms of protein; it is 85 percent protein, compared with 20 percent in beef. It contains all the essential amino acids and most of the nonessential ones. In addition, it is extremely high in vitamins and minerals.
Spirulina has been found to be hepatoprotective and antihepatotoxic in several in vivo studies, protecting the liver against CCl4 – induced hepatoxicity. Spirulina also contains phycocyanin, a blue-pigment biliprotein that has been shown in scientific studies to inhibit formation of cancer cell colonies.
Preparation and Dosage: 1-2 tsp. (5-10ml) powdered Spirulina per day, more for chronic or acute disease. Suggested minimum dosage for hepatitis is 4 tsp (20ml) per day. Consume as much as desire; it may be used as the primary protein source in the diet. | [
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] | 680 |
Local Extension Agent discusses “Salmonella in songbirds”
By: Bobby Smith
I have received several calls the last few weeks with clients who are distraught over dead songbirds in or around their bird feeders. Earlier this spring I received an e-mail from a fellow agent in a county north of Morgan County with the same issue. He had observed the same problem in his county. He submitted three birds to Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS) to be tested for Salmonella, and all three birds tested positive.
If you are seeing dead birds in or around your feeders or birdbaths, I just wanted to make you aware of the problem and share some suggestions from the SCWDS.
The researcher at the SCWDS lab offered the following information about the outbreak:
•Salmonella bacteria are naturally found in many wild and domestic bird species
•Stress from severe weather and high concentrations of birds during spring (such as those found around bird feeders and bird baths) contribute to outbreak and disease spread.
•Because of large congregations of birds at feeders this time of year, this is when we usually see Salmonella outbreaks
•Cats that eat dead birds can pick up the Salmonella and possibly spread it to the humans that are caring for them.
To help stop the spread of the disease, there are several steps that you can take if you believe the Salmonella outbreak has affected your area:
1. Remove all bird feeders and bird baths and clean up residual seed. It's important for the birds to disperse to help control the spread of disease.
2. Disinfect all bird feeders and bird baths with 1 part bleach and 9 parts water
3. Do not place the bird seed back out for at least one month after you see the last sick or dying bird on your property
4. Clean out feeders at least every two weeks when you start feeding again to help prevent buildup of bacteria and fungi that can contribute to diseases in birds.
For information on this and other problems, contact your local UGA Cooperative Extension Office or call 1800ASKUGA1 or 18002758421.
Printed in the May 28, 2009 Edition. | [
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] | 460 |
Submitted by: Kelly Miller
Added: September 23, 2008
Duration: 5-10 minutes
Have students turn to a hymn that you have directed them to. Have them tell you which scripture mastery verse(s) match and why. For example:
Lead, Kindly Light [Hymn # 97] could go with Matt. 5:14-16
Choose the Right [Hymn #239] could go with Matt. 6:24
We're Not Ashamed to Own Our Lord [Hymn #57] could go with Romans 1:16
The kids will probably come up with ones you haven't thought of. | [
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] | 135 |
A depressive disorder is a whole-body illness, involving the body, mood, and thoughts, and affects the way a person eats and sleeps, feels about himself or herself, and thinks about things. It is not the same as being unhappy or in a blue mood. Nor is it a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. People with a depressive illness cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better.
Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression. During any one year period, nearly 19 million American adults suffer from depressive illness. Yet, treatment can alleviate symptoms in nearly 80 percent of cases.
Women experience depression about twice as often as men. Many hormonal factors may contribute to the increased rate of depression in women--particularly such factors as menstrual cycle changes, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), pregnancy, miscarriage, postpartum period, perimenopause, and menopause. Many women also face additional stresses such as responsibilities both at work and home, single parenthood, and caring for children and aging parents.
Many women are also particularly vulnerable after the birth of a baby. The hormonal and physical changes, as well as the added responsibility of a new life, can be factors that lead to postpartum depression in some women. While transient "blues" are common in new mothers, a full-blown depressive episode is not a normal occurrence and requires active intervention. Treatment by a sympathetic health care provider and the family's emotional support for the new mother are prime considerations in aiding her to recover her physical and mental well-being and her ability to care for and enjoy the infant.
Depressive disorders come in different forms, as do other illnesses, such as heart disease. Three of the most prevalent types of depressive disorders include the following:
- Major depression. A combination of symptoms (see symptom list) that interfere with the ability to work, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. These disabling episodes of depression can occur once, twice, or several times in a lifetime.
- Dysthymia. Long-term, chronic symptoms that do not disable, but keep people from functioning at "full steam" or from feeling good. Sometimes, people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes.
- Bipolar disorder (manic-depression). A chronic, recurring condition that includes cycles of depression and elation or mania.
Within these types, there are variations in the number of symptoms, their severity, and persistence.
The following are the most common symptoms of depression. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. In general, nearly everyone suffering from depression has ongoing feelings of sadness, and may feel helpless, hopeless, and irritable.
The American Psychiatric Association suggests that professional help is advisable for those who have four or more of the following symptoms continually for more than two weeks:
- Noticeable change of appetite, with either significant weight loss not attributable to dieting or weight gain
- Noticeable change in sleeping patterns, such as fitful sleep, inability to sleep, early morning awakening, or sleeping too much
- Loss of interest and pleasure in activities formerly enjoyed
- Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood
- Feelings of hopelessness, pessimism
- Restlessness, irritability
- Decreased energy, fatigue, being "slowed down"
- Feelings of worthlessness
- Persistent feelings of hopelessness
- Feelings of inappropriate guilt
- Inability to concentrate or think, indecisiveness
- Recurring thoughts of death or suicide, wishing to die, or attempting suicide (Note: Individuals with this symptom should receive treatment immediately!)
- Melancholia (defined as overwhelming feelings of sadness and grief), accompanied by the following:
- Waking at least two hours earlier than normal in the morning
- Feeling more depressed in the morning
- Moving significantly more slowly
- Disturbed thinking--for example, severely depressed people sometimes have beliefs not based in reality about physical disease, sinfulness, or poverty
- Physical symptoms, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain
Specific treatment for depression will be determined by your health care provider based on:
- Your age, overall health, and medical history
- Extent of the depression
- Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- Expectations for the course of the disorder
- Your opinion or preference
Generally, based on the outcome of evaluations, depressive disorders are treated with medication or either psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy, or a combination of medication and therapy.
You can also help yourself. Depressive disorders can make a person feel exhausted, worthless, helpless, and hopeless. Such negative thoughts and feelings make some people feel like giving up. It is important to realize that these negative views are part of the depression and typically do not accurately reflect the actual circumstances. Negative thinking fades as treatment begins to take effect. In the meantime, consider the following:
- Set realistic goals in light of the depression and assume a reasonable amount of responsibility.
- Break large tasks into small ones, set some priorities, and do what you can as you can.
- Try to be with other people and to confide in someone; it is usually better than being alone and secretive.
- Participate in activities that may make you feel better.
- Mild exercise, going to a movie, a ball game, or participating in religious, social, or other activities may help.
- Expect your mood to improve gradually, not immediately. Feeling better takes time.
- It is advisable to postpone important decisions until the depression has lifted. Before deciding to make a significant transition--change jobs, get married or divorced--discuss it with others who know you well and have a more objective view of your situation.
- People rarely "snap out of" a depression. But they can feel a little better day-by-day.
- Remember, positive thinking will replace the negative thinking that is part of the depression and will disappear as your depression responds to treatment.
- Let your family and friends help you.
Click here to view the
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] | 1,285 |
Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis caused by a build-up of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. (Arteriosclerosis is a general term for thickening or hardening of the arteries.) Plaque is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin, and can develop in medium or large arteries. The artery wall becomes thickened and loses its elasticity.
Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may start as early as childhood. However, the disease has the potential to progress rapidly.
It is unknown exactly how atherosclerosis begins or what causes it. Some scientists think that certain risk factors may be associated with atherosclerosis, including:
- elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels
- high blood pressure
- diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes)
- physical inactivity
- high saturated fat diet
There is a gradual build-up of plaque or thickening of the inside of the walls of the artery, causing a decrease in the amount of blood flow, and a decrease in the oxygen supply to the vital body organs and extremities.
A heart attack may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is reduced to the heart. A stroke may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is cut off to the brain. Gangrene may occur if the oxygenated blood supply is reduced to the arms and legs.
Signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis may develop gradually, and may be few, as the plaque builds up in the artery. Symptoms may also vary depending on the affected artery. However, when a major artery is blocked, signs and symptoms may be severe, such as those occurring with heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, or blood clot.
The symptoms of atherosclerosis may resemble other cardiac conditions. Consult your physician for a diagnosis.
In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for atherosclerosis may include any, or a combination of, the following:
- cardiac catheterization- with this procedure, x-rays are taken after a contrast agent is injected into an artery - to locate the narrowing, occlusions, and other abnormalities of specific arteries.
- Doppler sonography - a special transducer is used to direct sound waves into a blood vessel to evaluate blood flow. An audio receiver amplifies the sound of the blood moving though the vessel. Faintness or absent of sound may indicate an obstruction in the blood flow.
- blood pressure comparison - comparing blood pressure measurements in the ankles and in the arms to determine any constriction in blood flow. Significant differences may indicate a narrowing of vessels which could be caused by atherosclerosis.
- MUGA/radionuclide angiography - a nuclear scan to see how the heart wall moves and how much blood is expelled with each heartbeat, while the patient is at rest.
- thallium/myocardial perfusion scan - a nuclear scan given while the patient is at rest or after exercise that may reveal areas of the heart muscle that are not getting enough blood.
Specific treatment will be determined by your physician based on:
- your age, overall health, and medical history
- extent of the disease
- the location of the blockage
- your signs and symptoms
- your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- expectations for the course of the disease
- your opinion or preference
Treatment may include:
- modification of risk factors
Risk factors that may be modified include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, elevated blood glucose levels, lack of exercise, poor dietary habits, and elevated blood pressure.
Medications that may be used to treat carotid artery disease include:
- antiplatelet medications - medications used to decrease the ability of platelets in the blood to stick together and cause clots. Aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix`#174;), ticlopidine (Ticlid®), and dipyridamole (Persantine®) are examples of antiplatelet medications.
- anticoagulants - also described as "blood thinners," these medications work differently than antiplatelet medications to decrease the ability of the blood to clot. An example of an anticoagulant is warfarin (Coumadin®).
- antihyperlipidemics - medications used to lower lipids (fats) in the blood, particularly Low Density Lipid (LDL) cholesterol. Statins are a group of antihyperlipidemic medications, and include simvastatin (Zocor®), atorvastatin (Lipitor®), and pravastatin (Pravachol®), among others. Bile acid sequestrants — colesevelam, cholestyramine and colestipol — and nicotinic acid (niacin) are two other types of medications that may be used to reduce cholesterol levels.
- antihypertensives - medications used to lower blood pressure. There are several different groups of medications which act in different ways to lower blood pressure
- coronary angioplasty
With this procedure, a balloon is used to create a bigger opening in the vessel to increase blood flow. Although angioplasty is performed in other blood vessels, Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) refers to angioplasty in the coronary arteries to permit more blood flow into the heart. There are several types of PTCA procedures, including:
- balloon angioplasty - a small balloon is inflated inside the blocked artery to open the blocked area.
- atherectomy - the blocked area inside the artery is "shaved" away by a tiny device on the end of a catheter.
- laser angioplasty - a laser used to "vaporize" the blockage in the artery.
- coronary artery stent - a tiny coil is expanded inside the blocked artery to open the blocked area and is left in place to keep the artery open.
- coronary artery bypass
Most commonly referred to as simply "bypass surgery," this surgery is often performed in people who have angina (chest pain) due to coronary artery disease (where plaque has built up in the arteries). During the surgery, a bypass is created by grafting a piece of a vein above and below the blocked area of a coronary artery, enabling blood to flow around the obstruction. Veins are usually taken from the leg, but arteries from the chest or arm may also be used to create a bypass graft.
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Online Resources of Heart Center | [
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,384 |
Subsets and Splits