semran1/fw_valid-tokenized · Datasets at Hugging Face

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The Green Marine Environmental Program is an action plan that addresses nine major environmental issues identified by the marine industry : The program is made up of 4 basic steps: 1- Evaluation process Green Marine requires participants to adopt practices and technologies that will have a direct impact on the ground. The Green Marine Environmental Program encourages participants to go beyond regulatory compliance and implement a process of continuous environmental improvement that will lead to excellence and leadership. Download the 2013 summary of the program's performance indicators (the complete self-evaluation guide will be available in the Fall 2013) 2 - External verification Participants' results are subject to an external audit every two years, during which an independent third party will visit their premises to check their facilities and procedures, and verify the accuracy of the data used to compile their results. 3 - Publication of results Participants’ individual results - as well as the global results attained by the industry as a whole - are published on a yearly basis in Green Marine's annual report. Individual results are also available via an interactive map on Green Marine’s website. 4 - Certification During their first year in the program, participants receive a logo indicating that their Green Marine certification is “in progress,” which they can use to publicize their commitment to the Green Marine initiative. Participants who have been in the program for more than a year receive a «certified« logo, which is awarded during a certification ceremony held during Green Marine's annual conference. Consult the full version of the Environmental Program of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes Maritime Industry. Note that the program is currently under revision. For an updated version of the program, please check out the self-evaluation guides.	[ 464, 3469, 11000, 13272, 6118, 318, 281, 2223, 1410, 326, 9405, 5193, 1688, 6142, 2428, 5174, 416, 262, 16050, 2831, 1058, 198, 464, 1430, 318, 925, 510, 286, 604, 4096, 4831, 25, 198, 16, 12, 34959, 1429, 198, 13719, 11000, 4433, 6809, 284, 11206, 6593, 290, 8514, 326, 481, 423, 257, 1277, 2928, 319, 262, 2323, 13, 198, 464, 3469, 11000, 13272, 6118, 18656, 6809, 284, 467, 3675, 11344, 11846, 290, 3494, 257, 1429, 286, 12948, 6142, 9025, 326, 481, 1085, 284, 25230, 290, 5531, 13, 198, 10002, 262, 2211, 10638, 286, 262, 1430, 338, 2854, 21337, 357, 1169, 1844, 2116, 12, 18206, 2288, 5698, 481, 307, 1695, 287, 262, 7218, 2211, 8, 198, 17, 532, 34579, 19637, 198, 34363, 1187, 6, 2482, 389, 2426, 284, 281, 7097, 14984, 790, 734, 812, 11, 1141, 543, 281, 4795, 2368, 2151, 481, 3187, 511, 17095, 284, 2198, 511, 7291, 290, 9021, 11, 290, 11767, 262, 9922, 286, 262, 1366, 973, 284, 17632, 511, 2482, 13, 198, 18, 532, 45065, 286, 2482, 198, 34363, 1187, 447, 247, 1981, 2482, 532, 355, 880, 355, 262, 3298, 2482, 28681, 416, 262, 2831, 355, 257, 2187, 532, 389, 3199, 319, 257, 24169, 4308, 287, 3469, 11000, 338, 5079, 989, 13, 18629, 2482, 389, 635, 1695, 2884, 281, 14333, 3975, 319, 3469, 11000, 447, 247, 82, 3052, 13, 198, 19, 532, 40609, 198, 7191, 511, 717, 614, 287, 262, 1430, 11, 6809, 3328, 257, 11112, 12739, 326, 511, 3469, 11000, 18094, 318, 564, 250, 259, 4371, 11, 447, 251, 543, 484, 460, 779, 284, 1171, 1096, 511, 7901, 284, 262, 3469, 11000, 10219, 13, 26122, 508, 423, 587, 287, 262, 1430, 329, 517, 621, 257, 614, 3328, 257, 21110, 22583, 1431, 24328, 11112, 11, 543, 318, 11343, 1141, 257, 18094, 10542, 2714, 1141, 3469, 11000, 338, 5079, 4495, 13, 198, 9444, 586, 262, 1336, 2196, 286, 262, 13272, 6118, 286, 262, 520, 13, 13914, 290, 3878, 24153, 45411, 17420, 13, 5740, 326, 262, 1430, 318, 3058, 739, 18440, 13, 1114, 281, 6153, 2196, 286, 262, 1430, 11, 3387, 2198, 503, 262, 2116, 12, 18206, 2288, 17555, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	351
Do What You Can to Ease Side Effects of Treatment for Stomach Cancer It's likely that you will have physical concerns because your cancer may cause symptoms and your treatment may cause side effects. The side effects depend on your treatment and that depends largely on how much the cancer has spread outside your stomach or to other organs. We've listed some common side effects from stomach cancer treatments and how to ease them. They are listed in alphabetical order, so you can find help when you need it. See "Dumping Syndrome" and "Heartburn." Anemia (Low Red Blood Cell Levels) Throughout your treatment your doctor will take small samples of your blood. One thing he or she is checking is your level of red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. Surgery may decrease your level of red blood cells. You may feel tired. This condition is called anemia. The main reason for anemia with stomach cancer is that iron, a mineral that helps the red blood cells pick up and carry oxygen, is not well absorbed from your stomach. Removing your stomach makes it harder for your body to digest, absorb, and use iron. Your body also may not be able to absorb folate and vitamin B12, vitamins that help with the iron-absorption process. Anemia can also be caused by small amounts of blood loss, chemotherapy or radiation, or the cancer itself. If your doctor tells you that you have anemia, take these actions to feel better. Anxiety and Depression Many people may feel blue, anxious, or distressed after being told they have cancer. These feelings may continue or come back during treatment. Taking these actions may ease your mental stress. Constipation, which includes difficult or infrequent bowel movements, can range from mildly uncomfortable to painful. This may be a side effect of chemotherapy or some pain medicines. Taking narcotic pain medications can lead to constipation, so it's wise to take these preventive actions. These same steps will give you relief if you are already constipated. Eat foods high in fiber, such as cereals, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Diarrhea includes loose or frequent bowel movements, or both. It may be a side effect of external beam radiation therapy. Many chemotherapy drugs may cause bowel changes, too. Diarrhea may lead to dehydration if you don't take these precautions. Avoid gas-producing vegetables, dried fruit, fiber cereals, seeds, popcorn, nuts, corn and dried beans. Eat low-residue, low-fiber foods such as those included in the BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast). The most common long-term problem after stomach cancer surgery is called dumping syndrome. The food you eat travels quickly into your small intestine, within about 10 to 20 minutes after eating. Your stomach and duodenum may no longer be able to aid digestion and remove excess fluid. So the rest of your digestive system has to do that work. As a result, you may notice a feeling of fullness and pain in the stomach area. You may also have cramping, flushing, diarrhea, and dizziness, and feel your heart racing. These symptoms usually all go away once you have emptied your bowels. These are steps you can take to prevent or lessen these problems. Hair Loss (also called Alopecia) Losing your hair can be upsetting because thinning or baldness is a visible reminder that you are being treated for cancer. Keep in mind that your hair will grow back after chemotherapy. Try these coping tips. Think about getting a wig, hat, or scarf before your hair loss starts. That way, you can get a wig that matches your hair, and you'll be ready with head coverings, if you choose to use them. Surgery for stomach cancer may cause bloating, abdominal pain, and heartburn. You may feel full after eating small meals. These side effects can be relieved with changes in diet. Try these tips. Increase your fiber intake, including fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Some types of fiber add bulk to your food and help it to move more quickly through the digestive tract. Good sources of fiber include apples, pears, figs, strawberries, raisins, carrots, whole grain breads and cereals, corn, peas, and peanuts, to name a few. Talk with your doctor before taking over-the-counter antacids. This is important because antacids can interact with many different prescription drugs. Furthermore, some antacids can cause constipation or diarrhea, which may further complicate other side effects you may be experiencing. Throughout your treatment you doctor will take small samples of your blood. One thing he or she is checking is your level of white blood cells. Many types of chemotherapy can cause low white blood cell counts, called neutropenia. Without enough white blood cells, your body may not be able to fight infection. If your doctor tells you that your white blood cell count is low, take these actions to stay healthy. Call your doctor right away if you have any of these signs of infection: a temperature of 100.5 degrees or higher, severe chills, a cough, pain, a burning sensation during urination, or any sores or redness. Mouth Sores (also called Mucositis) Some types of chemotherapy may cause these. Mouth sores may hurt and make eating an unpleasant experience. To prevent sores in your mouth, take these actions. Brush your teeth after meals and before bedtime. Floss every day. Keep your mouth and lips clean and moist. Use sugar-free candies or gums to increase moisture in your mouth. If you get sores in your mouth, taking these actions can ease the pain. Nausea or Vomiting Nausea or vomiting as a result of chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer may range from barely noticeable to severe. You may also notice nausea and vomiting after eating. It may help you to understand the different types of nausea. After surgery, you may have a smaller stomach or even no stomach left to contain the food you eat. Digestion-related nausea and vomiting can result from too much food inside a smaller stomach. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting are learned from previous experiences with vomiting. As you prepare for the next dose of chemotherapy, you may anticipate that nausea and vomiting will occur as it did previously, which triggers the actual reflex. To prevent nausea, take these actions. Most nausea can be prevented. To help ease nausea or vomiting if you have it, try these tips. Try eating foods and drinking beverages that were easy to take or made you feel better when you had the flu or were nauseated from stress. These might be bland foods, sour candy, pickles, dry crackers, ginger ale, flat soda or others. Numbness, Tingling, or Muscle Weakness in Your Hands or Feet (Peripheral Neuropathy) If you have numbness, tingling, or weakness in your hands and feet, you may have nerve damage called peripheral neuropathy. Some types of chemotherapy are known to cause this. Other signs of this problem are ringing in your ears or trouble feeling hot or cold. If you have symptoms such as these, take these precautions to protect yourself. You may have pain or tenderness from the cancer itself or from surgical incisions. Try these tips to ease the pain. Feelings of depression from having cancer or fatigue from other treatments can also have a negative impact on your sexual desires. Here are some ways you may cope. Skin Irritation or Dryness This may be a side effect of some chemotherapy or external beam radiation treatment. Ask your doctor or nurse what kind of lotion you can use to moisturize and soothe your skin. Don't use any lotion, soap, deodorant, sunblock, cologne, cosmetics, or powder on your skin within two hours after treatment because they may cause irritation. Thinking and Memory Problems You may have mild problems with concentration and memory during and after chemotherapy. Being tired can make this worse. Taking these actions may help. Tiredness is a very common symptom and side effect from surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments. You may feel only slightly tired or you may suffer from extreme fatigue. Fatigue can last four to six weeks after treatment ends. Taking these actions may help increase your energy level. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies The stomach and duodenum normally help digest and absorb vitamins and minerals from the food you eat. When these organs are partially or totally removed, they aren't able to do this. So if you have part or all of your stomach removed, you may experience nutritional deficiencies. Most often, this includes iron, vitamin B12, and folate. Here are some steps you can take to be sure you're getting enough of these vitamins and minerals. This can result from chemotherapy. To help lose weight, take these actions.	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As Mexico celebrates the Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos), I'm reminded of a visit I once made with a Swedish friend to the Museum of Mummies in the picturesque colonial Mexican city of Guanajuato. The perfectly preserved corpses of babies and adults were brashly displayed amid neon lights, fake cobwebs, and other cheap Halloween-esque adornments. Confronted with this seeming lack of respect for the dead and vulgarity of the displays, I explained to my shocked companion that Mexicans have a peculiarly different relationship with death to other cultures. As the Nobel prize-winning Mexican writer Octavio Paz explained in his seminal work Labyrinth of Solitude: "The Mexican ... is familiar with death, jokes about it, caresses it, sleeps with it, celebrates it. True, there is as much fear in his attitude as in that of others, but at least death is not hidden away: he looks at it face to face, with impatience, disdain or irony." The celebration of the Day of the Dead – which is actually a week of festivities which begin on 28 October and end with a national holiday on 2 November – is an integral part of this embracement of death that is particular to Mexican national identity. During this period, the popular belief is that the deceased have divine permission to visit friends and relatives on earth and enjoy once again the pleasures of life. To facilitate this, Mexicans visit the graves of families and friends and adorn them with brilliantly colourful flowers and offerings of food – in particular the sugary "bread of the dead" – spices, toys, candles, and drinks amongst other things. The period is specifically a joyous, ritualistically elaborate celebration of life, rather than a sober mourning of its passing. The origins of the Day of the Dead rest in the 16th-century fusion of the Aztecs' belief in death as merely one part in the wider cycle of existence, their ritual venerations and offerings to the goddess Mictecacihuatl ("Lady of the Dead") for deceased children and adults, and the conquering Spaniards' desire to accommodate these festivities within the Catholic celebrations of All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day. While contemporary observance of the Day of the Dead does include masses and prayers to saints and the dead, it is dominated by carnivalesque rituals to a far greater extent that the orthodox Catholic celebrations found in western Europe. Nevertheless, in a country as socially and geographically diverse as Mexico, there is significant regional variation in the nature of festivities: the southern state of Chiapas is far more likely to focus its efforts on processions and public commemorations of death than the valley of Mexico, where the decoration of altars in homes and tombs of the deceased is more popular. Urbanisation, too, plays a large role in regional variations. For the south and rural areas the period holds far greater social and cultural significance than in the north and large cities; families and communities in rural areas will often spend large parts of the year preparing for the occasion. As the anthropologist Claudio Lomnitz correctly points out, in many respects this "playful familiarity and proximity to death", is all the more unusual in contemporary Mexican culture because so much of Euro-American 20th century thought has been about denying death – preserving the life of the citizen at all costs. The existence of this peculiarly Mexican attitude is born of three major themes in Mexican history. First is the Aztec heritage of the pre-Columbian concept of life and death as part of a broader cycle of existence, which fused with the Christian veneration of the deceased on All Souls' Day into a wholly unique concept of death. Second, is the violent and tumultuous nature of Mexico's past; the brutality of the Spanish conquest where the indigenous population of central Mexico was decimated over the course of the 16th century; the humiliating subjugation at the hands of its North American neighbour; and the bloodbath of the Mexican revolution. These upheavals made it impossible to ignore the commonplace reality of unnatural death in Mexico. And thirdly, the appropriation (or reappropriation from their Mesoamerican heritage, as many saw it) of "death" by Mexican intellectuals post-revolution in the early 20th century meant direct confrontation with the mortality of life became ingrained in the national psyche. As the artist Diego Rivera said in 1920: "If you look around my studio, you will see Deaths everywhere, Deaths of every size and colour." Learning how to cope with mortality has always been a central preoccupation of human existence. The celebrations of the Day of the Dead provide an insight into how the Mexicans do it.	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View All By Save 25% on selected publications. Preview the upcoming exhibition schedule. Browse the collection for our most recent acquisitions. Van Gogh and Expressionism Published in 1964 44 pages, fully illustrated Following the same structure as the previous year’s exhibition, Cézanne and Structure in Modern Painting, the 1964 exhibition Van Gogh and Expressionism was an attempt to illustrate Vincent Van Gogh’s influence on subsequent art movements, such as Abstract Expressionism. In lieu of discussing which artists exerted an influence on Van Gogh, curator Maurice Tuchman discusses how Van Gogh was a model for the modern Expressionists of the 21st century. In separate essays, Tuchman describes each artist’s form of Expressionism, how they have learned from Van Gogh, and developed their own unique Expressionist style. In addition to Van Gogh, the following artists are discussed: Edvard Munch, Georges Rouault, Vasily Kandinsky, Oskar Kokoschka, Emil Nolde, Chaim Soutine, and Willem de Kooning. Selected works representing each artist are also included in the catalogue, all of which are illustrated in color. "My great longing is to learn to make incorrectness . . . more true than the original truth," wrote Vincent Van Gogh. In his first masterpiece, The Potato Eaters, Van Gogh strove to convey the clumsy honesty and naïve strength of peasantry by rude and frankly unsophisticated means. Figures were awkwardly placed or obscured, their anatomies deformed, their gestures exaggerated. Not unexpectedly, he was denounced for these distortions of natural form. "Dare you," exclaimed his friend, the painter Van Rappard, "working in such a manner, invoke the names of [the peasant painters] Millet and Breton? Come! Art stands in my opinion too high to be treated so carelessly." Van Gogh responded, "I want to paint what I feel and feel what I paint"—without regard, he added, to what "civilized" people might think or say.	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\|Pertussis, also known as “whooping cough” for the trademark sound made by those suffering from the illness, is making a comeback. This highly contagious disease is caused by an infection of the respiratory system that leads to uncontrollable, violent coughing. The coughing spells can make it hard to breathe, and may cause vomiting. Vaccines have made this disease less prevalent in recent years, but the number of cases is on the rise again. While adults usually experience mild discomfort from the coughing spells, pertussis can be deadly for infants, especially those under 6 months that have not been vaccinated. The pertussis infection can last about 6 weeks and is highly contagious. The first symptoms resemble a common cold, including runny nose, sneezing, mild cough and low-grade fever. Infected people are most contagious during the earliest stages of the illness for up to about 2 weeks after the cough begins. Someone infected can spread the disease simply by sneezing, coughing, or laughing. If you have an infant or care for one, take the time to get vaccinated. It could save a life… Most new moms are given a Tdap injection in the hospital after delivery, protecting them from tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. But dads, older siblings, and caregivers need to get vaccinated too. Many elderly people may never have been vaccinated. Urge anyone that comes in regular contact with your newborn to speak to their physician about the vaccination as soon as possible. Share your thoughts with other moms.	[ 91, 47, 861, 1046, 271, 11, 635, 1900, 355, 564, 250, 8727, 15816, 22094, 447, 251, 329, 262, 16028, 2128, 925, 416, 883, 7195, 422, 262, 8526, 11, 318, 1642, 257, 21933, 13, 770, 4047, 43944, 4369, 318, 4073, 416, 281, 10280, 286, 262, 22949, 1080, 326, 5983, 284, 39483, 540, 11, 6590, 48308, 13, 383, 48308, 10377, 460, 787, 340, 1327, 284, 18044, 11, 290, 743, 2728, 30874, 13, 198, 53, 4134, 1127, 423, 925, 428, 4369, 1342, 21854, 287, 2274, 812, 11, 475, 262, 1271, 286, 2663, 318, 319, 262, 4485, 757, 13, 2893, 6490, 3221, 1998, 11607, 23597, 422, 262, 48308, 10377, 11, 22146, 1046, 271, 460, 307, 10309, 329, 18775, 11, 2592, 883, 739, 718, 1933, 326, 423, 407, 587, 37663, 13, 198, 464, 22146, 1046, 271, 10280, 460, 938, 546, 718, 2745, 290, 318, 4047, 43944, 13, 383, 717, 7460, 22464, 257, 2219, 4692, 11, 1390, 1057, 3281, 9686, 11, 10505, 8471, 278, 11, 11607, 22094, 290, 1877, 12, 9526, 17372, 13, 26065, 276, 661, 389, 749, 43944, 1141, 262, 14555, 9539, 286, 262, 8526, 329, 510, 284, 546, 362, 2745, 706, 262, 22094, 6140, 13, 17877, 14112, 460, 4104, 262, 4369, 2391, 416, 10505, 8471, 278, 11, 48308, 11, 393, 14376, 13, 1002, 345, 423, 281, 11212, 393, 1337, 329, 530, 11, 1011, 262, 640, 284, 651, 37663, 13, 632, 714, 3613, 257, 1204, 1399, 198, 6943, 649, 34015, 389, 1813, 257, 309, 67, 499, 16954, 287, 262, 4436, 706, 7585, 11, 10192, 606, 422, 28408, 41141, 11, 288, 13323, 490, 544, 290, 22146, 1046, 271, 13, 887, 47713, 11, 4697, 20569, 11, 290, 45044, 761, 284, 651, 37663, 1165, 13, 4650, 13830, 661, 743, 1239, 423, 587, 37663, 13, 8799, 469, 2687, 326, 2058, 287, 3218, 2800, 351, 534, 23856, 284, 2740, 284, 511, 14325, 546, 262, 22827, 355, 2582, 355, 1744, 13, 198, 11649, 534, 6066, 351, 584, 34015, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	319
See Wikipedia article on Chaitin's construction, referring to e.g. - Computing a Glimpse of Randomness (written by Cristian S. Calude, Michael J. Dinneen, and Chi-Kou Shu) - Omega and why math has no TOEs (Gregory Chaitin). 2 Basing it on combinatory logic See the prefix coding system described in Binary Lambda Calculus and Combinatory Logic (page 20) written by John Tromp: of course, c, d are meta-variables, and also some other notations are changed slightly. Having seen this, decoding is rather straightforward. Let us represent it e.g with the following LL1 parser. Of course, we can build it on top of more sophisticated parser libraries (Parsec, arrow parsers) 2.2.1 Decoding module module Decode (clP) where import Parser (Parser, item) import CL (CL, k, s, apply) import CLExt ((>>^)) clP :: Parser Bool CL clP = item (bool applicationP baseP) applicationP :: Parser Bool CL applicationP = clP >>^ clP baseP :: Parser Bool CL baseP = item (bool k s) kP, sP :: Parser Bool CL kP = return k sP = return s 2.2.2 Combinatory logic term modules module CL (CL, k, s, apply) where import Tree (Tree (Leaf, Branch)) import BaseSymbol (BaseSymbol, kay, ess) type CL = Tree BaseSymbol k, s :: CL k = Leaf kay s = Leaf ess apply :: CL -> CL -> CL apply = Branch 22.214.171.124 CL extension module CLExt ((>>^)) where import CL (CL, apply) import Control.Monad (Monad, liftM2) (>>^) :: Monad m => m CL -> m CL -> m CL (>>^) = liftM2 apply 126.96.36.199 Base symbol module BaseSymbol (BaseSymbol, kay, ess) where data BaseSymbol = K \| S kay, ess :: BaseSymbol kay = K ess = S 2.2.3 Utility modules 188.8.131.52 Binary tree module Tree (Tree (Leaf, Branch)) where data Tree a = Leaf a \| Branch (Tree a) (Tree a) module Parser (Parser, item) where import Control.Monad.State (StateT, get, put) type Parser token a = StateT [token] a item :: Parser a item = do token : tokens <- get put tokens return token 184.108.40.206 Prelude extension module PreludeExt (bool) where bool :: a -> a -> Bool -> a bool thenC elseC t = if t then thenC else elseC 2.3 Partial function approach Now, Chaitin's construction will be here - should denote an unary predicate “has normal form” (“terminates”) - should mean an operator “decode” (a function from finite bit sequences to combinatory logic terms) - should denote the set of all finite bit sequences - should denote the set of syntactically correct bit sequences (semantically, they may either terminate or diverge), i.e. the domain of the decoding function, i.e. the range of the coding function. Thus, - “Absolute value” - should mean the length of a bit sequence (not combinatory logic term evaluation!) 2.4 Total function approach Here, dc is a partial function (from finite bit sequences). If this is confusing or annoying, then we can choose a more Haskell-like approach, making dc a total function: dc :: [Bit] -> Maybe CL then, Chaitin's construction will be where should denote false truth value. 3 Related concepts 4 To do Writing a program in Haskell -- or in combinatory logic:-) -- which could help in making conjectures on combinatory logic-based Chaitin's constructions. 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Antonia Novello was born in Fajardo, Puerto Rico in 1944 and moved to Michigan in 1970. Novello was the first Hispanic and the first woman to serve as surgeon general of the United States. She was named to the post by President George H. W. Bush in 1990, and served until 1993. Novello earned her M. D. degree at the University of Puerto Rico in 1970. She then moved to the University of Michigan to complete her internship and residency, and then received a fellowship from the Georgetown University School of Medicine. During her tenure as surgeon general, Novello focused on health issues affecting children, women and minorities. She also challenged the tobacco industry over marketing tactics which appealed to children, most notably the "Joe Camel" cartoon character.	[ 13217, 11339, 399, 659, 18798, 373, 4642, 287, 376, 1228, 13109, 11, 15295, 16707, 287, 16994, 290, 3888, 284, 7055, 287, 8069, 13, 198, 45, 659, 18798, 373, 262, 717, 16949, 290, 262, 717, 2415, 284, 4691, 355, 23923, 2276, 286, 262, 1578, 1829, 13, 1375, 373, 3706, 284, 262, 1281, 416, 1992, 4502, 367, 13, 370, 13, 5511, 287, 6303, 11, 290, 4983, 1566, 9656, 13, 198, 45, 659, 18798, 7366, 607, 337, 13, 360, 13, 4922, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 15295, 16707, 287, 8069, 13, 1375, 788, 3888, 284, 262, 2059, 286, 7055, 284, 1844, 607, 42329, 290, 27308, 11, 290, 788, 2722, 257, 37900, 422, 262, 31393, 2059, 3961, 286, 11558, 13, 198, 7191, 607, 17081, 355, 23923, 2276, 11, 399, 659, 18798, 5670, 319, 1535, 2428, 13891, 1751, 11, 1466, 290, 15557, 13, 1375, 635, 12827, 262, 11219, 2831, 625, 7124, 10815, 543, 22280, 284, 1751, 11, 749, 14660, 262, 366, 19585, 43281, 1, 16251, 2095, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	162
Information on moles and voles can also be seen on the Healthy Canadians website. The adult mole measures from 12 to 20 cm in length and has dark grey or brown velvety fur. Its eyes are small and its broad front feet have strong claws for digging in soil. Moles are insectivores. Most do not eat plants, but feed mainly on earthworms, insects and grubs. Some moles may damage tubers and the roots of garden plants but any plant damage is most likely incidental, or may be blamed on other small herbivorous animals using the tunnel. Moles do not hibernate but remain active day or night all year long. During the winter, the mole looks for food deep below the frost line. Most surface activity happens in the spring and fall. Moles are solitary animals, and it is likely that only one or two moles are responsible for the damage to your lawn or garden. Moles have only one litter of 3 to 4 young in the spring. These young will stay with the female in her tunnels for about one month, and then will start creating their own tunnels, reaching adult size in four to eight weeks. Voles resemble house mice, but have a shorter tail, a rounded muzzle and head, and small ears. Like all rodents, voles have a single pair of large chisel-like incisors in the upper jaw that continue to grow from the roots as the tips wear away. The vole has a dark brown coat with a greyish belly that turns white in the winter. In contrast, the house mouse is uniformly grey. Voles search for green plants and seeds during the day or night, and in winter, they travel in tunnels beneath the insulating snow, making round holes in the snow when coming up to the surface. The mole can be considered beneficial in some ways since it consumes insects, including grubs and other insect larvae, and slugs. Moles also feed on earthworms and some will even eat small snakes and mice. However, the mole and its tunnels can destroy lawns, gardens, parks, golf courses and cemeteries. They can kill plants when tunnelling by removing soil around roots. The unprotected roots dry out and die. Plant diseases may also be spread by the mole's movements. Pests like voles, field mice and other rodents use these tunnels as well to feed on exposed roots. In search for food, moles create an extensive network of tunnels, many of which are used only once. Temporary surface tunnels are where the sod is raised and appears as ridges. These feeding tunnels are used a few times, then are abandoned. Deeper tunnels from which the mole must excavate dirt, forming molehills, are used mainly as the living quarters. Signs of vole infestation are when the bark has been removed completely around the base of a tree (girdling), or the sight of 1 to 2 inch wide dead strips (surface runways) through matted grass leading to shallow underground burrows. Small piles of brownish feces and short pieces of grass along the runways are another sign of vole activity. Female voles can start producing litters from the age of three weeks and can produce a large number of litters in one year since their gestation period lasts only 21 days and they can breed all year round. Local populations can vary from one animal to thousands per hectare on a three to four-year cycle. When the vole population peaks, predators such as foxes, wolves or hawks feed on nothing else. Licensed pest control operators may offer a trapping service or traps can be rented from them or a farming co-op. Be sure to ask for instructions on the proper use of the mole traps if you decide to set one. To ensure success, trapping efforts should be concentrated on the main runways in the spring and fall. Look for tunnels that appear to directly connect two or more mounds that run parallel to permanent structures such as fences or concrete paths, or that follow a tree line bordering a grassy area. Another method of identifying an actively used run would be to lightly step on a small section of several tunnels so that they are disturbed, but not completely collapsed. Make sure that these disturbed sections are clearly marked. After a few days, the raised sections can be identified as active runs, and therefore good locations for traps. To a certain extent, a healthy lawn where the risk of grub infestations is minimized will be less attractive to moles. Cats or dogs can also discourage a mole from entering a yard. Baits are rarely taken by moles because they prefer to feed on soil insects. Some baits containing zinc phosphide are available only to licensed pest control operators. No registered baits are available to the general public. Cleaning up all possible food sources like vegetables left in the garden at season's end will help keep voles and other rodents away from your yard. Proper vegetation management like removing mulch from the base of fruit trees in winter will help avoid an increase in vole numbers. If you intend to put mulch down on strawberries or other perennials, do so only after the soil freezes. If you do so before the soil freezes, you will be providing an ideal location for rodents to gain access to roots in unfrozen soil. Use metal or glass rodent-proof containers to store seeds and bird feed. Composters should also be inaccessible to rodents. Gravel or cinder barriers around garden plots are an effective and easy means of protection. The barrier should be 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) deep and a foot or more wide. The sharpness of cinder particles deters voles from pushing their noses into the soil. Commercial plastic tree guards, a piece of chicken wire or small mesh wrapped around the base of trees and extending below the soil will help prevent treegirdling. Consult with your local tree specialist for the proper use of these materials. Traditional snap mouse traps can be used. Place them in areas where voles are known to be. Barricades may be used that allow only voles to enter a trap. Buy a large number of snap-traps and set them all out at once for a one or two night period. A good technique is to bait the traps with a tiny dab of peanut butter or bacon for two or three nights without setting the traps. When the traps are finally set, voles are less likely to shy away from them. Always exercise extreme caution when handling a trap and keep them out of the reach of children and pets. Natural predators including cats, owls and snakes can help keep the vole population down. If populations have built up, the use of treated baits may be necessary. Baits containing the active ingredient chlorophacinone are available in home garden centres and are registered for the control of voles. Licensed pest control operators can use commercial baits containing chlorophacinone or zinc phosphide. Denatonium benzoate, sprayed on plant surfaces to be protected, deters voles from chewing. This animal repellent works because it has an extremely bitter and unpleasant taste. It should not be used on food, edible plants or directly on the fruits or nuts of trees. Do not use it on sugar maple trees if the sap is to be used to make syrup, since the taste of the maple syrup may be affected.	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- Hypothermia occurs when the body's core temperature drops below 37°C. - This typically results from prolonged exposure to cold conditions, especially in damp, wet or snowy weather. - Early signs: shivering; listlessness; cold, pale, puffy face; impaired speech and impaired judgment. - Later signs: drowsiness, weakness, slow pulse, shallow breathing, confusion, altered behaviour, stumbling, unsteadiness. - Move person to warmer area, shield from cold, passive rewarming with space blanket etc., give warm fluids and high energy foods if possible. What is hypothermia and what causes it? Hypothermia occurs when the body's core temperature drops below 37°C. This happens when more heat is lost than the body can produce through shivering and muscle contractions. Hypothermia is the result of prolonged exposure to cold conditions, especially in damp, wet or snowy weather. Inadequate clothing during winter or at night in the wilderness, or falling into cold water, are examples of situations which commonly cause hypothermia. Inactivity rapidly leads to heat loss and this is worse if the person is injured. Symptoms and signs of hypothermia Hypothermia has a gradual onset and the affected person might lose heat to a critical level before becoming aware of the problem. Early signs include shivering (shivering stops once body temperature falls to below 32°C); listlessness; a cold, pale, puffy face; slurred or incoherent speech and impaired judgment. This decrease in mental sharpness typically results in someone becoming unaware of the gravity of the situation. Later signs, indicating severe hypothermia, include an overwhelming drowsiness and weakness, slow pulse and shallow breathing, confusion, altered behaviour such as aggressiveness, stumbling when walking and unsteadiness when standing. Infants, the very lean and the elderly are at particular risk. Elderly people may become hypothermic at temperatures as mild as 10 to 15°C, particularly if they are malnourished, have heart disease or an underactive thyroid, or if they take certain medications or abuse alcohol. Hypothermia can be fatal and therefore needs prompt treatment. Severe hypothermia may be difficult to distinguish from death because pulses become very difficult or impossible to feel and breathing may be too shallow to notice. First aid for hypothermia - Call for an ambulance if the person's level of consciousness is dropping, or you have any doubt about the severity of the condition. - If possible, move the person to a warmer area, shielded from the cold and wind. Remove wet clothing. - Passively re-warm the person by wrapping him in a space blanket, blankets, clothing or newspapers, and cover the head. If outdoors, insulate the person from the ground and lie next to him. - If the person is conscious, give warm fluids and high-energy foods, unless he is vomiting. Don't give any alcohol or caffeinated drinks. - Keep the person still as movement draws blood away from the vital organs. Don't massage or rub someone with severe hypothermia, or jostle them during transport. (Cold can interfere with the electric conduction system of the heart, making it prone to irregular rhythms which may lead to cardiac arrest.) - Do not apply direct heat, such as a hot bath, heating pad or electric blanket. (This is called active re-warming and should not be done unless the person is very far from definitive care, as it carries a risk of burns.) Prevention of hypothermia - If you're going to be doing outdoor sports like hiking, research the conditions first and speak to experienced people who know the area. Ask them what they would recommend in terms of gear and available shelter. As a general rule: take along several layers of warm clothing (layers help trap warmed air) and keep the head, hands and feet covered. - Change out of wet clothes as soon as you can. Being wet and in the wind rapidly speeds up heat loss from the body. - Take along sufficient food, especially carbohydrates, and snack regularly. It's also important to stay hydrated, even in cold weather. - Carry a space blanket; these are available at outdoor and camping shops. 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Intelligence tests are psychological tests that are designed to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgment. The goal of intelligence tests is to obtain an idea of the person's intellectual potential. The tests center around a set of stimuli designed to yield a score based on the test maker's model of what makes up intelligence. Intelligence tests are often given as a part of a battery of tests. There are many different types of intelligence tests and they all do not measure the same abilities. Although the tests often have aspects that are related with each other, one should not expect that scores from one intelligence test, that measures a single factor, will be similar to scores on another intelligence test, that measures a variety of factors. Also, when determining whether or not to use an intelligence test, a person should make sure that the test has been adequately developed and has solid research to show its reliability and validity. Additionally, psychometric testing requires a clinically trained examiner. Therefore, the test should only be administered and interpreted by a trained professional. A central criticism of intelligence tests is that psychologists and educators use these tests to distribute the limited resources of our society. These test results are used to provide rewards such as special classes for gifted students, admission to college, and employment. Those who do not qualify for these resources based on intelligence test scores may feel angry and as if the tests are denying them opportunities for success. Unfortunately, intelligence test scores have not only become associated with a person's ability to perform certain tasks, but with self-worth. Many people are under the false assumption that intelligence tests measure a person's inborn or biological intelligence. Intelligence tests are based on an individual's interaction with the environment and never exclusively measure inborn intelligence. Intelligence tests have been associated with categorizing and stereotyping people. Additionally, knowledge of one's performance on an intelligence test may affect a person's aspirations and motivation to obtain goals. Intelligence tests can be culturally biased against certain groups. When taking an intelligence test, a person can expect to do a variety of tasks. These tasks may include having to answer questions that are asked verbally, doing mathematical problems, and doing a variety of tasks that require eye-hand coordination. Some tasks may be timed and require the person to work as quickly as possible. Typically, most questions and tasks start out easy and progressively get more difficult. It is unusual for anyone to know the answer to all of the questions or be able to complete all of the tasks. If a person is unsure of an answer, guessing is usually allowed. The four most commonly used intelligence tests are: - Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Wechsler-Adult Intelligence Scale - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Wechsler Primary & Preschool Scale of Intelligence In general, intelligence tests measure a wide variety of human behaviors better than any other measure that has been developed. They allow professionals to have a uniform way of comparing a person's performance with that of other people who are similar in age. These tests also provide information on cultural and biological differences among people. Intelligence tests are excellent predictors of academic achievement and provide an outline of a person's mental strengths and weaknesses. Many times the scores have revealed talents in many people, which have led to an improvement in their educational opportunities. Teachers, parents, and psychologists are able to devise individual curricula that matches a person's level of development and expectations. Some researchers argue that intelligence tests have serious shortcomings. For example, many intelligence tests produce a single intelligence score. This single score is often inadequate in explaining the multidimensional aspects of intelligence. Another problem with a single score is the fact that individuals with similar intelligence test scores can vary greatly in their expression of these talents. It is important to know the person's performance on the various subtests that make up the overall intelligence test score. Knowing the performance on these various scales can influence the understanding of a person's abilities and how these abilities are expressed. For example, two people have identical scores on intelligence tests. Although both people have the same test score, one person may have obtained the score because of strong verbal skills while the other may have obtained the score because of strong skills in perceiving and organizing various tasks. Furthermore, intelligence tests only measure a sample of behaviors or situations in which intelligent behavior is revealed. For instance, some intelligence tests do not measure a person's everyday functioning, social knowledge, mechanical skills, and/or creativity. Along with this, the formats of many intelligence tests do not capture the complexity and immediacy of real-life situations. Therefore, intelligence tests have been criticized for their limited ability to predict non-test or nonacademic intellectual abilities. Since intelligence test scores can be influenced by a variety of different experiences and behaviors, they should not be considered a perfect indicator of a person's intellectual potential. The person's raw scores on an intelligence test are typically converted to standard scores. The standard Kaufman, Alan, S., and Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger. Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence.Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001. Matarazzo, J. D. Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence.5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. Sattler, Jerome M. "Issues Related to the Measurement and Change of Intelligence." In Assessment of Children: Cognitive Applications.4th ed. San Diego: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc., 2001. Sattler, Jerome M. and Lisa Weyandt. "Specific Learning Disabilities." In Assessment of Children: Behavioral and Clinical Applications.4th ed. Written by Jerome M. Sattler. San Diego: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc., 2002. Keith Beard, Psy.D.	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This plot shows the orbital height of the ISS over the last year. Clearly visible are the re-boosts which suddenly increase the height, and the gradual decay in between. The height is averaged over one orbit, and the gradual decrease is caused by atmospheric drag. As can be seen from the plot, the rate of descent is not constant and this variation is caused by changes in the density of the tenuous outer atmosphere due mainly to solar activity.	[ 1212, 7110, 2523, 262, 32362, 6001, 286, 262, 33805, 625, 262, 938, 614, 13, 23730, 7424, 198, 533, 262, 302, 12, 39521, 82, 543, 6451, 2620, 262, 6001, 11, 290, 262, 24972, 22119, 198, 259, 1022, 13, 383, 6001, 318, 16449, 625, 530, 13066, 11, 290, 262, 24972, 10070, 198, 271, 4073, 416, 20938, 6715, 13, 1081, 460, 198, 1350, 1775, 422, 262, 7110, 11, 262, 2494, 286, 18598, 318, 407, 6937, 290, 428, 12291, 318, 4073, 416, 198, 36653, 287, 262, 12109, 286, 262, 3478, 5623, 12076, 8137, 2233, 8384, 284, 6591, 3842, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	96
The loss of hair comes naturally with age and many people suffer from this. Natural hair loss can be attributed to genes; in other words it can be hereditary. However, recently people are noticing rapid hair loss in patches and it looks ugly in the mirror. This ailment which is known as Alopecia; affects both genders without disdain , children and teenagers are no exception to it. This disease is a major cause of depression and anxiety and takes its toll emotionally; especially amongst teenagers. This ailment is such that it can transpire on any part of the human body where there is hair, even the pubic region; though it is a temporary condition in many cases. Nonetheless, if left untreated the malady can become permanent. - In men this ailment is known as androgenetic alopecia and teenager are very vulnerable to it. - The female form of this ailment also goes by the same name and if it transpires then it looks very repulsive; however it is a rarity. - The permanent hairloss in this ailment is known as Cicatricial alopecia or scarring alopecia. The loss of hair in any particular region is permanent as the follicles are destroyed and a patch takes it place. Short lived hair loss- - This type of hair loss or alopecia is known as areata monolocularis and can transpire in any hairy part of the body. However, if hair loss is experienced in the whole the condition is called alopecia universals. - If there is a hindrance in the normal growth cycle of the hair the hairloss condition is known as Telogen effluvium and this sort of a condition comes suddenly. - Women who indulge in various hair styles suffer from a condition called Traction alopecia; so it advised not to tie tight ponytails and other such hair styles where the hair is stretched or pulled. There are other reasons which give impetus to hairloss and they are prolonged medication, improper nutrition, chemotherapy and ringworms. The symptoms of this ailment are quite conspicuous and genetic history also contributes towards it. However, a doctor can determine this only after checking your fallen hair. The tests which can confirm your ailment are as given below- - You need to pull your hair and see how many have been pulled out from the roots and them get checked in a laboratory. - A sample of the skin tissue needs to be checked. - If skin tissue test shows a negative result, then the only option is a punch biopsy; this involves the testing of the deeper part of your skin. - A screening test helps in removing all doubts. Though, there is no known alopecia treatment and about half of the patients tend to grow back their hair in a year’s time without treatment and the remaining 10% need medical supervision. Certain natural and at times holistic alopecia treatments have shown good results; to know more about them read on. Henna paste promotes hair growth, so it is advised to use henna paste for alopecia treatment. The usage of chemical products may have an adverse affect, so avoid them. The other herbs which have shown their efficacy in treating this ailment are Xanthoxylum clavaheculis, ginko biloba and romarinus offinale as they help in increasing the circulation of the blood of the scalp, thus giving impetus to hair growth. The herbs which stimulate the hair follicles and encourage hair growth include Avena Sativa and a herb called Echinacea. - Unique Post	[ 464, 2994, 286, 4190, 2058, 8752, 351, 2479, 290, 867, 661, 8659, 422, 428, 13, 12068, 4190, 2994, 460, 307, 14183, 284, 10812, 26, 287, 584, 2456, 340, 460, 307, 49718, 13, 2102, 11, 2904, 661, 389, 28107, 5801, 4190, 2994, 287, 16082, 290, 340, 3073, 13400, 287, 262, 10162, 13, 770, 31907, 434, 543, 318, 1900, 355, 978, 404, 721, 544, 26, 10975, 1111, 38054, 1231, 31564, 837, 1751, 290, 17366, 389, 645, 6631, 284, 340, 13, 770, 4369, 318, 257, 1688, 2728, 286, 8862, 290, 9751, 290, 2753, 663, 13592, 17991, 26, 2592, 12077, 17366, 13, 198, 1212, 31907, 434, 318, 884, 326, 340, 460, 1007, 5111, 319, 597, 636, 286, 262, 1692, 1767, 810, 612, 318, 4190, 11, 772, 262, 2240, 291, 3814, 26, 996, 340, 318, 257, 8584, 4006, 287, 867, 2663, 13, 27251, 11, 611, 1364, 41539, 262, 6428, 4597, 460, 1716, 7748, 13, 198, 12, 554, 1450, 428, 31907, 434, 318, 1900, 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Anise (Pimpinella Anisum, Linn.), an annual herb of the natural order Umbelliferæ. It is a native of southwestern Asia, northern Africa and south-eastern Europe, whence it has been introduced by man throughout the Mediterranean region, into Germany, and to some extent into other temperate regions of both hemispheres, but seems not to be known anywhere in the wild state or as an escape from gardens. To judge from its mention in the Scriptures (Matthew xxiii, 23), it was highly valued as a cultivated crop prior to our era, not only in Palestine, but elsewhere in the East. Many Greek and Roman authors, especially Dioscorides, Theophrastus, Pliny and Paladius, wrote more or less fully of its cultivation and uses. Anise in Flower and in Fruit From their days to the present it seems to have enjoyed general popularity. In the ninth century, Charlemagne commanded that it be grown upon the imperial farms; in the thirteenth, Albertus Magnus speaks highly of it; and since then many agricultural writers have devoted attention to it. But though it has been cultivated for at least two thousand years and is now extensively grown in Malta, Spain, southern France, Russia, Germany and India, which mainly supply the market, it seems not to have developed any improved varieties. Description.—Its roots are white, spindle-shaped and rather fibrous; its stems about 18 inches tall, branchy, erect, slender, cylindrical; its root leaves lobed somewhat like those of celery; its stem leaves more and more finely cut toward the upper part of the stem, near the top of which they resemble fennel leaves in their finely divided segments; its flowers yellowish white, small, rather large, in loose umbels consisting of many umbellets; its fruits ("seeds") greenish-gray, small, ovoid or oblong in outline, longitudinally furrowed and ridged on the convex side, very aromatic, sweetish and pleasantly piquant. Cultivation.—The seeds, which should be as fresh as possible, never more than two years old, should be sown in permanent quarters as soon as the weather becomes settled in early spring. They should be ½ inch deep, about ½ inch asunder, in drills 15 or 18 inches apart, and the plants thinned when about 2 inches tall to stand 6 inches asunder. An ounce of seed should plant about 150 feet of drill. The plants, which do not transplant readily, thrive best in well-drained, light, rich, rather dry, loamy soils well exposed to the sun. A light application of well-rotted manure, careful preparation of the ground, clean and frequent cultivation, are the only requisites in the management of this crop. In about four months from the sowing of the seed, and in about one month from the appearance of the flowers, the plants may be pulled, or preferably cut, for drying. The climate and the soils in the warmer parts of the northern states appear to be favorable to the commercial cultivation of anise, which it seems should prove a profitable crop under proper management. Uses.—The leaves are frequently employed as a garnish, for flavoring salads, and to a small extent as potherbs. Far more general, however, is the use of the seeds, which enter as a flavoring into various condiments, especially curry powders, many kinds of cake, pastry, and confectionery and into some kinds of cheese and bread. Anise oil is extensively employed for flavoring many beverages both alcoholic and non-spirituous and for disguising the unpleasant flavors of various drugs. The seeds are also ground and compounded with other fragrant materials for making sachet powders, and the oil mixed with other fluids for liquid perfumes. Various similar anise combinations are largely used inperfuming soaps, pomatums and other toilet articles. The very volatile, nearly colorless oil is usually obtained by distillation with water, about 50 pounds of seed being required to produce one pound of oil. At Erfurt, Germany, where much of the commercial oil is made, the "hay" and the seeds are both used for distilling. From the Heritage Herbs Collection by M.G. Kains, American Agriculturist, 1912. \|< Prev\|\|Next >\| Free Herb Tips & Stories A simple and quick way to get... Certifed Family Herbalist, Ca... We videotaped Brian Kramer,... Composting is pretty simple, ... The advantages of no-till gar... Thank You For Your Interest In HerbFest Please comment on our blog. Click Now.	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Before you turn up the thermostat to ward off the winter chill that’s creeping into your house, take these simple, inexpensive steps to make your home more comfortable and energy efficient. If you’re like most folks, the majority of your energy dollars go toward heating and cooling your home. According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the average U.S. family spends about US$1,500 per year on home energy, a figure that will probably rise beyond US$2,000 this year due to increasing natural gas and electricity prices. The good news is that because heating and cooling is the biggest chunk of energy usage, is it also the place where you can make the biggest impact. Think of it as an insurance policy against continually rising fuel prices. As prices continue to escalate, your savings become more and more significant. When addressing home energy use, most people go for the most visible and dramatic improvements, like replacing old furnaces and windows. But investments such as these are often not the most cost-effective places to start. In many cases, the less obvious (and less expensive) fixes like weatherstripping and insulating offer considerable upfront savings—in money and energy. Heating and cooling costs are largely influenced by two factors—infiltration (air movement into and out of the house) and insulation. Controlling infiltration is really the first step to improve the energy efficiency of your home. According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, the average U.S. home has enough holes, cracks, and crevices in it to make up the equivalent of a 16-square-foot hole in the wall. Air leakage accounts for 25 to 40 percent (or more) of heating and cooling bills, so you can save big by doing a thorough job of buttoning up your home. Once air leakage is controlled, insulation can help to further reduce your bills. Air Sealing Priorities. People are often quick to notice minor air leaks in their home, such as those around doors and windows, or through fireplaces and chimneys. But these easy-to-spot leaks are not always the worst offenders in terms of energy efficiency or indoor air quality issues. Air also can enter your home from other, often unheated, parts of the house, such as attics, basements, or crawl spaces. Besides allowing outside air in, these areas can foster moisture development in wall cavities as air travels from cooler to warmer areas. These less-obvious leaks are driven by the “stack effect”—the tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to fall. Since you only need to stop an air leak at one end, the attic is often the best place to start with your air-sealing activities. Before you add insulation, seal openings around: • Plumbing vent stacks and pipes • Electrical, plumbing, and chimney chases • Open tops of interior wall partitions • Attic hatches • Gaps around penetrations for any mechanical equipment (ductwork, air handlers, etc.) • Recessed lighting. Most recessed lights are designed to be cooled by air movement, so they cannot be sealed or come into contact with insulation without potentially overheating. Replace them with IC-rated (insulation-contact) fixtures. If that is not possible, seal the lights between the fixtures and the ceiling openings. • Bath fans. These often pump more warm air into the attic than to the outdoors. This can lead to major moisture problems in the attic or ice damming along the eaves, which can force moisture up under the shingles, causing water leaks.	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Introduction and Installation of Php What is PHP? PHP is an acronym for Hypertext Preprocessor. It is a dynamic server side scripting language that allows an application developer to create very simple to very complex mechanisms for the web. Think of PHP as the brain and central nervous system behind your applications. PHP code can be directly mingled in with your HTML page content as long as the page has a .php extension ( myPage.php ). Or it can be scripts and class files placed on server and connected to your front-end files. Any HTML file you have can be turned into a PHP file and PHP script will run inside it. Why Learn PHP? - Relatively easy to learn and understand - Processes data fast and dynamically - Most dynamic web applications being made today have a PHP core (brain) - Free Open Source Technology - Sports over 700 Built-In functions that are ready to automate your programming tasks - Works very well with MySQL Databases (PHP+MySQL are married) - Create and populate XML files using PHP - Communicates with Flash (back and forth) - Time and date functions - Mathematics to cover any need - Can be used to create complete social networks, and online forums - Parse file uploads - Processes online forms and sends emails - Imaging Libraries - Resize Images on the fly, create shapes and colors on the fly out of nowhere - Create files and directory folders out of thin air - Create multidimensional data arrays, data looping, and deep data parsing - Huge Free online resource databases for classes and functions - The list goes on and on and on……. Who Is Using PHP In the Programming of Their Website or Applications? • Develop PHP • Zen Cart • Web Intersect And Hundreds of Thousands More Usually any time you can interact with a website in any way, PHP is doing its thing behind the scenes there. PHP blends well into other useful programming languages You have two options to enable yourself to work with PHP. 1. Build and test on your web server (easy) Most people starting in PHP development already have a web server online. Simply create your .php files, FTP them into your web directory and the server will parse them for you automatically. Most web hosts offer PHP support, and if your host does not, consider switching to a better one. If you do not have a web server online yet, buy a Domain Name for about $10 and set up a free or paid hosting account for that domain name. Be sure to choose PHP and not ASP if given a choice. Then you can FTP files to the server and test online. 2. Create a local testing environment (complicated for beginners) To install a web server on your PC you should research and install these 3 things. you can configure these three, Bu Installing WAMP server 3. What is WAMP server and how to Install it WAMP stand for Windows Appache Mysql Php, in order to setup a Local testing server you should use this. 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Catacombs are believed to have been used as burial chambers, worship area and refuge by persecuted Christians/Jews starting from the second century A.D. Jewish catacombs, discovered in 1918, make part of the belowground graves enriched by frescoes. The Catacombs in Rome cover many kilometers and some are four storeys below ground zero. They contain slots carved into walls, carvings, passageways, worship halls and/or frescoes. Paintings found in this below ground complex narrate biblical stories of both old and new testaments or simply religious symbols. Catacombs of Domitilla, for example, spread over 15 kilometers of underground caves and are Rome’s oldest underground burial complex still containing bones. Some of the catacombs in Rome are: Marcellinus and Peter, Commodilla, Generosa, Praetextatus, Priscilla, San Callisto, San Lorenzo, San Pancrazio, San Sebastiano, San Valentino, Sant’Agnese, Jewish and so on. To visit the San Callisto, the most famous of all catacombs, take bus 218 from San Giovanni Metro A. For the Jewish Catacomb, get off at Metro B Policlinico and walk to Villa Torlonia. For more detailed info about catacombs or elsewhere in Rome please stay in Hotel Des Artistes and you will enjoy complete instructions at reception.	[ 21979, 330, 33273, 389, 4762, 284, 423, 587, 973, 355, 23867, 23204, 11, 11892, 1989, 290, 5473, 416, 37501, 9316, 14, 47415, 3599, 422, 262, 1218, 4289, 317, 13, 35, 13, 5582, 3797, 330, 33273, 11, 5071, 287, 25859, 11, 787, 636, 286, 262, 2174, 2833, 30055, 35601, 416, 34093, 1073, 274, 13, 198, 464, 5181, 330, 33273, 287, 10598, 3002, 867, 18212, 290, 617, 389, 1440, 3650, 893, 2174, 2323, 6632, 13, 1119, 3994, 17314, 23470, 656, 7714, 11, 1097, 85, 654, 11, 1208, 363, 43613, 11, 11892, 24350, 290, 14, 273, 34093, 1073, 274, 13, 23467, 654, 1043, 287, 428, 2174, 2323, 3716, 6664, 378, 24726, 3923, 286, 1111, 1468, 290, 649, 1332, 12604, 393, 2391, 4158, 14354, 13, 198, 21979, 330, 33273, 286, 9666, 270, 5049, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 4104, 625, 1315, 18212, 286, 11447, 30923, 290, 389, 10598, 447, 247, 82, 13325, 11447, 23867, 3716, 991, 7268, 11945, 13, 198, 4366, 286, 262, 3797, 330, 33273, 287, 10598, 389, 25, 1526, 3846, 35237, 290, 5613, 11, 1520, 375, 5049, 11, 2980, 8546, 11, 21127, 316, 2302, 7240, 11, 1736, 2304, 5049, 11, 2986, 4889, 396, 78, 11, 2986, 41721, 11, 2986, 49957, 3247, 952, 11, 2986, 22787, 10115, 11, 2986, 17284, 2879, 11, 10844, 447, 247, 10262, 2516, 68, 11, 5582, 290, 523, 319, 13, 198, 2514, 3187, 262, 2986, 4889, 396, 78, 11, 262, 749, 5863, 286, 477, 3797, 330, 33273, 11, 1011, 1323, 29217, 422, 2986, 50191, 12477, 317, 13, 198, 1890, 262, 5582, 5181, 330, 2381, 11, 651, 572, 379, 12477, 347, 37147, 2815, 3713, 290, 2513, 284, 25018, 4022, 75, 11339, 13, 198, 1890, 517, 6496, 7508, 546, 3797, 330, 33273, 393, 8057, 287, 10598, 3387, 2652, 287, 12696, 2935, 18902, 274, 290, 345, 481, 2883, 1844, 7729, 379, 16307, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	301
A thermostat is a device that regulates the temperature of a home at a desired setpoint. An added feature is a programmable thermostat which can be programmed for different temperatures throughout the day. An example would be programming the thermostat to reduce heat from 8:00 to 4:00 when the home owner is at work. This can help save in gas or electricity. 2)Air Conditioning Unit An air conditioner is an appliance used to extract heat from an area using a refrigerant. With the high efficiency Ruud air conditioning unit a home owner can save money on cooling. A heat pump is a reversible outdoor system that allows the home owner to heat their house in the winter and cool their house in the summer. Heat pumps are equipped with a reversing valve and optimized heat exchanger to allow the machine to draw heat out of the air for heating a home. A furnace is a device used to heat your home. The Ruud high efficiency line of furnaces can save homeowners money on their heating bill. The case coil allows for the air conditioning unit or the heat pump unit to transfer its heating and cooling options into the house. The furnace blows air through the coils on the case coil which are filled with freon allowing for heating or cooling to take place depending on the unit used. A plenum heater used in conjunction with a heat pump unit can heat the whole house in a very efficient and compatible system. The plenum heater is a heating system that uses electrical currents to heat coils which in turn heat your home. A humidifier increases the humidity (moisture) levels in the house in the winter causing the air to seem warmer, thus saving the home owner money on heating bills. The furnace filter purifies the air flowing through the system of the household. This allows the home owner to have cleaner air to breathe. 9)Supply Air Duct/Return Air Duct The supply air duct and the return air duct supply and return the air flowing through the system. 10)Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV) HRV's are fresh air exchange appliances. They take fresh air from the outside and supply it to the house. It in turn takes the stale air out of the house and controls the humidity levels to minimize heat loss. The boiler system allows home owners the ability to heat water for radiant in-floor heating systems. The comicor water heater can be used to heat the radiant in-floor and the domestic water for the house. Floor joists support the secondary floor from collapsing in and provide a great backer for the subflooring. Subflooring is a floor that goes over the floor joist. This subfloor is an excellent source to staple the tubing to. Hepex tubing is the tubing used to run the radiant in-floor heating system. The water mixture runs through these tubes to heat the floor and the house. Foam allows for the radiant in-floor heat to be transferred to the surface instead of being lost into the ground. The sealant seals the wood to help the heat radiate up to the surface to keep your feet warm. 6)Concrete/light weight gypsumcrete This substance covers the tubing and provides a solid base on the main level and the secondary levels. Adhesives are used to glue the flooring to the concrete or light weight gypsumcrete. This is the finished product after everything is done with the in-floor heat. Rebar is an excellent source to tie the hepex tubing down so it does not float up through the concrete.	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HOME \| LAWS \| ORGANIZATIONS \| CASES \| LEGISLATION \| HEADLINES Renovations in the New Cumberland, Pennsylvania, public library caused a stir in the local home school community because of a new mural that some home schoolers found offensive. According to WHTM News, Dawn Gribb, the artist who painted the mural, was trying to "do something to get the kids to go down to the children's room." She painted children running around in a park, each child having the name of a local school on his or her T-shirt. The one student in the painting, who had "home schooled" on his shirt, was a young boy sitting on a bench with a "Wet Paint" sign on it. Gribb says that she was trying to portray a young toddler who couldn't yet read. Local home schoolers, however, were offended, believing that the mural implied that home schooled children cannot read well. Many called the library or local media to complain. After the controversy erupted, the New Cumberland Public Library asked Gribb to paint over the offending shirt. The Library Board President, Elizabeth Stone, told WHTM that home schoolers are a big part of the library, and that New Cumberland Library actually arranges special programs just for them. Home schoolers working together with state organizations and Home School Legal Defense Association have fought legal and cultural discrimination for years. If your family experiences legal difficulties because of your home schooling, please feel free to contact us for assistance.	[ 39069, 930, 9131, 19416, 930, 6375, 45028, 14887, 18421, 930, 35106, 1546, 930, 20978, 1797, 43, 6234, 930, 39837, 34509, 1546, 198, 26764, 709, 602, 287, 262, 968, 38732, 1044, 11, 9589, 11, 1171, 5888, 4073, 257, 11240, 287, 262, 1957, 1363, 1524, 2055, 780, 286, 257, 649, 36192, 326, 617, 1363, 1524, 364, 1043, 5859, 13, 198, 4821, 284, 370, 6535, 44, 3000, 11, 12258, 402, 822, 65, 11, 262, 6802, 508, 13055, 262, 36192, 11, 373, 2111, 284, 366, 4598, 1223, 284, 651, 262, 3988, 284, 467, 866, 284, 262, 1751, 338, 2119, 526, 1375, 13055, 1751, 2491, 1088, 287, 257, 3952, 11, 1123, 1200, 1719, 262, 1438, 286, 257, 1957, 1524, 319, 465, 393, 607, 309, 12, 15600, 13, 383, 530, 3710, 287, 262, 12036, 11, 508, 550, 366, 11195, 1524, 276, 1, 319, 465, 10147, 11, 373, 257, 1862, 2933, 5586, 319, 257, 7624, 351, 257, 366, 54, 316, 23467, 1, 1051, 319, 340, 13, 402, 822, 65, 1139, 326, 673, 373, 2111, 284, 10993, 257, 1862, 30773, 508, 3521, 470, 1865, 1100, 13, 198, 14565, 1363, 1524, 364, 11, 2158, 11, 547, 22231, 11, 14773, 326, 262, 36192, 17142, 326, 1363, 1524, 276, 1751, 2314, 1100, 880, 13, 4650, 1444, 262, 5888, 393, 1957, 2056, 284, 13121, 13, 198, 3260, 262, 10386, 23681, 11, 262, 968, 38732, 1044, 5094, 10074, 1965, 402, 822, 65, 284, 7521, 625, 262, 30810, 10147, 13, 383, 10074, 5926, 1992, 11, 10674, 8026, 11, 1297, 370, 6535, 44, 326, 1363, 1524, 364, 389, 257, 1263, 636, 286, 262, 5888, 11, 290, 326, 968, 38732, 1044, 10074, 1682, 5240, 6231, 2041, 4056, 655, 329, 606, 13, 198, 16060, 1524, 364, 1762, 1978, 351, 1181, 5745, 290, 5995, 3961, 16027, 5947, 5396, 423, 8350, 2742, 290, 6467, 8839, 329, 812, 13, 1002, 534, 1641, 6461, 2742, 13156, 780, 286, 534, 1363, 36946, 11, 3387, 1254, 1479, 284, 2800, 514, 329, 6829, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	321
Luther, Martin, born at Eisleben, Nov. 10, 1483; entered the University of Erfurt, 1501 (B.A. 1502, M.A.. 1503); became an Augustinian monk, 1505; ordained priest, 1507; appointed Professor at the University of Wittenberg, 1508, and in 1512 D.D.; published his 95 Theses, 1517; and burnt the Papal Bull which had condemned them, 1520; attended the Diet of Worms, 1521; translated the Bible into German, 1521-34; and died at Eisleben, Feb. 18, 1546. The details of his life and of his work as a reformer are accessible to English readers in a great variety of forms. Luther had a huge influence on German hymnody. i. Hymn Books. 1. Ellich cristlich lider Lobgesang un Psalm. Wittenberg, 1524. [Hamburg Library.] This contains 8 German h… Go to person page >	[ 43, 12866, 11, 5780, 11, 4642, 379, 412, 20919, 11722, 11, 5267, 13, 838, 11, 1478, 5999, 26, 5982, 262, 2059, 286, 5256, 29205, 11, 1315, 486, 357, 33, 13, 32, 13, 6640, 17, 11, 337, 13, 32, 492, 6640, 18, 1776, 2627, 281, 2932, 24605, 27266, 11, 6640, 20, 26, 36777, 11503, 11, 6640, 22, 26, 9899, 8129, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 370, 2621, 3900, 11, 6640, 23, 11, 290, 287, 1315, 1065, 360, 13, 35, 15089, 3199, 465, 6957, 383, 8448, 11, 1315, 1558, 26, 290, 22999, 262, 14185, 282, 8266, 543, 550, 15006, 606, 11, 1315, 1238, 26, 9141, 262, 16292, 286, 28505, 82, 11, 1315, 2481, 26, 14251, 262, 9111, 656, 2679, 11, 1315, 2481, 12, 2682, 26, 290, 3724, 379, 412, 20919, 11722, 11, 3158, 13, 1248, 11, 1315, 3510, 13, 383, 3307, 286, 465, 1204, 290, 286, 465, 670, 355, 257, 4975, 263, 389, 9857, 284, 3594, 7183, 287, 257, 1049, 4996, 286, 5107, 13, 17461, 550, 257, 3236, 4588, 319, 2679, 2537, 10295, 1118, 13, 198, 72, 13, 367, 4948, 77, 13661, 13, 198, 16, 13, 7122, 488, 1067, 396, 33467, 300, 1304, 32684, 3212, 648, 555, 40601, 76, 13, 370, 2621, 3900, 11, 1315, 1731, 13, 685, 39, 4131, 3686, 10074, 8183, 770, 4909, 807, 2679, 289, 1399, 1514, 284, 1048, 2443, 1875, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	222
By Gary Bogue Thursday, April 29th, 2010 at 7:08 am in Wolves. The latest issue of The Journal of Wildlife Management has a very interesting article on “Survival of Colonizing Wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, 1982-2004.” You care about wolves? Check it out. /Gary Humans—both predators and protectors—will decide survival of gray wolves The Journal of Wildlife Management – Survival of the gray wolf in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States depends not as much on the wolves as on people. Humans are both predators and protectors of this species, which has been reintroduced into parts of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. Humans were responsible for eradicating gray wolves from this area by the 1930s. Annual survival was considered adequate to sustain the present population, but killing, both legal and illegal, continues and should be monitored to ensure their survival. The current issue of The Journal of Wildlife Management reports on mortality rates among these wolves since their reintroduction. The authors stress the role of continued wildlife management to ensure survival of the gray wolf, which was removed from the endangered species list in Idaho and Montana in 2009. The reestablishment of wolves began in 1979, when wolves began to enter northwest Montana from Canada; reproduction was first documented in 1986. In 1995 and 1996, wolves were introduced into central Idaho and the greater Yellowstone area in Wyoming. The wolf recovery goal calls for metapopulations in these three states of at least 30 breeding pairs and 300 wolves. The plan also includes establishing state-managed conservation programs and taking steps to minimize damage to livestock. It is legal for ranchers to shoot wolves that threaten their livestock. The current study sought to assess biological, habitat, and anthropogenic factors contributing to wolf mortality and to indicate whether federal protection could ensure survival. Radio collars were placed on 711 wolves from 1982 to 2004. Of these wolves, 363 died, most from human causes. Montana, where less public land is available for wolf habitat, saw the highest level of mortality. However, the overall annual survival rate was found to be adequate to sustain the wolf population. The authors offer three recommendations for management of the gray wolf population: * Increase survival of wolves in surrounding areas to increase survival in Montana. Emigration and retention of wolves in this area could increase with a denser surrounding wolf population. Conflict resolution and illegal mortality should also be addressed. * Continue to monitor survival rates. The study found a higher rate of mortality among wolves that were collared to track livestock conflicts compared with those collared for monitoring purposes only. Legal human harvest of wolves should also be monitored. *** Establish regulations that allow wolves the opportunity to spread and overlap territories. This will help maintain connectivity and natural dispersal among the population locations. Full text of the article, “Survival of Colonizing Wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, 1982–2004,” The Journal of Wildlife Management, Volume 74, Issue 4, 2010, is available at http://www.wildlifejournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&doi=10.2193%2F2008-584 About The Journal of Wildlife Management The Journal of Wildlife Management, published since 1937, is one of the world’s leading scientific journals covering wildlife science, management, and conservation. The Wildlife Society publishes it eight times per year. 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electronic keyboard instruments and cutting-edge studio mixing and editing, Kraftwerk and bands like it built their music around the technology in many ways. In fact, they mentioned as one of their influences the philosophy of the German Bauhaus movement, which taught that technology and art should be joined together. Even the band’s name, which means “power station” in German, suggests this devotion to technology and electronic music. The band’s best-known album in the early 1970s was Autobahn, which featured a 20-minute long “drive” in a car down the freeway, created in the studio with electronic instruments and recording tricks. The group’s members were photographed in costumes that made them look like engineers or scientists, or later, robots. Many of their album titles featured technological themes, such as 1975’s Radio-Activity, 1977’s Trans-Europe Express, and 1978’s Man-Machine. The melding of technology and music was carried forward in the 1981 album Computer World, which featured the song “Pocket Calculator.” By the late 1980s, however, many other groups had adopted the use of electronic instruments, and a whole category of music called synth had become popular. Kraftwerk faded away, releasing only a few more recordings before the end of the 20th century. Today, they are still together but not very active.	[ 9509, 4565, 10586, 12834, 290, 7720, 12, 14907, 8034, 17090, 290, 12857, 11, 41828, 86, 9587, 290, 11760, 588, 340, 3170, 511, 2647, 1088, 262, 3037, 287, 867, 2842, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 484, 4750, 355, 530, 286, 511, 16717, 262, 8876, 286, 262, 2679, 347, 559, 30404, 3356, 11, 543, 7817, 326, 3037, 290, 1242, 815, 307, 5399, 1978, 13, 3412, 262, 4097, 447, 247, 82, 1438, 11, 543, 1724, 564, 250, 6477, 4429, 447, 251, 287, 2679, 11, 5644, 428, 25808, 284, 3037, 290, 7914, 2647, 13, 198, 464, 4097, 447, 247, 82, 1266, 12, 4002, 5062, 287, 262, 1903, 8069, 82, 373, 41735, 15386, 11, 543, 8096, 257, 1160, 12, 11374, 890, 564, 250, 19472, 447, 251, 287, 257, 1097, 866, 262, 39042, 11, 2727, 287, 262, 8034, 351, 7914, 12834, 290, 8296, 15910, 13, 383, 1448, 447, 247, 82, 1866, 547, 25880, 287, 24138, 326, 925, 606, 804, 588, 12037, 393, 5519, 11, 393, 1568, 11, 14193, 13, 4650, 286, 511, 5062, 8714, 8096, 14614, 13460, 11, 884, 355, 15231, 447, 247, 82, 8829, 12, 16516, 11, 15589, 447, 247, 82, 3602, 12, 16112, 10604, 11, 290, 15524, 447, 247, 82, 1869, 12, 37573, 13, 383, 502, 335, 278, 286, 3037, 290, 2647, 373, 5281, 2651, 287, 262, 14745, 5062, 13851, 2159, 11, 543, 8096, 262, 3496, 564, 250, 45454, 43597, 13, 447, 251, 2750, 262, 2739, 7169, 82, 11, 2158, 11, 867, 584, 2628, 550, 8197, 262, 779, 286, 7914, 12834, 11, 290, 257, 2187, 6536, 286, 2647, 1444, 33549, 550, 1716, 2968, 13, 41828, 86, 9587, 24887, 1497, 11, 13011, 691, 257, 1178, 517, 18813, 878, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 13, 6288, 11, 484, 389, 991, 1978, 475, 407, 845, 4075, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	292
click images to enlarge The John Muir Trail pond California native flowers along the John Muir Trail Conelo -sacred tree of the Mapuche People of Chile Peruvian Lily - Chile Francoa Sonchifolia - Chile The King Protea is native of South Africa Strawflower - Australia Mediterranean Climate Gardens There are five Mediterranean climate specific gardens at Strybing Arboretum & Botanical Gardens in Golden Gate Park, although plants from the world's Mediterranean regions are also included in the Entry Garden, Succulent Garden, Garden of Fragrance, and Biblical Garden. John Muir is supposed to have commented to fellow Scotsman John McLaren that he didn't have much use for manmade parks, preferring to visit natural places like the Sierras instead. While John Muir's efforts helped save Yosemite Valley and many other natural wilderness areas, John McLaren was able to make nature accessible to millions of people by converting some wind swept sand dunes into Golden Gate Park. The John Muir Nature Trail Strybing Arboretums second Director, Percy Haddon Brydon (known as Jock Brydon) had suggested using the westernmost triangular area of the Arboretum as a nature trail for displaying central costal California plant communities. The John Muir Nature Trail, begun in June of 1970, provides an opportunity to learn about California coastal habitats and includes an interpretive deck with several informative plaques as well as a tree shaded wooden bridge over a small pond. Redwood Nature Trail John McLaren loved to grow trees from seeds. Strybing Arboretum's Redwood Nature Trail winds through 100 year old redwoods, providing a cool, quiet and almost magical place to visit on a warm summer day. The Redwood Trail was completed in 1962. The panorama in the upper left column was taken at my favorite spot in Strybing Arboretum. The Aurthur L. Menzies Garden of California Native Plants The California Native section of Strybing Arboretum was expanded and named the Aurthur L. Menzies Garden of California native Plants after the Arboretums Assistant Director from 1972 until the time of his death in early 1973. Chile and California have many similarities including fertile central valleys with low costal mountain ranges to the west and high snow-covered mountains to the east. Both Chile and California are on the western edge of continents and although Chilean tree species are all different from those of California, other species, such as the beach strawberry are found in both places and one third of Chilean shrubs are also found in California. Drimys winteri (Canelo) a Sacred Tree of the Mapuche People (pre European) of Chile grows to 50 feet and bears clusters of fragrant white flowers. Southern tip of Africa The Cape Province Garden contains plants from the Cape Region of Africa which has the world's highest density of plant species. California by contrast has fewer species in over four times the land area. The southern and southwestern coasts of Australia also enjoy a Mediterranean climate with dry summers and mild, wet winters. The U. C. Davis Arboretum specializes in plants adapted to a Mediterranean climate. 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Question & Answers Government is taking advantage of new developments to enhance our country's comprehensive response to HIV and AIDS. It will, as matter of urgency, start implementing a programme to provide anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in the public health sector. Let us build on the foundations laid in the past three years through implementation of the five-year strategic plan. is government's approach to HIV and AIDS? a comprehensive strategy based on a partnership of all sectors of society, because HIV and AIDS represent a challenge to all of us. Success depends on close collaboration and continuing strengthening of partnership. The Partnership was formalised in October 1998 in a national launch by then Deputy President Thabo Mbeki, and is now represented by the South African National Aids are the elements of the comprehensive approach? comprehensive programme includes prevention, treatment and care, research and human rights: of HIV infection is the bedrock of Government's approach to halt the spread of HIV and the impact of AIDS, since there is no cure for AIDS. We must ensure as a nation that the 40 million South Africans who are not infected stay that way. that those who are currently infected with HIV but have not developed AIDS progress as slowly as possible to this stage, through enhanced efforts in dealing with opportunistic infections, prophylaxis, improved nutrition and lifestyle management of those HIV-infected individuals, currently estimated at 400,000 to 500,000, who have moved on to develop AIDS, through appropriate treatment of AIDS-related conditions (including using antiretroviral therapy in patients presenting with low CD4 counts, and suitable care where treatment has run in supporting these efforts are: programmes that aim to reduce poverty, improve education and bring about moral renewal. - Strengthening the immune system, of critical importance for the health of those infected by HIV. a climate of acceptance of all people infected and affected by HIV and AIDS; intensifying implementation of a policy and legislative framework and community awareness to promote the rights of all. are the main elements of the treatment plan? treatment plan has two goals - to provide comprehensive care and treatment for people living with HIV and AIDS, and to help strengthen the country's national health system. programme responds to the holistic needs of people at all stages of HIV infection and attempts to slow progression and maintain the person at the highest functional level. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is a crucial entry point. Once identified as HIV-positive, patients will be assessed for the stage of their illness and referred into appropriate medical care. The assessment will involve a CD4 count test and the patient's medical history and status. HIV-positive patients will enter into a system of care that monitors progress of infection. Care will focus on slowing progression to full-blown AIDS and maximising health through prompt diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections, periodic medical examinations and CD4 and viral load tests. They will be closely monitored for TB, a common opportunistic infection associated with HIV. what stage, for patients, will ART be considered? Patients who are symptomatic and/or with a CD4 count less than 200 will be counselled and offered the option of antiretroviral therapy. They will be fully informed about the benefits of restoring immune function and improving the quality of life and about serious side effects that may result from treatment with these drugs. For those choosing antiretroviral therapy, CD4 and viral load tests will be done as treatment begins. Patients will be treated at Service Points that have been accredited to provide antiretroviral treatment and will be treated by health professionals who have been trained and certified. They will receive psychosocial and nutritional support, as needed. Community care and support services such as transportation, home-based care, hospice services, etc., often provided by NGOs and CBOs, will help keep people in care and encourage their adherence to treatment. Nutritional support will be provided as part of this comprehensive care and treatment programme. is it to be introduced; where; how it will be scaled up? goal of the programme is to establish at least one accredited service point in every health district (in each District or Metropolitan Municipality) by the end of the first year of implementation and within a period of five years to provide all South Africans who requires comprehensive care and treatment for HIV and AIDS equitable access to the programme within their local municipal area. areas will be able to start sooner than others. we should all be aware that this is a complex programme with many elements requiring cooperation of various role-players, inside and outside government - the actual pace of change will depend on how well we all cooperate in implementing the plan. is it being introduced in stages? plan calls for significant additional capacity in the national health system, in particular strengthening human resource capacity and providing incentives to recruit and retain thousands of health professionals in historically under-serviced areas. Over the next four and a half years, over R750 million is proposed for upgrading systems in the healthcare infrastructure in areas such as drug distribution, patient information systems and monitoring of reaction to the drugs. ensure the safe and effective use of antiretrovirals and other medicines; the care we provide must be of the highest quality; and it must be accessible to all South Africans on an equitable need a system for procuring the necessary drugs at the best need to establish facilities - Service Points - of a standard that can provide the whole range of required interventions: diagnosis, counselling, treatment of opportunistic infections, other preventive and supportive strategies such as nutrition and nutritional supplements and traditional and complementary medicines with immune-boosting properties as well as antiretroviral drugs for the management of AIDS. A service point will be a group or network of linked health facilities operating through a hospital or clinic in a defined catchment area. there a role for traditional medicine? people including those living with HIV and AIDS consult traditional health practitioners and use traditional medicine to meet some of their health needs. We will work together with these health practitioners to share experiences in the care of people with AIDS and they will also serve as a critical resource in providing support and assisting patients to adhere to Government is also committed to upscale research into traditional medicines that may in future render further is required for a health facility to be accredited? plan establishes standards for accreditation of service points. This will ensure that comprehensive HIV and AIDS care and treatment of high quality can be delivered. There will be technical assistance and financial resources to help service points meet the accreditation requirements, with special attention paid to underserved areas of the country to promote criteria defining the conditions at a service point for high quality care and treatment include: - A service point project manager - A trained care team on site including clinicians, nurses, and counsellors, access to trained laboratory, pharmacy and nutritional staff, and links to NGOs and other service providers of care according to the National Treatment Policy Guidelines - 24-hours a day access to care at the service point, or in the vicinity - A staff recruitment, training and skills development plan for health care workers responsible for HIV and AIDS care and treatment (including volunteers and lay counsellors) based on initial needs and projected long-term patient numbers - Consultation, treatment and counselling rooms to assure patient - Access to appropriate laboratory services, overseen by the National Health specimen preparation protocols to Drug Dispensing Standard Operating Procedures for Opportunistic Infection prophylaxis and treatment, and ARVs - Access to patient nutritional status assessment and nutritional support - Links with VCT centres, antenatal clinics, Family Planning clinics, TB clinics, STI clinics, TB/HIV demonstration districts, and any other patient referral facilities, to ensure that HIV-positive patients are formally referred to the accredited service point - A PMTCT programme for service points providing antenatal care and a referral system for sites without antenatal care facilities with community resources and other support organisations that complete the continuum of medical care and support services, - A system to track patients/treatments - A system to maintain medical records and transmit core data to a central data collection point post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) access, according to the latest - Links with the provincial HIV and AIDS Unit - Participation in Information, Education and Communication will be needed to ensure that all areas are serviced? human resource capacity by recruiting and retaining thousands of additional health professionals; and implement a training programme for heath professionals, including traditional health practitioners, as part of the accreditation process our drug distribution system including secure facilities and training of personnel who handle and dispense drugs the National Health Laboratory Service, including better coverage and expansion in specific capabilities to perform the CD4 and viral load tests essential for high quality HIV and AIDS care and treatment patient information systems the system which monitors the efficacy of drugs being used as well as any adverse reaction to the drugs (pharmacovigilance) a research programme that will focus on practical questions and help us better understand and improve the provision of comprehensive care and treatment programme will need an integrated national structure to manage and coordinate implementation, incorporated within the existing national health system, and in particular integrated within the prevention and education programmes. long will it take before people can access antiretrovirals? a year there will be at least one service point in every health district and within five years access to all who need it in their own municipal area. areas will be able to start sooner than others, and each service point per district may begin to operate as soon as it is accredited, and as soon as the drugs are available. government made a u-turn? April 2002 after reviewing its approach to HIV and AIDS, Cabinet reaffirmed its commitment to the Strategic Plan. Noting progress in the implementation of the Strategic Plan, Cabinet decided on a number of measures to strengthen and reinforce these efforts, - Intensifying efforts to remove systemic constraints on access to ARV drugs such as cost and infrastructure - Strengthening partnerships, especially via strengthening of SANAC use of nevirapine in Preventing Mother-To-Child Transmission, and development of a universal roll-out plan a protocol for a comprehensive package of care for survivors of sexual assault, including post-exposure prophylaxis with that no-one is turned away without appropriate treatment and management of any infection or illness, irrespective of HIV poverty alleviation and nutritional interventions, to encourage investigation into alternative treatments, particularly supplements and medication for boosting the immune system 2002, Government established a joint Health/Treasury task team to investigate issues relating to the financing of an enhanced response to HIV and AIDS, including Anti-retroviral Treatment. August 2003 Cabinet received the team's report, which provided options for introducing antiretroviral therapy. The Minister of Health was requested to present a detailed operational plan in Implementation Task Team was set up, made up of South African experts and advisors working with the Clinton AIDS Foundation. is this step being taken now -in particular why is ART being introduced now into the public sector? possibility of considering sustainable and effective antiretroviral therapy in the public sector is a natural progression of the implementation of the comprehensive 5-year strategic plan. A number of positive developments with regard to the constraints on such treatment made this possible: fall in prices because of new opportunities to manufacture some drugs in South Africa; and successful negotiations with drug international and local experience in combating HIV and AIDS appreciation of the role of nutrition in enhancing health and improving the efficacy of medical treatment, so that people do not rely only on drugs. building of a critical mass in our country of scientists and health workers with skills and understanding of the fight against HIV and AIDS, as a result of the implementation of our comprehensive strategy over the past few years; steps towards strengthening our health system in relevant areas, though much remains to be done in this regard; resources in the budget to strengthen the national health system and to pay for the drugs and testing needed and to improve training and health infrastructure. - A better appreciation of the social dimensions of the pandemic, which allows policies on health care interventions to be located within a broader social and health context will it cost to implement the plan? Is it sustainable? cost of implementing the plan is R296 million for the rest of fiscal year 2003/4, growing to nearly R4.5 billion in 2007/8. budget is based on international tendering as the means of Programme Budget Estimate (Millions of Rands) New Healthcare Staff Other Health System Upgrades Programme Management (National & Provincial) Includes R20 Million advance payment to NHLS through March '04. enhancement of our response to HIV and AIDS has been designed to be cost-effective and efficient without compromising quality. To ensure sustainability most of the budget will come from government. This has been made possible by the sound economic policies government has pursued, releasing resources for social spending. But where appropriate, financing of the programme may be supplemented using donor sources. Won't it take resources from other health care and social decision of Cabinet comes with new resources that have been allocated to fund it. It will not detract from other programmes, whether in the fight against HIV an AIDS or in the reconstruction and development of our society. In fact the strengthening of the health system which is required for sustainable ART will bring benefits to health care more than half the proposed total expenditure will go toward: strengthening the national health system; emphasizing prevention; and promoting healthy lifestyles. These funds will not only allow for delivery of comprehensive care and treatment for those infected with HIV - they will improve the overall capabilities of the public health system and benefit all. is the price of drugs important? years ago this programme for comprehensive care and treatment would have been impossible, amongst other things due to the cost of the medicines and laboratory tests required. Falling prices internationally and new opportunities to manufacture some drugs in South Africa; as well as successful negotiations with drug companies made it feasible to consider such a programme. plan provides for a system of drug procurement that will secure drugs at prices well below today's best international prices. In time South Africa will have its own production facilities for can ART do, and what are its limitations? uncertainties remain and our knowledge of HIV and AIDS continues to evolve rapidly. But we are better equipped now to ensure that the benefits of ART outweigh the risks, for patients already in a desperate state of illness that has progressed beyond what can be managed by other means alone. are important facts we should be aware of: - The new elements of the treatment programme will help extend the lives of those who have reached the stage of AIDS - but antiretrovirals are not a cure everyone who is infected with HIV needs antiretroviral treatment- the majority with HIV can still live a healthy life, with proper nutrition, treatment of any diseases and a health workers and patients should adhere to the strict guidelines - antiretrovirals can have serious bad side effects and can be dangerous if not properly used, and the treatment involves a life-long daily regimen. Patients should be able to make an informed choice. Information will be provided to patients, to explain the benefits, limitations and possible negative effects. also brings great responsibility on health practitioners with regard to ethical conduct in line with the requirements of the profession, concerning such matters as the rigour of HIV tests, counselling, management of ARV prescriptions and so on. will the ART impact on the comprehensive strategy? not relax our prevention efforts, but rather sustain and intensify them so that we reduce the level of new infections. The operational plan emphasises that prevention of HIV infection is the bedrock of Government's comprehensive approach and makes provision for integrating treatment and care with intensified people infected with HIV have not reached the stage at which they require antiretroviral medicines. But they do need access to treatment for opportunistic infections, so provision for that treatment will be stepped up. No one should be refused treatment simply because of their HIV status. HIV thrives on a weak immune system, and in turn also weakens this defence system of the body, proper nutrition for all South Africans and dealing with poverty remain critical in the fight against HIV and AIDS. These social programmes of government will continue with even greater intensity. continue and intensify support to families and individuals affected by HIV and AIDS. Together we must continue to fight discrimination and stigma. the role of partnership change? in the implementation of ART, as with every other aspect of our comprehensive strategy will rely on partnership across society. includes communication of objective facts about the new elements of treatment and about the spread of HIV infection and the impact of AIDS and its management. Creating false expectations or an atmosphere in which society lowers its guard on matters of awareness or change in lifestyle, or engaging in mutually debilitating contestation about what can be achieved by when, could undermine not only the treatment programme but set back the hard-won advances made curbing the spread of HIV and reducing the impact of AIDS. intensify every aspect of our comprehensive national programme. To do so we must strengthen the partnership by joining hands in the war against AIDS this enhanced care and treatment programme, government is adding to the nation's armoury in the fight against AIDS. cooperative relationship among all sectors, particularly in the implementation of this element of the comprehensive strategy, the spirit of letsema and vuk'uzenzele, a message of hope and responsibility as well as constructive engagement in the realm of practical work would ensure that South Africa advances even more decisively in this endeavour, which is literally a matter of life and death. 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Konstantin Petrovich Pobyedonostzev Pobyedonostzev, Konstantin Petrovich (kənstəntyēnˈ pētrôˈvĭch pəbyĕdənôsˈtsyĭf) [key], 1827–1907, Russian public official and jurist. He was professor of civil law at Moscow when he attracted the attention of Czar Alexander II and was appointed (1865) tutor to the future Alexander III. As procurator of the holy synod (1880–1905), he became the champion of autocracy, orthodoxy, and Russian nationalism. He had great power and under his influence Alexander III opposed any limitation of autocratic powers, tightened censorship, attempted to suppress opposition opinion, persecuted religious nonconformists, and adopted a policy of Russification of all national minorities. Pobyedonostzev also supported Pan-Slavism and in his writings strongly attacked Western rationalism and liberalism. He tutored Nicholas II and was one of his most influential advisers until the Revolution of 1905. He wrote a three-volume work on Russian civil law. See his Reflections of a Russian Statesman (tr. 1898). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Russian, Soviet, and CIS History: Biographies	[ 42, 261, 18797, 259, 4767, 18657, 488, 350, 26730, 276, 261, 455, 89, 1990, 198, 47, 26730, 276, 261, 455, 89, 1990, 11, 17431, 18797, 259, 4767, 18657, 488, 357, 74, 133, 247, 77, 301, 133, 247, 429, 88, 27092, 77, 45990, 279, 27092, 2213, 27083, 45990, 85, 128, 255, 354, 279, 133, 247, 1525, 128, 243, 67, 133, 247, 77, 27083, 82, 45990, 34293, 128, 255, 69, 8, 685, 2539, 4357, 1248, 1983, 1906, 1129, 2998, 11, 3394, 1171, 1743, 290, 8174, 396, 13, 679, 373, 6240, 286, 3026, 1099, 379, 9070, 618, 339, 12725, 262, 3241, 286, 327, 41046, 10009, 2873, 290, 373, 9899, 357, 1507, 2996, 8, 48680, 284, 262, 2003, 10009, 6711, 13, 1081, 13834, 333, 1352, 286, 262, 11386, 6171, 375, 357, 1507, 1795, 1906, 1129, 2713, 828, 339, 2627, 262, 8783, 286, 1960, 17818, 11, 49371, 11, 290, 3394, 24436, 13, 679, 550, 1049, 1176, 290, 739, 465, 4588, 10009, 6711, 6886, 597, 17385, 286, 1960, 15405, 5635, 11, 37257, 21185, 11, 7482, 284, 18175, 5471, 4459, 11, 37501, 4158, 1729, 1102, 687, 1023, 11, 290, 8197, 257, 2450, 286, 1887, 2649, 286, 477, 2260, 15557, 13, 350, 26730, 276, 261, 455, 89, 1990, 635, 4855, 5961, 12, 11122, 615, 1042, 290, 287, 465, 19336, 7634, 7384, 4885, 9377, 1042, 290, 33108, 13, 679, 9732, 1850, 20320, 2873, 290, 373, 530, 286, 465, 749, 14212, 20409, 1566, 262, 9303, 286, 37166, 13, 679, 2630, 257, 1115, 12, 29048, 670, 319, 3394, 3026, 1099, 13, 198, 6214, 465, 6524, 26448, 286, 257, 3394, 1829, 805, 357, 2213, 13, 46244, 737, 198, 464, 9309, 19508, 36732, 11, 718, 400, 1225, 13, 15069, 10673, 2321, 11, 9309, 2059, 4332, 13, 1439, 2489, 10395, 13, 198, 6214, 517, 36732, 6685, 319, 25, 3394, 11, 7570, 11, 290, 36159, 7443, 25, 8436, 41480, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	305
This sect grew out of the International Bible Students Association, founded in 1872 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by Charles Taze Russell (1852–1916). After intensive study of the Bible, he concluded that the invisible return of Christ had occurred in 1874, that the Gentile period would cease in 1914, and that, following a war, the kingdom of God would be established on earth. Jehovah's Witnesses no longer set such specific dates but believe that God's kingdom, the Theocracy, will follow Armageddon, the great war described in prophetic books of the Bible. They believe that biblical prophecies are being fulfilled in world events and that Jesus was created by God and acts as his agent. Jehovah's Witnesses worship at meeting places called Kingdom Halls. Because they believe that secular governments are unknowingly entangled with Satan, they do not salute flags or join the military. Jehovah's Witnesses actively seek converts; members are expected to spread the message. Their publishing efforts include the magazines Watchtower and Awake! See also Encyclopedia: Jehovah's Witnesses. Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. More on Jehovah's Witnesses from Infoplease:	[ 1212, 15951, 6348, 503, 286, 262, 4037, 9111, 14882, 5396, 11, 9393, 287, 1248, 4761, 287, 12767, 11, 9589, 11, 416, 7516, 309, 6201, 11563, 357, 1507, 4309, 1906, 1129, 1433, 737, 2293, 18590, 2050, 286, 262, 9111, 11, 339, 8391, 326, 262, 14836, 1441, 286, 1951, 550, 5091, 287, 1248, 4524, 11, 326, 262, 27391, 576, 2278, 561, 13468, 287, 26833, 11, 290, 326, 11, 1708, 257, 1175, 11, 262, 13239, 286, 1793, 561, 307, 4920, 319, 4534, 13, 33205, 338, 35165, 645, 2392, 900, 884, 2176, 9667, 475, 1975, 326, 1793, 338, 13239, 11, 262, 383, 17818, 11, 481, 1061, 49034, 11, 262, 1049, 1175, 3417, 287, 49054, 3835, 286, 262, 9111, 13, 1119, 1975, 326, 24726, 16951, 3171, 389, 852, 23085, 287, 995, 2995, 290, 326, 5803, 373, 2727, 416, 1793, 290, 6529, 355, 465, 5797, 13, 33205, 338, 35165, 11892, 379, 3249, 4113, 1444, 7526, 42544, 13, 4362, 484, 1975, 326, 14589, 6905, 389, 39472, 4420, 47446, 351, 14918, 11, 484, 466, 407, 34967, 9701, 393, 4654, 262, 2422, 13, 33205, 338, 35165, 10630, 5380, 26161, 26, 1866, 389, 2938, 284, 4104, 262, 3275, 13, 5334, 12407, 4040, 2291, 262, 16695, 6305, 36170, 290, 5851, 539, 0, 198, 6214, 635, 36732, 25, 33205, 338, 35165, 13, 198, 21918, 4222, 7461, 24047, 11, 10673, 4343, 31074, 7868, 11, 3457, 13, 1439, 2489, 10395, 13, 198, 5167, 319, 33205, 338, 35165, 422, 4806, 643, 589, 25, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	239
Algae plus salt water equals … fuel? Bilal Bomani wants to create a biofuel that is "extreme green"— sustainable, alternative and renewable. At NASA's GreenLab Research Facility, he uses algae and halophytes to create a self sustaining, renewable energy ecosystem that doesn't consume arable land or fresh water. Bilal Bomani currently serves as the lead scientist for NASA's biofuels research program focusing on the next generation of aviation fuel. The intent is to use algae and halophytes with the goal of providing a renewable energy source that does not use freshwater, arable land or compete with food crops.	[ 2348, 25002, 5556, 8268, 1660, 21767, 3926, 5252, 30, 24207, 282, 20403, 3216, 3382, 284, 2251, 257, 13401, 25802, 326, 318, 366, 29896, 4077, 15327, 13347, 11, 5559, 290, 15713, 13, 1629, 8884, 338, 3469, 17822, 4992, 29118, 11, 339, 3544, 33773, 290, 10284, 16982, 4879, 284, 2251, 257, 2116, 37791, 11, 15713, 2568, 13187, 326, 1595, 470, 15000, 610, 540, 1956, 393, 4713, 1660, 13, 198, 33, 346, 282, 20403, 3216, 3058, 9179, 355, 262, 1085, 11444, 329, 8884, 338, 13401, 20942, 1424, 2267, 1430, 10759, 319, 262, 1306, 5270, 286, 22548, 5252, 13, 383, 6824, 318, 284, 779, 33773, 290, 10284, 16982, 4879, 351, 262, 3061, 286, 4955, 257, 15713, 2568, 2723, 326, 857, 407, 779, 40941, 11, 610, 540, 1956, 393, 9320, 351, 2057, 14450, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	130
Hepatitis is the general term for inflammation of the liver. It can be caused by infection, drugs or toxins. When most people hear the diagnosis hepatitis, they think of the hepatitis related to infection from a virus, such as hepatitis A, B or hepatitis C. Alcoholic hepatitis is different because it is not infectious or contagious. Alcohol acts like a toxin when it causes the liver to be inflamed. Alcoholic hepatitis can cause the same symptoms as other types of hepatitis. For instance, nausea and vomiting. In more severe cases, it causes jaundice, confusion and liver failure. Most people that develop alcoholic hepatitis are heavy drinkers. But not everyone. Some people are just more sensitive to alcohol. They might get the condition by only drinking a few per day. To treat alcoholic hepatitis, the person must stop drinking entirely. Its also important to eat a balanced diet. And take in adequate minerals and vitamins. In mild cases, inflammation usually calms down within a few days to a few weeks. In more severe cases, people can develop liver failure either from a severe episode or from many repeated episodes. Your friend must stop all alcohol use forever.	[ 39, 538, 265, 11815, 318, 262, 2276, 3381, 329, 20881, 286, 262, 14383, 13, 632, 460, 307, 4073, 416, 10280, 11, 5010, 393, 31930, 13, 1649, 749, 661, 3285, 262, 13669, 37439, 11, 484, 892, 286, 262, 37439, 3519, 284, 10280, 422, 257, 9471, 11, 884, 355, 37439, 317, 11, 347, 393, 37439, 327, 13, 198, 2348, 4857, 291, 37439, 318, 1180, 780, 340, 318, 407, 25246, 393, 43944, 13, 21051, 6529, 588, 257, 43026, 618, 340, 5640, 262, 14383, 284, 307, 28472, 2434, 13, 198, 2348, 4857, 291, 37439, 460, 2728, 262, 976, 7460, 355, 584, 3858, 286, 37439, 13, 1114, 4554, 11, 32122, 290, 30874, 13, 554, 517, 6049, 2663, 11, 340, 5640, 474, 14677, 501, 11, 10802, 290, 14383, 5287, 13, 198, 6943, 661, 326, 1205, 26016, 37439, 389, 4334, 40527, 13, 887, 407, 2506, 13, 2773, 661, 389, 655, 517, 8564, 284, 5548, 13, 1119, 1244, 651, 262, 4006, 416, 691, 7722, 257, 1178, 583, 1110, 13, 198, 2514, 2190, 26016, 37439, 11, 262, 1048, 1276, 2245, 7722, 5000, 13, 6363, 635, 1593, 284, 4483, 257, 12974, 5496, 13, 843, 1011, 287, 12872, 21622, 290, 29091, 13, 198, 818, 11607, 2663, 11, 20881, 3221, 2386, 907, 866, 1626, 257, 1178, 1528, 284, 257, 1178, 2745, 13, 554, 517, 6049, 2663, 11, 661, 460, 1205, 14383, 5287, 2035, 422, 257, 6049, 4471, 393, 422, 867, 5100, 8640, 13, 198, 7120, 1545, 1276, 2245, 477, 5548, 779, 8097, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	242
Grape mealybug—Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybugs are soft, oval, flattened insects. Their bodies are distinctly segmented; divisions among the head, thorax, and abdomen are not distinct. The adult female is about 5 mm long and appears smoothly dusted with a white, mealy, wax secretion. Long caudal filaments along the lateral margin of the body become progressively shorter toward the A new vine mealybug has recently invaded California vineyards. This species has shorter filaments than the grape mealybug. Mealybugs excrete large quantities of sticky honeydew, which drips onto fruit clusters and later turns black from sooty mold. Some berries may crack. Mealybugs do not injure vines. Remove loose bark in winter; young mealybugs and eggs are concealed in such places until spring. High temperatures in June kill much of the most damaging brood. Control of ants (which interfere with natural enemies) is important. Oils applied during dormancy can reduce numbers somewhat.	[ 38, 13484, 502, 3400, 25456, 960, 47, 325, 463, 34403, 9042, 1667, 270, 20704, 198, 38, 13484, 502, 3400, 32965, 389, 2705, 11, 41186, 11, 45096, 19435, 13, 5334, 198, 65, 5042, 389, 30911, 10618, 276, 26, 17397, 1871, 262, 1182, 11, 198, 400, 273, 897, 11, 290, 32956, 389, 407, 7310, 13, 383, 4044, 4048, 318, 198, 10755, 642, 8085, 890, 290, 3568, 21461, 288, 8459, 351, 257, 2330, 11, 198, 1326, 3400, 11, 20302, 42432, 13, 5882, 1275, 463, 282, 1226, 12604, 1863, 262, 25653, 198, 36153, 286, 262, 1767, 1716, 34322, 12238, 3812, 262, 198, 32, 649, 17793, 502, 3400, 25456, 468, 198, 49921, 306, 26466, 3442, 17793, 33750, 13, 770, 4693, 468, 198, 1477, 4337, 1226, 12604, 621, 262, 30777, 502, 3400, 25456, 13, 198, 44, 2287, 88, 32965, 2859, 8374, 1588, 17794, 286, 23408, 12498, 67, 413, 11, 543, 1454, 862, 4291, 8234, 23163, 290, 1568, 4962, 198, 13424, 422, 523, 313, 88, 15936, 13, 2773, 36322, 743, 8469, 13, 2185, 3400, 32965, 466, 407, 42206, 44439, 13, 198, 27914, 9155, 21405, 287, 7374, 26, 1862, 502, 3400, 32965, 290, 9653, 389, 18176, 287, 884, 4113, 1566, 6076, 13, 3334, 198, 11498, 525, 6691, 287, 2795, 1494, 881, 286, 262, 749, 14790, 50167, 13, 6779, 198, 1659, 27842, 357, 4758, 18135, 351, 3288, 198, 268, 5090, 8, 318, 1593, 13, 440, 4487, 5625, 1141, 18586, 3883, 460, 4646, 3146, 6454, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	237
Dense or rocky soil Roots of carrots that have been planted in hard soil may be hairy, forked, and misshapen. Avoid planting carrots in heavy soils. Plant in light soils such as sandy loam. Remove rocks from soil. Maintain uniform soil moisture at seed depth until seedlings emerge.	[ 35, 1072, 393, 26898, 9260, 198, 49, 13880, 286, 34397, 326, 423, 587, 18969, 287, 1327, 9260, 743, 307, 43873, 11, 329, 9091, 11, 290, 2051, 45897, 268, 13, 198, 38618, 26630, 34397, 287, 4334, 38750, 13, 16561, 287, 1657, 38750, 884, 355, 44039, 2376, 321, 13, 17220, 12586, 422, 9260, 13, 198, 44, 32725, 8187, 9260, 20160, 379, 9403, 6795, 1566, 9403, 17783, 14740, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	67
Environmental stresses (such as those caused by human practices, such as monoculture) may cause explosions of some ant populations, an effect that is particularly evident within ants’ native ranges. For example, in its native range in South America, the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata is a pest in disturbed forests and agricultural areas where it can reach high densities. High densities of W. auropunctata have been linked with sugar cane monocultures and cocoa farms in Colombia and Brazil, respectively. In Colombia, a high abundance of the little fire ant in forest fragments has been linked with low ant diversity. The little fire ant efficiently exploits resources including nectar, refuges within vegetation and honeydew residues (of Homopteran insects), and it may out-compete and displace native myrmecofauna (Armbrecht and Ulloa-Chacón 2003). Improved land management and a reduction of primary production will alleviate the problems associated with invasive ants and the environmental stresses that cause ant population explosions. In agricultural areas, due to the close association of the land and workers, the little fire ant may be a great nuisance to humans. This is because it is more likely to reach high densities and sting people working in the field. The increased numbers of Homoptera insects, which sap plant nutrients and make plants susceptible to disease, may cause substantial yield losses. In Cameroon, on the other hand, the spread of the little fire ant is encouraged, due to the fact that it preys on, and thereby has a role in the control of, certain herbivorous cocoa pests (Bruneau de Mire 1969, in Brooks and Nickerson 2000). W. auropunctata may have negative impacts on invertebrates and vertebrates. They may prey on native insects and cause declines in the numbers of small vertebrates. In human habitations it may sting, and even blind, domestic pets (cats and dogs) (Romanski 2001). It is believed to have caused a decrease in reptile populations in New Caledonia and in the Galapagos Archipelago, where it eats tortoise hatchlings and attacks the eyes and cloacae of the adult tortoises (Holway et al. 2002; J. K. Wetterer pers. comm., 2003). The little fire ant is probably the most aggressive species that has been introduced into the Galapagos archipelago, where a marked reduction of scorpions, spiders and native ant species in infested areas has been observed (Lubin 1984, Clark et al. 1982, in Roque-Albelo and Causton 1999). Similarly it has been noted to decrease local arthropod biodiversity in the Solomon Islands (Romanski 2001). W. auropunctata rarely buries myrmecochorous seeds and sometimes ingests elaisomes without dispersing seed. In its native range, the little fire ant decreases herbivorous arthropod biodiversity, increasing the fruit and seed production and growth of the plant and decreasing pathogen attacks. W. auropunctata may also, however, exclude arthropod plant mutualists, such as plant tenders or seed dispersers (Ness and Bronstein 2004). Please read Invasive ants impacts for a summary of the general impacts of invasive ants, such as their affect on mutualistic relations, the competitive pressure they impose on native ants and the effect they may have on vulnerable ecosystems. Location Specific Impacts: Human nuisance: Several residents in the infested area were stung by ants whilst swimming in their swimming pools. Dogs and cats have been stung by the ants. People working in their gardens have also been stung by the ants. Competition: High populations of W. auropunctata have been related to marked reductions of other ant species in agricultural lands such as cocoa farms in Brazil (Delabie 1988, Majer et al 1994, in Armbrecht and Ulloa-Chacón 2003). Cauca River Valley (Colombia) Competition: W. auropunctata is widely distributed throughout South America and is able to displace the local myrmecofauna. The positive relation between W. auropunctata abundance and ant-plant associations in understory vegetation reinforces the belief that W. auropunctata is highly able to exploit and monopolise resources such as extrafloral nectar, refuges within vegetation, and honeydew residues from Homopteran insects, and prevent other ant species from utilising these resources successfully (Armbrecht and Ulloa-Chacón 2003). Economic/Livelihoods: Colonises disturbed and agricultural areas, sometimes becoming an economic problem (Fowler et al. 1990, in Armbrecht and Ulloa-Chacón 2003). Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) Interaction with other invasive species: "Wasmannia auropunctata is often associated with another serious pest: the cottonycushion scale- Icerya purchasi, and has been observed transportingimmature stages and tending colonies" (Wetterer & Porter, 2003). Reduction in native biodiversity: The little fire ant is probably the most aggressive species that has been introduced into the Galapagos Archipelago. Marked reductions in scorpions, spiders, and native ant populations in areas infested with the little fire ant have been observed. Many other arthropods are probably also affected, but this has not been measured (Roque-Albelo and Causton 1999). Human nuisance: Images and text by Eric Loeve available at Fenua Animalia document the enormous impact of this invasive ant on people's lives. This is a sign of things to come as the Wasmannia auropunctata infestations become more and more established and as the scale and numbers build. Reduction in native biodiversity: A progressive blindness syndrome known as as “Florida spots”, “Florida keratitis/keratopathy” or “tropical keratopathy” (Roze et al, 2004; Moore, 2005) has been documented in mammals and other animals that live in the proximity of colonies of the little fire ant. No scienific study had been conducted to prove that the little fire ants were responsible for this. Scientists from Fenua animalia conducting mapping of a little fire ant colony in the Mahina commune’s highs (Tahiti), discovered that ant colony areas were also sheltering endemic hearths of "Florida keratopathy". 24 cases of keratopathy and 12 control cases were studied within the mega-colony settled. Results of an analysis showed that the affected animals were those living in contact with the ants. Apart from this predisposing factor, the scientists did not find any other characteristic facilitating this outbreak (age, sex, viral status regarding Feline leukosis). The study highlights the symptoms of acute attack such as blepharospasm and whimpering; and the topography of injuries shows that the median area of the eye is the most affected. Though the pathopysiologic model is not already understood, the authors of the study, believe as many authors previously cited that the most probable etiologic agent of this pathology is the littel fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Dr. Leonard Theron Assistant - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liege- Production Animals Clinical Department pers.comm., September 2009). Other: "Wetterer et al. (1999) found anecdotal evidence of an impact onvertebrates in Gabon. House cats (Felis catus) at Lopé often have W.auropunctata in their fur, and several cats developed corneal cloudingand blindness. William Karesh, field veterinarian for Wildlife Conserva-tion Society, found the cats' symptoms consistent with trauma, not communicable disease. More disturbingly, elephants (Loxodonta africana) with cloudy corneas arecommon in Lopé and Petit Loango, as well as Wonga Wongué Reserveon the central coast of Gabon (100 km south of Libreville). The possibleconnection between W. auropunctata and eye maladies deserves furtherstudy." Reduction in native biodiversity: W. auropunctata has a negative impact on the native ant community in Gabon. Nine sites In Lope National Park were surveyed. A highly significant correlation between ant diversity and length of infestation by W. auropunctata was found. Many more native ant species were present in areas not infested with W. auropunctata (39.0 ± 4.6) compared with areas infested by W. auropunctata for approximately 5–10 yr (7.0 ± 6.2 and 1.7 ± 1.2, respectively). In infested areas, W. auropunctata made up the bulk of specimens collected in every plot (Walker, 2006). New Caledonia (Nouvelle Calédonie) Human nuisance: Causes painful stings. Reduction in native biodiversity: W. auropunctata have a negative impact on endemic ants, native arachnids, beetles, and reptiles (Wetterer & Porter, 2003 and references therein). Wewak (Papua New Guinea) Human nuisance: The ants over-run gardens and homes in residents' houses and sting people, especially children. Control of insect pests within houses is expensive and many families may be forced to live with the ant. Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) Human nuisance: Causes painful stings. Other: Locals on Guadalcanal have reported that their dogs (Canis domesticus) were all gradually blinded by the ants' venom andrarely lived more than five years (Wetterer 1997 in Wetterer & Porter, 2003). Hawaii (United States (USA)) Economic/Livelihoods: Many important economic crops in Hawaii are harvested by hand. W. auropunctata is small, cryptic, and has a painful sting. In some cases, agricultural workers refuse to harvest from infested trees or orchards, which is a critical issue for farms that rely on hand harvesting. W. auropunctata is also of quarantine concern, because the presence of ants on exported fruits and vegetables from Hawaii can cause rejection and return shipment to Hawaii (Costa et al., 2005; Follett & Taniguchi 2007 in Souza et al., 2006) Human nuisance: Cause painful stings. Economic/Livelihoods: It deters people from tending their crops, reducing productivity and imposing economic hardship on them. Human nuisance: It stings people and animals including chickens and can cause allergic reactions in people Vanua Lava Is. (Vanuatu) Reduction in native biodiversity: A striking lack of butterflies has been noted on the island of Vanua Lava. This is compared to Mota Lava, which is free of W. Auropunctata and has abundant butterflies (J. Tennant, pers. comm. in Wetterer & Porter, 2003).	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The next day we learned that frogs come from eggs. Frog eggs look a little different from the eggs of other animals and it took a little convincing to persuade them that they were actually eggs. We talked about the life cycle of frogs. After that we made frogs, complete with long, curly tongues and wrote about them. Here is how they turned out... \|I just love these little guys!\| After frogs & turtles, we talked about snakes! I am not a fan of snakes, but my students ALWAYS love to learn about them! This year my class is heavy on boys (12 out of 17) and this unit keeps them so engaged! I LOVE teaching through themes. I know that the theme keeps them so engaged that I can slip in writing, reading & math skills without them even realizing it! :) I do not have pictures of our snakes because I couldn't get them to turn out. We colored 2 sides of a paper plate and then cut them in a swirl so that they looked like curly snakes. Then, I hung them from the ceiling. They would twirl when the air kicked in and the kids loved it! All in all, this was a great unit. My kids stayed engaged and excited the entire week. I was able to teach them valuable math, reading, writing, & science skills...what more could I have asked for? :)	[ 464, 1306, 1110, 356, 4499, 326, 37475, 1282, 422, 9653, 13, 28328, 9653, 804, 257, 1310, 1180, 422, 262, 9653, 286, 584, 4695, 290, 340, 1718, 257, 1310, 17101, 284, 20999, 606, 326, 484, 547, 1682, 9653, 13, 775, 6619, 546, 262, 1204, 6772, 286, 37475, 13, 2293, 326, 356, 925, 37475, 11, 1844, 351, 890, 11, 45731, 39413, 290, 2630, 546, 606, 13, 3423, 318, 703, 484, 2900, 503, 986, 198, 91, 40, 655, 1842, 777, 1310, 3730, 0, 91, 198, 3260, 37475, 1222, 36288, 11, 356, 6619, 546, 26042, 0, 198, 40, 716, 407, 257, 4336, 286, 26042, 11, 475, 616, 2444, 49576, 1842, 284, 2193, 546, 606, 0, 770, 614, 616, 1398, 318, 4334, 319, 6510, 357, 1065, 503, 286, 1596, 8, 290, 428, 4326, 7622, 606, 523, 7953, 0, 314, 27889, 7743, 832, 13460, 13, 314, 760, 326, 262, 7505, 7622, 606, 523, 7953, 326, 314, 460, 13819, 287, 3597, 11, 3555, 1222, 10688, 4678, 1231, 606, 772, 20060, 340, 0, 14373, 314, 466, 407, 423, 5986, 286, 674, 26042, 780, 314, 3521, 470, 651, 606, 284, 1210, 503, 13, 775, 16396, 362, 5389, 286, 257, 3348, 7480, 290, 788, 2005, 606, 287, 257, 42835, 523, 326, 484, 3114, 588, 45731, 26042, 13, 3244, 11, 314, 9174, 606, 422, 262, 13387, 13, 1119, 561, 665, 1901, 618, 262, 1633, 12165, 287, 290, 262, 3988, 6151, 340, 0, 198, 3237, 287, 477, 11, 428, 373, 257, 1049, 4326, 13, 2011, 3988, 9658, 7953, 290, 6568, 262, 2104, 1285, 13, 314, 373, 1498, 284, 4545, 606, 8119, 10688, 11, 3555, 11, 3597, 11, 1222, 3783, 4678, 986, 10919, 517, 714, 314, 423, 1965, 329, 30, 14373, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	279
A cycle of three years, in the course of which the whole Law is read on Sabbaths and festivals. This was the practise in Palestine, whereas in Babylonia the entire Pentateuch was read in the synagogue in the course of a single year (Meg. 29b). The modern practise follows the Babylonian; but as late as 1170 Benjamin of Tudela mentioned Egyptian congregations that took three years to read the Torah ("Itinerary," ed. Asher, p. 98). The reading of the Law in the synagogue can be traced to at least about the second century The Masoretic divisions known as "sedarim" and variously indicated in the text, number 154 in the Pentateuch, and probably correspond, therefore, to the Sabbath lessons of the triennial system, as was first surmised by Rapoport ("Halikot Ḳedem," p. 11). The number varies, however, so that Menahem Me'iri reckoned 161 divisions, corresponding to the greatest number of Sabbaths possible in three years; the Yemen grammars and scrolls of the Pentateuch enumerate 167 (see Sidra); and the tractate Soferim (xvi. 10) gives the number as 175 (comp. Yer. Shab. i. 1). It is possible that this last division corresponds to a further development by which the whole of the Pentateuch was read twice in seven years, or once in three and a half years. The minimum seder for a Sabbath portion when seven persons are called up to the Law (see 'Aliyah) should consist of twenty-one verses, since no one should read less than three verses (Meg. iv. 4). Some sedarim have less than twenty-one verses, however, as, for example, Ex. xxx. 1-8.Divisions and Beginning of the Cycle. If the 154 sedarim are divided into three portions corresponding to the three years, the second would commence at Ex. xii. and the third at Num. vi. 22, a passage treating of the priestly blessing and the gifts of the twelve tribal chiefs after the erection of the Tabernacle. Tradition assumes that the events described in Num. vi. took place on the 1st of Nisan, and it would follow that Gen. i. and Ex. xi. would also be read on the first Sabbath of that month, while Deut. xxxiv., the last portion of the Pentateuch, would be read in Adar. Accordingly, it is found that the death of Moses is traditionally assigned to the 7th of Adar, about which date Deut. xxxiv. would be read. A. Büchler has restored the order of the sedarim on the assumption that the reading of the Law was commenced on the 1st of Nisan and continued for three years, and he has found that Genesis would be begun on the 1st of Nisan, Deuteronomy on the 1st of Elul, Leviticus on the 1st of Tishri, and Exodus and Numbers on the 15th of Shebaṭ, the four NewYears given in the Mishnah (R. H. i. 1). Nisan has always been regarded as the ecclesiastical NewYear. This arrangement would account for many traditions giving definite dates to Pentateuchal occurrences, the dates being, strictly speaking, those of the Sabbaths on which the lessons recording the occurrences are read. Thus, it is declared that the exodus from Egypt took place on Thursday, the 15th of Nisan ("Seder 'Olam," x.), and the passage relating to the Exodus was read on that day. The slaying of the Passover lamb is said to have occurred on the 10th of Nisan, and is described in Ex. xii. 21, the passage read in the triennial cycle on the second Sabbath of Nisan, which would be the 10th where the 15th fell on Thursday. This likewise explains the tradition that the Israelites encamped at Rameses on a Sabbath, the 17th of Nisan, on which Ex. xii. 37 would be read in the triennial cycle. The tradition that Rachel was remembered on New-Year's Day (R. H. 10b) is due to the fact that in the first year of the cycle the sidra Gen. xxx. 22, beginning, "And God remembered Rachel," would be read on Rosh ha-Shanah. As the reading of Deut. xxxiv. would occur on the 7th of Adar, there would be four remaining Sabbaths to be filled in before the new triennial cycle, which began with Nisan. Four special Sabbaths, Sheḳalim, Zakor, Parah, and Ha-Ḥodesh, still occur in Adar. Including these and the festival parashiyyot, and possibly also the special sedarim for Ḥanukkah and Purim, eleven extra divisions would be obtained, making up the 166 or 167 of the Yemen Bible.Connections Between Readings and Festivals. The triennial cycle seems to have been established in New Testament times. John vi. 4 contains an allusion to the Passover, and vii. 2 to the Feast of Tabernacles, while in vi. 59, between the two, reference is made to a sermon on the manna delivered in the synagogue at Capernaum. This would be appropriate for a discourse on the text for the first or eighth of the month Iyyar (i.e., between Passover and Tabernacles), which, in the triennial cycle, dealt with Ex. vi. 1-xvii.1, where the account of the manna is given. So, too, at the season of Pentecost the cycle of readings in the first year would reach Gen. xi., which deals with the story of Babel and the confusion of tongues, so that in Acts ii. Pentecost is associated with the gift of the spirit which led to a confusion of tongues. Similarly, the Decalogue was read on Pentecost in the second year of the cycle, whence came, according to Büchler, the traditional association of the giving of the Law with Pentecost. Ex. xxxiv., which contains a second Decalogue, is accordingly read on the 29th of Ab, or 80 days after Pentecost, allowing exactly forty days before and after the sin of the golden calf. So too Deut. v., containing a third Decalogue, began on the same day, the 29th of Ab. The above diagram shows the arrangement and the connection of the various dates with the successive sedarim, the three concentric rings showing the three cycles, and the twelve radii separating the months of the Jewish year indicated in the inner circle.The Triennial Cycle of the Psalms. In addition to this division of the Pentateuch into a triennial reading, E. G. King has proposed an arrangement of the Psalms on the same system, thus accounting for their lection in a triennial cycle which varied between 147 and 150 Sabbaths; and he also shows the agreement of the five divisions or books of the Psalms, now fixed by the doxologies, with the five divisions of the Pentateuch, the first and third books of both the Psalter and the Pentateuch ending in the month Shebaṭ. Ps. lxxii. 19 would be read on the same day as Ex. xl. 34, the two passages throwing light on each other. The Asaph Psalms (lxxiii.-lxxxiii.) would begin, on this principle, on the Feast of "Asif" in the seventh month, just when, in the first year of the Pentateuchal cycle, Gen. xxx. et seq. would be read, dealing with the birth of Joseph, whose name is there derived from the root "asaf." A still more remarkable coincidence is the fact that Ps. c. would come just at the time in Adar when, according to tradition, the death of Moses occurred, and when Deut. xxxiii. would be read; hence, it is suggested, originated the heading of Ps. xc., "A prayer of Moses, the man of God." The Pilgrim Psalms (cxx.-cxxxiv.) would be read, in this system, during the fifteen Sabbaths from the 1st of Elul to Ḥanukkah, the very time when a constant procession of pilgrims was bringing the first-fruits to the Temple. Many other associations of appropriate Psalms with the festivals which they illustrate have been pointed out. Besides these examples Büchler gives the following sections of the Pentateuch read on various Sabbaths in the different years of the cycle, basing his identification on certain haggadic associations of the Sabbaths with the events to which they refer. In the first year the four sedarim of Nisan appear to be Gen. i. 1-ii. 3, ii. 4-iii. 21, iii. 22-iv. 26, and v. 1-vi. 8. The second Sabbath of Iyyar was probably devoted to Gen. vi. 9-vii. 24 (comp. vii. 1). In thesecond year the readings on the Sabbaths of Nisan deal with Ex. xii., xiii., xiv., and xv., ch. xiv. concurring with the Passover; and it is for this reason that the Haggadah states that Adam taught his sons to bring a Passover offering, since the passage Gen. iii. was read during the Passover week in the cycle of the first year. In Iyyar of the second year the readings included Ex. xvi. 1, xxviii., xvii. 1, xviii. 1, and xix. 6, there being usually five Sabbaths in that month. Two of the portions for Siwan are also identified as Ex. xx. 1, xxii. 4; at the end of Elul Lev. i. was read; while on the first days of Tishri ib. iv. 1, v. 1, and vi. 12 were the readings, and on the 10th (Yom Kippur) ib. viii. 1 and x. 7. In the third cycle, besides the account of the death of Moses already referred to as being read on the 7th of Adar, or the 7th of Shebaṭ, in Nisan the four pericopes were Num. vi. 22, vi. 48, viii. 1, and ix. 1, while the third Sabbath of Iyyar was devoted to the reading of Num. xv. 1, and the 3d of Ab to that of ib. xxxvi. Some of these passages were retained for the festival readings, even after the annual cycle had been introduced.Hafṭarot. Besides the readings from the Law the readings from the Prophets were also arranged in a triennial cycle. These appear to have been originally a few selected verses intended to strengthen the passage from the Law read previously, and so connect it with the following discourse of the preacher, which took for its text the last verse of the hafṭarah. Thus there is evidence that Isa. lii. 3-5 was at one time regarded as a complete hafṭarah to Gen. xxxix. 1. Even one-verse hafṭarot are known, as Ezek. xlv. 17 and Isa. lxvi. 23, read on New Moons. A list of the earlier hafṭarot suitable for the festivals is given in Meg. 31a. Evidence of two hafṭarot for one festival is shown in the case of Passover, for which Josh. v. 10 and Josh. iii. are mentioned. This can easily be explained by the existence of a triennial cycle, especially as Num. ix. 2-3 was the reading for the first day of Passover, and corresponds exactly to Josh. v. 20. In the case of the NewYear it has been possible to determine the hafṭarot for the three cycles: I Sam. ii. 21, Jer. xxxi. 19, and, for the third year, Joel ii. 1, corresponding to the reading Deut. v., which formed the Pentateuchal lesson. For Ḥanukkah, the Torah seder of which treats of lamps (Num. viii. 1-2), the hafṭarot Zech. iv. 2 and I Kings vii. 49 were selected as being suitable passages. A third hafṭarah is also found (I Kings xviii. 31), completing the triennial arrangement. The Karaites adopted some of the triennial hafṭarot in their reading of the Law. The hafṭarot of the first year of the cycle can often be identified by this fact. Of the twenty-nine sedarim of the Book of Exodus eighteen were taken from Isaiah, three from Jeremiah, four from the Minor Prophets, three from the historical works, and one from Ezekiel, whose words, for some reason, seem on the whole to have been eschewed by those who selected the prophetic readings. A certain confusion seems to have arisen among the hafṭarot, owing to the fact that among some congregations the reading of the Pentateuchal portions was begun on the 1st of Elul (also regarded as a New-Year). In the Masoretic text of the Prophets occur a number of divisions marked as sedarim which correspond to smaller divisions in the Torah. Among these may be mentioned: \|I Kings vi. 11-13\|\|corresponding\|\|to\|\|Ex. xxv.\| \|Ezek. xii. 20\|\|"\|\|"\|\|Lev. xxvi. 3 or 4?\| \|I Sam. vi. 14\|\|"\|\|"\|\|Num. iv. 17\| \|Josh. xvii. 4\|\|"\|\|"\|\|Num. xxvi. 52\| \|Jer. ix. 22-24\|\|"\|\|"\|\|Deut. viii.\| \|II Kings xiii. 23\|\|"\|\|"\|\|Deut. x.\| \|Judges ii. 7\|\|"\|\|"\|\|Deut. xxxi. 14\| The present arrangement of hafṭarot seems to have been introduced into Babylonia by Rab, especially those for the three Sabbaths of repentance preceding the Ninth of Ab, and the three consolatory ones succeeding it. Büchler has traced the prophetic portions of these three latter Sabbaths for each of the three years of the cycle as follows: - I. Isa. xl. 1, li. 12, liv. 11. - II. Isa. xlix. 14, lx. 1, lxi. 10. - III. Isa. liv. 1, Zech. ii. 14, ix. 9. He finds traces of the triennial cycle also in the prophetic portions for the four supplementary Sabbaths, Sheḳalim, Zakor, Parah, and Ḥodesh. For Sheḳalim hafṭarot are found from (a) II Kings xii., (b) Ezek. xlv. onward (among the Karaites), and (c) I Kings iv. 20 onward. It is tolerably clear that these were the hafṭarot of the three different years of the cycle when that particular Sabbath came round. It is possible that when the arrangement of the calendar and of the reading of the Law was first made these four supplementary Sabbaths were intended to fill out the time between the 7th of Adar, when the account of the death of Moses in Deut. xxxiv. was read, and the first Sabbath in Nisan, when the cycle began. Traces of the cycle are also found in the hafṭarot for the festivals. Thus, on the first day of Passover, Ex. xii. 29 was read, approximately in its due place in the cycle in the second year; and corresponding to this Josh. v. 10 was read in the Prophets, whereas there are also traces of Num. ix. 22 being read on that day, as would occur in the third year of the cycle, when Josh. iii. was read as the hafṭarah. The passage for the second day of Passover, Num. ix. 1 et seq., which was introduced by the Babylonians, has attached to it II Kings xxiii. 21 as the hafṭarah, and would correspond to the section in the first year's cycle. On Pentecost, Ex. xix. was read in the second year, while Gen. xi. 15 was read for the first year of the cycle. So, too, on New-Year, Gen. xxx. 22 was read in the first year, Lev. iv. in the second, and Deut. v. in the third, the corresponding hafṭarot being Jer. xxxi. 19, I Sam. ii., and Joel ii. For the Sukkot of the first year for the sidra of Gen. xxxii., the hafṭarah was Zech. xiv. 16-19; for that of the second year, Lev. ix. 10, the hafṭarah was I Kings viii. 8; and for that of the third year, Deut. viii. 9, the hafṭarah was Isa. iv. 6 (among the Karaites). In the accompanying diagram the sidrot of the Law for the Sabbaths of the three years of the cycle are indicated, as well as the hafṭarot which accompany them. Sometimes these have alternatives, and in several cases, as for Gen. xl. 23, xliii. 14, Ex. i. 1, xxvii. 20, and Lev. xix. 1, three hafṭarot are given for the sidra, pointing in all probability to the hafṭarot reading during the triennial cycle. In this enlarged form the connection of the beginning of the reading of the books with the various sacred New-Years, those of Nisan, of Elul (for tithes), and of Shebaṭ (for trees), comes out most clearly and convincingly. The manner in which the present-day reading of the Law and the Prophets has been derived from the triennial cycle is shown clearly by the diagram. It would appear that at the beginning of the cycle all the sidrot of the month were read together; but this was soon given up, as obviously it would result in the whole of the Law being read in three-quarters of a year or less. There are indications of the application of the triennial cycle to the Psalms also. The Aggadat Bereshit treats twenty-eight sedarim of Genesis uniformly in three sections, one devoted to a passage in Genesis, the next to a corresponding prophetic passage (hafṭarah), and the third to a passage from the Psalms, generally cognate with either the Law or the Prophets. It may be added that in Luke xxiv. 44 a threefold division is made of "the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms." The transition from the triennial to the annual reading of the Law and the transference of the beginning of the cycle to the month of Tishri are attributed by Büchler to the influence of Rab, and may have been due to the smallness of the sedarim under the old system, and to the fact that people were thus reminded of the chief festivals only once in three years. It was then arranged that Deut. xxviii. should fall before the New-Year, and that the beginning of the cycle should come immediately after the Feast of Tabernacles. This arrangement has been retained by the Karaites and by modern congregations, leaving only slight traces of the triennial cycle in the four special Sabbaths and in some of the passages read upon the festivals, which are frequently sections of the triennial cycle, and not of the annual one. It would further be of interest to consult the earlier lectionaries of the Church (which has borrowed its first and second lessons from the Jewish custom) to see how far they agree with the results already obtained for the triennial cycle. The Church father Chrysostom about 175 - Büchler, in J. Q. R. v. 420-468, vi. 1-73; - E. N. Adler, ib. viii. 528-529; - E. G. King, Journal of Theological Studies, Jan., 1904; - I. Abrahams, in J. Q. R. xvi. 579-583.	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May 25, 2012 \| 3:03 pm Posted by Rabbi Ilana Grinblat Who goes first? This question is central in my household nowadays, as my eight year old son and five year old daughter frequently argue over who gets the first turn at everything. They debate who gets to tell me first at dinnertime how their day was at school. To resolve this issue, I made a chart listing the days of the week with their names alternating as to who gets to recount their day first. Then they argue over a flaw in the chart. They noticed that since there are seven days of the week and two children, one child invariably gets the first turn two days in a row. The kids also debate who gets snuggles first at bedtime. This time, thinking I was smarter, I made a chart of two weeks (since fourteen days is equally divisible by two), but then they objected that this system too was unfair, because the bedtime chart didn’t correspond to the dinner chart. The same child could end up talking first at dinner and receiving the first snuggles in the same day! As a solution, I suggested moving my daughter’s bedtime fifteen minutes earlier than my son’s so that each of them could have my snuggles “first” at their respective times. Both agreed to the plan, and familial harmony has been temporarily restored. At bedtime, I tried to explain to my daughter that she doesn’t have to compete with her brother because I love both of them the same amount – infinity, which is bigger than any number. “No, mom,” she corrected me, “The biggest number is a hundred finity hundred finity.” I now appreciate anew God’s genius in this week’s Torah portion. This week’s parasha begins the book of Bamidbar which recounts the Israelite’s trek through the wilderness. Like children, the Israelites were a quarrelsome bunch, and one of the questions which would have arisen was: who goes first to the Promised Land? But God had a better plan. In this opening portion, God charts how the people should march through the desert. God arranged the people by family and tribe. But rather than any tribe walking in front of the other , God arranged them in a configuration around the ark which was placed in the center. In this way, no tribe was ahead or behind, each was equidistant from the ark and the tabernacle. This plan was not merely a wise way to avoid arguments. The arrangement offered an orientation on life. It reminded the people not to measure themselves against one another, relative to their destination. Rather, they should see themselves as dots on a circle in which God is the center – all equally essential, connected to each other by sharing the same focal point. How fitting then that this portion called “in the desert” is read on the week of the holiday of Shavuot, which celebrates the giving of the Torah. In the Mekhilta (a third century collection of interpretations on Exodus), the question is asked: why did God give the Torah in the desert? One answer is so that there would be no disputes between the tribes, since none of them would be able to say that the Torah was received in their territory. “Therefore, the Torah was given in the desert, in a public place that belonged to no one.” The passage further explains that the Torah was given in the desert because just as it is free to all who come into the world, so too the words of Torah are free to all who come into the world.” The Mekhilta underscores the Torah portion’s message that God acts with care to make sure all God’s children feel treasured. As I try to make my children feel equally cherished, I hope that I can convey to them the wisdom of this week’s portion – that God loves all of us equally “a hundred finity hundred finity.” 5.20.13 at 10:22 am \| This week's column is in honor of this year's. . . 1.10.13 at 2:26 pm \| In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat talks about. . . 12.20.12 at 5:52 pm \| In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat responds to. . . 11.26.12 at 2:39 pm \| Rabbi Grinblat discusses how she responds to her. . . 5.25.12 at 3:03 pm \| In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat shares a. . . 5.13.12 at 6:45 pm \| In this week's blog, Rabbi Grinblat offers a. . . 5.20.13 at 10:22 am \| This week's column is in honor of this year's. . . (133) 1.8.10 at 4:22 pm \| In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat discusses. . . (9) 1.10.13 at 2:26 pm \| In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat talks about. . . (5) We welcome your feedback. Your information will not be shared or sold without your consent. Get all the details. 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JURBARKAS (Ger. Jurburg), town in S.W. Lithuania; until the incorporation of Lithuania within Russia in 1795, the town belonged to the principality of Zamut (Zhmud; Samogitia); subsequently, until the 1917 Revolution, it was in the province of Kovno. Jews who visited Jurbarkas at the end of the 16th century are mentioned in the responsa of Meir b. Gedaliah of Lublin (Metz, 1769, 4a no. 7). Within the framework of the Lithuanian Council (see *Councils of the Lands) the community of Jurbarkas belonged to the province (galil) of Kaidany (Kedainiai). In 1766, 2,333 Jews were registered with the community. A wooden synagogue built in Jurbarkas during the second half of the 17th century was preserved until the Holocaust. There were 2,527 Jews registered with the community in 1847. The Jews numbered 2,350 (31% of the total population) in 1897, and 1,887 in 1923. In June–September 1941, after the occupation of the town by the Germans, some 1,000 Jews were murdered at the cemetery and outside the town. Lite (1951), 1595–97, 1849–54, index 2; M. and K. Piechotka, Wooden Synagogues (1959), 200; Yahadut Lita, 1 (1960), index. Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.	[ 41, 4261, 33, 14175, 1921, 357, 38069, 13, 449, 5945, 3686, 828, 3240, 287, 311, 13, 54, 13, 31295, 26, 1566, 262, 43619, 286, 31295, 1626, 3284, 287, 1596, 3865, 11, 262, 3240, 19611, 284, 262, 26303, 1483, 286, 38343, 315, 357, 57, 23940, 463, 26, 3409, 519, 36723, 1776, 12412, 11, 1566, 262, 24168, 9303, 11, 340, 373, 287, 262, 8473, 286, 43326, 3919, 13, 6771, 508, 8672, 449, 5945, 668, 292, 379, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1467, 400, 4289, 389, 4750, 287, 262, 2424, 64, 286, 2185, 343, 275, 13, 402, 276, 282, 9520, 286, 40753, 2815, 357, 9171, 89, 11, 1596, 3388, 11, 604, 64, 645, 13, 767, 737, 12511, 262, 9355, 286, 262, 49033, 666, 4281, 357, 3826, 1635, 40940, 82, 286, 262, 24182, 8, 262, 2055, 286, 449, 5945, 668, 292, 19611, 284, 262, 8473, 357, 13528, 346, 8, 286, 509, 1698, 1092, 357, 42, 276, 391, 544, 72, 737, 554, 1596, 2791, 11, 362, 11, 20370, 6771, 547, 6823, 351, 262, 2055, 13, 317, 13510, 41953, 3170, 287, 449, 5945, 668, 292, 1141, 262, 1218, 2063, 286, 262, 1596, 400, 4289, 373, 17232, 1566, 262, 18661, 13, 1318, 547, 362, 11, 20, 1983, 6771, 6823, 351, 262, 2055, 287, 1248, 2857, 13, 383, 6771, 25840, 362, 11, 14877, 357, 3132, 4, 286, 262, 2472, 3265, 8, 287, 49429, 11, 290, 352, 11, 46660, 287, 37272, 13, 554, 2795, 1906, 17543, 23234, 11, 706, 262, 13755, 286, 262, 3240, 416, 262, 16064, 11, 617, 352, 11, 830, 6771, 547, 12864, 379, 262, 27316, 290, 2354, 262, 3240, 13, 198, 43, 578, 357, 1129, 4349, 828, 1315, 3865, 1906, 5607, 11, 1248, 2920, 1906, 4051, 11, 6376, 362, 26, 337, 13, 290, 509, 13, 21690, 354, 313, 4914, 11, 40143, 16065, 37300, 947, 357, 45403, 828, 939, 26, 35473, 324, 315, 406, 5350, 11, 352, 357, 38503, 828, 6376, 13, 198, 7416, 25, 2039, 22873, 64, 5507, 24771, 3970, 13, 10673, 3648, 383, 36483, 4912, 13, 1439, 6923, 33876, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	335
March 30, 2012 CDC Releases New Report on Autism Prevalence in U.S. Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health contributed to a new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that estimates the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) as affecting 1 in 88 U.S. children overall, and 1 in 54 boys. This is the third such report by the CDC’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM), which has used the same surveillance methods for more than a decade. Previous ADDM reports estimated the rate of ASDs at 1 in 110 children in the 2009 report that looked at data from 2006, and 1 in 150 children in the 2007 report, which covered data from 2002. The current prevalence estimate, which analyzed data from 2008, represents a 78 percent increase since 2002, and a 23 percent increase since 2006. ASDs include diagnoses of autistic disorder, Asperger disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). ASDs encompass a wide spectrum of conditions, all of which affect communication, social and behavioral skills. The causes of these developmental disorders are not completely understood, although studies show that both environment and genetics play an important and complex role. There is no known cure for ASDs, but studies have shown that behavioral interventions, particularly those begun early in a child’s life, can greatly improve learning and skills. The latest CDC report, “Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders – Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008,” provides autism prevalence estimates from different areas of the United States, including Maryland. The purpose of the report is to provide high-quality data on the extent and distribution of ASDs in the U.S. population, to promote better planning for health and educational services, and to inform the further development of research on the causes, progression, and treatments. “We continue observing increases in prevalence since the inception of the project in 2000,” said Li-Ching Lee, PhD, a psychiatric epidemiologist with the Bloomberg School"s Departments of Epidemiology and Mental Health and the principal investigator for the prevalence project’s Maryland site. “In Maryland, we found 27 percent of children with ASDs were never diagnosed by professionals. So, we know there are more children out there and we may see the increase continue in coming years.” The new report, which focuses on 8-year-olds because that is an age where most children with ASD have been identified, shows that the number of those affected varies widely among the 14 participating states, with Utah having the the highest overall rate (1 in 47) and Alabama the lowest (1 in 210). Across all sites, nearly five times as many boys as girls are affected. Additionally, growing numbers of minority children are being diagnosed, with a 91 percent increase among black non-Hispanic children and a 110 percent increase for Hispanic children. Researchers say better screening and diagnosis may contribute to those increases among minority children. The overall rate in Maryland is 1 in 80 children; 1 in 49 boys and 1 in 256 girls. In Maryland, the prevalence has increased 85 percent from 2002 to 2008. The increase was 41 percent between 2004 and 2008, and 35 percent between 2006 and 2008. The data were gathered through collaboration with the Maryland State Department of Education and participating schools in Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Cecil, Harford and Howard counties, as well as clinical sources such as Kennedy Krieger Institute, Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital, and University of Maryland Medical System. While the report focuses on the numbers, its authors acknowledge that the reasons for the increase are not completely understood and that more research is needed. They note that the increase is likely due in part to a broadened definition of ASDs, greater awareness among the public and professionals, and the way children receive services in their local communities. “It’s very difficult, if not impossible, to tease these factors apart to quantify how much each of these factors contributed to the increase,” Dr. Lee said. But whatever the cause, “This report paints a picture of the magnitude of the condition across our country and helps us understand how communities identify children with autism. One thing the data tell us with certainty – there are more children and families that need help,” said CDC Director Thomas Frieden, MD, MPH. Researchers also identified the median age of ASD diagnosis, documented in records. In Maryland, that age was 5 years and 6 months, compared with 4 years, 6 months nationally. Across all sites, children who have autistic disorder tend to be identified earlier, while those with Asperger Disorder tend to be diagnosed later. Given the importance of early intervention, ADDM researchers carefully track at what age children receive an ASD diagnosis. “Unfortunately, most children still are not diagnosed until after they reach age 4. We’ve heard from too many parents that they were concerned long before their child was diagnosed. We are working hard to change that,” said Coleen Boyle, PhD, MSHyg, director of CDC’s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. To see the full report: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6103a1.htm?s_cid=ss6103a1_w To the Community Report with state statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/documents/ADDM-2012-Community-Report.pdf Media contact for Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Natalie Wood-Wright at 410-614-6029 or [email protected]	[ 16192, 1542, 11, 2321, 198, 47667, 48691, 968, 6358, 319, 39875, 3771, 2100, 594, 287, 471, 13, 50, 13, 198, 25606, 379, 262, 25824, 21183, 15689, 3961, 286, 5094, 3893, 8639, 284, 257, 649, 22223, 329, 17344, 6779, 290, 18313, 357, 47667, 8, 989, 326, 7746, 262, 16815, 286, 39875, 27217, 37966, 357, 1921, 35, 8, 355, 13891, 352, 287, 9193, 471, 13, 50, 13, 1751, 4045, 11, 290, 352, 287, 7175, 6510, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 262, 2368, 884, 989, 416, 262, 20434, 447, 247, 82, 39875, 290, 7712, 282, 3167, 5738, 37484, 7311, 357, 2885, 23127, 828, 543, 468, 973, 262, 976, 8452, 5050, 329, 517, 621, 257, 5707, 13, 21801, 5984, 23127, 3136, 6108, 262, 2494, 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If the emf of a battery is 23 V and a current of 66 A is measured when the battery is shorted, what is the internal resistance of the battery? Answer in units of Ω How would you set up the equation to solve? An investor purchases 75 shares at 37.90 a share, holds the stock for 150 days, and then sells the stock for 41.20 a share. Find the annual interest rate earned. principal under 3000 3000-10,000 over 10,000 commission 32+1.8% of principal 56+1% of principal 106+0.5% of principal George finds a company that charges 59 cnets per day for each 1000 borrowed. if he borrows 3000 for 60 days, what amount will he repay, and what annual interest rate will he pay the company? if you paid $120 to a loan company for the use of $2000 for 90 days, what annual rate of interest did they charge? A woman 5ft 6in tall stands so that the tip of her shadow coincides with the tip of the shadow of a tall tree. The woman stands 18 ft from the tip of her shadow and 100 ft from the base of the tree. How tall is the tree? what is 0.0446 rounded to the nearest hundredth of a percent How did you get that? factor the polynomials using whatever strategy seems appropriate. 12m^2n^2-8mn+1 Help math calc Find the future value of $700 deposited at 3% for 9 years if the account pays simple interest and the account pays compounded annually? The future value of an account that pays simple interest is what? Find the future value of $700 deposited at 3% for 7 years if the account pays simple interest and the account pays interest compounded annually For Further Reading	[ 1532, 262, 795, 69, 286, 257, 6555, 318, 2242, 569, 290, 257, 1459, 286, 7930, 317, 318, 8630, 618, 262, 6555, 318, 1790, 276, 11, 644, 318, 262, 5387, 6625, 286, 262, 6555, 30, 23998, 287, 4991, 286, 7377, 102, 1374, 561, 345, 900, 510, 262, 16022, 284, 8494, 30, 198, 2025, 15811, 13339, 5441, 7303, 379, 5214, 13, 3829, 257, 2648, 11, 6622, 262, 4283, 329, 6640, 1528, 11, 290, 788, 16015, 262, 4283, 329, 6073, 13, 1238, 257, 2648, 13, 9938, 262, 5079, 1393, 2494, 7366, 13, 10033, 739, 20343, 20343, 12, 940, 11, 830, 625, 838, 11, 830, 5810, 3933, 10, 16, 13, 23, 4, 286, 10033, 7265, 10, 16, 4, 286, 10033, 15696, 10, 15, 13, 20, 4, 286, 10033, 198, 20191, 7228, 257, 1664, 326, 4530, 7863, 269, 45938, 583, 1110, 329, 1123, 8576, 22546, 13, 611, 339, 8804, 82, 20343, 329, 3126, 1528, 11, 644, 2033, 481, 339, 20152, 11, 290, 644, 5079, 1393, 2494, 481, 339, 1414, 262, 1664, 30, 198, 361, 345, 3432, 720, 10232, 284, 257, 8063, 1664, 329, 262, 779, 286, 720, 11024, 329, 4101, 1528, 11, 644, 5079, 2494, 286, 1393, 750, 484, 3877, 30, 198, 32, 2415, 642, 701, 718, 259, 7331, 6296, 523, 326, 262, 8171, 286, 607, 9082, 47387, 351, 262, 8171, 286, 262, 9082, 286, 257, 7331, 5509, 13, 383, 2415, 6296, 1248, 10117, 422, 262, 8171, 286, 607, 9082, 290, 1802, 10117, 422, 262, 2779, 286, 262, 5509, 13, 1374, 7331, 318, 262, 5509, 30, 198, 10919, 318, 657, 13, 15, 27260, 19273, 284, 262, 16936, 3470, 400, 286, 257, 1411, 198, 2437, 750, 345, 651, 326, 30, 198, 31412, 262, 745, 6213, 296, 8231, 1262, 4232, 4811, 2331, 5035, 13, 1105, 76, 61, 17, 77, 61, 17, 12, 23, 10295, 10, 16, 198, 22087, 10688, 42302, 198, 16742, 262, 2003, 1988, 286, 720, 9879, 27163, 379, 513, 4, 329, 860, 812, 611, 262, 1848, 13831, 2829, 1393, 290, 262, 1848, 13831, 36944, 13844, 30, 383, 2003, 1988, 286, 281, 1848, 326, 13831, 2829, 1393, 318, 644, 30, 198, 16742, 262, 2003, 1988, 286, 720, 9879, 27163, 379, 513, 4, 329, 767, 812, 611, 262, 1848, 13831, 2829, 1393, 290, 262, 1848, 13831, 1393, 36944, 13844, 198, 1890, 7735, 11725, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	377
Spike in bird flu deaths worries health officials 8 people die in last 2 months in Cambodia In the last two months, eight people in Cambodia have died from bird flu, a rare but deadly disease causing concern among health authorities. Six of the victims have been children. The H5N1 virus, known to be highly contagious to poultry, typically resembles the flu when contracted by humans. But it kills more than half the people it infects, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Of the nine confirmed H5N1 cases in Cambodia this year, only an 8-month old infant has survived. The infant had received medical attention early, said Dr. Ly Sovann, the Ministry of Health's deputy director for communicable diseases control in Cambodia. The eight bird flu deaths in the last six weeks -- considering that Cambodia has had 19 reported deaths from the disease in the last 10 years -- has sparked increased surveillance efforts. Health officials are warning people to wash their hands often, to keep children away from poultry and to avoid eating sick poultry. So far, the nine cases are not believed to be related, although most of them came from the southern region. The eight H5N1 deaths in Cambodia occurred with a 15-year-old girl and a 35-year-old man on January 21, and a 2-year-old girl and a 9-year-old girl on January 28. In the next month, a 5-year-old died on Feburary 7, a 3-year-old girl died on February 13, a 2-year-old boy died on February 19, followed by a death of a 35-year-old man on Monday. He came from the Kampong Cham province in central Cambodia and died after developing fever, coughing and difficulty breathing earlier this month. The patients experienced symptoms such as coughing, fever, difficulty breathing, sleepiness and vomiting. Bird flu does not usually pass from person-to-person, but the disease is closely monitored because of concerns that the H5N1 virus could mutate allowing to spread more easily among people. "We conducted investigations and found that all the cases were transmission from the poultry," said Sovann. "There is no evidence of transmission from human to human at this stage." All nine patients are believed to have been exposed to sick or dead poultry, according to health authroties. H5N1 typically spreads between birds, but can jump to humans, especially if they're living in close proximity. The greatest risk of exposure to the virus is through the handling and slaughter of infected poultry. "Home slaughtering and preparation of sick or dead poultry for food is hazardous: this practice must stop," said Dr. H.E. Mam Bunheng, the Cambodian minister of health, in a statement. "Children also seem to be most vulnerable and are at high risk because they like to play where poultry are found. I urge parents and guardians to keep children away from sick or dead poultry and prevent them from playing with chickens and ducks." Health teams are carrying out "enhanced surveillance" in the villages and communities where bird flu cases have been reported, according to the World Health Organization. Officials are also telling people with flu-like symptoms who have difficulty breathing to seek medical attention immediately. The disease is transmitted through the infected bird's saliva, nasal secretions or feces. It can spread in markets or places where eggs and birds are sold in crowded conditions. The recent cases prompted China to announce temperature checks on people traveling back from Cambodia, according to the country's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. China had two deaths from bird flu this year. The patients, a 31-year-old man and 21-year-old woman died in mid-February in the southwestern area of the country. Both had close contact with birds, according to Xinhua, the Chinese news agency. The only other country with a confirmed H5N1 case this year was Egypt, where a 36-year-old woman died in late January. Copyright 2013 by CNN NewSource. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.	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Physical exercise is a great way to tone your body and lose weight. There are two basic types of exercise: aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic exercise promotes cardiovascular fitness by raising your pulse to a targeted level. It's recommended that you exercise at your target heart rate for thirty minutes, three times a week. These exercises strengthen your heart, and allow the heart to pump more blood. Aerobic exercise improves the capacity of the lungs, helps control weight, and increases muscle and joint flexibility, making you less susceptible to injury. Some examples of aerobic exercise are walking, jogging, bicycling, swimming, racquetball, and aerobic dance. Aerobic exercise also helps to reduce risks associated with developing heart disease. Anaerobic exercise focuses on specific muscles, with a goal of increasing their strength, mass, and/or endurance. Weight lifting is an example of anaerobic exercise. This form of exercise won't provide as many benefits as aerobic exercise, but it's a good supplement to your aerobic workout, and can also help increase bone density. Remember, there are many advantages to regular exercise. It can help you sleep better, handle stress better, and even improve the way you look and feel. An ideal exercise program will include both aerobic and anaerobic activity. However, the program should be tailored to your individual needs. If you're over thirty-five or have had medical problems, talk to a doctor before beginning your exercise routine. For more information on aerobic and anaerobic exercise, speak to a health care specialist.	[ 31611, 5517, 318, 257, 1049, 835, 284, 8216, 534, 1767, 290, 4425, 3463, 13, 1318, 389, 734, 4096, 3858, 286, 5517, 25, 43294, 290, 281, 25534, 20803, 13, 15781, 20803, 5517, 21068, 21134, 13547, 416, 8620, 534, 19445, 284, 257, 7977, 1241, 13, 632, 338, 7151, 326, 345, 5517, 379, 534, 2496, 2612, 2494, 329, 12277, 2431, 11, 1115, 1661, 257, 1285, 13, 2312, 13565, 12160, 534, 2612, 11, 290, 1249, 262, 2612, 284, 8901, 517, 2910, 13, 15781, 20803, 5517, 19575, 262, 5339, 286, 262, 21726, 11, 5419, 1630, 3463, 11, 290, 5732, 8280, 290, 6466, 13688, 11, 1642, 345, 1342, 22084, 284, 5095, 13, 2773, 6096, 286, 43294, 5517, 389, 6155, 11, 474, 30853, 11, 12561, 8493, 11, 14899, 11, 3444, 21108, 1894, 11, 290, 43294, 9280, 13, 15781, 20803, 5517, 635, 5419, 284, 4646, 7476, 3917, 351, 5922, 2612, 4369, 13, 17639, 263, 20803, 5517, 13692, 319, 2176, 12749, 11, 351, 257, 3061, 286, 3649, 511, 4202, 11, 2347, 11, 290, 14, 273, 22965, 13, 14331, 16842, 318, 281, 1672, 286, 281, 25534, 20803, 5517, 13, 770, 1296, 286, 5517, 1839, 470, 2148, 355, 867, 4034, 355, 43294, 5517, 11, 475, 340, 338, 257, 922, 10327, 284, 534, 43294, 17578, 11, 290, 460, 635, 1037, 2620, 9970, 12109, 13, 11436, 11, 612, 389, 867, 13391, 284, 3218, 5517, 13, 632, 460, 1037, 345, 3993, 1365, 11, 5412, 5503, 1365, 11, 290, 772, 2987, 262, 835, 345, 804, 290, 1254, 13, 1052, 7306, 5517, 1430, 481, 2291, 1111, 43294, 290, 281, 25534, 20803, 3842, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 1430, 815, 307, 27571, 284, 534, 1981, 2476, 13, 1002, 345, 821, 625, 12277, 12, 13261, 393, 423, 550, 3315, 2761, 11, 1561, 284, 257, 6253, 878, 3726, 534, 5517, 8027, 13, 1114, 517, 1321, 319, 43294, 290, 281, 25534, 20803, 5517, 11, 2740, 284, 257, 1535, 1337, 15670, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	311
Local suicide serves as reminder of a deadly danger facing teens Why it's so important to break the silence of suicide Stigma has helped suicide quietly rise to be the third leading cause of death among teens. Video by kgun9.comvideo Reporter: Valerie Cavazos TUCSON (KGUN9-TV) - A problem few people ever talk about claims a life in Tucson. That problem is teen suicide. Today the self-inflicted death of a freshman at Palo Verde High left family and friends devastated. It happened off campus, but because so many parents and kids contacted 9 On Your Side asking us to check out rumors that were flying around about the incident... we called school officials. The school assures us this incident was not connected with bullying. And we're told grief counselors were on hand to help classmates cope. Because of privacy concerns you rarely hear about teen suicides. But that silence has helped this problem quietly rise to be the third leading cause of death among teens. It's important for you to know -- right off the bat -- there is no one cause to teen suicide. But many of them do have one thing in common: silence. No one wants to talk about the issue, but it's critical the silence is broken. Search YouTube and you'll find many stories and PSA's about suicide and prevention, but getting people to actually talk about it is another matter. Mainly because of the stigma associated with suicide. It's connection with mental illness is the main hurdle to overcome. Studies show over 90% of people who commit suicide have one or more psychiatric disorders -- ranging from depression to schizophrenia. "There typically is an untreated or undertreated mental health illness." Another factor in silencing discussions about suicide: much of our society believes taking your own life is morally wrong. "That (Christian) belief has been shared from generation to generation and there are other religions that believe in that also so part of looking at the stigma is associated with that and coupling it with religion, people are less likely to talk about it," said Pate. Suicide is also harrowing for family and friends who often carry the burden of guilt. "They don't want that stigma associated with them saying why didn't you do something about it -how come you didn't see it? So people are managing these things frequently alone." The adage time heals all wounds is not necessarily true for those left behind, who may then take their own lives because of the loss. "That's a sense of loss -- a sense of grief .. these are things that can cause suicide." It's certainly clear that breaking the silence of suicide is a critical first step. Preventing suicide among our youth can start with more conversations about understanding the world around them. Experts say the stress and trauma children experience and witness can increase the chances of suicide. Those dramatic and tragic events and images from 9-11, wars in the Middle East, the January 8th shooting and Hurricane Katrina as well as events happening closer to home -- ranging from divorce to bullying. "These are events that children are taking in and we know that they not necessarily have the mechanism to manage and process all of those things," said Pate. Experts say children internalize those images. Unlike adults, many children are less likely to talk about what disturbs them. "They are less like to do that or may not have people they feel comfortable going to and talking about how do i manage this and how do I cope with this bad stuff happening in our world," she said. So helping children cope with the ups and downs of life is critical when trying to stem the rising tide of suicides. "How do we then help our children recognize that this is normal. disappointment is going to happen if you're a part of this world -- live and breathing. Disappointment is going to happen so how do we manage it -- how do we get over it -- and how do we teach them that this is okay." These discussons with children often open floodgates in their minds and emotions -- rather than closing them down. Experts say parents should keep in mind that they don't have to have all the answers -- they just need to know where to go for help when it's needed. There are training sessions for families available through the Community Partnership of Southern Arizona. Another agency to call is the Southern Arizona Mental Health Corporation.	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Dyer's woad was discovered in 1986 in Washington State, growing along railroad tracks in Kittitas County. In 1992, dyer's woad was eradicated from this site. The site is monitored continually, with no new plants found. Removing this plant from the State is a true success story in the fight against invasive species; this is one of the very few noxious weeds that have been eradicated from the State. Dyer's woad is native to Russia, and was introduced as a crop in 18th-Century England for the extraction of a blue dye from its leaves. Dyers woad was introduced to Utah from Ireland in 1910, as a contaminant in alfalfa seed. The state of Utah has lost millions of dollars in crop damage and loss of wildlife habitat. Tens of thousands of acres in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming are infested with this perennial mustard. Legal status in King County, Washington Dyer's woad is listed as a Class A noxious weed because of its impacts and widespread distribution in many western States, including Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, California and Oregon. It is sometimes found in gardens, and as a Class A noxious weed in Washington State, eradication is required. Dyer's woad is on the Washington State quarantine list (144 KB Acrobat file), and it is illegal to buy, sell, transport or offer this plant for sale in the state. Additional information on annual bugloss What to do if you find this plant in King County, Washington Please notify us if you see dyer's woad growing in King County. Our program staff can provide the property owner or appropriate public agency with site-specific advice on how best to remove it. We map all known locations of regulated noxious weeds such as dyer's woad in order to help us and others locate new infestations in time to control them.	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Another collaborative effort by the team that created The Poet King of Tezcoco: A Great Leader of Ancient Mexico (2007) chronicles the life of a controversial figure in pre-colonial Mesoamerica. The indigenous woman who would serve as Hernán Cortés’ interpreter and companion was born in the early 1500s as Malinali and later christened Marina. She is now called La Malinche. Besides serving as translator to the Spaniard, she also gave him advice on native customs, religious beliefs and the ways of the Aztec. While Marina’s decision to help the Spanish in their often brutal quest for supremacy has led to many negative associations, others see her as the mother of all Mexicans, as she and Cortés had the first recorded mestizo. Although many of the details surrounding the specifics of Marina’s life were unrecorded, Serrano strengthens the narrative with quotations by her contemporaries and provides a balanced look at the life of a complicated, oft-maligned woman. Headers provide structure as events sometimes shift from the specific to the very broad, and some important facts are glossed over or relegated to the timeline. Reminiscent of pre-colonial documents, the illustrations convey both Marina’s adulation of Cortés and the violence of the Spanish conquest, complete with severed limbs, decapitations and more. An inventive introduction to a fascinating historical figure. (map, chronology, glossary, sources and further reading) (Nonfiction. 10-12)	[ 6610, 25408, 3626, 416, 262, 1074, 326, 2727, 383, 7695, 316, 2677, 286, 1665, 89, 66, 25634, 25, 317, 3878, 10540, 286, 13406, 5828, 357, 12726, 8, 16199, 2983, 262, 1204, 286, 257, 8381, 3785, 287, 662, 12, 49787, 14937, 78, 2382, 3970, 13, 198, 464, 17673, 2415, 508, 561, 4691, 355, 367, 1142, 21162, 18418, 20954, 447, 247, 28846, 290, 15185, 373, 4642, 287, 262, 1903, 20007, 82, 355, 4434, 1292, 72, 290, 1568, 33826, 2945, 35321, 13, 1375, 318, 783, 1444, 4689, 4434, 1939, 258, 13, 16238, 7351, 355, 33417, 284, 262, 37506, 446, 11, 673, 635, 2921, 683, 5608, 319, 6868, 17112, 11, 4158, 9056, 290, 262, 2842, 286, 262, 7578, 36281, 13, 2893, 35321, 447, 247, 82, 2551, 284, 1037, 262, 7897, 287, 511, 1690, 12399, 1235, 329, 25888, 468, 2957, 284, 867, 4633, 15814, 11, 1854, 766, 607, 355, 262, 2802, 286, 477, 36783, 11, 355, 673, 290, 18418, 20954, 550, 262, 717, 6264, 285, 395, 41282, 13, 4900, 867, 286, 262, 3307, 7346, 262, 23514, 286, 35321, 447, 247, 82, 1204, 547, 555, 47398, 11, 2930, 35823, 49286, 262, 8689, 351, 50056, 416, 607, 46028, 290, 3769, 257, 12974, 804, 379, 262, 1204, 286, 257, 8253, 11, 28639, 12, 7617, 3916, 2415, 13, 7123, 364, 2148, 4645, 355, 2995, 3360, 6482, 422, 262, 2176, 284, 262, 845, 3154, 11, 290, 617, 1593, 6419, 389, 21194, 276, 625, 393, 36391, 284, 262, 15264, 13, 3982, 16661, 1087, 286, 662, 12, 49787, 4963, 11, 262, 27128, 13878, 1111, 35321, 447, 247, 82, 512, 1741, 286, 18418, 20954, 290, 262, 3685, 286, 262, 7897, 29179, 11, 1844, 351, 32160, 21755, 11, 44736, 20597, 290, 517, 13, 198, 2025, 47602, 9793, 284, 257, 13899, 6754, 3785, 13, 357, 8899, 11, 16199, 1435, 11, 21194, 560, 11, 4237, 290, 2252, 3555, 8, 357, 15419, 24046, 13, 838, 12, 1065, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	312
Disruptive behavior is an ongoing pattern of conduct that bothers and upsets the worker's day-to-day interpersonal workplace surroundings. Although disruptive behaviors have long been a concern, these behaviors have gone unchecked and sometimes are accepted as part of the workplace environment. Disruptive behavior is inappropriate behavior that interferes with the functioning and flow of the workplace. It hinders or prevents employees from carrying out their workplace responsibilities. It is important that managers and front line staff address disruptive behavior promptly. If no one tackles disruptive behavior it typically continues to escalate, resulting in negative consequences for the perpetrator as well as others. Individuals who engage in disruptive behavior in a work setting can almost always find ways to justify their bad behavior. Although there may be legitimate concerns about questionable workplace tactics and approaches there is a gross logical error rooted in the assumption that angry potentially dangerous and devaluing behavior can positively improve the company or organization's objectives. People who display disruptive behavior generally lack the ability to be self-reflective and are often clueless to the way in which their manner impact others. Disruptive employees can be understood as having particular shortcomings related to self-regulation. Self-regulation includes one's capacity to manage and contain anxiety and process emotional states, maintain balance in self-esteem, respect other peoples' points of view, while remaining engaged in productive goal-oriented work-related efforts with others. Examples of Disruptive Behavior: Part of the responsibilities for organizations and companies that want to plainly demonstrate zero tolerance for inappropriate and disruptive behaviors also must provide necessary resources and mechanisms to safe guard against such behaviors. This includes opportunities to improve teamwork, foster a sense of mutual respect, and improve communication. These efforts also enhance the workplace environment reduce the risk for legal action loss of productivity, absenteeism, turnover, low morale, and lack of trust. Eliminating the Disruptions: -Code of conduct -Training and education -Standards for behavior -Procedures for investigation Lastly, all of us are responsible and need to be sanctioned to address and understand the necessary changes in the workplace culture in order to eliminate disruptive behavior.	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If you and your partner are trying to conceive, it's important to keep the testicles cooler than the normal body temperature of 98.6 (98 point 6) degrees. Sperm need a cooler environment, around 93 degrees, for successful production. During the day, you can do this by wearing boxer shorts instead of briefs and not sitting down for long periods of time. At night, to keep your testicles from overheating, sleep with as little clothing on as you can. Avoid electric blankets, heated waterbeds, or other sources of artificial heat, and don't curl up into a ball to keep warm. Remember that the testicles are naturally located outside of the body to keep them at a cooler temperature. Preserving this cooler environment can help sperm production and eventually conception.	[ 1532, 345, 290, 534, 5212, 389, 2111, 284, 33669, 11, 340, 338, 1593, 284, 1394, 262, 1332, 2983, 19346, 621, 262, 3487, 1767, 5951, 286, 9661, 13, 21, 357, 4089, 966, 718, 8, 7370, 13, 311, 16321, 761, 257, 19346, 2858, 11, 1088, 10261, 7370, 11, 329, 4388, 3227, 13, 5856, 262, 1110, 11, 345, 460, 466, 428, 416, 5762, 38660, 22078, 2427, 286, 50011, 290, 407, 5586, 866, 329, 890, 9574, 286, 640, 13, 1629, 1755, 11, 284, 1394, 534, 1332, 2983, 422, 34789, 803, 11, 3993, 351, 355, 1310, 9528, 319, 355, 345, 460, 13, 24390, 5186, 34794, 11, 16968, 1660, 3077, 82, 11, 393, 584, 4237, 286, 11666, 4894, 11, 290, 836, 470, 29249, 510, 656, 257, 2613, 284, 1394, 5814, 13, 11436, 326, 262, 1332, 2983, 389, 8752, 5140, 2354, 286, 262, 1767, 284, 1394, 606, 379, 257, 19346, 5951, 13, 1763, 14344, 428, 19346, 2858, 460, 1037, 19311, 3227, 290, 4191, 19759, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	159
Posted: Mar 19, 2013 7:00 AM by By Serena Gordon TUESDAY, March 19 (HealthDay News) -- Black children are less likely than other children to be given antibiotics and less likely to be given the most powerful antibiotics to treat acute respiratory tract infections, new research suggests. Does this represent a previously unrecognized bias against black children? Probably not, said the researchers and other experts. Instead, it's more likely that non-black children are getting more antibiotics than they should be. "We hypothesize that this discrepancy reflects over-prescribing, both for all antibiotics and for the relative proportion of broad-spectrum antibiotics, to non-black patients, rather than under-prescribing to black patients," wrote the researchers led by Dr. Jeffrey Gerber, of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, who added that more study of this pattern should be conducted. Dr. Allison Bartlett, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at LaRabida Children's Hospital in Chicago, agreed. "The fact that black kids are given fewer antibiotics and fewer broad-spectrum antibiotics may come across as a bad thing to the casual reader, but perhaps it's not an issue of under-treating black kids, but over-treating non-black kids," she said. Another expert who was not involved with the study, Dr. Roya Samuels, a pediatrician at Cohen Children's Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y., said that, at first glance, "this comes across as quite a controversial topic. But, I don't think we're dealing with a predilection to not prescribing to black children. Rather, there is still non-judicious use of antibiotics in the pediatric population as a whole, and non-judicious use tends to occur more in the non-black population." Results of the current study were released online March 18 and will appear in the April print issue of Pediatrics. Gerber and colleagues undertook the study because racial disparities have been found in other areas of health care, but the issue hadn't been thoroughly studied in a pediatric primary care setting, according to background information in the report. The study included data from 25 primary care pediatric practices in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The practices had a total of 222 doctors. From a total of more than 600,000 office visits, the investigators found that there were more than 100,000 visits that included a prescription for an antibiotic. To help account for factors that might influence the way a physician chose to treat a particular patient, the researchers excluded visits for people with antibiotic allergies and those who'd had a recent history of antibiotic use from their data. That left just over 81,000 visits that ended with an antibiotic prescription. Almost 30,000 of those visits ended with a prescription for a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which means a powerful antibiotic that kills a variety of bacteria. In general, antibiotic use recommendations suggest using the most narrow-spectrum antibiotic possible to help prevent antibiotic resistance. When the researchers broke the data down by race, they found that 29 percent of visits by non-black children ended with an antibiotic prescription compared to 23.5 percent for black children. When an antibiotic was prescribed, black children were about 12 percent less likely to receive broad-spectrum antibiotics. Black children were also less likely to receive a diagnosis that might justify an antibiotic prescription, such as strep throat, a sinus infection or an ear infection. Both Bartlett and Samuels said that they were a bit confused by the strep throat findings, as an objective test is available to diagnose strep. The study authors said they were not aware of any biological reasons that could account for these findings. All of the experts suggested this was an area that needed further research. The authors said that the doctor-patient relationship may play a role in some of these findings. Parents of non-black children may state that they expect antibiotics more often, or doctors may expect that these parents will want antibiotics for their child, which may influence their prescribing decisions, they suggested. Both Samuels and Bartlett said that black parents probably don't need to be concerned by these findings. But, Bartlett added that all parents should "be strong advocates for their children. We're very fortunate that we have antibiotics to help when we need them, but there are a lot of times we don't need them, and we need to give a child's body time to heal on its own." It's OK to ask your child's doctor why he or she is prescribing an antibiotic, or why not, according to Samuels. "Physicians are your partners," said Samuels. "They're healers and teachers, and parents need to understand the thinking behind a clinical decision. Parents also need to know that every medication can potentially cause an allergic reaction and every medication can have adverse effects. Antibiotics need to be prescribed with great care and thought," she said. Learn more about appropriate antibiotic use from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SOURCES: Allison Bartlett, M.D., consulting physician, infectious diseases, LaRabida Children's Hospital, and associate director, infection prevention program, and associate director, antimicrobial stewardship, University of Chicago; Roya Samuels, M.D., pediatrician, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, N.Y.; April 2013, Pediatrics Copyright (c) 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.	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When you need a portable, convenient power source, you can rely on batteries. Batteries of all shapes and sizes supply power to everyday electronics like toys and power tools, but batteries also work where we don't see them too. During a power outage, phone lines still operate because they are equipped with lead-acid batteries. Batteries help control power fluctuations, run commuter trains, and provide back-up power for critical needs like hospitals and military operations. The versatility of batteries is reflected in the different sizes and shapes, but all batteries have two common elements that combine to make power: an electrolyte and a heavy metal. Just the Facts Batteries contain heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel, which can contaminate the environment when batteries are improperly disposed of. When incinerated, certain metals might be released into the air or can concentrate in the ash produced by the combustion process. One way to reduce the number of batteries in the waste stream is to purchase rechargeable batteries. Nearly one in five dry-cell batteries purchased in the United States is rechargeable. Over its useful life, each rechargeable battery may substitute for hundreds of single-use batteries. Lead-Acid Automobile Batteries Nearly 90 percent of all lead-acid batteries are recycled. Almost any retailer that sells lead-acid batteries collects used batteries for recycling, as required by most state laws. Reclaimers crush batteries into nickel-sized pieces and separate the plastic components. They send the plastic to a reprocessor for manufacture into new plastic products and deliver purified lead to battery manufacturers and other industries. A typical lead-acid battery contains 60 to 80 percent recycled lead and plastic. Non-Automotive Lead-Based Batteries Gel cells and sealed lead-acid batteries are commonly used to power industrial equipment, emergency lighting, and alarm systems. The same recycling process applies as with automotive batteries. An automotive store or a local waste agency may accept the batteries for recycling. Dry-cell batteries include alkaline and carbon zinc (9-volt, D, C, AA, AAA), mercuric-oxide (button, some cylindrical and rectangular), silver-oxide and zinc-air (button), and lithium (9-volt, C, AA, coin, button, rechargeable). On average, each person in the United States discards eight dry-cell batteries per year. Alkaline and Zinc-Carbon Batteries Alkaline batteries, the everyday household batteries used in flashlights, remote controls, and other appliances. Several reclamation companies now process these batteries. Most small, round "button-cell" type batteries found in items such as watches and hearing aids contain mercury, silver, cadmium, lithium, or other heavy metals as their main component. Button cells are increasingly targeted for recycling because of the value of recoverable materials, their small size, and their easy handling relative to other battery types. The Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) , a nonprofit public service organization, targets four kinds of rechargeable batteries for recycling: nickel-cadmium (Ni-CD), nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, and small-sealed lead. Its "Call2Recycle!" program offers various recycling plans for communities, retailers, businesses, and public agencies.	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Exploring Nonlinear Mechanical Behaviour of Rocks at LANCE SMARTS - Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress Atomic-scale stress-strain information obtained from the neutron Rietveld data indicate that the strain experienced by the crystalline quartz is ~1/5 of the macroscopic strain (the rest taken up by the grain contacts and bonds in the rock). No hints of nonlinearity whatsoever are evident in the neutron data. Conclusion? The grain bond system (a small fraction of the total rock) is responsible for all the peculiar quasi-static nonlinearity we see. Beamlines at the LANSCE (Los Alamos Neutron Science Center)/Lujan Center - LANSCE produces intense sources of pulsed protons and spallation neutrons from a tungsten target. Proton beam currents during all the experiments varied from 100 to 110 µA. The Neutron Powder Diffractometer has the unique capability of simultaneous high-Q Rietveld and pair-density function analyses, enabling determination of the average and local structures of complex materials with high accuracy. The questions these experiments are designed to answer are (1) can neutrons "see" the grain bond system and if so, (2) can neutrons help to ascertain the role(s) of intergranular bonds vs. the bulk crystalline volume in the nonlinear behaviour of rocks? Results below show evidence of non-crystalline silica in a pure quartz sandstone. Above - Rietveld analysis shows an excellent match with crystalline quartz; there are no other crystal phases in Fontainebleau sandstone. Above - A revised model adding ~7% amorphous silica to the crystal model makes a greatly improved fit. Above - When the PDF data (red crosses) is compared to a perfect quartz model, there is a large discrepancy in the nearest neighbor peaks. Above - PDF data (red) of amorphous silica shows that only the nearest neighbor peaks are sharp and correspond with those of the crystal (blue). HIPPO's proximity to the neutron spallation source and its numerous detectors mean it can watch atomic plane structures change in real time. Counting for 1 minute or less is sufficient for a Rietveld analysis of the scattering data. Scattering experiments were performed to observe the crystalline structure of sandstone samples undergoing periodic temperature changes. Modulus (resonance frequency) and temperature was tracked as a function of time. Neutron results -unit cell volume- show none of the peculiar macroscopic nonlinear behavior. History - Modulus drop observed after a temperature change IN either direction for a sample of Berea sandstone Sandstone sample in holder, thermocouples, and a piezoelectric source and receiver all mounted in an isothermal temperature chamber and mylar thermal radiation shielding. Corresponding shift of frequency as temperature changed. Plot of temperature and unit cell volume during the experiment. Work supported by Office of Basic Energy Sciences, DOE, with Los Alamos National Laboratory Institutional Support. HTML conversion by Jeff Simpson.	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\|Other Egyptian Gods\| Anubis, whose hieroglyphic name more closely translates as Anpu or Inepu, is the Ancient Egyptian god of death and dying, and sometimes god of the Underworld. His mother is Hesat or Bastet with an unknown father, or Nephthys, and his father is variously said to be Set, Ra or Osiris. His daughter is Qeb-hwt, also known as Kebechet. In later times, Anubis was combined with the Greek god Hermes to form Hermanubis. The center of his cult was in Cynopolis. He has the head of a jackal or some other kind of dog, and the jackal is his symbol. The jackal imagery is related to Anubis' role among the deities of Egypt, as the jackal is a scavenger and is strongly associated with death and dying. He was also know as the Guardian of the Dead. In art, he is depicted as a man with a canine head and alert ears, often wearing a ribbon and wielding a whip. Roles in mythology Anubis was originally the lord of the underworld, however following the rise of the cult of Osiris he becomes the gatekeeper. In the Horus story he stands down his position out of respect for Osiris in order to allow him to take over. Anubis' role as gate keeper was primarily that of either holding or watching the scales with which the souls of the dead were weighted against the feather of Ma'at. If the soul was as light as the feather, Anubis led the soul to Osiris; otherwise, it was fed to Ammit. In this role, he is sometimes identified with a god known as Wep-wawet ("opener of the ways"). In his embalming role, Anubis is referred to by the epithet imy-ut ("he who is in the place where embalming occurs"). He guards the physical remains of bodies, as well as the tombs and necropoli. Worship of Anubis is likely older even than that of Osiris. The Unas text (line 70) associates him with the Eye of Horus. In the Book of the Dead, he embalms the body of Osiris, wraps it in linens made by Isis and Nepthys, and protects the body by laying his bare hands on it. The wife of Anubis is the goddess Anput, whose symbol is also a jackal. For many years Anput was thought to be just another name for Anubis — a strange idea when one considers that Egyptian names ending in t are usually feminine. In Book xi of The Golden Ass by Apuleius, we find evidence that the worship of Anubis was maintained in Rome at least up to the 2nd century. - Wikipedia. (2005). Anubis. Retrieved on 02/28/2005. - This page was originally sourced from Thelemapedia. Retrieved May 2009.	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Wish you could dazzle your colleagues at meetings, wow your friends when telling them about a recent event or captivate a group of energetic children? Storytelling maybe the answer! Learning to be a good storyteller will equip you with the knowledge, skills and ability to bring a bland chart to life, help your friends feel what you felt during an ordeal, engage children and more. Fortunately, I had the opportunity to sit through a fabulous workshop on storytelling facilitated by Debra Harris-Branham and Zelda Foxall at the 2012 iYouth Conference. It was a terrific interactive session on how to be an effective teller of stories. Below are insights extracted from the energetic speakers and a handout they distributed. - Find a story that you love to tell Although you may have a story in mind, finding one is harder than it sounds. If you don’t know where to begin, visit your local library and head to the 398 section. There, you will find a wide variety of folktales, fairy tales and fables. Can’t get to a library? Not a problem. Check out the sites listed below to help you find, learn and tell stories: - Learn it Once you have found a story that you really like, read the story a few times. BUT, don’t try to memorize it. Instead, make yourself familiar with the sequence (beginning, middle and end) of the story. Learn it the way that makes the best sense for you. This might mean writing it out, listening to an audio recording or watching the movie version. Which ever method you choose it should be fun! - What to Memorize As stated above, don’t worry about memorizing the whole story. Instead, learn the first and last lines of the story, as well as any repetitive phrases or chants. - Practice, practice, practice Practice telling the story! This is a crucial step. Practicing will ensure that you do a fabulous job when you stand before an audience. If you can find an audience to practice in front of great! If you can’t no problem. Find a wall, mirror, doll, toy, pet or any other object and tell your story! Make sure you do it with plenty of enthusiasm and energy. Embody your character(s). Make your movements big and your expressions majestic. It will be these elements that will make your story unforgettable. Are you in Seattle and want to attend local storytelling events and/or classes? Start with the Seattle Storyteller’s Guild. Well, there you have it! A simple guide to becoming an amazing storyteller. Use what you learn here to positively influence all of your speaking related activities! If you have questions you can type them in the comments section below and I will get an answer for them. Alternatively, you can contact the experts Debra Harris-Branham (debstories AT comcast DOT net) and/or Zelda Foxall (zeldasm AT q DOT com) yourself.	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Is it true that 'preterism' and 'futurism' were Jesuit interpretations of prophecy that were contrived during the counter-reformation? I've read that in a couple of places and wondered what your study has led you to about that. Thank you. Preterism is the view that the prophecies concerning destruction, especially those found in Revelation were fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem. There are variations of the belief, as you would expect when men are involved. Some take the extreme position that all prophesy has been fulfilled. The majority see the prophesies concerning the judgment and heaven are still in the future, but rest have been fulfilled. A few are only interested in Revelation itself and see it as mostly a discussion concerning the destruction of Jerusalem. Futurism is the view that none of the prophecies concerning destruction have been fulfilled yet. Everything is seen as pointing to some distant future time just before Jesus returns. Thus Revelation is seen a warning whose time will come, but hasn't been reached yet. Futurism's adherents also display wide variations in their beliefs. Premillennialism is actually a form of futurism. Continuous Historicism is the view that Revelation foretells the history of the church from the time of John to the second coming of Jesus. Various events through history are argued to match certain prophecies in Revelation. Thus the claim is that John spoke of the rise of the Roman Catholic church and the papacy, the rise of the Muslim religion, the reformation and even major wars. Philosophical doesn't see specific events being foretold in Revelation, but a general story of the war between good and evil. Historical sees Revelation speaking of specific events in history, though not necessarily the fall of Jerusalem, relevant to the people to whom the book was written. In other words it takes place in a specific timeframe that is within the lives of the audience Revelation was intended. They find that we who come later can learn the lessons from what happened to apply to our own lives since history tends to repeat itself, just as we can turn to the pages of the Old Testament and learn lessons from what happened then. Advocates of each position claim that their view has been always held by Christians. They will pull quotes from early Christian writings because the beliefs are general enough that you can find in almost anyone's writings something to support your view. What you won't find is a detailed advocation of one particular view. It is true that advocacy of preterism and futurism was championed by Jesuits in their early days. During the reformation it was popular to pin the Roman Catholic church with the label of the great harlot. Whether the Jesuits actually developed these ideas or found a solution by advocating the ideas, I can't say for certain. What we do know is that several Jesuit books are the first detailed arguments for both Futurism and Preterism. Futurism arose first. Francisco Ribera, a Jesuit theologian, published a book on Revelation in 1590 called In Sacrum Beati Ioannis Apostoli, & Evangelistiae Apocalypsin Commentarij. By putting everything in the distant future, then obviously the Roman Catholic church can't be the bad guy. Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit apologist, also took the futurist view in his work, Polemic Lectures Concerning the Disputed Points of the Christian Belief Against the Heretics of This Time. It was published somewhere between 1581 and 1593. Futurism “argues that Revelation looks beyond the first century to the period immediately before the end times. Thus the book was not written for those who received it, but for those living much later. Jesuit scholars after the Reformation refined this approach to prove that current attempts to identify the Pope as the Antichrist could not possibly be true since the Antichrist will not be revealed until far into the future, just before the Parousia [the Second Coming]." [Jerry L. Walls, The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology, 2007]. But the Catholic church is a large organization and other Jesuits advocated the preterits view. If everything happened before the Catholic church developed, then it can't be the bad guy. Luis De Alcazar wrote a commentary, published in 1614, called Investigation of the Hidden Sense of the Apocalypse where he claimed that every prophecy was fulfilled in the early years after Christ. Preterism "is said to have been first promulgated in anything like completeness by the Jesuit Alcasar, in his Vestigatio Arcani Sensus in Apocalypsi (1614). Very nearly, the same plan was adopted by Grotius. The next great name among this school of interpreters is that of Bossuet the great antagonist of Protestantism." [Henry Alford, The New Testament for English Readers, 1872]. Both Futurism and Preterism can shown to be false. Like most concepts, there are grains of truth within the systems, but overall the systems of belief are not correct.	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Most common smoke detectors (Fig. 13-2) contain a small amount of 241Am, a radioactive isotope. 241Am is produced and recovered from nuclear reactors. Alpha particles emitted by the decays of 241Am ionize the air (split the air molecules into electrons and positive ions) and generate a small current of electricity that is measured by a current-sensitive circuit. When smoke enters the detector, ions become attached to the smoke particles, which causes a decrease in the detector current. When this happens, an alarm sounds. These detectors provide warning for people to leave burning homes safely. Many lives have been saved by the their use. Because the distance alpha particles travel in air is so short, there is no risk of being exposed to radiation by having a smoke detector in the house. Since ionization-type smoke detectors contain radioactive materials, they should be recycled or disposed of as radioactive waste. It is important to follow the instructions that come with the smoke alarm when they need to be discarded.	[ 6943, 2219, 7523, 40471, 357, 14989, 13, 1511, 12, 17, 8, 3994, 257, 1402, 2033, 286, 35150, 5840, 11, 257, 25521, 31624, 3008, 13, 35150, 5840, 318, 4635, 290, 11911, 422, 4523, 28502, 13, 12995, 13166, 31234, 416, 262, 875, 592, 286, 35150, 5840, 22088, 1096, 262, 1633, 357, 35312, 262, 1633, 17745, 656, 28722, 290, 3967, 39270, 8, 290, 7716, 257, 1402, 1459, 286, 8744, 326, 318, 8630, 416, 257, 1459, 12, 30176, 10349, 13, 1649, 7523, 14170, 262, 31029, 11, 39270, 1716, 7223, 284, 262, 7523, 13166, 11, 543, 5640, 257, 10070, 287, 262, 31029, 1459, 13, 1649, 428, 4325, 11, 281, 10436, 5238, 13, 2312, 40471, 2148, 6509, 329, 661, 284, 2666, 9482, 5682, 11512, 13, 4650, 3160, 423, 587, 7448, 416, 262, 511, 779, 13, 198, 8128, 262, 5253, 17130, 13166, 3067, 287, 1633, 318, 523, 1790, 11, 612, 318, 645, 2526, 286, 852, 7362, 284, 11881, 416, 1719, 257, 7523, 31029, 287, 262, 2156, 13, 4619, 22088, 1634, 12, 4906, 7523, 40471, 3994, 25521, 5696, 11, 484, 815, 307, 32099, 393, 29947, 286, 355, 25521, 7030, 13, 632, 318, 1593, 284, 1061, 262, 7729, 326, 1282, 351, 262, 7523, 10436, 618, 484, 761, 284, 307, 25148, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	203
Science Museum unwraps a "sweet" exhibition A "tasty" exhibition to reveal the biology, chemistry, physiology and psychology of the world of candy was unwrapped at the Hong Kong Science Museum today (June 26) and will run until October 28. "Candy Unwrapped", featuring 17 groups of interactive exhibits, will satisfy the mind of visitors even as it tickles their taste buds through looking at, smelling and tasting the exhibits. Speaking at the opening ceremony of the exhibition today, the Assistant Director (Heritage and Museums) of Leisure and Cultural Services, Dr Louis Ng, said the Hong Kong Science Museum organised this exhibition to give children an educational and entertaining experience for the summer holidays. "Candy is not only for kids. Chocolate is also a favourite of ladies. With stories about romantic memories and magical powers of chocolate, visitors will learn about the rich history and culture of candy and other yummy treats from around the world. We believe the exhibition will enable all family members, young and old, to discover the fun and the science and psychology behind the candy," Dr Ng said. Produced by the Ontario Science Centre in collaboration with Ybrick Design 3D Inc, "Candy Unwrapped" invites visitors to bring their taste buds for some sensational sugary science. Visitors can examine the structure and many uses of sugar, which is more than just a sweet treat and has qualities that are useful in many things. They can see how sugar has been used to preserve food, bind concrete and even heal wounds. They are also invited to walk across the face of an enlarged sugar crystal to learn about the various phases of crystallisation, the beauty of nature’s final design, and what sugar crystals have in common with stacks of oranges in a supermarket. Visitors can explore how taste and other senses, such as sight and smell, are used by the human body to determine what tastes good. Using their taste buds, they can learn the biological point of puckering by experiencing the super sour challenge, and discover the difference between taste and flavour through participating in a jelly bean test. The rich history and cultural diversity of candy and other treats from around the world are featured in the exhibition. Visitors can discover the fascinating stories behind treats from a dozen countries, from Chinese ginger candies to Nigerian puff-puffs. Some unusual past and present candies are also on display, and visitors will learn through the exhibits why some of them are still popular in modern times. The exhibition will detail the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. Visitors can also experience how candies bring back romantic memories, and find out whether chocolate is always associated with romance, or is it simply a psychological effect? Visitors can discover more by entering into a boudoir to learn about the cultural legacy and intriguing chemical properties of chocolate. Visitors can jump on the energy burn bike and pedal for one minute to find out the calories of a sugar cube and how many calories they can burn off in 60 seconds. They will learn about the way their body creates and uses energy and which types of food energy work best for them. Kids can design and draw their own candy wrapper or jump on the cushy giant tongue and learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue. Admission to "Candy Unwrapped" is $35 with half-price concession for full-time students, people with disabilities and senior citizens aged 60 or above. "Free Admission on Wednesdays" and the Museum Weekly Pass will not apply to this exhibition. The Science Museum is located at 2 Science Museum Road, Tsim Sha Tsui East, Kowloon. It is open from 1pm to 9pm from Monday to Friday, and from 10am to 9pm on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. It is closed on Thursdays (except public holidays). For details of the exhibition and related programmes, visit the Science Museum's website (hk.science.museum). For enquiries, please call 2732 3232. Ends/Friday, June 26, 2009 Climbing up an enlarged sugar crystal, the "Crystal Mountain", visitors can learn about the various phases of crystallisation and the beauty of nature's final design. The exhibit, "Delectable Delights", allows visitors to learn about treats from around the world and how some of these treats taste surprisingly like some of our familiar foods. Jumping on the "Taste Bud Tango", a cushy giant tongue, visitors can learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue. "A Bar is Born" details the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. Chocolate has long been considered an aphrodisiac. Is this a scientific fact or sexy myth? Visitors can discover more by entering into "Romancing the Bean" to learn about the cultural legacy and intriguing chemical properties of chocolate.	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Cosmogenic Nuclide Group Humans live on the earth’s surface and Earth Surface Processes (ESP) are cornerstones defining fundamental boundaries for civilization. Many of these processes occur so rapidly and unexpectedly that they have daunting consequences. We are poorly equipped to predict their nature and possible impacts due to the lack of scientific understanding. In particular, the impact of current environmental change on the nature of Earth Surface Processes is hardly predictable. It is a high priority challenge for modern earth sciences to better understand such processes. One of the most promising approaches to this task is the quantitative investigation of ESP from the past to the present, and to apply the insight to current and future environmental challenges. The leading technique to realize this is the application of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide. The LDEO Cosmogenic Nuclide Group develops terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide techniques and applies those as chronometers and tracers in the Earth Sciences. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides are produced by interactions between secondary cosmic rays and near surface rocks. Our research interests cover a wide spectrum of earth scientific disciplines and include timing of ice ages, subglacial erosion rates, uplift rates of Pleistocene terraces, and a better understanding of the production systematics of cosmogenic nuclides. We apply the full spectrum of cosmogenic nuclides, including the routine extraction of 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl. In cooperation with the LDEO noble gas group (Gisela Winckler, link), we also routinely measure cosmogenic 3He. Recently, we have pioneered the terrestrial 53Mn technique as new monitor of earth surface processes, and we also have established an extraction line for in situ 14C from quartz (LINK TO 14C LINE).	[ 36734, 76, 15147, 21733, 565, 485, 4912, 198, 32661, 504, 2107, 319, 262, 4534, 447, 247, 82, 4417, 290, 3668, 20321, 10854, 274, 357, 1546, 47, 8, 389, 5228, 28750, 16215, 7531, 13215, 329, 14355, 13, 4650, 286, 777, 7767, 3051, 523, 8902, 290, 25884, 326, 484, 423, 30496, 6948, 13, 775, 389, 13455, 10911, 284, 4331, 511, 3450, 290, 1744, 12751, 2233, 284, 262, 3092, 286, 5654, 4547, 13, 554, 1948, 11, 262, 2928, 286, 1459, 6142, 1487, 319, 262, 3450, 286, 3668, 20321, 10854, 274, 318, 8941, 20039, 13, 632, 318, 257, 1029, 8475, 4427, 329, 3660, 4534, 19838, 284, 1365, 1833, 884, 7767, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 749, 11781, 10581, 284, 428, 4876, 318, 262, 26610, 3645, 286, 9428, 422, 262, 1613, 284, 262, 1944, 11, 290, 284, 4174, 262, 11281, 284, 1459, 290, 2003, 6142, 6459, 13, 383, 3756, 8173, 284, 6537, 428, 318, 262, 3586, 286, 35609, 8615, 76, 15147, 14364, 565, 485, 13, 198, 464, 27178, 4720, 10437, 76, 15147, 21733, 565, 485, 4912, 21126, 35609, 8615, 76, 15147, 14364, 565, 485, 7605, 290, 8991, 883, 355, 16199, 40077, 290, 491, 49908, 287, 262, 3668, 13473, 13, 3813, 23522, 8615, 76, 15147, 14364, 565, 1460, 389, 4635, 416, 12213, 1022, 9233, 23464, 24823, 290, 1474, 4417, 12586, 13, 3954, 2267, 5353, 3002, 257, 3094, 10958, 286, 4534, 5654, 29861, 290, 2291, 10576, 286, 4771, 9337, 11, 850, 4743, 18150, 29337, 3965, 11, 28996, 2135, 3965, 286, 18063, 396, 34973, 8812, 2114, 11, 290, 257, 1365, 4547, 286, 262, 3227, 1080, 23372, 286, 8615, 76, 15147, 14364, 565, 1460, 13, 775, 4174, 262, 1336, 10958, 286, 8615, 76, 15147, 14364, 565, 1460, 11, 1390, 262, 8027, 22236, 286, 838, 3856, 11, 2608, 2348, 11, 290, 4570, 2601, 13, 554, 11113, 351, 262, 27178, 4720, 15581, 3623, 1448, 357, 38, 271, 10304, 7178, 694, 1754, 11, 2792, 828, 356, 635, 16231, 3953, 8615, 76, 15147, 513, 1544, 13, 23413, 11, 356, 423, 43185, 262, 35609, 7192, 44, 77, 8173, 355, 649, 5671, 286, 4534, 4417, 7767, 11, 290, 356, 635, 423, 4920, 281, 22236, 1627, 329, 287, 34074, 1478, 34, 422, 47969, 357, 43, 17248, 5390, 1478, 34, 48920, 737, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	365
\|Origin:\|\|, past participle of consolidare, from com- ( COM-) + solidus 'solid'\| con‧sol‧i‧date [intransitive and transitive] to strengthen the position of power or success that you have, so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer: The company has consolidated its position as the country's leading gas supplier. The team consolidated their lead with a third goal. to combine things in order to make them more effective or easier to deal with: We consolidate information from a wide range of sources. They took out a loan to consolidate their debts. The company is planning to consolidate its business activities at a new site in Arizona. —consolidation noun [uncountable and countable] the consolidation of political power	[ 91, 39688, 25, 15886, 11, 1613, 1344, 2480, 286, 14652, 533, 11, 422, 401, 12, 357, 9440, 25106, 1343, 4735, 385, 705, 39390, 6, 91, 198, 1102, 447, 100, 34453, 447, 100, 72, 447, 100, 4475, 685, 600, 26084, 1800, 290, 1007, 1800, 60, 198, 1462, 12160, 262, 2292, 286, 1176, 393, 1943, 326, 345, 423, 11, 523, 326, 340, 4329, 517, 4050, 393, 4477, 329, 2392, 25, 198, 464, 1664, 468, 27890, 663, 2292, 355, 262, 1499, 338, 3756, 3623, 22693, 13, 198, 464, 1074, 27890, 511, 1085, 351, 257, 2368, 3061, 13, 198, 1462, 12082, 1243, 287, 1502, 284, 787, 606, 517, 4050, 393, 4577, 284, 1730, 351, 25, 198, 1135, 38562, 1321, 422, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 4237, 13, 198, 2990, 1718, 503, 257, 8063, 284, 38562, 511, 20250, 13, 198, 464, 1664, 318, 5410, 284, 38562, 663, 1597, 4568, 379, 257, 649, 2524, 287, 7943, 13, 198, 960, 5936, 10180, 341, 23227, 685, 403, 9127, 540, 290, 954, 540, 60, 198, 1169, 31941, 286, 1964, 1176, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	171
o‧rig‧i‧nal1 S1 W1 existing or happening first, before other people or things: first[only before noun] The land was returned to its original owner. The kitchen still has many original features (=parts that were there when the house was first built). the original meaning of the word The original plan was to fly out to New York. completely new and different from anything that anyone has thought of before: I don't think George is capable of having original ideas! That's not a very original suggestion. a highly original design His work is truly original. an original work of art is the one that was made by the artist and is not a copy: a work of art[only before noun] The original painting is now in the National Gallery in London. an original Holbein drawing	[ 78, 447, 100, 4359, 447, 100, 72, 447, 100, 77, 282, 16, 311, 16, 370, 16, 198, 25687, 393, 5836, 717, 11, 878, 584, 661, 393, 1243, 25, 198, 11085, 58, 8807, 878, 23227, 60, 198, 464, 1956, 373, 4504, 284, 663, 2656, 4870, 13, 198, 464, 9592, 991, 468, 867, 2656, 3033, 46121, 42632, 326, 547, 612, 618, 262, 2156, 373, 717, 3170, 737, 198, 1169, 2656, 3616, 286, 262, 1573, 198, 464, 2656, 1410, 373, 284, 6129, 503, 284, 968, 1971, 13, 198, 46699, 649, 290, 1180, 422, 1997, 326, 2687, 468, 1807, 286, 878, 25, 198, 40, 836, 470, 892, 4502, 318, 6007, 286, 1719, 2656, 4213, 0, 198, 2504, 338, 407, 257, 845, 2656, 13052, 13, 198, 64, 4047, 2656, 1486, 198, 6653, 670, 318, 4988, 2656, 13, 198, 272, 2656, 670, 286, 1242, 318, 262, 530, 326, 373, 925, 416, 262, 6802, 290, 318, 407, 257, 4866, 25, 198, 64, 670, 286, 1242, 58, 8807, 878, 23227, 60, 198, 464, 2656, 12036, 318, 783, 287, 262, 2351, 12917, 287, 3576, 13, 198, 272, 2656, 6479, 1350, 259, 8263, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	184
Lesson Plans and Worksheets Browse by Subject Blood Teacher Resources Find teacher approved Blood educational resource ideas and activities A series of diagrams and photographs is a vivid tool for delivering a lesson about blood vessels. Each slide has notes for the lecturer to use to explain each slide. Your young biologists will increase their understanding of the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The final slide provides a comparison chart for them to copy and complete as a review of the information absorbed. A thorough commentary on blood type is presented in this handout. Antigens and antibodies are defined. Punnett squares and a pedigree chart help to clarify. Human biology or genetics learners then apply their knowledge to two situations: two newborn baby girls being possibly switched in the hospital and a crime scene investigation. This is an engaging activity that ends with a lab activity simulating the blood typing and identification of the perpetrator. Although there are vocabulary terms in this PowerPoint that use British spelling, the presentation is attractive and educational. The content flows from the general composition of blood, into the different types of blood cells and their functions. The concluding slide has review questions that you can use to assess student retention. In this blood type worksheet, students create a wheel showing blood type, antigens and the genes involved in coding for each blood type. Students use the wheel to answer 16 questions about blood type and they complete a chart with the genes, antigens and blood types using what they learned from the wheel. In this simulation activity, young biologists examine blood types to determine whether the death rate in a hospital was caused because of incorrect identification of patient blood types. You will need obtain and follow the procedures of a blood typing kit in order carry out this lab activity in your classroom. Using this scenario makes a blood typing or scientific method lesson more interesting, and the provided lab sheet makes it easier for you to implement. There are factors that can be controlled and factors that can't be controlled regarding blood pressure. Read through these handouts and learn about the different factors. Then answer some questions about the information just learned. There is even an activity to determine resting heart rate, and then to make calculations regarding one's target heart rate range. Discover why all of this information is important. In this blood worksheet, students watch a video called "The Epic Story of Blood" and answer 24 questions about the creation of blood, how it is produced, blood donation, blood banks and transfusions. Students take an short quiz about the blood and what they learned in the video. Here is a sharp presentation on multiple alleles using the classic blood type example. Viewers revisit codominance and dominance and learn that blood type is actually a combination of both. They use Punnett squares to solve blood type problems. They learn about agglutination and antibodies that make blood type crossing a topic of study. Follow this PowerPoint with a blood typing lab activity and more Punnett square practice.	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Definition of Genus Enterolobium 1. Noun. Small genus of tropical American timber trees closely allied to genus Albizia. Generic synonyms: Rosid Dicot Genus Group relationships: Mimosoideae, Subfamily Mimosoideae Member holonyms: Conacaste, Elephant's Ear, Enterolobium Cyclocarpa Genus Enterolobium Pictures Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Genus Enterolobium Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Genus Enterolobium Literary usage of Genus Enterolobium Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature: 1. The Geology of the Corocoro Copper District of Bolivia by Joseph Theophilus Singewald, Edward Wilber Berry (1922) "... zone of the eastern slopes, but so far as I know none occur in or west of the Cordillera Real or eastern Andes. genus Enterolobium ..." Other Resources Relating to: Genus Enterolobium	[ 36621, 286, 5215, 385, 6062, 349, 672, 1505, 198, 16, 13, 399, 977, 13, 10452, 34306, 286, 19690, 1605, 30605, 7150, 7173, 22034, 284, 34306, 17399, 528, 544, 13, 198, 46189, 6171, 43612, 25, 10018, 312, 360, 291, 313, 5215, 385, 198, 13247, 6958, 25, 39312, 28213, 485, 3609, 11, 3834, 17989, 39312, 28213, 485, 3609, 198, 27608, 6039, 43612, 25, 1482, 330, 4594, 11, 42651, 338, 2905, 11, 6062, 349, 672, 1505, 28007, 420, 5117, 64, 198, 13746, 385, 6062, 349, 672, 1505, 20051, 198, 8164, 262, 1708, 2792, 284, 2222, 510, 257, 649, 4324, 351, 281, 16359, 4947, 286, 4263, 3519, 284, 262, 3381, 25, 5215, 385, 6062, 349, 672, 1505, 5382, 198, 45117, 291, 17046, 22505, 32289, 286, 5215, 385, 6062, 349, 672, 1505, 198, 43460, 560, 8748, 286, 5215, 385, 6062, 349, 672, 1505, 198, 21106, 345, 481, 1064, 1672, 8748, 286, 428, 3381, 355, 1043, 287, 3660, 290, 14, 273, 15993, 9285, 25, 198, 16, 13, 383, 2269, 1435, 286, 262, 2744, 420, 16522, 27157, 5665, 286, 38496, 416, 7212, 383, 2522, 35815, 5573, 413, 1940, 11, 10443, 5187, 527, 20165, 357, 1129, 1828, 8, 198, 26214, 6516, 286, 262, 10183, 35082, 11, 475, 523, 1290, 355, 314, 760, 4844, 3051, 287, 393, 7421, 286, 262, 21119, 4665, 64, 6416, 393, 10183, 843, 274, 13, 34306, 6062, 349, 672, 1505, 35713, 198, 6395, 13864, 4718, 803, 284, 25, 5215, 385, 6062, 349, 672, 1505, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	240
Libralato Engine Overview THE LIBRALATO ENGINE - Invented by Dr. Ruggero Libralato; a teacher of electrical engineering by trade, Dr. Libralato’s keen interest in combustion engines from a young age led him to design a new combustion engine at the age of 27. Over 25 years, through various design iterations, the profound study of thermodynamics and theory of machines, Ruggero Libralato has invented a completely new design and a new thermodynamic cycle which deserves to rank alongside the names of Otto, Diesel and Wankel. A proof of concept first prototype was built in 2005. The Libralato rotary engine is a potential breakthrough technology – an eco-engine for the 21st century, with an asymmetrical geometry of expansion and compression volumes, which does not need to convert the linear motion of pistons into the rotary motion of the output shaft. The Libralato engine is predicted to demonstrate: a power phase in every revolution (giving it twice the power density of a reciprocating engine), exceptionally high mechanical and thermal efficiency, beyond Euro 6 standards of emissions, high and constant levels of torque, very low vibration, low exhaust gas noise and temperature with no need for valves, pistons, con-rods, crankshafts, cam shafts etc. Comparison of Libralato engine with piston engine and Wankel engine The proof of concept engine mechanism has been rotated at 3,000 rpm, demonstrating the dynamic balance of the engine and the integrity of its aspiration / expiration mechanism. It has not run as a hot engine yet since without the proper lubrication and cooling systems it would seize very quickly. The engine design is exceptionally compact and robust, approximately half the size and weight of a conventional reciprocating engine. It is ideally suited to a wide range of applications 1kW - 200kW, particularly where space, weight, emissions, noise and vibration restrictions apply; constant speeds are required and the engine is able to operate in its peak efficiency zone. Libralato engine schematic Exploded View of Libralato Engine Principal Parts The Libralato engine design is very different from the Wankel engine and avoids the problems of the Wankel engine by: large sealing surface areas of the rotors (equivalent in size to pistons), short flame paths acting against an acute angle working surface area, good thermal dispersion via fresh air scavenge phase and low bearing wear due to dynamic balance. The Libralato engine has only four principal moving parts: two rotors fixed by their own bearings, connected by a sliding rod and a rotating exhaust. The rotors have different (overlapping) diameters of circumference and their motion forms and reforms three separate chambers within the engine each revolution. The engine comprises a unique combination of two rotors, with different rotational diameters and separate centres, fixed by their own bearings and joined by a connecting piece that has a quasi-circular orbit. The motion of the rotors forms and reforms three distinct chambers within the engine each rotation, with asymmetrical expansion and compression volumes, two stage compression and low pressure scavenge. Induction air enters at the centre of the engine and compression/expansion occurs at the periphery producing uniform heat flow characteristics as air circulates around the two sides of the engine. New Thermodynamic Cycle - The engine does not have a traditional Otto or Diesel cycle. There are two compression phases. The inlet phase is compressed at a low ratio and then controls the later scavenge of the residual exhaust gases. In the second compression phase, the air is compressed at a higher compression ratio where the fuel is added. It is this fuel/air mixture that ignites to form the expansion phase. This all provides for an extremely efficient handling of the gases, with a significant reduction of exhaust emissions and excellent fuel economy. The main advantages of the engine can be summarized as: - Mechanically simple design leading to 30% lower production and maintenance costs - 100% better power to weight ratio than a reciprocating engine; due to compact shape - 30% greater efficiency (relative) than conventional 4-stroke engine - 5% greater mechanical efficiency (absolute) / low vibration due to rotary design - 4% greater thermal efficiency (absolute) due to asymmetrical expansion and compression - Exceeding Euro 6 emissions standards due to highly turbulent fuel-air mixing and complete scavenge of residual exhaust gases. - Very quiet and lower temperature exhaust gases, due to low exhaust pressure - Good sealing and thermal dispersion characteristics, avoids problems of Wankel engines - Geometry easily adaptable for biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) - Ideally suited for HEVs and PHEVs - space and weight savings from engine allow all hybrid components to fit within existing engine cavities, with little/ no bodywork 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From Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions, 1894 The MISTLETOE had an early reputation as a guide to the other world. Armed with that golden branch, one could pass to Pluto's realm:— "Charon opposed—they showed the Branch. They show'd the bough that lay beneath the vest; At once his rising wrath was hush'd to rest." Its connection with health, as the All-heal, is noted by the poet Callimachus, under the appellation of panakea, sacred to Apollo:— "Where'er the genial panakea falls, Health crowns the State, and safety guards the walls." As the seat of the life of the Oak, as then believed, it had special virtues as a healer. The Coel-Creni, or omen sticks, were made of it, and also divining-rods. It had the merit of revealing treasure, and repelling the unwelcome visits of evil spirits. When cut upon St. John's Eve, its power for good was greatest. "While the shamrock is emblematic of the equinox, the mistletoe is associated with the solstice," says St. Clair. The ancient Persians knew it as the healer. It told of the sun's return to earth. Farmers in Britain used to give a sprig of mistletoe to the first cow calving in the year. Forlong points out the recovery of old heathen ideas; saying, "Christian priests forbade the mistletoe to enter their churches; but yet it not only got in, but found a place over the altars, and was held to betoken good-will to all mankind." It was mysteriously associated with the dove. The Irish called it the uil-iceach: the Welsh, uchelwydd. The County Magazine for 1792 remarked—"A custom of kissing the women under the mistletoe-bush still prevails in many places, and without doubt the surest way to prove prolific." Pliny considered it good for sterility. It was the only thing that could slay the gentle Baldur. In England there are some twenty trees on which the mistletoe may grow. Certain plants have at different times been objects of special consideration, and worshipped as having divine qualities, or being possessed by a soul. Some were thought to manifest sympathetic feeling with the nation by which they were cherished. The fetish tree of Coomassie fell when Wolseley's ultimatum reached the King of Ashantee. The ruthless cutting of trees was deemed cruel. Even if they had no living spirit of their own, the souls of the dead might be there confined; but perhaps Mr. Gladstone, the tree-feller, is no believer in that spiritual doctrine. In Germany one may still witness the marrying of trees on Christmas Eve with straw-ropes, that they may yield well. Their forefathers' regard for the World-tree, the ash Yggdrasill, may incline Germans to spare trees, and raise them, as Bismarck loves to do. Women there, and elsewhere, found consolation from moving round a sacred tree on the approach of nature's trial. The oldest altars stood under trees, as by sacred fountains or wells. But some had to be shunned as demoniac trees. The Irish respected the Cairthaim, quicken-tree, quick-beam, rowan, or mountain ash, which had magical qualities. In the story of the Fairy Palace of the Quicken-tree, we read of Finn the Finian leader being held in that tree by enchantment, as was Merlin by the fairy lady. MacCuill, son of the hazel, one of the last Tuath kings, was so-called because he worshipped the hazel. Fairies danced beneath the hawthorn. Ogham tablets were of yew. Lady Wilde styled the elder a sacred tree; and the blackthorn, to which the Irishman is said to be still devoted, was a sacred tree. Trees of Knowledge have been recognized east and west That of India was the Kalpa. The Celtic Tree of Life was not unlike that of Carthage. The Persians, Assyrians, and American Indians had their Trees of Life. One Egyptian holy tree had seven branches on each side. From the Sycamore, the goddess Nou provided the liquor of life; from the Persea, the goddess Hathor gave fruits of immortality. The Date-palm was sacred to Osiris six thousand years ago. The Tree of Life was sometimes depicted on coffins with human arms. The Lotus, essentially phallic, self-produced, was an emblem of self-created deity, being worshipped as such at least 3000 B.C. Homa was the Life-tree of Zoroaster. The bean was thrown on tombs as a sign of immortality. The banyan and the onion denote a new incarnation. The Indian and Cingalese Bo or Asvattha, Ficus religiosa, sheltered Gautama when he gained what is known as Entire Sanctification, or Perfection. The sacred Peepul is the male fig, the female being Ficus Indica. The fig entwines itself round the palm. The Toolsi, Ocymum Sanctum, and the Amrita are also worshipped in India; so are the Lien-wha, or Nelumbium, in China; the cypress in Mexico, and the aspen in Kirghizland. Trees and plants were devoted to gods: as the oak, palm, and ash to Jupiter; the rose, myrtle, and poppy to Venus; the pomegranate to Proserpine; the pine-apple to Cybele; the orange to Diana; the white violet to Vesta; the daisy to Alcestis; the wild thyme to the Muses; the laurel to Apollo; the poplar to Hercules; the alder to Pan; the olive to Minerva; the fig and vine to Bacchus; the lotus to Hermes. The leek of Wales, like the shamrock of Ireland, was an object of worship in the East, and was associated with Virgo. The Hortus Kewensis states that it first came to Britain in 1562. The mandrake or Love-apple was also sacred. Brinton gives a list of seven such sacred plants among the Creek Indians. The Vervain, sacred to Druids, was gathered in Egypt at the rise of Sirius the Dogstar. From a sad, comfortless childhood Giles Truelove developed into a reclusive and uncommunicative man whose sole passion was books. For so long they were the only meaning to his existence. But when fate eventually intervened to have the outside world intrude upon his life, he began to discover emotions that he never knew he had. A story for the genuine booklover, penned by an Irish bookseller under the pseudonym of Ralph St. John Featherstonehaugh. FREE download 23rd - 27th May Join our mailing list to receive updates on new content on Library, our latest ebooks, and more. You won't be inundated with emails! — we'll just keep you posted periodically — about once a monthish — on what's happening with the library.	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What is acupuncture? Practitioners use acupuncture treatment – a traditional Chinese medicine – by inserting thin, sterile needles at specific points on the body to treat pain, facilitate healing and promote physical and mental well-being. Acupuncture stimulates energy channels on the body – called Qi – that are considered pathways for vital energy. The points where the needles are inserted correspond to these energy channels, also called meridians. The number of meridians is not precisely known – some experts claim there are 14 main channels with 2,000 acupuncture points, while others claim up to 20 meridians. According to the 2007 National Health Interview Survey, an estimated 3.1 million adults and 150,000 children in the United States used acupuncture the previous year. What should I be aware of if I undergo acupuncture? Tell your whole team of health care providers – including primary care physicians – if you plan to seek acupuncture treatment or are undergoing acupuncture. This helps achieve safer, coordinated health care. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates acupuncture needles, requiring they meet certain standards, including being non-toxic, sterile, labeled for single use and used only by qualified practitioners. Acupuncturists are highly regulated in the United States by the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM). Most patients feel no or minimal amounts of pain when the acupuncture needles are inserted. The needles are solid yet hair-thin. Some report feeling energized, or relaxed, during treatment sessions. Movement or a defective needle can result in pain or soreness. Acupuncture treatment sessions usually last between 45 and 90 minutes. A patient may go for acupuncture treatment over the span of several weeks or more.Is acupuncture safe? In general it appears to be safe. However, there are reports to the FDA of serious adverse events such as Pneumothorax, Hepatitis, and cardiac trauma, among others.How do I find a qualified acupuncturist? Ask your health care provider for referrals to qualified acupuncture practitioners. Your regular, conventional medical professional may even offer acupuncture. Check credentials – acupuncturists in most states need licenses to practice; however, standards and education requirements vary by state. A license is a good indicator the acupuncture practitioner meets the state’s requirements, but it does not always ensure top-quality care. Check with your primary care physician whether acupuncture may help your condition – do not rely on an acupuncturist without a conventional medical license to diagnose conditions.What symptoms and conditions are typically treated by an acupuncturist? According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, acupuncture is used to treat many types of pain. The most commonly reported use of acupuncture is for back pain, followed by joint pain, neck pain and headache pain. Research also suggests it’s effective in treating osteoarthritis, particularly knee pain. Acupuncture has been studied as a treatment for a wide variety of conditions and pains – including substance withdrawal, postoperative dental pain, menstrual cramps, fibromyalgia, severe migraine pain and more – but it’s difficult to draw conclusions as to its effectiveness. Due to the many different acupuncture techniques, such as electrical versus manual, and variations in the controls used in studies and measuring outcomes, further research is needed to determine effectiveness. 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What is family practice? A family practitioner is a primary care doctor who provides health services to adults, children and adolescents. Family practitioners have a very broad scope of practice, but are usually the patient’s first consultation before being referred to other specialists, if necessary. The family practitioner performs annual physical examinations; ensures up-to-date immunization status; counsels patients on healthy lifestyles; monitors patients’ blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels; and ensures other baseline tests are within normal levels for the patient’s age and gender.When do I see a family practitioner? In the United States, about one in four visits to a doctor are to a family practice doctor. Family care physicians care for the poor, indigent and underserved in the community more than any other physician specialty. When a patient is an infant or child, he or she might see a family practitioner specializing in pediatric care. When the young patient transitions from childhood to adulthood during adolescence, he or she can see a family practice doctor specializing in adolescent medicine or a regular family practitioner, also known as adult-care physician. Around the ages 18-21, patients typically transition to an adult-care physician who is better suited to their health-care needs. What should I expect when I visit a family practitioner? A family practitioner’s scope of practice varies, but these specialists typically provide basic diagnoses and non-surgical treatment of common medical conditions and illnesses. To arrive at a diagnosis, family doctors will interview and examine the patient. This requires discussing the history of the present illness, including a review of the patient’s body systems, medication history, allergies, family history, surgical history and social history. Then the physician will perform a physical examination and possibly order basic medical tests, such as blood tests, electrocardiograms or X-rays. Ultimately, all this information is combined to arrive at a diagnosis and possible treatment. Tests of a more complex and lengthy nature may be referred to a specialist Together with the patient, the family practitioner forms a plan of care that can include additional testing if needed, a referral to see a specialist, medication prescriptions, therapies, changes to diet or lifestyle, additional patient education, or follow-up treatment. Patients also may receive advice or education on improving health behaviors, self-care and treatment, screening tests and immunizations.What are the most common conditions family practitioners treat? Shopping for a New Doc Decoding Your Health Test Results Patient Types: Which One Are You? 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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Teenagers who have irregular periods are more likely to be overweight and obese and to have early warning signs of diabetes and heart disease than those with regular menstrual cycles, suggests a new study. While the link between irregular periods and heart disease and diabetes is well established in older women, the new finding suggests that doctors might be able to identify this risk much earlier -- and try to do something about it. "There may be a misconception in adolescent medicine ... that 'it takes a couple of years after menarche to get the engine running' and hence one might not want to be concerned about irregular adolescent menstrual cycles until much later," said Dr. Charles Glueck, one of the study's authors from the Cholesterol and Metabolism Center at the Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati. "That's clearly wrong." Even in young teenagers, very irregular menstrual cycles are not normal, Glueck told Reuters Health, and shouldn't be ignored. He and his colleagues followed 370 girls starting at age 14 as part of a larger study initiated by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Once every year, girls were asked how long it had been since their last menstrual cycle. Researchers also periodically measured their levels of different sex hormones, glucose and insulin (markers of diabetes risk) and blood pressure. They also collected information on girls' height, weight, and waist circumference. The authors defined irregular menstrual cycles as lasting more than 42 days -- that is, the girl's period begins more than 42 days after the first day of the last one -- a criterion that's meant to catch the 2 percent of girls with the least regular periods, Glueck explained. Between age 14 and 19, 269 of the girls reported regular periods at every annual visit. Another 74 of them had only one report of an irregular period, 19 girls had two reports, and eight said it had been at least 42 days since their last period at three or more visits. The results, published in Fertility and Sterility, show that girls with the most reports of irregular periods were already heavier than others at age 14, and gained more weight and inches on their waist during the study. Also at age 14, girls with more irregular periods had higher levels of testosterone -- a sex hormone associated with male characteristics. By age 25, those who hadn't reported an irregular period had an average body mass index, or BMI, of 26.8 -- considered slightly overweight. In comparison, participants who had reported irregular periods at three or more appointments had an average BMI of 37.8, indicating severe obesity. Girls who reported one or two irregular periods had BMIs somewhere in the middle. Reports of irregular periods were also linked to higher levels of blood sugar and insulin at age 25. The authors couldn't be sure what was happening with girls' menstrual cycles during the rest of each year. Also, the findings do not prove that irregular periods cause girls to gain weight or are responsible for the increases in glucose and insulin levels - rather, the irregularity could be a signal of some other problem. One possibility is that the ovaries might respond to changes in metabolism -- such as increased insulin levels, said Dr. Alice Chang, an endocrinologist at UT Southwestern Medical Center. That would suggest some of the diabetes-related risks came before problems with ovulation. What the study results do show is that irregular menstrual cycles might be a warning that the body's metabolism isn't working as well as it should. "These relationships which we see so clearly in adolescence and see prospectively into young adulthood are the same relationships which two to three decades later spell out in the development of cardiovascular disease, (heart attack), and type II diabetes," Glueck said. Irregular periods might be a sign of polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS -- a hormonal disorder that's also linked to infertility and obesity -- Glueck added. Catching it in adolescence means the condition can be "very successfully treated" -- another reason for doctors to pay attention to irregular periods early. Chang, who was not involved in the new research, agreed that the implications for PCOS are an important message to take from the study. "When I see women diagnosed with PCOS, they often have symptoms all throughout adolescence, but it's not put together for them," she told Reuters Health. "We need to be more aggressive in adolescents about treating PCOS and treating obesity." Glueck said that girls with irregular menstrual cycles should "raise flags" for doctors, who can also step in with early prevention measures against diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. SOURCE: http://bit.ly/lqeony Fertility and Sterility, online May 7, 2011. The #1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news! Your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit. We could all use some encouragement now and then - we're human! Explore your destiny as you discover what's written in your stars. The latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes. Healthy food that tastes delicious too? No kidding. Yoga for Back Pain Pets HelpYour Heart Are YouMoney Smart?	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Kroto is now one of several prestigious individuals, including the groundbreaking Chemist Linus Pauling, who have enriched the Linfield community at an Oregon Nobel Laureate Symposium. “The lecture-symposium was scheduled two years ago,” Director of Communications Mardi Mileham. She mentioned that Kroto was selected to participate in the symposium by Dr. Fred Ross who retired from Linfield last spring. Kroto is well-known for the co-discovery of the form of carbon now known as Buckminsterfullerene, or, “buckyballs” in 1985. This molecule is a spherical arrangement of 60 carbons in a pattern that resembles the stitching on soccer balls. Up until its discovery, only two stable forms of carbon, graphite and diamond, were known to exist, Professor of Chemistry Thomas Reinert said. He said this third stable form of carbon changed the way chemists thought about carbon and the bonds between atoms. Chemists learned that this form of carbon occurs in the universe, naturally. “It’s not just made up in a lab,” Reinert said. Kroto discussed the importance of science and scientific education in his lecture that was interspersed with humorous remarks. Kroto based his lecture on a quote that says science is the only thing we have to determine the truth to any degree of reliability. “Science, for me, is a way of life,” Kroto said. He applied his scientific philosophy to several matters such as sustainability and indoctrination. Kroto stressed the importance of questioning everything and seeking evidence to support claims. He considers the acceptance of facts without evidence dangerous. Kroto explained his “four out of five method.” He stated if you make an observation, make a hypothesis; if four out of five observations are in line with the hypothesis, you are “almost certainly right.” Kroto’s current project is to try to teach science globally by using the Internet to share educational videos. Professor of English Lit David Sumner commented on Kroto’s scientific emphasis saying that the sciences and humanities should work hand in hand. “A combination of the two is essential,” he said. Senior Craig Geffre praised Kroto for his call to the researchers of natural sciences to be mindful of ethics and the outcome of their research. Kroto cited atomic bombs as examples of weapons that should not be further researched. “Anthropologists and sociologists are careful in deliberating what the outcome of our research will be. I thought it was great that he emphasized ethics,” said Geffre. For more information about Dr. Sir Harold Kroto and the discovery of buckminsterfullerene visit www.nobelprize.org. Michele Wong/For the Review Michele Wong can be reached at [email protected].	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A collection of paper, parchment, or any other material containing print, paintings, or other inscribed works that are all bound between two protective covers are called Books. However, an e-book is is a collection of text that is electronically formatted. Antique books come in the form of scrolls and codex. The protective binders that contain the sheets of paper containing writing may come in a hard protective cover called a hardback or in a softer, flexible cover called a paperback. Novels are the most popular form of books, although works such as The Holy Bible and The Koran are referred to as "The Book."	[ 32, 4947, 286, 3348, 11, 38414, 11, 393, 597, 584, 2587, 7268, 3601, 11, 21641, 11, 393, 584, 45100, 2499, 326, 389, 477, 5421, 1022, 734, 14153, 8698, 389, 1444, 13661, 13, 2102, 11, 281, 304, 12, 2070, 318, 318, 257, 4947, 286, 2420, 326, 318, 35427, 39559, 13, 3738, 2350, 3835, 1282, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 32138, 290, 14873, 1069, 13, 383, 14153, 11007, 364, 326, 3994, 262, 15747, 286, 3348, 7268, 3597, 743, 1282, 287, 257, 1327, 14153, 3002, 1444, 257, 1327, 1891, 393, 287, 257, 32359, 11, 12846, 3002, 1444, 257, 46771, 13, 24467, 82, 389, 262, 749, 2968, 1296, 286, 3835, 11, 3584, 2499, 884, 355, 383, 7439, 9111, 290, 383, 44097, 389, 6412, 284, 355, 366, 464, 4897, 526, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	125
tree-equal tree-1 tree-2 &key test test-not => generalized-boolean Arguments and Values: test---a designator for a function of two arguments that returns a generalized boolean. test-not---a designator for a function of two arguments that returns a generalized boolean. generalized-boolean---a generalized boolean. tree-equal tests whether two trees are of the same shape and have the same leaves. tree-equal returns true if tree-1 and tree-2 are both atoms and satisfy the test, or if they are both conses and the car of tree-1 is tree-equal to the car of tree-2 and the cdr of tree-1 is tree-equal to the cdr of tree-2. Otherwise, tree-equal returns false. tree-equal recursively compares conses but not any other objects that have components. The first argument to the :test or :test-not function is tree-1 or a car or cdr of tree-1; the second argument is tree-2 or a car or cdr of tree-2. (setq tree1 '(1 (1 2)) tree2 '(1 (1 2))) => (1 (1 2)) (tree-equal tree1 tree2) => true (eql tree1 tree2) => false (setq tree1 '('a ('b 'c)) tree2 '('a ('b 'c))) => ('a ('b 'c)) => ((QUOTE A) ((QUOTE B) (QUOTE C))) (tree-equal tree1 tree2 :test 'eq) => true Side Effects: None. Affected By: None. The consequences are undefined if both tree-1 and tree-2 are circular. equal, Section 3.6 (Traversal Rules and Side Effects) The :test-not parameter is deprecated.	[ 21048, 12, 40496, 5509, 12, 16, 5509, 12, 17, 1222, 2539, 1332, 1332, 12, 1662, 5218, 38284, 12, 2127, 21052, 198, 28100, 2886, 290, 27068, 25, 198, 9288, 6329, 64, 1486, 1352, 329, 257, 2163, 286, 734, 7159, 326, 5860, 257, 38284, 25131, 13, 198, 9288, 12, 1662, 6329, 64, 1486, 1352, 329, 257, 2163, 286, 734, 7159, 326, 5860, 257, 38284, 25131, 13, 198, 24622, 1143, 12, 2127, 21052, 6329, 64, 38284, 25131, 13, 198, 21048, 12, 40496, 5254, 1771, 734, 7150, 389, 286, 262, 976, 5485, 290, 423, 262, 976, 5667, 13, 5509, 12, 40496, 5860, 2081, 611, 5509, 12, 16, 290, 5509, 12, 17, 389, 1111, 23235, 290, 15959, 262, 1332, 11, 393, 611, 484, 389, 1111, 762, 274, 290, 262, 1097, 286, 5509, 12, 16, 318, 5509, 12, 40496, 284, 262, 1097, 286, 5509, 12, 17, 290, 262, 269, 7109, 286, 5509, 12, 16, 318, 5509, 12, 40496, 284, 262, 269, 7109, 286, 5509, 12, 17, 13, 15323, 11, 5509, 12, 40496, 5860, 3991, 13, 198, 21048, 12, 40496, 664, 1834, 2280, 23008, 762, 274, 475, 407, 597, 584, 5563, 326, 423, 6805, 13, 198, 464, 717, 4578, 284, 262, 1058, 9288, 393, 1058, 9288, 12, 1662, 2163, 318, 5509, 12, 16, 393, 257, 1097, 393, 269, 7109, 286, 5509, 12, 16, 26, 262, 1218, 4578, 318, 5509, 12, 17, 393, 257, 1097, 393, 269, 7109, 286, 5509, 12, 17, 13, 198, 7, 2617, 80, 5509, 16, 29513, 16, 357, 16, 362, 4008, 5509, 17, 29513, 16, 357, 16, 362, 22305, 5218, 357, 16, 357, 16, 362, 4008, 357, 21048, 12, 40496, 5509, 16, 5509, 17, 8, 5218, 2081, 357, 68, 13976, 5509, 16, 5509, 17, 8, 5218, 3991, 357, 2617, 80, 5509, 16, 705, 10786, 64, 19203, 65, 705, 66, 4008, 5509, 17, 705, 10786, 64, 19203, 65, 705, 66, 22305, 5218, 19203, 64, 19203, 65, 705, 66, 4008, 5218, 14808, 10917, 23051, 317, 8, 14808, 10917, 23051, 347, 8, 357, 10917, 23051, 327, 22305, 357, 21048, 12, 40496, 5509, 16, 5509, 17, 1058, 9288, 705, 27363, 8, 5218, 2081, 198, 24819, 17417, 25, 6045, 13, 198, 32, 4812, 276, 2750, 25, 6045, 13, 198, 464, 6948, 389, 28721, 611, 1111, 5509, 12, 16, 290, 5509, 12, 17, 389, 18620, 13, 198, 40496, 11, 7275, 513, 13, 21, 357, 15721, 690, 282, 14252, 290, 12075, 17417, 8, 198, 464, 1058, 9288, 12, 1662, 11507, 318, 39224, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	403
Jelly Mould Pavilions 27 March - 6 June 2010 'Jelly Mould Pavilions' is a quirky yet thought provoking exhibition by artist Lubaina Himid. The exhibition explores the challenges of commemorating the ongoing contribution of the people of the African diaspora to the history, culture and fabric of Liverpool. 'Jelly Mould Pavilions' features 30 hand-painted Victorian ceramic jelly moulds and 14 prints. The illustrations on the jelly moulds are inspired by influential Black figures such as Martin Luther King, William Still and Dred Scott, all strong and unique figures in the civil rights movement. Lubaina's inspiration also comes from brightly coloured textile patterns from all over the African continent. Although these jelly mould monuments may never be built, their purpose is to encourage visitors to ask questions about the city's history, how we can celebrate and commemorate the Black community or whether we do this already. Lubaina chose Victorian jelly moulds as they symbolise the African diaspora's link to the sugar industry that used slaves. The jelly moulds are a device to encourage visitors to talk about enslavement, commerce and pleasure. Jelly mould interventions! As well as the main exhibition at Sudley House there will be jelly mould interventions in the following venues: You can see all the venues on the map below. Select a blue pin to find out about each location. You can view a larger version of the map here. More about the artist For more information about Lubaina's practice including forthcoming and major projects, recent exhibitions, works in collections and key note speeches, visit her website. 'Making Histories Visible' is an interdisciplinary visual art research project based led by Lubaina Himid with support from Susan Walsh. Find out more on the Making Histories Visible website. More in depth information about the themes surrounding Jelly Mould Pavilions can be found on Lubaina's Jelly Mould Pavilions website. This exhibition is part of 'Liverpool and the Black Atlantic', a series of city-wide exhibitions and events that explore connections between cultures and continents.	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Did a Comet Really Chill and Kill Clovis Culture? A 130-foot-meteor created the mile-wide Meteor Crater in Arizona. The comet proposed to have impacted life in North America was significantly larger, but no crater indicating its collision has been found. CREDIT: Dan Durda A comet crashing into the Earth some 13,000 years ago was thought to have spelled doom to a group of early North American people, and possibly the extinction of ice age beasts in the region. But the space rock was wrongly accused, according to a group of 16 scientists in fields ranging from archaeology to crystallography to physics, who have offered counterevidence to the existence of such a collision. "Despite more than four years of trying by many qualified researchers, no unambiguous evidence has been found [of such an event]," Mark Boslough, a physicist at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, told LiveScience. "That lack of evidence is therefore evidence of absence." Almost 13,000 years ago, a prehistoric Paleo-Indian group known as the Clovis culture suffered its demise at the same time the region underwent significant climate cooling known as the Younger Dryas. Animals such as ground sloths, camels and mammoths were wiped out in North America around the same period. [Wipe Out: The 10 Most Mysterious Extinctions] In 2007, a team of scientists led by Richard Firestone of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California suggested these changes were the result of a collision or explosion of an enormous comet or asteroid, pointing to a carbon-rich black layer at a number of sites across North America. The theory has remained controversial, with no sign of a crater that would have resulted from such an impact. "If a four-kilometer [2.5-mile] comet had broken up over North America only 12.9 thousand years ago, it is certain that it would have left an unambiguous impact crater or craters, as well as unambiguous shocked materials," Boslough said. Boslough, who has spent decades studying the effects of comet and asteroid collisions, was part of a team that predicted the visibility of plumes from the impact of the 1994 Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet with Jupiter. "Comet impacts may be low enough in density not to leave craters," Firestone told LiveScience by email. He also points to independent research by William Napier at the University of Cardiff in the United Kingdom that indicates such explosions could have come from a debris trail created by Comet Encke, which also would not have left a crater. A large rock plunging into the Earth's atmosphere may detonate in the air without coming into contact with the ground. Such an explosion occurred in Siberia in the early 20th century; the explosive energy of the so-called Tunguska event was more than 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. "No crater was formed at Tunguska, or the recent Russian impact," Firestone said. But Boslough said this math doesn't add up. The object responsible for the Tunguska event was very small, about 130 to 160 feet (40 to 50 meters) wide, while the recent explosion over Russia was smaller, about 56 feet (17 meters). The proposed North American space rock linked with the Clovis demise is estimated to have been closer to 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) across. "The physics doesn't support the idea of something that big exploding in the air," he said, noting that the original research team doesn't provide any explanation or models for how such a breakup might occur. [The 10 Greatest Explosions Ever] If such a large object crashed into the Earth, the resulting crater would be too large to miss, particularly when it was only a few thousand years old, Boslough said. He pointed to Meteor Crater in Arizona, which is three times as old and formed by an object "a million times smaller in terms of explosive energy." "Meteor Crater is an unambiguous impact crater with unambiguous shocked minerals," Boslough said. If a 2.5-mile comet had broken into pieces, it could have made a million Meteor Craters, he added. Firestone argued that water or ice could have absorbed the impact, possibly leaving behind no crater. Boslough disagreed. Even if the comet had plunged into the ice sheet covering much of North America, the crater formed beneath it would still be sizable. "We wouldn't be able to miss that right now — it would be obvious," Boslough said. The arguments and evidence against the impact were published in the December 2012 American Geophysical Union monograph. "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" Powerful impacts are Boslough's field, but the other 15 scientists working on the paper offered up other sources of counterevidence for the existence of a collision. "We all independently came to the conclusion that the evidence doesn't support a Younger Dryas impact," Boslough said. [Asteroid Basics: A Space Rock Quiz] "We all came to this based on our own very narrow piece of the puzzle." For instance, the initial team studying the event announced the discovery of a carbon-rich black layer, colloquially known as a "black mat," at a number of sites in North America. Containing charcoal, soot and nanodiamonds, such material could be formed by a violent collision. But this isn't the only possible source. "The things they call impact markers are not necessarily indicators of high-pressure shocks," Boslough said. "There are other processes that potentially could have formed them." Speaking of the black mat found in central Mexico, Firestone said, "Boslough is correct that there are other black mats, but these are dated to 12,900 years ago at the time of impact." He points to independent research published this fall that located hundreds to thousands of samples. However, radiocarbon dating of one of the sites in Gainey, Mich., suggested its samples were contaminated. Melted rock formations and microscopic diamonds found in a lake in Central Mexico last year were also suggested as evidence for the collision, but Boslough's team disagrees with the age of the sediment layer in the region. Boslough said the standard for indicating a strong shock occurred is pretty high in the impact community, and the findings by the original team don't meet them. Nor do they offer up any physical models that propose how an impact or airburst would have occurred — and the ones Boslough has run just don't pan out. "It's really a stretch to claim that there was this large impact event with no crater and no unambiguous shock material, because large impacts are such rare events," Boslough said. "When somebody is making a claim that something extraordinary happened, something out of the ordinary and with a very low probability, and they have ambiguous evidence, then the default is that it didn't happen," he continued. "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." Firestone stands firm. "All the evidence has now been confirmed by others," he said. "Boslough has no data supporting his arguments, and ignores the counter arguments of Bill Napier." 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Livescribe for Blind or Visually Impaired Students02/22/12 Limited access to graphical materials is a problem for many blind or visually impaired students. With the Livescribe smartpen, creation of these resources is low-cost, portable, and easy to execute. Students and teachers can create tactile diagrams, maps, or study guides in or outside of the classroom. The smartpen provides raised-line figures with audio information about the diagram elements by tracking the page position and sound recording. This type of technology allows students to have access to all types of materials. By adding Braille characters to their Livescribe notebook page, students can read along with their hands while having a full audio description when needed. The smartpen includes all the hardware and software necessary to allow audio playback and tactile graphics can be created by using a raised-line drawing kit or an APH “tong” tool. Livescribe sound stickers can also add audio to existing materials. For blind or visually impaired students, understanding graphs or visuals can be difficult if not impossible. The Livescribe smartpen aims to help make graphics more accessible for the blind and visually impaired. Do you know a blind or visually impaired student using the Livescribe smartpen? Share your story with us below!	[ 43, 1083, 66, 4892, 329, 24507, 393, 6911, 935, 1846, 8957, 1202, 14882, 2999, 14, 1828, 14, 1065, 198, 37214, 1895, 284, 27831, 5696, 318, 257, 1917, 329, 867, 7770, 393, 22632, 22753, 2444, 13, 2080, 262, 18965, 66, 4892, 4451, 3617, 11, 6282, 286, 777, 4133, 318, 1877, 12, 15805, 11, 17726, 11, 290, 2562, 284, 12260, 13, 14882, 290, 7799, 460, 2251, 48896, 37067, 11, 8739, 11, 393, 2050, 17555, 287, 393, 2354, 286, 262, 15806, 13, 198, 464, 4451, 3617, 3769, 4376, 12, 1370, 5538, 351, 6597, 1321, 546, 262, 16362, 4847, 416, 9646, 262, 2443, 2292, 290, 2128, 8296, 13, 770, 2099, 286, 3037, 3578, 2444, 284, 423, 1895, 284, 477, 3858, 286, 5696, 13, 2750, 4375, 9718, 8270, 3435, 284, 511, 18965, 66, 4892, 20922, 2443, 11, 2444, 460, 1100, 1863, 351, 511, 2832, 981, 1719, 257, 1336, 6597, 6764, 618, 2622, 13, 383, 4451, 3617, 3407, 477, 262, 6890, 290, 3788, 3306, 284, 1249, 6597, 16388, 290, 48896, 9382, 460, 307, 2727, 416, 1262, 257, 4376, 12, 1370, 8263, 6220, 393, 281, 3486, 39, 564, 250, 83, 506, 447, 251, 2891, 13, 18965, 66, 4892, 2128, 28568, 460, 635, 751, 6597, 284, 4683, 5696, 13, 1114, 7770, 393, 22632, 22753, 2444, 11, 4547, 28770, 393, 27329, 460, 307, 2408, 611, 407, 5340, 13, 383, 18965, 66, 4892, 4451, 3617, 12031, 284, 1037, 787, 9382, 517, 9857, 329, 262, 7770, 290, 22632, 22753, 13, 198, 5211, 345, 760, 257, 7770, 393, 22632, 22753, 3710, 1262, 262, 18965, 66, 4892, 4451, 3617, 30, 8734, 534, 1621, 351, 514, 2174, 0, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	265
According to a research team at the City College of New York (CCNY), tobacco dependence has a firmer grip on those who are poor or uneducated, making it harder for them to stay off cigarettes. Smokers who had participated in a statewide smoking cessation program in Arkansas were tracked following the program by researchers from CCNY's Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education. The participants came from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, and while both rich and poor groups were able to successfully quit at roughly the same rate, the poorer an individual was, the harder it was for that person to overcome cravings and ultimately remain tobacco free. Within three months of completing treatment, the poorest participants were 55 percent more likely than the richest to begin smoking again; at six months, that number jumped to 250 percent. Nationwide, Americans from households making less than $15,000 a year smoke three times more often than those making $50,000 a year or more. Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the wide disparity. Smoking provides stress relief in times of hardship, and those of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to experience hardship, facing discrimination, job insecurity, and financial troubles. In addition, lower-paying jobs are less likely to offer the protection of local, state, and federal smoke-free laws. This means that even if a person successfully quits, he will find himself surrounded by smokers at work every day. It is important to included these considerations when developing treatment programs, says the team from CCNY. Treatment focused on the needs of the middle class will necessarily require revision to fit lower economic status individuals. Suggestions include custom programs, but the CCNY team says that "booster sessions" after the main sessions are over may improve outcomes. It's hard to predict what stresses might drive someone back to cigarettes several months down the road, so it's important to continuing offering resources to those who will need them the most. 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Wisdom From the Grammar Goddess: Rhetorical CommentsBy Diane Sandford, Published on July 26, 2004 Few people realize how badly they write. —William Zinsser, On Writing Well, 5th ed. (Harper, 1994), pag People do not write well because they do not think well. They do not think well because they do not put in the effort. —E. Kim Nebeuts. Faults of literary style are often faults of character. —Anonymous. The final quotation above may seem curious. How can literary style be equated with morals or character? Writers with little substance to place on paper will occasionally try to expand their thoughts with an abundance of flowery vocabulary. It’s easy to spot writers who dabble in puffery: They pepper their writing with adjectives like very, extremely, much, etc.; and they embroider their ideas with jargon, unnecessary phrases, pretentious language, and clichés (ugh!). They focus their analysis on some small point, and write as if its significance has hitherto been unappreciated. We all do this to some extent. But when we find ourselves falling into these traps, we need to get out. So my first rule of rhetoric is to be honest in your writing: Get to the point, don’t exaggerate, and be accurate. By the way, do you suppose some morally corrupt people may be honest writers, but that some saintly people may tend to puff up their writing? Alas, human character is complicated. Anyway, here are some of the rules of rhetoric that live in my brain. 1. Write honestly. What goes around, comes around. Most of our sins catch up with us before we die. 2. Proofread, revise, and proofread once again. My father once told me that thinking was the most painful activity in the world. For some reason, most human brains prefer to do no more than superficial thinking unless survival is involved. Proofreading and revision, the lowest forms of literary thinking, are chores we all want to avoid. Nevertheless, proofreading and revision are keys to improving. Here is a striking example of what revision can do: A. In the last sentence of the Gettysburg Address there is a rallying cry for the continuation of the struggle. B. In the last sentence of the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln rallied his audience to continue the struggle against the South. —From Style: Toward Clarity and Grace, by Joseph M. Williams (The University of Chicago Press, 1990), page 28. What intellectual process took place that transformed sentence A into the more powerful sentence B? The answer is that the author examined each sentence in the essay and asked the hard questions: What am I trying to say? Can I say this more explicitly? Is this even true? A puffed-up writer will fall under the weight of his own bad habits and lack of experience in revising. It is sad but true: Inflated writing is the result of laziness, deception, poor attitude, and stupidity. Puff is not a magic dragon. 3. Avoid affectations and fancy words. For example: The second statement follows mutatis mutandis from the first. The phrase mutatis mutandis (= "with corresponding changes") is, indeed, an impressive phrase, but it is also baffling to most readers. Avoid fanciful and pretentious vocabulary. The following extract from an autobiography of the French mathematician André Weil illustrates just how bad affective writing can be: My life, or at least what deserves this name—a singularly happy life, its diverse vicissitudes withal—is bounded by my birth on May 6, 1906, and the death on May 24, 1986, of my wife and companion. It may be argued that clever phrasing and curious words make reading more interesting, and to deny an author their use limits his tools and leads to mundane writing. This is the argument of a novice who confuses poetry and song lyrics with formal prose. Both of the previous examples are demonstrations of bad communication, because the words distract from the ideas. Writers who choose words and phrases like this are treating writing as an art form much like dancing—as an end unto itself—rather than as a tool to express ideas. Samuel Johnson once recalled the following remark from a college tutor: “Read over your compositions, and wherever you meet with a passage that you think is particularly fine, strike it out." This, I think, is one of the great pieces of advice for beginners. Whenever a reader begins to notice the writing instead of the ideas carried by the writing, then the reader is being distracted. 4. Stick with the action, not the abstraction. Maybe this will help: After writing each sentence, imagine your boss, red-faced and screaming: “What are you talking about? I can’t understand you! Get to the point!” Minimize, and be concise. Your writing, like mine, is of interest only for the facts it brings the reader. Even most of those who dedicate their lives to the craft of writing don’t write particularly well. Bear in mind that your perspectives are rarely interesting to anyone else. (A striking exception, of course, is this article.) 5. Use passive constructions consciously. Here is the classic example of the passive voice: The ball was hit by the boy. This is fine if the ball is more important than the boy. If not, then change it: The boy hit the ball. The main objection to the passive is that it takes slightly more effort to parse. Notice that ball comes before boy in the passive construction above. In a long sentence, such juxtaposition may force the passive voice. In technical and scholarly writing, the passive is often needed to place emphasis on a process, rather than on an observer or on the initiator of a process. Occasionally, the passive construction does work better than the active—e.g., The book was suppressed by its own author. When you use the passive, be aware of it, and know why. A similar problem occurs with abstract verbs. The verbs lift, drop, smash, sever, destroy, for example, create mental images. The be verbs (be, been, being, am, is, are, was, were) are more abstract and require more effort to understand. Consider these two sentences: Original: A need exists for greater candidate selection efficiency. Revised: We need to select candidates more efficiently. —From Style: Style: Toward Clarity and Grace, by Joseph M. Williams, page 30. The second sentence is simple, concise, and easy to comprehend. This is generally not a problem with short sentences, but readers tire quickly when abstract verbs are used too often in complex sentences. 6. Use coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, so, for, and yet) to join parallel structures. For example: Success comes from suffering through depression and insecurity. This should be corrected to read: Success comes from suffering through depression and through insecurity. Lack of parallelism is a red flag that jars many readers. If only we had grammar police. Keep in mind that an intelligent reader is usually an unforgiving reader. 7. State your strongest arguments first. Do you think this is obvious? Aristotle taught the opposite. He also has been proven wrong through scientific tests of reading retention, but perhaps Aristotle was referring to oral debates or to the power of immediate persuasion. Some readers tune out early, so it’s important to capture their attention quickly. 8. Think. On occasion, an author is hard pressed to determine which interpretation of a sentence he or she originally intended. This occurs when writers splash words onto paper with little thought—i.e., they write before they think. Writers must constantly ask: What am I trying to say? Surprisingly, often they don’t know. —William Zinsser, On Writing Well, 5th ed. (Harper, 1994), page 12. These rules are no more—and are often considerably less—than guideposts to non-distracting communication. When followed, they do not guarantee intelligibility; when applied, they do not confer the attribute "fine writing." Even “acceptable” writing comes at the price of inordinate effort. Nothing is simple. This month’s recommended resource is Style: Toward Clarity and Grace (University of Chicago Press, 1990; reprinted in 1995), by Joseph M. Williams. The book is a bit dry, but its ultimate value repays the effort. Gleaning insight is never easy. Do you have a grammar question? Comments? Suggestions? Please let me know.	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- Nietzsche on Tragedy by M.S. Silk and J.P. Stern Cambridge, 441 pp, £27.50, March 1981, ISBN 0 521 23262 7 - Nietzsche: A Critical Life by Ronald Hayman Weidenfeld, 424 pp, £18.50, March 1980, ISBN 0 297 77636 3 - Nietzsche. Vol. 1: The Will to Power as Art by Martin Heidegger, translated by David Farrell Krell Routledge, 263 pp, £11.50, March 1981, ISBN 0 7100 0744 2 Nietzsche’s first book, The Birth of Tragedy, was published in 1872, when he was 27, and while he was a Professor of Classics at Basel. It had the unusual effect, for him, of attracting some attention at the time of its appearance: after that, Nietzsche’s writings virtually ceased to be noticed until the 1890s, by which time he was, for the last 11 years of his life, insane, virtually without speech, and out of touch with the world. Nietzsche said to his sister that this book was a ‘centaur’, a description which emphasises its oddness, underestimates its beauty, and misleads about the number of its components, since it is a blend not only of scholarship and literary prose, but of philosophy and assertive aesthetic judgment. It makes some historical claims in answer to an old question, the origin of tragedy among the Greeks; more importantly, it tries to characterise the nature of the Greek view of the world, how that is expressed in Greek tragedy, and what significance both that view and those plays can now have. According to Nietzsche, two contrasting spirits stand over Greek, and over all genuine, art – Apollo and Dionysus. Apollo represents order, civilisation and the determinate image; Dionysus represents nature, fertility, rapture, and the dissolution of individuation into collective expression. Greek tragedy was a highly stylised and formal art which arose nevertheless from the cult of Dionysus, and at its highest, in Nietzsche’s view, it represents a peculiar moment at which the forces of Apollo and Dionysus were balanced – a balance which expresses a heroic understanding and acceptance of the destructive horror of things, a ‘pessimism of strength’. These elements, the Dionysiac and the Apollonian (a term surely preferable to Silk and Stern’s ‘Apolline’), by no means merely represent, as they are often taken to do, a dichotomy of passion and reason, or of emotion and form. The basic element of the Dionysiac is indeed Rausch – ‘rapture’ in Krell’s translation of Heidegger, ‘ecstasy’ in Silk and Stern – but the corresponding idea of the Apollonian is dream, and the order which Classical art can set upon things itself has roots in a realm of illusion. The balance between these forces, and the consciousness which the tragic outlook involves, of the unity of destructive and creative forces, was embodied only in the earlier period of the Greek Classical Age – above all, in the tragedians Aeschylus and Sophocles. Of these, Nietzsche tends to emphasise Aeschylus, who was indeed the earlier, but (as Silk and Stern point out) it is certainly Sophocles who most clearly and unpityingly embodies what Nietzsche had in mind. The third great tragedian, Euripides, destroyed tragedy, according to Nietzsche, or rather helped it to destroy itself, in association with the spirit of Socrates, that spirit of ‘Alexandrian optimism’ which trusted in reason to make the most basic questions of living into matters of discursive knowledge. That same rationalistic optimism led inevitably to a depreciation of art, including Plato’s celebrated rejection of it. 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Umesh Deshmukh, PhD University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA Approximately one-third of people with lupus develop nephritis, a complication that can cause kidney failure and sometimes requires chronic dialysis or transplantation. Most research suggests that antibodies in the kidney play a role in the development of kidney failure in lupus, but exactly how this occurs is unclear. “It starts with antibodies, there's no doubt about it,” Dr. Deshmukh says. “But antibody alone is not sufficient, you have to have T cells going into the kidney,” he says. T cells regulate immune responses in lupus. Using carefully selected mouse models, Deshmukh and colleagues investigated whether it is antibodies alone that form the basis for kidney disease in lupus as well as where, when, and how T cells come into play. Through the course of their research, Dr. Deshmukh and colleagues not only gathered substantial evidence to support their original hypothesis, but went on to work on a new mouse model of lupus in which they can test new approaches to target drugs to the kidney (immunoliposomes). Their findings “change the perceived role of autoantibodies in the disease” he says. “If we find antibodies in the kidney, we jump to the conclusion that it's lupus nephritis, but our study will show that you can have antibodies in kidney and still be healthy because the damage starts with T cells.” And while not included in the current grant, Dr. Deshmukh and colleagues have already started looking at drugs that can prevent T-cell mediated damage of the kidneys. With a co-investigator, Dr. Deshmukh now has funding to explore the development of targeted drug delivery system using immunoliposome nanoparticles. Genetic complementation results in augmented autoantibody responses to lupus-associated antigens. Sim DL, Bagavant H, Scindia YM, Ge Y, Gaskin F, Fu SM, Deshmukh US. J Immunol. 2009 Sep 1;183(5):3505-11 SmD peptide induces better antibody responses to other proteins within the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex than to SmD protein via intermolecular epitope spreading. Deshmukh US, Bagavant H, Sim D, Pidiyar V, Fu SM. J. Immunol. 2007 Feb 15;178(4):2565-71 Role for nephritogenic T cells in lupus glomerulonephritis: progression to renal failure is accompanied by T cell activation and expansion in regional lymph nodes. Bagavant H, Deshmukh US, Wang H, Ly T, Fu SM. J. Immunol. 2006 Dec 1;177(11):8258-65. New insights from murine lupus: disassociation of autoimmunity and end organ damage and the role of T cells. Bagavant, H. and Fu, S.M. Deshmukh, U.S, Bagavant, H., Lewis, J., Gaskin, F., Fu, S.M. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol 2005 17:523-528. Role of anti-DNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Deshmukh US, Bagavant H, Fu SM. Autoimmun Rev. 2006 Jul;5(6):414-8. Epub 2005 Dec 7. In 2006, Dr. Deshmukh won a $1.65 million NIH grant continue this work, and in 2009 received a two-year Alliance for Lupus Research (ALR) award of $499,780 to futher explore ‘modulating renal responses: a novel therapeutic approach to lupus nephritis” (as co-investigator). Rev. July 2010 On the go? Text INFO to 50555 and opt-in to receive breaking news about lupus on your mobile phone. Message and Data Rates May Apply. Text STOP to 50555 to STOP. Text HELP to 50555 for HELP. Full Terms - B Cells - Cardiovascular System - Cell Signaling - Central Nervous System - Dendritic Cells - Environmental Triggers - Gender Matters - General Immune System Function - Human Lupus Biology - Lupus Pregnancy - New to Lupus - New Treatments - T Cells - Target Identification - Why the Lupus Immune System Reacts to Its Own DNA	[ 37280, 5069, 2935, 23940, 2724, 71, 11, 16394, 198, 21009, 286, 6025, 11, 24756, 11, 13753, 198, 4677, 24378, 530, 12, 17089, 286, 661, 351, 300, 929, 385, 1205, 497, 746, 27398, 11, 257, 45185, 326, 460, 2728, 21919, 5287, 290, 3360, 4433, 10726, 5980, 3097, 393, 23319, 341, 13, 198, 6943, 2267, 5644, 326, 30869, 287, 262, 21919, 711, 257, 2597, 287, 262, 2478, 286, 21919, 5287, 287, 300, 929, 385, 11, 475, 3446, 703, 428, 8833, 318, 10061, 13, 198, 447, 250, 1026, 4940, 351, 30869, 11, 612, 338, 645, 4719, 546, 340, 11, 447, 251, 1583, 13, 2935, 23940, 2724, 71, 1139, 13, 564, 250, 1537, 35757, 3436, 318, 407, 6751, 11, 345, 423, 284, 423, 309, 4778, 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Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word A light meal will be served during the flight. All dishes are served with a salad. A complimentary afternoon tea is served to all guests. Dinner is served between 7 and 10 pm. The waiter served them both with salmon poached in white wine. Carolyn served them tea and cake in the garden. The cheese is best served at room temperature. He served more than 20 years in the army. Frank has served this company his whole working life. Mr Russell served as president of the Association for fifteen years. Henry served on numerous committees and commissions. I met my wife, Rachel, while serving in the Royal Navy. Sylvie served her apprenticeship with a top Paris designer. Their spare room also serves as an office. The decision should serve as a warning to companies that pollute the environment. His death serves to remind us just how dangerous using drugs can be. That's a stupid rule. What purpose is it supposed to serve? They voted for a chairman who might better serve their interests. His ability to get on with people served him well in setting up his own business. This is the British English definition of serve. View American English definition of serve. mixed together in a way that is not planned, organized, or tidy	[ 8164, 597, 1573, 287, 257, 6770, 393, 1672, 284, 1064, 262, 5726, 329, 326, 1573, 198, 32, 1657, 9799, 481, 307, 4983, 1141, 262, 5474, 13, 198, 3237, 16759, 389, 4983, 351, 257, 20698, 13, 198, 32, 40701, 6672, 8887, 318, 4983, 284, 477, 10650, 13, 198, 35, 5083, 318, 4983, 1022, 767, 290, 838, 9114, 13, 198, 464, 46612, 4983, 606, 1111, 351, 24535, 745, 2317, 287, 2330, 8237, 13, 198, 9914, 34742, 4983, 606, 8887, 290, 12187, 287, 262, 11376, 13, 198, 464, 9891, 318, 1266, 4983, 379, 2119, 5951, 13, 198, 1544, 4983, 517, 621, 1160, 812, 287, 262, 5428, 13, 198, 17439, 468, 4983, 428, 1664, 465, 2187, 1762, 1204, 13, 198, 5246, 11563, 4983, 355, 1893, 286, 262, 5396, 329, 17280, 812, 13, 198, 32476, 4983, 319, 6409, 17460, 290, 30421, 13, 198, 40, 1138, 616, 3656, 11, 15984, 11, 981, 7351, 287, 262, 8111, 8565, 13, 198, 50, 2645, 85, 494, 4983, 607, 38523, 1056, 351, 257, 1353, 6342, 11915, 13, 198, 14574, 13952, 2119, 635, 9179, 355, 281, 2607, 13, 198, 464, 2551, 815, 4691, 355, 257, 6509, 284, 2706, 326, 3278, 1133, 262, 2858, 13, 198, 6653, 1918, 9179, 284, 7101, 514, 655, 703, 4923, 1262, 5010, 460, 307, 13, 198, 2504, 338, 257, 8531, 3896, 13, 1867, 4007, 318, 340, 4385, 284, 4691, 30, 198, 2990, 7052, 329, 257, 8900, 508, 1244, 1365, 4691, 511, 5353, 13, 198, 6653, 2694, 284, 651, 319, 351, 661, 4983, 683, 880, 287, 4634, 510, 465, 898, 1597, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 262, 3517, 3594, 6770, 286, 4691, 13, 3582, 1605, 3594, 6770, 286, 4691, 13, 198, 76, 2966, 1978, 287, 257, 835, 326, 318, 407, 6027, 11, 8389, 11, 393, 43044, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	288
FreeBSD man pages : readlink (2) READLINK(2) FreeBSD System Calls Manual READLINK(2) readlink - read value of a symbolic link Standard C Library (libc, -lc) readlink(const char path, char buf, int bufsiz); Readlink() places the contents of the symbolic link path in the buffer buf, which has size bufsiz. The readlink() function does not append a NUL character to buf. The call returns the count of characters placed in the buffer if it suc- ceeds, or a -1 if an error occurs, placing the error code in the global Readlink() will fail if: [ENOTDIR] A component of the path prefix is not a directory. [ENAMETOOLONG] A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire path name exceeded 1023 characters. [ENOENT] The named file does not exist. [EACCES] Search permission is denied for a component of the [ELOOP] Too many symbolic links were encountered in translat- ing the pathname. [EINVAL] The named file is not a symbolic link. [EIO] An I/O error occurred while reading from the file sys- [EFAULT] Buf extends outside the process's allocated address lstat(2), stat(2), symlink(2), symlink(7) The readlink() function call appeared in 4.2BSD. FreeBSD 4.8 June 4, 1993 FreeBSD 4.8	[ 11146, 21800, 582, 5468, 1058, 1100, 8726, 357, 17, 8, 198, 15675, 43, 17248, 7, 17, 8, 35841, 4482, 27592, 17969, 20832, 43, 17248, 7, 17, 8, 198, 961, 8726, 532, 1100, 1988, 286, 257, 18975, 2792, 198, 23615, 327, 10074, 357, 8019, 66, 11, 532, 44601, 8, 198, 961, 8726, 7, 9979, 1149, 1635, 6978, 11, 1149, 1635, 29325, 11, 493, 809, 9501, 528, 1776, 198, 5569, 8726, 3419, 4113, 262, 10154, 286, 262, 18975, 2792, 3108, 287, 262, 11876, 198, 29325, 11, 543, 468, 2546, 809, 9501, 528, 13, 383, 1100, 8726, 3419, 2163, 857, 407, 24443, 257, 198, 45, 6239, 2095, 284, 42684, 13, 198, 464, 869, 5860, 262, 954, 286, 3435, 4624, 287, 262, 11876, 611, 340, 6522, 12, 198, 2707, 82, 11, 393, 257, 532, 16, 611, 281, 4049, 8833, 11, 12560, 262, 4049, 2438, 287, 262, 3298, 198, 5569, 8726, 3419, 481, 2038, 611, 25, 198, 58, 1677, 2394, 34720, 60, 317, 7515, 286, 262, 3108, 21231, 318, 407, 257, 8619, 13, 198, 58, 1677, 2390, 2767, 31559, 18494, 60, 317, 7515, 286, 257, 3108, 3672, 20672, 14280, 3435, 11, 393, 198, 272, 2104, 3108, 1438, 20672, 838, 1954, 3435, 13, 198, 58, 1677, 46, 3525, 60, 383, 3706, 2393, 857, 407, 2152, 13, 198, 58, 36, 26861, 1546, 60, 11140, 7170, 318, 6699, 329, 257, 7515, 286, 262, 198, 58, 3698, 46, 3185, 60, 14190, 867, 18975, 6117, 547, 12956, 287, 4779, 265, 12, 198, 278, 262, 3108, 3672, 13, 198, 58, 36, 1268, 23428, 60, 383, 3706, 2393, 318, 407, 257, 18975, 2792, 13, 198, 58, 36, 9399, 60, 1052, 314, 14, 46, 4049, 5091, 981, 3555, 422, 262, 2393, 25064, 12, 198, 58, 36, 38865, 60, 347, 3046, 14582, 2354, 262, 1429, 338, 19171, 2209, 198, 75, 14269, 7, 17, 828, 1185, 7, 17, 828, 827, 4029, 676, 7, 17, 828, 827, 4029, 676, 7, 22, 8, 198, 464, 1100, 8726, 3419, 2163, 869, 4120, 287, 604, 13, 17, 21800, 13, 198, 11146, 21800, 604, 13, 23, 2795, 604, 11, 9656, 35841, 604, 13, 23, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	345
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) is considered to be the greatest German mathematician of the nineteenth century. His discoveries and writings influenced and left a lasting mark in the areas of number theory, astronomy, geodesy, and physics, particularly the study of electromagnetism. Gauss was born in Brunswick, Germany, on April 30, 1777, to poor, working-class parents. His father labored as a gardner and brick-layer and was regarded as an upright, honest man. However, he was a harsh parent who discouraged his young son from attending school, with expectations that he would follow one of the family trades. Luckily, Gauss' mother and uncle, Friedrich, recognized Carl's genius early on and knew that he must develop this gifted intelligence with education. While in arithmetic class, at the age of ten, Gauss exhibited his skills as a math prodigy when the stern schoolmaster gave the following assignment: "Write down all the whole numbers from 1 to 100 and add up their sum." When each student finished, he was to bring his slate forward and place it on the schoolmaster's desk, one on top of the other. The teacher expected the beginner's class to take a good while to finish this exercise. But in a few seconds, to his teacher's surprise, Carl proceeded to the front of the room and placed his slate on the desk. Much later the other students handed in their slates. At the end of the classtime, the results were examined, with most of them wrong. But when the schoolmaster looked at Carl's slate, he was astounded to see only one number: 5,050. Carl then had to explain to his teacher that he found the result because he could see that, 1+100=101, 2+99=101, 3+98=101, so that he could find 50 pairs of numbers that each add up to 101. Thus, 50 times 101 will equal 5,050. At the age of fourteen, Gauss was able to continue his education with the help of Carl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. After meeting Gauss, the Duke was so impressed by the gifted student with the photographic memory that he pledged his financial support to help him continue his studies at Caroline College. At the end of his college years, Gauss made a tremendous discovery that, up to this time, mathematicians had believed was impossible. He found that a regular polygon with 17 sides could be drawn using just a compass and straight edge. Gauss was so happy about and proud of his discovery that he gave up his intention to study languages and turned to mathematics. Duke Ferdinand continued to financially support his young friend as Gauss pursued his studies at the University of Gottingen. While there he submitted a proof that every algebraic equation has at least one root or solution. This theorem had challenged mathematicians for centuries and is called "the fundamental theorem of algebra". Gauss' next discovery was in a totally different area of mathematics. In 1801, astronomers had discovered what they thought was a planet, which they named Ceres. They eventually lost sight of Ceres but their observations were communicated to Gauss. He then calculated its exact position, so that it was easily rediscovered. He also worked on a new method for determining the orbits of new asteroids. Eventually these discoveries led to Gauss' appointment as professor of mathematics and director of the observatory at Gottingen, where he remained in his official position until his death on February 23, 1855. Carl Friedrich Gauss, though he devoted his life to mathematics, kept his ideas, problems, and solutions in private diaries. He refused to publish theories that were not finished and perfect. Still, he is considered, along with Archimedes and Newton, to be one of the three greatest mathematicians who ever lived. \|Contributed by Karolee Weller\| \|Permission was requested by Michael Sirola in Tampere, Finland to translate this biography into Finnish for his blog. 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In the medical realm and other areas (e.g., automotive, networking), architects often ask themselves at the time a new product has to be designed if they can afford application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). In past years, a lot has been published about the pros and con of using ASICs. These reports always speak about power consumption, size, and capabilities, but in the end there is a prohibitive factor: the price. In the past year, the price of masks has increased considerably, and it is expected to increase even more. Prices above $5 million for masks are not so uncommon anymore. Who can actually afford such costs!? This problem can be more acute for some high-performance, demanding applications such as medical imaging. In such applications we need to have significant processing capabilities and good power consumption performances… Sure, a well-designed ASIC would work wonders here. For an OEM, a dream come true would be to convince a semiconductor company to take an ASIC, pack it with some ARM and/or other cores and add some peripheries (e.g., LVDS, USB) and produce a chip. That sounds good in theory, but in practice it is not so easy. Semiconductor companies are reluctant to produce chips that can be sold only to one customer, except in cases where the money is right. In the consumer market the sales volume is significant, but in a medical environment the number of sold parts is small so there has to be a special deal between the OEM and the semiconductor company. One can imagine that only a big enough OEM can afford to consider such a direction. For example, if we would produce at this moment a VScan- (GE) or P10- (Siemens) like device (small, handheld ultrasound scanners) with a mask cost of $5 million, we would have to sell around 600 such devices for the amortization of only the mask cost. One has to sell 5000–6000 such devices to obtain a decent margin. These cost problems will be reflected ultimately in the cost of care, in the amount of money each of us is contributing to the system. So, what is the solution to this cost problem? One solution would be to use off-the-shelf hardware that is widely used in other applications. Sure, nothing can be more power efficient than a well-designed ASIC, but the price tag attached is a little prohibitive. Since I am more or less active in the medical imaging area, let's see what off-the-shelf hardware we can use there. For the signal processing part: For the display and user interface part: GPUs nowadays are very sophisticated and powerful, and it is definitely worth it to consider them for some bigger sized devices. FPGAs and DSPs are common solutions for signal processing applications, and the Figure 1 summarizes the capabilities and costs of each (in a medical ultrasound application). Figure 1. The capabilities and costs of FPGAs and DSPs. Atom and ARM cores are proven architectures in the consumer area, so it is only natural to be present in the selection of display and interface section. Power architecture–based devices are used more in the networking domain, and as such, they might be a little off limits due to possible on-chip accelerators, lack of connectivity, etc. Regarding the off-the-shelf ASICs, Samplify Systems, for instance, designs frontends for the medical ultrasound. The user has some degree of freedom to bring some of his IP inside, but not much. Because the frontend characteristics are practically the parts that will determine in the end the image quality, this is a sensitive area. It is very difficult to sell such a product to many OEMs because there will be no real differentiation between products and because many of the OEMs already have patented and tested solutions of their own. In my next posts I will speak about some of the off the shelf hardware available nowadays, and we can debate the suitablily of these architecutres. Robert Krutsch is a DSP software engineer at Freescale Semiconductor. He received a bachelors degree specializing in automatics and computer science from the Polytechnic University of Timisoara, a bachelors degree from the Automation Institute at the University of Bremen, and a doctorate degree in automatic control from Polytechnic University of Bucharest.	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The lacrimal or tear gland, located at the top outer edge of the eye, produces the watery portion of tears. The nasolacrimal duct system allows tears to drain from each eye into the nose. Disorders of these structures can lead to either eyes that water excessively or dry eyes. They may be congenital (present at birth) or caused by infection, foreign objects in the eye, or trauma. Disorders of the nasal cavity and tear ducts are not as common in cats as they are in dogs. However, a few disorders occasionally are seen in this species. Blockage of the Nasal Duct (Epiphora) Occasionally cats will experience a chronic overflow of tears due to an obstruction of the nasal duct called epiphora. This is more common in Persian and Himalayan breeds. In most cases, there is no reason for concern when this occurs, as it does not lead to any medical problems. However, if appearance is an issue, the condition can be corrected surgically. Inflammation of the Tear Sac (Dacryocystitis) Inflammation of the tear sac is rare in cats. It is usually caused by obstruction of the tear sac and the attached nasolacrimal tear duct by inflammatory debris, foreign objects, or masses pressing on the duct. It results in watering eyes, conjunctivitis that is resistant to treatment, and occasionally a draining opening in the middle of the lower eyelid. If your veterinarian suspects an obstruction of the duct, he or she may attempt to unblock it by flushing it with sterile water or a saline solution. X‑rays of the skull after injection of a dye into the duct may be necessary to determine the site, cause, and outlook of longterm obstructions. The usual therapy consists of keeping the duct unblocked and using eyedrops containing antibiotics. When the tear duct has been irreversibly damaged, surgery may be necessary to create a new drainage pathway to empty tears into the nasal cavity, sinus, or mouth. Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) The condition known as dry eye results from inadequate tear production. It often causes persistent mucus and pus-filled conjunctivitis and slow-healing sores (ulcers) and scarring on the cornea. Dry eye is not common in cats but has been associated with longterm feline herpesvirus-1 infections. Topical therapy consists of artificial tear solutions, ointments, and, if there are no scars on the cornea, medications that contain steroids. In longterm dry eye resistant to medical therapy, surgery may be required to correct the condition. Last full review/revision July 2011 by Kirk N. Gelatt, VMD; David G. Baker, DVM, MS, PhD, DACLAM; A. K. 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Adam Health Illustrated Encyclopedia Multimedia - TestSearch Health Information Creatine phosphokinase test Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This article discusses the test to measure the amount of CPK in the blood. CPK test; Creatine kinase; CK test How the test is performed A blood sample is needed. This may be taken from a vein. The procedure is called a venipuncture. This test may be repeated over 2 or 3 days for if you are a patient in the hospital. How to prepare for the test Usually, no special preparation is necessary. Tell your doctor about any medications you are taking. Drugs that can increase CPK measurements include amphotericin B, certain anesthetics, statins, fibrates, dexamethasone, alcohol, and cocaine. How the test will feel When the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, or only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing. Why the test is performed When the total CPK level is very high, it usually means there has been injury or stress to muscle tissue, the heart, or the brain. Muscle tissue injury is most likely. When a muscle is damaged, CPK leaks into the bloodstream. Determining which specific form of CPK is high helps doctors determine which tissue has been damaged. This test may be used to: - Diagnose heart attack - Evaluate cause of chest pain - Determine if or how badly a muscle is damaged - Detect dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and other muscle diseases - Tell the difference between malignant hyperthermia and postoperative infection The pattern and timing of a rise or fall in CPK levels can be diagnostically significant, particularly if a heart attack is suspected. Except in unusual cases, other tests are used to diagnose a heart attack. Total CPK normal values: - 10 - 120 micrograms per liter (mcg/L) Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. What abnormal results mean High CPK levels may be seen in patients who have: - Brain injury or stroke - Delirium tremens - Dermatomyositis or polymyositis - Electric shock - Heart attack - Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) - Lung tissue death (pulmonary infarction) - Muscular dystrophies Additional conditions may give positive test results: What the risks are There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include: - Excessive bleeding - Fainting or feeling light-headed - Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) - Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken) Other tests should be done to determine the exact location of muscle damage. Factors that may affect test results include cardiac catheterization, intramuscular injections, trauma to muscles, recent surgery, and heavy exercise. Anderson JL. ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and complications of myocardial infarction. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 73. Chinnery PF. Muscle diseases. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 429. Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.	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This early masterpiece of the Arts and Crafts Movement exemplifies the collaborative endeavors of William Morris and his circle to improve design standards. Morris believed that a return to the principles of medieval production, with fine artists creating functional objects, could help overcome the evils of industrialization. This cabinet, one of several in which Morris enlisted the participation of Sir Edward Burne-Jones, is an attempt to erase the distinction between the fine and the applied arts. The painting on leather with a punched background is itself a craftsman's medium. Although the cabinet is usually described as in the "medieval style," it is actually a vivid example of the ability of the Morris firm to convert the eclecticism that marked much of the art of the late nineteenth century into an original and modern style. Although Burne-Jones's painted figures are in medieval costume much of the decoration is equally Oriental in inspiration. Philip Webb's straightforward design, however, which boldly displays the casework skeleton on the exterior, anticipated the emphasis on structural elements that would inform the design revolution of the next century.	[ 1212, 1903, 30669, 286, 262, 11536, 290, 15745, 82, 15477, 21433, 6945, 262, 25408, 40273, 286, 3977, 14433, 290, 465, 9197, 284, 2987, 1486, 5423, 13, 14433, 4762, 326, 257, 1441, 284, 262, 7811, 286, 19955, 3227, 11, 351, 3734, 7912, 4441, 10345, 5563, 11, 714, 1037, 10980, 262, 33980, 286, 7593, 1634, 13, 770, 13447, 11, 530, 286, 1811, 287, 543, 14433, 30166, 262, 10270, 286, 7361, 10443, 8942, 68, 12, 25784, 11, 318, 281, 2230, 284, 28602, 262, 12941, 1022, 262, 3734, 290, 262, 5625, 10848, 13, 383, 12036, 319, 11620, 351, 257, 25436, 4469, 318, 2346, 257, 28229, 805, 338, 7090, 13, 4900, 262, 13447, 318, 3221, 3417, 355, 287, 262, 366, 1150, 14671, 3918, 553, 340, 318, 1682, 257, 21002, 1672, 286, 262, 2694, 286, 262, 14433, 4081, 284, 10385, 262, 9940, 801, 11965, 326, 7498, 881, 286, 262, 1242, 286, 262, 2739, 29666, 4289, 656, 281, 2656, 290, 3660, 3918, 13, 4900, 8942, 68, 12, 25784, 338, 13055, 5538, 389, 287, 19955, 16569, 881, 286, 262, 42050, 318, 8603, 39713, 287, 12141, 13, 14576, 25130, 338, 15836, 1486, 11, 2158, 11, 543, 42831, 11298, 262, 6124, 6433, 18328, 319, 262, 20897, 11, 14486, 262, 12476, 319, 13204, 4847, 326, 561, 4175, 262, 1486, 5854, 286, 262, 1306, 4289, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	215
Watch a video to find out. Stay logged in Go to Navigation Go to Content Go to Search Back to browse highlights Doorway from Abbey of Notre-Dame at Nevers Seated Virgin and Child Browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events. This artwork is currently on display in Gallery 001 According to tradition, the monastery of Moutiers-Saint-Jean was founded by the first Christian kings of France, Clovis I and his son Clothar I. They are almost certainly depicted in the standing figures presenting their charters, now installed in the embrasures on either side of the portal. The small seated figures in the flanking niches represent biblical personages believed to prefigure or foretell Christ's Crucifixion. The tympanum above the doorway depicts Christ crowning the Virgin as the Queen of Heaven. This portal, probably from the north aisle of the cloister, would have led from the monastic precinct into the abbey church. The portal suffered severe damage during the sixteenth-century Wars of Religion; the heads of the two kings may have been repaired in the seventeenth century. From the abbey of Moutiers-Saint-Jean, near Dijon, FranceMlle. Cambillarc , Moutiers-St.-Jean, France ; Jean Peslier , Vézelay, France ; [ Brummer Gallery , Paris and New York (sold 1932)] © 2000–2013 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. All rights reserved.	[ 10723, 257, 2008, 284, 1064, 503, 13, 198, 25681, 18832, 287, 198, 5247, 284, 42115, 198, 5247, 284, 14041, 198, 5247, 284, 11140, 198, 7282, 284, 25675, 11330, 198, 35, 2675, 1014, 422, 33128, 286, 23382, 12, 35, 480, 379, 3169, 690, 198, 4653, 515, 5283, 290, 5932, 198, 32635, 325, 1459, 290, 7865, 48130, 290, 2995, 13, 198, 1212, 16257, 318, 3058, 319, 3359, 287, 12917, 3571, 16, 198, 4821, 284, 6761, 11, 262, 38139, 286, 337, 448, 3183, 12, 48615, 12, 38248, 373, 9393, 416, 262, 717, 4302, 21557, 286, 4881, 11, 1012, 709, 271, 314, 290, 465, 3367, 1012, 849, 283, 314, 13, 1119, 389, 2048, 3729, 18904, 287, 262, 5055, 5538, 17728, 511, 1149, 1010, 11, 783, 6589, 287, 262, 7726, 13846, 319, 2035, 1735, 286, 262, 17898, 13, 383, 1402, 21639, 5538, 287, 262, 781, 15230, 9200, 956, 2380, 24726, 1048, 1095, 4762, 284, 662, 26875, 393, 1674, 33331, 1951, 338, 6472, 66, 42169, 295, 13, 383, 1259, 3149, 272, 388, 2029, 262, 32439, 28539, 1951, 12389, 278, 262, 5283, 355, 262, 7542, 286, 11225, 13, 770, 17898, 11, 2192, 422, 262, 5093, 28960, 286, 262, 28050, 1694, 11, 561, 423, 2957, 422, 262, 937, 3477, 28802, 656, 262, 450, 23454, 4928, 13, 383, 17898, 6989, 6049, 2465, 1141, 262, 2237, 20283, 12, 14792, 6176, 286, 21741, 26, 262, 6665, 286, 262, 734, 21557, 743, 423, 587, 27457, 287, 262, 10037, 28117, 4289, 13, 198, 4863, 262, 450, 23454, 286, 337, 448, 3183, 12, 48615, 12, 38248, 11, 1474, 360, 2926, 261, 11, 4881, 44, 75, 293, 13, 21456, 359, 5605, 837, 337, 448, 3183, 12, 1273, 7874, 38248, 11, 4881, 2162, 11320, 38434, 2505, 837, 569, 2634, 17396, 323, 11, 4881, 2162, 685, 1709, 31647, 12917, 837, 6342, 290, 968, 1971, 357, 24120, 32471, 15437, 198, 16224, 4751, 1906, 6390, 383, 21609, 9594, 286, 3683, 13, 1439, 2489, 10395, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	317
Benjamin Franklin was born to a poor soap boiler on January 17, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was one of many children in his family, and he learned to appreciate the rewards of hard work at age twelve as an apprentice at his brother James' printing shop. By the age of seventeen, Franklin's skills as a printer had become so strong that at twenty-two he left Boston to open his own printing shop in Pennsylvania. This is where he developed his two most famous publications, The Pennsylvania Gazette, the most popular newspaper in the colonies, and the annual Poor Richard's Almanac. Franklin was one of the first printers to use cartoons in his publications in order to accommodate the people who had not learned to read. He believed that his publications were a way to get information to every person, not just those who could read. In Pennsylvania, Franklin founded organizations, became involved in the community, and assembled a vast collection of inventions that would allow people to live better lives. He started the first circulatory library known as the American Philosophical Society and founded an academy that would soon become the University of Pennsylvania. As a journalist, Franklin was constantly putting on and taking off his reading glasses. He became frustrated with the repetition of this task, so he cut the bottom half of his reading classes and put them in the frames of another pair of spectacles. He had given birth to the bifocals, which many of us still use today. His scientific mind was always looking for ways to make life easier. This led him to invent the lightning rod, the Franklin stove, the odometer, and a variety of devices like the wooden "long arm." He also created the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live safer lives. In 1748, Franklin retired from printing in order to focus his attention on electricity. Franklin developed many electrical theories and often found innovative, and sometimes quite dangerous, ways to test them. One of his most well known theories was that lightning is a form of electricity. Discovering evidence to support this notion at first seemed to be a very difficult endeavor to achieve. How was he going to actually access lightning, a phenomenon that had mystified humans for thousands of years? Franklinís letters indicate that he initially planned a scheme that would involve a spire that was being built on a church in Philadelphia. He soon decided, however, that the spire would not be nearly tall enough to provide him adequate access to the clouds where lightning forms during a storm. A kite, he realized, could be flown to great heights, leading to the famous kite and key experiment. Reportedly in June of 1752, Franklin and his son (who was twenty-one at the time, rather than a young boy as often appears in illustrations of the famous experiment) ventured into an open field as a thunderstorm approached. There they sent up a kite Franklin had constructed from silk. Because he knew that metal was a conductor of electricity, Franklin attached a metal rod to the top of the kite and a large metal key near the bottom of the string by which he held the kite. He thought that if lightning really were electricity, then it would charge the metal rod and would travel down the string to the key, electrifying it as well. The experiment worked exactly as he hoped. After flying the kite in the thunderclouds for some time, he noticed that the key gave off sparks when he touched it, a clear sign that it was electrified. An educated Franklin brought his intellectual ideas and superior communication skills to the politics of a forming nation. In 1757, Franklin was sent to England as a representative of the colonies in the quarrel between England and the Colonies, and he returned as an advocate of independence. He served as a member of the Continental Congress where he helped Thomas Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Franklin then became the ambassador to France, where he persuaded the French to aid the Americans in the Revolutionary War. He continued to serve the young nation in assisting the creation of the compromises developed at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. As a journalist, scientist, inventor, statesmen, philosopher, musician, and economist, Benjamin Franklin can be thought of as a colonial Renaissance man. Through hard work and great ideas, Franklin helped shaped a young nation with the aid of his many hard-earned skills. Benjamin Franklin was a pivotal player in the foundation of the United States of America. BACK TO PIONEERS IN OPTICS Questions or comments? 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Did San Luis Obispo produce any goods? Were they well-known for producing anything? Did San Luis Obispo produce any goods? Were they well-known for producing anything? I'm working on a Mission report and I can't find any literature on The primary products produced by the missions were cow hides and tallow. The cow hides were also known as Yankee dollars, because they were traded for manufactured goods brought by ships which were mostly from Boston. San Luis Obispo was also famous for being the first mission to make roofing tiles, which the other missions soon copied. As of 1832, the last year for which records were kept, San Luis Obispo had a herd of 2.500 cattle and 5,432 sheep. San Luis Obispo also had large agricultural fields under cultivation.	[ 11633, 2986, 20894, 1835, 271, 7501, 4439, 597, 7017, 30, 15176, 484, 880, 12, 4002, 329, 9194, 1997, 30, 198, 11633, 2986, 20894, 1835, 271, 7501, 4439, 597, 7017, 30, 15176, 484, 880, 12, 4002, 329, 9194, 1997, 30, 314, 1101, 1762, 319, 257, 12633, 989, 290, 314, 460, 470, 1064, 597, 9285, 319, 198, 464, 4165, 3186, 4635, 416, 262, 10566, 547, 9875, 30768, 290, 7331, 322, 13, 383, 9875, 30768, 547, 635, 1900, 355, 36514, 5054, 11, 780, 484, 547, 14018, 329, 15943, 7017, 3181, 416, 7937, 543, 547, 4632, 422, 6182, 13, 2986, 20894, 1835, 271, 7501, 373, 635, 5863, 329, 852, 262, 717, 4365, 284, 787, 9753, 278, 19867, 11, 543, 262, 584, 10566, 2582, 18984, 13, 198, 1722, 286, 1248, 2624, 11, 262, 938, 614, 329, 543, 4406, 547, 4030, 11, 2986, 20894, 1835, 271, 7501, 550, 257, 27638, 286, 362, 13, 4059, 17025, 290, 642, 11, 45331, 15900, 13, 2986, 20894, 1835, 271, 7501, 635, 550, 1588, 14240, 7032, 739, 23089, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	169
A new video explores the pros and cons of digital devices vs paper tools for recording and organizing ideas. It's a fun exercise to do. Like: no doubt that with Moleskine notebooks sharing demands a bit more effort. But they are more personal and need no batteries nor cables. No pinch-zoom function available on paper, but note taking can be quicker and more convenient than on a smart phone. This list of pros and cons could go on forever. Or, is there a way of connecting smart phones to notebooks? Moleskine started to experiment on it, with the Smart Notebook created with Evernote, for augmented notebooking. Smart Phones vs Moleskine Notebooks? 08 November 2012 Have a look at the video and leave your comments about pros and cons of notebooks vs digital devices or on possible ways of connecting the two. Enjoy.	[ 32, 649, 2008, 25409, 262, 10360, 290, 762, 286, 4875, 4410, 3691, 3348, 4899, 329, 8296, 290, 16924, 4213, 13, 632, 338, 257, 1257, 5517, 284, 466, 13, 4525, 25, 645, 4719, 326, 351, 337, 4316, 74, 500, 43935, 7373, 8665, 257, 1643, 517, 3626, 13, 887, 484, 389, 517, 2614, 290, 761, 645, 13591, 4249, 18018, 13, 1400, 25394, 12, 89, 4207, 2163, 1695, 319, 3348, 11, 475, 3465, 2263, 460, 307, 20061, 290, 517, 11282, 621, 319, 257, 4451, 3072, 13, 198, 1212, 1351, 286, 10360, 290, 762, 714, 467, 319, 8097, 13, 1471, 11, 318, 612, 257, 835, 286, 14320, 4451, 9512, 284, 43935, 30, 337, 4316, 74, 500, 2067, 284, 6306, 319, 340, 11, 351, 262, 10880, 5740, 2070, 2727, 351, 412, 933, 1258, 11, 329, 30259, 20922, 278, 13, 198, 25610, 1380, 1952, 3691, 337, 4316, 74, 500, 5740, 12106, 30, 198, 2919, 3389, 2321, 198, 11980, 257, 804, 379, 262, 2008, 290, 2666, 534, 3651, 546, 10360, 290, 762, 286, 43935, 3691, 4875, 4410, 393, 319, 1744, 2842, 286, 14320, 262, 734, 13, 18179, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	182
Term applied to the work of Giorgio De Chirico and Carlo Carrà before and during World War I and thereafter to the works produced by the Italian artists who grouped around them. Pittura Metafisica was characterized by a recognizable iconography: a fictive space was created in the painting, modelled on illusionistic one-point perspective but deliberately subverted. In de Chirico’s paintings this established disturbingly deep city squares, bordered by receding arcades and distant brick walls; or claustrophobic interiors, with steeply rising floors. Within these spaces classical statues and, most typically, metaphysical mannequins (derived from tailors’ dummies) provided a featureless and expressionless, surrogate human presence. Balls, coloured toys and unidentifiable solids, plaster moulds, geometrical instruments, military regalia and small realistic paintings were juxtaposed on exterior platforms or in crowded interiors and, particularly in Carrà’s work, included alongside the mannequins. In the best paintings these elements were combined to give a disconcerting image of reality and to capture the disquieting nature of the everyday. The thinking behind this approach derived from the melancholic personalities of de Chirico and his brother, the writer and composer Alberto Savinio. It was encouraged by their reading (c. 1910) of the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer and Otto Weininger. They became interested in Nietzche’s notion of the eternal return and the circularity of time, which supported their own views about the re-enactment of myth. Their central concern was true reality (where the past recurs), which is hidden behind the reality of appearances and visible only to the ‘clearsighted’ at enigmatic moments. In his paintings de Chirico sought to unmask reality and reveal its mysterious truth. The modification of perspective and depiction of mundane objects provided the appropriate context. In Paris (1911–15), de Chirico and Savinio became close friends of Guillaume Apollinaire , finding parallels to their understanding of Nietzsche in his conviction that the unifying element in contemporary painting was the idea of ‘surprise’, suggesting the inevitability of fate. It was Apollinaire who first called de Chirico’s painting ‘metaphysical’, referring to works produced in 1910 and 1911 (L’Intransigeant, 30 Oct 1913). De Chirico had been influenced by the work of the Symbolists and by that of Arnold Böcklin. By 1917, in Ferrara, he was painting in a simplified manner, in which crisp areas of colour outlined in black and a clear, dry modelling complement the disturbing subject-matter. Carrà met de Chirico and Savinio for the first time in Ferrara in February 1917. A leading Futurist, Carrà had begun to withdraw from the movement in 1915 as he became interested in the combination of simplicity and monumentality in the work of Giotto and Paolo Uccello. Paring away superfluous detail in his paintings, he applied the structural lessons of these masters to figures and ordinary objects, attempting to reconcile art and nature. His understanding of Giotto’s use of a perspective subservient to the pictorial structure prepared him for the destabilizing space used by de Chirico. Carrà’s style fluctuated during these investigations, but in the metaphysical style of de Chirico he found a solution. The two painters worked closely for some months in 1917; while theoretical differences remained, their stylistic solution became known as Pittura Metafisica, a term that they were happy to apply to their work. The Roman periodical Valori plastici appeared for the first time in November 1918 and became the proponent of Arte Metafisica, which had widened its activities in the preceding year. Savinio’s first book, Hermaphrodito, was published in 1918; Carrà held a show in Milan (1917–18), which included his Ferrarese works. De Chirico exhibited in Rome in 1918 (with Carrà) and 1919. During World War I the artists in Ferrara had been in touch with the periodical La raccolta in nearby Bologna. Through this connection Giorgio Morandi absorbed the metaphysical style; for a time c. 1918/19 his works came close to Carrà’s, in the crisp rendering of a limited group of objects. Morandi’s work was illustrated in Valori plastici, and he exhibited with de Chirico and Carrà but soon passed on to other considerations. In 1919 Carrà published Pittura Metafisica; the book understated de Chirico’s importance in these developments and led to acrimony. A year later Filippo de Pisis, who had been part of the Ferrara group, published his lyrical prose collection about Ferrara, La città dalle 100 meraviglie. Although collages survive from 1916, de Pisis began to paint seriously only in 1919, using a soft impressionistic style for his vaguely metaphysical still-lifes. At this time the sculptor Arturo Martini, although dispensing with the characteristic perspective and mannequins, went some way towards reconciling Carrà’s Giottesque monumentality with the foreboding of de Chirico’s paintings by means of his small, clay figures. Martini’s use of the figure was symptomatic of Valori plastici’s sympathy towards the so-called post-war ‘rappel à l’ordre’. In its years of publication (1918–21), when the theoretical background of Arte Metafisica was being clarified by Savinio, de Chirico and Carrà, the style of both painters shifted radically from the position of 1917 to concentrate on the figure. Several major artists were attracted by this development: Mario Sironi’s totemic mannequins turned into brooding solitary figures; and Felice Casorati used steep perspectives leading to dark interiors as the settings for his models. In Germany the impact of the two Valori plastici travelling exhibitions (1921 and 1924) was considerable. Featureless mannequins began to appear in the work of George Grosz, Rudolf Schlichter and Oskar Schlemmer. The effect was felt most profoundly, however, by Max Ernst. On his arrival in Paris in 1922, Ernst’s painting reflected the admiration of his poet friends for de Chirico. At that time only one painter, Pierre Roy (a pre-war friend of de Chirico), showed the influence of metaphysical art, but the painters who became Surrealists after Ernst almost all passed through a period of stylistic debt to de Chirico, notably Salvador Dalí and Alberto Giacometti (the leading creators of the Surrealist Object), René Magritte and Paul Delvaux. These groups—Novecento Italiano in Italy, Magic Realism in Germany and international Surrealism—carried the style into the 1930s. Although Carrà occasionally painted metaphysical works, it was only in the paintings of Savinio and de Chirico that the philosophical background of Pittura Metafisica persisted. 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Reasons to Attend a Presentation Dates and Times of Presentations How to Reserve/Schedule a Time: 90 minutes Content: Definitions of rape/sexual assault Discussion of rape myths and effects of rape Cultural contributors to rape -avoid committing sexual assault -help a friend who has been raped -speak out against rape Audience: Any men who want to learn more about how to prevent sexual assault. Great for male residence halls, fraternities, athletic teams, and other male organizations. Presenters: Males who are trained in sexual assault prevention and who do NOT believe that “every man is a potential rapist.” Requests: Requests for presentations can be emailed to [email protected] or by calling 994-5682. Reduce the likelihood that the crimes of rape or sexual assault will occur within your organization. In addition to being criminal offenses, rape and sexual assault can bring sanctions from the university as well as national governing bodies, and can ruin the reputations of your members, the organization, the team, or the university. -Good Public Relations When a rape or sexual assault occurs (or is even rumored to have occurred) within an organization, word quickly spreads to beware of that group. Taking an active part in sexual assault prevention allows the rest of the MSU community see your organization in a positive light. Depending on your level of involvement, your group can be listed on the MSR website as a supporter so that others can see that your organization is committed to preventing sexual violence. -Protect and Educate Your Members A large number of men who committed rape or sexual assault didn’t know they had committed a crime, even though their actions clearly met legal criteria for these offenses. An MSR presentation will teach your members what the laws are and how to look out for yourself and your friends. -Help Protect Females We all have females who are close to us: friends, girlfriends, sisters, and mothers. Department of Justice statistics show that 1 in 4 women will be a victim of rape. Learning about sexual assault, rape, and what you can do to prevent it helps educate others and works towards keeping women safe. Presentations for Fall have not yet been scheduled. Call us to arrange a special presentation for your group, or watch this space for a schedule or presentations. To reserve a spot at one of the presentations, please call 994-5682. Spaces are limited to 15-20 people, so call soon to get the day and time you want! Feel free to bring snacks or beverages, but please be prepared to stay for the entire duration of the presentation. In some cases, we may be able to come to your organization and present directly; call for details.	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OTTAWA — Hop cultivation, which has been dormant in Quebec for more than 60 years, could see a revival, thanks to a $400,000 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Quebec Ministry of Agriculture research project in a rural part of the province. The study will help two farmers in Pontiac Country, near the Ontario border, grow 10 varieties of hops to determine which ones grow best and are most disease-resistant. The research project is expected to last three to five years. Jacques Lance, who has a 364-hectare farm on Grand Calumet Island, said hop cultivation could help Quebec cattle and cash crop farmers diversify their crops and increase their incomes. Richard Gravel, an Agriculture Canada spokesman, said scientists suggested the project in 2005 when the price of hops doubled. Gravel said almost all Quebec microbreweries are interested in the Pontiac study because they want locally produced hops. Lance said the price of hops — green cone-shaped flowers that give beer a bitter tang — recently increased by more than 400 per cent in one year. He said even though the price has since declined he hopes to receive at least $10 a pound for this year's crop from a small, experimental plot. An Agriculture Canada explanation of the project said it would transfer hop-growing techniques to other farms, improve regional economies and meet the needs of microbreweries. Lawrence Cannon, MP for Pontiac and foreign affairs minister, and Jean-Pierre Blackburn, the minister of state for agriculture, announced the government investment in hop production at Lance's farm about 100 kilometres northwest of Ottawa on Thursday. Lance said a shortage of hops has forced the price up and made it difficult for some microbreweries to find a reliable supply. "The basic plan is to help farmers diversify their incomes and help microbreweries," Lance said. "The Quebec microbreweries are looking for a made-in-Quebec product because some growers told them they might not be able to supply them with hops any more. "There had been a couple of bad years and that created a shortage. Hops had been selling at $4 to $5 a pound and then they went up to $40 or $50. Some big breweries tried to buy up almost all the hops and that left the microbreweries with a big problem."	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El Castillo/Temple of Kukulcán The most dramatic structure in Chichén Itzá is El Castillo (the Castle), also known as the Temple of Kukulcán. At 24 meters (79 feet) it’s the tallest structure on the site, and certainly the most recognizable. Dating to around A.D. 850, the Castillo was built according to strict astronomical guidelines. There are nine levels, which, divided by the central staircase, make for 18 platforms, the number of months in the Maya calendar. Each of the four sides has 91 steps; together with the platform on top, there are 365 steps, or one for each day of the year. There are 52 inset panels on each face, equal to the number of years in each cycle of the Calendar Round. On the spring and autumn equinoxes (March 21 and September 22), the afternoon sun lights up a bright zigzag strip on the outside wall of the north staircase and the giant serpent heads at the base, giving the appearance of a serpent slithering down the steps. Chichén Itzá is mobbed during those periods, especially by spiritual-minded folks seeking communion with the ancient Mayas. The effect also occurs in the days just before and after the equinox, and there are many fewer people blocking the view. Climbing the Castillo used to be a given for any visit to Chichén Itzá, and the views from its top level are breathtaking. However, an elderly tourist died in 2005, after tumbling from near the top of the pyramid to the ground. The accident, combined with longtime warnings from archaeologists that the structure was being irreparably eroded by the hundreds of thousands of visitors who climbed it yearly, prompted officials to close it off. Pyramids at other sites have been restricted as well, and it’s looking more and more like a permanent policy. Deep inside the Castillo, and accessed by way of a steep, narrow staircase are several chambers. Inside one archaeologists discovered a red-painted, jade-studded figure of a jaguar. © Gary Chandler & Liza Prado from Moon Yucatán Peninsula, 9th edition	[ 9527, 5833, 16111, 14, 12966, 1154, 286, 509, 2724, 377, 66, 21162, 198, 464, 749, 10092, 4645, 287, 609, 488, 35942, 632, 89, 6557, 318, 2574, 5833, 16111, 357, 1169, 11312, 828, 635, 1900, 355, 262, 10857, 286, 509, 2724, 377, 66, 21162, 13, 1629, 1987, 10700, 357, 3720, 3625, 8, 340, 447, 247, 82, 262, 38760, 4645, 319, 262, 2524, 11, 290, 3729, 262, 749, 30264, 13, 43528, 284, 1088, 317, 13, 35, 13, 30607, 11, 262, 5833, 16111, 373, 3170, 1864, 284, 7646, 37209, 9949, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 5193, 2974, 11, 543, 11, 9086, 416, 262, 4318, 27656, 11, 787, 329, 1248, 9554, 11, 262, 1271, 286, 1933, 287, 262, 26041, 11845, 13, 5501, 286, 262, 1440, 5389, 468, 10495, 4831, 26, 1978, 351, 262, 3859, 319, 1353, 11, 612, 389, 21268, 4831, 11, 393, 530, 329, 1123, 1110, 286, 262, 614, 13, 1318, 389, 6740, 1035, 316, 13043, 319, 1123, 1986, 11, 4961, 284, 262, 1271, 286, 812, 287, 1123, 6772, 286, 262, 26506, 10485, 13, 198, 2202, 262, 6076, 290, 23608, 1602, 259, 1140, 274, 357, 16192, 2310, 290, 2693, 2534, 828, 262, 6672, 4252, 7588, 510, 257, 6016, 1976, 328, 50183, 10283, 319, 262, 2354, 3355, 286, 262, 5093, 27656, 290, 262, 6175, 33727, 6665, 379, 262, 2779, 11, 3501, 262, 5585, 286, 257, 33727, 1017, 40861, 866, 262, 4831, 13, 609, 488, 35942, 632, 89, 6557, 318, 7251, 3077, 1141, 883, 9574, 11, 2592, 416, 8557, 12, 14543, 7974, 6095, 41419, 351, 262, 6156, 1737, 292, 13, 383, 1245, 635, 8833, 287, 262, 1528, 655, 878, 290, 706, 262, 1602, 259, 1140, 11, 290, 612, 389, 867, 7380, 661, 12013, 262, 1570, 13, 198, 34, 2475, 4623, 262, 5833, 16111, 973, 284, 307, 257, 1813, 329, 597, 3187, 284, 609, 488, 35942, 632, 89, 6557, 11, 290, 262, 5009, 422, 663, 1353, 1241, 389, 35589, 13, 2102, 11, 281, 13830, 18473, 3724, 287, 5075, 11, 706, 256, 14739, 422, 1474, 262, 1353, 286, 262, 27944, 284, 262, 2323, 13, 383, 5778, 11, 5929, 351, 15076, 14601, 422, 38967, 326, 262, 4645, 373, 852, 11331, 1845, 1346, 44699, 416, 262, 5179, 286, 4138, 286, 9692, 508, 19952, 340, 24169, 11, 12053, 2828, 284, 1969, 340, 572, 13, 9485, 43591, 379, 584, 5043, 423, 587, 10770, 355, 880, 11, 290, 340, 447, 247, 82, 2045, 517, 290, 517, 588, 257, 7748, 2450, 13, 198, 29744, 2641, 262, 5833, 16111, 11, 290, 17535, 416, 835, 286, 257, 14559, 11, 7135, 27656, 389, 1811, 23204, 13, 14384, 530, 38967, 5071, 257, 2266, 12, 47351, 11, 474, 671, 12, 301, 4185, 276, 3785, 286, 257, 474, 11433, 283, 13, 198, 16224, 10936, 28346, 1222, 406, 23638, 1736, 4533, 422, 6869, 575, 1229, 265, 21162, 24078, 11, 860, 400, 8313, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	462
Radnor Lake State Natural Area Just seven miles southwest of downtown Nashville, Radnor Lake State Natural Area (Otter Creek Rd., 615/373-3467) provides a natural escape for visitors and residents of the city. Eighty-five acre Radnor Lake was created in 1914 by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company, which impounded Otter Creek to do so. The lake was to provide water for the railroad’s steam engines. By the 1940s, the railroad’s use of the lake ended and 20 years later the area was threatened by development. Local residents, including the Tennessee Ornithological Society, successfully rallied against development and Radnor Lake State Natural Area was established in 1973. There are six miles of hiking trails around the lake, and Otter Creek Road, which is closed to vehicular traffic, is open to bicycles and walkers. A nature museum at the visitors center describes some of the 240 species of birds and hundreds of species of plants and animals that live at Radnor. The visitors center is open Sunday–Thursday 9 a.m.–4 p.m. and Friday–Saturday 8 a.m.–4 p.m. Radnor is well-used and well-loved by Nashvillians, and for good reason. Very few American cities have such a large and pristine natural area so close to the urban center. © Susanna Henighan Potter from Moon Tennessee, 5th Edition	[ 15546, 13099, 6233, 1812, 12068, 9498, 198, 5703, 3598, 4608, 26283, 286, 9436, 19250, 11, 5325, 13099, 6233, 1812, 12068, 9498, 357, 46, 83, 353, 13509, 20769, 1539, 718, 1314, 14, 34770, 12, 2682, 3134, 8, 3769, 257, 3288, 6654, 329, 9692, 290, 5085, 286, 262, 1748, 13, 412, 14400, 12, 13261, 31244, 5325, 13099, 6233, 373, 2727, 287, 26833, 416, 262, 21525, 290, 19250, 36289, 5834, 11, 543, 848, 6302, 19740, 353, 13509, 284, 466, 523, 13, 198, 464, 13546, 373, 284, 2148, 1660, 329, 262, 24337, 447, 247, 82, 13324, 11874, 13, 2750, 262, 16236, 82, 11, 262, 24337, 447, 247, 82, 779, 286, 262, 13546, 4444, 290, 1160, 812, 1568, 262, 1989, 373, 8556, 416, 2478, 13, 10714, 5085, 11, 1390, 262, 11287, 49359, 342, 2770, 7023, 11, 7675, 32537, 1028, 2478, 290, 5325, 13099, 6233, 1812, 12068, 9498, 373, 4920, 287, 15674, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 2237, 4608, 286, 24522, 19196, 1088, 262, 13546, 11, 290, 19740, 353, 13509, 5567, 11, 543, 318, 4838, 284, 2844, 13174, 4979, 11, 318, 1280, 284, 35426, 290, 2513, 364, 13, 317, 3450, 13257, 379, 262, 9692, 3641, 8477, 617, 286, 262, 14956, 4693, 286, 10087, 290, 5179, 286, 4693, 286, 6134, 290, 4695, 326, 2107, 379, 5325, 13099, 13, 383, 9692, 3641, 318, 1280, 3502, 1906, 25381, 860, 257, 13, 76, 37585, 19, 279, 13, 76, 13, 290, 3217, 1906, 19844, 807, 257, 13, 76, 37585, 19, 279, 13, 76, 13, 198, 15546, 13099, 318, 880, 12, 1484, 290, 880, 12, 75, 2668, 416, 13950, 41082, 1547, 11, 290, 329, 922, 1738, 13, 9576, 1178, 1605, 4736, 423, 884, 257, 1588, 290, 37293, 3288, 1989, 523, 1969, 284, 262, 7876, 3641, 13, 198, 16224, 8932, 7697, 6752, 394, 272, 14179, 422, 6869, 11287, 11, 642, 400, 5061, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	299
Since the 1960s, Washington has clamped a strict trade embargo on Cuba in the expectation that economic distress would oust Castro or at least moderate his behavior. Since 1996 the U.S. embargo has been embodied in law (heretofore it was an executive order). Here’s what Uncle Sam says the embargo, enacted on February 3, 1962, by President Kennedy, is about: The fundamental goal of U.S. policy toward Cuba is to promote a peaceful transition to a stable, democratic form of government and respect for human rights. Our policy has two fundamental components: maintaining pressure on the Cuban Government for change through the embargo and the Libertad Act while providing humanitarian assistance to the Cuban people, and working to aid the development of civil society in the country. Critics call it a violation of international law that injures and threatens the welfare of Cuban people. The United Nations General Assembly routinely votes to condemn it (the 2009 vote was 187-3, with only Palau and Israel—which trades with Cuba—joining the United States in voting against the resolution). Uncle Sam even fines foreign companies doing business with Cuba. Talk about shooting oneself in the foot! For example, when Hilton and Sheraton hotels worldwide were banned from accepting Cuban trade delegations, European unions and parliamentarians initiated a boycott of the hotel chains, while the Mexican government even fined Sheraton US$100,000 for expelling Cuban guests in violation of international law. Meanwhile, the ultimate irony and hypocrisy is that although no Cuban goods can be sold to the United States, the U.S. does permit sales of “agricultural” and certain other goods to Cuba under a waiver that runs from daiquiri mix to rolls of newsprint (even the Communist rag, Granma, is printed on paper from Alabama), to the tune of US$718 million in 2008! The effects of the embargo (which Castro calls el bloqueo, or blockade) are much debated. In 1999, Cuba filed a claim for US$181 billion in reparations. However, in 2000, the International Trade Commission (ITC) determined that the embargo has had a minimal impact on the Cuban economy, citing domestic policies as the main cause of Cuba’s economic woes (for three decades, the effects of the embargo were almost entirely offset by massive subsidies from the Soviet Union). As President Carter noted during his visit to Havana in May 2002: “These restraints are not the source of Cuba’s economic problems. Cuba can trade with more than 100 countries, and buy medicines, for example, more cheaply in Mexico than in the United States.” The paradox is that the policy achieves the opposite effect to its stated goals: It provides a wonderful excuse for the Communist system’s economic failings, and a rationale to suppress dissidents and civil liberties under the aegis of national security for an island under siege. It also permits Fidel Castro to perform the role of Cuba’s anti-imperialistic savior that he has cast for himself. Although State Department officials privately admit that the embargo is the fundamental source of Fidel’s hold on power, U.S. presidents are wed to what Ann Louise Bardach calls a “transparently disastrous policy, trading off sensible and enduring solutions for short-term electoral gains [in Florida]” in response to fanatically anti-Castroite Cuban-American interests. U.S. citizens who oppose the embargo and restrictions on U.S. citizens’ constitutional right to travel can make their views known to representatives in Washington. Contact Your Senator or Representative in Congress (U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510, tel. 202/224-3121 or 800/839-5276, www.house.gov and www.senate.gov ). Write a simple, moderate, straightforward letter to your representative that makes the argument for ending the travel ban and embargo and requests he/she cosponsor a bill to that effect. Write or Call the President (The President, The White House, Washington, DC 20500, tel. 202/456-1414, president [at] whitehouse [dot] gov). Also call or fax the White House Comment Line (202/456-1111, fax 202/456-2461, www.whitehouse.gov ) and the Secretary of State (202/647-4000, www.state.gov/secretary ). Publicize Your Concern. Write a simple, moderate, straightforward letter to the editor of your local newspaper as well as any national newspapers or magazines and make the argument for ending the embargo. Support the Freedom to Travel Campaign. Contact the Latin America Working Group (424 C St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, tel. 202/546-7010, www.lawg.org ), which campaigns to lift the travel restrictions and U.S. embargo, monitors legislators, and can advise on how representatives have voted on Cuba-related issues; and sign the Orbitz Open Cuba (www.opencuba.org ) petition.	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Definitions of human a. - Belonging to man or mankind; having the qualities or attributes of a man; of or pertaining to man or to the race of man; as, a human voice; human shape; human nature; human sacrifices. 2 n. - A human being. 2 The word "human" uses 5 letters: A H M N U. No direct anagrams for human found in this word list. List shorter words within human, sorted by length All words formed from human by changing one letter Browse words starting with human by next letter	[ 7469, 50101, 286, 1692, 198, 64, 13, 532, 3944, 506, 278, 284, 582, 393, 18019, 26, 1719, 262, 14482, 393, 12608, 286, 257, 582, 26, 286, 393, 27113, 284, 582, 393, 284, 262, 3234, 286, 582, 26, 355, 11, 257, 1692, 3809, 26, 1692, 5485, 26, 1692, 3450, 26, 1692, 24601, 13, 362, 198, 77, 13, 532, 317, 1692, 852, 13, 362, 198, 464, 1573, 366, 10734, 1, 3544, 642, 7475, 25, 317, 367, 337, 399, 471, 13, 198, 2949, 1277, 281, 6713, 82, 329, 1692, 1043, 287, 428, 1573, 1351, 13, 198, 8053, 12238, 2456, 1626, 1692, 11, 23243, 416, 4129, 198, 3237, 2456, 7042, 422, 1692, 416, 5609, 530, 3850, 198, 32635, 325, 2456, 3599, 351, 1692, 416, 1306, 3850, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	123
Hidden for 10,000 years, Inner Space Cavern is one of the best preserved caves in Texas and one of the few places where remains of prehistoric animals were unearthed. Inner Space Cavern was discovered by a Texas Highway Department core drilling team in the Spring of 1963. While drilling through 40 feet of solid limestone, the bit broke into what is now known as Inner Space Cavern. An adventurous employee of the highway department was lowered into the hole while standing on the drill bit and holding tightly to the stem. He was the first human being to enter INNER SPACE. What an exciting voyage this must have been! So come explore with us and let us show you our side of Texas!	[ 41691, 329, 838, 11, 830, 812, 11, 24877, 4687, 40230, 318, 530, 286, 262, 1266, 17232, 198, 66, 3080, 287, 3936, 290, 530, 286, 262, 1178, 4113, 810, 3793, 286, 44741, 198, 11227, 874, 547, 41562, 13, 198, 818, 1008, 4687, 40230, 373, 5071, 416, 257, 3936, 14914, 2732, 198, 7295, 19747, 1074, 287, 262, 8225, 286, 19342, 13, 2893, 19747, 832, 198, 1821, 3625, 286, 4735, 48520, 11, 262, 1643, 6265, 656, 644, 318, 783, 1900, 198, 292, 24877, 4687, 40230, 13, 1052, 39770, 6538, 286, 262, 12763, 5011, 198, 9776, 17788, 656, 262, 7604, 981, 5055, 319, 262, 16007, 1643, 290, 4769, 198, 33464, 306, 284, 262, 10717, 13, 679, 373, 262, 717, 1692, 852, 284, 3802, 3268, 21479, 198, 4303, 11598, 13, 1867, 281, 7895, 31505, 428, 1276, 423, 587, 0, 198, 2396, 1282, 7301, 351, 514, 198, 392, 1309, 514, 905, 345, 674, 1735, 286, 3936, 0, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	152
Balancing foundational information with a real world approach to inclusion, Inclusion: Effective Practices for All Students, 2e equips teachers to create effective inclusive classrooms. The most applied text in the market, this second edition sharpens its focus and its organization to more clearly outline best practices for inclusive classrooms. The book’s three part structure opens with the foundational materials you’ll need to truly understand inclusive classrooms, followed by brief categorical chapters to give you the information you need to meet the needs of all students. Finally, field tested and research based classroom strategies are laid out on perforated pages to make the transition from theory to practice seamless. Table of Contents Inclusion: Effective Practices for All Students, 2e Part I: Foundations of Successful Inclusion 1. What Is Inclusion and Why Is It Important? 2. Inclusion: Historical Trends, Current Practices, and Tomorrow’s Challenges Part 2: Who are the Students in an Inclusive Classroom? 3. Students with Learning Disabilities 4. Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 5. Students with Intellectual Disabilities 6. Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities 7. Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders 8. Students with Communication Disorders and Students with Sensory Impairments 9. Students with Physical Disabilities, Health impairments, and Multiple Disabilities Part 3: Effective Practices to Meet All Students’ Needs Chapter 10 Collaboration and Teaming To Support Inclusion Chapter 11 Formal Plans and Planning for Differentiated Instruction Chapter 12 Teaching Students from Diverse Backgrounds Chapter 13 Effective Instruction in Core Academic Areas:Teaching Reading, Writing, and Mathematics Chapter 14 Effective Instructionin Secondary Content Areas Chapter 15 Effective Classroom Management for All Students Chapter 16 Using Technology to Support Inclusion $152.00 \| Free Ground Shipping. MyLab and Mastering products deliver customizable content and highly personalized study paths, responsive learning tools, and real-time evaluation and diagnostics. MyLab and Mastering products help move students toward the moment that matters most—the moment of true understanding and learning. $88.00 \| ISBN-13: 978-0-13-290203-8 With CourseSmart eTextbooks and eResources, you save up to 60% off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs. Once you have purchased your eTextbooks and added them to your CourseSmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere. $60.99 \| ISBN-13: 978-0-13-288900-1 Books a la Carte are less-expensive, loose-leaf versions of the same textbook. $98.80 \| ISBN-13: 978-0-13-300784-8	[ 24597, 5077, 43936, 1321, 351, 257, 1103, 995, 3164, 284, 14900, 11, 554, 4717, 25, 29455, 42134, 329, 1439, 14882, 11, 362, 68, 1602, 2419, 7799, 284, 2251, 4050, 19889, 32579, 13, 198, 464, 749, 5625, 2420, 287, 262, 1910, 11, 428, 1218, 8313, 7786, 641, 663, 2962, 290, 663, 4009, 284, 517, 4084, 19001, 1266, 6593, 329, 19889, 32579, 13, 383, 1492, 447, 247, 82, 1115, 636, 4645, 9808, 351, 262, 43936, 5696, 345, 447, 247, 297, 761, 284, 4988, 1833, 19889, 32579, 11, 3940, 416, 4506, 4253, 12409, 15754, 284, 1577, 345, 262, 1321, 345, 761, 284, 1826, 262, 2476, 286, 477, 2444, 13, 9461, 11, 2214, 6789, 290, 2267, 1912, 15806, 10064, 389, 8104, 503, 319, 583, 1640, 515, 5468, 284, 787, 262, 6801, 422, 4583, 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lot of wisdom that comes down from centuries cannot be proven scientifically. Yet the modern world acknowledges a debt of gratitude to ancient people who passed down their knowledge to their children who in turn transmitted the knowledge to their children. this reason, anthropologists and scientists study remote tribes in place like Latin America or the Andaman Islands. They feel they can learn a lot of ancient wisdom from tribals. Ayurveda, homeopathy, and Unani medicine aren't taught in Europe or America. But they thrive in India. Primitive tribals in Latin America, for instance, will cure a fever by getting a patient to swallow a soup made form boiled roots and leaves. They are illiterate, if you ask them how the soup works, They will shrug and say they don't know. But their inherited knowledge has come down over the centuries. It's the same thing with tantric items. They work on the premise of staunch belief.	[ 26487, 286, 11501, 326, 2058, 866, 422, 10675, 2314, 307, 9157, 32627, 13, 198, 11486, 262, 3660, 995, 23477, 257, 5057, 286, 24083, 284, 6156, 661, 198, 8727, 3804, 866, 511, 3725, 284, 511, 1751, 508, 287, 1210, 18307, 198, 1169, 3725, 284, 511, 1751, 13, 198, 5661, 1738, 11, 17911, 9251, 290, 5519, 2050, 6569, 15663, 287, 1295, 198, 2339, 9133, 2253, 393, 262, 843, 10546, 12010, 13, 1119, 1254, 484, 460, 2193, 198, 64, 1256, 286, 6156, 11501, 422, 8433, 874, 13, 13709, 333, 1079, 64, 11, 1363, 27189, 11, 290, 791, 3216, 198, 1150, 291, 500, 3588, 470, 7817, 287, 2031, 393, 2253, 13, 887, 484, 22191, 287, 3794, 13, 198, 23828, 1800, 8433, 874, 287, 9133, 2253, 11, 329, 4554, 11, 481, 13996, 257, 17372, 198, 1525, 1972, 257, 5827, 284, 26633, 257, 17141, 925, 1296, 29939, 11135, 290, 5667, 13, 198, 2990, 389, 45029, 378, 11, 611, 345, 1265, 606, 703, 262, 17141, 2499, 11, 1119, 481, 32545, 198, 392, 910, 484, 836, 470, 760, 13, 887, 511, 19552, 3725, 468, 1282, 866, 198, 2502, 262, 10675, 13, 632, 338, 262, 976, 1517, 351, 24246, 1173, 3709, 13, 1119, 670, 198, 261, 262, 18659, 286, 34700, 4901, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	204
Texas Dust Storms The same weather system that brought snow and ice to the American Midwest just after Thanksgiving 2005 also kicked up significant dust in western Texas and eastern Mexico. The winds associated with this cold front also fanned the flames of grass fires in the region, adding smoke to the mixture of aerosols. The most obvious dust cloud is a pale beige dust plume swirling through Texas and Mexico. However, a second, more orange-colored cloud of dust blows across northern Texas. Parts of northern Texas saw wind speeds around 60 miles per hour. Resulting dust storms reduced visibility to just 2.5 miles in some areas, and swamped local fire departments with calls regarding both fires and downed power lines. Image Credit: NASA/GSFC/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team/Jeff Schmaltz	[ 21607, 16240, 8865, 82, 198, 464, 976, 6193, 1080, 326, 3181, 6729, 290, 4771, 284, 262, 1605, 25701, 655, 706, 21494, 5075, 635, 12165, 510, 2383, 8977, 287, 8830, 3936, 290, 10183, 5828, 13, 383, 13520, 3917, 351, 428, 4692, 2166, 635, 277, 3577, 262, 16209, 286, 8701, 12252, 287, 262, 3814, 11, 4375, 7523, 284, 262, 11710, 286, 41376, 10220, 13, 383, 749, 3489, 8977, 6279, 318, 257, 14005, 307, 10045, 8977, 458, 2454, 40431, 832, 3936, 290, 5828, 13, 2102, 11, 257, 1218, 11, 517, 10912, 12, 25717, 6279, 286, 8977, 20385, 1973, 7840, 3936, 13, 22349, 286, 7840, 3936, 2497, 2344, 12055, 1088, 3126, 4608, 583, 1711, 13, 25414, 278, 8977, 20228, 5322, 20742, 284, 655, 362, 13, 20, 4608, 287, 617, 3006, 11, 290, 1509, 13322, 1957, 2046, 13346, 351, 3848, 5115, 1111, 12252, 290, 42281, 1176, 3951, 13, 198, 5159, 10504, 25, 8884, 14, 14313, 4851, 14, 33365, 1797, 6379, 26430, 18261, 4816, 14, 19139, 3059, 76, 2501, 89, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	165
A few days ago, I wrote a post about why the word barrel is abbreviated bbl. I thought I had done my homework. I had checked my sources and it seemed like my post was reliably sourced (going back as early as 1904) when I had attributed the abbreviation bbl to the use of blue colored barrels in the Pennsylvania oil industry in the 1860s. Thankfully, an anonymous reader wrote in with a tip saying that bbl was in use long before the Pennsylvania oil industry. Sure enough, I did a little poking around on the internet and found some old cargo manifests from the early days of sail. I found one as early as 1764 that use the bbl abbreviation and it was certainly in use even before this. (Manifest of the brig Sally, dated September 11, 1764 - note the bbl abbreviation) So where did bbl come from? I contacted three reference librarians across the country, and after doing their research, all three came back with the "blue barrel" answer. When after I explained my earlier cargo manifest finds, one librarian from New York still put up a defense saying that "blue barrel" was well researched and had a long history of documented evidence. One site I found took a couple of good guesses stating that the "b" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural (1 bl, 2 bbl), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. Of course these are just guesses. I'll keep looking for a satisfactory answer and I'll let you know if I find anything. Of course if there's someone else with more information, feel free to post in the comments.	[ 32, 1178, 1528, 2084, 11, 314, 2630, 257, 1281, 546, 1521, 262, 1573, 9036, 318, 37640, 515, 275, 2436, 13, 314, 1807, 314, 550, 1760, 616, 26131, 13, 314, 550, 10667, 616, 4237, 290, 340, 3947, 588, 616, 1281, 373, 26995, 18229, 357, 5146, 736, 355, 1903, 355, 43785, 8, 618, 314, 550, 14183, 262, 28873, 47625, 275, 2436, 284, 262, 779, 286, 4171, 16396, 17907, 287, 262, 9589, 3056, 2831, 287, 262, 37637, 82, 13, 198, 48387, 11, 281, 11614, 9173, 2630, 287, 351, 257, 8171, 2282, 326, 275, 2436, 373, 287, 779, 890, 878, 262, 9589, 3056, 2831, 13, 10889, 1576, 11, 314, 750, 257, 1310, 39048, 1088, 319, 262, 5230, 290, 1043, 617, 1468, 15892, 42190, 422, 262, 1903, 1528, 286, 14936, 13, 314, 1043, 530, 355, 1903, 355, 1596, 2414, 326, 779, 262, 275, 2436, 28873, 47625, 290, 340, 373, 3729, 287, 779, 772, 878, 428, 13, 198, 7, 5124, 8409, 286, 262, 24393, 25737, 11, 14567, 2693, 1367, 11, 1596, 2414, 532, 3465, 262, 275, 2436, 28873, 47625, 8, 198, 2396, 810, 750, 275, 2436, 1282, 422, 30, 314, 11237, 1115, 4941, 300, 2889, 13517, 1973, 262, 1499, 11, 290, 706, 1804, 511, 2267, 11, 477, 1115, 1625, 736, 351, 262, 366, 17585, 9036, 1, 3280, 13, 1649, 706, 314, 4893, 616, 2961, 15892, 10561, 7228, 11, 530, 300, 35808, 422, 968, 1971, 991, 1234, 510, 257, 3761, 2282, 326, 366, 17585, 9036, 1, 373, 880, 30066, 290, 550, 257, 890, 2106, 286, 12395, 2370, 13, 198, 3198, 2524, 314, 1043, 1718, 257, 3155, 286, 922, 44774, 12316, 326, 262, 366, 65, 1, 743, 423, 587, 15229, 6198, 284, 7603, 262, 22801, 357, 16, 698, 11, 362, 275, 2436, 828, 393, 5457, 340, 373, 15229, 284, 11005, 597, 10802, 351, 698, 355, 257, 6194, 329, 262, 275, 1000, 13, 3226, 1781, 777, 389, 655, 44774, 13, 198, 40, 1183, 1394, 2045, 329, 257, 29962, 3280, 290, 314, 1183, 1309, 345, 760, 611, 314, 1064, 1997, 13, 3226, 1781, 611, 612, 338, 2130, 2073, 351, 517, 1321, 11, 1254, 1479, 284, 1281, 287, 262, 3651, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	351
The military ban on women in combat is coming to an end. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta announced the overturning of a 1994 Pentagon rule that restricts women from artillery, armor, and infantry jobs. This country has had a storied history of women fighting for the country, despite various forces dissuading them from doing so. As of last year, for example, more than 800 women have been wounded in Iraq and Afghanistan (where about 20,000 women have served) despite the combat ban. But the story is older than that, as old as the country even. A woman by the name of Margaret Cochran fought in the Revolutionary War, and hundreds of women disguised themselves as men just to take up arms in the Civil War. According to the National Archives, as many as 400 women fought during the Civil War while concealing their gender. Mary Livermore of the U.S. Sanitary Commission wrote in 1888: Some one has stated the number of women soldiers known to the service as little less than four hundred. I cannot vouch for the correctness of this estimate, but I am convinced that a larger number of women disguised themselves and enlisted in the service, for one cause or other, than was dreamed of. Entrenched in secrecy, and regarded as men, they were sometimes revealed as women, by accident or casualty. Some startling histories of these military women were current in the gossip of army life. Let’s meet some of these women who, in a sense, paved the way for today's ban reversal. Here are four women who fought, compiled from Larry G. Eggleston's Women in the Civil War. - Loretta Janeta Velazquez was a total badass. Born to a rich Cuban aristocrat, Velazquez’s wealth played a key role in her fighting for the Confederate army. When her husband, William, went off to war in 1861, Velazquez wanted so badly to be with him that she offered to fight beside him incognito. William wouldn't hear it, and went off to war without her. Not content with life alone, Velazquez decided to use her wealth to finance and equip an infantry battalion, which she would bring to her husband to command. She cut her hair, tanned her skin, and went by the name Lt. Harry T. Buford. She went on to fight in various battles, including Bull Run and Shiloh, but her gender was twice discovered and she was discharged. So, naturally, she became a spy, with disguises in both the male and female variety. - It must have been hard to hide your gender while serving in the war. Take it from Lizzie Compton, who enlisted at the age of 14. Her gender was discovered seven different times. But each time, she packed up her things and moved on to another regimen. Compton was wounded twice during her service, the first time by a piece of shrapnel as she charged up a hill at Antietam. - Louisa Hoffman has the distinction of serving for both the Union and Confederate armies. When the war first started, she left her home in New York to enlist (as a man, of course) in the 1st Virginia Confederate Cavalry. But, after fighting at both battles of Bull Run, she had a change of heart, and headed up north to Ohio. - Mary Seaberry was said to wear a disguise and have a manner that “never gave anyone in her regiment even the slightest hint that she was not a man.” Unfortunately for her, after being admitted into a hospital with a fever, there was no way she could hide her true identity. 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Spider silk can be scary enough to insects to act as a pest repellant, researchers say. These findings could lead to a new way to naturally help protect crops, scientists added. Spiders are among the most common predators on land. Although not all spiders weave webs, they all spin silk that may serve other purposes. For instance, many tiny spiders use silk balloons to travel by air. Science news from NBCNews.com Researchers suspected that insects and other regular prey of spiders might associate silk with the risk of getting eaten. As such, they reasoned silk might scare insects off. The scientists experimented with Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) and Mexican bean beetles (Epilachna varivestis). These plant-munching pests have spread across eastern North America within the past half-century. [ Ewww! Nature's Biggest Pests ] The beetles were analyzed near green bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) in both the lab and a tilled field outdoors. The investigators applied two kinds of silk on the plants — one from silkworms (Bombyx mori) and another from a long-jawed spider (Tetragnatha elongata), a species common in riverbank forests but not in the region the researchers studied. Both spider and silkworm silk reduced insect plant-chewing significantly. In the lab, both eliminated insect damage entirely, while in the field, spider silk had a greater effect — plants enclosed with beetles and spider silk experienced about 50 percent less damage than leaves without spider silk, while silkworm silk only led to about a 10 to 20 percent reduction. Experiments with other fibers revealed that only silk had this protective effect. "This work suggests that silk alone is a signal to potential prey that danger is near," researcher Ann Rypstra, an evolutionary ecologist at Miami University in Ohio, told LiveScience. Rypstra was most surprised that the effect occurred even though the species involved do not share any evolutionary history together as predator and prey. This suggests "herbivores are using the silk as some sort of general signal that a spider — any ol' spider — is around and responding by reducing their activity or leaving the area," she said. While more work will need to be done before this research might find applied use, the fact that the presence of silk alone reduced damage caused by two economically important pest insects "suggests that there could be applications in agricultural pest management and biological control," Rypstra said. Rypstra is also interested in the chain reaction of events that silk might trigger in an ecosystem. "For example, if an herbivore encounters a strand of silk and alters its behavior in a particular manner, does that make it more susceptible to predation by a non-spider?" Rypstra asked. "Do spiders that leave lots of silk behind have a larger impact in the food web, and how does it vary from habitat to habitat? These are just a couple of questions that we might be exploring in the near future." Rypstra and her colleagues detailed their findings online Wednesday in the journal Biology Letters. - Gallery: Spooky Spiders - What Really Scares People: Top 10 Phobias - Gallery: Dazzling Photos of Dew-Covered Insects © 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.	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Science Friday is a National Public Radio program for kids interested in science. The program menu allows one to listen to the weekly program, read questions related to the program and get suggestions for further study. Another good option in the program menu is the Sounds Like Science Mentor page. A topic of current interest is chosen each week and material concerning this topic is available. A scientist with expertise in this area is available to answer questions about the current topic. Other program menu topics have general information about NPR. Newton's APPLE is a long-running PBS science show. The site is not very fancy, but surfing through the episodes will yield some excellent home science activities. Bill Nye the Science Guy Bill Nye the Science Guy is a Disney science TV show. One can read today's episode and research previous episodes. A current news portion includes science news and science of sports sections. A daily demo safe for kids to do is related to the news or the current episode. Film clips and sounds of science involve downloading files. Many museum sites are included in Top Ten Links. Scientific American Frontiers This site offers a forum where you can post your opinion about one of the shows. Teachers can get teacher guides to each show and also access on-line activity based on each show. There is a "related links" section which offers hyper text links for each show of the season. Students can post questions to the scientists involved in each show. This site includes lesson plans and activities for incorporating PBS programming into classroom curriculum.	[ 26959, 3217, 318, 257, 2351, 5094, 8829, 1430, 329, 3988, 4609, 287, 3783, 13, 383, 1430, 6859, 3578, 530, 284, 6004, 284, 262, 10273, 1430, 11, 1100, 2683, 3519, 284, 262, 1430, 290, 651, 11776, 329, 2252, 2050, 13, 6023, 922, 3038, 287, 262, 1430, 6859, 318, 262, 27107, 4525, 5800, 31879, 273, 2443, 13, 317, 7243, 286, 1459, 1393, 318, 7147, 1123, 1285, 290, 2587, 9305, 428, 7243, 318, 1695, 13, 317, 11444, 351, 13572, 287, 428, 1989, 318, 1695, 284, 3280, 2683, 546, 262, 1459, 7243, 13, 3819, 1430, 6859, 10233, 423, 2276, 1321, 546, 17921, 13, 198, 3791, 1122, 338, 3486, 16437, 318, 257, 890, 12, 20270, 30051, 3783, 905, 13, 383, 2524, 318, 407, 845, 14996, 11, 475, 36254, 832, 262, 8640, 481, 7800, 617, 6275, 1363, 3783, 4568, 13, 198, 17798, 399, 5948, 262, 5800, 13145, 198, 17798, 399, 5948, 262, 5800, 13145, 318, 257, 8519, 3783, 3195, 905, 13, 1881, 460, 1100, 1909, 338, 4471, 290, 2267, 2180, 8640, 13, 317, 1459, 1705, 6903, 3407, 3783, 1705, 290, 3783, 286, 5701, 9004, 13, 317, 4445, 13605, 3338, 329, 3988, 284, 466, 318, 3519, 284, 262, 1705, 393, 262, 1459, 4471, 13, 13741, 19166, 290, 5238, 286, 3783, 6211, 22023, 3696, 13, 4650, 13257, 5043, 389, 3017, 287, 5849, 9368, 21691, 13, 198, 23010, 811, 1605, 8880, 3183, 198, 1212, 2524, 4394, 257, 10041, 810, 345, 460, 1281, 534, 4459, 546, 530, 286, 262, 2523, 13, 32426, 460, 651, 4701, 17555, 284, 1123, 905, 290, 635, 1895, 319, 12, 1370, 3842, 1912, 319, 1123, 905, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 366, 5363, 6117, 1, 2665, 543, 4394, 8718, 2420, 6117, 329, 1123, 905, 286, 262, 1622, 13, 14882, 460, 1281, 2683, 284, 262, 5519, 2950, 287, 1123, 905, 13, 198, 1212, 2524, 3407, 11483, 3352, 290, 4568, 329, 29927, 30051, 8300, 656, 15806, 20583, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	310
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising. Saturday, May 25, 2013 Crackles in Inhaling what is the cause of crackles? What can be done ? "Crackles" refers to a non-specific, subjective description of an abnormal sound which is heard when someone listens to the lung. The list of problems which can cause crackles is quite long and varies. If indeed crackles are present, then some investigation to understand what might be causing this abnormal sound is important. This will likely be some picture of the lung. In general, abnormal findings should be investigated until a satisfactory explanation is obtained for the abnormal finding. Once a cause is identified, one can then define an appropriate course of action. Robert Schilz, DO, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University	[ 7934, 5779, 1108, 318, 257, 3298, 11, 2055, 2139, 4955, 3081, 11, 46735, 1535, 1321, 422, 674, 5212, 6403, 12829, 13, 3433, 5779, 1108, 318, 5068, 12, 5787, 290, 857, 407, 2453, 8560, 13, 198, 19844, 11, 1737, 1679, 11, 2211, 198, 13916, 441, 829, 287, 554, 71, 4272, 198, 10919, 318, 262, 2728, 286, 8469, 829, 30, 1867, 460, 307, 1760, 5633, 198, 1, 13916, 441, 829, 1, 10229, 284, 257, 1729, 12, 11423, 11, 19088, 6764, 286, 281, 18801, 2128, 543, 318, 2982, 618, 2130, 35019, 284, 262, 12317, 13, 383, 1351, 286, 2761, 543, 460, 2728, 8469, 829, 318, 2407, 890, 290, 17806, 13, 1002, 5600, 8469, 829, 389, 1944, 11, 788, 617, 3645, 284, 1833, 644, 1244, 307, 6666, 428, 18801, 2128, 318, 1593, 13, 770, 481, 1884, 307, 617, 4286, 286, 262, 12317, 13, 554, 2276, 11, 18801, 6373, 815, 307, 12565, 1566, 257, 29962, 7468, 318, 6492, 329, 262, 18801, 4917, 13, 4874, 257, 2728, 318, 5174, 11, 530, 460, 788, 8160, 281, 5035, 1781, 286, 2223, 13, 198, 19156, 3059, 346, 89, 11, 8410, 11, 16394, 198, 8021, 47615, 8129, 286, 11558, 198, 26130, 286, 11558, 198, 20448, 4885, 12224, 2059, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	199
More properly JACOB TWINGER VON KÖNIGSHOFEN. Chronicler, b. in 1346 at Königshofen, a village near Strasburg, in Alsace; d. at Strasburg, 27 December, 1420. Of his life we have only a few meagre details, as for instance that he became a priest in 1382, that for a time he held the parish of Drusenheim, and that in 1394 he became notary Apostolic and in 1395 a canon of St. Thomas at Strasburg, where he was placed in charge of the archives and kept the stock-books and registers. Very early in life he had devoted himself with special zeal to historical studies, and a Latin "Chronicle" is extant, written by him before he came a priest (edited by Duchesne in "Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für die Erhaltung der geschichtlichen Denkmäler im Elsass", second series, IV). This work, it is true, only contains extracts from different authors, and is in consequence a mere collection of historical matter, but it was undoubtedly an excellent preparation for his principal work, the "Chronik". The latter he began in 1382; he twice revised it, and brought it down to the year 1415. One of the first universal histories in German prose, it includes also a territorial history of Alsace and a local history of Strasburg. Recognizing the needs of his time, he wrote it for the Klugen, that is, cultivated, lay men, "who read such things as eagerly as learned parsons". His narrative is therefore popular, and frequently enlivened by legends, jokes, and interesting details concerning the lives of the people. He possessed a good knowledge and availed himself very freely of the sources of medieval prose and poetry (particularly Ekkehard, but also Eusebius, Bede, Hermannus Contractus, Martinus Polonus, and others). On the other hand, those sections which treat of contemporary history are very valuable. In politics he was an adherent of King Louis the Bavarian, and to his imperialistic sentiments united a very strongly marked feeling for German nationality. Greatly influenced by the Alsatian chronicler Closener, he has himself been in many cases the authority for later historians. The last chapter of the "Chronik" contains an alphabetical list of historical events with dates, forms thus a kind of compendium of history, and was often copied separately. The "Chronik" was printed as early as 1474, and later at Strasburg in 1698. The best edition is that of Hegel in "Chroniken der deutschen Städte", VIII-IX (Leipzig, 1870-1). In addition we possess a Latin-German glossary by Königshofen, which may, however, in its essential details be traced to Closener. OBERLIN, De Jacobo Twingero Regiovillano (Strasburg, 1789); SCHNEEGANS, Notice sur Closener et Königshofen (Strasburg, 1842); POTTHAST, Bibliotheca, II, 1076-88. Concerning Königshofen as choralist see MATHIAS, Phototypische Wiedergabe des Königshofenschen Tonarius (Graz, 1903). APA citation. (1910). Jacob Königshofen. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08689a.htm MLA citation. "Jacob Königshofen." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08689a.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Czeglédi Erzsébet. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.	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Sumatra, erected by a Decree of 30 June, 1911, and entrusted to the Dutch Capuchins. Previously it formed part of the Vicariate Apostolic of Batavia, which is under the care of the Jesuits of Holland. The new prefecture comprises Sumatra and the surrounding islands, including Bangka (area, 4888 sq. miles; population, 78,000) The Island of Sumatra, referred to as Jabadin by Ptolemy, and visited by Marco Polo in 1292, was discovered by the Portuguese navigator Siqueira in 1508, and occupied by the Dutch in 1599. It extends from 95º 16' to 106º 3' E. long., and from 5º 40' N. to 5º 59' S. lat., and has an area of about 181,000 square miles. The natives, of Malayan race, number about 5,500,000, exclusive of the little known inland tribes. They are indolent and cruel; their religion is a mixture of fetishism and Mahommedanism. At the beginning of 1911 the Jesuits had four chief mission centres in Sumatra, — at Medan, Padang, Koata Radja, and Tandjeong-Sakti, — and sixteen minor stations. The Sisters of Charity of Tilburg (Holland) were established at Padang. There were two mission schools, and 4600 Catholics of whom 3200 were Europeans. Missiones Catholicæ (Rome, 1907), 263-6; Pius Almanak (Amsterdam, 1912); ZONDERVAN, Banka en zijne bewoners (Amsterdam, 1895); YZERMAN, Dwars door Sumatra (Haarlem, 1896). APA citation. (1912). Prefecture Apostolic of Sumatra. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14333b.htm MLA citation. "Prefecture Apostolic of Sumatra." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14333b.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. July 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.	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The Green Marine Environmental Program is an action plan that addresses nine major environmental issues identified by the marine industry : The program is made up of 4 basic steps: 1- Evaluation process Green Marine requires participants to adopt practices and technologies that will have a direct impact on the ground. The Green Marine Environmental Program encourages participants to go beyond regulatory compliance and implement a process of continuous environmental improvement that will lead to excellence and leadership. Download the 2013 summary of the program's performance indicators (the complete self-evaluation guide will be available in the Fall 2013) 2 - External verification Participants' results are subject to an external audit every two years, during which an independent third party will visit their premises to check their facilities and procedures, and verify the accuracy of the data used to compile their results. 3 - Publication of results Participants’ individual results - as well as the global results attained by the industry as a whole - are published on a yearly basis in Green Marine's annual report. Individual results are also available via an interactive map on Green Marine’s website. 4 - Certification During their first year in the program, participants receive a logo indicating that their Green Marine certification is “in progress,” which they can use to publicize their commitment to the Green Marine initiative. Participants who have been in the program for more than a year receive a «certified« logo, which is awarded during a certification ceremony held during Green Marine's annual conference. Consult the full version of the Environmental Program of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes Maritime Industry. Note that the program is currently under revision. For an updated version of the program, please check out the self-evaluation guides.

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351

Do What You Can to Ease Side Effects of Treatment for Stomach Cancer It's likely that you will have physical concerns because your cancer may cause symptoms and your treatment may cause side effects. The side effects depend on your treatment and that depends largely on how much the cancer has spread outside your stomach or to other organs. We've listed some common side effects from stomach cancer treatments and how to ease them. They are listed in alphabetical order, so you can find help when you need it. See "Dumping Syndrome" and "Heartburn." Anemia (Low Red Blood Cell Levels) Throughout your treatment your doctor will take small samples of your blood. One thing he or she is checking is your level of red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. Surgery may decrease your level of red blood cells. You may feel tired. This condition is called anemia. The main reason for anemia with stomach cancer is that iron, a mineral that helps the red blood cells pick up and carry oxygen, is not well absorbed from your stomach. Removing your stomach makes it harder for your body to digest, absorb, and use iron. Your body also may not be able to absorb folate and vitamin B12, vitamins that help with the iron-absorption process. Anemia can also be caused by small amounts of blood loss, chemotherapy or radiation, or the cancer itself. If your doctor tells you that you have anemia, take these actions to feel better. Anxiety and Depression Many people may feel blue, anxious, or distressed after being told they have cancer. These feelings may continue or come back during treatment. Taking these actions may ease your mental stress. Constipation, which includes difficult or infrequent bowel movements, can range from mildly uncomfortable to painful. This may be a side effect of chemotherapy or some pain medicines. Taking narcotic pain medications can lead to constipation, so it's wise to take these preventive actions. These same steps will give you relief if you are already constipated. Eat foods high in fiber, such as cereals, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Diarrhea includes loose or frequent bowel movements, or both. It may be a side effect of external beam radiation therapy. Many chemotherapy drugs may cause bowel changes, too. Diarrhea may lead to dehydration if you don't take these precautions. Avoid gas-producing vegetables, dried fruit, fiber cereals, seeds, popcorn, nuts, corn and dried beans. Eat low-residue, low-fiber foods such as those included in the BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast). The most common long-term problem after stomach cancer surgery is called dumping syndrome. The food you eat travels quickly into your small intestine, within about 10 to 20 minutes after eating. Your stomach and duodenum may no longer be able to aid digestion and remove excess fluid. So the rest of your digestive system has to do that work. As a result, you may notice a feeling of fullness and pain in the stomach area. You may also have cramping, flushing, diarrhea, and dizziness, and feel your heart racing. These symptoms usually all go away once you have emptied your bowels. These are steps you can take to prevent or lessen these problems. Hair Loss (also called Alopecia) Losing your hair can be upsetting because thinning or baldness is a visible reminder that you are being treated for cancer. Keep in mind that your hair will grow back after chemotherapy. Try these coping tips. Think about getting a wig, hat, or scarf before your hair loss starts. That way, you can get a wig that matches your hair, and you'll be ready with head coverings, if you choose to use them. Surgery for stomach cancer may cause bloating, abdominal pain, and heartburn. You may feel full after eating small meals. These side effects can be relieved with changes in diet. Try these tips. Increase your fiber intake, including fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Some types of fiber add bulk to your food and help it to move more quickly through the digestive tract. Good sources of fiber include apples, pears, figs, strawberries, raisins, carrots, whole grain breads and cereals, corn, peas, and peanuts, to name a few. Talk with your doctor before taking over-the-counter antacids. This is important because antacids can interact with many different prescription drugs. Furthermore, some antacids can cause constipation or diarrhea, which may further complicate other side effects you may be experiencing. Throughout your treatment you doctor will take small samples of your blood. One thing he or she is checking is your level of white blood cells. Many types of chemotherapy can cause low white blood cell counts, called neutropenia. Without enough white blood cells, your body may not be able to fight infection. If your doctor tells you that your white blood cell count is low, take these actions to stay healthy. Call your doctor right away if you have any of these signs of infection: a temperature of 100.5 degrees or higher, severe chills, a cough, pain, a burning sensation during urination, or any sores or redness. Mouth Sores (also called Mucositis) Some types of chemotherapy may cause these. Mouth sores may hurt and make eating an unpleasant experience. To prevent sores in your mouth, take these actions. Brush your teeth after meals and before bedtime. Floss every day. Keep your mouth and lips clean and moist. Use sugar-free candies or gums to increase moisture in your mouth. If you get sores in your mouth, taking these actions can ease the pain. Nausea or Vomiting Nausea or vomiting as a result of chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer may range from barely noticeable to severe. You may also notice nausea and vomiting after eating. It may help you to understand the different types of nausea. After surgery, you may have a smaller stomach or even no stomach left to contain the food you eat. Digestion-related nausea and vomiting can result from too much food inside a smaller stomach. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting are learned from previous experiences with vomiting. As you prepare for the next dose of chemotherapy, you may anticipate that nausea and vomiting will occur as it did previously, which triggers the actual reflex. To prevent nausea, take these actions. Most nausea can be prevented. To help ease nausea or vomiting if you have it, try these tips. Try eating foods and drinking beverages that were easy to take or made you feel better when you had the flu or were nauseated from stress. These might be bland foods, sour candy, pickles, dry crackers, ginger ale, flat soda or others. Numbness, Tingling, or Muscle Weakness in Your Hands or Feet (Peripheral Neuropathy) If you have numbness, tingling, or weakness in your hands and feet, you may have nerve damage called peripheral neuropathy. Some types of chemotherapy are known to cause this. Other signs of this problem are ringing in your ears or trouble feeling hot or cold. If you have symptoms such as these, take these precautions to protect yourself. You may have pain or tenderness from the cancer itself or from surgical incisions. Try these tips to ease the pain. Feelings of depression from having cancer or fatigue from other treatments can also have a negative impact on your sexual desires. Here are some ways you may cope. Skin Irritation or Dryness This may be a side effect of some chemotherapy or external beam radiation treatment. Ask your doctor or nurse what kind of lotion you can use to moisturize and soothe your skin. Don't use any lotion, soap, deodorant, sunblock, cologne, cosmetics, or powder on your skin within two hours after treatment because they may cause irritation. Thinking and Memory Problems You may have mild problems with concentration and memory during and after chemotherapy. Being tired can make this worse. Taking these actions may help. Tiredness is a very common symptom and side effect from surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments. You may feel only slightly tired or you may suffer from extreme fatigue. Fatigue can last four to six weeks after treatment ends. Taking these actions may help increase your energy level. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies The stomach and duodenum normally help digest and absorb vitamins and minerals from the food you eat. When these organs are partially or totally removed, they aren't able to do this. So if you have part or all of your stomach removed, you may experience nutritional deficiencies. Most often, this includes iron, vitamin B12, and folate. Here are some steps you can take to be sure you're getting enough of these vitamins and minerals. This can result from chemotherapy. To help lose weight, take these actions.

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1,878

As Mexico celebrates the Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos), I'm reminded of a visit I once made with a Swedish friend to the Museum of Mummies in the picturesque colonial Mexican city of Guanajuato. The perfectly preserved corpses of babies and adults were brashly displayed amid neon lights, fake cobwebs, and other cheap Halloween-esque adornments. Confronted with this seeming lack of respect for the dead and vulgarity of the displays, I explained to my shocked companion that Mexicans have a peculiarly different relationship with death to other cultures. As the Nobel prize-winning Mexican writer Octavio Paz explained in his seminal work Labyrinth of Solitude: "The Mexican ... is familiar with death, jokes about it, caresses it, sleeps with it, celebrates it. True, there is as much fear in his attitude as in that of others, but at least death is not hidden away: he looks at it face to face, with impatience, disdain or irony." The celebration of the Day of the Dead – which is actually a week of festivities which begin on 28 October and end with a national holiday on 2 November – is an integral part of this embracement of death that is particular to Mexican national identity. During this period, the popular belief is that the deceased have divine permission to visit friends and relatives on earth and enjoy once again the pleasures of life. To facilitate this, Mexicans visit the graves of families and friends and adorn them with brilliantly colourful flowers and offerings of food – in particular the sugary "bread of the dead" – spices, toys, candles, and drinks amongst other things. The period is specifically a joyous, ritualistically elaborate celebration of life, rather than a sober mourning of its passing. The origins of the Day of the Dead rest in the 16th-century fusion of the Aztecs' belief in death as merely one part in the wider cycle of existence, their ritual venerations and offerings to the goddess Mictecacihuatl ("Lady of the Dead") for deceased children and adults, and the conquering Spaniards' desire to accommodate these festivities within the Catholic celebrations of All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day. While contemporary observance of the Day of the Dead does include masses and prayers to saints and the dead, it is dominated by carnivalesque rituals to a far greater extent that the orthodox Catholic celebrations found in western Europe. Nevertheless, in a country as socially and geographically diverse as Mexico, there is significant regional variation in the nature of festivities: the southern state of Chiapas is far more likely to focus its efforts on processions and public commemorations of death than the valley of Mexico, where the decoration of altars in homes and tombs of the deceased is more popular. Urbanisation, too, plays a large role in regional variations. For the south and rural areas the period holds far greater social and cultural significance than in the north and large cities; families and communities in rural areas will often spend large parts of the year preparing for the occasion. As the anthropologist Claudio Lomnitz correctly points out, in many respects this "playful familiarity and proximity to death", is all the more unusual in contemporary Mexican culture because so much of Euro-American 20th century thought has been about denying death – preserving the life of the citizen at all costs. The existence of this peculiarly Mexican attitude is born of three major themes in Mexican history. First is the Aztec heritage of the pre-Columbian concept of life and death as part of a broader cycle of existence, which fused with the Christian veneration of the deceased on All Souls' Day into a wholly unique concept of death. Second, is the violent and tumultuous nature of Mexico's past; the brutality of the Spanish conquest where the indigenous population of central Mexico was decimated over the course of the 16th century; the humiliating subjugation at the hands of its North American neighbour; and the bloodbath of the Mexican revolution. These upheavals made it impossible to ignore the commonplace reality of unnatural death in Mexico. And thirdly, the appropriation (or reappropriation from their Mesoamerican heritage, as many saw it) of "death" by Mexican intellectuals post-revolution in the early 20th century meant direct confrontation with the mortality of life became ingrained in the national psyche. As the artist Diego Rivera said in 1920: "If you look around my studio, you will see Deaths everywhere, Deaths of every size and colour." Learning how to cope with mortality has always been a central preoccupation of human existence. The celebrations of the Day of the Dead provide an insight into how the Mexicans do it.

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956

View All By Save 25% on selected publications. Preview the upcoming exhibition schedule. Browse the collection for our most recent acquisitions. Van Gogh and Expressionism Published in 1964 44 pages, fully illustrated Following the same structure as the previous year’s exhibition, Cézanne and Structure in Modern Painting, the 1964 exhibition Van Gogh and Expressionism was an attempt to illustrate Vincent Van Gogh’s influence on subsequent art movements, such as Abstract Expressionism. In lieu of discussing which artists exerted an influence on Van Gogh, curator Maurice Tuchman discusses how Van Gogh was a model for the modern Expressionists of the 21st century. In separate essays, Tuchman describes each artist’s form of Expressionism, how they have learned from Van Gogh, and developed their own unique Expressionist style. In addition to Van Gogh, the following artists are discussed: Edvard Munch, Georges Rouault, Vasily Kandinsky, Oskar Kokoschka, Emil Nolde, Chaim Soutine, and Willem de Kooning. Selected works representing each artist are also included in the catalogue, all of which are illustrated in color. "My great longing is to learn to make incorrectness . . . more true than the original truth," wrote Vincent Van Gogh. In his first masterpiece, The Potato Eaters, Van Gogh strove to convey the clumsy honesty and naïve strength of peasantry by rude and frankly unsophisticated means. Figures were awkwardly placed or obscured, their anatomies deformed, their gestures exaggerated. Not unexpectedly, he was denounced for these distortions of natural form. "Dare you," exclaimed his friend, the painter Van Rappard, "working in such a manner, invoke the names of [the peasant painters] Millet and Breton? Come! Art stands in my opinion too high to be treated so carelessly." Van Gogh responded, "I want to paint what I feel and feel what I paint"—without regard, he added, to what "civilized" people might think or say.

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437

|Pertussis, also known as “whooping cough” for the trademark sound made by those suffering from the illness, is making a comeback. This highly contagious disease is caused by an infection of the respiratory system that leads to uncontrollable, violent coughing. The coughing spells can make it hard to breathe, and may cause vomiting. Vaccines have made this disease less prevalent in recent years, but the number of cases is on the rise again. While adults usually experience mild discomfort from the coughing spells, pertussis can be deadly for infants, especially those under 6 months that have not been vaccinated. The pertussis infection can last about 6 weeks and is highly contagious. The first symptoms resemble a common cold, including runny nose, sneezing, mild cough and low-grade fever. Infected people are most contagious during the earliest stages of the illness for up to about 2 weeks after the cough begins. Someone infected can spread the disease simply by sneezing, coughing, or laughing. If you have an infant or care for one, take the time to get vaccinated. It could save a life… Most new moms are given a Tdap injection in the hospital after delivery, protecting them from tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. But dads, older siblings, and caregivers need to get vaccinated too. Many elderly people may never have been vaccinated. Urge anyone that comes in regular contact with your newborn to speak to their physician about the vaccination as soon as possible. Share your thoughts with other moms.

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319

See Wikipedia article on Chaitin's construction, referring to e.g. - Computing a Glimpse of Randomness (written by Cristian S. Calude, Michael J. Dinneen, and Chi-Kou Shu) - Omega and why math has no TOEs (Gregory Chaitin). 2 Basing it on combinatory logic See the prefix coding system described in Binary Lambda Calculus and Combinatory Logic (page 20) written by John Tromp: of course, c, d are meta-variables, and also some other notations are changed slightly. Having seen this, decoding is rather straightforward. Let us represent it e.g with the following LL1 parser. Of course, we can build it on top of more sophisticated parser libraries (Parsec, arrow parsers) 2.2.1 Decoding module module Decode (clP) where import Parser (Parser, item) import CL (CL, k, s, apply) import CLExt ((>>^)) clP :: Parser Bool CL clP = item (bool applicationP baseP) applicationP :: Parser Bool CL applicationP = clP >>^ clP baseP :: Parser Bool CL baseP = item (bool k s) kP, sP :: Parser Bool CL kP = return k sP = return s 2.2.2 Combinatory logic term modules module CL (CL, k, s, apply) where import Tree (Tree (Leaf, Branch)) import BaseSymbol (BaseSymbol, kay, ess) type CL = Tree BaseSymbol k, s :: CL k = Leaf kay s = Leaf ess apply :: CL -> CL -> CL apply = Branch 22.214.171.124 CL extension module CLExt ((>>^)) where import CL (CL, apply) import Control.Monad (Monad, liftM2) (>>^) :: Monad m => m CL -> m CL -> m CL (>>^) = liftM2 apply 126.96.36.199 Base symbol module BaseSymbol (BaseSymbol, kay, ess) where data BaseSymbol = K | S kay, ess :: BaseSymbol kay = K ess = S 2.2.3 Utility modules 188.8.131.52 Binary tree module Tree (Tree (Leaf, Branch)) where data Tree a = Leaf a | Branch (Tree a) (Tree a) module Parser (Parser, item) where import Control.Monad.State (StateT, get, put) type Parser token a = StateT [token] a item :: Parser a item = do token : tokens <- get put tokens return token 184.108.40.206 Prelude extension module PreludeExt (bool) where bool :: a -> a -> Bool -> a bool thenC elseC t = if t then thenC else elseC 2.3 Partial function approach Now, Chaitin's construction will be here - should denote an unary predicate “has normal form” (“terminates”) - should mean an operator “decode” (a function from finite bit sequences to combinatory logic terms) - should denote the set of all finite bit sequences - should denote the set of syntactically correct bit sequences (semantically, they may either terminate or diverge), i.e. the domain of the decoding function, i.e. the range of the coding function. Thus, - “Absolute value” - should mean the length of a bit sequence (not combinatory logic term evaluation!) 2.4 Total function approach Here, dc is a partial function (from finite bit sequences). If this is confusing or annoying, then we can choose a more Haskell-like approach, making dc a total function: dc :: [Bit] -> Maybe CL then, Chaitin's construction will be where should denote false truth value. 3 Related concepts 4 To do Writing a program in Haskell -- or in combinatory logic:-) -- which could help in making conjectures on combinatory logic-based Chaitin's constructions. It would make only approximations, in a similar way that most Mandelbrot plotting softwares work: it would ask for a maximum limit of iterations. chaitin --computation=cl --coding=tromp --limit-of-iterations=5000 --digits=10 --decimal

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962

Antonia Novello was born in Fajardo, Puerto Rico in 1944 and moved to Michigan in 1970. Novello was the first Hispanic and the first woman to serve as surgeon general of the United States. She was named to the post by President George H. W. Bush in 1990, and served until 1993. Novello earned her M. D. degree at the University of Puerto Rico in 1970. She then moved to the University of Michigan to complete her internship and residency, and then received a fellowship from the Georgetown University School of Medicine. During her tenure as surgeon general, Novello focused on health issues affecting children, women and minorities. She also challenged the tobacco industry over marketing tactics which appealed to children, most notably the "Joe Camel" cartoon character.

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162

Information on moles and voles can also be seen on the Healthy Canadians website. The adult mole measures from 12 to 20 cm in length and has dark grey or brown velvety fur. Its eyes are small and its broad front feet have strong claws for digging in soil. Moles are insectivores. Most do not eat plants, but feed mainly on earthworms, insects and grubs. Some moles may damage tubers and the roots of garden plants but any plant damage is most likely incidental, or may be blamed on other small herbivorous animals using the tunnel. Moles do not hibernate but remain active day or night all year long. During the winter, the mole looks for food deep below the frost line. Most surface activity happens in the spring and fall. Moles are solitary animals, and it is likely that only one or two moles are responsible for the damage to your lawn or garden. Moles have only one litter of 3 to 4 young in the spring. These young will stay with the female in her tunnels for about one month, and then will start creating their own tunnels, reaching adult size in four to eight weeks. Voles resemble house mice, but have a shorter tail, a rounded muzzle and head, and small ears. Like all rodents, voles have a single pair of large chisel-like incisors in the upper jaw that continue to grow from the roots as the tips wear away. The vole has a dark brown coat with a greyish belly that turns white in the winter. In contrast, the house mouse is uniformly grey. Voles search for green plants and seeds during the day or night, and in winter, they travel in tunnels beneath the insulating snow, making round holes in the snow when coming up to the surface. The mole can be considered beneficial in some ways since it consumes insects, including grubs and other insect larvae, and slugs. Moles also feed on earthworms and some will even eat small snakes and mice. However, the mole and its tunnels can destroy lawns, gardens, parks, golf courses and cemeteries. They can kill plants when tunnelling by removing soil around roots. The unprotected roots dry out and die. Plant diseases may also be spread by the mole's movements. Pests like voles, field mice and other rodents use these tunnels as well to feed on exposed roots. In search for food, moles create an extensive network of tunnels, many of which are used only once. Temporary surface tunnels are where the sod is raised and appears as ridges. These feeding tunnels are used a few times, then are abandoned. Deeper tunnels from which the mole must excavate dirt, forming molehills, are used mainly as the living quarters. Signs of vole infestation are when the bark has been removed completely around the base of a tree (girdling), or the sight of 1 to 2 inch wide dead strips (surface runways) through matted grass leading to shallow underground burrows. Small piles of brownish feces and short pieces of grass along the runways are another sign of vole activity. Female voles can start producing litters from the age of three weeks and can produce a large number of litters in one year since their gestation period lasts only 21 days and they can breed all year round. Local populations can vary from one animal to thousands per hectare on a three to four-year cycle. When the vole population peaks, predators such as foxes, wolves or hawks feed on nothing else. Licensed pest control operators may offer a trapping service or traps can be rented from them or a farming co-op. Be sure to ask for instructions on the proper use of the mole traps if you decide to set one. To ensure success, trapping efforts should be concentrated on the main runways in the spring and fall. Look for tunnels that appear to directly connect two or more mounds that run parallel to permanent structures such as fences or concrete paths, or that follow a tree line bordering a grassy area. Another method of identifying an actively used run would be to lightly step on a small section of several tunnels so that they are disturbed, but not completely collapsed. Make sure that these disturbed sections are clearly marked. After a few days, the raised sections can be identified as active runs, and therefore good locations for traps. To a certain extent, a healthy lawn where the risk of grub infestations is minimized will be less attractive to moles. Cats or dogs can also discourage a mole from entering a yard. Baits are rarely taken by moles because they prefer to feed on soil insects. Some baits containing zinc phosphide are available only to licensed pest control operators. No registered baits are available to the general public. Cleaning up all possible food sources like vegetables left in the garden at season's end will help keep voles and other rodents away from your yard. Proper vegetation management like removing mulch from the base of fruit trees in winter will help avoid an increase in vole numbers. If you intend to put mulch down on strawberries or other perennials, do so only after the soil freezes. If you do so before the soil freezes, you will be providing an ideal location for rodents to gain access to roots in unfrozen soil. Use metal or glass rodent-proof containers to store seeds and bird feed. Composters should also be inaccessible to rodents. Gravel or cinder barriers around garden plots are an effective and easy means of protection. The barrier should be 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) deep and a foot or more wide. The sharpness of cinder particles deters voles from pushing their noses into the soil. Commercial plastic tree guards, a piece of chicken wire or small mesh wrapped around the base of trees and extending below the soil will help prevent treegirdling. Consult with your local tree specialist for the proper use of these materials. Traditional snap mouse traps can be used. Place them in areas where voles are known to be. Barricades may be used that allow only voles to enter a trap. Buy a large number of snap-traps and set them all out at once for a one or two night period. A good technique is to bait the traps with a tiny dab of peanut butter or bacon for two or three nights without setting the traps. When the traps are finally set, voles are less likely to shy away from them. Always exercise extreme caution when handling a trap and keep them out of the reach of children and pets. Natural predators including cats, owls and snakes can help keep the vole population down. If populations have built up, the use of treated baits may be necessary. Baits containing the active ingredient chlorophacinone are available in home garden centres and are registered for the control of voles. Licensed pest control operators can use commercial baits containing chlorophacinone or zinc phosphide. Denatonium benzoate, sprayed on plant surfaces to be protected, deters voles from chewing. This animal repellent works because it has an extremely bitter and unpleasant taste. It should not be used on food, edible plants or directly on the fruits or nuts of trees. Do not use it on sugar maple trees if the sap is to be used to make syrup, since the taste of the maple syrup may be affected.

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1,520

- Hypothermia occurs when the body's core temperature drops below 37°C. - This typically results from prolonged exposure to cold conditions, especially in damp, wet or snowy weather. - Early signs: shivering; listlessness; cold, pale, puffy face; impaired speech and impaired judgment. - Later signs: drowsiness, weakness, slow pulse, shallow breathing, confusion, altered behaviour, stumbling, unsteadiness. - Move person to warmer area, shield from cold, passive rewarming with space blanket etc., give warm fluids and high energy foods if possible. What is hypothermia and what causes it? Hypothermia occurs when the body's core temperature drops below 37°C. This happens when more heat is lost than the body can produce through shivering and muscle contractions. Hypothermia is the result of prolonged exposure to cold conditions, especially in damp, wet or snowy weather. Inadequate clothing during winter or at night in the wilderness, or falling into cold water, are examples of situations which commonly cause hypothermia. Inactivity rapidly leads to heat loss and this is worse if the person is injured. Symptoms and signs of hypothermia Hypothermia has a gradual onset and the affected person might lose heat to a critical level before becoming aware of the problem. Early signs include shivering (shivering stops once body temperature falls to below 32°C); listlessness; a cold, pale, puffy face; slurred or incoherent speech and impaired judgment. This decrease in mental sharpness typically results in someone becoming unaware of the gravity of the situation. Later signs, indicating severe hypothermia, include an overwhelming drowsiness and weakness, slow pulse and shallow breathing, confusion, altered behaviour such as aggressiveness, stumbling when walking and unsteadiness when standing. Infants, the very lean and the elderly are at particular risk. Elderly people may become hypothermic at temperatures as mild as 10 to 15°C, particularly if they are malnourished, have heart disease or an underactive thyroid, or if they take certain medications or abuse alcohol. Hypothermia can be fatal and therefore needs prompt treatment. Severe hypothermia may be difficult to distinguish from death because pulses become very difficult or impossible to feel and breathing may be too shallow to notice. First aid for hypothermia - Call for an ambulance if the person's level of consciousness is dropping, or you have any doubt about the severity of the condition. - If possible, move the person to a warmer area, shielded from the cold and wind. Remove wet clothing. - Passively re-warm the person by wrapping him in a space blanket, blankets, clothing or newspapers, and cover the head. If outdoors, insulate the person from the ground and lie next to him. - If the person is conscious, give warm fluids and high-energy foods, unless he is vomiting. Don't give any alcohol or caffeinated drinks. - Keep the person still as movement draws blood away from the vital organs. Don't massage or rub someone with severe hypothermia, or jostle them during transport. (Cold can interfere with the electric conduction system of the heart, making it prone to irregular rhythms which may lead to cardiac arrest.) - Do not apply direct heat, such as a hot bath, heating pad or electric blanket. (This is called active re-warming and should not be done unless the person is very far from definitive care, as it carries a risk of burns.) Prevention of hypothermia - If you're going to be doing outdoor sports like hiking, research the conditions first and speak to experienced people who know the area. Ask them what they would recommend in terms of gear and available shelter. As a general rule: take along several layers of warm clothing (layers help trap warmed air) and keep the head, hands and feet covered. - Change out of wet clothes as soon as you can. Being wet and in the wind rapidly speeds up heat loss from the body. - Take along sufficient food, especially carbohydrates, and snack regularly. It's also important to stay hydrated, even in cold weather. - Carry a space blanket; these are available at outdoor and camping shops. Reviewed by Barry Milner, Instructor, Blue Star Academy of First Aid, BLS National Faculty and First Aid Representative (Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa)

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35262, 290, 3274, 22225, 19920, 357, 4965, 16241, 3780, 4281, 286, 8050, 5478, 8, 50256 ]

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917

Intelligence tests are psychological tests that are designed to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgment. The goal of intelligence tests is to obtain an idea of the person's intellectual potential. The tests center around a set of stimuli designed to yield a score based on the test maker's model of what makes up intelligence. Intelligence tests are often given as a part of a battery of tests. There are many different types of intelligence tests and they all do not measure the same abilities. Although the tests often have aspects that are related with each other, one should not expect that scores from one intelligence test, that measures a single factor, will be similar to scores on another intelligence test, that measures a variety of factors. Also, when determining whether or not to use an intelligence test, a person should make sure that the test has been adequately developed and has solid research to show its reliability and validity. Additionally, psychometric testing requires a clinically trained examiner. Therefore, the test should only be administered and interpreted by a trained professional. A central criticism of intelligence tests is that psychologists and educators use these tests to distribute the limited resources of our society. These test results are used to provide rewards such as special classes for gifted students, admission to college, and employment. Those who do not qualify for these resources based on intelligence test scores may feel angry and as if the tests are denying them opportunities for success. Unfortunately, intelligence test scores have not only become associated with a person's ability to perform certain tasks, but with self-worth. Many people are under the false assumption that intelligence tests measure a person's inborn or biological intelligence. Intelligence tests are based on an individual's interaction with the environment and never exclusively measure inborn intelligence. Intelligence tests have been associated with categorizing and stereotyping people. Additionally, knowledge of one's performance on an intelligence test may affect a person's aspirations and motivation to obtain goals. Intelligence tests can be culturally biased against certain groups. When taking an intelligence test, a person can expect to do a variety of tasks. These tasks may include having to answer questions that are asked verbally, doing mathematical problems, and doing a variety of tasks that require eye-hand coordination. Some tasks may be timed and require the person to work as quickly as possible. Typically, most questions and tasks start out easy and progressively get more difficult. It is unusual for anyone to know the answer to all of the questions or be able to complete all of the tasks. If a person is unsure of an answer, guessing is usually allowed. The four most commonly used intelligence tests are: - Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Wechsler-Adult Intelligence Scale - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Wechsler Primary & Preschool Scale of Intelligence In general, intelligence tests measure a wide variety of human behaviors better than any other measure that has been developed. They allow professionals to have a uniform way of comparing a person's performance with that of other people who are similar in age. These tests also provide information on cultural and biological differences among people. Intelligence tests are excellent predictors of academic achievement and provide an outline of a person's mental strengths and weaknesses. Many times the scores have revealed talents in many people, which have led to an improvement in their educational opportunities. Teachers, parents, and psychologists are able to devise individual curricula that matches a person's level of development and expectations. Some researchers argue that intelligence tests have serious shortcomings. For example, many intelligence tests produce a single intelligence score. This single score is often inadequate in explaining the multidimensional aspects of intelligence. Another problem with a single score is the fact that individuals with similar intelligence test scores can vary greatly in their expression of these talents. It is important to know the person's performance on the various subtests that make up the overall intelligence test score. Knowing the performance on these various scales can influence the understanding of a person's abilities and how these abilities are expressed. For example, two people have identical scores on intelligence tests. Although both people have the same test score, one person may have obtained the score because of strong verbal skills while the other may have obtained the score because of strong skills in perceiving and organizing various tasks. Furthermore, intelligence tests only measure a sample of behaviors or situations in which intelligent behavior is revealed. For instance, some intelligence tests do not measure a person's everyday functioning, social knowledge, mechanical skills, and/or creativity. Along with this, the formats of many intelligence tests do not capture the complexity and immediacy of real-life situations. Therefore, intelligence tests have been criticized for their limited ability to predict non-test or nonacademic intellectual abilities. Since intelligence test scores can be influenced by a variety of different experiences and behaviors, they should not be considered a perfect indicator of a person's intellectual potential. The person's raw scores on an intelligence test are typically converted to standard scores. The standard Kaufman, Alan, S., and Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger. Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence.Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001. Matarazzo, J. D. Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence.5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. Sattler, Jerome M. "Issues Related to the Measurement and Change of Intelligence." In Assessment of Children: Cognitive Applications.4th ed. San Diego: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc., 2001. Sattler, Jerome M. and Lisa Weyandt. "Specific Learning Disabilities." In Assessment of Children: Behavioral and Clinical Applications.4th ed. Written by Jerome M. Sattler. San Diego: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc., 2002. Keith Beard, Psy.D.

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1,197

This plot shows the orbital height of the ISS over the last year. Clearly visible are the re-boosts which suddenly increase the height, and the gradual decay in between. The height is averaged over one orbit, and the gradual decrease is caused by atmospheric drag. As can be seen from the plot, the rate of descent is not constant and this variation is caused by changes in the density of the tenuous outer atmosphere due mainly to solar activity.

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96

The loss of hair comes naturally with age and many people suffer from this. Natural hair loss can be attributed to genes; in other words it can be hereditary. However, recently people are noticing rapid hair loss in patches and it looks ugly in the mirror. This ailment which is known as Alopecia; affects both genders without disdain , children and teenagers are no exception to it. This disease is a major cause of depression and anxiety and takes its toll emotionally; especially amongst teenagers. This ailment is such that it can transpire on any part of the human body where there is hair, even the pubic region; though it is a temporary condition in many cases. Nonetheless, if left untreated the malady can become permanent. - In men this ailment is known as androgenetic alopecia and teenager are very vulnerable to it. - The female form of this ailment also goes by the same name and if it transpires then it looks very repulsive; however it is a rarity. - The permanent hairloss in this ailment is known as Cicatricial alopecia or scarring alopecia. The loss of hair in any particular region is permanent as the follicles are destroyed and a patch takes it place. Short lived hair loss- - This type of hair loss or alopecia is known as areata monolocularis and can transpire in any hairy part of the body. However, if hair loss is experienced in the whole the condition is called alopecia universals. - If there is a hindrance in the normal growth cycle of the hair the hairloss condition is known as Telogen effluvium and this sort of a condition comes suddenly. - Women who indulge in various hair styles suffer from a condition called Traction alopecia; so it advised not to tie tight ponytails and other such hair styles where the hair is stretched or pulled. There are other reasons which give impetus to hairloss and they are prolonged medication, improper nutrition, chemotherapy and ringworms. The symptoms of this ailment are quite conspicuous and genetic history also contributes towards it. However, a doctor can determine this only after checking your fallen hair. The tests which can confirm your ailment are as given below- - You need to pull your hair and see how many have been pulled out from the roots and them get checked in a laboratory. - A sample of the skin tissue needs to be checked. - If skin tissue test shows a negative result, then the only option is a punch biopsy; this involves the testing of the deeper part of your skin. - A screening test helps in removing all doubts. Though, there is no known alopecia treatment and about half of the patients tend to grow back their hair in a year’s time without treatment and the remaining 10% need medical supervision. Certain natural and at times holistic alopecia treatments have shown good results; to know more about them read on. Henna paste promotes hair growth, so it is advised to use henna paste for alopecia treatment. The usage of chemical products may have an adverse affect, so avoid them. The other herbs which have shown their efficacy in treating this ailment are Xanthoxylum clavaheculis, ginko biloba and romarinus offinale as they help in increasing the circulation of the blood of the scalp, thus giving impetus to hair growth. The herbs which stimulate the hair follicles and encourage hair growth include Avena Sativa and a herb called Echinacea. - Unique Post

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749

Anise (Pimpinella Anisum, Linn.), an annual herb of the natural order Umbelliferæ. It is a native of southwestern Asia, northern Africa and south-eastern Europe, whence it has been introduced by man throughout the Mediterranean region, into Germany, and to some extent into other temperate regions of both hemispheres, but seems not to be known anywhere in the wild state or as an escape from gardens. To judge from its mention in the Scriptures (Matthew xxiii, 23), it was highly valued as a cultivated crop prior to our era, not only in Palestine, but elsewhere in the East. Many Greek and Roman authors, especially Dioscorides, Theophrastus, Pliny and Paladius, wrote more or less fully of its cultivation and uses. Anise in Flower and in Fruit From their days to the present it seems to have enjoyed general popularity. In the ninth century, Charlemagne commanded that it be grown upon the imperial farms; in the thirteenth, Albertus Magnus speaks highly of it; and since then many agricultural writers have devoted attention to it. But though it has been cultivated for at least two thousand years and is now extensively grown in Malta, Spain, southern France, Russia, Germany and India, which mainly supply the market, it seems not to have developed any improved varieties. Description.—Its roots are white, spindle-shaped and rather fibrous; its stems about 18 inches tall, branchy, erect, slender, cylindrical; its root leaves lobed somewhat like those of celery; its stem leaves more and more finely cut toward the upper part of the stem, near the top of which they resemble fennel leaves in their finely divided segments; its flowers yellowish white, small, rather large, in loose umbels consisting of many umbellets; its fruits ("seeds") greenish-gray, small, ovoid or oblong in outline, longitudinally furrowed and ridged on the convex side, very aromatic, sweetish and pleasantly piquant. Cultivation.—The seeds, which should be as fresh as possible, never more than two years old, should be sown in permanent quarters as soon as the weather becomes settled in early spring. They should be ½ inch deep, about ½ inch asunder, in drills 15 or 18 inches apart, and the plants thinned when about 2 inches tall to stand 6 inches asunder. An ounce of seed should plant about 150 feet of drill. The plants, which do not transplant readily, thrive best in well-drained, light, rich, rather dry, loamy soils well exposed to the sun. A light application of well-rotted manure, careful preparation of the ground, clean and frequent cultivation, are the only requisites in the management of this crop. In about four months from the sowing of the seed, and in about one month from the appearance of the flowers, the plants may be pulled, or preferably cut, for drying. The climate and the soils in the warmer parts of the northern states appear to be favorable to the commercial cultivation of anise, which it seems should prove a profitable crop under proper management. Uses.—The leaves are frequently employed as a garnish, for flavoring salads, and to a small extent as potherbs. Far more general, however, is the use of the seeds, which enter as a flavoring into various condiments, especially curry powders, many kinds of cake, pastry, and confectionery and into some kinds of cheese and bread. Anise oil is extensively employed for flavoring many beverages both alcoholic and non-spirituous and for disguising the unpleasant flavors of various drugs. The seeds are also ground and compounded with other fragrant materials for making sachet powders, and the oil mixed with other fluids for liquid perfumes. Various similar anise combinations are largely used inperfuming soaps, pomatums and other toilet articles. The very volatile, nearly colorless oil is usually obtained by distillation with water, about 50 pounds of seed being required to produce one pound of oil. At Erfurt, Germany, where much of the commercial oil is made, the "hay" and the seeds are both used for distilling. From the Heritage Herbs Collection by M.G. Kains, American Agriculturist, 1912. |< Prev||Next >| Free Herb Tips & Stories A simple and quick way to get... Certifed Family Herbalist, Ca... We videotaped Brian Kramer,... Composting is pretty simple, ... The advantages of no-till gar... Thank You For Your Interest In HerbFest Please comment on our blog. Click Now.

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987

Before you turn up the thermostat to ward off the winter chill that’s creeping into your house, take these simple, inexpensive steps to make your home more comfortable and energy efficient. If you’re like most folks, the majority of your energy dollars go toward heating and cooling your home. According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the average U.S. family spends about US$1,500 per year on home energy, a figure that will probably rise beyond US$2,000 this year due to increasing natural gas and electricity prices. The good news is that because heating and cooling is the biggest chunk of energy usage, is it also the place where you can make the biggest impact. Think of it as an insurance policy against continually rising fuel prices. As prices continue to escalate, your savings become more and more significant. When addressing home energy use, most people go for the most visible and dramatic improvements, like replacing old furnaces and windows. But investments such as these are often not the most cost-effective places to start. In many cases, the less obvious (and less expensive) fixes like weatherstripping and insulating offer considerable upfront savings—in money and energy. Heating and cooling costs are largely influenced by two factors—infiltration (air movement into and out of the house) and insulation. Controlling infiltration is really the first step to improve the energy efficiency of your home. According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, the average U.S. home has enough holes, cracks, and crevices in it to make up the equivalent of a 16-square-foot hole in the wall. Air leakage accounts for 25 to 40 percent (or more) of heating and cooling bills, so you can save big by doing a thorough job of buttoning up your home. Once air leakage is controlled, insulation can help to further reduce your bills. Air Sealing Priorities. People are often quick to notice minor air leaks in their home, such as those around doors and windows, or through fireplaces and chimneys. But these easy-to-spot leaks are not always the worst offenders in terms of energy efficiency or indoor air quality issues. Air also can enter your home from other, often unheated, parts of the house, such as attics, basements, or crawl spaces. Besides allowing outside air in, these areas can foster moisture development in wall cavities as air travels from cooler to warmer areas. These less-obvious leaks are driven by the “stack effect”—the tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to fall. Since you only need to stop an air leak at one end, the attic is often the best place to start with your air-sealing activities. Before you add insulation, seal openings around: • Plumbing vent stacks and pipes • Electrical, plumbing, and chimney chases • Open tops of interior wall partitions • Attic hatches • Gaps around penetrations for any mechanical equipment (ductwork, air handlers, etc.) • Recessed lighting. Most recessed lights are designed to be cooled by air movement, so they cannot be sealed or come into contact with insulation without potentially overheating. Replace them with IC-rated (insulation-contact) fixtures. If that is not possible, seal the lights between the fixtures and the ceiling openings. • Bath fans. These often pump more warm air into the attic than to the outdoors. This can lead to major moisture problems in the attic or ice damming along the eaves, which can force moisture up under the shingles, causing water leaks.

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748

Introduction and Installation of Php What is PHP? PHP is an acronym for Hypertext Preprocessor. It is a dynamic server side scripting language that allows an application developer to create very simple to very complex mechanisms for the web. Think of PHP as the brain and central nervous system behind your applications. PHP code can be directly mingled in with your HTML page content as long as the page has a .php extension ( myPage.php ). Or it can be scripts and class files placed on server and connected to your front-end files. Any HTML file you have can be turned into a PHP file and PHP script will run inside it. Why Learn PHP? - Relatively easy to learn and understand - Processes data fast and dynamically - Most dynamic web applications being made today have a PHP core (brain) - Free Open Source Technology - Sports over 700 Built-In functions that are ready to automate your programming tasks - Works very well with MySQL Databases (PHP+MySQL are married) - Create and populate XML files using PHP - Communicates with Flash (back and forth) - Time and date functions - Mathematics to cover any need - Can be used to create complete social networks, and online forums - Parse file uploads - Processes online forms and sends emails - Imaging Libraries - Resize Images on the fly, create shapes and colors on the fly out of nowhere - Create files and directory folders out of thin air - Create multidimensional data arrays, data looping, and deep data parsing - Huge Free online resource databases for classes and functions - The list goes on and on and on……. Who Is Using PHP In the Programming of Their Website or Applications? • Develop PHP • Zen Cart • Web Intersect And Hundreds of Thousands More Usually any time you can interact with a website in any way, PHP is doing its thing behind the scenes there. PHP blends well into other useful programming languages You have two options to enable yourself to work with PHP. 1. Build and test on your web server (easy) Most people starting in PHP development already have a web server online. Simply create your .php files, FTP them into your web directory and the server will parse them for you automatically. Most web hosts offer PHP support, and if your host does not, consider switching to a better one. If you do not have a web server online yet, buy a Domain Name for about $10 and set up a free or paid hosting account for that domain name. Be sure to choose PHP and not ASP if given a choice. Then you can FTP files to the server and test online. 2. Create a local testing environment (complicated for beginners) To install a web server on your PC you should research and install these 3 things. you can configure these three, Bu Installing WAMP server 3. What is WAMP server and how to Install it WAMP stand for Windows Appache Mysql Php, in order to setup a Local testing server you should use this. You can see Video tutorial on how to Install WAMP Server here.. http://hostinpakistan.com/learnjoomla/?p=13

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675

Catacombs are believed to have been used as burial chambers, worship area and refuge by persecuted Christians/Jews starting from the second century A.D. Jewish catacombs, discovered in 1918, make part of the belowground graves enriched by frescoes. The Catacombs in Rome cover many kilometers and some are four storeys below ground zero. They contain slots carved into walls, carvings, passageways, worship halls and/or frescoes. Paintings found in this below ground complex narrate biblical stories of both old and new testaments or simply religious symbols. Catacombs of Domitilla, for example, spread over 15 kilometers of underground caves and are Rome’s oldest underground burial complex still containing bones. Some of the catacombs in Rome are: Marcellinus and Peter, Commodilla, Generosa, Praetextatus, Priscilla, San Callisto, San Lorenzo, San Pancrazio, San Sebastiano, San Valentino, Sant’Agnese, Jewish and so on. To visit the San Callisto, the most famous of all catacombs, take bus 218 from San Giovanni Metro A. For the Jewish Catacomb, get off at Metro B Policlinico and walk to Villa Torlonia. For more detailed info about catacombs or elsewhere in Rome please stay in Hotel Des Artistes and you will enjoy complete instructions at reception.

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301

A thermostat is a device that regulates the temperature of a home at a desired setpoint. An added feature is a programmable thermostat which can be programmed for different temperatures throughout the day. An example would be programming the thermostat to reduce heat from 8:00 to 4:00 when the home owner is at work. This can help save in gas or electricity. 2)Air Conditioning Unit An air conditioner is an appliance used to extract heat from an area using a refrigerant. With the high efficiency Ruud air conditioning unit a home owner can save money on cooling. A heat pump is a reversible outdoor system that allows the home owner to heat their house in the winter and cool their house in the summer. Heat pumps are equipped with a reversing valve and optimized heat exchanger to allow the machine to draw heat out of the air for heating a home. A furnace is a device used to heat your home. The Ruud high efficiency line of furnaces can save homeowners money on their heating bill. The case coil allows for the air conditioning unit or the heat pump unit to transfer its heating and cooling options into the house. The furnace blows air through the coils on the case coil which are filled with freon allowing for heating or cooling to take place depending on the unit used. A plenum heater used in conjunction with a heat pump unit can heat the whole house in a very efficient and compatible system. The plenum heater is a heating system that uses electrical currents to heat coils which in turn heat your home. A humidifier increases the humidity (moisture) levels in the house in the winter causing the air to seem warmer, thus saving the home owner money on heating bills. The furnace filter purifies the air flowing through the system of the household. This allows the home owner to have cleaner air to breathe. 9)Supply Air Duct/Return Air Duct The supply air duct and the return air duct supply and return the air flowing through the system. 10)Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV) HRV's are fresh air exchange appliances. They take fresh air from the outside and supply it to the house. It in turn takes the stale air out of the house and controls the humidity levels to minimize heat loss. The boiler system allows home owners the ability to heat water for radiant in-floor heating systems. The comicor water heater can be used to heat the radiant in-floor and the domestic water for the house. Floor joists support the secondary floor from collapsing in and provide a great backer for the subflooring. Subflooring is a floor that goes over the floor joist. This subfloor is an excellent source to staple the tubing to. Hepex tubing is the tubing used to run the radiant in-floor heating system. The water mixture runs through these tubes to heat the floor and the house. Foam allows for the radiant in-floor heat to be transferred to the surface instead of being lost into the ground. The sealant seals the wood to help the heat radiate up to the surface to keep your feet warm. 6)Concrete/light weight gypsumcrete This substance covers the tubing and provides a solid base on the main level and the secondary levels. Adhesives are used to glue the flooring to the concrete or light weight gypsumcrete. This is the finished product after everything is done with the in-floor heat. Rebar is an excellent source to tie the hepex tubing down so it does not float up through the concrete.

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HOME | LAWS | ORGANIZATIONS | CASES | LEGISLATION | HEADLINES Renovations in the New Cumberland, Pennsylvania, public library caused a stir in the local home school community because of a new mural that some home schoolers found offensive. According to WHTM News, Dawn Gribb, the artist who painted the mural, was trying to "do something to get the kids to go down to the children's room." She painted children running around in a park, each child having the name of a local school on his or her T-shirt. The one student in the painting, who had "home schooled" on his shirt, was a young boy sitting on a bench with a "Wet Paint" sign on it. Gribb says that she was trying to portray a young toddler who couldn't yet read. Local home schoolers, however, were offended, believing that the mural implied that home schooled children cannot read well. Many called the library or local media to complain. After the controversy erupted, the New Cumberland Public Library asked Gribb to paint over the offending shirt. The Library Board President, Elizabeth Stone, told WHTM that home schoolers are a big part of the library, and that New Cumberland Library actually arranges special programs just for them. Home schoolers working together with state organizations and Home School Legal Defense Association have fought legal and cultural discrimination for years. If your family experiences legal difficulties because of your home schooling, please feel free to contact us for assistance.

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Luther, Martin, born at Eisleben, Nov. 10, 1483; entered the University of Erfurt, 1501 (B.A. 1502, M.A.. 1503); became an Augustinian monk, 1505; ordained priest, 1507; appointed Professor at the University of Wittenberg, 1508, and in 1512 D.D.; published his 95 Theses, 1517; and burnt the Papal Bull which had condemned them, 1520; attended the Diet of Worms, 1521; translated the Bible into German, 1521-34; and died at Eisleben, Feb. 18, 1546. The details of his life and of his work as a reformer are accessible to English readers in a great variety of forms. Luther had a huge influence on German hymnody. i. Hymn Books. 1. Ellich cristlich lider Lobgesang un Psalm. Wittenberg, 1524. [Hamburg Library.] This contains 8 German h… Go to person page >

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By Gary Bogue Thursday, April 29th, 2010 at 7:08 am in Wolves. The latest issue of The Journal of Wildlife Management has a very interesting article on “Survival of Colonizing Wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, 1982-2004.” You care about wolves? Check it out. /Gary Humans—both predators and protectors—will decide survival of gray wolves The Journal of Wildlife Management – Survival of the gray wolf in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States depends not as much on the wolves as on people. Humans are both predators and protectors of this species, which has been reintroduced into parts of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. Humans were responsible for eradicating gray wolves from this area by the 1930s. Annual survival was considered adequate to sustain the present population, but killing, both legal and illegal, continues and should be monitored to ensure their survival. The current issue of The Journal of Wildlife Management reports on mortality rates among these wolves since their reintroduction. The authors stress the role of continued wildlife management to ensure survival of the gray wolf, which was removed from the endangered species list in Idaho and Montana in 2009. The reestablishment of wolves began in 1979, when wolves began to enter northwest Montana from Canada; reproduction was first documented in 1986. In 1995 and 1996, wolves were introduced into central Idaho and the greater Yellowstone area in Wyoming. The wolf recovery goal calls for metapopulations in these three states of at least 30 breeding pairs and 300 wolves. The plan also includes establishing state-managed conservation programs and taking steps to minimize damage to livestock. It is legal for ranchers to shoot wolves that threaten their livestock. The current study sought to assess biological, habitat, and anthropogenic factors contributing to wolf mortality and to indicate whether federal protection could ensure survival. Radio collars were placed on 711 wolves from 1982 to 2004. Of these wolves, 363 died, most from human causes. Montana, where less public land is available for wolf habitat, saw the highest level of mortality. However, the overall annual survival rate was found to be adequate to sustain the wolf population. The authors offer three recommendations for management of the gray wolf population: *** Increase survival of wolves in surrounding areas to increase survival in Montana. Emigration and retention of wolves in this area could increase with a denser surrounding wolf population. Conflict resolution and illegal mortality should also be addressed. *** Continue to monitor survival rates. The study found a higher rate of mortality among wolves that were collared to track livestock conflicts compared with those collared for monitoring purposes only. Legal human harvest of wolves should also be monitored. *** Establish regulations that allow wolves the opportunity to spread and overlap territories. This will help maintain connectivity and natural dispersal among the population locations. Full text of the article, “Survival of Colonizing Wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, 1982–2004,” The Journal of Wildlife Management, Volume 74, Issue 4, 2010, is available at http://www.wildlifejournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&doi=10.2193%2F2008-584 About The Journal of Wildlife Management The Journal of Wildlife Management, published since 1937, is one of the world’s leading scientific journals covering wildlife science, management, and conservation. The Wildlife Society publishes it eight times per year. To learn more about the society, please visit http://joomla.wildlife.org

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electronic keyboard instruments and cutting-edge studio mixing and editing, Kraftwerk and bands like it built their music around the technology in many ways. In fact, they mentioned as one of their influences the philosophy of the German Bauhaus movement, which taught that technology and art should be joined together. Even the band’s name, which means “power station” in German, suggests this devotion to technology and electronic music. The band’s best-known album in the early 1970s was Autobahn, which featured a 20-minute long “drive” in a car down the freeway, created in the studio with electronic instruments and recording tricks. The group’s members were photographed in costumes that made them look like engineers or scientists, or later, robots. Many of their album titles featured technological themes, such as 1975’s Radio-Activity, 1977’s Trans-Europe Express, and 1978’s Man-Machine. The melding of technology and music was carried forward in the 1981 album Computer World, which featured the song “Pocket Calculator.” By the late 1980s, however, many other groups had adopted the use of electronic instruments, and a whole category of music called synth had become popular. Kraftwerk faded away, releasing only a few more recordings before the end of the 20th century. Today, they are still together but not very active.

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click images to enlarge The John Muir Trail pond California native flowers along the John Muir Trail Conelo -sacred tree of the Mapuche People of Chile Peruvian Lily - Chile Francoa Sonchifolia - Chile The King Protea is native of South Africa Strawflower - Australia Mediterranean Climate Gardens There are five Mediterranean climate specific gardens at Strybing Arboretum & Botanical Gardens in Golden Gate Park, although plants from the world's Mediterranean regions are also included in the Entry Garden, Succulent Garden, Garden of Fragrance, and Biblical Garden. John Muir is supposed to have commented to fellow Scotsman John McLaren that he didn't have much use for manmade parks, preferring to visit natural places like the Sierras instead. While John Muir's efforts helped save Yosemite Valley and many other natural wilderness areas, John McLaren was able to make nature accessible to millions of people by converting some wind swept sand dunes into Golden Gate Park. The John Muir Nature Trail Strybing Arboretums second Director, Percy Haddon Brydon (known as Jock Brydon) had suggested using the westernmost triangular area of the Arboretum as a nature trail for displaying central costal California plant communities. The John Muir Nature Trail, begun in June of 1970, provides an opportunity to learn about California coastal habitats and includes an interpretive deck with several informative plaques as well as a tree shaded wooden bridge over a small pond. Redwood Nature Trail John McLaren loved to grow trees from seeds. Strybing Arboretum's Redwood Nature Trail winds through 100 year old redwoods, providing a cool, quiet and almost magical place to visit on a warm summer day. The Redwood Trail was completed in 1962. The panorama in the upper left column was taken at my favorite spot in Strybing Arboretum. The Aurthur L. Menzies Garden of California Native Plants The California Native section of Strybing Arboretum was expanded and named the Aurthur L. Menzies Garden of California native Plants after the Arboretums Assistant Director from 1972 until the time of his death in early 1973. Chile and California have many similarities including fertile central valleys with low costal mountain ranges to the west and high snow-covered mountains to the east. Both Chile and California are on the western edge of continents and although Chilean tree species are all different from those of California, other species, such as the beach strawberry are found in both places and one third of Chilean shrubs are also found in California. Drimys winteri (Canelo) a Sacred Tree of the Mapuche People (pre European) of Chile grows to 50 feet and bears clusters of fragrant white flowers. Southern tip of Africa The Cape Province Garden contains plants from the Cape Region of Africa which has the world's highest density of plant species. California by contrast has fewer species in over four times the land area. The southern and southwestern coasts of Australia also enjoy a Mediterranean climate with dry summers and mild, wet winters. The U. C. Davis Arboretum specializes in plants adapted to a Mediterranean climate. PDF versions require Adobe Acrobat Reader Golden Gate Park

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688

Question & Answers Government is taking advantage of new developments to enhance our country's comprehensive response to HIV and AIDS. It will, as matter of urgency, start implementing a programme to provide anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in the public health sector. Let us build on the foundations laid in the past three years through implementation of the five-year strategic plan. is government's approach to HIV and AIDS? a comprehensive strategy based on a partnership of all sectors of society, because HIV and AIDS represent a challenge to all of us. Success depends on close collaboration and continuing strengthening of partnership. The Partnership was formalised in October 1998 in a national launch by then Deputy President Thabo Mbeki, and is now represented by the South African National Aids are the elements of the comprehensive approach? comprehensive programme includes prevention, treatment and care, research and human rights: of HIV infection is the bedrock of Government's approach to halt the spread of HIV and the impact of AIDS, since there is no cure for AIDS. We must ensure as a nation that the 40 million South Africans who are not infected stay that way. that those who are currently infected with HIV but have not developed AIDS progress as slowly as possible to this stage, through enhanced efforts in dealing with opportunistic infections, prophylaxis, improved nutrition and lifestyle management of those HIV-infected individuals, currently estimated at 400,000 to 500,000, who have moved on to develop AIDS, through appropriate treatment of AIDS-related conditions (including using antiretroviral therapy in patients presenting with low CD4 counts, and suitable care where treatment has run in supporting these efforts are: programmes that aim to reduce poverty, improve education and bring about moral renewal. - Strengthening the immune system, of critical importance for the health of those infected by HIV. a climate of acceptance of all people infected and affected by HIV and AIDS; intensifying implementation of a policy and legislative framework and community awareness to promote the rights of all. are the main elements of the treatment plan? treatment plan has two goals - to provide comprehensive care and treatment for people living with HIV and AIDS, and to help strengthen the country's national health system. programme responds to the holistic needs of people at all stages of HIV infection and attempts to slow progression and maintain the person at the highest functional level. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is a crucial entry point. Once identified as HIV-positive, patients will be assessed for the stage of their illness and referred into appropriate medical care. The assessment will involve a CD4 count test and the patient's medical history and status. HIV-positive patients will enter into a system of care that monitors progress of infection. Care will focus on slowing progression to full-blown AIDS and maximising health through prompt diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections, periodic medical examinations and CD4 and viral load tests. They will be closely monitored for TB, a common opportunistic infection associated with HIV. what stage, for patients, will ART be considered? Patients who are symptomatic and/or with a CD4 count less than 200 will be counselled and offered the option of antiretroviral therapy. They will be fully informed about the benefits of restoring immune function and improving the quality of life and about serious side effects that may result from treatment with these drugs. For those choosing antiretroviral therapy, CD4 and viral load tests will be done as treatment begins. Patients will be treated at Service Points that have been accredited to provide antiretroviral treatment and will be treated by health professionals who have been trained and certified. They will receive psychosocial and nutritional support, as needed. Community care and support services such as transportation, home-based care, hospice services, etc., often provided by NGOs and CBOs, will help keep people in care and encourage their adherence to treatment. Nutritional support will be provided as part of this comprehensive care and treatment programme. is it to be introduced; where; how it will be scaled up? goal of the programme is to establish at least one accredited service point in every health district (in each District or Metropolitan Municipality) by the end of the first year of implementation and within a period of five years to provide all South Africans who requires comprehensive care and treatment for HIV and AIDS equitable access to the programme within their local municipal area. areas will be able to start sooner than others. we should all be aware that this is a complex programme with many elements requiring cooperation of various role-players, inside and outside government - the actual pace of change will depend on how well we all cooperate in implementing the plan. is it being introduced in stages? plan calls for significant additional capacity in the national health system, in particular strengthening human resource capacity and providing incentives to recruit and retain thousands of health professionals in historically under-serviced areas. Over the next four and a half years, over R750 million is proposed for upgrading systems in the healthcare infrastructure in areas such as drug distribution, patient information systems and monitoring of reaction to the drugs. ensure the safe and effective use of antiretrovirals and other medicines; the care we provide must be of the highest quality; and it must be accessible to all South Africans on an equitable need a system for procuring the necessary drugs at the best need to establish facilities - Service Points - of a standard that can provide the whole range of required interventions: diagnosis, counselling, treatment of opportunistic infections, other preventive and supportive strategies such as nutrition and nutritional supplements and traditional and complementary medicines with immune-boosting properties as well as antiretroviral drugs for the management of AIDS. A service point will be a group or network of linked health facilities operating through a hospital or clinic in a defined catchment area. there a role for traditional medicine? people including those living with HIV and AIDS consult traditional health practitioners and use traditional medicine to meet some of their health needs. We will work together with these health practitioners to share experiences in the care of people with AIDS and they will also serve as a critical resource in providing support and assisting patients to adhere to Government is also committed to upscale research into traditional medicines that may in future render further is required for a health facility to be accredited? plan establishes standards for accreditation of service points. This will ensure that comprehensive HIV and AIDS care and treatment of high quality can be delivered. There will be technical assistance and financial resources to help service points meet the accreditation requirements, with special attention paid to underserved areas of the country to promote criteria defining the conditions at a service point for high quality care and treatment include: - A service point project manager - A trained care team on site including clinicians, nurses, and counsellors, access to trained laboratory, pharmacy and nutritional staff, and links to NGOs and other service providers of care according to the National Treatment Policy Guidelines - 24-hours a day access to care at the service point, or in the vicinity - A staff recruitment, training and skills development plan for health care workers responsible for HIV and AIDS care and treatment (including volunteers and lay counsellors) based on initial needs and projected long-term patient numbers - Consultation, treatment and counselling rooms to assure patient - Access to appropriate laboratory services, overseen by the National Health specimen preparation protocols to Drug Dispensing Standard Operating Procedures for Opportunistic Infection prophylaxis and treatment, and ARVs - Access to patient nutritional status assessment and nutritional support - Links with VCT centres, antenatal clinics, Family Planning clinics, TB clinics, STI clinics, TB/HIV demonstration districts, and any other patient referral facilities, to ensure that HIV-positive patients are formally referred to the accredited service point - A PMTCT programme for service points providing antenatal care and a referral system for sites without antenatal care facilities with community resources and other support organisations that complete the continuum of medical care and support services, - A system to track patients/treatments - A system to maintain medical records and transmit core data to a central data collection point post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) access, according to the latest - Links with the provincial HIV and AIDS Unit - Participation in Information, Education and Communication will be needed to ensure that all areas are serviced? human resource capacity by recruiting and retaining thousands of additional health professionals; and implement a training programme for heath professionals, including traditional health practitioners, as part of the accreditation process our drug distribution system including secure facilities and training of personnel who handle and dispense drugs the National Health Laboratory Service, including better coverage and expansion in specific capabilities to perform the CD4 and viral load tests essential for high quality HIV and AIDS care and treatment patient information systems the system which monitors the efficacy of drugs being used as well as any adverse reaction to the drugs (pharmacovigilance) a research programme that will focus on practical questions and help us better understand and improve the provision of comprehensive care and treatment programme will need an integrated national structure to manage and coordinate implementation, incorporated within the existing national health system, and in particular integrated within the prevention and education programmes. long will it take before people can access antiretrovirals? a year there will be at least one service point in every health district and within five years access to all who need it in their own municipal area. areas will be able to start sooner than others, and each service point per district may begin to operate as soon as it is accredited, and as soon as the drugs are available. government made a u-turn? April 2002 after reviewing its approach to HIV and AIDS, Cabinet reaffirmed its commitment to the Strategic Plan. Noting progress in the implementation of the Strategic Plan, Cabinet decided on a number of measures to strengthen and reinforce these efforts, - Intensifying efforts to remove systemic constraints on access to ARV drugs such as cost and infrastructure - Strengthening partnerships, especially via strengthening of SANAC use of nevirapine in Preventing Mother-To-Child Transmission, and development of a universal roll-out plan a protocol for a comprehensive package of care for survivors of sexual assault, including post-exposure prophylaxis with that no-one is turned away without appropriate treatment and management of any infection or illness, irrespective of HIV poverty alleviation and nutritional interventions, to encourage investigation into alternative treatments, particularly supplements and medication for boosting the immune system 2002, Government established a joint Health/Treasury task team to investigate issues relating to the financing of an enhanced response to HIV and AIDS, including Anti-retroviral Treatment. August 2003 Cabinet received the team's report, which provided options for introducing antiretroviral therapy. The Minister of Health was requested to present a detailed operational plan in Implementation Task Team was set up, made up of South African experts and advisors working with the Clinton AIDS Foundation. is this step being taken now -in particular why is ART being introduced now into the public sector? possibility of considering sustainable and effective antiretroviral therapy in the public sector is a natural progression of the implementation of the comprehensive 5-year strategic plan. A number of positive developments with regard to the constraints on such treatment made this possible: fall in prices because of new opportunities to manufacture some drugs in South Africa; and successful negotiations with drug international and local experience in combating HIV and AIDS appreciation of the role of nutrition in enhancing health and improving the efficacy of medical treatment, so that people do not rely only on drugs. building of a critical mass in our country of scientists and health workers with skills and understanding of the fight against HIV and AIDS, as a result of the implementation of our comprehensive strategy over the past few years; steps towards strengthening our health system in relevant areas, though much remains to be done in this regard; resources in the budget to strengthen the national health system and to pay for the drugs and testing needed and to improve training and health infrastructure. - A better appreciation of the social dimensions of the pandemic, which allows policies on health care interventions to be located within a broader social and health context will it cost to implement the plan? Is it sustainable? cost of implementing the plan is R296 million for the rest of fiscal year 2003/4, growing to nearly R4.5 billion in 2007/8. budget is based on international tendering as the means of Programme Budget Estimate (Millions of Rands) New Healthcare Staff Other Health System Upgrades Programme Management (National & Provincial) Includes R20 Million advance payment to NHLS through March '04. enhancement of our response to HIV and AIDS has been designed to be cost-effective and efficient without compromising quality. To ensure sustainability most of the budget will come from government. This has been made possible by the sound economic policies government has pursued, releasing resources for social spending. But where appropriate, financing of the programme may be supplemented using donor sources. Won't it take resources from other health care and social decision of Cabinet comes with new resources that have been allocated to fund it. It will not detract from other programmes, whether in the fight against HIV an AIDS or in the reconstruction and development of our society. In fact the strengthening of the health system which is required for sustainable ART will bring benefits to health care more than half the proposed total expenditure will go toward: strengthening the national health system; emphasizing prevention; and promoting healthy lifestyles. These funds will not only allow for delivery of comprehensive care and treatment for those infected with HIV - they will improve the overall capabilities of the public health system and benefit all. is the price of drugs important? years ago this programme for comprehensive care and treatment would have been impossible, amongst other things due to the cost of the medicines and laboratory tests required. Falling prices internationally and new opportunities to manufacture some drugs in South Africa; as well as successful negotiations with drug companies made it feasible to consider such a programme. plan provides for a system of drug procurement that will secure drugs at prices well below today's best international prices. In time South Africa will have its own production facilities for can ART do, and what are its limitations? uncertainties remain and our knowledge of HIV and AIDS continues to evolve rapidly. But we are better equipped now to ensure that the benefits of ART outweigh the risks, for patients already in a desperate state of illness that has progressed beyond what can be managed by other means alone. are important facts we should be aware of: - The new elements of the treatment programme will help extend the lives of those who have reached the stage of AIDS - but antiretrovirals are not a cure everyone who is infected with HIV needs antiretroviral treatment- the majority with HIV can still live a healthy life, with proper nutrition, treatment of any diseases and a health workers and patients should adhere to the strict guidelines - antiretrovirals can have serious bad side effects and can be dangerous if not properly used, and the treatment involves a life-long daily regimen. Patients should be able to make an informed choice. Information will be provided to patients, to explain the benefits, limitations and possible negative effects. also brings great responsibility on health practitioners with regard to ethical conduct in line with the requirements of the profession, concerning such matters as the rigour of HIV tests, counselling, management of ARV prescriptions and so on. will the ART impact on the comprehensive strategy? not relax our prevention efforts, but rather sustain and intensify them so that we reduce the level of new infections. The operational plan emphasises that prevention of HIV infection is the bedrock of Government's comprehensive approach and makes provision for integrating treatment and care with intensified people infected with HIV have not reached the stage at which they require antiretroviral medicines. But they do need access to treatment for opportunistic infections, so provision for that treatment will be stepped up. No one should be refused treatment simply because of their HIV status. HIV thrives on a weak immune system, and in turn also weakens this defence system of the body, proper nutrition for all South Africans and dealing with poverty remain critical in the fight against HIV and AIDS. These social programmes of government will continue with even greater intensity. continue and intensify support to families and individuals affected by HIV and AIDS. Together we must continue to fight discrimination and stigma. the role of partnership change? in the implementation of ART, as with every other aspect of our comprehensive strategy will rely on partnership across society. includes communication of objective facts about the new elements of treatment and about the spread of HIV infection and the impact of AIDS and its management. Creating false expectations or an atmosphere in which society lowers its guard on matters of awareness or change in lifestyle, or engaging in mutually debilitating contestation about what can be achieved by when, could undermine not only the treatment programme but set back the hard-won advances made curbing the spread of HIV and reducing the impact of AIDS. intensify every aspect of our comprehensive national programme. To do so we must strengthen the partnership by joining hands in the war against AIDS this enhanced care and treatment programme, government is adding to the nation's armoury in the fight against AIDS. cooperative relationship among all sectors, particularly in the implementation of this element of the comprehensive strategy, the spirit of letsema and vuk'uzenzele, a message of hope and responsibility as well as constructive engagement in the realm of practical work would ensure that South Africa advances even more decisively in this endeavour, which is literally a matter of life and death. Issued by: Government Communications (GCIS) 19 November 2003

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4,026

Konstantin Petrovich Pobyedonostzev Pobyedonostzev, Konstantin Petrovich (kənstəntyēnˈ pētrôˈvĭch pəbyĕdənôsˈtsyĭf) [key], 1827–1907, Russian public official and jurist. He was professor of civil law at Moscow when he attracted the attention of Czar Alexander II and was appointed (1865) tutor to the future Alexander III. As procurator of the holy synod (1880–1905), he became the champion of autocracy, orthodoxy, and Russian nationalism. He had great power and under his influence Alexander III opposed any limitation of autocratic powers, tightened censorship, attempted to suppress opposition opinion, persecuted religious nonconformists, and adopted a policy of Russification of all national minorities. Pobyedonostzev also supported Pan-Slavism and in his writings strongly attacked Western rationalism and liberalism. He tutored Nicholas II and was one of his most influential advisers until the Revolution of 1905. He wrote a three-volume work on Russian civil law. See his Reflections of a Russian Statesman (tr. 1898). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Russian, Soviet, and CIS History: Biographies

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305

This sect grew out of the International Bible Students Association, founded in 1872 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by Charles Taze Russell (1852–1916). After intensive study of the Bible, he concluded that the invisible return of Christ had occurred in 1874, that the Gentile period would cease in 1914, and that, following a war, the kingdom of God would be established on earth. Jehovah's Witnesses no longer set such specific dates but believe that God's kingdom, the Theocracy, will follow Armageddon, the great war described in prophetic books of the Bible. They believe that biblical prophecies are being fulfilled in world events and that Jesus was created by God and acts as his agent. Jehovah's Witnesses worship at meeting places called Kingdom Halls. Because they believe that secular governments are unknowingly entangled with Satan, they do not salute flags or join the military. Jehovah's Witnesses actively seek converts; members are expected to spread the message. Their publishing efforts include the magazines Watchtower and Awake! See also Encyclopedia: Jehovah's Witnesses. Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. More on Jehovah's Witnesses from Infoplease:

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239

Algae plus salt water equals … fuel? Bilal Bomani wants to create a biofuel that is "extreme green"— sustainable, alternative and renewable. At NASA's GreenLab Research Facility, he uses algae and halophytes to create a self sustaining, renewable energy ecosystem that doesn't consume arable land or fresh water. Bilal Bomani currently serves as the lead scientist for NASA's biofuels research program focusing on the next generation of aviation fuel. The intent is to use algae and halophytes with the goal of providing a renewable energy source that does not use freshwater, arable land or compete with food crops.

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130

Hepatitis is the general term for inflammation of the liver. It can be caused by infection, drugs or toxins. When most people hear the diagnosis hepatitis, they think of the hepatitis related to infection from a virus, such as hepatitis A, B or hepatitis C. Alcoholic hepatitis is different because it is not infectious or contagious. Alcohol acts like a toxin when it causes the liver to be inflamed. Alcoholic hepatitis can cause the same symptoms as other types of hepatitis. For instance, nausea and vomiting. In more severe cases, it causes jaundice, confusion and liver failure. Most people that develop alcoholic hepatitis are heavy drinkers. But not everyone. Some people are just more sensitive to alcohol. They might get the condition by only drinking a few per day. To treat alcoholic hepatitis, the person must stop drinking entirely. Its also important to eat a balanced diet. And take in adequate minerals and vitamins. In mild cases, inflammation usually calms down within a few days to a few weeks. In more severe cases, people can develop liver failure either from a severe episode or from many repeated episodes. Your friend must stop all alcohol use forever.

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242

Grape mealybug—Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybugs are soft, oval, flattened insects. Their bodies are distinctly segmented; divisions among the head, thorax, and abdomen are not distinct. The adult female is about 5 mm long and appears smoothly dusted with a white, mealy, wax secretion. Long caudal filaments along the lateral margin of the body become progressively shorter toward the A new vine mealybug has recently invaded California vineyards. This species has shorter filaments than the grape mealybug. Mealybugs excrete large quantities of sticky honeydew, which drips onto fruit clusters and later turns black from sooty mold. Some berries may crack. Mealybugs do not injure vines. Remove loose bark in winter; young mealybugs and eggs are concealed in such places until spring. High temperatures in June kill much of the most damaging brood. Control of ants (which interfere with natural enemies) is important. Oils applied during dormancy can reduce numbers somewhat.

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237

Dense or rocky soil Roots of carrots that have been planted in hard soil may be hairy, forked, and misshapen. Avoid planting carrots in heavy soils. Plant in light soils such as sandy loam. Remove rocks from soil. Maintain uniform soil moisture at seed depth until seedlings emerge.

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67

Environmental stresses (such as those caused by human practices, such as monoculture) may cause explosions of some ant populations, an effect that is particularly evident within ants’ native ranges. For example, in its native range in South America, the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata is a pest in disturbed forests and agricultural areas where it can reach high densities. High densities of W. auropunctata have been linked with sugar cane monocultures and cocoa farms in Colombia and Brazil, respectively. In Colombia, a high abundance of the little fire ant in forest fragments has been linked with low ant diversity. The little fire ant efficiently exploits resources including nectar, refuges within vegetation and honeydew residues (of Homopteran insects), and it may out-compete and displace native myrmecofauna (Armbrecht and Ulloa-Chacón 2003). Improved land management and a reduction of primary production will alleviate the problems associated with invasive ants and the environmental stresses that cause ant population explosions. In agricultural areas, due to the close association of the land and workers, the little fire ant may be a great nuisance to humans. This is because it is more likely to reach high densities and sting people working in the field. The increased numbers of Homoptera insects, which sap plant nutrients and make plants susceptible to disease, may cause substantial yield losses. In Cameroon, on the other hand, the spread of the little fire ant is encouraged, due to the fact that it preys on, and thereby has a role in the control of, certain herbivorous cocoa pests (Bruneau de Mire 1969, in Brooks and Nickerson 2000). W. auropunctata may have negative impacts on invertebrates and vertebrates. They may prey on native insects and cause declines in the numbers of small vertebrates. In human habitations it may sting, and even blind, domestic pets (cats and dogs) (Romanski 2001). It is believed to have caused a decrease in reptile populations in New Caledonia and in the Galapagos Archipelago, where it eats tortoise hatchlings and attacks the eyes and cloacae of the adult tortoises (Holway et al. 2002; J. K. Wetterer pers. comm., 2003). The little fire ant is probably the most aggressive species that has been introduced into the Galapagos archipelago, where a marked reduction of scorpions, spiders and native ant species in infested areas has been observed (Lubin 1984, Clark et al. 1982, in Roque-Albelo and Causton 1999). Similarly it has been noted to decrease local arthropod biodiversity in the Solomon Islands (Romanski 2001). W. auropunctata rarely buries myrmecochorous seeds and sometimes ingests elaisomes without dispersing seed. In its native range, the little fire ant decreases herbivorous arthropod biodiversity, increasing the fruit and seed production and growth of the plant and decreasing pathogen attacks. W. auropunctata may also, however, exclude arthropod plant mutualists, such as plant tenders or seed dispersers (Ness and Bronstein 2004). Please read Invasive ants impacts for a summary of the general impacts of invasive ants, such as their affect on mutualistic relations, the competitive pressure they impose on native ants and the effect they may have on vulnerable ecosystems. Location Specific Impacts: Human nuisance: Several residents in the infested area were stung by ants whilst swimming in their swimming pools. Dogs and cats have been stung by the ants. People working in their gardens have also been stung by the ants. Competition: High populations of W. auropunctata have been related to marked reductions of other ant species in agricultural lands such as cocoa farms in Brazil (Delabie 1988, Majer et al 1994, in Armbrecht and Ulloa-Chacón 2003). Cauca River Valley (Colombia) Competition: W. auropunctata is widely distributed throughout South America and is able to displace the local myrmecofauna. The positive relation between W. auropunctata abundance and ant-plant associations in understory vegetation reinforces the belief that W. auropunctata is highly able to exploit and monopolise resources such as extrafloral nectar, refuges within vegetation, and honeydew residues from Homopteran insects, and prevent other ant species from utilising these resources successfully (Armbrecht and Ulloa-Chacón 2003). Economic/Livelihoods: Colonises disturbed and agricultural areas, sometimes becoming an economic problem (Fowler et al. 1990, in Armbrecht and Ulloa-Chacón 2003). Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) Interaction with other invasive species: "Wasmannia auropunctata is often associated with another serious pest: the cottonycushion scale- Icerya purchasi, and has been observed transportingimmature stages and tending colonies" (Wetterer & Porter, 2003). Reduction in native biodiversity: The little fire ant is probably the most aggressive species that has been introduced into the Galapagos Archipelago. Marked reductions in scorpions, spiders, and native ant populations in areas infested with the little fire ant have been observed. Many other arthropods are probably also affected, but this has not been measured (Roque-Albelo and Causton 1999). Human nuisance: Images and text by Eric Loeve available at Fenua Animalia document the enormous impact of this invasive ant on people's lives. This is a sign of things to come as the Wasmannia auropunctata infestations become more and more established and as the scale and numbers build. Reduction in native biodiversity: A progressive blindness syndrome known as as “Florida spots”, “Florida keratitis/keratopathy” or “tropical keratopathy” (Roze et al, 2004; Moore, 2005) has been documented in mammals and other animals that live in the proximity of colonies of the little fire ant. No scienific study had been conducted to prove that the little fire ants were responsible for this. Scientists from Fenua animalia conducting mapping of a little fire ant colony in the Mahina commune’s highs (Tahiti), discovered that ant colony areas were also sheltering endemic hearths of "Florida keratopathy". 24 cases of keratopathy and 12 control cases were studied within the mega-colony settled. Results of an analysis showed that the affected animals were those living in contact with the ants. Apart from this predisposing factor, the scientists did not find any other characteristic facilitating this outbreak (age, sex, viral status regarding Feline leukosis). The study highlights the symptoms of acute attack such as blepharospasm and whimpering; and the topography of injuries shows that the median area of the eye is the most affected. Though the pathopysiologic model is not already understood, the authors of the study, believe as many authors previously cited that the most probable etiologic agent of this pathology is the littel fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Dr. Leonard Theron Assistant - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liege- Production Animals Clinical Department pers.comm., September 2009). Other: "Wetterer et al. (1999) found anecdotal evidence of an impact onvertebrates in Gabon. House cats (Felis catus) at Lopé often have W.auropunctata in their fur, and several cats developed corneal cloudingand blindness. William Karesh, field veterinarian for Wildlife Conserva-tion Society, found the cats' symptoms consistent with trauma, not communicable disease. More disturbingly, elephants (Loxodonta africana) with cloudy corneas arecommon in Lopé and Petit Loango, as well as Wonga Wongué Reserveon the central coast of Gabon (100 km south of Libreville). The possibleconnection between W. auropunctata and eye maladies deserves furtherstudy." Reduction in native biodiversity: W. auropunctata has a negative impact on the native ant community in Gabon. Nine sites In Lope National Park were surveyed. A highly significant correlation between ant diversity and length of infestation by W. auropunctata was found. Many more native ant species were present in areas not infested with W. auropunctata (39.0 ± 4.6) compared with areas infested by W. auropunctata for approximately 5–10 yr (7.0 ± 6.2 and 1.7 ± 1.2, respectively). In infested areas, W. auropunctata made up the bulk of specimens collected in every plot (Walker, 2006). New Caledonia (Nouvelle Calédonie) Human nuisance: Causes painful stings. Reduction in native biodiversity: W. auropunctata have a negative impact on endemic ants, native arachnids, beetles, and reptiles (Wetterer & Porter, 2003 and references therein). Wewak (Papua New Guinea) Human nuisance: The ants over-run gardens and homes in residents' houses and sting people, especially children. Control of insect pests within houses is expensive and many families may be forced to live with the ant. Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) Human nuisance: Causes painful stings. Other: Locals on Guadalcanal have reported that their dogs (Canis domesticus) were all gradually blinded by the ants' venom andrarely lived more than five years (Wetterer 1997 in Wetterer & Porter, 2003). Hawaii (United States (USA)) Economic/Livelihoods: Many important economic crops in Hawaii are harvested by hand. W. auropunctata is small, cryptic, and has a painful sting. In some cases, agricultural workers refuse to harvest from infested trees or orchards, which is a critical issue for farms that rely on hand harvesting. W. auropunctata is also of quarantine concern, because the presence of ants on exported fruits and vegetables from Hawaii can cause rejection and return shipment to Hawaii (Costa et al., 2005; Follett & Taniguchi 2007 in Souza et al., 2006) Human nuisance: Cause painful stings. Economic/Livelihoods: It deters people from tending their crops, reducing productivity and imposing economic hardship on them. Human nuisance: It stings people and animals including chickens and can cause allergic reactions in people Vanua Lava Is. (Vanuatu) Reduction in native biodiversity: A striking lack of butterflies has been noted on the island of Vanua Lava. This is compared to Mota Lava, which is free of W. Auropunctata and has abundant butterflies (J. Tennant, pers. comm. in Wetterer & Porter, 2003).

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2,334

The next day we learned that frogs come from eggs. Frog eggs look a little different from the eggs of other animals and it took a little convincing to persuade them that they were actually eggs. We talked about the life cycle of frogs. After that we made frogs, complete with long, curly tongues and wrote about them. Here is how they turned out... |I just love these little guys!| After frogs & turtles, we talked about snakes! I am not a fan of snakes, but my students ALWAYS love to learn about them! This year my class is heavy on boys (12 out of 17) and this unit keeps them so engaged! I LOVE teaching through themes. I know that the theme keeps them so engaged that I can slip in writing, reading & math skills without them even realizing it! :) I do not have pictures of our snakes because I couldn't get them to turn out. We colored 2 sides of a paper plate and then cut them in a swirl so that they looked like curly snakes. Then, I hung them from the ceiling. They would twirl when the air kicked in and the kids loved it! All in all, this was a great unit. My kids stayed engaged and excited the entire week. I was able to teach them valuable math, reading, writing, & science skills...what more could I have asked for? :)

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279

A cycle of three years, in the course of which the whole Law is read on Sabbaths and festivals. This was the practise in Palestine, whereas in Babylonia the entire Pentateuch was read in the synagogue in the course of a single year (Meg. 29b). The modern practise follows the Babylonian; but as late as 1170 Benjamin of Tudela mentioned Egyptian congregations that took three years to read the Torah ("Itinerary," ed. Asher, p. 98). The reading of the Law in the synagogue can be traced to at least about the second century The Masoretic divisions known as "sedarim" and variously indicated in the text, number 154 in the Pentateuch, and probably correspond, therefore, to the Sabbath lessons of the triennial system, as was first surmised by Rapoport ("Halikot Ḳedem," p. 11). The number varies, however, so that Menahem Me'iri reckoned 161 divisions, corresponding to the greatest number of Sabbaths possible in three years; the Yemen grammars and scrolls of the Pentateuch enumerate 167 (see Sidra); and the tractate Soferim (xvi. 10) gives the number as 175 (comp. Yer. Shab. i. 1). It is possible that this last division corresponds to a further development by which the whole of the Pentateuch was read twice in seven years, or once in three and a half years. The minimum seder for a Sabbath portion when seven persons are called up to the Law (see 'Aliyah) should consist of twenty-one verses, since no one should read less than three verses (Meg. iv. 4). Some sedarim have less than twenty-one verses, however, as, for example, Ex. xxx. 1-8.Divisions and Beginning of the Cycle. If the 154 sedarim are divided into three portions corresponding to the three years, the second would commence at Ex. xii. and the third at Num. vi. 22, a passage treating of the priestly blessing and the gifts of the twelve tribal chiefs after the erection of the Tabernacle. Tradition assumes that the events described in Num. vi. took place on the 1st of Nisan, and it would follow that Gen. i. and Ex. xi. would also be read on the first Sabbath of that month, while Deut. xxxiv., the last portion of the Pentateuch, would be read in Adar. Accordingly, it is found that the death of Moses is traditionally assigned to the 7th of Adar, about which date Deut. xxxiv. would be read. A. Büchler has restored the order of the sedarim on the assumption that the reading of the Law was commenced on the 1st of Nisan and continued for three years, and he has found that Genesis would be begun on the 1st of Nisan, Deuteronomy on the 1st of Elul, Leviticus on the 1st of Tishri, and Exodus and Numbers on the 15th of Shebaṭ, the four NewYears given in the Mishnah (R. H. i. 1). Nisan has always been regarded as the ecclesiastical NewYear. This arrangement would account for many traditions giving definite dates to Pentateuchal occurrences, the dates being, strictly speaking, those of the Sabbaths on which the lessons recording the occurrences are read. Thus, it is declared that the exodus from Egypt took place on Thursday, the 15th of Nisan ("Seder 'Olam," x.), and the passage relating to the Exodus was read on that day. The slaying of the Passover lamb is said to have occurred on the 10th of Nisan, and is described in Ex. xii. 21, the passage read in the triennial cycle on the second Sabbath of Nisan, which would be the 10th where the 15th fell on Thursday. This likewise explains the tradition that the Israelites encamped at Rameses on a Sabbath, the 17th of Nisan, on which Ex. xii. 37 would be read in the triennial cycle. The tradition that Rachel was remembered on New-Year's Day (R. H. 10b) is due to the fact that in the first year of the cycle the sidra Gen. xxx. 22, beginning, "And God remembered Rachel," would be read on Rosh ha-Shanah. As the reading of Deut. xxxiv. would occur on the 7th of Adar, there would be four remaining Sabbaths to be filled in before the new triennial cycle, which began with Nisan. Four special Sabbaths, Sheḳalim, Zakor, Parah, and Ha-Ḥodesh, still occur in Adar. Including these and the festival parashiyyot, and possibly also the special sedarim for Ḥanukkah and Purim, eleven extra divisions would be obtained, making up the 166 or 167 of the Yemen Bible.Connections Between Readings and Festivals. The triennial cycle seems to have been established in New Testament times. John vi. 4 contains an allusion to the Passover, and vii. 2 to the Feast of Tabernacles, while in vi. 59, between the two, reference is made to a sermon on the manna delivered in the synagogue at Capernaum. This would be appropriate for a discourse on the text for the first or eighth of the month Iyyar (i.e., between Passover and Tabernacles), which, in the triennial cycle, dealt with Ex. vi. 1-xvii.1, where the account of the manna is given. So, too, at the season of Pentecost the cycle of readings in the first year would reach Gen. xi., which deals with the story of Babel and the confusion of tongues, so that in Acts ii. Pentecost is associated with the gift of the spirit which led to a confusion of tongues. Similarly, the Decalogue was read on Pentecost in the second year of the cycle, whence came, according to Büchler, the traditional association of the giving of the Law with Pentecost. Ex. xxxiv., which contains a second Decalogue, is accordingly read on the 29th of Ab, or 80 days after Pentecost, allowing exactly forty days before and after the sin of the golden calf. So too Deut. v., containing a third Decalogue, began on the same day, the 29th of Ab. The above diagram shows the arrangement and the connection of the various dates with the successive sedarim, the three concentric rings showing the three cycles, and the twelve radii separating the months of the Jewish year indicated in the inner circle.The Triennial Cycle of the Psalms. In addition to this division of the Pentateuch into a triennial reading, E. G. King has proposed an arrangement of the Psalms on the same system, thus accounting for their lection in a triennial cycle which varied between 147 and 150 Sabbaths; and he also shows the agreement of the five divisions or books of the Psalms, now fixed by the doxologies, with the five divisions of the Pentateuch, the first and third books of both the Psalter and the Pentateuch ending in the month Shebaṭ. Ps. lxxii. 19 would be read on the same day as Ex. xl. 34, the two passages throwing light on each other. The Asaph Psalms (lxxiii.-lxxxiii.) would begin, on this principle, on the Feast of "Asif" in the seventh month, just when, in the first year of the Pentateuchal cycle, Gen. xxx. et seq. would be read, dealing with the birth of Joseph, whose name is there derived from the root "asaf." A still more remarkable coincidence is the fact that Ps. c. would come just at the time in Adar when, according to tradition, the death of Moses occurred, and when Deut. xxxiii. would be read; hence, it is suggested, originated the heading of Ps. xc., "A prayer of Moses, the man of God." The Pilgrim Psalms (cxx.-cxxxiv.) would be read, in this system, during the fifteen Sabbaths from the 1st of Elul to Ḥanukkah, the very time when a constant procession of pilgrims was bringing the first-fruits to the Temple. Many other associations of appropriate Psalms with the festivals which they illustrate have been pointed out. Besides these examples Büchler gives the following sections of the Pentateuch read on various Sabbaths in the different years of the cycle, basing his identification on certain haggadic associations of the Sabbaths with the events to which they refer. In the first year the four sedarim of Nisan appear to be Gen. i. 1-ii. 3, ii. 4-iii. 21, iii. 22-iv. 26, and v. 1-vi. 8. The second Sabbath of Iyyar was probably devoted to Gen. vi. 9-vii. 24 (comp. vii. 1). In thesecond year the readings on the Sabbaths of Nisan deal with Ex. xii., xiii., xiv., and xv., ch. xiv. concurring with the Passover; and it is for this reason that the Haggadah states that Adam taught his sons to bring a Passover offering, since the passage Gen. iii. was read during the Passover week in the cycle of the first year. In Iyyar of the second year the readings included Ex. xvi. 1, xxviii., xvii. 1, xviii. 1, and xix. 6, there being usually five Sabbaths in that month. Two of the portions for Siwan are also identified as Ex. xx. 1, xxii. 4; at the end of Elul Lev. i. was read; while on the first days of Tishri ib. iv. 1, v. 1, and vi. 12 were the readings, and on the 10th (Yom Kippur) ib. viii. 1 and x. 7. In the third cycle, besides the account of the death of Moses already referred to as being read on the 7th of Adar, or the 7th of Shebaṭ, in Nisan the four pericopes were Num. vi. 22, vi. 48, viii. 1, and ix. 1, while the third Sabbath of Iyyar was devoted to the reading of Num. xv. 1, and the 3d of Ab to that of ib. xxxvi. Some of these passages were retained for the festival readings, even after the annual cycle had been introduced.Hafṭarot. Besides the readings from the Law the readings from the Prophets were also arranged in a triennial cycle. These appear to have been originally a few selected verses intended to strengthen the passage from the Law read previously, and so connect it with the following discourse of the preacher, which took for its text the last verse of the hafṭarah. Thus there is evidence that Isa. lii. 3-5 was at one time regarded as a complete hafṭarah to Gen. xxxix. 1. Even one-verse hafṭarot are known, as Ezek. xlv. 17 and Isa. lxvi. 23, read on New Moons. A list of the earlier hafṭarot suitable for the festivals is given in Meg. 31a. Evidence of two hafṭarot for one festival is shown in the case of Passover, for which Josh. v. 10 and Josh. iii. are mentioned. This can easily be explained by the existence of a triennial cycle, especially as Num. ix. 2-3 was the reading for the first day of Passover, and corresponds exactly to Josh. v. 20. In the case of the NewYear it has been possible to determine the hafṭarot for the three cycles: I Sam. ii. 21, Jer. xxxi. 19, and, for the third year, Joel ii. 1, corresponding to the reading Deut. v., which formed the Pentateuchal lesson. For Ḥanukkah, the Torah seder of which treats of lamps (Num. viii. 1-2), the hafṭarot Zech. iv. 2 and I Kings vii. 49 were selected as being suitable passages. A third hafṭarah is also found (I Kings xviii. 31), completing the triennial arrangement. The Karaites adopted some of the triennial hafṭarot in their reading of the Law. The hafṭarot of the first year of the cycle can often be identified by this fact. Of the twenty-nine sedarim of the Book of Exodus eighteen were taken from Isaiah, three from Jeremiah, four from the Minor Prophets, three from the historical works, and one from Ezekiel, whose words, for some reason, seem on the whole to have been eschewed by those who selected the prophetic readings. A certain confusion seems to have arisen among the hafṭarot, owing to the fact that among some congregations the reading of the Pentateuchal portions was begun on the 1st of Elul (also regarded as a New-Year). In the Masoretic text of the Prophets occur a number of divisions marked as sedarim which correspond to smaller divisions in the Torah. Among these may be mentioned: |I Kings vi. 11-13||corresponding||to||Ex. xxv.| |Ezek. xii. 20||"||"||Lev. xxvi. 3 or 4?| |I Sam. vi. 14||"||"||Num. iv. 17| |Josh. xvii. 4||"||"||Num. xxvi. 52| |Jer. ix. 22-24||"||"||Deut. viii.| |II Kings xiii. 23||"||"||Deut. x.| |Judges ii. 7||"||"||Deut. xxxi. 14| The present arrangement of hafṭarot seems to have been introduced into Babylonia by Rab, especially those for the three Sabbaths of repentance preceding the Ninth of Ab, and the three consolatory ones succeeding it. Büchler has traced the prophetic portions of these three latter Sabbaths for each of the three years of the cycle as follows: - I. Isa. xl. 1, li. 12, liv. 11. - II. Isa. xlix. 14, lx. 1, lxi. 10. - III. Isa. liv. 1, Zech. ii. 14, ix. 9. He finds traces of the triennial cycle also in the prophetic portions for the four supplementary Sabbaths, Sheḳalim, Zakor, Parah, and Ḥodesh. For Sheḳalim hafṭarot are found from (a) II Kings xii., (b) Ezek. xlv. onward (among the Karaites), and (c) I Kings iv. 20 onward. It is tolerably clear that these were the hafṭarot of the three different years of the cycle when that particular Sabbath came round. It is possible that when the arrangement of the calendar and of the reading of the Law was first made these four supplementary Sabbaths were intended to fill out the time between the 7th of Adar, when the account of the death of Moses in Deut. xxxiv. was read, and the first Sabbath in Nisan, when the cycle began. Traces of the cycle are also found in the hafṭarot for the festivals. Thus, on the first day of Passover, Ex. xii. 29 was read, approximately in its due place in the cycle in the second year; and corresponding to this Josh. v. 10 was read in the Prophets, whereas there are also traces of Num. ix. 22 being read on that day, as would occur in the third year of the cycle, when Josh. iii. was read as the hafṭarah. The passage for the second day of Passover, Num. ix. 1 et seq., which was introduced by the Babylonians, has attached to it II Kings xxiii. 21 as the hafṭarah, and would correspond to the section in the first year's cycle. On Pentecost, Ex. xix. was read in the second year, while Gen. xi. 15 was read for the first year of the cycle. So, too, on New-Year, Gen. xxx. 22 was read in the first year, Lev. iv. in the second, and Deut. v. in the third, the corresponding hafṭarot being Jer. xxxi. 19, I Sam. ii., and Joel ii. For the Sukkot of the first year for the sidra of Gen. xxxii., the hafṭarah was Zech. xiv. 16-19; for that of the second year, Lev. ix. 10, the hafṭarah was I Kings viii. 8; and for that of the third year, Deut. viii. 9, the hafṭarah was Isa. iv. 6 (among the Karaites). In the accompanying diagram the sidrot of the Law for the Sabbaths of the three years of the cycle are indicated, as well as the hafṭarot which accompany them. Sometimes these have alternatives, and in several cases, as for Gen. xl. 23, xliii. 14, Ex. i. 1, xxvii. 20, and Lev. xix. 1, three hafṭarot are given for the sidra, pointing in all probability to the hafṭarot reading during the triennial cycle. In this enlarged form the connection of the beginning of the reading of the books with the various sacred New-Years, those of Nisan, of Elul (for tithes), and of Shebaṭ (for trees), comes out most clearly and convincingly. The manner in which the present-day reading of the Law and the Prophets has been derived from the triennial cycle is shown clearly by the diagram. It would appear that at the beginning of the cycle all the sidrot of the month were read together; but this was soon given up, as obviously it would result in the whole of the Law being read in three-quarters of a year or less. There are indications of the application of the triennial cycle to the Psalms also. The Aggadat Bereshit treats twenty-eight sedarim of Genesis uniformly in three sections, one devoted to a passage in Genesis, the next to a corresponding prophetic passage (hafṭarah), and the third to a passage from the Psalms, generally cognate with either the Law or the Prophets. It may be added that in Luke xxiv. 44 a threefold division is made of "the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms." The transition from the triennial to the annual reading of the Law and the transference of the beginning of the cycle to the month of Tishri are attributed by Büchler to the influence of Rab, and may have been due to the smallness of the sedarim under the old system, and to the fact that people were thus reminded of the chief festivals only once in three years. It was then arranged that Deut. xxviii. should fall before the New-Year, and that the beginning of the cycle should come immediately after the Feast of Tabernacles. This arrangement has been retained by the Karaites and by modern congregations, leaving only slight traces of the triennial cycle in the four special Sabbaths and in some of the passages read upon the festivals, which are frequently sections of the triennial cycle, and not of the annual one. It would further be of interest to consult the earlier lectionaries of the Church (which has borrowed its first and second lessons from the Jewish custom) to see how far they agree with the results already obtained for the triennial cycle. The Church father Chrysostom about 175 - Büchler, in J. Q. R. v. 420-468, vi. 1-73; - E. N. Adler, ib. viii. 528-529; - E. G. King, Journal of Theological Studies, Jan., 1904; - I. Abrahams, in J. Q. R. xvi. 579-583.

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4,427

May 25, 2012 | 3:03 pm Posted by Rabbi Ilana Grinblat Who goes first? This question is central in my household nowadays, as my eight year old son and five year old daughter frequently argue over who gets the first turn at everything. They debate who gets to tell me first at dinnertime how their day was at school. To resolve this issue, I made a chart listing the days of the week with their names alternating as to who gets to recount their day first. Then they argue over a flaw in the chart. They noticed that since there are seven days of the week and two children, one child invariably gets the first turn two days in a row. The kids also debate who gets snuggles first at bedtime. This time, thinking I was smarter, I made a chart of two weeks (since fourteen days is equally divisible by two), but then they objected that this system too was unfair, because the bedtime chart didn’t correspond to the dinner chart. The same child could end up talking first at dinner and receiving the first snuggles in the same day! As a solution, I suggested moving my daughter’s bedtime fifteen minutes earlier than my son’s so that each of them could have my snuggles “first” at their respective times. Both agreed to the plan, and familial harmony has been temporarily restored. At bedtime, I tried to explain to my daughter that she doesn’t have to compete with her brother because I love both of them the same amount – infinity, which is bigger than any number. “No, mom,” she corrected me, “The biggest number is a hundred finity hundred finity.” I now appreciate anew God’s genius in this week’s Torah portion. This week’s parasha begins the book of Bamidbar which recounts the Israelite’s trek through the wilderness. Like children, the Israelites were a quarrelsome bunch, and one of the questions which would have arisen was: who goes first to the Promised Land? But God had a better plan. In this opening portion, God charts how the people should march through the desert. God arranged the people by family and tribe. But rather than any tribe walking in front of the other , God arranged them in a configuration around the ark which was placed in the center. In this way, no tribe was ahead or behind, each was equidistant from the ark and the tabernacle. This plan was not merely a wise way to avoid arguments. The arrangement offered an orientation on life. It reminded the people not to measure themselves against one another, relative to their destination. Rather, they should see themselves as dots on a circle in which God is the center – all equally essential, connected to each other by sharing the same focal point. How fitting then that this portion called “in the desert” is read on the week of the holiday of Shavuot, which celebrates the giving of the Torah. In the Mekhilta (a third century collection of interpretations on Exodus), the question is asked: why did God give the Torah in the desert? One answer is so that there would be no disputes between the tribes, since none of them would be able to say that the Torah was received in their territory. “Therefore, the Torah was given in the desert, in a public place that belonged to no one.” The passage further explains that the Torah was given in the desert because just as it is free to all who come into the world, so too the words of Torah are free to all who come into the world.” The Mekhilta underscores the Torah portion’s message that God acts with care to make sure all God’s children feel treasured. As I try to make my children feel equally cherished, I hope that I can convey to them the wisdom of this week’s portion – that God loves all of us equally “a hundred finity hundred finity.” 5.20.13 at 10:22 am | This week's column is in honor of this year's. . . 1.10.13 at 2:26 pm | In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat talks about. . . 12.20.12 at 5:52 pm | In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat responds to. . . 11.26.12 at 2:39 pm | Rabbi Grinblat discusses how she responds to her. . . 5.25.12 at 3:03 pm | In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat shares a. . . 5.13.12 at 6:45 pm | In this week's blog, Rabbi Grinblat offers a. . . 5.20.13 at 10:22 am | This week's column is in honor of this year's. . . (133) 1.8.10 at 4:22 pm | In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat discusses. . . (9) 1.10.13 at 2:26 pm | In this week's column, Rabbi Grinblat talks about. . . (5) We welcome your feedback. Your information will not be shared or sold without your consent. Get all the details. JewishJournal.com has rules for its commenting community.Get all the details. JewishJournal.com reserves the right to use your comment in our weekly print publication.

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JURBARKAS (Ger. Jurburg), town in S.W. Lithuania; until the incorporation of Lithuania within Russia in 1795, the town belonged to the principality of Zamut (Zhmud; Samogitia); subsequently, until the 1917 Revolution, it was in the province of Kovno. Jews who visited Jurbarkas at the end of the 16th century are mentioned in the responsa of Meir b. Gedaliah of Lublin (Metz, 1769, 4a no. 7). Within the framework of the Lithuanian Council (see *Councils of the Lands) the community of Jurbarkas belonged to the province (galil) of Kaidany (Kedainiai). In 1766, 2,333 Jews were registered with the community. A wooden synagogue built in Jurbarkas during the second half of the 17th century was preserved until the Holocaust. There were 2,527 Jews registered with the community in 1847. The Jews numbered 2,350 (31% of the total population) in 1897, and 1,887 in 1923. In June–September 1941, after the occupation of the town by the Germans, some 1,000 Jews were murdered at the cemetery and outside the town. Lite (1951), 1595–97, 1849–54, index 2; M. and K. Piechotka, Wooden Synagogues (1959), 200; Yahadut Lita, 1 (1960), index. Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.

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335

March 30, 2012 CDC Releases New Report on Autism Prevalence in U.S. Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health contributed to a new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that estimates the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) as affecting 1 in 88 U.S. children overall, and 1 in 54 boys. This is the third such report by the CDC’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM), which has used the same surveillance methods for more than a decade. Previous ADDM reports estimated the rate of ASDs at 1 in 110 children in the 2009 report that looked at data from 2006, and 1 in 150 children in the 2007 report, which covered data from 2002. The current prevalence estimate, which analyzed data from 2008, represents a 78 percent increase since 2002, and a 23 percent increase since 2006. ASDs include diagnoses of autistic disorder, Asperger disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). ASDs encompass a wide spectrum of conditions, all of which affect communication, social and behavioral skills. The causes of these developmental disorders are not completely understood, although studies show that both environment and genetics play an important and complex role. There is no known cure for ASDs, but studies have shown that behavioral interventions, particularly those begun early in a child’s life, can greatly improve learning and skills. The latest CDC report, “Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders – Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008,” provides autism prevalence estimates from different areas of the United States, including Maryland. The purpose of the report is to provide high-quality data on the extent and distribution of ASDs in the U.S. population, to promote better planning for health and educational services, and to inform the further development of research on the causes, progression, and treatments. “We continue observing increases in prevalence since the inception of the project in 2000,” said Li-Ching Lee, PhD, a psychiatric epidemiologist with the Bloomberg School"s Departments of Epidemiology and Mental Health and the principal investigator for the prevalence project’s Maryland site. “In Maryland, we found 27 percent of children with ASDs were never diagnosed by professionals. So, we know there are more children out there and we may see the increase continue in coming years.” The new report, which focuses on 8-year-olds because that is an age where most children with ASD have been identified, shows that the number of those affected varies widely among the 14 participating states, with Utah having the the highest overall rate (1 in 47) and Alabama the lowest (1 in 210). Across all sites, nearly five times as many boys as girls are affected. Additionally, growing numbers of minority children are being diagnosed, with a 91 percent increase among black non-Hispanic children and a 110 percent increase for Hispanic children. Researchers say better screening and diagnosis may contribute to those increases among minority children. The overall rate in Maryland is 1 in 80 children; 1 in 49 boys and 1 in 256 girls. In Maryland, the prevalence has increased 85 percent from 2002 to 2008. The increase was 41 percent between 2004 and 2008, and 35 percent between 2006 and 2008. The data were gathered through collaboration with the Maryland State Department of Education and participating schools in Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Cecil, Harford and Howard counties, as well as clinical sources such as Kennedy Krieger Institute, Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital, and University of Maryland Medical System. While the report focuses on the numbers, its authors acknowledge that the reasons for the increase are not completely understood and that more research is needed. They note that the increase is likely due in part to a broadened definition of ASDs, greater awareness among the public and professionals, and the way children receive services in their local communities. “It’s very difficult, if not impossible, to tease these factors apart to quantify how much each of these factors contributed to the increase,” Dr. Lee said. But whatever the cause, “This report paints a picture of the magnitude of the condition across our country and helps us understand how communities identify children with autism. One thing the data tell us with certainty – there are more children and families that need help,” said CDC Director Thomas Frieden, MD, MPH. Researchers also identified the median age of ASD diagnosis, documented in records. In Maryland, that age was 5 years and 6 months, compared with 4 years, 6 months nationally. Across all sites, children who have autistic disorder tend to be identified earlier, while those with Asperger Disorder tend to be diagnosed later. Given the importance of early intervention, ADDM researchers carefully track at what age children receive an ASD diagnosis. “Unfortunately, most children still are not diagnosed until after they reach age 4. We’ve heard from too many parents that they were concerned long before their child was diagnosed. We are working hard to change that,” said Coleen Boyle, PhD, MSHyg, director of CDC’s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. To see the full report: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6103a1.htm?s_cid=ss6103a1_w To the Community Report with state statistics: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/documents/ADDM-2012-Community-Report.pdf Media contact for Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Natalie Wood-Wright at 410-614-6029 or [email protected]

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1,196

If the emf of a battery is 23 V and a current of 66 A is measured when the battery is shorted, what is the internal resistance of the battery? Answer in units of Ω How would you set up the equation to solve? An investor purchases 75 shares at 37.90 a share, holds the stock for 150 days, and then sells the stock for 41.20 a share. Find the annual interest rate earned. principal under 3000 3000-10,000 over 10,000 commission 32+1.8% of principal 56+1% of principal 106+0.5% of principal George finds a company that charges 59 cnets per day for each 1000 borrowed. if he borrows 3000 for 60 days, what amount will he repay, and what annual interest rate will he pay the company? if you paid $120 to a loan company for the use of $2000 for 90 days, what annual rate of interest did they charge? A woman 5ft 6in tall stands so that the tip of her shadow coincides with the tip of the shadow of a tall tree. The woman stands 18 ft from the tip of her shadow and 100 ft from the base of the tree. How tall is the tree? what is 0.0446 rounded to the nearest hundredth of a percent How did you get that? factor the polynomials using whatever strategy seems appropriate. 12m^2n^2-8mn+1 Help math calc Find the future value of $700 deposited at 3% for 9 years if the account pays simple interest and the account pays compounded annually? The future value of an account that pays simple interest is what? Find the future value of $700 deposited at 3% for 7 years if the account pays simple interest and the account pays interest compounded annually For Further Reading

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377

Spike in bird flu deaths worries health officials 8 people die in last 2 months in Cambodia In the last two months, eight people in Cambodia have died from bird flu, a rare but deadly disease causing concern among health authorities. Six of the victims have been children. The H5N1 virus, known to be highly contagious to poultry, typically resembles the flu when contracted by humans. But it kills more than half the people it infects, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Of the nine confirmed H5N1 cases in Cambodia this year, only an 8-month old infant has survived. The infant had received medical attention early, said Dr. Ly Sovann, the Ministry of Health's deputy director for communicable diseases control in Cambodia. The eight bird flu deaths in the last six weeks -- considering that Cambodia has had 19 reported deaths from the disease in the last 10 years -- has sparked increased surveillance efforts. Health officials are warning people to wash their hands often, to keep children away from poultry and to avoid eating sick poultry. So far, the nine cases are not believed to be related, although most of them came from the southern region. The eight H5N1 deaths in Cambodia occurred with a 15-year-old girl and a 35-year-old man on January 21, and a 2-year-old girl and a 9-year-old girl on January 28. In the next month, a 5-year-old died on Feburary 7, a 3-year-old girl died on February 13, a 2-year-old boy died on February 19, followed by a death of a 35-year-old man on Monday. He came from the Kampong Cham province in central Cambodia and died after developing fever, coughing and difficulty breathing earlier this month. The patients experienced symptoms such as coughing, fever, difficulty breathing, sleepiness and vomiting. Bird flu does not usually pass from person-to-person, but the disease is closely monitored because of concerns that the H5N1 virus could mutate allowing to spread more easily among people. "We conducted investigations and found that all the cases were transmission from the poultry," said Sovann. "There is no evidence of transmission from human to human at this stage." All nine patients are believed to have been exposed to sick or dead poultry, according to health authroties. H5N1 typically spreads between birds, but can jump to humans, especially if they're living in close proximity. The greatest risk of exposure to the virus is through the handling and slaughter of infected poultry. "Home slaughtering and preparation of sick or dead poultry for food is hazardous: this practice must stop," said Dr. H.E. Mam Bunheng, the Cambodian minister of health, in a statement. "Children also seem to be most vulnerable and are at high risk because they like to play where poultry are found. I urge parents and guardians to keep children away from sick or dead poultry and prevent them from playing with chickens and ducks." Health teams are carrying out "enhanced surveillance" in the villages and communities where bird flu cases have been reported, according to the World Health Organization. Officials are also telling people with flu-like symptoms who have difficulty breathing to seek medical attention immediately. The disease is transmitted through the infected bird's saliva, nasal secretions or feces. It can spread in markets or places where eggs and birds are sold in crowded conditions. The recent cases prompted China to announce temperature checks on people traveling back from Cambodia, according to the country's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. China had two deaths from bird flu this year. The patients, a 31-year-old man and 21-year-old woman died in mid-February in the southwestern area of the country. Both had close contact with birds, according to Xinhua, the Chinese news agency. The only other country with a confirmed H5N1 case this year was Egypt, where a 36-year-old woman died in late January. Copyright 2013 by CNN NewSource. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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Physical exercise is a great way to tone your body and lose weight. There are two basic types of exercise: aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic exercise promotes cardiovascular fitness by raising your pulse to a targeted level. It's recommended that you exercise at your target heart rate for thirty minutes, three times a week. These exercises strengthen your heart, and allow the heart to pump more blood. Aerobic exercise improves the capacity of the lungs, helps control weight, and increases muscle and joint flexibility, making you less susceptible to injury. Some examples of aerobic exercise are walking, jogging, bicycling, swimming, racquetball, and aerobic dance. Aerobic exercise also helps to reduce risks associated with developing heart disease. Anaerobic exercise focuses on specific muscles, with a goal of increasing their strength, mass, and/or endurance. Weight lifting is an example of anaerobic exercise. This form of exercise won't provide as many benefits as aerobic exercise, but it's a good supplement to your aerobic workout, and can also help increase bone density. Remember, there are many advantages to regular exercise. It can help you sleep better, handle stress better, and even improve the way you look and feel. An ideal exercise program will include both aerobic and anaerobic activity. However, the program should be tailored to your individual needs. If you're over thirty-five or have had medical problems, talk to a doctor before beginning your exercise routine. For more information on aerobic and anaerobic exercise, speak to a health care specialist.

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Local suicide serves as reminder of a deadly danger facing teens Why it's so important to break the silence of suicide Stigma has helped suicide quietly rise to be the third leading cause of death among teens. Video by kgun9.comvideo Reporter: Valerie Cavazos TUCSON (KGUN9-TV) - A problem few people ever talk about claims a life in Tucson. That problem is teen suicide. Today the self-inflicted death of a freshman at Palo Verde High left family and friends devastated. It happened off campus, but because so many parents and kids contacted 9 On Your Side asking us to check out rumors that were flying around about the incident... we called school officials. The school assures us this incident was *not* connected with bullying. And we're told grief counselors were on hand to help classmates cope. Because of privacy concerns you rarely hear about teen suicides. But that silence has helped this problem quietly rise to be the third leading cause of death among teens. It's important for you to know -- right off the bat -- there is no one cause to teen suicide. But many of them do have one thing in common: silence. No one wants to talk about the issue, but it's critical the silence is broken. Search YouTube and you'll find many stories and PSA's about suicide and prevention, but getting people to actually talk about it is another matter. Mainly because of the stigma associated with suicide. It's connection with mental illness is the main hurdle to overcome. Studies show over 90% of people who commit suicide have one or more psychiatric disorders -- ranging from depression to schizophrenia. "There typically is an untreated or undertreated mental health illness." Another factor in silencing discussions about suicide: much of our society believes taking your own life is morally wrong. "That (Christian) belief has been shared from generation to generation and there are other religions that believe in that also so part of looking at the stigma is associated with that and coupling it with religion, people are less likely to talk about it," said Pate. Suicide is also harrowing for family and friends who often carry the burden of guilt. "They don't want that stigma associated with them saying why didn't you do something about it -how come you didn't see it? So people are managing these things frequently alone." The adage time heals all wounds is not necessarily true for those left behind, who may then take their own lives because of the loss. "That's a sense of loss -- a sense of grief .. these are things that can cause suicide." It's certainly clear that breaking the silence of suicide is a critical first step. Preventing suicide among our youth can start with more conversations about understanding the world around them. Experts say the stress and trauma children experience and witness can increase the chances of suicide. Those dramatic and tragic events and images from 9-11, wars in the Middle East, the January 8th shooting and Hurricane Katrina as well as events happening closer to home -- ranging from divorce to bullying. "These are events that children are taking in and we know that they not necessarily have the mechanism to manage and process all of those things," said Pate. Experts say children internalize those images. Unlike adults, many children are less likely to talk about what disturbs them. "They are less like to do that or may not have people they feel comfortable going to and talking about how do i manage this and how do I cope with this bad stuff happening in our world," she said. So helping children cope with the ups and downs of life is critical when trying to stem the rising tide of suicides. "How do we then help our children recognize that this is normal. disappointment is going to happen if you're a part of this world -- live and breathing. Disappointment is going to happen so how do we manage it -- how do we get over it -- and how do we teach them that this is okay." These discussons with children often open floodgates in their minds and emotions -- rather than closing them down. Experts say parents should keep in mind that they don't have to have all the answers -- they just need to know where to go for help when it's needed. There are training sessions for families available through the Community Partnership of Southern Arizona. Another agency to call is the Southern Arizona Mental Health Corporation.

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900

Dyer's woad was discovered in 1986 in Washington State, growing along railroad tracks in Kittitas County. In 1992, dyer's woad was eradicated from this site. The site is monitored continually, with no new plants found. Removing this plant from the State is a true success story in the fight against invasive species; this is one of the very few noxious weeds that have been eradicated from the State. Dyer's woad is native to Russia, and was introduced as a crop in 18th-Century England for the extraction of a blue dye from its leaves. Dyers woad was introduced to Utah from Ireland in 1910, as a contaminant in alfalfa seed. The state of Utah has lost millions of dollars in crop damage and loss of wildlife habitat. Tens of thousands of acres in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming are infested with this perennial mustard. Legal status in King County, Washington Dyer's woad is listed as a Class A noxious weed because of its impacts and widespread distribution in many western States, including Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, California and Oregon. It is sometimes found in gardens, and as a Class A noxious weed in Washington State, eradication is required. Dyer's woad is on the Washington State quarantine list (144 KB Acrobat file), and it is illegal to buy, sell, transport or offer this plant for sale in the state. Additional information on annual bugloss What to do if you find this plant in King County, Washington Please notify us if you see dyer's woad growing in King County. Our program staff can provide the property owner or appropriate public agency with site-specific advice on how best to remove it. We map all known locations of regulated noxious weeds such as dyer's woad in order to help us and others locate new infestations in time to control them.

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Another collaborative effort by the team that created The Poet King of Tezcoco: A Great Leader of Ancient Mexico (2007) chronicles the life of a controversial figure in pre-colonial Mesoamerica. The indigenous woman who would serve as Hernán Cortés’ interpreter and companion was born in the early 1500s as Malinali and later christened Marina. She is now called La Malinche. Besides serving as translator to the Spaniard, she also gave him advice on native customs, religious beliefs and the ways of the Aztec. While Marina’s decision to help the Spanish in their often brutal quest for supremacy has led to many negative associations, others see her as the mother of all Mexicans, as she and Cortés had the first recorded mestizo. Although many of the details surrounding the specifics of Marina’s life were unrecorded, Serrano strengthens the narrative with quotations by her contemporaries and provides a balanced look at the life of a complicated, oft-maligned woman. Headers provide structure as events sometimes shift from the specific to the very broad, and some important facts are glossed over or relegated to the timeline. Reminiscent of pre-colonial documents, the illustrations convey both Marina’s adulation of Cortés and the violence of the Spanish conquest, complete with severed limbs, decapitations and more. An inventive introduction to a fascinating historical figure. (map, chronology, glossary, sources and further reading) (Nonfiction. 10-12)

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312

Disruptive behavior is an ongoing pattern of conduct that bothers and upsets the worker's day-to-day interpersonal workplace surroundings. Although disruptive behaviors have long been a concern, these behaviors have gone unchecked and sometimes are accepted as part of the workplace environment. Disruptive behavior is inappropriate behavior that interferes with the functioning and flow of the workplace. It hinders or prevents employees from carrying out their workplace responsibilities. It is important that managers and front line staff address disruptive behavior promptly. If no one tackles disruptive behavior it typically continues to escalate, resulting in negative consequences for the perpetrator as well as others. Individuals who engage in disruptive behavior in a work setting can almost always find ways to justify their bad behavior. Although there may be legitimate concerns about questionable workplace tactics and approaches there is a gross logical error rooted in the assumption that angry potentially dangerous and devaluing behavior can positively improve the company or organization's objectives. People who display disruptive behavior generally lack the ability to be self-reflective and are often clueless to the way in which their manner impact others. Disruptive employees can be understood as having particular shortcomings related to self-regulation. Self-regulation includes one's capacity to manage and contain anxiety and process emotional states, maintain balance in self-esteem, respect other peoples' points of view, while remaining engaged in productive goal-oriented work-related efforts with others. Examples of Disruptive Behavior: Part of the responsibilities for organizations and companies that want to plainly demonstrate zero tolerance for inappropriate and disruptive behaviors also must provide necessary resources and mechanisms to safe guard against such behaviors. This includes opportunities to improve teamwork, foster a sense of mutual respect, and improve communication. These efforts also enhance the workplace environment reduce the risk for legal action loss of productivity, absenteeism, turnover, low morale, and lack of trust. Eliminating the Disruptions: -Code of conduct -Training and education -Standards for behavior -Procedures for investigation Lastly, all of us are responsible and need to be sanctioned to address and understand the necessary changes in the workplace culture in order to eliminate disruptive behavior.

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436

If you and your partner are trying to conceive, it's important to keep the testicles cooler than the normal body temperature of 98.6 (98 point 6) degrees. Sperm need a cooler environment, around 93 degrees, for successful production. During the day, you can do this by wearing boxer shorts instead of briefs and not sitting down for long periods of time. At night, to keep your testicles from overheating, sleep with as little clothing on as you can. Avoid electric blankets, heated waterbeds, or other sources of artificial heat, and don't curl up into a ball to keep warm. Remember that the testicles are naturally located outside of the body to keep them at a cooler temperature. Preserving this cooler environment can help sperm production and eventually conception.

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159

Posted: Mar 19, 2013 7:00 AM by By Serena Gordon TUESDAY, March 19 (HealthDay News) -- Black children are less likely than other children to be given antibiotics and less likely to be given the most powerful antibiotics to treat acute respiratory tract infections, new research suggests. Does this represent a previously unrecognized bias against black children? Probably not, said the researchers and other experts. Instead, it's more likely that non-black children are getting more antibiotics than they should be. "We hypothesize that this discrepancy reflects over-prescribing, both for all antibiotics and for the relative proportion of broad-spectrum antibiotics, to non-black patients, rather than under-prescribing to black patients," wrote the researchers led by Dr. Jeffrey Gerber, of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, who added that more study of this pattern should be conducted. Dr. Allison Bartlett, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at LaRabida Children's Hospital in Chicago, agreed. "The fact that black kids are given fewer antibiotics and fewer broad-spectrum antibiotics may come across as a bad thing to the casual reader, but perhaps it's not an issue of under-treating black kids, but over-treating non-black kids," she said. Another expert who was not involved with the study, Dr. Roya Samuels, a pediatrician at Cohen Children's Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y., said that, at first glance, "this comes across as quite a controversial topic. But, I don't think we're dealing with a predilection to not prescribing to black children. Rather, there is still non-judicious use of antibiotics in the pediatric population as a whole, and non-judicious use tends to occur more in the non-black population." Results of the current study were released online March 18 and will appear in the April print issue of Pediatrics. Gerber and colleagues undertook the study because racial disparities have been found in other areas of health care, but the issue hadn't been thoroughly studied in a pediatric primary care setting, according to background information in the report. The study included data from 25 primary care pediatric practices in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The practices had a total of 222 doctors. From a total of more than 600,000 office visits, the investigators found that there were more than 100,000 visits that included a prescription for an antibiotic. To help account for factors that might influence the way a physician chose to treat a particular patient, the researchers excluded visits for people with antibiotic allergies and those who'd had a recent history of antibiotic use from their data. That left just over 81,000 visits that ended with an antibiotic prescription. Almost 30,000 of those visits ended with a prescription for a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which means a powerful antibiotic that kills a variety of bacteria. In general, antibiotic use recommendations suggest using the most narrow-spectrum antibiotic possible to help prevent antibiotic resistance. When the researchers broke the data down by race, they found that 29 percent of visits by non-black children ended with an antibiotic prescription compared to 23.5 percent for black children. When an antibiotic was prescribed, black children were about 12 percent less likely to receive broad-spectrum antibiotics. Black children were also less likely to receive a diagnosis that might justify an antibiotic prescription, such as strep throat, a sinus infection or an ear infection. Both Bartlett and Samuels said that they were a bit confused by the strep throat findings, as an objective test is available to diagnose strep. The study authors said they were not aware of any biological reasons that could account for these findings. All of the experts suggested this was an area that needed further research. The authors said that the doctor-patient relationship may play a role in some of these findings. Parents of non-black children may state that they expect antibiotics more often, or doctors may expect that these parents will want antibiotics for their child, which may influence their prescribing decisions, they suggested. Both Samuels and Bartlett said that black parents probably don't need to be concerned by these findings. But, Bartlett added that all parents should "be strong advocates for their children. We're very fortunate that we have antibiotics to help when we need them, but there are a lot of times we don't need them, and we need to give a child's body time to heal on its own." It's OK to ask your child's doctor why he or she is prescribing an antibiotic, or why not, according to Samuels. "Physicians are your partners," said Samuels. "They're healers and teachers, and parents need to understand the thinking behind a clinical decision. Parents also need to know that every medication can potentially cause an allergic reaction and every medication can have adverse effects. Antibiotics need to be prescribed with great care and thought," she said. Learn more about appropriate antibiotic use from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SOURCES: Allison Bartlett, M.D., consulting physician, infectious diseases, LaRabida Children's Hospital, and associate director, infection prevention program, and associate director, antimicrobial stewardship, University of Chicago; Roya Samuels, M.D., pediatrician, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, N.Y.; April 2013, Pediatrics Copyright (c) 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.

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1,129

When you need a portable, convenient power source, you can rely on batteries. Batteries of all shapes and sizes supply power to everyday electronics like toys and power tools, but batteries also work where we don't see them too. During a power outage, phone lines still operate because they are equipped with lead-acid batteries. Batteries help control power fluctuations, run commuter trains, and provide back-up power for critical needs like hospitals and military operations. The versatility of batteries is reflected in the different sizes and shapes, but all batteries have two common elements that combine to make power: an electrolyte and a heavy metal. Just the Facts Batteries contain heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel, which can contaminate the environment when batteries are improperly disposed of. When incinerated, certain metals might be released into the air or can concentrate in the ash produced by the combustion process. One way to reduce the number of batteries in the waste stream is to purchase rechargeable batteries. Nearly one in five dry-cell batteries purchased in the United States is rechargeable. Over its useful life, each rechargeable battery may substitute for hundreds of single-use batteries. Lead-Acid Automobile Batteries Nearly 90 percent of all lead-acid batteries are recycled. Almost any retailer that sells lead-acid batteries collects used batteries for recycling, as required by most state laws. Reclaimers crush batteries into nickel-sized pieces and separate the plastic components. They send the plastic to a reprocessor for manufacture into new plastic products and deliver purified lead to battery manufacturers and other industries. A typical lead-acid battery contains 60 to 80 percent recycled lead and plastic. Non-Automotive Lead-Based Batteries Gel cells and sealed lead-acid batteries are commonly used to power industrial equipment, emergency lighting, and alarm systems. The same recycling process applies as with automotive batteries. An automotive store or a local waste agency may accept the batteries for recycling. Dry-cell batteries include alkaline and carbon zinc (9-volt, D, C, AA, AAA), mercuric-oxide (button, some cylindrical and rectangular), silver-oxide and zinc-air (button), and lithium (9-volt, C, AA, coin, button, rechargeable). On average, each person in the United States discards eight dry-cell batteries per year. Alkaline and Zinc-Carbon Batteries Alkaline batteries, the everyday household batteries used in flashlights, remote controls, and other appliances. Several reclamation companies now process these batteries. Most small, round "button-cell" type batteries found in items such as watches and hearing aids contain mercury, silver, cadmium, lithium, or other heavy metals as their main component. Button cells are increasingly targeted for recycling because of the value of recoverable materials, their small size, and their easy handling relative to other battery types. The Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) , a nonprofit public service organization, targets four kinds of rechargeable batteries for recycling: nickel-cadmium (Ni-CD), nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, and small-sealed lead. Its "Call2Recycle!" program offers various recycling plans for communities, retailers, businesses, and public agencies.

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694

Exploring Nonlinear Mechanical Behaviour of Rocks at LANCE SMARTS - Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress Atomic-scale stress-strain information obtained from the neutron Rietveld data indicate that the strain experienced by the crystalline quartz is ~1/5 of the macroscopic strain (the rest taken up by the grain contacts and bonds in the rock). No hints of nonlinearity whatsoever are evident in the neutron data. Conclusion? The grain bond system (a small fraction of the total rock) is responsible for all the peculiar quasi-static nonlinearity we see. Beamlines at the LANSCE (Los Alamos Neutron Science Center)/Lujan Center - LANSCE produces intense sources of pulsed protons and spallation neutrons from a tungsten target. Proton beam currents during all the experiments varied from 100 to 110 µA. The Neutron Powder Diffractometer has the unique capability of simultaneous high-Q Rietveld and pair-density function analyses, enabling determination of the average and local structures of complex materials with high accuracy. The questions these experiments are designed to answer are (1) can neutrons "see" the grain bond system and if so, (2) can neutrons help to ascertain the role(s) of intergranular bonds vs. the bulk crystalline volume in the nonlinear behaviour of rocks? Results below show evidence of non-crystalline silica in a pure quartz sandstone. Above - Rietveld analysis shows an excellent match with crystalline quartz; there are no other crystal phases in Fontainebleau sandstone. Above - A revised model adding ~7% amorphous silica to the crystal model makes a greatly improved fit. Above - When the PDF data (red crosses) is compared to a perfect quartz model, there is a large discrepancy in the nearest neighbor peaks. Above - PDF data (red) of amorphous silica shows that only the nearest neighbor peaks are sharp and correspond with those of the crystal (blue). HIPPO's proximity to the neutron spallation source and its numerous detectors mean it can watch atomic plane structures change in real time. Counting for 1 minute or less is sufficient for a Rietveld analysis of the scattering data. Scattering experiments were performed to observe the crystalline structure of sandstone samples undergoing periodic temperature changes. Modulus (resonance frequency) and temperature was tracked as a function of time. Neutron results -unit cell volume- show none of the peculiar macroscopic nonlinear behavior. History - Modulus drop observed after a temperature change IN either direction for a sample of Berea sandstone Sandstone sample in holder, thermocouples, and a piezoelectric source and receiver all mounted in an isothermal temperature chamber and mylar thermal radiation shielding. Corresponding shift of frequency as temperature changed. Plot of temperature and unit cell volume during the experiment. Work supported by Office of Basic Energy Sciences, DOE, with Los Alamos National Laboratory Institutional Support. HTML conversion by Jeff Simpson.

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653

|Other Egyptian Gods| Anubis, whose hieroglyphic name more closely translates as Anpu or Inepu, is the Ancient Egyptian god of death and dying, and sometimes god of the Underworld. His mother is Hesat or Bastet with an unknown father, or Nephthys, and his father is variously said to be Set, Ra or Osiris. His daughter is Qeb-hwt, also known as Kebechet. In later times, Anubis was combined with the Greek god Hermes to form Hermanubis. The center of his cult was in Cynopolis. He has the head of a jackal or some other kind of dog, and the jackal is his symbol. The jackal imagery is related to Anubis' role among the deities of Egypt, as the jackal is a scavenger and is strongly associated with death and dying. He was also know as the Guardian of the Dead. In art, he is depicted as a man with a canine head and alert ears, often wearing a ribbon and wielding a whip. Roles in mythology Anubis was originally the lord of the underworld, however following the rise of the cult of Osiris he becomes the gatekeeper. In the Horus story he stands down his position out of respect for Osiris in order to allow him to take over. Anubis' role as gate keeper was primarily that of either holding or watching the scales with which the souls of the dead were weighted against the feather of Ma'at. If the soul was as light as the feather, Anubis led the soul to Osiris; otherwise, it was fed to Ammit. In this role, he is sometimes identified with a god known as Wep-wawet ("opener of the ways"). In his embalming role, Anubis is referred to by the epithet imy-ut ("he who is in the place where embalming occurs"). He guards the physical remains of bodies, as well as the tombs and necropoli. Worship of Anubis is likely older even than that of Osiris. The Unas text (line 70) associates him with the Eye of Horus. In the Book of the Dead, he embalms the body of Osiris, wraps it in linens made by Isis and Nepthys, and protects the body by laying his bare hands on it. The wife of Anubis is the goddess Anput, whose symbol is also a jackal. For many years Anput was thought to be just another name for Anubis — a strange idea when one considers that Egyptian names ending in t are usually feminine. In Book xi of The Golden Ass by Apuleius, we find evidence that the worship of Anubis was maintained in Rome at least up to the 2nd century. - Wikipedia. (2005). Anubis. Retrieved on 02/28/2005. - This page was originally sourced from Thelemapedia. Retrieved May 2009.

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607

Wish you could dazzle your colleagues at meetings, wow your friends when telling them about a recent event or captivate a group of energetic children? Storytelling maybe the answer! Learning to be a good storyteller will equip you with the knowledge, skills and ability to bring a bland chart to life, help your friends feel what you felt during an ordeal, engage children and more. Fortunately, I had the opportunity to sit through a fabulous workshop on storytelling facilitated by Debra Harris-Branham and Zelda Foxall at the 2012 iYouth Conference. It was a terrific interactive session on how to be an effective teller of stories. Below are insights extracted from the energetic speakers and a handout they distributed. - Find a story that you love to tell Although you may have a story in mind, finding one is harder than it sounds. If you don’t know where to begin, visit your local library and head to the 398 section. There, you will find a wide variety of folktales, fairy tales and fables. Can’t get to a library? Not a problem. Check out the sites listed below to help you find, learn and tell stories: - Learn it Once you have found a story that you really like, read the story a few times. BUT, don’t try to memorize it. Instead, make yourself familiar with the sequence (beginning, middle and end) of the story. Learn it the way that makes the best sense for you. This might mean writing it out, listening to an audio recording or watching the movie version. Which ever method you choose it should be fun! - What to Memorize As stated above, don’t worry about memorizing the whole story. Instead, learn the first and last lines of the story, as well as any repetitive phrases or chants. - Practice, practice, practice Practice telling the story! This is a crucial step. Practicing will ensure that you do a fabulous job when you stand before an audience. If you can find an audience to practice in front of great! If you can’t no problem. Find a wall, mirror, doll, toy, pet or any other object and tell your story! Make sure you do it with plenty of enthusiasm and energy. Embody your character(s). Make your movements big and your expressions majestic. It will be these elements that will make your story unforgettable. Are you in Seattle and want to attend local storytelling events and/or classes? Start with the Seattle Storyteller’s Guild. Well, there you have it! A simple guide to becoming an amazing storyteller. Use what you learn here to positively influence all of your speaking related activities! If you have questions you can type them in the comments section below and I will get an answer for them. Alternatively, you can contact the experts Debra Harris-Branham (debstories AT comcast DOT net) and/or Zelda Foxall (zeldasm AT q DOT com) yourself.

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632

Is it true that 'preterism' and 'futurism' were Jesuit interpretations of prophecy that were contrived during the counter-reformation? I've read that in a couple of places and wondered what your study has led you to about that. Thank you. Preterism is the view that the prophecies concerning destruction, especially those found in Revelation were fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem. There are variations of the belief, as you would expect when men are involved. Some take the extreme position that all prophesy has been fulfilled. The majority see the prophesies concerning the judgment and heaven are still in the future, but rest have been fulfilled. A few are only interested in Revelation itself and see it as mostly a discussion concerning the destruction of Jerusalem. Futurism is the view that none of the prophecies concerning destruction have been fulfilled yet. Everything is seen as pointing to some distant future time just before Jesus returns. Thus Revelation is seen a warning whose time will come, but hasn't been reached yet. Futurism's adherents also display wide variations in their beliefs. Premillennialism is actually a form of futurism. Continuous Historicism is the view that Revelation foretells the history of the church from the time of John to the second coming of Jesus. Various events through history are argued to match certain prophecies in Revelation. Thus the claim is that John spoke of the rise of the Roman Catholic church and the papacy, the rise of the Muslim religion, the reformation and even major wars. Philosophical doesn't see specific events being foretold in Revelation, but a general story of the war between good and evil. Historical sees Revelation speaking of specific events in history, though not necessarily the fall of Jerusalem, relevant to the people to whom the book was written. In other words it takes place in a specific timeframe that is within the lives of the audience Revelation was intended. They find that we who come later can learn the lessons from what happened to apply to our own lives since history tends to repeat itself, just as we can turn to the pages of the Old Testament and learn lessons from what happened then. Advocates of each position claim that their view has been always held by Christians. They will pull quotes from early Christian writings because the beliefs are general enough that you can find in almost anyone's writings something to support your view. What you won't find is a detailed advocation of one particular view. It is true that advocacy of preterism and futurism was championed by Jesuits in their early days. During the reformation it was popular to pin the Roman Catholic church with the label of the great harlot. Whether the Jesuits actually developed these ideas or found a solution by advocating the ideas, I can't say for certain. What we do know is that several Jesuit books are the first detailed arguments for both Futurism and Preterism. Futurism arose first. Francisco Ribera, a Jesuit theologian, published a book on Revelation in 1590 called In Sacrum Beati Ioannis Apostoli, & Evangelistiae Apocalypsin Commentarij. By putting everything in the distant future, then obviously the Roman Catholic church can't be the bad guy. Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit apologist, also took the futurist view in his work, Polemic Lectures Concerning the Disputed Points of the Christian Belief Against the Heretics of This Time. It was published somewhere between 1581 and 1593. Futurism “argues that Revelation looks beyond the first century to the period immediately before the end times. Thus the book was not written for those who received it, but for those living much later. Jesuit scholars after the Reformation refined this approach to prove that current attempts to identify the Pope as the Antichrist could not possibly be true since the Antichrist will not be revealed until far into the future, just before the Parousia [the Second Coming]." [Jerry L. Walls, The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology, 2007]. But the Catholic church is a large organization and other Jesuits advocated the preterits view. If everything happened before the Catholic church developed, then it can't be the bad guy. Luis De Alcazar wrote a commentary, published in 1614, called Investigation of the Hidden Sense of the Apocalypse where he claimed that every prophecy was fulfilled in the early years after Christ. Preterism "is said to have been first promulgated in anything like completeness by the Jesuit Alcasar, in his Vestigatio Arcani Sensus in Apocalypsi (1614). Very nearly, the same plan was adopted by Grotius. The next great name among this school of interpreters is that of Bossuet the great antagonist of Protestantism." [Henry Alford, The New Testament for English Readers, 1872]. Both Futurism and Preterism can shown to be false. Like most concepts, there are grains of truth within the systems, but overall the systems of belief are not correct.

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1,043

Most common smoke detectors (Fig. 13-2) contain a small amount of 241Am, a radioactive isotope. 241Am is produced and recovered from nuclear reactors. Alpha particles emitted by the decays of 241Am ionize the air (split the air molecules into electrons and positive ions) and generate a small current of electricity that is measured by a current-sensitive circuit. When smoke enters the detector, ions become attached to the smoke particles, which causes a decrease in the detector current. When this happens, an alarm sounds. These detectors provide warning for people to leave burning homes safely. Many lives have been saved by the their use. Because the distance alpha particles travel in air is so short, there is no risk of being exposed to radiation by having a smoke detector in the house. Since ionization-type smoke detectors contain radioactive materials, they should be recycled or disposed of as radioactive waste. It is important to follow the instructions that come with the smoke alarm when they need to be discarded.

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203

Science Museum unwraps a "sweet" exhibition A "tasty" exhibition to reveal the biology, chemistry, physiology and psychology of the world of candy was unwrapped at the Hong Kong Science Museum today (June 26) and will run until October 28. "Candy Unwrapped", featuring 17 groups of interactive exhibits, will satisfy the mind of visitors even as it tickles their taste buds through looking at, smelling and tasting the exhibits. Speaking at the opening ceremony of the exhibition today, the Assistant Director (Heritage and Museums) of Leisure and Cultural Services, Dr Louis Ng, said the Hong Kong Science Museum organised this exhibition to give children an educational and entertaining experience for the summer holidays. "Candy is not only for kids. Chocolate is also a favourite of ladies. With stories about romantic memories and magical powers of chocolate, visitors will learn about the rich history and culture of candy and other yummy treats from around the world. We believe the exhibition will enable all family members, young and old, to discover the fun and the science and psychology behind the candy," Dr Ng said. Produced by the Ontario Science Centre in collaboration with Ybrick Design 3D Inc, "Candy Unwrapped" invites visitors to bring their taste buds for some sensational sugary science. Visitors can examine the structure and many uses of sugar, which is more than just a sweet treat and has qualities that are useful in many things. They can see how sugar has been used to preserve food, bind concrete and even heal wounds. They are also invited to walk across the face of an enlarged sugar crystal to learn about the various phases of crystallisation, the beauty of nature’s final design, and what sugar crystals have in common with stacks of oranges in a supermarket. Visitors can explore how taste and other senses, such as sight and smell, are used by the human body to determine what tastes good. Using their taste buds, they can learn the biological point of puckering by experiencing the super sour challenge, and discover the difference between taste and flavour through participating in a jelly bean test. The rich history and cultural diversity of candy and other treats from around the world are featured in the exhibition. Visitors can discover the fascinating stories behind treats from a dozen countries, from Chinese ginger candies to Nigerian puff-puffs. Some unusual past and present candies are also on display, and visitors will learn through the exhibits why some of them are still popular in modern times. The exhibition will detail the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. Visitors can also experience how candies bring back romantic memories, and find out whether chocolate is always associated with romance, or is it simply a psychological effect? Visitors can discover more by entering into a boudoir to learn about the cultural legacy and intriguing chemical properties of chocolate. Visitors can jump on the energy burn bike and pedal for one minute to find out the calories of a sugar cube and how many calories they can burn off in 60 seconds. They will learn about the way their body creates and uses energy and which types of food energy work best for them. Kids can design and draw their own candy wrapper or jump on the cushy giant tongue and learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue. Admission to "Candy Unwrapped" is $35 with half-price concession for full-time students, people with disabilities and senior citizens aged 60 or above. "Free Admission on Wednesdays" and the Museum Weekly Pass will not apply to this exhibition. The Science Museum is located at 2 Science Museum Road, Tsim Sha Tsui East, Kowloon. It is open from 1pm to 9pm from Monday to Friday, and from 10am to 9pm on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. It is closed on Thursdays (except public holidays). For details of the exhibition and related programmes, visit the Science Museum's website (hk.science.museum). For enquiries, please call 2732 3232. Ends/Friday, June 26, 2009 Climbing up an enlarged sugar crystal, the "Crystal Mountain", visitors can learn about the various phases of crystallisation and the beauty of nature's final design. The exhibit, "Delectable Delights", allows visitors to learn about treats from around the world and how some of these treats taste surprisingly like some of our familiar foods. Jumping on the "Taste Bud Tango", a cushy giant tongue, visitors can learn about the sensory complexity of the human tongue. "A Bar is Born" details the history of chocolate, including different forms of chocolate that have emerged over thousands of years and how chocolate bars are made. Chocolate has long been considered an aphrodisiac. Is this a scientific fact or sexy myth? Visitors can discover more by entering into "Romancing the Bean" to learn about the cultural legacy and intriguing chemical properties of chocolate.

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1,025

Cosmogenic Nuclide Group Humans live on the earth’s surface and Earth Surface Processes (ESP) are cornerstones defining fundamental boundaries for civilization. Many of these processes occur so rapidly and unexpectedly that they have daunting consequences. We are poorly equipped to predict their nature and possible impacts due to the lack of scientific understanding. In particular, the impact of current environmental change on the nature of Earth Surface Processes is hardly predictable. It is a high priority challenge for modern earth sciences to better understand such processes. One of the most promising approaches to this task is the quantitative investigation of ESP from the past to the present, and to apply the insight to current and future environmental challenges. The leading technique to realize this is the application of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide. The LDEO Cosmogenic Nuclide Group develops terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide techniques and applies those as chronometers and tracers in the Earth Sciences. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides are produced by interactions between secondary cosmic rays and near surface rocks. Our research interests cover a wide spectrum of earth scientific disciplines and include timing of ice ages, subglacial erosion rates, uplift rates of Pleistocene terraces, and a better understanding of the production systematics of cosmogenic nuclides. We apply the full spectrum of cosmogenic nuclides, including the routine extraction of 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl. In cooperation with the LDEO noble gas group (Gisela Winckler, link), we also routinely measure cosmogenic 3He. Recently, we have pioneered the terrestrial 53Mn technique as new monitor of earth surface processes, and we also have established an extraction line for in situ 14C from quartz (LINK TO 14C LINE).

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365

|Origin:||, past participle of consolidare, from com- ( COM-) + solidus 'solid'| con‧sol‧i‧date [intransitive and transitive] to strengthen the position of power or success that you have, so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer: The company has consolidated its position as the country's leading gas supplier. The team consolidated their lead with a third goal. to combine things in order to make them more effective or easier to deal with: We consolidate information from a wide range of sources. They took out a loan to consolidate their debts. The company is planning to consolidate its business activities at a new site in Arizona. —consolidation noun [uncountable and countable] the consolidation of political power

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171

o‧rig‧i‧nal1 S1 W1 existing or happening first, before other people or things: first[only before noun] The land was returned to its original owner. The kitchen still has many original features (=parts that were there when the house was first built). the original meaning of the word The original plan was to fly out to New York. completely new and different from anything that anyone has thought of before: I don't think George is capable of having original ideas! That's not a very original suggestion. a highly original design His work is truly original. an original work of art is the one that was made by the artist and is not a copy: a work of art[only before noun] The original painting is now in the National Gallery in London. an original Holbein drawing

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184

Lesson Plans and Worksheets Browse by Subject Blood Teacher Resources Find teacher approved Blood educational resource ideas and activities A series of diagrams and photographs is a vivid tool for delivering a lesson about blood vessels. Each slide has notes for the lecturer to use to explain each slide. Your young biologists will increase their understanding of the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The final slide provides a comparison chart for them to copy and complete as a review of the information absorbed. A thorough commentary on blood type is presented in this handout. Antigens and antibodies are defined. Punnett squares and a pedigree chart help to clarify. Human biology or genetics learners then apply their knowledge to two situations: two newborn baby girls being possibly switched in the hospital and a crime scene investigation. This is an engaging activity that ends with a lab activity simulating the blood typing and identification of the perpetrator. Although there are vocabulary terms in this PowerPoint that use British spelling, the presentation is attractive and educational. The content flows from the general composition of blood, into the different types of blood cells and their functions. The concluding slide has review questions that you can use to assess student retention. In this blood type worksheet, students create a wheel showing blood type, antigens and the genes involved in coding for each blood type. Students use the wheel to answer 16 questions about blood type and they complete a chart with the genes, antigens and blood types using what they learned from the wheel. In this simulation activity, young biologists examine blood types to determine whether the death rate in a hospital was caused because of incorrect identification of patient blood types. You will need obtain and follow the procedures of a blood typing kit in order carry out this lab activity in your classroom. Using this scenario makes a blood typing or scientific method lesson more interesting, and the provided lab sheet makes it easier for you to implement. There are factors that can be controlled and factors that can't be controlled regarding blood pressure. Read through these handouts and learn about the different factors. Then answer some questions about the information just learned. There is even an activity to determine resting heart rate, and then to make calculations regarding one's target heart rate range. Discover why all of this information is important. In this blood worksheet, students watch a video called "The Epic Story of Blood" and answer 24 questions about the creation of blood, how it is produced, blood donation, blood banks and transfusions. Students take an short quiz about the blood and what they learned in the video. Here is a sharp presentation on multiple alleles using the classic blood type example. Viewers revisit codominance and dominance and learn that blood type is actually a combination of both. They use Punnett squares to solve blood type problems. They learn about agglutination and antibodies that make blood type crossing a topic of study. Follow this PowerPoint with a blood typing lab activity and more Punnett square practice.

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609

Definition of Genus Enterolobium 1. Noun. Small genus of tropical American timber trees closely allied to genus Albizia. Generic synonyms: Rosid Dicot Genus Group relationships: Mimosoideae, Subfamily Mimosoideae Member holonyms: Conacaste, Elephant's Ear, Enterolobium Cyclocarpa Genus Enterolobium Pictures Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Genus Enterolobium Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Genus Enterolobium Literary usage of Genus Enterolobium Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature: 1. The Geology of the Corocoro Copper District of Bolivia by Joseph Theophilus Singewald, Edward Wilber Berry (1922) "... zone of the eastern slopes, but so far as I know none occur in or west of the Cordillera Real or eastern Andes. genus Enterolobium ..." Other Resources Relating to: Genus Enterolobium

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240

Libralato Engine Overview THE LIBRALATO ENGINE - Invented by Dr. Ruggero Libralato; a teacher of electrical engineering by trade, Dr. Libralato’s keen interest in combustion engines from a young age led him to design a new combustion engine at the age of 27. Over 25 years, through various design iterations, the profound study of thermodynamics and theory of machines, Ruggero Libralato has invented a completely new design and a new thermodynamic cycle which deserves to rank alongside the names of Otto, Diesel and Wankel. A proof of concept first prototype was built in 2005. The Libralato rotary engine is a potential breakthrough technology – an eco-engine for the 21st century, with an asymmetrical geometry of expansion and compression volumes, which does not need to convert the linear motion of pistons into the rotary motion of the output shaft. The Libralato engine is predicted to demonstrate: a power phase in every revolution (giving it twice the power density of a reciprocating engine), exceptionally high mechanical and thermal efficiency, beyond Euro 6 standards of emissions, high and constant levels of torque, very low vibration, low exhaust gas noise and temperature with no need for valves, pistons, con-rods, crankshafts, cam shafts etc. Comparison of Libralato engine with piston engine and Wankel engine The proof of concept engine mechanism has been rotated at 3,000 rpm, demonstrating the dynamic balance of the engine and the integrity of its aspiration / expiration mechanism. It has not run as a hot engine yet since without the proper lubrication and cooling systems it would seize very quickly. The engine design is exceptionally compact and robust, approximately half the size and weight of a conventional reciprocating engine. It is ideally suited to a wide range of applications 1kW - 200kW, particularly where space, weight, emissions, noise and vibration restrictions apply; constant speeds are required and the engine is able to operate in its peak efficiency zone. Libralato engine schematic Exploded View of Libralato Engine Principal Parts The Libralato engine design is very different from the Wankel engine and avoids the problems of the Wankel engine by: large sealing surface areas of the rotors (equivalent in size to pistons), short flame paths acting against an acute angle working surface area, good thermal dispersion via fresh air scavenge phase and low bearing wear due to dynamic balance. The Libralato engine has only four principal moving parts: two rotors fixed by their own bearings, connected by a sliding rod and a rotating exhaust. The rotors have different (overlapping) diameters of circumference and their motion forms and reforms three separate chambers within the engine each revolution. The engine comprises a unique combination of two rotors, with different rotational diameters and separate centres, fixed by their own bearings and joined by a connecting piece that has a quasi-circular orbit. The motion of the rotors forms and reforms three distinct chambers within the engine each rotation, with asymmetrical expansion and compression volumes, two stage compression and low pressure scavenge. Induction air enters at the centre of the engine and compression/expansion occurs at the periphery producing uniform heat flow characteristics as air circulates around the two sides of the engine. New Thermodynamic Cycle - The engine does not have a traditional Otto or Diesel cycle. There are two compression phases. The inlet phase is compressed at a low ratio and then controls the later scavenge of the residual exhaust gases. In the second compression phase, the air is compressed at a higher compression ratio where the fuel is added. It is this fuel/air mixture that ignites to form the expansion phase. This all provides for an extremely efficient handling of the gases, with a significant reduction of exhaust emissions and excellent fuel economy. The main advantages of the engine can be summarized as: - Mechanically simple design leading to 30% lower production and maintenance costs - 100% better power to weight ratio than a reciprocating engine; due to compact shape - 30% greater efficiency (relative) than conventional 4-stroke engine - 5% greater mechanical efficiency (absolute) / low vibration due to rotary design - 4% greater thermal efficiency (absolute) due to asymmetrical expansion and compression - Exceeding Euro 6 emissions standards due to highly turbulent fuel-air mixing and complete scavenge of residual exhaust gases. - Very quiet and lower temperature exhaust gases, due to low exhaust pressure - Good sealing and thermal dispersion characteristics, avoids problems of Wankel engines - Geometry easily adaptable for biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) - Ideally suited for HEVs and PHEVs - space and weight savings from engine allow all hybrid components to fit within existing engine cavities, with little/ no bodywork redesign Libralato Engine stages

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1,005

From Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions, 1894 The MISTLETOE had an early reputation as a guide to the other world. Armed with that golden branch, one could pass to Pluto's realm:— "Charon opposed—they showed the Branch. They show'd the bough that lay beneath the vest; At once his rising wrath was hush'd to rest." Its connection with health, as the All-heal, is noted by the poet Callimachus, under the appellation of panakea, sacred to Apollo:— "Where'er the genial panakea falls, Health crowns the State, and safety guards the walls." As the seat of the life of the Oak, as then believed, it had special virtues as a healer. The Coel-Creni, or omen sticks, were made of it, and also divining-rods. It had the merit of revealing treasure, and repelling the unwelcome visits of evil spirits. When cut upon St. John's Eve, its power for good was greatest. "While the shamrock is emblematic of the equinox, the mistletoe is associated with the solstice," says St. Clair. The ancient Persians knew it as the healer. It told of the sun's return to earth. Farmers in Britain used to give a sprig of mistletoe to the first cow calving in the year. Forlong points out the recovery of old heathen ideas; saying, "Christian priests forbade the mistletoe to enter their churches; but yet it not only got in, but found a place over the altars, and was held to betoken good-will to all mankind." It was mysteriously associated with the dove. The Irish called it the uil-iceach: the Welsh, uchelwydd. The County Magazine for 1792 remarked—"A custom of kissing the women under the mistletoe-bush still prevails in many places, and without doubt the surest way to prove prolific." Pliny considered it good for sterility. It was the only thing that could slay the gentle Baldur. In England there are some twenty trees on which the mistletoe may grow. Certain plants have at different times been objects of special consideration, and worshipped as having divine qualities, or being possessed by a soul. Some were thought to manifest sympathetic feeling with the nation by which they were cherished. The fetish tree of Coomassie fell when Wolseley's ultimatum reached the King of Ashantee. The ruthless cutting of trees was deemed cruel. Even if they had no living spirit of their own, the souls of the dead might be there confined; but perhaps Mr. Gladstone, the tree-feller, is no believer in that spiritual doctrine. In Germany one may still witness the marrying of trees on Christmas Eve with straw-ropes, that they may yield well. Their forefathers' regard for the World-tree, the ash Yggdrasill, may incline Germans to spare trees, and raise them, as Bismarck loves to do. Women there, and elsewhere, found consolation from moving round a sacred tree on the approach of nature's trial. The oldest altars stood under trees, as by sacred fountains or wells. But some had to be shunned as demoniac trees. The Irish respected the Cairthaim, quicken-tree, quick-beam, rowan, or mountain ash, which had magical qualities. In the story of the Fairy Palace of the Quicken-tree, we read of Finn the Finian leader being held in that tree by enchantment, as was Merlin by the fairy lady. MacCuill, son of the hazel, one of the last Tuath kings, was so-called because he worshipped the hazel. Fairies danced beneath the hawthorn. Ogham tablets were of yew. Lady Wilde styled the elder a sacred tree; and the blackthorn, to which the Irishman is said to be still devoted, was a sacred tree. Trees of Knowledge have been recognized east and west That of India was the Kalpa. The Celtic Tree of Life was not unlike that of Carthage. The Persians, Assyrians, and American Indians had their Trees of Life. One Egyptian holy tree had seven branches on each side. From the Sycamore, the goddess Nou provided the liquor of life; from the Persea, the goddess Hathor gave fruits of immortality. The Date-palm was sacred to Osiris six thousand years ago. The Tree of Life was sometimes depicted on coffins with human arms. The Lotus, essentially phallic, self-produced, was an emblem of self-created deity, being worshipped as such at least 3000 B.C. Homa was the Life-tree of Zoroaster. The bean was thrown on tombs as a sign of immortality. The banyan and the onion denote a new incarnation. The Indian and Cingalese Bo or Asvattha, Ficus religiosa, sheltered Gautama when he gained what is known as Entire Sanctification, or Perfection. The sacred Peepul is the male fig, the female being Ficus Indica. The fig entwines itself round the palm. The Toolsi, Ocymum Sanctum, and the Amrita are also worshipped in India; so are the Lien-wha, or Nelumbium, in China; the cypress in Mexico, and the aspen in Kirghizland. Trees and plants were devoted to gods: as the oak, palm, and ash to Jupiter; the rose, myrtle, and poppy to Venus; the pomegranate to Proserpine; the pine-apple to Cybele; the orange to Diana; the white violet to Vesta; the daisy to Alcestis; the wild thyme to the Muses; the laurel to Apollo; the poplar to Hercules; the alder to Pan; the olive to Minerva; the fig and vine to Bacchus; the lotus to Hermes. The leek of Wales, like the shamrock of Ireland, was an object of worship in the East, and was associated with Virgo. The Hortus Kewensis states that it first came to Britain in 1562. The mandrake or Love-apple was also sacred. Brinton gives a list of seven such sacred plants among the Creek Indians. The Vervain, sacred to Druids, was gathered in Egypt at the rise of Sirius the Dogstar. From a sad, comfortless childhood Giles Truelove developed into a reclusive and uncommunicative man whose sole passion was books. For so long they were the only meaning to his existence. But when fate eventually intervened to have the outside world intrude upon his life, he began to discover emotions that he never knew he had. A story for the genuine booklover, penned by an Irish bookseller under the pseudonym of Ralph St. John Featherstonehaugh. FREE download 23rd - 27th May Join our mailing list to receive updates on new content on Library, our latest ebooks, and more. You won't be inundated with emails! — we'll just keep you posted periodically — about once a monthish — on what's happening with the library.

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1,534

What is acupuncture? Practitioners use acupuncture treatment – a traditional Chinese medicine – by inserting thin, sterile needles at specific points on the body to treat pain, facilitate healing and promote physical and mental well-being. Acupuncture stimulates energy channels on the body – called Qi – that are considered pathways for vital energy. The points where the needles are inserted correspond to these energy channels, also called meridians. The number of meridians is not precisely known – some experts claim there are 14 main channels with 2,000 acupuncture points, while others claim up to 20 meridians. According to the 2007 National Health Interview Survey, an estimated 3.1 million adults and 150,000 children in the United States used acupuncture the previous year. What should I be aware of if I undergo acupuncture? Tell your whole team of health care providers – including primary care physicians – if you plan to seek acupuncture treatment or are undergoing acupuncture. This helps achieve safer, coordinated health care. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates acupuncture needles, requiring they meet certain standards, including being non-toxic, sterile, labeled for single use and used only by qualified practitioners. Acupuncturists are highly regulated in the United States by the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM). Most patients feel no or minimal amounts of pain when the acupuncture needles are inserted. The needles are solid yet hair-thin. Some report feeling energized, or relaxed, during treatment sessions. Movement or a defective needle can result in pain or soreness. Acupuncture treatment sessions usually last between 45 and 90 minutes. A patient may go for acupuncture treatment over the span of several weeks or more.Is acupuncture safe? In general it appears to be safe. However, there are reports to the FDA of serious adverse events such as Pneumothorax, Hepatitis, and cardiac trauma, among others.How do I find a qualified acupuncturist? Ask your health care provider for referrals to qualified acupuncture practitioners. Your regular, conventional medical professional may even offer acupuncture. Check credentials – acupuncturists in most states need licenses to practice; however, standards and education requirements vary by state. A license is a good indicator the acupuncture practitioner meets the state’s requirements, but it does not always ensure top-quality care. Check with your primary care physician whether acupuncture may help your condition – do not rely on an acupuncturist without a conventional medical license to diagnose conditions.What symptoms and conditions are typically treated by an acupuncturist? According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, acupuncture is used to treat many types of pain. The most commonly reported use of acupuncture is for back pain, followed by joint pain, neck pain and headache pain. Research also suggests it’s effective in treating osteoarthritis, particularly knee pain. Acupuncture has been studied as a treatment for a wide variety of conditions and pains – including substance withdrawal, postoperative dental pain, menstrual cramps, fibromyalgia, severe migraine pain and more – but it’s difficult to draw conclusions as to its effectiveness. Due to the many different acupuncture techniques, such as electrical versus manual, and variations in the controls used in studies and measuring outcomes, further research is needed to determine effectiveness. Related Articles: On Pins and Needles

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What is family practice? A family practitioner is a primary care doctor who provides health services to adults, children and adolescents. Family practitioners have a very broad scope of practice, but are usually the patient’s first consultation before being referred to other specialists, if necessary. The family practitioner performs annual physical examinations; ensures up-to-date immunization status; counsels patients on healthy lifestyles; monitors patients’ blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels; and ensures other baseline tests are within normal levels for the patient’s age and gender.When do I see a family practitioner? In the United States, about one in four visits to a doctor are to a family practice doctor. Family care physicians care for the poor, indigent and underserved in the community more than any other physician specialty. When a patient is an infant or child, he or she might see a family practitioner specializing in pediatric care. When the young patient transitions from childhood to adulthood during adolescence, he or she can see a family practice doctor specializing in adolescent medicine or a regular family practitioner, also known as adult-care physician. Around the ages 18-21, patients typically transition to an adult-care physician who is better suited to their health-care needs. What should I expect when I visit a family practitioner? A family practitioner’s scope of practice varies, but these specialists typically provide basic diagnoses and non-surgical treatment of common medical conditions and illnesses. To arrive at a diagnosis, family doctors will interview and examine the patient. This requires discussing the history of the present illness, including a review of the patient’s body systems, medication history, allergies, family history, surgical history and social history. Then the physician will perform a physical examination and possibly order basic medical tests, such as blood tests, electrocardiograms or X-rays. Ultimately, all this information is combined to arrive at a diagnosis and possible treatment. Tests of a more complex and lengthy nature may be referred to a specialist Together with the patient, the family practitioner forms a plan of care that can include additional testing if needed, a referral to see a specialist, medication prescriptions, therapies, changes to diet or lifestyle, additional patient education, or follow-up treatment. Patients also may receive advice or education on improving health behaviors, self-care and treatment, screening tests and immunizations.What are the most common conditions family practitioners treat? Shopping for a New Doc Decoding Your Health Test Results Patient Types: Which One Are You? Questions to Ask When Looking for a New Doctor - Common cold - Gastrointestinal complaint - Gynecological complaint - High blood pressure - Infectious diseases - Musculoskeletal complaint - Psychiatric disease - Sexually transmitted disease - Skin complaint - Urinary tract complaint

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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Teenagers who have irregular periods are more likely to be overweight and obese and to have early warning signs of diabetes and heart disease than those with regular menstrual cycles, suggests a new study. While the link between irregular periods and heart disease and diabetes is well established in older women, the new finding suggests that doctors might be able to identify this risk much earlier -- and try to do something about it. "There may be a misconception in adolescent medicine ... that 'it takes a couple of years after menarche to get the engine running' and hence one might not want to be concerned about irregular adolescent menstrual cycles until much later," said Dr. Charles Glueck, one of the study's authors from the Cholesterol and Metabolism Center at the Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati. "That's clearly wrong." Even in young teenagers, very irregular menstrual cycles are not normal, Glueck told Reuters Health, and shouldn't be ignored. He and his colleagues followed 370 girls starting at age 14 as part of a larger study initiated by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Once every year, girls were asked how long it had been since their last menstrual cycle. Researchers also periodically measured their levels of different sex hormones, glucose and insulin (markers of diabetes risk) and blood pressure. They also collected information on girls' height, weight, and waist circumference. The authors defined irregular menstrual cycles as lasting more than 42 days -- that is, the girl's period begins more than 42 days after the first day of the last one -- a criterion that's meant to catch the 2 percent of girls with the least regular periods, Glueck explained. Between age 14 and 19, 269 of the girls reported regular periods at every annual visit. Another 74 of them had only one report of an irregular period, 19 girls had two reports, and eight said it had been at least 42 days since their last period at three or more visits. The results, published in Fertility and Sterility, show that girls with the most reports of irregular periods were already heavier than others at age 14, and gained more weight and inches on their waist during the study. Also at age 14, girls with more irregular periods had higher levels of testosterone -- a sex hormone associated with male characteristics. By age 25, those who hadn't reported an irregular period had an average body mass index, or BMI, of 26.8 -- considered slightly overweight. In comparison, participants who had reported irregular periods at three or more appointments had an average BMI of 37.8, indicating severe obesity. Girls who reported one or two irregular periods had BMIs somewhere in the middle. Reports of irregular periods were also linked to higher levels of blood sugar and insulin at age 25. The authors couldn't be sure what was happening with girls' menstrual cycles during the rest of each year. Also, the findings do not prove that irregular periods cause girls to gain weight or are responsible for the increases in glucose and insulin levels - rather, the irregularity could be a signal of some other problem. One possibility is that the ovaries might respond to changes in metabolism -- such as increased insulin levels, said Dr. Alice Chang, an endocrinologist at UT Southwestern Medical Center. That would suggest some of the diabetes-related risks came before problems with ovulation. What the study results do show is that irregular menstrual cycles might be a warning that the body's metabolism isn't working as well as it should. "These relationships which we see so clearly in adolescence and see prospectively into young adulthood are the same relationships which two to three decades later spell out in the development of cardiovascular disease, (heart attack), and type II diabetes," Glueck said. Irregular periods might be a sign of polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS -- a hormonal disorder that's also linked to infertility and obesity -- Glueck added. Catching it in adolescence means the condition can be "very successfully treated" -- another reason for doctors to pay attention to irregular periods early. Chang, who was not involved in the new research, agreed that the implications for PCOS are an important message to take from the study. "When I see women diagnosed with PCOS, they often have symptoms all throughout adolescence, but it's not put together for them," she told Reuters Health. "We need to be more aggressive in adolescents about treating PCOS and treating obesity." Glueck said that girls with irregular menstrual cycles should "raise flags" for doctors, who can also step in with early prevention measures against diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. SOURCE: http://bit.ly/lqeony Fertility and Sterility, online May 7, 2011. The #1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news! Your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit. We could all use some encouragement now and then - we're human! Explore your destiny as you discover what's written in your stars. The latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes. Healthy food that tastes delicious too? No kidding. Yoga for Back Pain Pets HelpYour Heart Are YouMoney Smart?

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1,070

Kroto is now one of several prestigious individuals, including the groundbreaking Chemist Linus Pauling, who have enriched the Linfield community at an Oregon Nobel Laureate Symposium. “The lecture-symposium was scheduled two years ago,” Director of Communications Mardi Mileham. She mentioned that Kroto was selected to participate in the symposium by Dr. Fred Ross who retired from Linfield last spring. Kroto is well-known for the co-discovery of the form of carbon now known as Buckminsterfullerene, or, “buckyballs” in 1985. This molecule is a spherical arrangement of 60 carbons in a pattern that resembles the stitching on soccer balls. Up until its discovery, only two stable forms of carbon, graphite and diamond, were known to exist, Professor of Chemistry Thomas Reinert said. He said this third stable form of carbon changed the way chemists thought about carbon and the bonds between atoms. Chemists learned that this form of carbon occurs in the universe, naturally. “It’s not just made up in a lab,” Reinert said. Kroto discussed the importance of science and scientific education in his lecture that was interspersed with humorous remarks. Kroto based his lecture on a quote that says science is the only thing we have to determine the truth to any degree of reliability. “Science, for me, is a way of life,” Kroto said. He applied his scientific philosophy to several matters such as sustainability and indoctrination. Kroto stressed the importance of questioning everything and seeking evidence to support claims. He considers the acceptance of facts without evidence dangerous. Kroto explained his “four out of five method.” He stated if you make an observation, make a hypothesis; if four out of five observations are in line with the hypothesis, you are “almost certainly right.” Kroto’s current project is to try to teach science globally by using the Internet to share educational videos. Professor of English Lit David Sumner commented on Kroto’s scientific emphasis saying that the sciences and humanities should work hand in hand. “A combination of the two is essential,” he said. Senior Craig Geffre praised Kroto for his call to the researchers of natural sciences to be mindful of ethics and the outcome of their research. Kroto cited atomic bombs as examples of weapons that should not be further researched. “Anthropologists and sociologists are careful in deliberating what the outcome of our research will be. I thought it was great that he emphasized ethics,” said Geffre. For more information about Dr. Sir Harold Kroto and the discovery of buckminsterfullerene visit www.nobelprize.org. Michele Wong/For the Review Michele Wong can be reached at [email protected].

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617

A collection of paper, parchment, or any other material containing print, paintings, or other inscribed works that are all bound between two protective covers are called Books. However, an e-book is is a collection of text that is electronically formatted. Antique books come in the form of scrolls and codex. The protective binders that contain the sheets of paper containing writing may come in a hard protective cover called a hardback or in a softer, flexible cover called a paperback. Novels are the most popular form of books, although works such as The Holy Bible and The Koran are referred to as "The Book."

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125

tree-equal tree-1 tree-2 &key test test-not => generalized-boolean Arguments and Values: test---a designator for a function of two arguments that returns a generalized boolean. test-not---a designator for a function of two arguments that returns a generalized boolean. generalized-boolean---a generalized boolean. tree-equal tests whether two trees are of the same shape and have the same leaves. tree-equal returns true if tree-1 and tree-2 are both atoms and satisfy the test, or if they are both conses and the car of tree-1 is tree-equal to the car of tree-2 and the cdr of tree-1 is tree-equal to the cdr of tree-2. Otherwise, tree-equal returns false. tree-equal recursively compares conses but not any other objects that have components. The first argument to the :test or :test-not function is tree-1 or a car or cdr of tree-1; the second argument is tree-2 or a car or cdr of tree-2. (setq tree1 '(1 (1 2)) tree2 '(1 (1 2))) => (1 (1 2)) (tree-equal tree1 tree2) => true (eql tree1 tree2) => false (setq tree1 '('a ('b 'c)) tree2 '('a ('b 'c))) => ('a ('b 'c)) => ((QUOTE A) ((QUOTE B) (QUOTE C))) (tree-equal tree1 tree2 :test 'eq) => true Side Effects: None. Affected By: None. The consequences are undefined if both tree-1 and tree-2 are circular. equal, Section 3.6 (Traversal Rules and Side Effects) The :test-not parameter is deprecated.

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403

Jelly Mould Pavilions 27 March - 6 June 2010 'Jelly Mould Pavilions' is a quirky yet thought provoking exhibition by artist Lubaina Himid. The exhibition explores the challenges of commemorating the ongoing contribution of the people of the African diaspora to the history, culture and fabric of Liverpool. 'Jelly Mould Pavilions' features 30 hand-painted Victorian ceramic jelly moulds and 14 prints. The illustrations on the jelly moulds are inspired by influential Black figures such as Martin Luther King, William Still and Dred Scott, all strong and unique figures in the civil rights movement. Lubaina's inspiration also comes from brightly coloured textile patterns from all over the African continent. Although these jelly mould monuments may never be built, their purpose is to encourage visitors to ask questions about the city's history, how we can celebrate and commemorate the Black community or whether we do this already. Lubaina chose Victorian jelly moulds as they symbolise the African diaspora's link to the sugar industry that used slaves. The jelly moulds are a device to encourage visitors to talk about enslavement, commerce and pleasure. Jelly mould interventions! As well as the main exhibition at Sudley House there will be jelly mould interventions in the following venues: You can see all the venues on the map below. Select a blue pin to find out about each location. You can view a larger version of the map here. More about the artist For more information about Lubaina's practice including forthcoming and major projects, recent exhibitions, works in collections and key note speeches, visit her website. 'Making Histories Visible' is an interdisciplinary visual art research project based led by Lubaina Himid with support from Susan Walsh. Find out more on the Making Histories Visible website. More in depth information about the themes surrounding Jelly Mould Pavilions can be found on Lubaina's Jelly Mould Pavilions website. This exhibition is part of 'Liverpool and the Black Atlantic', a series of city-wide exhibitions and events that explore connections between cultures and continents.

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436

Did a Comet Really Chill and Kill Clovis Culture? A 130-foot-meteor created the mile-wide Meteor Crater in Arizona. The comet proposed to have impacted life in North America was significantly larger, but no crater indicating its collision has been found. CREDIT: Dan Durda A comet crashing into the Earth some 13,000 years ago was thought to have spelled doom to a group of early North American people, and possibly the extinction of ice age beasts in the region. But the space rock was wrongly accused, according to a group of 16 scientists in fields ranging from archaeology to crystallography to physics, who have offered counterevidence to the existence of such a collision. "Despite more than four years of trying by many qualified researchers, no unambiguous evidence has been found [of such an event]," Mark Boslough, a physicist at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, told LiveScience. "That lack of evidence is therefore evidence of absence." Almost 13,000 years ago, a prehistoric Paleo-Indian group known as the Clovis culture suffered its demise at the same time the region underwent significant climate cooling known as the Younger Dryas. Animals such as ground sloths, camels and mammoths were wiped out in North America around the same period. [Wipe Out: The 10 Most Mysterious Extinctions] In 2007, a team of scientists led by Richard Firestone of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California suggested these changes were the result of a collision or explosion of an enormous comet or asteroid, pointing to a carbon-rich black layer at a number of sites across North America. The theory has remained controversial, with no sign of a crater that would have resulted from such an impact. "If a four-kilometer [2.5-mile] comet had broken up over North America only 12.9 thousand years ago, it is certain that it would have left an unambiguous impact crater or craters, as well as unambiguous shocked materials," Boslough said. Boslough, who has spent decades studying the effects of comet and asteroid collisions, was part of a team that predicted the visibility of plumes from the impact of the 1994 Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet with Jupiter. "Comet impacts may be low enough in density not to leave craters," Firestone told LiveScience by email. He also points to independent research by William Napier at the University of Cardiff in the United Kingdom that indicates such explosions could have come from a debris trail created by Comet Encke, which also would not have left a crater. A large rock plunging into the Earth's atmosphere may detonate in the air without coming into contact with the ground. Such an explosion occurred in Siberia in the early 20th century; the explosive energy of the so-called Tunguska event was more than 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. "No crater was formed at Tunguska, or the recent Russian impact," Firestone said. But Boslough said this math doesn't add up. The object responsible for the Tunguska event was very small, about 130 to 160 feet (40 to 50 meters) wide, while the recent explosion over Russia was smaller, about 56 feet (17 meters). The proposed North American space rock linked with the Clovis demise is estimated to have been closer to 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) across. "The physics doesn't support the idea of something that big exploding in the air," he said, noting that the original research team doesn't provide any explanation or models for how such a breakup might occur. [The 10 Greatest Explosions Ever] If such a large object crashed into the Earth, the resulting crater would be too large to miss, particularly when it was only a few thousand years old, Boslough said. He pointed to Meteor Crater in Arizona, which is three times as old and formed by an object "a million times smaller in terms of explosive energy." "Meteor Crater is an unambiguous impact crater with unambiguous shocked minerals," Boslough said. If a 2.5-mile comet had broken into pieces, it could have made a million Meteor Craters, he added. Firestone argued that water or ice could have absorbed the impact, possibly leaving behind no crater. Boslough disagreed. Even if the comet had plunged into the ice sheet covering much of North America, the crater formed beneath it would still be sizable. "We wouldn't be able to miss that right now — it would be obvious," Boslough said. The arguments and evidence against the impact were published in the December 2012 American Geophysical Union monograph. "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" Powerful impacts are Boslough's field, but the other 15 scientists working on the paper offered up other sources of counterevidence for the existence of a collision. "We all independently came to the conclusion that the evidence doesn't support a Younger Dryas impact," Boslough said. [Asteroid Basics: A Space Rock Quiz] "We all came to this based on our own very narrow piece of the puzzle." For instance, the initial team studying the event announced the discovery of a carbon-rich black layer, colloquially known as a "black mat," at a number of sites in North America. Containing charcoal, soot and nanodiamonds, such material could be formed by a violent collision. But this isn't the only possible source. "The things they call impact markers are not necessarily indicators of high-pressure shocks," Boslough said. "There are other processes that potentially could have formed them." Speaking of the black mat found in central Mexico, Firestone said, "Boslough is correct that there are other black mats, but these are dated to 12,900 years ago at the time of impact." He points to independent research published this fall that located hundreds to thousands of samples. However, radiocarbon dating of one of the sites in Gainey, Mich., suggested its samples were contaminated. Melted rock formations and microscopic diamonds found in a lake in Central Mexico last year were also suggested as evidence for the collision, but Boslough's team disagrees with the age of the sediment layer in the region. Boslough said the standard for indicating a strong shock occurred is pretty high in the impact community, and the findings by the original team don't meet them. Nor do they offer up any physical models that propose how an impact or airburst would have occurred — and the ones Boslough has run just don't pan out. "It's really a stretch to claim that there was this large impact event with no crater and no unambiguous shock material, because large impacts are such rare events," Boslough said. "When somebody is making a claim that something extraordinary happened, something out of the ordinary and with a very low probability, and they have ambiguous evidence, then the default is that it didn't happen," he continued. "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." Firestone stands firm. "All the evidence has now been confirmed by others," he said. "Boslough has no data supporting his arguments, and ignores the counter arguments of Bill Napier." MORE FROM LiveScience.com

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1,524

Livescribe for Blind or Visually Impaired Students02/22/12 Limited access to graphical materials is a problem for many blind or visually impaired students. With the Livescribe smartpen, creation of these resources is low-cost, portable, and easy to execute. Students and teachers can create tactile diagrams, maps, or study guides in or outside of the classroom. The smartpen provides raised-line figures with audio information about the diagram elements by tracking the page position and sound recording. This type of technology allows students to have access to all types of materials. By adding Braille characters to their Livescribe notebook page, students can read along with their hands while having a full audio description when needed. The smartpen includes all the hardware and software necessary to allow audio playback and tactile graphics can be created by using a raised-line drawing kit or an APH “tong” tool. Livescribe sound stickers can also add audio to existing materials. For blind or visually impaired students, understanding graphs or visuals can be difficult if not impossible. The Livescribe smartpen aims to help make graphics more accessible for the blind and visually impaired. Do you know a blind or visually impaired student using the Livescribe smartpen? Share your story with us below!

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According to a research team at the City College of New York (CCNY), tobacco dependence has a firmer grip on those who are poor or uneducated, making it harder for them to stay off cigarettes. Smokers who had participated in a statewide smoking cessation program in Arkansas were tracked following the program by researchers from CCNY's Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education. The participants came from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, and while both rich and poor groups were able to successfully quit at roughly the same rate, the poorer an individual was, the harder it was for that person to overcome cravings and ultimately remain tobacco free. Within three months of completing treatment, the poorest participants were 55 percent more likely than the richest to begin smoking again; at six months, that number jumped to 250 percent. Nationwide, Americans from households making less than $15,000 a year smoke three times more often than those making $50,000 a year or more. Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the wide disparity. Smoking provides stress relief in times of hardship, and those of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to experience hardship, facing discrimination, job insecurity, and financial troubles. In addition, lower-paying jobs are less likely to offer the protection of local, state, and federal smoke-free laws. This means that even if a person successfully quits, he will find himself surrounded by smokers at work every day. It is important to included these considerations when developing treatment programs, says the team from CCNY. Treatment focused on the needs of the middle class will necessarily require revision to fit lower economic status individuals. Suggestions include custom programs, but the CCNY team says that "booster sessions" after the main sessions are over may improve outcomes. It's hard to predict what stresses might drive someone back to cigarettes several months down the road, so it's important to continuing offering resources to those who will need them the most. Source: City College of New York

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Wisdom From the Grammar Goddess: Rhetorical CommentsBy Diane Sandford, Published on July 26, 2004 Few people realize how badly they write. —William Zinsser, On Writing Well, 5th ed. (Harper, 1994), pag People do not write well because they do not think well. They do not think well because they do not put in the effort. —E. Kim Nebeuts. Faults of literary style are often faults of character. —Anonymous. The final quotation above may seem curious. How can literary style be equated with morals or character? Writers with little substance to place on paper will occasionally try to expand their thoughts with an abundance of flowery vocabulary. It’s easy to spot writers who dabble in puffery: They pepper their writing with adjectives like very, extremely, much, etc.; and they embroider their ideas with jargon, unnecessary phrases, pretentious language, and clichés (ugh!). They focus their analysis on some small point, and write as if its significance has hitherto been unappreciated. We all do this to some extent. But when we find ourselves falling into these traps, we need to get out. So my first rule of rhetoric is to be honest in your writing: Get to the point, don’t exaggerate, and be accurate. By the way, do you suppose some morally corrupt people may be honest writers, but that some saintly people may tend to puff up their writing? Alas, human character is complicated. Anyway, here are some of the rules of rhetoric that live in my brain. 1. Write honestly. What goes around, comes around. Most of our sins catch up with us before we die. 2. Proofread, revise, and proofread once again. My father once told me that thinking was the most painful activity in the world. For some reason, most human brains prefer to do no more than superficial thinking unless survival is involved. Proofreading and revision, the lowest forms of literary thinking, are chores we all want to avoid. Nevertheless, proofreading and revision are keys to improving. Here is a striking example of what revision can do: A. In the last sentence of the Gettysburg Address there is a rallying cry for the continuation of the struggle. B. In the last sentence of the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln rallied his audience to continue the struggle against the South. —From Style: Toward Clarity and Grace, by Joseph M. Williams (The University of Chicago Press, 1990), page 28. What intellectual process took place that transformed sentence A into the more powerful sentence B? The answer is that the author examined each sentence in the essay and asked the hard questions: What am I trying to say? Can I say this more explicitly? Is this even true? A puffed-up writer will fall under the weight of his own bad habits and lack of experience in revising. It is sad but true: Inflated writing is the result of laziness, deception, poor attitude, and stupidity. Puff is not a magic dragon. 3. Avoid affectations and fancy words. For example: The second statement follows mutatis mutandis from the first. The phrase mutatis mutandis (= "with corresponding changes") is, indeed, an impressive phrase, but it is also baffling to most readers. Avoid fanciful and pretentious vocabulary. The following extract from an autobiography of the French mathematician André Weil illustrates just how bad affective writing can be: My life, or at least what deserves this name—a singularly happy life, its diverse vicissitudes withal—is bounded by my birth on May 6, 1906, and the death on May 24, 1986, of my wife and companion. It may be argued that clever phrasing and curious words make reading more interesting, and to deny an author their use limits his tools and leads to mundane writing. This is the argument of a novice who confuses poetry and song lyrics with formal prose. Both of the previous examples are demonstrations of bad communication, because the words distract from the ideas. Writers who choose words and phrases like this are treating writing as an art form much like dancing—as an end unto itself—rather than as a tool to express ideas. Samuel Johnson once recalled the following remark from a college tutor: “Read over your compositions, and wherever you meet with a passage that you think is particularly fine, strike it out." This, I think, is one of the great pieces of advice for beginners. Whenever a reader begins to notice the writing instead of the ideas carried by the writing, then the reader is being distracted. 4. Stick with the action, not the abstraction. Maybe this will help: After writing each sentence, imagine your boss, red-faced and screaming: “What are you talking about? I can’t understand you! Get to the point!” Minimize, and be concise. Your writing, like mine, is of interest only for the facts it brings the reader. Even most of those who dedicate their lives to the craft of writing don’t write particularly well. Bear in mind that your perspectives are rarely interesting to anyone else. (A striking exception, of course, is this article.) 5. Use passive constructions consciously. Here is the classic example of the passive voice: The ball was hit by the boy. This is fine if the ball is more important than the boy. If not, then change it: The boy hit the ball. The main objection to the passive is that it takes slightly more effort to parse. Notice that ball comes before boy in the passive construction above. In a long sentence, such juxtaposition may force the passive voice. In technical and scholarly writing, the passive is often needed to place emphasis on a process, rather than on an observer or on the initiator of a process. Occasionally, the passive construction does work better than the active—e.g., The book was suppressed by its own author. When you use the passive, be aware of it, and know why. A similar problem occurs with abstract verbs. The verbs lift, drop, smash, sever, destroy, for example, create mental images. The be verbs (be, been, being, am, is, are, was, were) are more abstract and require more effort to understand. Consider these two sentences: Original: A need exists for greater candidate selection efficiency. Revised: We need to select candidates more efficiently. —From Style: Style: Toward Clarity and Grace, by Joseph M. Williams, page 30. The second sentence is simple, concise, and easy to comprehend. This is generally not a problem with short sentences, but readers tire quickly when abstract verbs are used too often in complex sentences. 6. Use coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, so, for, and yet) to join parallel structures. For example: Success comes from suffering through depression and insecurity. This should be corrected to read: Success comes from suffering through depression and through insecurity. Lack of parallelism is a red flag that jars many readers. If only we had grammar police. Keep in mind that an intelligent reader is usually an unforgiving reader. 7. State your strongest arguments first. Do you think this is obvious? Aristotle taught the opposite. He also has been proven wrong through scientific tests of reading retention, but perhaps Aristotle was referring to oral debates or to the power of immediate persuasion. Some readers tune out early, so it’s important to capture their attention quickly. 8. Think. On occasion, an author is hard pressed to determine which interpretation of a sentence he or she originally intended. This occurs when writers splash words onto paper with little thought—i.e., they write before they think. Writers must constantly ask: What am I trying to say? Surprisingly, often they don’t know. —William Zinsser, On Writing Well, 5th ed. (Harper, 1994), page 12. These rules are no more—and are often considerably less—than guideposts to non-distracting communication. When followed, they do not guarantee intelligibility; when applied, they do not confer the attribute "fine writing." Even “acceptable” writing comes at the price of inordinate effort. Nothing is simple. This month’s recommended resource is Style: Toward Clarity and Grace (University of Chicago Press, 1990; reprinted in 1995), by Joseph M. Williams. The book is a bit dry, but its ultimate value repays the effort. Gleaning insight is never easy. Do you have a grammar question? Comments? Suggestions? Please let me know.

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1,802

- Nietzsche on Tragedy by M.S. Silk and J.P. Stern Cambridge, 441 pp, £27.50, March 1981, ISBN 0 521 23262 7 - Nietzsche: A Critical Life by Ronald Hayman Weidenfeld, 424 pp, £18.50, March 1980, ISBN 0 297 77636 3 - Nietzsche. Vol. 1: The Will to Power as Art by Martin Heidegger, translated by David Farrell Krell Routledge, 263 pp, £11.50, March 1981, ISBN 0 7100 0744 2 Nietzsche’s first book, The Birth of Tragedy, was published in 1872, when he was 27, and while he was a Professor of Classics at Basel. It had the unusual effect, for him, of attracting some attention at the time of its appearance: after that, Nietzsche’s writings virtually ceased to be noticed until the 1890s, by which time he was, for the last 11 years of his life, insane, virtually without speech, and out of touch with the world. Nietzsche said to his sister that this book was a ‘centaur’, a description which emphasises its oddness, underestimates its beauty, and misleads about the number of its components, since it is a blend not only of scholarship and literary prose, but of philosophy and assertive aesthetic judgment. It makes some historical claims in answer to an old question, the origin of tragedy among the Greeks; more importantly, it tries to characterise the nature of the Greek view of the world, how that is expressed in Greek tragedy, and what significance both that view and those plays can now have. According to Nietzsche, two contrasting spirits stand over Greek, and over all genuine, art – Apollo and Dionysus. Apollo represents order, civilisation and the determinate image; Dionysus represents nature, fertility, rapture, and the dissolution of individuation into collective expression. Greek tragedy was a highly stylised and formal art which arose nevertheless from the cult of Dionysus, and at its highest, in Nietzsche’s view, it represents a peculiar moment at which the forces of Apollo and Dionysus were balanced – a balance which expresses a heroic understanding and acceptance of the destructive horror of things, a ‘pessimism of strength’. These elements, the Dionysiac and the Apollonian (a term surely preferable to Silk and Stern’s ‘Apolline’), by no means merely represent, as they are often taken to do, a dichotomy of passion and reason, or of emotion and form. The basic element of the Dionysiac is indeed Rausch – ‘rapture’ in Krell’s translation of Heidegger, ‘ecstasy’ in Silk and Stern – but the corresponding idea of the Apollonian is dream, and the order which Classical art can set upon things itself has roots in a realm of illusion. The balance between these forces, and the consciousness which the tragic outlook involves, of the unity of destructive and creative forces, was embodied only in the earlier period of the Greek Classical Age – above all, in the tragedians Aeschylus and Sophocles. Of these, Nietzsche tends to emphasise Aeschylus, who was indeed the earlier, but (as Silk and Stern point out) it is certainly Sophocles who most clearly and unpityingly embodies what Nietzsche had in mind. The third great tragedian, Euripides, destroyed tragedy, according to Nietzsche, or rather helped it to destroy itself, in association with the spirit of Socrates, that spirit of ‘Alexandrian optimism’ which trusted in reason to make the most basic questions of living into matters of discursive knowledge. That same rationalistic optimism led inevitably to a depreciation of art, including Plato’s celebrated rejection of it. The Platonic consciousness, and the later forms of moralism which in various ways Nietzsche assimilated to it, could not stand the power of tragedy, nor the metaphysical conclusion which, in The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche saw as implicit in tragedy: that ‘only as an aesthetic phenomenon can existence and the world be eternally justified.’

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891

Umesh Deshmukh, PhD University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA Approximately one-third of people with lupus develop nephritis, a complication that can cause kidney failure and sometimes requires chronic dialysis or transplantation. Most research suggests that antibodies in the kidney play a role in the development of kidney failure in lupus, but exactly how this occurs is unclear. “It starts with antibodies, there's no doubt about it,” Dr. Deshmukh says. “But antibody alone is not sufficient, you have to have T cells going into the kidney,” he says. T cells regulate immune responses in lupus. Using carefully selected mouse models, Deshmukh and colleagues investigated whether it is antibodies alone that form the basis for kidney disease in lupus as well as where, when, and how T cells come into play. Through the course of their research, Dr. Deshmukh and colleagues not only gathered substantial evidence to support their original hypothesis, but went on to work on a new mouse model of lupus in which they can test new approaches to target drugs to the kidney (immunoliposomes). Their findings “change the perceived role of autoantibodies in the disease” he says. “If we find antibodies in the kidney, we jump to the conclusion that it's lupus nephritis, but our study will show that you can have antibodies in kidney and still be healthy because the damage starts with T cells.” And while not included in the current grant, Dr. Deshmukh and colleagues have already started looking at drugs that can prevent T-cell mediated damage of the kidneys. With a co-investigator, Dr. Deshmukh now has funding to explore the development of targeted drug delivery system using immunoliposome nanoparticles. Genetic complementation results in augmented autoantibody responses to lupus-associated antigens. Sim DL, Bagavant H, Scindia YM, Ge Y, Gaskin F, Fu SM, Deshmukh US. J Immunol. 2009 Sep 1;183(5):3505-11 SmD peptide induces better antibody responses to other proteins within the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex than to SmD protein via intermolecular epitope spreading. Deshmukh US, Bagavant H, Sim D, Pidiyar V, Fu SM. J. Immunol. 2007 Feb 15;178(4):2565-71 Role for nephritogenic T cells in lupus glomerulonephritis: progression to renal failure is accompanied by T cell activation and expansion in regional lymph nodes. Bagavant H, Deshmukh US, Wang H, Ly T, Fu SM. J. Immunol. 2006 Dec 1;177(11):8258-65. New insights from murine lupus: disassociation of autoimmunity and end organ damage and the role of T cells. Bagavant, H. and Fu, S.M. Deshmukh, U.S, Bagavant, H., Lewis, J., Gaskin, F., Fu, S.M. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol 2005 17:523-528. Role of anti-DNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Deshmukh US, Bagavant H, Fu SM. Autoimmun Rev. 2006 Jul;5(6):414-8. Epub 2005 Dec 7. In 2006, Dr. Deshmukh won a $1.65 million NIH grant continue this work, and in 2009 received a two-year Alliance for Lupus Research (ALR) award of $499,780 to futher explore ‘modulating renal responses: a novel therapeutic approach to lupus nephritis” (as co-investigator). Rev. July 2010 On the go? Text INFO to 50555 and opt-in to receive breaking news about lupus on your mobile phone. Message and Data Rates May Apply. Text STOP to 50555 to STOP. Text HELP to 50555 for HELP. Full Terms - B Cells - Cardiovascular System - Cell Signaling - Central Nervous System - Dendritic Cells - Environmental Triggers - Gender Matters - General Immune System Function - Human Lupus Biology - Lupus Pregnancy - New to Lupus - New Treatments - T Cells - Target Identification - Why the Lupus Immune System Reacts to Its Own DNA

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985

Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word A light meal will be served during the flight. All dishes are served with a salad. A complimentary afternoon tea is served to all guests. Dinner is served between 7 and 10 pm. The waiter served them both with salmon poached in white wine. Carolyn served them tea and cake in the garden. The cheese is best served at room temperature. He served more than 20 years in the army. Frank has served this company his whole working life. Mr Russell served as president of the Association for fifteen years. Henry served on numerous committees and commissions. I met my wife, Rachel, while serving in the Royal Navy. Sylvie served her apprenticeship with a top Paris designer. Their spare room also serves as an office. The decision should serve as a warning to companies that pollute the environment. His death serves to remind us just how dangerous using drugs can be. That's a stupid rule. What purpose is it supposed to serve? They voted for a chairman who might better serve their interests. His ability to get on with people served him well in setting up his own business. This is the British English definition of serve. View American English definition of serve. mixed together in a way that is not planned, organized, or tidy

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288

FreeBSD man pages : readlink (2) READLINK(2) FreeBSD System Calls Manual READLINK(2) readlink - read value of a symbolic link Standard C Library (libc, -lc) readlink(const char *path, char *buf, int bufsiz); Readlink() places the contents of the symbolic link path in the buffer buf, which has size bufsiz. The readlink() function does not append a NUL character to buf. The call returns the count of characters placed in the buffer if it suc- ceeds, or a -1 if an error occurs, placing the error code in the global Readlink() will fail if: [ENOTDIR] A component of the path prefix is not a directory. [ENAMETOOLONG] A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire path name exceeded 1023 characters. [ENOENT] The named file does not exist. [EACCES] Search permission is denied for a component of the [ELOOP] Too many symbolic links were encountered in translat- ing the pathname. [EINVAL] The named file is not a symbolic link. [EIO] An I/O error occurred while reading from the file sys- [EFAULT] Buf extends outside the process's allocated address lstat(2), stat(2), symlink(2), symlink(7) The readlink() function call appeared in 4.2BSD. FreeBSD 4.8 June 4, 1993 FreeBSD 4.8

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345

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) is considered to be the greatest German mathematician of the nineteenth century. His discoveries and writings influenced and left a lasting mark in the areas of number theory, astronomy, geodesy, and physics, particularly the study of electromagnetism. Gauss was born in Brunswick, Germany, on April 30, 1777, to poor, working-class parents. His father labored as a gardner and brick-layer and was regarded as an upright, honest man. However, he was a harsh parent who discouraged his young son from attending school, with expectations that he would follow one of the family trades. Luckily, Gauss' mother and uncle, Friedrich, recognized Carl's genius early on and knew that he must develop this gifted intelligence with education. While in arithmetic class, at the age of ten, Gauss exhibited his skills as a math prodigy when the stern schoolmaster gave the following assignment: "Write down all the whole numbers from 1 to 100 and add up their sum." When each student finished, he was to bring his slate forward and place it on the schoolmaster's desk, one on top of the other. The teacher expected the beginner's class to take a good while to finish this exercise. But in a few seconds, to his teacher's surprise, Carl proceeded to the front of the room and placed his slate on the desk. Much later the other students handed in their slates. At the end of the classtime, the results were examined, with most of them wrong. But when the schoolmaster looked at Carl's slate, he was astounded to see only one number: 5,050. Carl then had to explain to his teacher that he found the result because he could see that, 1+100=101, 2+99=101, 3+98=101, so that he could find 50 pairs of numbers that each add up to 101. Thus, 50 times 101 will equal 5,050. At the age of fourteen, Gauss was able to continue his education with the help of Carl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. After meeting Gauss, the Duke was so impressed by the gifted student with the photographic memory that he pledged his financial support to help him continue his studies at Caroline College. At the end of his college years, Gauss made a tremendous discovery that, up to this time, mathematicians had believed was impossible. He found that a regular polygon with 17 sides could be drawn using just a compass and straight edge. Gauss was so happy about and proud of his discovery that he gave up his intention to study languages and turned to mathematics. Duke Ferdinand continued to financially support his young friend as Gauss pursued his studies at the University of Gottingen. While there he submitted a proof that every algebraic equation has at least one root or solution. This theorem had challenged mathematicians for centuries and is called "the fundamental theorem of algebra". Gauss' next discovery was in a totally different area of mathematics. In 1801, astronomers had discovered what they thought was a planet, which they named Ceres. They eventually lost sight of Ceres but their observations were communicated to Gauss. He then calculated its exact position, so that it was easily rediscovered. He also worked on a new method for determining the orbits of new asteroids. Eventually these discoveries led to Gauss' appointment as professor of mathematics and director of the observatory at Gottingen, where he remained in his official position until his death on February 23, 1855. Carl Friedrich Gauss, though he devoted his life to mathematics, kept his ideas, problems, and solutions in private diaries. He refused to publish theories that were not finished and perfect. Still, he is considered, along with Archimedes and Newton, to be one of the three greatest mathematicians who ever lived. |Contributed by Karolee Weller| |Permission was requested by Michael Sirola in Tampere, Finland to translate this biography into Finnish for his blog. To read the Finnish translation goto http://www.designcontest.com/show/twsu-math-fi|

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855

In the medical realm and other areas (e.g., automotive, networking), architects often ask themselves at the time a new product has to be designed if they can afford application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). In past years, a lot has been published about the pros and con of using ASICs. These reports always speak about power consumption, size, and capabilities, but in the end there is a prohibitive factor: the price. In the past year, the price of masks has increased considerably, and it is expected to increase even more. Prices above $5 million for masks are not so uncommon anymore. Who can actually afford such costs!? This problem can be more acute for some high-performance, demanding applications such as medical imaging. In such applications we need to have significant processing capabilities and good power consumption performances… Sure, a well-designed ASIC would work wonders here. For an OEM, a dream come true would be to convince a semiconductor company to take an ASIC, pack it with some ARM and/or other cores and add some peripheries (e.g., LVDS, USB) and produce a chip. That sounds good in theory, but in practice it is not so easy. Semiconductor companies are reluctant to produce chips that can be sold only to one customer, except in cases where the money is right. In the consumer market the sales volume is significant, but in a medical environment the number of sold parts is small so there has to be a special deal between the OEM and the semiconductor company. One can imagine that only a big enough OEM can afford to consider such a direction. For example, if we would produce at this moment a VScan- (GE) or P10- (Siemens) like device (small, handheld ultrasound scanners) with a mask cost of $5 million, we would have to sell around 600 such devices for the amortization of only the mask cost. One has to sell 5000–6000 such devices to obtain a decent margin. These cost problems will be reflected ultimately in the cost of care, in the amount of money each of us is contributing to the system. So, what is the solution to this cost problem? One solution would be to use off-the-shelf hardware that is widely used in other applications. Sure, nothing can be more power efficient than a well-designed ASIC, but the price tag attached is a little prohibitive. Since I am more or less active in the medical imaging area, let's see what off-the-shelf hardware we can use there. For the signal processing part: For the display and user interface part: GPUs nowadays are very sophisticated and powerful, and it is definitely worth it to consider them for some bigger sized devices. FPGAs and DSPs are common solutions for signal processing applications, and the Figure 1 summarizes the capabilities and costs of each (in a medical ultrasound application). Figure 1. The capabilities and costs of FPGAs and DSPs. Atom and ARM cores are proven architectures in the consumer area, so it is only natural to be present in the selection of display and interface section. Power architecture–based devices are used more in the networking domain, and as such, they might be a little off limits due to possible on-chip accelerators, lack of connectivity, etc. Regarding the off-the-shelf ASICs, Samplify Systems, for instance, designs frontends for the medical ultrasound. The user has some degree of freedom to bring some of his IP inside, but not much. Because the frontend characteristics are practically the parts that will determine in the end the image quality, this is a sensitive area. It is very difficult to sell such a product to many OEMs because there will be no real differentiation between products and because many of the OEMs already have patented and tested solutions of their own. In my next posts I will speak about some of the off the shelf hardware available nowadays, and we can debate the suitablily of these architecutres. Robert Krutsch is a DSP software engineer at Freescale Semiconductor. He received a bachelors degree specializing in automatics and computer science from the Polytechnic University of Timisoara, a bachelors degree from the Automation Institute at the University of Bremen, and a doctorate degree in automatic control from Polytechnic University of Bucharest.

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913

The lacrimal or tear gland, located at the top outer edge of the eye, produces the watery portion of tears. The nasolacrimal duct system allows tears to drain from each eye into the nose. Disorders of these structures can lead to either eyes that water excessively or dry eyes. They may be congenital (present at birth) or caused by infection, foreign objects in the eye, or trauma. Disorders of the nasal cavity and tear ducts are not as common in cats as they are in dogs. However, a few disorders occasionally are seen in this species. Blockage of the Nasal Duct (Epiphora) Occasionally cats will experience a chronic overflow of tears due to an obstruction of the nasal duct called epiphora. This is more common in Persian and Himalayan breeds. In most cases, there is no reason for concern when this occurs, as it does not lead to any medical problems. However, if appearance is an issue, the condition can be corrected surgically. Inflammation of the Tear Sac (Dacryocystitis) Inflammation of the tear sac is rare in cats. It is usually caused by obstruction of the tear sac and the attached nasolacrimal tear duct by inflammatory debris, foreign objects, or masses pressing on the duct. It results in watering eyes, conjunctivitis that is resistant to treatment, and occasionally a draining opening in the middle of the lower eyelid. If your veterinarian suspects an obstruction of the duct, he or she may attempt to unblock it by flushing it with sterile water or a saline solution. X‑rays of the skull after injection of a dye into the duct may be necessary to determine the site, cause, and outlook of longterm obstructions. The usual therapy consists of keeping the duct unblocked and using eyedrops containing antibiotics. When the tear duct has been irreversibly damaged, surgery may be necessary to create a new drainage pathway to empty tears into the nasal cavity, sinus, or mouth. Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) The condition known as dry eye results from inadequate tear production. It often causes persistent mucus and pus-filled conjunctivitis and slow-healing sores (ulcers) and scarring on the cornea. Dry eye is not common in cats but has been associated with longterm feline herpesvirus-1 infections. Topical therapy consists of artificial tear solutions, ointments, and, if there are no scars on the cornea, medications that contain steroids. In longterm dry eye resistant to medical therapy, surgery may be required to correct the condition. Last full review/revision July 2011 by Kirk N. Gelatt, VMD; David G. Baker, DVM, MS, PhD, DACLAM; A. K. Eugster, DVM, PhD

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Adam Health Illustrated Encyclopedia Multimedia - TestSearch Health Information Creatine phosphokinase test Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This article discusses the test to measure the amount of CPK in the blood. CPK test; Creatine kinase; CK test How the test is performed A blood sample is needed. This may be taken from a vein. The procedure is called a venipuncture. This test may be repeated over 2 or 3 days for if you are a patient in the hospital. How to prepare for the test Usually, no special preparation is necessary. Tell your doctor about any medications you are taking. Drugs that can increase CPK measurements include amphotericin B, certain anesthetics, statins, fibrates, dexamethasone, alcohol, and cocaine. How the test will feel When the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, or only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing. Why the test is performed When the total CPK level is very high, it usually means there has been injury or stress to muscle tissue, the heart, or the brain. Muscle tissue injury is most likely. When a muscle is damaged, CPK leaks into the bloodstream. Determining which specific form of CPK is high helps doctors determine which tissue has been damaged. This test may be used to: - Diagnose heart attack - Evaluate cause of chest pain - Determine if or how badly a muscle is damaged - Detect dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and other muscle diseases - Tell the difference between malignant hyperthermia and postoperative infection The pattern and timing of a rise or fall in CPK levels can be diagnostically significant, particularly if a heart attack is suspected. Except in unusual cases, other tests are used to diagnose a heart attack. Total CPK normal values: - 10 - 120 micrograms per liter (mcg/L) Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. What abnormal results mean High CPK levels may be seen in patients who have: - Brain injury or stroke - Delirium tremens - Dermatomyositis or polymyositis - Electric shock - Heart attack - Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) - Lung tissue death (pulmonary infarction) - Muscular dystrophies Additional conditions may give positive test results: What the risks are There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include: - Excessive bleeding - Fainting or feeling light-headed - Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) - Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken) Other tests should be done to determine the exact location of muscle damage. Factors that may affect test results include cardiac catheterization, intramuscular injections, trauma to muscles, recent surgery, and heavy exercise. Anderson JL. ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and complications of myocardial infarction. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 73. Chinnery PF. Muscle diseases. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 429. Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.

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907

This early masterpiece of the Arts and Crafts Movement exemplifies the collaborative endeavors of William Morris and his circle to improve design standards. Morris believed that a return to the principles of medieval production, with fine artists creating functional objects, could help overcome the evils of industrialization. This cabinet, one of several in which Morris enlisted the participation of Sir Edward Burne-Jones, is an attempt to erase the distinction between the fine and the applied arts. The painting on leather with a punched background is itself a craftsman's medium. Although the cabinet is usually described as in the "medieval style," it is actually a vivid example of the ability of the Morris firm to convert the eclecticism that marked much of the art of the late nineteenth century into an original and modern style. Although Burne-Jones's painted figures are in medieval costume much of the decoration is equally Oriental in inspiration. Philip Webb's straightforward design, however, which boldly displays the casework skeleton on the exterior, anticipated the emphasis on structural elements that would inform the design revolution of the next century.

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215

Watch a video to find out. Stay logged in Go to Navigation Go to Content Go to Search Back to browse highlights Doorway from Abbey of Notre-Dame at Nevers Seated Virgin and Child Browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events. This artwork is currently on display in Gallery 001 According to tradition, the monastery of Moutiers-Saint-Jean was founded by the first Christian kings of France, Clovis I and his son Clothar I. They are almost certainly depicted in the standing figures presenting their charters, now installed in the embrasures on either side of the portal. The small seated figures in the flanking niches represent biblical personages believed to prefigure or foretell Christ's Crucifixion. The tympanum above the doorway depicts Christ crowning the Virgin as the Queen of Heaven. This portal, probably from the north aisle of the cloister, would have led from the monastic precinct into the abbey church. The portal suffered severe damage during the sixteenth-century Wars of Religion; the heads of the two kings may have been repaired in the seventeenth century. From the abbey of Moutiers-Saint-Jean, near Dijon, FranceMlle. Cambillarc , Moutiers-St.-Jean, France ; Jean Peslier , Vézelay, France ; [ Brummer Gallery , Paris and New York (sold 1932)] © 2000–2013 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. All rights reserved.

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317

Benjamin Franklin was born to a poor soap boiler on January 17, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was one of many children in his family, and he learned to appreciate the rewards of hard work at age twelve as an apprentice at his brother James' printing shop. By the age of seventeen, Franklin's skills as a printer had become so strong that at twenty-two he left Boston to open his own printing shop in Pennsylvania. This is where he developed his two most famous publications, The Pennsylvania Gazette, the most popular newspaper in the colonies, and the annual Poor Richard's Almanac. Franklin was one of the first printers to use cartoons in his publications in order to accommodate the people who had not learned to read. He believed that his publications were a way to get information to every person, not just those who could read. In Pennsylvania, Franklin founded organizations, became involved in the community, and assembled a vast collection of inventions that would allow people to live better lives. He started the first circulatory library known as the American Philosophical Society and founded an academy that would soon become the University of Pennsylvania. As a journalist, Franklin was constantly putting on and taking off his reading glasses. He became frustrated with the repetition of this task, so he cut the bottom half of his reading classes and put them in the frames of another pair of spectacles. He had given birth to the bifocals, which many of us still use today. His scientific mind was always looking for ways to make life easier. This led him to invent the lightning rod, the Franklin stove, the odometer, and a variety of devices like the wooden "long arm." He also created the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live safer lives. In 1748, Franklin retired from printing in order to focus his attention on electricity. Franklin developed many electrical theories and often found innovative, and sometimes quite dangerous, ways to test them. One of his most well known theories was that lightning is a form of electricity. Discovering evidence to support this notion at first seemed to be a very difficult endeavor to achieve. How was he going to actually access lightning, a phenomenon that had mystified humans for thousands of years? Franklinís letters indicate that he initially planned a scheme that would involve a spire that was being built on a church in Philadelphia. He soon decided, however, that the spire would not be nearly tall enough to provide him adequate access to the clouds where lightning forms during a storm. A kite, he realized, could be flown to great heights, leading to the famous kite and key experiment. Reportedly in June of 1752, Franklin and his son (who was twenty-one at the time, rather than a young boy as often appears in illustrations of the famous experiment) ventured into an open field as a thunderstorm approached. There they sent up a kite Franklin had constructed from silk. Because he knew that metal was a conductor of electricity, Franklin attached a metal rod to the top of the kite and a large metal key near the bottom of the string by which he held the kite. He thought that if lightning really were electricity, then it would charge the metal rod and would travel down the string to the key, electrifying it as well. The experiment worked exactly as he hoped. After flying the kite in the thunderclouds for some time, he noticed that the key gave off sparks when he touched it, a clear sign that it was electrified. An educated Franklin brought his intellectual ideas and superior communication skills to the politics of a forming nation. In 1757, Franklin was sent to England as a representative of the colonies in the quarrel between England and the Colonies, and he returned as an advocate of independence. He served as a member of the Continental Congress where he helped Thomas Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Franklin then became the ambassador to France, where he persuaded the French to aid the Americans in the Revolutionary War. He continued to serve the young nation in assisting the creation of the compromises developed at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. As a journalist, scientist, inventor, statesmen, philosopher, musician, and economist, Benjamin Franklin can be thought of as a colonial Renaissance man. Through hard work and great ideas, Franklin helped shaped a young nation with the aid of his many hard-earned skills. Benjamin Franklin was a pivotal player in the foundation of the United States of America. BACK TO PIONEERS IN OPTICS Questions or comments? Send us an email. © 1995-2013 by Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University. All Rights Reserved. No images, graphics, software, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners. Last Modification Friday, May 18, 2007 at 03:48 PM Access Count Since December 24, 1999: 62950 Visit the websites of our partners in education:

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1,036

Did San Luis Obispo produce any goods? Were they well-known for producing anything? Did San Luis Obispo produce any goods? Were they well-known for producing anything? I'm working on a Mission report and I can't find any literature on The primary products produced by the missions were cow hides and tallow. The cow hides were also known as Yankee dollars, because they were traded for manufactured goods brought by ships which were mostly from Boston. San Luis Obispo was also famous for being the first mission to make roofing tiles, which the other missions soon copied. As of 1832, the last year for which records were kept, San Luis Obispo had a herd of 2.500 cattle and 5,432 sheep. San Luis Obispo also had large agricultural fields under cultivation.

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169

A new video explores the pros and cons of digital devices vs paper tools for recording and organizing ideas. It's a fun exercise to do. Like: no doubt that with Moleskine notebooks sharing demands a bit more effort. But they are more personal and need no batteries nor cables. No pinch-zoom function available on paper, but note taking can be quicker and more convenient than on a smart phone. This list of pros and cons could go on forever. Or, is there a way of connecting smart phones to notebooks? Moleskine started to experiment on it, with the Smart Notebook created with Evernote, for augmented notebooking. Smart Phones vs Moleskine Notebooks? 08 November 2012 Have a look at the video and leave your comments about pros and cons of notebooks vs digital devices or on possible ways of connecting the two. Enjoy.

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182

Term applied to the work of Giorgio De Chirico and Carlo Carrà before and during World War I and thereafter to the works produced by the Italian artists who grouped around them. Pittura Metafisica was characterized by a recognizable iconography: a fictive space was created in the painting, modelled on illusionistic one-point perspective but deliberately subverted. In de Chirico’s paintings this established disturbingly deep city squares, bordered by receding arcades and distant brick walls; or claustrophobic interiors, with steeply rising floors. Within these spaces classical statues and, most typically, metaphysical mannequins (derived from tailors’ dummies) provided a featureless and expressionless, surrogate human presence. Balls, coloured toys and unidentifiable solids, plaster moulds, geometrical instruments, military regalia and small realistic paintings were juxtaposed on exterior platforms or in crowded interiors and, particularly in Carrà’s work, included alongside the mannequins. In the best paintings these elements were combined to give a disconcerting image of reality and to capture the disquieting nature of the everyday. The thinking behind this approach derived from the melancholic personalities of de Chirico and his brother, the writer and composer Alberto Savinio. It was encouraged by their reading (c. 1910) of the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer and Otto Weininger. They became interested in Nietzche’s notion of the eternal return and the circularity of time, which supported their own views about the re-enactment of myth. Their central concern was true reality (where the past recurs), which is hidden behind the reality of appearances and visible only to the ‘clearsighted’ at enigmatic moments. In his paintings de Chirico sought to unmask reality and reveal its mysterious truth. The modification of perspective and depiction of mundane objects provided the appropriate context. In Paris (1911–15), de Chirico and Savinio became close friends of Guillaume Apollinaire , finding parallels to their understanding of Nietzsche in his conviction that the unifying element in contemporary painting was the idea of ‘surprise’, suggesting the inevitability of fate. It was Apollinaire who first called de Chirico’s painting ‘metaphysical’, referring to works produced in 1910 and 1911 (L’Intransigeant, 30 Oct 1913). De Chirico had been influenced by the work of the Symbolists and by that of Arnold Böcklin. By 1917, in Ferrara, he was painting in a simplified manner, in which crisp areas of colour outlined in black and a clear, dry modelling complement the disturbing subject-matter. Carrà met de Chirico and Savinio for the first time in Ferrara in February 1917. A leading Futurist, Carrà had begun to withdraw from the movement in 1915 as he became interested in the combination of simplicity and monumentality in the work of Giotto and Paolo Uccello. Paring away superfluous detail in his paintings, he applied the structural lessons of these masters to figures and ordinary objects, attempting to reconcile art and nature. His understanding of Giotto’s use of a perspective subservient to the pictorial structure prepared him for the destabilizing space used by de Chirico. Carrà’s style fluctuated during these investigations, but in the metaphysical style of de Chirico he found a solution. The two painters worked closely for some months in 1917; while theoretical differences remained, their stylistic solution became known as Pittura Metafisica, a term that they were happy to apply to their work. The Roman periodical Valori plastici appeared for the first time in November 1918 and became the proponent of Arte Metafisica, which had widened its activities in the preceding year. Savinio’s first book, Hermaphrodito, was published in 1918; Carrà held a show in Milan (1917–18), which included his Ferrarese works. De Chirico exhibited in Rome in 1918 (with Carrà) and 1919. During World War I the artists in Ferrara had been in touch with the periodical La raccolta in nearby Bologna. Through this connection Giorgio Morandi absorbed the metaphysical style; for a time c. 1918/19 his works came close to Carrà’s, in the crisp rendering of a limited group of objects. Morandi’s work was illustrated in Valori plastici, and he exhibited with de Chirico and Carrà but soon passed on to other considerations. In 1919 Carrà published Pittura Metafisica; the book understated de Chirico’s importance in these developments and led to acrimony. A year later Filippo de Pisis, who had been part of the Ferrara group, published his lyrical prose collection about Ferrara, La città dalle 100 meraviglie. Although collages survive from 1916, de Pisis began to paint seriously only in 1919, using a soft impressionistic style for his vaguely metaphysical still-lifes. At this time the sculptor Arturo Martini, although dispensing with the characteristic perspective and mannequins, went some way towards reconciling Carrà’s Giottesque monumentality with the foreboding of de Chirico’s paintings by means of his small, clay figures. Martini’s use of the figure was symptomatic of Valori plastici’s sympathy towards the so-called post-war ‘rappel à l’ordre’. In its years of publication (1918–21), when the theoretical background of Arte Metafisica was being clarified by Savinio, de Chirico and Carrà, the style of both painters shifted radically from the position of 1917 to concentrate on the figure. Several major artists were attracted by this development: Mario Sironi’s totemic mannequins turned into brooding solitary figures; and Felice Casorati used steep perspectives leading to dark interiors as the settings for his models. In Germany the impact of the two Valori plastici travelling exhibitions (1921 and 1924) was considerable. Featureless mannequins began to appear in the work of George Grosz, Rudolf Schlichter and Oskar Schlemmer. The effect was felt most profoundly, however, by Max Ernst. On his arrival in Paris in 1922, Ernst’s painting reflected the admiration of his poet friends for de Chirico. At that time only one painter, Pierre Roy (a pre-war friend of de Chirico), showed the influence of metaphysical art, but the painters who became Surrealists after Ernst almost all passed through a period of stylistic debt to de Chirico, notably Salvador Dalí and Alberto Giacometti (the leading creators of the Surrealist Object), René Magritte and Paul Delvaux. These groups—Novecento Italiano in Italy, Magic Realism in Germany and international Surrealism—carried the style into the 1930s. Although Carrà occasionally painted metaphysical works, it was only in the paintings of Savinio and de Chirico that the philosophical background of Pittura Metafisica persisted. From Grove Art Online © 2009 Oxford University Press

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1,566

Reasons to Attend a Presentation Dates and Times of Presentations How to Reserve/Schedule a Time: 90 minutes Content: Definitions of rape/sexual assault Discussion of rape myths and effects of rape Cultural contributors to rape -avoid committing sexual assault -help a friend who has been raped -speak out against rape Audience: Any men who want to learn more about how to prevent sexual assault. Great for male residence halls, fraternities, athletic teams, and other male organizations. Presenters: Males who are trained in sexual assault prevention and who do NOT believe that “every man is a potential rapist.” Requests: Requests for presentations can be emailed to [email protected] or by calling 994-5682. Reduce the likelihood that the crimes of rape or sexual assault will occur within your organization. In addition to being criminal offenses, rape and sexual assault can bring sanctions from the university as well as national governing bodies, and can ruin the reputations of your members, the organization, the team, or the university. -Good Public Relations When a rape or sexual assault occurs (or is even rumored to have occurred) within an organization, word quickly spreads to beware of that group. Taking an active part in sexual assault prevention allows the rest of the MSU community see your organization in a positive light. Depending on your level of involvement, your group can be listed on the MSR website as a supporter so that others can see that your organization is committed to preventing sexual violence. -Protect and Educate Your Members A large number of men who committed rape or sexual assault didn’t know they had committed a crime, even though their actions clearly met legal criteria for these offenses. An MSR presentation will teach your members what the laws are and how to look out for yourself and your friends. -Help Protect Females We all have females who are close to us: friends, girlfriends, sisters, and mothers. Department of Justice statistics show that 1 in 4 women will be a victim of rape. Learning about sexual assault, rape, and what you can do to prevent it helps educate others and works towards keeping women safe. Presentations for Fall have not yet been scheduled. Call us to arrange a special presentation for your group, or watch this space for a schedule or presentations. To reserve a spot at one of the presentations, please call 994-5682. Spaces are limited to 15-20 people, so call soon to get the day and time you want! Feel free to bring snacks or beverages, but please be prepared to stay for the entire duration of the presentation. In some cases, we may be able to come to your organization and present directly; call for details.

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574

OTTAWA — Hop cultivation, which has been dormant in Quebec for more than 60 years, could see a revival, thanks to a $400,000 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Quebec Ministry of Agriculture research project in a rural part of the province. The study will help two farmers in Pontiac Country, near the Ontario border, grow 10 varieties of hops to determine which ones grow best and are most disease-resistant. The research project is expected to last three to five years. Jacques Lance, who has a 364-hectare farm on Grand Calumet Island, said hop cultivation could help Quebec cattle and cash crop farmers diversify their crops and increase their incomes. Richard Gravel, an Agriculture Canada spokesman, said scientists suggested the project in 2005 when the price of hops doubled. Gravel said almost all Quebec microbreweries are interested in the Pontiac study because they want locally produced hops. Lance said the price of hops — green cone-shaped flowers that give beer a bitter tang — recently increased by more than 400 per cent in one year. He said even though the price has since declined he hopes to receive at least $10 a pound for this year's crop from a small, experimental plot. An Agriculture Canada explanation of the project said it would transfer hop-growing techniques to other farms, improve regional economies and meet the needs of microbreweries. Lawrence Cannon, MP for Pontiac and foreign affairs minister, and Jean-Pierre Blackburn, the minister of state for agriculture, announced the government investment in hop production at Lance's farm about 100 kilometres northwest of Ottawa on Thursday. Lance said a shortage of hops has forced the price up and made it difficult for some microbreweries to find a reliable supply. "The basic plan is to help farmers diversify their incomes and help microbreweries," Lance said. "The Quebec microbreweries are looking for a made-in-Quebec product because some growers told them they might not be able to supply them with hops any more. "There had been a couple of bad years and that created a shortage. Hops had been selling at $4 to $5 a pound and then they went up to $40 or $50. Some big breweries tried to buy up almost all the hops and that left the microbreweries with a big problem."

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481

El Castillo/Temple of Kukulcán The most dramatic structure in Chichén Itzá is El Castillo (the Castle), also known as the Temple of Kukulcán. At 24 meters (79 feet) it’s the tallest structure on the site, and certainly the most recognizable. Dating to around A.D. 850, the Castillo was built according to strict astronomical guidelines. There are nine levels, which, divided by the central staircase, make for 18 platforms, the number of months in the Maya calendar. Each of the four sides has 91 steps; together with the platform on top, there are 365 steps, or one for each day of the year. There are 52 inset panels on each face, equal to the number of years in each cycle of the Calendar Round. On the spring and autumn equinoxes (March 21 and September 22), the afternoon sun lights up a bright zigzag strip on the outside wall of the north staircase and the giant serpent heads at the base, giving the appearance of a serpent slithering down the steps. Chichén Itzá is mobbed during those periods, especially by spiritual-minded folks seeking communion with the ancient Mayas. The effect also occurs in the days just before and after the equinox, and there are many fewer people blocking the view. Climbing the Castillo used to be a given for any visit to Chichén Itzá, and the views from its top level are breathtaking. However, an elderly tourist died in 2005, after tumbling from near the top of the pyramid to the ground. The accident, combined with longtime warnings from archaeologists that the structure was being irreparably eroded by the hundreds of thousands of visitors who climbed it yearly, prompted officials to close it off. Pyramids at other sites have been restricted as well, and it’s looking more and more like a permanent policy. Deep inside the Castillo, and accessed by way of a steep, narrow staircase are several chambers. Inside one archaeologists discovered a red-painted, jade-studded figure of a jaguar. © Gary Chandler & Liza Prado from Moon Yucatán Peninsula, 9th edition

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462

Radnor Lake State Natural Area Just seven miles southwest of downtown Nashville, Radnor Lake State Natural Area (Otter Creek Rd., 615/373-3467) provides a natural escape for visitors and residents of the city. Eighty-five acre Radnor Lake was created in 1914 by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company, which impounded Otter Creek to do so. The lake was to provide water for the railroad’s steam engines. By the 1940s, the railroad’s use of the lake ended and 20 years later the area was threatened by development. Local residents, including the Tennessee Ornithological Society, successfully rallied against development and Radnor Lake State Natural Area was established in 1973. There are six miles of hiking trails around the lake, and Otter Creek Road, which is closed to vehicular traffic, is open to bicycles and walkers. A nature museum at the visitors center describes some of the 240 species of birds and hundreds of species of plants and animals that live at Radnor. The visitors center is open Sunday–Thursday 9 a.m.–4 p.m. and Friday–Saturday 8 a.m.–4 p.m. Radnor is well-used and well-loved by Nashvillians, and for good reason. Very few American cities have such a large and pristine natural area so close to the urban center. © Susanna Henighan Potter from Moon Tennessee, 5th Edition

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299

Since the 1960s, Washington has clamped a strict trade embargo on Cuba in the expectation that economic distress would oust Castro or at least moderate his behavior. Since 1996 the U.S. embargo has been embodied in law (heretofore it was an executive order). Here’s what Uncle Sam says the embargo, enacted on February 3, 1962, by President Kennedy, is about: The fundamental goal of U.S. policy toward Cuba is to promote a peaceful transition to a stable, democratic form of government and respect for human rights. Our policy has two fundamental components: maintaining pressure on the Cuban Government for change through the embargo and the Libertad Act while providing humanitarian assistance to the Cuban people, and working to aid the development of civil society in the country. Critics call it a violation of international law that injures and threatens the welfare of Cuban people. The United Nations General Assembly routinely votes to condemn it (the 2009 vote was 187-3, with only Palau and Israel—which trades with Cuba—joining the United States in voting against the resolution). Uncle Sam even fines foreign companies doing business with Cuba. Talk about shooting oneself in the foot! For example, when Hilton and Sheraton hotels worldwide were banned from accepting Cuban trade delegations, European unions and parliamentarians initiated a boycott of the hotel chains, while the Mexican government even fined Sheraton US$100,000 for expelling Cuban guests in violation of international law. Meanwhile, the ultimate irony and hypocrisy is that although no Cuban goods can be sold to the United States, the U.S. does permit sales of “agricultural” and certain other goods to Cuba under a waiver that runs from daiquiri mix to rolls of newsprint (even the Communist rag, Granma, is printed on paper from Alabama), to the tune of US$718 million in 2008! The effects of the embargo (which Castro calls el bloqueo, or blockade) are much debated. In 1999, Cuba filed a claim for US$181 billion in reparations. However, in 2000, the International Trade Commission (ITC) determined that the embargo has had a minimal impact on the Cuban economy, citing domestic policies as the main cause of Cuba’s economic woes (for three decades, the effects of the embargo were almost entirely offset by massive subsidies from the Soviet Union). As President Carter noted during his visit to Havana in May 2002: “These restraints are not the source of Cuba’s economic problems. Cuba can trade with more than 100 countries, and buy medicines, for example, more cheaply in Mexico than in the United States.” The paradox is that the policy achieves the opposite effect to its stated goals: It provides a wonderful excuse for the Communist system’s economic failings, and a rationale to suppress dissidents and civil liberties under the aegis of national security for an island under siege. It also permits Fidel Castro to perform the role of Cuba’s anti-imperialistic savior that he has cast for himself. Although State Department officials privately admit that the embargo is the fundamental source of Fidel’s hold on power, U.S. presidents are wed to what Ann Louise Bardach calls a “transparently disastrous policy, trading off sensible and enduring solutions for short-term electoral gains [in Florida]” in response to fanatically anti-Castroite Cuban-American interests. U.S. citizens who oppose the embargo and restrictions on U.S. citizens’ constitutional right to travel can make their views known to representatives in Washington. Contact Your Senator or Representative in Congress (U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510, tel. 202/224-3121 or 800/839-5276, www.house.gov and www.senate.gov ). Write a simple, moderate, straightforward letter to your representative that makes the argument for ending the travel ban and embargo and requests he/she cosponsor a bill to that effect. Write or Call the President (The President, The White House, Washington, DC 20500, tel. 202/456-1414, president [at] whitehouse [dot] gov). Also call or fax the White House Comment Line (202/456-1111, fax 202/456-2461, www.whitehouse.gov ) and the Secretary of State (202/647-4000, www.state.gov/secretary ). Publicize Your Concern. Write a simple, moderate, straightforward letter to the editor of your local newspaper as well as any national newspapers or magazines and make the argument for ending the embargo. Support the Freedom to Travel Campaign. Contact the Latin America Working Group (424 C St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, tel. 202/546-7010, www.lawg.org ), which campaigns to lift the travel restrictions and U.S. embargo, monitors legislators, and can advise on how representatives have voted on Cuba-related issues; and sign the Orbitz Open Cuba (www.opencuba.org ) petition.

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1,046

Definitions of human a. - Belonging to man or mankind; having the qualities or attributes of a man; of or pertaining to man or to the race of man; as, a human voice; human shape; human nature; human sacrifices. 2 n. - A human being. 2 The word "human" uses 5 letters: A H M N U. No direct anagrams for human found in this word list. List shorter words within human, sorted by length All words formed from human by changing one letter Browse words starting with human by next letter

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123

Hidden for 10,000 years, Inner Space Cavern is one of the best preserved caves in Texas and one of the few places where remains of prehistoric animals were unearthed. Inner Space Cavern was discovered by a Texas Highway Department core drilling team in the Spring of 1963. While drilling through 40 feet of solid limestone, the bit broke into what is now known as Inner Space Cavern. An adventurous employee of the highway department was lowered into the hole while standing on the drill bit and holding tightly to the stem. He was the first human being to enter INNER SPACE. What an exciting voyage this must have been! So come explore with us and let us show you our side of Texas!

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152

Balancing foundational information with a real world approach to inclusion, Inclusion: Effective Practices for All Students, 2e equips teachers to create effective inclusive classrooms. The most applied text in the market, this second edition sharpens its focus and its organization to more clearly outline best practices for inclusive classrooms. The book’s three part structure opens with the foundational materials you’ll need to truly understand inclusive classrooms, followed by brief categorical chapters to give you the information you need to meet the needs of all students. Finally, field tested and research based classroom strategies are laid out on perforated pages to make the transition from theory to practice seamless. Table of Contents Inclusion: Effective Practices for All Students, 2e Part I: Foundations of Successful Inclusion 1. What Is Inclusion and Why Is It Important? 2. Inclusion: Historical Trends, Current Practices, and Tomorrow’s Challenges Part 2: Who are the Students in an Inclusive Classroom? 3. Students with Learning Disabilities 4. Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 5. Students with Intellectual Disabilities 6. Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities 7. Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders 8. Students with Communication Disorders and Students with Sensory Impairments 9. Students with Physical Disabilities, Health impairments, and Multiple Disabilities Part 3: Effective Practices to Meet All Students’ Needs Chapter 10 Collaboration and Teaming To Support Inclusion Chapter 11 Formal Plans and Planning for Differentiated Instruction Chapter 12 Teaching Students from Diverse Backgrounds Chapter 13 Effective Instruction in Core Academic Areas:Teaching Reading, Writing, and Mathematics Chapter 14 Effective Instructionin Secondary Content Areas Chapter 15 Effective Classroom Management for All Students Chapter 16 Using Technology to Support Inclusion $152.00 | Free Ground Shipping. MyLab and Mastering products deliver customizable content and highly personalized study paths, responsive learning tools, and real-time evaluation and diagnostics. MyLab and Mastering products help move students toward the moment that matters most—the moment of true understanding and learning. $88.00 | ISBN-13: 978-0-13-290203-8 With CourseSmart eTextbooks and eResources, you save up to 60% off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs. Once you have purchased your eTextbooks and added them to your CourseSmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere. $60.99 | ISBN-13: 978-0-13-288900-1 Books a la Carte are less-expensive, loose-leaf versions of the same textbook. $98.80 | ISBN-13: 978-0-13-300784-8

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590

lot of wisdom that comes down from centuries cannot be proven scientifically. Yet the modern world acknowledges a debt of gratitude to ancient people who passed down their knowledge to their children who in turn transmitted the knowledge to their children. this reason, anthropologists and scientists study remote tribes in place like Latin America or the Andaman Islands. They feel they can learn a lot of ancient wisdom from tribals. Ayurveda, homeopathy, and Unani medicine aren't taught in Europe or America. But they thrive in India. Primitive tribals in Latin America, for instance, will cure a fever by getting a patient to swallow a soup made form boiled roots and leaves. They are illiterate, if you ask them how the soup works, They will shrug and say they don't know. But their inherited knowledge has come down over the centuries. It's the same thing with tantric items. They work on the premise of staunch belief.

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204

Texas Dust Storms The same weather system that brought snow and ice to the American Midwest just after Thanksgiving 2005 also kicked up significant dust in western Texas and eastern Mexico. The winds associated with this cold front also fanned the flames of grass fires in the region, adding smoke to the mixture of aerosols. The most obvious dust cloud is a pale beige dust plume swirling through Texas and Mexico. However, a second, more orange-colored cloud of dust blows across northern Texas. Parts of northern Texas saw wind speeds around 60 miles per hour. Resulting dust storms reduced visibility to just 2.5 miles in some areas, and swamped local fire departments with calls regarding both fires and downed power lines. Image Credit: NASA/GSFC/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team/Jeff Schmaltz

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165

A few days ago, I wrote a post about why the word barrel is abbreviated bbl. I thought I had done my homework. I had checked my sources and it seemed like my post was reliably sourced (going back as early as 1904) when I had attributed the abbreviation bbl to the use of blue colored barrels in the Pennsylvania oil industry in the 1860s. Thankfully, an anonymous reader wrote in with a tip saying that bbl was in use long before the Pennsylvania oil industry. Sure enough, I did a little poking around on the internet and found some old cargo manifests from the early days of sail. I found one as early as 1764 that use the bbl abbreviation and it was certainly in use even before this. (Manifest of the brig Sally, dated September 11, 1764 - note the bbl abbreviation) So where did bbl come from? I contacted three reference librarians across the country, and after doing their research, all three came back with the "blue barrel" answer. When after I explained my earlier cargo manifest finds, one librarian from New York still put up a defense saying that "blue barrel" was well researched and had a long history of documented evidence. One site I found took a couple of good guesses stating that the "b" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural (1 bl, 2 bbl), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. Of course these are just guesses. I'll keep looking for a satisfactory answer and I'll let you know if I find anything. Of course if there's someone else with more information, feel free to post in the comments.

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351

The military ban on women in combat is coming to an end. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta announced the overturning of a 1994 Pentagon rule that restricts women from artillery, armor, and infantry jobs. This country has had a storied history of women fighting for the country, despite various forces dissuading them from doing so. As of last year, for example, more than 800 women have been wounded in Iraq and Afghanistan (where about 20,000 women have served) despite the combat ban. But the story is older than that, as old as the country even. A woman by the name of Margaret Cochran fought in the Revolutionary War, and hundreds of women disguised themselves as men just to take up arms in the Civil War. According to the National Archives, as many as 400 women fought during the Civil War while concealing their gender. Mary Livermore of the U.S. Sanitary Commission wrote in 1888: Some one has stated the number of women soldiers known to the service as little less than four hundred. I cannot vouch for the correctness of this estimate, but I am convinced that a larger number of women disguised themselves and enlisted in the service, for one cause or other, than was dreamed of. Entrenched in secrecy, and regarded as men, they were sometimes revealed as women, by accident or casualty. Some startling histories of these military women were current in the gossip of army life. Let’s meet some of these women who, in a sense, paved the way for today's ban reversal. Here are four women who fought, compiled from Larry G. Eggleston's Women in the Civil War. - Loretta Janeta Velazquez was a total badass. Born to a rich Cuban aristocrat, Velazquez’s wealth played a key role in her fighting for the Confederate army. When her husband, William, went off to war in 1861, Velazquez wanted so badly to be with him that she offered to fight beside him incognito. William wouldn't hear it, and went off to war without her. Not content with life alone, Velazquez decided to use her wealth to finance and equip an infantry battalion, which she would bring to her husband to command. She cut her hair, tanned her skin, and went by the name Lt. Harry T. Buford. She went on to fight in various battles, including Bull Run and Shiloh, but her gender was twice discovered and she was discharged. So, naturally, she became a spy, with disguises in both the male and female variety. - It must have been hard to hide your gender while serving in the war. Take it from Lizzie Compton, who enlisted at the age of 14. Her gender was discovered seven different times. But each time, she packed up her things and moved on to another regimen. Compton was wounded twice during her service, the first time by a piece of shrapnel as she charged up a hill at Antietam. - Louisa Hoffman has the distinction of serving for both the Union and Confederate armies. When the war first started, she left her home in New York to enlist (as a man, of course) in the 1st Virginia Confederate Cavalry. But, after fighting at both battles of Bull Run, she had a change of heart, and headed up north to Ohio. - Mary Seaberry was said to wear a disguise and have a manner that “never gave anyone in her regiment even the slightest hint that she was not a man.” Unfortunately for her, after being admitted into a hospital with a fever, there was no way she could hide her true identity. She was discharged “on the basis of sexual incompatibility.”

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Spider silk can be scary enough to insects to act as a pest repellant, researchers say. These findings could lead to a new way to naturally help protect crops, scientists added. Spiders are among the most common predators on land. Although not all spiders weave webs, they all spin silk that may serve other purposes. For instance, many tiny spiders use silk balloons to travel by air. Science news from NBCNews.com Researchers suspected that insects and other regular prey of spiders might associate silk with the risk of getting eaten. As such, they reasoned silk might scare insects off. The scientists experimented with Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) and Mexican bean beetles (Epilachna varivestis). These plant-munching pests have spread across eastern North America within the past half-century. [ Ewww! Nature's Biggest Pests ] The beetles were analyzed near green bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) in both the lab and a tilled field outdoors. The investigators applied two kinds of silk on the plants — one from silkworms (Bombyx mori) and another from a long-jawed spider (Tetragnatha elongata), a species common in riverbank forests but not in the region the researchers studied. Both spider and silkworm silk reduced insect plant-chewing significantly. In the lab, both eliminated insect damage entirely, while in the field, spider silk had a greater effect — plants enclosed with beetles and spider silk experienced about 50 percent less damage than leaves without spider silk, while silkworm silk only led to about a 10 to 20 percent reduction. Experiments with other fibers revealed that only silk had this protective effect. "This work suggests that silk alone is a signal to potential prey that danger is near," researcher Ann Rypstra, an evolutionary ecologist at Miami University in Ohio, told LiveScience. Rypstra was most surprised that the effect occurred even though the species involved do not share any evolutionary history together as predator and prey. This suggests "herbivores are using the silk as some sort of general signal that a spider — any ol' spider — is around and responding by reducing their activity or leaving the area," she said. While more work will need to be done before this research might find applied use, the fact that the presence of silk alone reduced damage caused by two economically important pest insects "suggests that there could be applications in agricultural pest management and biological control," Rypstra said. Rypstra is also interested in the chain reaction of events that silk might trigger in an ecosystem. "For example, if an herbivore encounters a strand of silk and alters its behavior in a particular manner, does that make it more susceptible to predation by a non-spider?" Rypstra asked. "Do spiders that leave lots of silk behind have a larger impact in the food web, and how does it vary from habitat to habitat? These are just a couple of questions that we might be exploring in the near future." Rypstra and her colleagues detailed their findings online Wednesday in the journal Biology Letters. - Gallery: Spooky Spiders - What Really Scares People: Top 10 Phobias - Gallery: Dazzling Photos of Dew-Covered Insects © 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.

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Science Friday is a National Public Radio program for kids interested in science. The program menu allows one to listen to the weekly program, read questions related to the program and get suggestions for further study. Another good option in the program menu is the Sounds Like Science Mentor page. A topic of current interest is chosen each week and material concerning this topic is available. A scientist with expertise in this area is available to answer questions about the current topic. Other program menu topics have general information about NPR. Newton's APPLE is a long-running PBS science show. The site is not very fancy, but surfing through the episodes will yield some excellent home science activities. Bill Nye the Science Guy Bill Nye the Science Guy is a Disney science TV show. One can read today's episode and research previous episodes. A current news portion includes science news and science of sports sections. A daily demo safe for kids to do is related to the news or the current episode. Film clips and sounds of science involve downloading files. Many museum sites are included in Top Ten Links. Scientific American Frontiers This site offers a forum where you can post your opinion about one of the shows. Teachers can get teacher guides to each show and also access on-line activity based on each show. There is a "related links" section which offers hyper text links for each show of the season. Students can post questions to the scientists involved in each show. This site includes lesson plans and activities for incorporating PBS programming into classroom curriculum.

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310

NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising. Saturday, May 25, 2013 Crackles in Inhaling what is the cause of crackles? What can be done ? "Crackles" refers to a non-specific, subjective description of an abnormal sound which is heard when someone listens to the lung. The list of problems which can cause crackles is quite long and varies. If indeed crackles are present, then some investigation to understand what might be causing this abnormal sound is important. This will likely be some picture of the lung. In general, abnormal findings should be investigated until a satisfactory explanation is obtained for the abnormal finding. Once a cause is identified, one can then define an appropriate course of action. Robert Schilz, DO, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University

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199

More properly JACOB TWINGER VON KÖNIGSHOFEN. Chronicler, b. in 1346 at Königshofen, a village near Strasburg, in Alsace; d. at Strasburg, 27 December, 1420. Of his life we have only a few meagre details, as for instance that he became a priest in 1382, that for a time he held the parish of Drusenheim, and that in 1394 he became notary Apostolic and in 1395 a canon of St. Thomas at Strasburg, where he was placed in charge of the archives and kept the stock-books and registers. Very early in life he had devoted himself with special zeal to historical studies, and a Latin "Chronicle" is extant, written by him before he came a priest (edited by Duchesne in "Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für die Erhaltung der geschichtlichen Denkmäler im Elsass", second series, IV). This work, it is true, only contains extracts from different authors, and is in consequence a mere collection of historical matter, but it was undoubtedly an excellent preparation for his principal work, the "Chronik". The latter he began in 1382; he twice revised it, and brought it down to the year 1415. One of the first universal histories in German prose, it includes also a territorial history of Alsace and a local history of Strasburg. Recognizing the needs of his time, he wrote it for the Klugen, that is, cultivated, lay men, "who read such things as eagerly as learned parsons". His narrative is therefore popular, and frequently enlivened by legends, jokes, and interesting details concerning the lives of the people. He possessed a good knowledge and availed himself very freely of the sources of medieval prose and poetry (particularly Ekkehard, but also Eusebius, Bede, Hermannus Contractus, Martinus Polonus, and others). On the other hand, those sections which treat of contemporary history are very valuable. In politics he was an adherent of King Louis the Bavarian, and to his imperialistic sentiments united a very strongly marked feeling for German nationality. Greatly influenced by the Alsatian chronicler Closener, he has himself been in many cases the authority for later historians. The last chapter of the "Chronik" contains an alphabetical list of historical events with dates, forms thus a kind of compendium of history, and was often copied separately. The "Chronik" was printed as early as 1474, and later at Strasburg in 1698. The best edition is that of Hegel in "Chroniken der deutschen Städte", VIII-IX (Leipzig, 1870-1). In addition we possess a Latin-German glossary by Königshofen, which may, however, in its essential details be traced to Closener. OBERLIN, De Jacobo Twingero Regiovillano (Strasburg, 1789); SCHNEEGANS, Notice sur Closener et Königshofen (Strasburg, 1842); POTTHAST, Bibliotheca, II, 1076-88. Concerning Königshofen as choralist see MATHIAS, Phototypische Wiedergabe des Königshofenschen Tonarius (Graz, 1903). APA citation. (1910). Jacob Königshofen. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08689a.htm MLA citation. "Jacob Königshofen." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08689a.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Czeglédi Erzsébet. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.

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974

Sumatra, erected by a Decree of 30 June, 1911, and entrusted to the Dutch Capuchins. Previously it formed part of the Vicariate Apostolic of Batavia, which is under the care of the Jesuits of Holland. The new prefecture comprises Sumatra and the surrounding islands, including Bangka (area, 4888 sq. miles; population, 78,000) The Island of Sumatra, referred to as Jabadin by Ptolemy, and visited by Marco Polo in 1292, was discovered by the Portuguese navigator Siqueira in 1508, and occupied by the Dutch in 1599. It extends from 95º 16' to 106º 3' E. long., and from 5º 40' N. to 5º 59' S. lat., and has an area of about 181,000 square miles. The natives, of Malayan race, number about 5,500,000, exclusive of the little known inland tribes. They are indolent and cruel; their religion is a mixture of fetishism and Mahommedanism. At the beginning of 1911 the Jesuits had four chief mission centres in Sumatra, — at Medan, Padang, Koata Radja, and Tandjeong-Sakti, — and sixteen minor stations. The Sisters of Charity of Tilburg (Holland) were established at Padang. There were two mission schools, and 4600 Catholics of whom 3200 were Europeans. Missiones Catholicæ (Rome, 1907), 263-6; Pius Almanak (Amsterdam, 1912); ZONDERVAN, Banka en zijne bewoners (Amsterdam, 1895); YZERMAN, Dwars door Sumatra (Haarlem, 1896). APA citation. (1912). Prefecture Apostolic of Sumatra. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14333b.htm MLA citation. "Prefecture Apostolic of Sumatra." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14333b.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. July 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.

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612