text
stringlengths 282
520k
| input_ids
sequencelengths 67
124k
| attention_mask
sequencelengths 67
124k
| length
int64 67
124k
|
|---|---|---|---|
Environmental History of Georgia: Overview
Native American Influences
Humans arrived in the Southeast roughly 12,000 years ago. Over the millennia, Native Americans interacted with the landscape in numerous ways. Fire setting, first used to promote hunting, had perhaps the most significant impact.
Fire setting was probably common in the Piedmont. Varying fire-setting regimes would have created a patchy landscape, in which frequently burned, open oak forests adjoined less recently burned areas crowded with saplings, briars, and shrubs or unburned areas with more thin-barked trees. In the Coastal Plain, lightning perpetuated longleaf pine stands carpeted with diverse herbs or wiregrass and bounded by firebreaks like cypress swamps; Indian-set fires may have supplemented the natural regime. Scholarly opinion differs as to the fire regime in the mountains. Fires from lightning strikes are rare and low in intensity in most montane sites. Native Americans certainly supplemented the natural fire regime by burning in the river valleys to promote agriculture and probably burned many dry mountain ridges. Moist coves would have burned less often.
The settlement of
Thus, the landscape prior to European arrival was not entirely pristine. Rather, in a complex mosaic, human riverine settlements punctuated landscapes of large, fire-fostered pines and oaks abutting unburned areas such as cypress swamps in the Coastal Plain and huge cove hardwoods in the mountains.
European Settlement and Landscape Transformation
Europeans transformed the forested mosaic promoted by the Native Americans to a land forged for the production of goods for foreign markets. Huge harvests of forest resources in early colonial days were the first to demonstrate the size of the export market. Ginseng was collected to scarcity, and animal pelts were taken from southeastern forests in huge quantities. From 1700 to 1715 more than 1 million fox, elk, otter, and other skins were shipped from Charleston, South Carolina; from 1739 to 1761 more than 5 million pounds of deerskins alone were exported from the Southeast. Beavers were nearly extirpated from the state, and buffalo and elk were disappearing by 1760. Of the commodities that followed, rice, cotton, and timber spurred perhaps the greatest changes in Georgia's landscape.
Rice and Cotton
In 1750 the prohibition on owning slaves was lifted in Georgia, catalyzing large-scale commercial agriculture. Rice was the first commodity to transform a portion of Georgia's landscape. Landowners cleared large swaths of forest to construct plantations and rice fields. However, tidal rivers inundated and drained the impounded rice, limiting the most intense human agricultural impact to the tidal deltas.
Upon Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton production spurred a landscape transformation across the Piedmont and the western and Upper Coastal Plain. Following a cascade of land cessions from Native Americans, farmers rolled across the land, growing cotton for profit and corn for livestock and human consumption. They cleared and farmed a plot of land for a few years, then abandoned the depleted soil and moved on. Staggering amounts of soil were eroded off the barren fields; on average, 7.5 inches of topsoil were lost. The eroded sediments washed into streams, burying milldams and depositing as much as eight to fifteen feet of silt on some streambeds. The higher streambeds and absence of plants to impede winter storm runoff caused widespread flooding. Intense cotton farming and its deleterious effects continued until the 1920s, when the boll weevil, plummeting prices, and depleted soils contributed to a precipitous decline in production.
Hence, by the 1930s commercial agriculture, industrial logging, and nascent urbanization had created a landscape far different from that first encountered by Europeans. The stumps and scraggly trees of cut-over land, silted streams and denuded hillsides of abandoned farms, and growing networks of towns and transportation corridors had replaced much of the forest mosaic.
Conservation and Reforestation
In the mid-1900s two trends changed the tenor of human impact on the Georgia landscape. First, soil and timber depletion spurred conservation efforts. Second, much of the barren land reverted to trees.
An impetus to preserve wild landscapes had gained national momentum in the early twentieth century. Following that course, many state and national wildlife refuges, parks, and forests were established in Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s, in a movement that continued throughout the century.
While many farms adopted better farming practices, others were abandoned. In a trend that peaked in the 1960s, abandoned fields underwent secondary succession, a process in which grasses, shrubs, pines, and hardwoods succeed one another over time.
In the 1930s Charles Herty, a chemist at the University of Georgia, revolutionized land use in Georgia when he stimulated the pulpwood industry by using young pines to make white paper. Many old fields, particularly in the Coastal Plain, converted to pine plantations.
Urbanization and Regulation
In the second half of the twentieth century, human-environment interactions became increasingly complex. By the 1960s a dearth of regulation had permitted severe pollution problems. Urbanization accelerated. The population of Georgia doubled from roughly 4 million people in 1960 to more than 8 million in 2000, exacerbating pollution problems, straining water resources, and fragmenting the landscape through urban sprawl. At the same time, the science of ecology came of age and fostered an appreciation of biodiversity and an understanding of the links among species extinction, urban sprawl, and invasive exotic species.
Pollution and Water Supply Regulations
In 1960 very few air or water pollution controls existed. Industries released more than 400 toxic chemicals into the air, drinking-water quality was not regulated, and 70 percent of the municipal sewage in Georgia entered rivers untreated. Fossil fuel use spawned high levels of ground-level ozone in large urban areas. Construction sediment coated stream bottoms, and water supplies became problematic as demand from the growing population, industry, and agriculture increased. While ozone, water supply, and sediment proved more intractable, state and national regulations successfully addressed many egregious problems, markedly improving the environment.
Urban Sprawl and Species Conservation
Several forces countered these trends. In 1973 the federal Endangered Species Act was passed, spurring the protection of species in Georgia. Land conservation by many groups accelerated, and the Georgia Community Greenspace Program was created in 2000 through an act of the Georgia legislature. The voluntary program provides funds to encourage counties to preserve 20 percent of their land and water permanently as greenspace for the protection of natural resources and informal recreation.
R. Harold Brown, The Greening of Georgia: The Improvement of the Environment in the Twentieth Century (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2002).
Linda G. Chafin, A Field Guide to the Rare Plants of Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007).
Donald Edward Davis, Where There Are Mountains: An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000).
Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, England; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Mart A. Stewart, & quot;What Nature Suffers to Groe & quot;: Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996).
Mark V. Wetherington, The New South Comes to Wiregrass Georgia, 1860-1910 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994).
Michael Williams, Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography (Cambridge, Eng.: University of Cambridge Press, 1989).
Leslie Edwards, Atlanta
A project of the Georgia Humanities Council, in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor. | [
47213,
7443,
286,
7859,
25,
28578,
198,
31272,
1605,
46631,
3007,
198,
32661,
504,
5284,
287,
262,
21199,
7323,
1105,
11,
830,
812,
2084,
13,
3827,
262,
38710,
11,
12547,
3399,
49236,
351,
262,
10747,
287,
6409,
2842,
13,
3764,
4634,
11,
717,
973,
284,
7719,
10988,
11,
550,
3737,
262,
749,
2383,
2928,
13,
198,
13543,
4634,
373,
2192,
2219,
287,
262,
350,
798,
8691,
13,
569,
560,
278,
2046,
12,
33990,
25879,
561,
423,
2727,
257,
8529,
88,
10747,
11,
287,
543,
6777,
11544,
11,
1280,
26210,
17039,
512,
46416,
1342,
2904,
11544,
3006,
18012,
351,
473,
47093,
11,
31013,
945,
11,
290,
10157,
23161,
393,
555,
10899,
276,
3006,
351,
517,
7888,
12,
65,
668,
276,
7150,
13,
554,
262,
43513,
28847,
11,
14357,
8939,
6605,
890,
33201,
20161,
6296,
20710,
276,
351,
10084,
25411,
393,
6503,
29815,
290,
49948,
416,
2046,
30058,
588,
3075,
8439,
1509,
9430,
26,
3942,
12,
2617,
12252,
743,
423,
41610,
262,
3288,
7142,
13,
11713,
306,
4459,
24242,
355,
284,
262,
2046,
7142,
287,
262,
12269,
13,
47702,
422,
14357,
8956,
389,
4071,
290,
1877,
287,
12245,
287,
749,
40689,
1531,
5043,
13,
12547,
3399,
3729,
41610,
262,
3288,
2046,
7142,
416,
9482,
287,
262,
7850,
43088,
284,
7719,
14510,
290,
2192,
11544,
867,
5894,
8598,
5755,
3212,
13,
4270,
396,
269,
5241,
561,
423,
11544,
1342,
1690,
13,
198,
464,
9443,
286,
198,
19093,
11,
262,
10747,
3161,
284,
3427,
10325,
373,
407,
5000,
37293,
13,
11317,
11,
287,
257,
3716,
47076,
11,
1692,
7850,
500,
18573,
21025,
6605,
32964,
286,
1588,
11,
2046,
12,
69,
455,
1068,
279,
1127,
290,
267,
4730,
450,
315,
889,
555,
10899,
276,
3006,
884,
355,
3075,
8439,
1509,
9430,
287,
262,
43513,
28847,
290,
3236,
25746,
1327,
39493,
287,
262,
12269,
13,
198,
22030,
45404,
290,
6379,
6794,
49127,
198,
16112,
504,
14434,
262,
8222,
276,
47076,
13722,
416,
262,
12547,
3399,
284,
257,
1956,
24918,
329,
262,
3227,
286,
7017,
329,
3215,
5939,
13,
35225,
3971,
85,
3558,
286,
8222,
4133,
287,
1903,
17091,
1528,
547,
262,
717,
284,
10176,
262,
2546,
286,
262,
10784,
1910,
13,
39083,
1516,
373,
7723,
284,
35501,
11,
290,
5044,
16176,
912,
547,
2077,
422,
35618,
17039,
287,
3236,
17794,
13,
3574,
35665,
284,
1596,
1314,
517,
621,
352,
1510,
21831,
11,
1288,
74,
11,
30972,
353,
11,
290,
584,
25873,
547,
14338,
422,
26070,
11,
2520,
5913,
26,
422,
1596,
2670,
284,
1596,
5333,
517,
621,
642,
1510,
8059,
286,
390,
364,
5331,
3436,
547,
29050,
422,
262,
21199,
13,
1355,
30400,
547,
3016,
1070,
343,
79,
515,
422,
262,
1181,
11,
290,
45019,
290,
1288,
74,
547,
28867,
416,
1596,
1899,
13,
3226,
262,
24392,
326,
3940,
11,
11464,
11,
15985,
11,
290,
30605,
34601,
3737,
262,
6000,
2458,
287,
7859,
338,
10747,
13,
198,
49,
501,
290,
23915,
198,
818,
1596,
1120,
262,
19548,
319,
23107,
13384,
373,
13663,
287,
7859,
11,
36745,
9510,
1588,
12,
9888,
5068,
14510,
13,
13823,
373,
262,
717,
19464,
284,
6121,
257,
6903,
286,
7859,
338,
10747,
13,
6379,
15605,
12539,
1588,
1509,
33148,
286,
8222,
284,
5678,
49441,
290,
11464,
7032,
13,
2102,
11,
40738,
18180,
43431,
515,
290,
29738,
262,
848,
6302,
11464,
11,
15637,
262,
749,
8157,
1692,
14240,
2928,
284,
262,
40738,
1619,
83,
292,
13,
198,
23792,
25204,
34701,
338,
14250,
286,
262,
15985,
39733,
287,
1596,
6052,
11,
15985,
3227,
34601,
257,
10747,
13389,
1973,
262,
350,
798,
8691,
290,
262,
8830,
290,
20390,
43513,
28847,
13,
14207,
257,
44847,
286,
1956,
269,
6202,
422,
12547,
3399,
11,
9818,
11686,
1973,
262,
1956,
11,
3957,
15985,
329,
7630,
290,
11676,
329,
24424,
290,
1692,
7327,
13,
1119,
12539,
290,
1290,
1150,
257,
7110,
286,
1956,
329,
257,
1178,
812,
11,
788,
9958,
262,
34069,
9260,
290,
3888,
319,
13,
520,
7928,
278,
6867,
286,
9260,
547,
44699,
572,
262,
39497,
7032,
26,
319,
2811,
11,
767,
13,
20,
8331,
286,
1353,
568,
346,
547,
2626,
13,
383,
44699,
10081,
6800,
18989,
656,
15190,
11,
48360,
3939,
67,
4105,
290,
12304,
1780,
355,
881,
355,
3624,
284,
17280,
3625,
286,
264,
2326,
319,
617,
4269,
3077,
82,
13,
383,
2440,
4269,
3077,
82,
290,
8889,
286,
6134,
284,
43195,
7374,
6388,
37536,
4073,
10095,
17448,
13,
2558,
1072,
15985,
16035,
290,
663,
10881,
353,
699,
3048,
3767,
1566,
262,
14062,
82,
11,
618,
262,
275,
692,
356,
23542,
11,
28940,
278,
4536,
11,
290,
34069,
38750,
8639,
284,
257,
18812,
22109,
7794,
287,
3227,
13,
198,
39,
594,
11,
416,
262,
15533,
82,
5068,
14510,
11,
7593,
18931,
11,
290,
45419,
7876,
1634,
550,
2727,
257,
10747,
1290,
1180,
422,
326,
717,
12956,
416,
20006,
13,
383,
336,
8142,
290,
6040,
9460,
306,
7150,
286,
2005,
12,
2502,
1956,
11,
3313,
1513,
15190,
290,
2853,
19289,
18639,
1460,
286,
9958,
15893,
11,
290,
3957,
7686,
286,
11684,
290,
9358,
32807,
550,
6928,
881,
286,
262,
8222,
47076,
13,
198,
9444,
13208,
290,
797,
41570,
198,
818,
262,
3095,
12,
48104,
82,
734,
11257,
3421,
262,
3478,
273,
286,
1692,
2928,
319,
262,
7859,
10747,
13,
3274,
11,
9260,
290,
30605,
42435,
34601,
14903,
4040,
13,
5498,
11,
881,
286,
262,
39497,
1956,
50239,
284,
7150,
13,
198,
2025,
43007,
284,
12201,
4295,
32964,
550,
8618,
2260,
12858,
287,
262,
1903,
29112,
4289,
13,
14207,
326,
1781,
11,
867,
1181,
290,
2260,
15599,
1006,
1018,
274,
11,
14860,
11,
290,
17039,
547,
4920,
287,
7859,
287,
262,
14062,
82,
290,
15533,
82,
11,
287,
257,
3356,
326,
3767,
3690,
262,
4289,
13,
198,
3633,
867,
15893,
8197,
1365,
16035,
6593,
11,
1854,
547,
9958,
13,
554,
257,
5182,
326,
33948,
287,
262,
9507,
82,
11,
9958,
7032,
25289,
9233,
22435,
11,
257,
1429,
287,
543,
8701,
274,
11,
10157,
23161,
11,
279,
1127,
11,
290,
1327,
39493,
6758,
530,
1194,
625,
640,
13,
198,
818,
262,
15533,
82,
7516,
2332,
774,
11,
257,
47898,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
7859,
11,
5854,
1143,
1956,
779,
287,
7859,
618,
339,
40216,
262,
38341,
3822,
2831,
416,
1262,
1862,
279,
1127,
284,
787,
2330,
3348,
13,
4650,
1468,
7032,
11,
3573,
287,
262,
43513,
28847,
11,
11513,
284,
20161,
49441,
13,
198,
46667,
1634,
290,
26472,
198,
818,
262,
1218,
2063,
286,
262,
29112,
4289,
11,
1692,
12,
38986,
12213,
2627,
6481,
3716,
13,
2750,
262,
9507,
82,
257,
390,
11999,
286,
9001,
550,
10431,
6049,
12231,
2761,
13,
14665,
1634,
23312,
13,
383,
3265,
286,
7859,
15229,
422,
7323,
604,
1510,
661,
287,
9507,
284,
517,
621,
807,
1510,
287,
4751,
11,
22907,
803,
12231,
2761,
11,
965,
1397,
1660,
4133,
11,
290,
24225,
278,
262,
10747,
832,
7876,
599,
13132,
13,
1629,
262,
976,
640,
11,
262,
3783,
286,
36517,
1625,
286,
2479,
290,
26546,
1068,
281,
19163,
286,
37589,
290,
281,
4547,
286,
262,
6117,
1871,
4693,
21935,
11,
7876,
599,
13132,
11,
290,
27376,
21036,
4693,
13,
198,
39176,
1009,
290,
5638,
22663,
26108,
198,
818,
9507,
845,
1178,
1633,
393,
1660,
12231,
6973,
11196,
13,
20171,
2716,
517,
621,
7337,
11422,
12910,
656,
262,
1633,
11,
7722,
12,
7050,
3081,
373,
407,
17153,
11,
290,
4317,
1411,
286,
262,
13474,
34939,
287,
7859,
5982,
18180,
41539,
13,
40515,
346,
5252,
779,
29013,
1029,
2974,
286,
2323,
12,
5715,
37170,
287,
1588,
7876,
3006,
13,
20395,
33408,
30267,
4269,
3005,
3150,
11,
290,
1660,
9416,
2627,
15833,
355,
3512,
422,
262,
3957,
3265,
11,
2831,
11,
290,
14510,
3220,
13,
2893,
37170,
11,
1660,
5127,
11,
290,
33408,
8302,
517,
493,
974,
540,
11,
1181,
290,
2260,
6647,
7675,
9469,
867,
34372,
2761,
11,
36841,
10068,
262,
2858,
13,
198,
46667,
1338,
13132,
290,
28540,
23702,
198,
14945,
3386,
32925,
777,
11257,
13,
554,
15674,
262,
2717,
5268,
19041,
28540,
2191,
373,
3804,
11,
599,
14924,
262,
4800,
286,
4693,
287,
7859,
13,
6379,
14903,
416,
867,
2628,
23312,
11,
290,
262,
7859,
8108,
18753,
10223,
6118,
373,
2727,
287,
4751,
832,
281,
719,
286,
262,
7859,
15928,
13,
383,
16171,
1430,
3769,
5153,
284,
7898,
14683,
284,
12201,
1160,
1411,
286,
511,
1956,
290,
1660,
15043,
355,
30966,
10223,
329,
262,
4800,
286,
3288,
4133,
290,
22176,
27702,
13,
198,
49,
13,
23987,
4373,
11,
383,
3469,
278,
286,
7859,
25,
383,
33764,
286,
262,
9344,
287,
262,
1815,
298,
19235,
13641,
357,
44,
7807,
11,
12822,
11207,
38146,
2059,
4332,
11,
6244,
737,
198,
43,
22261,
402,
13,
609,
1878,
259,
11,
317,
7663,
10005,
284,
262,
14423,
39269,
286,
7859,
357,
2953,
5135,
25,
2059,
286,
7859,
4332,
11,
4343,
737,
198,
7371,
10443,
7802,
11,
6350,
1318,
4231,
21124,
25,
1052,
13272,
7443,
286,
262,
8050,
36390,
1547,
357,
2953,
5135,
25,
2059,
286,
7859,
4332,
11,
4751,
737,
198,
14967,
14863,
7698,
11,
317,
968,
15399,
319,
262,
12946,
1589,
25,
12746,
11,
14049,
1023,
11,
290,
3454,
3080,
287,
2520,
10596,
4558,
6448,
11,
20007,
12,
39188,
357,
21701,
9458,
11,
4492,
26,
968,
1971,
25,
14457,
2059,
4332,
11,
6303,
737,
198,
13143,
317,
13,
13671,
11,
1222,
23611,
26,
2061,
10362,
24974,
364,
284,
10299,
68,
1222,
23611,
26,
25,
5155,
11,
7882,
11,
290,
6379,
6794,
319,
262,
7859,
8545,
11,
1467,
1795,
12,
40454,
357,
2953,
5135,
25,
2059,
286,
7859,
4332,
11,
8235,
737,
198,
9704,
569,
13,
370,
6750,
9557,
11,
383,
968,
2520,
34606,
284,
14712,
29815,
7859,
11,
37637,
12,
1129,
940,
357,
25095,
1140,
4244,
25,
2059,
286,
11287,
4332,
11,
9162,
737,
198,
13256,
6484,
11,
3399,
290,
5334,
4558,
6448,
25,
317,
23121,
2269,
4867,
357,
21701,
9458,
11,
1985,
11207,
2059,
286,
14457,
4332,
11,
11104,
737,
198,
35882,
14485,
17381,
11,
9371,
198,
32,
1628,
286,
262,
7859,
5524,
871,
4281,
11,
287,
10413,
351,
262,
2059,
286,
7859,
4332,
11,
262,
2059,
4482,
286,
7859,
14,
38,
1847,
41119,
46,
11,
290,
262,
4452,
286,
262,
10807,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,657 |
SETI Pioneers by David Swift, University of Arizona Press, pp 434, $35/£32.50
The scientist at the sensitive radio receiver was baffled by the strange signals apparently coming from deep space. 'The thought flashed through my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to intelligent control . . . The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.'
No, this is not a piece of science fiction. Nor is it an account of a contemporary NASA researcher into SETI (the search for extraterrestrial intelligence). The scientist was Nikolas Tesla, tuning into 'the ether' back in 1899.
Despite a few suspicions of this kind, no one pursued SETI seriously until 1959, when interest in the subject suddenly exploded. Since then, hundreds of radio telescopes around the world have been pressed into service to scan the sky ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | [
28480,
40,
27507,
364,
416,
3271,
15608,
11,
2059,
286,
7943,
4332,
11,
9788,
604,
2682,
11,
720,
2327,
14,
14988,
2624,
13,
1120,
198,
464,
11444,
379,
262,
8564,
5243,
9733,
373,
44432,
416,
262,
6283,
10425,
5729,
2406,
422,
2769,
2272,
13,
705,
464,
1807,
30050,
832,
616,
2000,
326,
262,
38622,
314,
550,
6515,
1244,
307,
2233,
284,
12661,
1630,
764,
764,
764,
383,
4203,
318,
7558,
3957,
319,
502,
326,
314,
550,
587,
262,
717,
284,
3285,
262,
31933,
286,
530,
5440,
284,
1194,
2637,
198,
2949,
11,
428,
318,
407,
257,
3704,
286,
3783,
10165,
13,
5414,
318,
340,
281,
1848,
286,
257,
11811,
8884,
13453,
656,
25823,
40,
357,
1169,
2989,
329,
42024,
23522,
4430,
737,
383,
11444,
373,
11271,
12456,
11938,
11,
24549,
656,
705,
1169,
28475,
6,
736,
287,
47465,
13,
198,
8332,
257,
1178,
30508,
286,
428,
1611,
11,
645,
530,
19189,
25823,
40,
6411,
1566,
23859,
11,
618,
1393,
287,
262,
2426,
6451,
18750,
13,
4619,
788,
11,
5179,
286,
5243,
42067,
1088,
262,
995,
423,
587,
12070,
656,
2139,
284,
9367,
262,
6766,
2644,
198,
2514,
2555,
3555,
428,
2708,
11,
12383,
284,
3328,
1895,
284,
477,
286,
1705,
3456,
396,
13,
785,
11,
1390,
1160,
812,
286,
15424,
2695,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 213 |
DID shrinking guts and high-energy food help us evolve enormous, powerful brains? The latest round in the row over what's known as the "expensive tissue hypothesis" says no. But don't expect that to settle the debate.
The hypothesis has it that in order to grow large brains relative to body size, our ancestors had to free up energy from elsewhere - perhaps by switching to rich foods like nuts and meat, which provide more calories and require less energy to break down, or possibly by learning to cook: cooked food also requires less energy to digest.
Kari Allen and Richard Kay of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, turned to New World monkeys to explore the hypothesis. Previous studies offer a wealth of data on the monkeys' diets and show that their brain size varies greatly from species to species. But when the pair controlled for similarities between related species, they found no correlation between large brains and small guts (Proceedings of the Royal Society B, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1311).
As Robin Dunbar at the University of Oxford points out: "It is one thing to say that the hypothesis doesn't apply to New World monkeys, and another to extrapolate that to humans."
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.
Have your say
Only subscribers may leave comments on this article. Please log in.
Only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article | [
35,
2389,
27382,
31875,
290,
1029,
12,
22554,
2057,
1037,
514,
18101,
9812,
11,
3665,
14290,
30,
383,
3452,
2835,
287,
262,
5752,
625,
644,
338,
1900,
355,
262,
366,
22031,
10712,
14078,
1,
1139,
645,
13,
887,
836,
470,
1607,
326,
284,
12259,
262,
4384,
13,
198,
464,
14078,
468,
340,
326,
287,
1502,
284,
1663,
1588,
14290,
3585,
284,
1767,
2546,
11,
674,
18668,
550,
284,
1479,
510,
2568,
422,
8057,
532,
3737,
416,
15430,
284,
5527,
9013,
588,
14380,
290,
6174,
11,
543,
2148,
517,
14653,
290,
2421,
1342,
2568,
284,
2270,
866,
11,
393,
5457,
416,
4673,
284,
4255,
25,
15847,
2057,
635,
4433,
1342,
2568,
284,
16274,
13,
198,
42,
2743,
9659,
290,
6219,
17356,
286,
11083,
2059,
287,
30928,
11,
2258,
5913,
11,
2900,
284,
968,
2159,
26697,
284,
7301,
262,
14078,
13,
21801,
3640,
2897,
257,
5129,
286,
1366,
319,
262,
26697,
6,
18977,
290,
905,
326,
511,
3632,
2546,
17806,
9257,
422,
4693,
284,
4693,
13,
887,
618,
262,
5166,
6856,
329,
20594,
1022,
3519,
4693,
11,
484,
1043,
645,
16096,
1022,
1588,
14290,
290,
1402,
31875,
357,
2964,
2707,
654,
286,
262,
8111,
7023,
347,
11,
40722,
25,
838,
13,
940,
4089,
14,
81,
2777,
65,
13,
9804,
13,
1485,
1157,
737,
198,
1722,
12325,
5648,
5657,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
13643,
2173,
503,
25,
366,
1026,
318,
530,
1517,
284,
910,
326,
262,
14078,
1595,
470,
4174,
284,
968,
2159,
26697,
11,
290,
1194,
284,
36804,
27976,
326,
284,
5384,
526,
198,
1532,
345,
561,
588,
284,
32349,
597,
2695,
422,
968,
33374,
11,
2035,
287,
3601,
393,
2691,
11,
3387,
2800,
262,
11150,
3299,
5011,
717,
329,
7170,
13,
968,
33374,
857,
407,
898,
2489,
284,
5205,
11,
475,
612,
389,
257,
4996,
286,
15665,
3689,
1695,
329,
779,
286,
6685,
290,
9382,
356,
898,
262,
6634,
284,
13,
198,
11980,
534,
910,
198,
10049,
18327,
743,
2666,
3651,
319,
428,
2708,
13,
4222,
2604,
287,
13,
198,
10049,
2614,
18327,
743,
2666,
3651,
319,
428,
2708,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 339 |
Together, hydraulics and pneumatics are
known as fluid power. Fluid power is a partner in an evolving
high technology alliance that provides the world with
unprecedented control of force, torque, position and motion.
The combination of fluid power systems
with advanced electronics adds control and flexibility to the
strength of hydraulics and the speed of pneumatics. These 23
application examples show some typical applications for
this technology. The examples, though simplified for clarity,
are based on real applications.
As you read each one, you will learn
why fluid power was chosen as a power source (whether it be
hydraulic or pneumatic), and which categories of electronic
sensing and control were central to the design. The
applications are organized around four motion control
categories - force, position, velocity and acceleration - all
typical output requirements of a vehicle, machine or system.
Each application is also linked to NFPA's
Fluid Power Product Locator. This locator, with its links
to NFPA's manufacturing members, will facilitate your
exploration into the world of fluid power.
In addition to the applications below, see
the latest Case Studies of Applications Utilizing Pneumatic
and Hydraulic Technology.
The following applications in PDF
format are included here: | [
41631,
11,
25039,
377,
873,
290,
29631,
23372,
389,
198,
4002,
355,
11711,
1176,
13,
1610,
27112,
1176,
318,
257,
5212,
287,
281,
21568,
198,
8929,
3037,
12801,
326,
3769,
262,
995,
351,
198,
403,
3866,
12292,
1630,
286,
2700,
11,
26415,
11,
2292,
290,
6268,
13,
198,
464,
6087,
286,
11711,
1176,
3341,
198,
4480,
6190,
17075,
6673,
1630,
290,
13688,
284,
262,
198,
41402,
286,
25039,
377,
873,
290,
262,
2866,
286,
29631,
23372,
13,
2312,
2242,
198,
31438,
6096,
905,
617,
7226,
5479,
329,
198,
5661,
3037,
13,
383,
6096,
11,
996,
27009,
329,
16287,
11,
198,
533,
1912,
319,
1103,
5479,
13,
198,
1722,
345,
1100,
1123,
530,
11,
345,
481,
2193,
198,
22850,
11711,
1176,
373,
7147,
355,
257,
1176,
2723,
357,
25356,
340,
307,
198,
15511,
430,
28575,
393,
279,
710,
16735,
828,
290,
543,
9376,
286,
7914,
198,
82,
26426,
290,
1630,
547,
4318,
284,
262,
1486,
13,
383,
198,
1324,
677,
602,
389,
8389,
1088,
1440,
6268,
1630,
198,
66,
26129,
532,
2700,
11,
2292,
11,
15432,
290,
20309,
532,
477,
198,
28004,
605,
5072,
5359,
286,
257,
4038,
11,
4572,
393,
1080,
13,
198,
10871,
3586,
318,
635,
6692,
284,
41288,
4537,
338,
198,
37,
2290,
312,
4333,
8721,
15181,
1352,
13,
770,
1179,
1352,
11,
351,
663,
6117,
198,
1462,
41288,
4537,
338,
9138,
1866,
11,
481,
15570,
534,
198,
20676,
6944,
656,
262,
995,
286,
11711,
1176,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
284,
262,
5479,
2174,
11,
766,
198,
1169,
3452,
8913,
10422,
286,
26622,
7273,
346,
2890,
350,
710,
16735,
198,
392,
31613,
28575,
8987,
13,
198,
464,
1708,
5479,
287,
12960,
198,
18982,
389,
3017,
994,
25,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 280 |
The Aurora Collection returns to the Natural History Museum
A world-class collection of 296 naturally coloured diamonds has been loaned to the Natural History Museum by diamond collectors Alan Bronstein and Harry Rodman. The Aurora Collection comprises 267.45 carats of exceptionally rare stones, from the 12 colour varieties, and reveals an enchanting spectrum from emerald green to blood red.
'Gems like these were not meant to be imprisoned in a dark vault for the momentary pleasure of a few eyes,' said Alan Bronstein, co-owner of the Aurora Collection. 'The true value of a collection is sharing it with as many people who are interested to experience nature's diversity of expression. It's thrilling to think that the collection will be seen by the 3.6 million visitors that come to the Natural History Museum each year.'
Coloured, so called 'fancy', diamonds have become more desirable than ever. Coloured stones were recently worn by actresses Halle Berry and Scarlett Johansson. Fancy diamonds are very rare: only one in every 10,000 gem-quality diamonds is coloured. The colour in diamonds results from tiny amounts of elements other than carbon, or from atomic scale defects, in the diamond structure.
'Each coloured diamond tells its own story, giving us insight not only into its formation but also to the deep earth processes that took place when the gem was formed,' said Alan Hart, Curator of Minerals at the Natural History Museum. 'For example, yellow diamonds are due to the presence of nitrogen in the structure and green diamonds owe their colour to natural radiation damage, It's an amazing opportunity to be able to display this unique collection of exceptionally rare gems at the Museum.'
The Aurora Collection was displayed for the first time in Europe in 2005 as part of the Natural History Museum's Diamonds exhibition. This stunning collection of diamonds is now on display at the end of the Museum's Minerals and Meteorites gallery. The display highlights a little-known property shared by coloured and white diamonds - some of them glow and change colour when exposed to ultra-violet light.
The Natural History Museum has secured £150,000 of funding, from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)/ Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund, to transform the space that contains the Aurora collection into a dazzling gem gallery. Redevelopment plans are currently being made and the gallery is set to be finished in December 2007.
Notes for editors
Winner of the 2006 Independent award for the UK's favourite museum, gallery or heritage attraction at the Museum and Heritage Awards for Excellence, the Natural History Museum is also a world-leading science research centre. Through its collections and scientific expertise, the Museum is helping to conserve the extraordinary richness and diversity of the natural world with groundbreaking projects in 68 countries.
Venue: Natural History Museum
Opening hours: Monday to Saturday 10.00-17.50, Sunday 11.00-17.50
Visitor enquiries: 020 7942 5000 Monday-Friday, 020 7942 5011 Saturday and Sunday | [
464,
22218,
12251,
5860,
284,
262,
12068,
7443,
9594,
198,
32,
995,
12,
4871,
4947,
286,
41922,
8752,
34746,
30984,
468,
587,
8063,
276,
284,
262,
12068,
7443,
9594,
416,
15291,
26668,
12246,
8923,
5714,
290,
5850,
6882,
805,
13,
383,
22218,
12251,
28800,
37364,
13,
2231,
1097,
1381,
286,
24822,
4071,
14966,
11,
422,
262,
1105,
9568,
20328,
11,
290,
10069,
281,
23260,
278,
10958,
422,
3165,
1940,
4077,
284,
2910,
2266,
13,
198,
6,
38,
5232,
588,
777,
547,
407,
4001,
284,
307,
21125,
287,
257,
3223,
22563,
329,
262,
2589,
560,
9476,
286,
257,
1178,
2951,
4032,
531,
12246,
8923,
5714,
11,
763,
12,
18403,
286,
262,
22218,
12251,
13,
705,
464,
2081,
1988,
286,
257,
4947,
318,
7373,
340,
351,
355,
867,
661,
508,
389,
4609,
284,
1998,
3450,
338,
9573,
286,
5408,
13,
632,
338,
31610,
284,
892,
326,
262,
4947,
481,
307,
1775,
416,
262,
513,
13,
21,
1510,
9692,
326,
1282,
284,
262,
12068,
7443,
9594,
1123,
614,
2637,
198,
5216,
8167,
11,
523,
1444,
705,
69,
3883,
3256,
30984,
423,
1716,
517,
18763,
621,
1683,
13,
1623,
8167,
14966,
547,
2904,
12666,
416,
49798,
367,
6765,
20165,
290,
45046,
16053,
44038,
13,
49848,
30984,
389,
845,
4071,
25,
691,
530,
287,
790,
838,
11,
830,
16840,
12,
13237,
30984,
318,
34746,
13,
383,
9568,
287,
30984,
2482,
422,
7009,
6867,
286,
4847,
584,
621,
6588,
11,
393,
422,
17226,
5046,
22448,
11,
287,
262,
15291,
4645,
13,
198,
6,
10871,
34746,
15291,
4952,
663,
898,
1621,
11,
3501,
514,
11281,
407,
691,
656,
663,
9978,
475,
635,
284,
262,
2769,
4534,
7767,
326,
1718,
1295,
618,
262,
16840,
373,
7042,
4032,
531,
12246,
11345,
11,
4424,
1352,
286,
29295,
874,
379,
262,
12068,
7443,
9594,
13,
705,
1890,
1672,
11,
7872,
30984,
389,
2233,
284,
262,
4931,
286,
23417,
287,
262,
4645,
290,
4077,
30984,
19059,
511,
9568,
284,
3288,
11881,
2465,
11,
632,
338,
281,
4998,
3663,
284,
307,
1498,
284,
3359,
428,
3748,
4947,
286,
24822,
4071,
23685,
379,
262,
9594,
2637,
198,
464,
22218,
12251,
373,
9066,
329,
262,
717,
640,
287,
2031,
287,
5075,
355,
636,
286,
262,
12068,
7443,
9594,
338,
13566,
82,
17127,
13,
770,
13393,
4947,
286,
30984,
318,
783,
319,
3359,
379,
262,
886,
286,
262,
9594,
338,
29295,
874,
290,
25582,
2737,
15604,
13,
383,
3359,
11330,
257,
1310,
12,
4002,
3119,
4888,
416,
34746,
290,
2330,
30984,
532,
617,
286,
606,
19634,
290,
1487,
9568,
618,
7362,
284,
14764,
12,
85,
19194,
1657,
13,
198,
464,
12068,
7443,
9594,
468,
13659,
4248,
8628,
11,
830,
286,
4918,
11,
422,
262,
2732,
329,
17346,
11,
6343,
290,
12771,
357,
9697,
5653,
20679,
8662,
1559,
32887,
5700,
290,
7096,
10640,
33764,
7557,
11,
284,
6121,
262,
2272,
326,
4909,
262,
22218,
4947,
656,
257,
41535,
16840,
15604,
13,
2297,
68,
1091,
434,
3352,
389,
3058,
852,
925,
290,
262,
15604,
318,
900,
284,
307,
5201,
287,
3426,
4343,
13,
198,
16130,
329,
15719,
198,
48056,
286,
262,
4793,
13362,
5764,
329,
262,
3482,
338,
12507,
13257,
11,
15604,
393,
15012,
17416,
379,
262,
9594,
290,
18518,
15434,
329,
42525,
11,
262,
12068,
7443,
9594,
318,
635,
257,
995,
12,
12294,
3783,
2267,
7372,
13,
9561,
663,
17268,
290,
5654,
13572,
11,
262,
9594,
318,
5742,
284,
45075,
262,
11359,
46792,
290,
9573,
286,
262,
3288,
995,
351,
31088,
4493,
287,
8257,
2678,
13,
198,
37522,
518,
25,
12068,
7443,
9594,
198,
43093,
2250,
25,
3321,
284,
3909,
838,
13,
405,
12,
1558,
13,
1120,
11,
3502,
1367,
13,
405,
12,
1558,
13,
1120,
198,
15854,
2072,
34593,
18561,
25,
657,
1238,
9225,
3682,
23336,
3321,
12,
20610,
11,
657,
1238,
9225,
3682,
24555,
16,
3909,
290,
3502,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 624 |
Thursday November 8 2012
There are more than half a million people with autism in the UK
“Genetic mutation discovered in people with autism,” The Daily Telegraph reports.
The newspaper goes on to say that this mutation “cuts communication between brain cells to about one-tenth of normal levels” and offers “a likely explanation” for the cognitive and behavioural difficulties experienced by people with autism.
This headline is loosely based on recent research into the impact of a previously discovered genetic mutation on the ability of brain cells to transmit signals. The Telegraph speculated that misfiring signals could cause the symptoms of autism.
The study was conducted using rat brain cells, and did not involve people with autism directly.
The researchers described the detailed molecular processes that occur between brain cells when the level of a specific protein is changed. Previous research had discovered that mutations to the gene that controls this protein occurred in people with some types of autism. The authors found that varying the level of this protein affected other proteins responsible for communication between the rats’ brain cells.
The research did not, however, examine the impact of this disrupted communication in people with autism, and should not be interpreted as offering “a likely explanation for their cognitive and behavioural difficulties” as reported by the Telegraph.
In addition, many experts think that autism may arise as the result of a combination of factors – not just genetics. Viewing autism as a purely genetic disease may well be an over-simplification.
Where did the story come from?
The study was carried out by researchers from Stanford University, the University of Auckland and Ulm University in Germany. The research was funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, the US National Institutes of Health and other organisations throughout the US, New Zealand and Germany.
The study was published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Neuroscience.
While the Telegraph appropriately pointed out that a treatment based on this research is years away, their coverage of the study is flawed. To start with, this research did not discover a genetic mutation in people with autism. That link had been previously established. The Telegraph’s coverage also fails to mention that the study was conducted in rats, and further misguides readers by picturing a scan of a human brain.
What kind of research was this?
Autism is often referred to by clinicians as Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) as there is a spectrum of autistic-type symptoms that, while sharing common features, can also vary considerably between individual cases.
This was a laboratory study that examined the impact of a genetic mutation on signalling (neural pathways) between rats’ brain cells.
Previous studies have linked several different genes to autism. This study looked specifically at one gene that contains the information used to make a protein called ProSAP2/Shank3.
People who lack one copy of this gene have a syndrome called Phelan McDermid syndrome – a syndrome with autism-like features. Other mutations in this gene have also been associated with autism.
Having three copies of the ProSAP2/Shank3 gene (rather than the usual two copies) has been associated with Asperger syndrome. This is a form of ASD that is usually associated with unaffected language development skills, but problems with social interaction and behaviour. While spoken language is unaffected in most people with Asperger syndrome, they often have difficulty understanding figures of speech (such as “it’s raining cats and dogs”).
The authors say that while the ProSAP2/Shank3 mutation has been linked to ASDs, scientists have not identified the specific functions of the protein that could account for this relationship. This study sought to characterise the protein’s function in sending signals between brain cells.
What did the research involve?
The researchers report that mutations in multiple genes have been linked to ASDs, and many of these affect proteins found in the part of nerve cells that make contact with other nerve cells and transmit signals. These connections within the nervous system are referred to as synapses.
Previous research on genetic mutations linked to ASDs suggests that these mutations may affect the synapses and how the nerve cells send signals and communicate with each other.
This study looked at how the ProSAP2/Shank3 protein affects other proteins at the synapse and how the nerve cells signal to each other. The researchers used rat brain cells grown in the laboratory and used various different methods to study the protein.
What were the basic results?
The researchers found that the levels of the ProSAP2/Shank3 protein affect the levels of other proteins at the synapse that are important in nerve cell signalling, and influence how signals are transmitted between nerve cells.
When the researchers looked at the mutated forms of ProSAP2/Shank3 that are associated with ASDs, they found that these abnormal forms of the protein disrupt nerve cell signalling.
How did the researchers interpret the results?
The researchers concluded that mutations to the ProSAP2/Shank3 gene affect a major brain cell signalling pathway. They say that: “it will be of considerable interest to determine whether other ASD-associated mutations also converge in this pathway”.
This study provides a target for future research into autistic spectrum disorders. The researchers have characterised the role that one protein plays in the signalling process of certain brain cells. But whether this research ultimately leads to the development of treatments for ASDs remains to be seen.
Even if further research reveals that the mutations to the ProSAP2/Shank3 protein play a causative role in autism, it is unlikely to account for or lead to a treatment for all ASDs. The various types of ASD suggest a complex origin of the disorders and a mutation to a single gene is unlikely to account for all the different disorders on the spectrum. There may also be environmental factors involved.
The authors say that as the number of genes found to be linked to ASDs continues to grow, the scientific community faces the challenge of explaining how mutations in so many genes could influence the development of ASDs. They suggest that multiple genetic mutations may affect the signalling pathway characterised in this study, and that further research that focuses on this pathway may be useful.
This study explored the effect of a genetic mutation on a specific signalling pathway in the brain that may be involved in some forms of autism. Contrary to the news headlines it did not discover a genetic mutation in people with autism and should not be interpreted to explain any cognitive or behavioural symptoms associated with autism or autistic spectrum disorders.
A greater understanding of the genetics and biology of ASD may eventually lead to new treatment options, but as the lead researcher is quoted as saying in The Daily Telegraph story, such treatments are likely to be years away.
Analysis by Bazian. Edited by NHS Choices. Follow Behind the Headlines on twitter. | [
25381,
3389,
807,
2321,
198,
1858,
389,
517,
621,
2063,
257,
1510,
661,
351,
15998,
287,
262,
3482,
198,
447,
250,
13746,
5139,
15148,
5071,
287,
661,
351,
15998,
11,
447,
251,
383,
6714,
21821,
3136,
13,
198,
464,
7533,
2925,
319,
284,
910,
326,
428,
15148,
564,
250,
23779,
6946,
1022,
3632,
4778,
284,
546,
530,
12,
83,
7944,
286,
3487,
2974,
447,
251,
290,
4394,
564,
250,
64,
1884,
7468,
447,
251,
329,
262,
10870,
290,
41672,
13156,
5924,
416,
661,
351,
15998,
13,
198,
1212,
16534,
318,
28845,
1912,
319,
2274,
2267,
656,
262,
2928,
286,
257,
4271,
5071,
8513,
15148,
319,
262,
2694,
286,
3632,
4778,
284,
21937,
10425,
13,
383,
21821,
29131,
326,
2984,
69,
3428,
10425,
714,
2728,
262,
7460,
286,
15998,
13,
198,
464,
2050,
373,
5952,
1262,
4227,
3632,
4778,
11,
290,
750,
407,
6211,
661,
351,
15998,
3264,
13,
198,
464,
4837,
3417,
262,
6496,
18955,
7767,
326,
3051,
1022,
3632,
4778,
618,
262,
1241,
286,
257,
2176,
7532,
318,
3421,
13,
21801,
2267,
550,
5071,
326,
23005,
284,
262,
9779,
326,
6973,
428,
7532,
5091,
287,
661,
351,
617,
3858,
286,
15998,
13,
383,
7035,
1043,
326,
15874,
262,
1241,
286,
428,
7532,
5676,
584,
15568,
4497,
329,
6946,
1022,
262,
13623,
447,
247,
3632,
4778,
13,
198,
464,
2267,
750,
407,
11,
2158,
11,
10716,
262,
2928,
286,
428,
30067,
6946,
287,
661,
351,
15998,
11,
290,
815,
407,
307,
16173,
355,
6011,
564,
250,
64,
1884,
7468,
329,
511,
10870,
290,
41672,
13156,
447,
251,
355,
2098,
416,
262,
21821,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
867,
6154,
892,
326,
15998,
743,
15058,
355,
262,
1255,
286,
257,
6087,
286,
5087,
784,
407,
655,
25862,
13,
3582,
278,
15998,
355,
257,
14177,
8513,
4369,
743,
880,
307,
281,
625,
12,
14323,
489,
2649,
13,
198,
8496,
750,
262,
1621,
1282,
422,
30,
198,
464,
2050,
373,
5281,
503,
416,
4837,
422,
13863,
2059,
11,
262,
2059,
286,
30422,
290,
16322,
76,
2059,
287,
4486,
13,
383,
2267,
373,
10588,
416,
262,
2351,
5136,
286,
49115,
605,
37966,
11,
262,
1294,
2351,
33656,
286,
3893,
290,
584,
16435,
3690,
262,
1294,
11,
968,
8936,
290,
4486,
13,
198,
464,
2050,
373,
3199,
287,
262,
12720,
12,
32974,
4913,
286,
38917,
13,
198,
3633,
262,
21821,
20431,
6235,
503,
326,
257,
3513,
1912,
319,
428,
2267,
318,
812,
1497,
11,
511,
5197,
286,
262,
2050,
318,
19556,
13,
1675,
923,
351,
11,
428,
2267,
750,
407,
7073,
257,
8513,
15148,
287,
661,
351,
15998,
13,
1320,
2792,
550,
587,
4271,
4920,
13,
383,
21821,
447,
247,
82,
5197,
635,
10143,
284,
3068,
326,
262,
2050,
373,
5952,
287,
13623,
11,
290,
2252,
2984,
5162,
1460,
7183,
416,
2862,
870,
257,
9367,
286,
257,
1692,
3632,
13,
198,
2061,
1611,
286,
2267,
373,
428,
30,
198,
16541,
1042,
318,
1690,
6412,
284,
416,
41883,
355,
5231,
2569,
27217,
37966,
357,
1921,
30832,
8,
355,
612,
318,
257,
10958,
286,
33686,
12,
4906,
7460,
326,
11,
981,
7373,
2219,
3033,
11,
460,
635,
7565,
15394,
1022,
1981,
2663,
13,
198,
1212,
373,
257,
14010,
2050,
326,
11068,
262,
2928,
286,
257,
8513,
15148,
319,
45829,
357,
710,
1523,
22963,
8,
1022,
13623,
447,
247,
3632,
4778,
13,
198,
21448,
3640,
423,
6692,
1811,
1180,
10812,
284,
15998,
13,
770,
2050,
3114,
5734,
379,
530,
9779,
326,
4909,
262,
1321,
973,
284,
787,
257,
7532,
1444,
1041,
50,
2969,
17,
14,
2484,
962,
18,
13,
198,
8061,
508,
3092,
530,
4866,
286,
428,
9779,
423,
257,
14027,
1444,
350,
2978,
272,
23394,
7780,
312,
14027,
784,
257,
14027,
351,
15998,
12,
2339,
3033,
13,
3819,
23005,
287,
428,
9779,
423,
635,
587,
3917,
351,
15998,
13,
198,
14698,
1115,
9088,
286,
262,
1041,
50,
2969,
17,
14,
2484,
962,
18,
9779,
357,
34330,
621,
262,
6678,
734,
9088,
8,
468,
587,
3917,
351,
1081,
525,
1362,
14027,
13,
770,
318,
257,
1296,
286,
38661,
326,
318,
3221,
3917,
351,
35290,
3303,
2478,
4678,
11,
475,
2761,
351,
1919,
10375,
290,
9172,
13,
2893,
9635,
3303,
318,
35290,
287,
749,
661,
351,
1081,
525,
1362,
14027,
11,
484,
1690,
423,
8722,
4547,
5538,
286,
4046,
357,
10508,
355,
564,
250,
270,
447,
247,
82,
43079,
11875,
290,
6844,
447,
251,
737,
198,
464,
7035,
910,
326,
981,
262,
1041,
50,
2969,
17,
14,
2484,
962,
18,
15148,
468,
587,
6692,
284,
7054,
30832,
11,
5519,
423,
407,
5174,
262,
2176,
5499,
286,
262,
7532,
326,
714,
1848,
329,
428,
2776,
13,
770,
2050,
7194,
284,
2095,
786,
262,
7532,
447,
247,
82,
2163,
287,
7216,
10425,
1022,
3632,
4778,
13,
198,
2061,
750,
262,
2267,
6211,
30,
198,
464,
4837,
989,
326,
23005,
287,
3294,
10812,
423,
587,
6692,
284,
7054,
30832,
11,
290,
867,
286,
777,
2689,
15568,
1043,
287,
262,
636,
286,
16384,
4778,
326,
787,
2800,
351,
584,
16384,
4778,
290,
21937,
10425,
13,
2312,
8787,
1626,
262,
10927,
1080,
389,
6412,
284,
355,
6171,
45903,
13,
198,
21448,
2267,
319,
8513,
23005,
6692,
284,
7054,
30832,
5644,
326,
777,
23005,
743,
2689,
262,
6171,
45903,
290,
703,
262,
16384,
4778,
3758,
10425,
290,
10996,
351,
1123,
584,
13,
198,
1212,
2050,
3114,
379,
703,
262,
1041,
50,
2969,
17,
14,
2484,
962,
18,
7532,
10975,
584,
15568,
379,
262,
6171,
7512,
290,
703,
262,
16384,
4778,
6737,
284,
1123,
584,
13,
383,
4837,
973,
4227,
3632,
4778,
7334,
287,
262,
14010,
290,
973,
2972,
1180,
5050,
284,
2050,
262,
7532,
13,
198,
2061,
547,
262,
4096,
2482,
30,
198,
464,
4837,
1043,
326,
262,
2974,
286,
262,
1041,
50,
2969,
17,
14,
2484,
962,
18,
7532,
2689,
262,
2974,
286,
584,
15568,
379,
262,
6171,
7512,
326,
389,
1593,
287,
16384,
2685,
45829,
11,
290,
4588,
703,
10425,
389,
18307,
1022,
16384,
4778,
13,
198,
2215,
262,
4837,
3114,
379,
262,
48865,
5107,
286,
1041,
50,
2969,
17,
14,
2484,
962,
18,
326,
389,
3917,
351,
7054,
30832,
11,
484,
1043,
326,
777,
18801,
5107,
286,
262,
7532,
10114,
16384,
2685,
45829,
13,
198,
2437,
750,
262,
4837,
6179,
262,
2482,
30,
198,
464,
4837,
8391,
326,
23005,
284,
262,
1041,
50,
2969,
17,
14,
2484,
962,
18,
9779,
2689,
257,
1688,
3632,
2685,
45829,
21182,
13,
1119,
910,
326,
25,
564,
250,
270,
481,
307,
286,
11091,
1393,
284,
5004,
1771,
584,
38661,
12,
32852,
23005,
635,
47873,
287,
428,
21182,
447,
251,
13,
198,
1212,
2050,
3769,
257,
2496,
329,
2003,
2267,
656,
33686,
10958,
11916,
13,
383,
4837,
423,
2095,
1417,
262,
2597,
326,
530,
7532,
5341,
287,
262,
45829,
1429,
286,
1728,
3632,
4778,
13,
887,
1771,
428,
2267,
6165,
5983,
284,
262,
2478,
286,
13820,
329,
7054,
30832,
3793,
284,
307,
1775,
13,
198,
6104,
611,
2252,
2267,
10069,
326,
262,
23005,
284,
262,
1041,
50,
2969,
17,
14,
2484,
962,
18,
7532,
711,
257,
26846,
876,
2597,
287,
15998,
11,
340,
318,
7485,
284,
1848,
329,
393,
1085,
284,
257,
3513,
329,
477,
7054,
30832,
13,
383,
2972,
3858,
286,
38661,
1950,
257,
3716,
8159,
286,
262,
11916,
290,
257,
15148,
284,
257,
2060,
9779,
318,
7485,
284,
1848,
329,
477,
262,
1180,
11916,
319,
262,
10958,
13,
1318,
743,
635,
307,
6142,
5087,
2950,
13,
198,
464,
7035,
910,
326,
355,
262,
1271,
286,
10812,
1043,
284,
307,
6692,
284,
7054,
30832,
4477,
284,
1663,
11,
262,
5654,
2055,
6698,
262,
4427,
286,
11170,
703,
23005,
287,
523,
867,
10812,
714,
4588,
262,
2478,
286,
7054,
30832,
13,
1119,
1950,
326,
3294,
8513,
23005,
743,
2689,
262,
45829,
21182,
2095,
1417,
287,
428,
2050,
11,
290,
326,
2252,
2267,
326,
13692,
319,
428,
21182,
743,
307,
4465,
13,
198,
1212,
2050,
18782,
262,
1245,
286,
257,
8513,
15148,
319,
257,
2176,
45829,
21182,
287,
262,
3632,
326,
743,
307,
2950,
287,
617,
5107,
286,
15998,
13,
43607,
284,
262,
1705,
14408,
340,
750,
407,
7073,
257,
8513,
15148,
287,
661,
351,
15998,
290,
815,
407,
307,
16173,
284,
4727,
597,
10870,
393,
41672,
7460,
3917,
351,
15998,
393,
33686,
10958,
11916,
13,
198,
32,
3744,
4547,
286,
262,
25862,
290,
17219,
286,
38661,
743,
4191,
1085,
284,
649,
3513,
3689,
11,
475,
355,
262,
1085,
13453,
318,
10947,
355,
2282,
287,
383,
6714,
21821,
1621,
11,
884,
13820,
389,
1884,
284,
307,
812,
1497,
13,
198,
32750,
416,
47099,
666,
13,
34212,
416,
18183,
10031,
1063,
13,
7281,
20787,
262,
7123,
6615,
319,
17044,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,412 |
Hyperkalemia is higher-than-normal levels of potassium in the blood.
The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. High potassium levels are more likely to occur when the kidneys are not working properly and are less able to get rid of potassium.
If your kidneys are not working well enough, taking extra potassium (for example from using salt substitutes that contain potassium or taking potassium supplements prescribed by your health care provider) could lead to problems.
Certain medicines may cause potassium levels to build up because of their effect on the kidneys, including water pills (diuretics) and blood pressure medicines.
Addison's disease is a disorder that causes an increase in total potassium.
There are often no symptoms with high levels of potassium. Symptoms that may occur include:
An ECG may show dangerous and abnormal rhythms such as:
You will need emergency treatment if your potassium level is very high, or if you have danger signs, such as changes in an ECG.
Emergency treatment may include:
Changes in your diet can help both prevent and treat high potassium levels. You may be asked to:
Your doctor may make the following changes to your medicines:
It is important to follow your health care provider's directions when taking your medicines:
Hyperkalemia; Potassium - high
Seifter JL. Potassium disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer, AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 119.
Updated by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2013, A.D.A.M., Inc. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by ADAM Health Solutions. | [
38197,
74,
282,
22859,
318,
2440,
12,
14813,
12,
11265,
2974,
286,
33156,
287,
262,
2910,
13,
198,
464,
41395,
7685,
4781,
6992,
33156,
422,
262,
1767,
13,
3334,
33156,
2974,
389,
517,
1884,
284,
3051,
618,
262,
41395,
389,
407,
1762,
6105,
290,
389,
1342,
1498,
284,
651,
5755,
286,
33156,
13,
198,
1532,
534,
41395,
389,
407,
1762,
880,
1576,
11,
2263,
3131,
33156,
357,
1640,
1672,
422,
1262,
8268,
44234,
326,
3994,
33156,
393,
2263,
33156,
20864,
14798,
416,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
8,
714,
1085,
284,
2761,
13,
198,
26469,
23533,
743,
2728,
33156,
2974,
284,
1382,
510,
780,
286,
511,
1245,
319,
262,
41395,
11,
1390,
1660,
19521,
357,
10989,
495,
14094,
8,
290,
2910,
3833,
23533,
13,
198,
4550,
1653,
338,
4369,
318,
257,
8967,
326,
5640,
281,
2620,
287,
2472,
33156,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
1690,
645,
7460,
351,
1029,
2974,
286,
33156,
13,
49559,
326,
743,
3051,
2291,
25,
198,
2025,
13182,
38,
743,
905,
4923,
290,
18801,
39804,
884,
355,
25,
198,
1639,
481,
761,
6334,
3513,
611,
534,
33156,
1241,
318,
845,
1029,
11,
393,
611,
345,
423,
3514,
5895,
11,
884,
355,
2458,
287,
281,
13182,
38,
13,
198,
48979,
3513,
743,
2291,
25,
198,
29238,
287,
534,
5496,
460,
1037,
1111,
2948,
290,
2190,
1029,
33156,
2974,
13,
921,
743,
307,
1965,
284,
25,
198,
7120,
6253,
743,
787,
262,
1708,
2458,
284,
534,
23533,
25,
198,
1026,
318,
1593,
284,
1061,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
338,
11678,
618,
2263,
534,
23533,
25,
198,
38197,
74,
282,
22859,
26,
6902,
26663,
532,
1029,
198,
4653,
18171,
449,
43,
13,
6902,
26663,
11916,
13,
554,
25,
18740,
406,
11,
3059,
34659,
11,
9552,
11,
1225,
82,
13,
32234,
11558,
13,
1987,
400,
1225,
13,
8857,
11,
11243,
25,
35896,
25974,
49663,
26,
2813,
25,
354,
499,
15136,
13,
198,
17354,
416,
25,
3271,
327,
13,
27436,
14597,
11,
6711,
11,
10670,
11,
8129,
286,
11558,
11,
7458,
286,
3611,
11558,
11,
2732,
286,
11558,
11,
2059,
286,
2669,
3961,
286,
11558,
13,
4418,
11765,
416,
3271,
1168,
12311,
11,
10670,
11,
337,
7801,
11,
8366,
5890,
11,
317,
13,
35,
13,
32,
13,
44,
1539,
3457,
13,
198,
464,
1321,
2810,
24028,
815,
407,
307,
973,
1141,
597,
3315,
6334,
393,
329,
262,
13669,
393,
3513,
286,
597,
3315,
4006,
13,
317,
11971,
14325,
815,
307,
26889,
329,
13669,
290,
3513,
286,
597,
290,
477,
3315,
3403,
13,
4889,
16679,
329,
477,
3315,
36047,
13,
21691,
284,
584,
5043,
389,
2810,
329,
1321,
691,
1377,
484,
466,
407,
15613,
40614,
286,
883,
584,
5043,
13,
15069,
8309,
12,
6390,
11,
317,
13,
35,
13,
32,
13,
44,
1539,
3457,
13,
49821,
3299,
329,
5068,
779,
1276,
307,
10435,
287,
3597,
416,
5984,
2390,
3893,
23555,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 468 |
Invisible Learning :: a collaborative book & an online repository
Invisible Learning is a collaborative book & an online repository of ideas for sustainable innovation. Invisible Learning is a project that is open and distributed publically to share and disseminate innovative learning ideas.
The project places special emphasis on learning practices that do not necessarily develop from traditional environments designed for education. These include informal and non-formal modes of education.
Experimental project oriented toward eXploring, eXploiting, and eXporting innovative knowledge. 21st century skills are relevant, regardless of where or how acquired.
EXplore, eXploit and eXport innovative knowledge. Participants will share great ideas about redesigning education to foster sustainable innovation and connect with the people making these changes happen.
Through the development of:
1) a collaborative, printed book;
2) an e-book; and
3) a repository of innovative ideas at www.invisiblelearning.com, we seek to:
Share experiences and innovative perspectives, focused on rethinking strategies and innovative approaches to learn and unlearn continuously. Promote critical thinking of the role of formal, informal and non-formal education at all educational levels.
Contribute to the creation of a sustainable (and continuous) process of learning, innovating and designing new cultures for the global society.
This project aims to facilitate the creation of a globally distributed community of thinkers interested on the creation of new futures for the education. Sustainable innovation, invisible learning (informal learning and non-formal learning) and the development of 21st century skills are some of the core issues that will be analyzed and addressed in this project.
The project focuses on many of the ideas related to lifelong learning:
the development of skills for the 21st century (digital and analog).
the importance of knowledge (tacit and explicit). new emphases on the
creative, purposive applications of knowledge (innovation). and, the
new means in which we learn, teach, and collaborate (i.e., utilizing
social media). Participation is therefore open to all people:
educators, learners, innovators, researchers, the curious, people with
interesting experiences, etc.
How can you contribute?
There are many ways, but the most direct are:
• Submitting an article
• Sharing multimedia material
• Upload a video to YouTube (and sharing by adding the label “invisiblelearning”)
• Tagging related thoughts on Twitter with the tag: invislearning
• Sharing and disseminating via Facebook or other social networks
• Spreading the word by blogging on the project/topics, inserting a banner on your website, etc.
How do we disseminate knowledge and materials generated in the project?
• We will select the best submitted articles/texts that are strong,
creative, and clear to be published in a printed book (in addition to a
freely downloadable e-book).
• Creation of a repository of good ideas and successful experiences at www.invisiblelearning.com....
• Creation of a space for dialogue amongst global citizens. The
official languages of the project are English and Spanish.
Contributions in other languages, however, are always welcome.
Also, if you are willing and able to help promote the project on your website, you will find our banners at http://tiny.cc/NoJig...
About the Book Coordinators: John Moravec, PhD, is an educational futurist in the
Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy and Development and
faculty member in the Innovation Studies and Master of Liberal Studies
graduate programs at the University of Minnesota.
Cristóbal Cobo, PhD, is a professor and researcher at Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences in Mexico (FLACSO-Mexico). | [
818,
23504,
18252,
7904,
257,
25408,
1492,
1222,
281,
2691,
16099,
198,
818,
23504,
18252,
318,
257,
25408,
1492,
1222,
281,
2691,
16099,
286,
4213,
329,
13347,
11044,
13,
39571,
18252,
318,
257,
1628,
326,
318,
1280,
290,
9387,
1171,
453,
284,
2648,
290,
30548,
378,
13097,
4673,
4213,
13,
198,
464,
1628,
4113,
2041,
12476,
319,
4673,
6593,
326,
466,
407,
6646,
1205,
422,
4569,
12493,
3562,
329,
3707,
13,
2312,
2291,
22176,
290,
1729,
12,
687,
282,
12881,
286,
3707,
13,
198,
20468,
9134,
1628,
25921,
3812,
304,
55,
489,
3255,
11,
304,
55,
489,
78,
1780,
11,
290,
304,
55,
26527,
13097,
3725,
13,
2310,
301,
4289,
4678,
389,
5981,
11,
7692,
286,
810,
393,
703,
9477,
13,
198,
6369,
489,
382,
11,
304,
55,
489,
30711,
290,
304,
55,
634,
13097,
3725,
13,
26122,
481,
2648,
1049,
4213,
546,
27135,
278,
3707,
284,
17016,
13347,
11044,
290,
2018,
351,
262,
661,
1642,
777,
2458,
1645,
13,
198,
15046,
262,
2478,
286,
25,
198,
16,
8,
257,
25408,
11,
10398,
1492,
26,
198,
17,
8,
281,
304,
12,
2070,
26,
290,
198,
18,
8,
257,
16099,
286,
13097,
4213,
379,
7324,
13,
259,
23504,
40684,
13,
785,
11,
356,
5380,
284,
25,
198,
11649,
6461,
290,
13097,
22582,
11,
5670,
319,
302,
28973,
10064,
290,
13097,
10581,
284,
2193,
290,
15809,
1501,
17282,
13,
10335,
1258,
4688,
3612,
286,
262,
2597,
286,
8766,
11,
22176,
290,
1729,
12,
687,
282,
3707,
379,
477,
9856,
2974,
13,
198,
4264,
4163,
284,
262,
6282,
286,
257,
13347,
357,
392,
12948,
8,
1429,
286,
4673,
11,
6237,
803,
290,
18492,
649,
13817,
329,
262,
3298,
3592,
13,
198,
1212,
1628,
12031,
284,
15570,
262,
6282,
286,
257,
18309,
9387,
2055,
286,
30504,
4609,
319,
262,
6282,
286,
649,
25650,
329,
262,
3707,
13,
45276,
11044,
11,
14836,
4673,
357,
259,
687,
282,
4673,
290,
1729,
12,
687,
282,
4673,
8,
290,
262,
2478,
286,
2310,
301,
4289,
4678,
389,
617,
286,
262,
4755,
2428,
326,
481,
307,
15475,
290,
9469,
287,
428,
1628,
13,
198,
464,
1628,
13692,
319,
867,
286,
262,
4213,
3519,
284,
25837,
4673,
25,
198,
1169,
2478,
286,
4678,
329,
262,
2310,
301,
4289,
357,
34725,
290,
15075,
737,
198,
1169,
6817,
286,
3725,
357,
83,
330,
270,
290,
7952,
737,
649,
33595,
1386,
319,
262,
198,
20123,
425,
11,
1308,
1930,
425,
5479,
286,
3725,
357,
3732,
17882,
737,
290,
11,
262,
198,
3605,
1724,
287,
543,
356,
2193,
11,
4545,
11,
290,
30081,
357,
72,
13,
68,
1539,
25137,
198,
14557,
2056,
737,
34408,
318,
4361,
1280,
284,
477,
661,
25,
198,
18123,
2024,
11,
46184,
11,
6237,
2024,
11,
4837,
11,
262,
11040,
11,
661,
351,
198,
47914,
6461,
11,
3503,
13,
198,
2437,
460,
345,
8676,
30,
198,
1858,
389,
867,
2842,
11,
475,
262,
749,
1277,
389,
25,
198,
3581,
3834,
16138,
281,
2708,
198,
3581,
36644,
40162,
2587,
198,
3581,
36803,
257,
2008,
284,
7444,
357,
392,
7373,
416,
4375,
262,
6167,
564,
250,
259,
23504,
40684,
447,
251,
8,
198,
3581,
309,
16406,
3519,
6066,
319,
3009,
351,
262,
7621,
25,
44837,
40684,
198,
3581,
36644,
290,
30548,
803,
2884,
3203,
393,
584,
1919,
7686,
198,
3581,
1338,
25782,
262,
1573,
416,
38310,
319,
262,
1628,
14,
4852,
873,
11,
19319,
257,
17625,
319,
534,
3052,
11,
3503,
13,
198,
2437,
466,
356,
30548,
378,
3725,
290,
5696,
7560,
287,
262,
1628,
30,
198,
3581,
775,
481,
2922,
262,
1266,
8948,
6685,
14,
5239,
82,
326,
389,
1913,
11,
198,
20123,
425,
11,
290,
1598,
284,
307,
3199,
287,
257,
10398,
1492,
357,
259,
3090,
284,
257,
198,
5787,
306,
41496,
304,
12,
2070,
737,
198,
3581,
21582,
286,
257,
16099,
286,
922,
4213,
290,
4388,
6461,
379,
7324,
13,
259,
23504,
40684,
13,
785,
1106,
198,
3581,
21582,
286,
257,
2272,
329,
10721,
12077,
3298,
4290,
13,
383,
198,
16841,
8950,
286,
262,
1628,
389,
3594,
290,
7897,
13,
198,
37146,
507,
287,
584,
8950,
11,
2158,
11,
389,
1464,
7062,
13,
198,
7583,
11,
611,
345,
389,
4684,
290,
1498,
284,
1037,
7719,
262,
1628,
319,
534,
3052,
11,
345,
481,
1064,
674,
31931,
379,
2638,
1378,
44152,
13,
535,
14,
2949,
41,
328,
986,
198,
8585,
262,
4897,
22819,
47721,
25,
1757,
3461,
1015,
66,
11,
16394,
11,
318,
281,
9856,
13294,
333,
396,
287,
262,
198,
36261,
286,
7221,
22684,
26935,
11,
7820,
290,
7712,
290,
198,
38942,
10672,
2888,
287,
262,
27724,
10422,
290,
5599,
286,
12266,
10422,
198,
17680,
4056,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
8919,
13,
198,
34,
1585,
10205,
6893,
14828,
78,
11,
16394,
11,
318,
257,
6240,
290,
13453,
379,
9133,
1605,
35262,
286,
5483,
13473,
287,
5828,
357,
3697,
2246,
15821,
12,
33006,
737,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 795 |
Pigments in sixteenth-century European painting
Marika Spring, Scientific Department, National Gallery, London
Making Art in Tudor Britain
Abstracts from Academic Workshops (2007-8)
Funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council
Over the last few years, as part of the programme for revision of the scholarly catalogues, full technical examinations have been carried out on many of the sixteenth-century German, Netherlandish and Italian School paintings in the National Gallery. The results of analysis give a good overview of the pigments in sixteenth-century European paintings, which could provide a context in which to place the results from the Tudor paintings project. Many pigments were available all over Europe. However, it is interesting to consider whether there are distinct geographical characteristics in the way in which they were used, or whether local materials not available everywhere can be identified.
The pattern of use of blue pigments confirmed what had already been established; for example the more frequent use of high quality ultramarine in Italian paintings. It was also used extensively in Netherlandish paintings, but only three occurrences were found among the paintings in the German school catalogue. This may be for reasons of cost or availability, but it might also be because German painters had access to extremely good quality azurite. That in Saint Peter's robe in Saints Peter and Dorothy by the Master of the Saint Bartholomew Altarpiece (NG 707, 1505-10) is of an intense colour that rivals ultramarine.
John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners
attributed to The Master of the Brandon portrait
Another new discovery was the extensive use of colourless powdered glass. There are references to the addition of colourless powdered glass to paint in a number of documentary sources, including Richard Haydocke's 1593 translation of Lomazzo, which expands on what Lomazzo says by specifically mentioning that it was used as a drier. Several seventeenth-century documentary sources, many of them English, also suggest it should be added as a drier (see Spring 2004 for references). The presence of glass was first confirmed in paintings by Raphael, mainly mixed with red lake. In every example that has been analysed the glass contains manganese, which is known to be capable of acting as a siccative for oil; indeed it would be very suitable as a drier for the glazy transparent red paint. Further evidence that its purpose was to act a drier is the context in which it was used. It was found in the mordant gilding on the throne in Raphael's Ansidei Madonna (NG1171), where it cannot have been included for aesthetic reasons as it is hidden beneath gold leaf.
The composition of vessel glass has been extensively studied by archaeologists, and clear geographical distributions, related to the local materials that were used to make the glass, have been established. The composition of the glass in paintings follows the same geographical trends: the Italian paintings have all, so far, been found to contain glass of the soda-lime type, while no soda-lime glass has been found in the Northern European paintings. Instead, high lime or mixed alkali glass was used. It is clear that this is a material which could help to establish the geographical location in which a work was produced, in the same way that a gypsum ground usually indicates a painting from southern Europe while a chalk ground is usually found on northern European paintings. As it is widespread in European paintings of this period, it seems likely that it was also used by artists in England in the sixteenth century.
L. Campbell, S. Foister and A. Roy eds, compiled and written by R. Billinge, L. Campbell, J. Dunkerton, S. Foister, J. Kirby, J. Pilc, A. Roy, M. Spring and R. White, Early Northern European Painting, National Gallery Technical Bulletin, Vol.18, 1997.
M. Spring, 'Occurrences of the Purple Pigment Fluorite on paintings in the National Gallery', National Gallery Technical Bulletin, Vol. 21, 2000, pp. 2027.
M. Spring, 'Pigments in sixteenth-century painting of the German School', in The pictorial technique of Grünewald and his peers, ed. P. Béguerie-De Paepe and M. Menu, Musée d'Unterlinden, Colmar and C2RMF-CNRS, 2007, pp. 136144.
M. Spring, 'Raphael's materials: Some new discoveries and their context within early sixteenth-century painting', in Raphael's Painting Technique: Working Practices before Rome, Proceedings of the Eu-ARTECH workshop, London November 11th 2004, ed. A. Roy and M. Spring, Quaderni di Kermes, 2007, pp. 7786.
M. Spring, 'Perugino's painting materials: analysis and context within sixteenth century easel painting', Postprints of the workshop on the painting technique of Pietro Vannucci, called il Perugino, organised by INSTM and LabSTECH, Perugia April 14th15th 2003, Quaderni di Kermes, 2004, pp. 1724. | [
47,
328,
902,
287,
2237,
20283,
12,
14792,
3427,
12036,
198,
7676,
9232,
8225,
11,
22060,
2732,
11,
2351,
12917,
11,
3576,
198,
23874,
3683,
287,
48256,
273,
5491,
198,
23839,
82,
422,
31421,
10933,
21936,
357,
12726,
12,
23,
8,
198,
24553,
276,
416,
262,
11536,
290,
5524,
871,
4992,
4281,
198,
5886,
262,
938,
1178,
812,
11,
355,
636,
286,
262,
11383,
329,
18440,
286,
262,
31950,
18388,
947,
11,
1336,
6276,
37305,
423,
587,
5281,
503,
319,
867,
286,
262,
2237,
20283,
12,
14792,
2679,
11,
11692,
45626,
290,
8200,
3961,
21641,
287,
262,
2351,
12917,
13,
383,
2482,
286,
3781,
1577,
257,
922,
16700,
286,
262,
12967,
902,
287,
2237,
20283,
12,
14792,
3427,
21641,
11,
543,
714,
2148,
257,
4732,
287,
543,
284,
1295,
262,
2482,
422,
262,
48256,
273,
21641,
1628,
13,
4650,
12967,
902,
547,
1695,
477,
625,
2031,
13,
2102,
11,
340,
318,
3499,
284,
2074,
1771,
612,
389,
7310,
27465,
9695,
287,
262,
835,
287,
543,
484,
547,
973,
11,
393,
1771,
1957,
5696,
407,
1695,
8347,
460,
307,
5174,
13,
198,
464,
3912,
286,
779,
286,
4171,
12967,
902,
4999,
644,
550,
1541,
587,
4920,
26,
329,
1672,
262,
517,
10792,
779,
286,
1029,
3081,
3789,
859,
34569,
287,
8200,
21641,
13,
632,
373,
635,
973,
20823,
287,
11692,
45626,
21641,
11,
475,
691,
1115,
40279,
547,
1043,
1871,
262,
21641,
287,
262,
2679,
1524,
34614,
13,
770,
743,
307,
329,
3840,
286,
1575,
393,
11500,
11,
475,
340,
1244,
635,
307,
780,
2679,
2356,
1010,
550,
1895,
284,
4457,
922,
3081,
35560,
333,
578,
13,
1320,
287,
9281,
5613,
338,
33192,
287,
13048,
5613,
290,
40349,
416,
262,
5599,
286,
262,
9281,
44414,
349,
28030,
12344,
5117,
8535,
357,
10503,
767,
2998,
11,
6640,
20,
12,
940,
8,
318,
286,
281,
8157,
9568,
326,
14987,
3789,
859,
34569,
13,
198,
7554,
20576,
354,
959,
11,
362,
358,
21770,
6206,
364,
198,
1078,
6169,
284,
383,
5599,
286,
262,
14328,
18560,
198,
6610,
649,
9412,
373,
262,
7667,
779,
286,
9568,
1203,
41642,
5405,
13,
1318,
389,
10288,
284,
262,
3090,
286,
9568,
1203,
41642,
5405,
284,
7521,
287,
257,
1271,
286,
11648,
4237,
11,
1390,
6219,
9075,
15390,
365,
338,
1315,
6052,
11059,
286,
406,
296,
8101,
78,
11,
543,
27513,
319,
644,
406,
296,
8101,
78,
1139,
416,
5734,
20862,
326,
340,
373,
973,
355,
257,
1454,
263,
13,
12168,
10037,
28117,
12,
14792,
11648,
4237,
11,
867,
286,
606,
3594,
11,
635,
1950,
340,
815,
307,
2087,
355,
257,
1454,
263,
357,
3826,
8225,
5472,
329,
10288,
737,
383,
4931,
286,
5405,
373,
717,
4999,
287,
21641,
416,
37464,
11,
8384,
7668,
351,
2266,
13546,
13,
554,
790,
1672,
326,
468,
587,
34763,
262,
5405,
4909,
582,
1030,
2771,
11,
543,
318,
1900,
284,
307,
6007,
286,
7205,
355,
257,
264,
44240,
876,
329,
3056,
26,
5600,
340,
561,
307,
845,
11080,
355,
257,
1454,
263,
329,
262,
1278,
12582,
13245,
2266,
7521,
13,
7735,
2370,
326,
663,
4007,
373,
284,
719,
257,
1454,
263,
318,
262,
4732,
287,
543,
340,
373,
973,
13,
632,
373,
1043,
287,
262,
285,
585,
415,
308,
688,
278,
319,
262,
19262,
287,
37464,
338,
1052,
1589,
72,
42345,
357,
10503,
1157,
4869,
828,
810,
340,
2314,
423,
587,
3017,
329,
19713,
3840,
355,
340,
318,
7104,
11061,
3869,
12835,
13,
198,
464,
11742,
286,
8837,
5405,
468,
587,
20823,
9713,
416,
38967,
11,
290,
1598,
27465,
24570,
11,
3519,
284,
262,
1957,
5696,
326,
547,
973,
284,
787,
262,
5405,
11,
423,
587,
4920,
13,
383,
11742,
286,
262,
5405,
287,
21641,
5679,
262,
976,
27465,
11257,
25,
262,
8200,
21641,
423,
477,
11,
523,
1290,
11,
587,
1043,
284,
3994,
5405,
286,
262,
20584,
12,
27299,
2099,
11,
981,
645,
20584,
12,
27299,
5405,
468,
587,
1043,
287,
262,
8342,
3427,
21641,
13,
5455,
11,
1029,
28738,
393,
7668,
32915,
7344,
5405,
373,
973,
13,
632,
318,
1598,
326,
428,
318,
257,
2587,
543,
714,
1037,
284,
4474,
262,
27465,
4067,
287,
543,
257,
670,
373,
4635,
11,
287,
262,
976,
835,
326,
257,
21486,
862,
388,
2323,
3221,
9217,
257,
12036,
422,
8372,
2031,
981,
257,
30860,
2323,
318,
3221,
1043,
319,
7840,
3427,
21641,
13,
1081,
340,
318,
10095,
287,
3427,
21641,
286,
428,
2278,
11,
340,
2331,
1884,
326,
340,
373,
635,
973,
416,
7912,
287,
4492,
287,
262,
2237,
20283,
4289,
13,
198,
43,
13,
14327,
11,
311,
13,
19434,
1694,
290,
317,
13,
9817,
1225,
82,
11,
14102,
290,
3194,
416,
371,
13,
3941,
11912,
11,
406,
13,
14327,
11,
449,
13,
39303,
29111,
11,
311,
13,
19434,
1694,
11,
449,
13,
23965,
11,
449,
13,
12693,
66,
11,
317,
13,
9817,
11,
337,
13,
8225,
290,
371,
13,
2635,
11,
12556,
8342,
3427,
48892,
11,
2351,
12917,
20671,
30551,
11,
4709,
13,
1507,
11,
8309,
13,
198,
44,
13,
8225,
11,
705,
29223,
333,
34303,
286,
262,
17265,
23097,
434,
34070,
273,
578,
319,
21641,
287,
262,
2351,
12917,
3256,
2351,
12917,
20671,
30551,
11,
4709,
13,
2310,
11,
4751,
11,
9788,
13,
1160,
1983,
13,
198,
44,
13,
8225,
11,
705,
47,
328,
902,
287,
2237,
20283,
12,
14792,
12036,
286,
262,
2679,
3961,
3256,
287,
383,
2862,
5132,
8173,
286,
1902,
9116,
3605,
1940,
290,
465,
14495,
11,
1225,
13,
350,
13,
347,
2634,
5162,
18287,
12,
5005,
350,
3609,
431,
290,
337,
13,
21860,
11,
2629,
22161,
288,
6,
3118,
353,
75,
521,
268,
11,
1623,
3876,
290,
327,
17,
29138,
37,
12,
34,
41256,
11,
4343,
11,
9788,
13,
21056,
18444,
13,
198,
44,
13,
8225,
11,
705,
49,
34889,
338,
5696,
25,
2773,
649,
24362,
290,
511,
4732,
1626,
1903,
2237,
20283,
12,
14792,
12036,
3256,
287,
37464,
338,
48892,
41317,
25,
14594,
42134,
878,
10598,
11,
30641,
286,
262,
412,
84,
12,
7227,
25994,
20243,
11,
3576,
3389,
1367,
400,
5472,
11,
1225,
13,
317,
13,
9817,
290,
337,
13,
8225,
11,
20648,
1142,
72,
2566,
17337,
6880,
11,
4343,
11,
9788,
13,
767,
46302,
13,
198,
44,
13,
8225,
11,
705,
5990,
1018,
2879,
338,
12036,
5696,
25,
3781,
290,
4732,
1626,
2237,
20283,
4289,
1396,
417,
12036,
3256,
2947,
17190,
286,
262,
20243,
319,
262,
12036,
8173,
286,
36548,
305,
569,
1236,
27501,
11,
1444,
4229,
2448,
1018,
2879,
11,
20325,
416,
40589,
44,
290,
3498,
2257,
25994,
11,
2448,
1018,
544,
3035,
1478,
400,
1314,
400,
5816,
11,
20648,
1142,
72,
2566,
17337,
6880,
11,
5472,
11,
9788,
13,
1596,
1731,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,089 |
Standing Bear in his formal attire
National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
On their journey westward in 1804, Lewis and Clark learned about the Ponca, a small tribe living on the west bank of the Missouri River and along what are now the lower Niobrara River and Ponca Creek in northeast Nebraska. The two did not meet as the tribe was on a hunting trip to the west.
Early Life And Movement To Reservation
Standing Bear was born around 1829 in the traditional Ponca homeland near the confluence of the Niobrara and Missouri rivers. About thirty years later, the tribe sold its homeland to the United States, retaining a 58,000-acre reservation between Ponca Creek and the Niobrara River. On this reservation the Poncas lived a life of hardscrabble farming and fear-the United States did little to protect them from attacks from the Brule Sioux.
When the federal government created the Great Sioux Reservation in 1868, the Ponca Reservation was included within its boundaries, depriving them of title to their remaining lands.
Eviction And Removal
In 1877, the federal government decided to remove the Poncas to Indian Territory. Standing Bear, a tribal leader, protested his tribe's eviction. Federal troops enforced the removal orders, with the result that the Poncas arrived in Indian Territory in the summer of 1878. Discouraged, homesick and forlorn, the Poncas found themselves on the lands of strangers, in the middle of a hot summer, with no crops or prospects for any as the time for planting was long past.
Since the tribe had left Nebraska, one-third had died and nearly all of the survivors were sick or disabled. Talk around the campfire revolved around the "old home" in the north. The death of Chief Standing Bear's sixteen-year old son in late December 1878 set in motion the event which was to bring a measure of justice and worldwide fame to the chief and his small band of followers.
Honoring A Son's Wish
Wanting to honor his son's last wish to be buried in the land of his birth and not in a strange country where his spirit would wander forever, Standing Bear gathered a few members of his tribe-mostly women and children-and started for the Ponca homeland in the north. They left in early January 1879 and trekked through the Great Plains winter, reaching the reservation of their relatives, the Omahas, about two months later. Standing Bear carried with him the bones of his son to be buried in the familiar earth along the Niobrara River.
The Court Case - Standing Bear v. Crook
Because Indians were not allowed to leave their reservation without permission, Standing Bear and his followers were labeled a renegade band. The Army, on the order of The Secretary of the Interior, arrested them and took them to Fort Omaha, the intention being to return them to Indian Territory. General George Crook, however, sympathized with Standing Bear and his followers and asked Thomas Henry Tibbles, an Omaha newspaperman, for help. Tibbles took up the cause and secured two prominent Omaha attorneys to represent Standing Bear.
The lawyers filed a federal court application for a writ of habeas corpus to test the legality of the detention, basing their case on the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. The government disputed the right of Standing Bear to obtain a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that an Indian was not a "person" under the meaning of the law.
Death And Commemoration
The case of Standing Bear v. Crook began on May 1, 1879 before Judge Elmer S. Dundy in U.S. District Court in Omaha and continued into the evening of the following day. On May 12, Judge Dundy ruled in favor of Standing Bear, reasoning that he and his band were indeed "persons" under the law, entitled to sever tribal connections and were free to enjoy the rights of any other person in the land. The government appealed Dundy's decision, but the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear the case, leaving Standing Bear and his followers free in the eyes of the law.
Standing Bear died in 1908 and was buried alongside his ancestors in the Ponca homeland. At the eastern end of the 39-mile reach of the Missouri National Recreational River is a relatively new bridge. It links the communities of Niobrara, Nebraska, and Running Water, South Dakota. The official name of the structure is the Chief Standing Bear Memorial Bridge.
Click here for more details on Standing Bear and the Ponca Tribe, with a list of suggested additional reading. (PDF file) | [
44196,
14732,
287,
465,
8766,
37629,
198,
16186,
32898,
2770,
22275,
11,
40131,
29426,
198,
2202,
511,
7002,
7421,
904,
287,
1248,
3023,
11,
10174,
290,
11264,
4499,
546,
262,
50210,
6888,
11,
257,
1402,
14893,
2877,
319,
262,
7421,
3331,
286,
262,
11565,
5866,
290,
1863,
644,
389,
783,
262,
2793,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
5866,
290,
50210,
6888,
13509,
287,
24287,
18329,
13,
383,
734,
750,
407,
1826,
355,
262,
14893,
373,
319,
257,
10988,
5296,
284,
262,
7421,
13,
198,
20457,
5155,
843,
15477,
1675,
1874,
13208,
198,
44196,
14732,
373,
4642,
1088,
1248,
1959,
287,
262,
4569,
50210,
6888,
23184,
1474,
262,
1013,
23079,
286,
262,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
290,
11565,
18180,
13,
7994,
12277,
812,
1568,
11,
262,
14893,
2702,
663,
23184,
284,
262,
1578,
1829,
11,
26645,
257,
7618,
11,
830,
12,
12345,
24048,
1022,
50210,
6888,
13509,
290,
262,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
5866,
13,
1550,
428,
24048,
262,
50210,
34004,
5615,
257,
1204,
286,
1327,
1416,
25619,
903,
16035,
290,
3252,
12,
1169,
1578,
1829,
750,
1310,
284,
1805,
606,
422,
3434,
422,
262,
8274,
293,
37903,
13,
198,
2215,
262,
2717,
1230,
2727,
262,
3878,
37903,
1874,
13208,
287,
1248,
3104,
11,
262,
50210,
6888,
1874,
13208,
373,
3017,
1626,
663,
13215,
11,
15659,
1075,
606,
286,
3670,
284,
511,
5637,
8604,
13,
198,
15200,
2867,
843,
46209,
198,
818,
1248,
3324,
11,
262,
2717,
1230,
3066,
284,
4781,
262,
50210,
34004,
284,
3942,
25219,
13,
22493,
14732,
11,
257,
17054,
3554,
11,
27278,
465,
14893,
338,
38738,
13,
5618,
6553,
20326,
262,
9934,
6266,
11,
351,
262,
1255,
326,
262,
50210,
34004,
5284,
287,
3942,
25219,
287,
262,
3931,
286,
1248,
3695,
13,
8444,
454,
1886,
11,
5682,
624,
290,
329,
75,
1211,
11,
262,
50210,
34004,
1043,
2405,
319,
262,
8604,
286,
18981,
11,
287,
262,
3504,
286,
257,
3024,
3931,
11,
351,
645,
14450,
393,
13285,
329,
597,
355,
262,
640,
329,
26630,
373,
890,
1613,
13,
198,
6385,
262,
14893,
550,
1364,
18329,
11,
530,
12,
17089,
550,
3724,
290,
3016,
477,
286,
262,
13644,
547,
6639,
393,
10058,
13,
12167,
1088,
262,
1413,
6495,
2710,
5634,
1088,
262,
366,
727,
1363,
1,
287,
262,
5093,
13,
383,
1918,
286,
5953,
22493,
14732,
338,
27913,
12,
1941,
1468,
3367,
287,
2739,
3426,
1248,
3695,
900,
287,
6268,
262,
1785,
543,
373,
284,
2222,
257,
3953,
286,
5316,
290,
8688,
16117,
284,
262,
4039,
290,
465,
1402,
4097,
286,
10569,
13,
198,
29478,
3255,
317,
6295,
338,
23447,
198,
19633,
278,
284,
7522,
465,
3367,
338,
938,
4601,
284,
307,
11694,
287,
262,
1956,
286,
465,
4082,
290,
407,
287,
257,
6283,
1499,
810,
465,
4437,
561,
27776,
8097,
11,
22493,
14732,
9272,
257,
1178,
1866,
286,
465,
14893,
12,
29471,
1466,
290,
1751,
12,
392,
2067,
329,
262,
50210,
6888,
23184,
287,
262,
5093,
13,
1119,
1364,
287,
1903,
3269,
1248,
3720,
290,
30784,
9091,
832,
262,
3878,
31981,
7374,
11,
8978,
262,
24048,
286,
511,
12772,
11,
262,
16543,
993,
292,
11,
546,
734,
1933,
1568,
13,
22493,
14732,
5281,
351,
683,
262,
11945,
286,
465,
3367,
284,
307,
11694,
287,
262,
5385,
4534,
1863,
262,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
5866,
13,
198,
464,
3078,
8913,
532,
22493,
14732,
410,
13,
9325,
482,
198,
8128,
12746,
547,
407,
3142,
284,
2666,
511,
24048,
1231,
7170,
11,
22493,
14732,
290,
465,
10569,
547,
15494,
257,
30780,
671,
4097,
13,
383,
5407,
11,
319,
262,
1502,
286,
383,
4986,
286,
262,
19614,
11,
5169,
606,
290,
1718,
606,
284,
6401,
37053,
11,
262,
6778,
852,
284,
1441,
606,
284,
3942,
25219,
13,
3611,
4502,
9325,
482,
11,
2158,
11,
23860,
1143,
351,
22493,
14732,
290,
465,
10569,
290,
1965,
5658,
8616,
16653,
7689,
11,
281,
37053,
7533,
805,
11,
329,
1037,
13,
16653,
7689,
1718,
510,
262,
2728,
290,
13659,
734,
9208,
37053,
14449,
284,
2380,
22493,
14732,
13,
198,
464,
9326,
5717,
257,
2717,
2184,
3586,
329,
257,
1991,
286,
387,
1350,
292,
35789,
284,
1332,
262,
38209,
286,
262,
13280,
11,
1615,
278,
511,
1339,
319,
262,
1478,
400,
8441,
284,
262,
7965,
13,
383,
1230,
21941,
262,
826,
286,
22493,
14732,
284,
7330,
257,
1991,
286,
387,
1350,
292,
35789,
319,
262,
9384,
326,
281,
3942,
373,
407,
257,
366,
6259,
1,
739,
262,
3616,
286,
262,
1099,
13,
198,
20148,
843,
1520,
368,
6944,
198,
464,
1339,
286,
22493,
14732,
410,
13,
9325,
482,
2540,
319,
1737,
352,
11,
1248,
3720,
878,
8974,
2574,
647,
311,
13,
37921,
88,
287,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5665,
3078,
287,
37053,
290,
3767,
656,
262,
6180,
286,
262,
1708,
1110,
13,
1550,
1737,
1105,
11,
8974,
37921,
88,
8879,
287,
2661,
286,
22493,
14732,
11,
14607,
326,
339,
290,
465,
4097,
547,
5600,
366,
19276,
684,
1,
739,
262,
1099,
11,
9080,
284,
1750,
17054,
8787,
290,
547,
1479,
284,
2883,
262,
2489,
286,
597,
584,
1048,
287,
262,
1956,
13,
383,
1230,
22280,
37921,
88,
338,
2551,
11,
475,
262,
5617,
3078,
286,
262,
1578,
1829,
6520,
284,
3285,
262,
1339,
11,
4305,
22493,
14732,
290,
465,
10569,
1479,
287,
262,
2951,
286,
262,
1099,
13,
198,
44196,
14732,
3724,
287,
40417,
290,
373,
11694,
7848,
465,
18668,
287,
262,
50210,
6888,
23184,
13,
1629,
262,
10183,
886,
286,
262,
5014,
12,
18085,
3151,
286,
262,
11565,
2351,
30009,
864,
5866,
318,
257,
5365,
649,
7696,
13,
632,
6117,
262,
5348,
286,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
11,
18329,
11,
290,
18162,
5638,
11,
2520,
13336,
13,
383,
1743,
1438,
286,
262,
4645,
318,
262,
5953,
22493,
14732,
14861,
10290,
13,
198,
8164,
994,
329,
517,
3307,
319,
22493,
14732,
290,
262,
50210,
6888,
27804,
11,
351,
257,
1351,
286,
5220,
3224,
3555,
13,
357,
20456,
2393,
8,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 963 |
Virginia Tech's Bill Hopkins holds a female wood duck, as part of the studies he and his colleagues are conducting to determine how the physiology and behavior of female amphibians, turtles and birds affect their offspring, and the consequences these interactions may have for population health. See more images and read more about wood ducks.
Credit: Photo by Kate Hasapes; courtesy Bill Hopkins, Virginia Tech
Gail Patricelli, an animal behaviorist at the University of California, Davis studies animal communication and sexual selection, with a focus on understanding the amazing diversity and complexity in animal signals. Check out the story in this Science Nation video. Credit: Science Nation, NSF
Research conducted by biologists at the University of Maryland, College Park shows that when two neighboring termite families meet within the same log, one or both families' kings and queens are killed and a new, merged, cooperative colony results. Check out the story in this audio slideshow and news release.
Credit: Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation
According to a study by scientists at the University of Arizona, female house finches are able to change their hormonal makeup to ensure male birds hatch later, grow faster and spend less time in the nest than their sisters. Read more in this news release.
Credit: Alex Badyaev
The Integrative Organismal Systems Division (IOS) in NSF's Directorate for Biological Sciences supports research aimed at an integrative understanding of organisms. The goal is to predict why organisms are structured the way they are and function as they do. The division particularly encourages research projects that innovatively apply systems biology approaches and that lead to new conceptual and theoretical insights and predictions about integrated organismal properties that may be experimentally verified.
Scientists studying the relationship between testosterone and natural selection in an American songbird, the dark-eyed junco, reported that extreme testosterone production puts male dark-eyed juncos at a disadvantage.
A University of California, San Diego study shows that increased environmental variation causes birds to lay more eggs at a time. In addition, increased predation pressure experienced by open-nesting birds causes them to lay smaller clutches than cavity-nesting birds, literally having fewer eggs in one basket to spread the risk.
August 23, 2010
Make Way for Ducklings
What wood ducks are revealing about threats to our fine feathered friends
Parent birds know best when it comes to taking care of their babies. But, when food gets scarce and they are forced to fly longer distances to grab a bite, "egg sitting" time drops off. What impact does this have on their brood?
"I guess everybody, from a human health perspective, knows that what a mother does during pregnancy can have all sorts of effects on her babies," says Bill Hopkins, an associate professor in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences at Virginia Tech. He is holding a duckling in his hand. It's one of many he and his team are studying. "We study how these little guys can be affected by the things that mom does."
A member of his research team, Sarah DuRant, examines an egg. "If you look really closely," she says, "you can see the embryo moving."
With the support of the National Science Foundation (NSF), ecologists Hopkins and DuRant are studying wood ducks to better understand the impact of mom's nesting behavior on her ducklings and their ability to survive.
"How much time a female spends on her nest is going to influence the temperature that the nest is at," notes DuRant. The researchers incubate eggs at different temperatures to simulate warmer and cooler nesting conditions. "What we're interested in are very, very subtle changes in temperature, maybe a degree Celsius at most," adds Hopkins.
DuRant says they already see differences in the developing embryo. "Our embryos in the lowest temperature are going to develop a little bit slower than embryos in our higher temperatures," she says.
And once the ducklings are hatched, researchers are finding that just a slightly cooler nest can dramatically alter the health and vitality of an individual.
"They may look healthy, but if you actually dig a little deeper, we see a number of physiological deficits. Their immune systems aren't developing as rapidly. They appear to be almost developmentally stunted," explains Hopkins. "We see that they have changes in terms of endocrine function; in terms of stress hormones. We see changes in thermoregulatory capacity and locomotor performance. They swim slower than the same individuals from the same clutch. Swimming is a critical part of their early survival. They've got to avoid predators."
This research is not just about wood ducks. It has implications for many birds living in conditions where their nesting behaviors and habitats are disrupted.
"If their immune system isn't functioning as well as it needs to be and disease wipes through, then those guys aren't going to make it," says DuRant. "For many species that are breeding earlier in the year, those young are going to be exposed to colder temperatures so if they can't regulate their body temperature, then they're also going to die."
Hopkins hopes these findings will improve future conservation strategies.
"If you have an area, say, that's subjected to ecotourism, where you may have a lot of disturbance around nesting areas, those sorts of areas may actually come at a cost," he says.
That could adversely affect the health and vigor of future generations. Hopkins and his team want to learn all they can about what it will take to keep these little guys thriving--and following in mom's footsteps. | [
41017,
9634,
338,
3941,
21183,
6622,
257,
4048,
4898,
22045,
11,
355,
636,
286,
262,
3640,
339,
290,
465,
7810,
389,
14523,
284,
5004,
703,
262,
38033,
290,
4069,
286,
4048,
38255,
1547,
11,
36288,
290,
10087,
2689,
511,
20791,
11,
290,
262,
6948,
777,
12213,
743,
423,
329,
3265,
1535,
13,
4091,
517,
4263,
290,
1100,
517,
546,
4898,
39694,
13,
198,
23690,
25,
5555,
416,
16693,
7875,
7916,
26,
12537,
3941,
21183,
11,
6025,
9634,
198,
38,
603,
3208,
20970,
15516,
11,
281,
5044,
4069,
396,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
3442,
11,
7802,
3640,
5044,
6946,
290,
3206,
6356,
11,
351,
257,
2962,
319,
4547,
262,
4998,
9573,
290,
13357,
287,
5044,
10425,
13,
6822,
503,
262,
1621,
287,
428,
5800,
8741,
2008,
13,
10504,
25,
5800,
8741,
11,
10896,
37,
198,
25104,
5952,
416,
43149,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
10769,
11,
5535,
3250,
2523,
326,
618,
734,
19651,
3381,
578,
4172,
1826,
1626,
262,
976,
2604,
11,
530,
393,
1111,
4172,
6,
21557,
290,
38771,
389,
2923,
290,
257,
649,
11,
23791,
11,
22849,
18815,
2482,
13,
6822,
503,
262,
1621,
287,
428,
6597,
48828,
290,
1705,
2650,
13,
198,
23690,
25,
1168,
1437,
360,
567,
30394,
11,
2351,
5800,
5693,
198,
4821,
284,
257,
2050,
416,
5519,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
7943,
11,
4048,
2156,
957,
2052,
389,
1498,
284,
1487,
511,
36956,
16029,
284,
4155,
4257,
10087,
25834,
1568,
11,
1663,
5443,
290,
4341,
1342,
640,
287,
262,
16343,
621,
511,
15153,
13,
4149,
517,
287,
428,
1705,
2650,
13,
198,
23690,
25,
4422,
7772,
3972,
1990,
198,
464,
15995,
13260,
7221,
1042,
282,
11998,
7458,
357,
40,
2640,
8,
287,
10896,
37,
338,
44437,
329,
32827,
13473,
6971,
2267,
8998,
379,
281,
4132,
13260,
4547,
286,
20296,
13,
383,
3061,
318,
284,
4331,
1521,
20296,
389,
20793,
262,
835,
484,
389,
290,
2163,
355,
484,
466,
13,
383,
7297,
3573,
18656,
2267,
4493,
326,
6237,
9404,
4174,
3341,
17219,
10581,
290,
326,
1085,
284,
649,
23355,
290,
16200,
17218,
290,
16277,
546,
11521,
26433,
282,
6608,
326,
743,
307,
6306,
453,
19000,
13,
198,
29193,
11065,
262,
2776,
1022,
18776,
290,
3288,
6356,
287,
281,
1605,
3496,
16944,
11,
262,
3223,
12,
18834,
10891,
1073,
11,
2098,
326,
3257,
18776,
3227,
7584,
4257,
3223,
12,
18834,
10891,
6966,
379,
257,
21407,
13,
198,
32,
2059,
286,
3442,
11,
2986,
9500,
2050,
2523,
326,
3220,
6142,
12291,
5640,
10087,
284,
3830,
517,
9653,
379,
257,
640,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
3220,
2747,
341,
3833,
5924,
416,
1280,
12,
77,
37761,
10087,
5640,
606,
284,
3830,
4833,
32170,
2052,
621,
31643,
12,
77,
37761,
10087,
11,
7360,
1719,
7380,
9653,
287,
530,
7988,
284,
4104,
262,
2526,
13,
198,
17908,
2242,
11,
3050,
198,
12050,
6378,
329,
21867,
17783,
198,
2061,
4898,
39694,
389,
13477,
546,
7432,
284,
674,
3734,
2218,
6083,
2460,
198,
24546,
10087,
760,
1266,
618,
340,
2058,
284,
2263,
1337,
286,
511,
11903,
13,
887,
11,
618,
2057,
3011,
18549,
290,
484,
389,
4137,
284,
6129,
2392,
18868,
284,
5552,
257,
13197,
11,
366,
33856,
5586,
1,
640,
10532,
572,
13,
1867,
2928,
857,
428,
423,
319,
511,
50167,
30,
198,
1,
40,
4724,
7288,
11,
422,
257,
1692,
1535,
6650,
11,
4206,
326,
644,
257,
2802,
857,
1141,
10241,
460,
423,
477,
10524,
286,
3048,
319,
607,
11903,
553,
1139,
3941,
21183,
11,
281,
11602,
6240,
287,
262,
2732,
286,
49179,
290,
18006,
13473,
379,
6025,
9634,
13,
679,
318,
4769,
257,
22045,
1359,
287,
465,
1021,
13,
632,
338,
530,
286,
867,
339,
290,
465,
1074,
389,
11065,
13,
366,
1135,
2050,
703,
777,
1310,
3730,
460,
307,
5676,
416,
262,
1243,
326,
1995,
857,
526,
198,
32,
2888,
286,
465,
2267,
1074,
11,
10490,
10343,
49,
415,
11,
28025,
281,
5935,
13,
366,
1532,
345,
804,
1107,
7173,
553,
673,
1139,
11,
366,
5832,
460,
766,
262,
39880,
3867,
526,
198,
3152,
262,
1104,
286,
262,
2351,
5800,
5693,
357,
8035,
37,
828,
9940,
9251,
21183,
290,
10343,
49,
415,
389,
11065,
4898,
39694,
284,
1365,
1833,
262,
2928,
286,
1995,
338,
46282,
4069,
319,
607,
22045,
17783,
290,
511,
2694,
284,
7866,
13,
198,
1,
2437,
881,
640,
257,
4048,
16887,
319,
607,
16343,
318,
1016,
284,
4588,
262,
5951,
326,
262,
16343,
318,
379,
553,
4710,
10343,
49,
415,
13,
383,
4837,
25543,
378,
9653,
379,
1180,
10101,
284,
29308,
23254,
290,
19346,
46282,
3403,
13,
366,
2061,
356,
821,
4609,
287,
389,
845,
11,
845,
11800,
2458,
287,
5951,
11,
3863,
257,
4922,
34186,
379,
749,
553,
6673,
21183,
13,
198,
35660,
49,
415,
1139,
484,
1541,
766,
5400,
287,
262,
5922,
39880,
13,
366,
5122,
39966,
287,
262,
9016,
5951,
389,
1016,
284,
1205,
257,
1310,
1643,
13611,
621,
39966,
287,
674,
2440,
10101,
553,
673,
1139,
13,
198,
1870,
1752,
262,
22045,
17783,
389,
49353,
11,
4837,
389,
4917,
326,
655,
257,
4622,
19346,
16343,
460,
12034,
8343,
262,
1535,
290,
41687,
286,
281,
1981,
13,
198,
1,
2990,
743,
804,
5448,
11,
475,
611,
345,
1682,
3100,
257,
1310,
9211,
11,
356,
766,
257,
1271,
286,
25033,
22729,
13,
5334,
10900,
3341,
3588,
470,
5922,
355,
8902,
13,
1119,
1656,
284,
307,
2048,
2478,
453,
7991,
1513,
553,
6688,
21183,
13,
366,
1135,
766,
326,
484,
423,
2458,
287,
2846,
286,
886,
38658,
2163,
26,
287,
2846,
286,
5503,
21311,
13,
775,
766,
2458,
287,
10811,
3549,
70,
21386,
5339,
290,
33334,
20965,
2854,
13,
1119,
9422,
13611,
621,
262,
976,
3925,
422,
262,
976,
22756,
13,
2451,
27428,
318,
257,
4688,
636,
286,
511,
1903,
9441,
13,
1119,
1053,
1392,
284,
3368,
23311,
526,
198,
1212,
2267,
318,
407,
655,
546,
4898,
39694,
13,
632,
468,
10939,
329,
867,
10087,
2877,
287,
3403,
810,
511,
46282,
14301,
290,
35308,
389,
30067,
13,
198,
1,
1532,
511,
10900,
1080,
2125,
470,
15025,
355,
880,
355,
340,
2476,
284,
307,
290,
4369,
46142,
832,
11,
788,
883,
3730,
3588,
470,
1016,
284,
787,
340,
553,
1139,
10343,
49,
415,
13,
366,
1890,
867,
4693,
326,
389,
18954,
2961,
287,
262,
614,
11,
883,
1862,
389,
1016,
284,
307,
7362,
284,
38427,
10101,
523,
611,
484,
460,
470,
16697,
511,
1767,
5951,
11,
788,
484,
821,
635,
1016,
284,
4656,
526,
198,
23483,
5331,
7176,
777,
6373,
481,
2987,
2003,
14903,
10064,
13,
198,
1,
1532,
345,
423,
281,
1989,
11,
910,
11,
326,
338,
16164,
284,
9940,
313,
454,
1042,
11,
810,
345,
743,
423,
257,
1256,
286,
30497,
1088,
46282,
3006,
11,
883,
10524,
286,
3006,
743,
1682,
1282,
379,
257,
1575,
553,
339,
1139,
13,
198,
2504,
714,
34079,
2689,
262,
1535,
290,
10539,
273,
286,
2003,
10439,
13,
21183,
290,
465,
1074,
765,
284,
2193,
477,
484,
460,
546,
644,
340,
481,
1011,
284,
1394,
777,
1310,
3730,
27723,
438,
392,
1708,
287,
1995,
338,
27146,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,147 |
|Extracts from SCN News (UNSSCN, 1991, 8 p.)|
The photograph on our cover is horrifying. Another baby girl dies unnecessarily. The Department of Child Development, Government of India, with assistance from UNICEF, has produced a compelling account of the plight of "The Lesser Child".
"In a culture that idolizes sons and dreads the birth of a daughter, to be born female comes perilously close of being born less than human. Today the rejection of the unwanted girl can begin even before her birth: prenatal sex determination tests followed by quick abortions eliminate thousands of female foetuses before they can become daughters. Those girls who manage to survive till birth and beyond find that the dice is heavily loaded against them in a world that denies them equal access to food, health, care, education, employment and simple human dignity.
"Born into indifference and reared on neglect, the girl child is caught in a web of cultural practices and prejudices that divest her of her individuality and mould her into a submissive self-sacrificing daughter and wife. Her labour ensures the survival and well-being of her family but robs her not only of her childhood but also of her right to be free of hunger, ignorance, disease and poverty.
"We expect tommorrow's woman to become the pivot of social change and development. Yet today we deprive her of her rightful share of food, schooling, health care and employment, then marvel that she does not come running to get her children immunized, or when she refuses to send them to school or practice good nutrition, hygiene and birth control ... Unless the girl becomes a priority in health, nutrition and education policies, can there be Health for All by 2000, or universal elementary education, or social justice and equality? It is already late. But perhaps not too late."
A number of key statistics are used to illustrate the problem. The sex ratio (females per thousand males) is shown to have declined during this century, for example from 972 in 1901, 950 in 1931, and down to 933 in 1981; variation in the sex ratio between states is also illustrated, with a high value of 1032 in Kerala, dropping to below 800 even in some states (although migration may account for some of this, it clearly does not account for all). Anthropometric data also tell a sad tale: data quoted from one area show, for example, these differentials for growth retardation (adding mild, moderate, and severe). In infants, the prevalence among females was estimated at 79%, versus 43% in males - almost double; in one to two year olds, these figures became 86% compared with 63%; and preschoolers 72% against 65%. This also illustrates that the effects are particularly severe in the first year of life, and suggests that girls become relatively better able to look after themselves as they grow older. The morbidity patterns quoted, from rural Tamil Nadu, show much higher incidence of diseases such as respiratory infections among young girls; poignantly, the only condition in which boys are more affected than girls is dental caries, perhaps resulting from the observation made in "The Lesser Child" that "although there are great variations in feeding practices across the country, it is generally true that boys eat better than girls even in privileged families. Sons are more likely to be given milk, eggs, meat and fruit in their diet. As they grow older, boys spend part of their earnings on food and snacks while girls continue to eat the same unvaried diet at home."
"Through a haze of heat and pain, Sushma hears the dai mutter 'Another daughter' and bursts into uncontrollable sobs. Throughout her third pregnancy she has fasted and prayed for a son. Burdened by the guilt of having two daughters, she has supplicated every deity she knows, praying to Shiva, to Santoshi Mata, even walking to the outskirts of the village to prostrate herself at the grave of the Pir Baba. Now the sound of her mother-in-law's wailing fills the air ..."
Source: "The Lesser Child", p. 4.
The book, though short, makes the compelling point very clearly and repeatedly. But it continues to suggest that not only long term changes must be brought about, particularly through education, but that there are also programmes that can be effective now. "The glaring disparity between male and female infant mortality rates, if plotted on a map, shows a clear belt running across the north-western part of the country, with a few pockets elsewhere, and this is where immediate health and nutrition interventions must now focussed."
"The ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) network is clearly one effective response to the problem of early neglect of young children. Through its immunization, nutritional supplementation and pre-school education components (which now reach ten million children) it can offset the discrimination a girl faces at home and can lay the foundation for healthy physical and mental development. But an urgent answer has to be found for meeting the needs of girls in the 6-14 year age-group, for this is when they have either dropped out of school or are too old for ICDS and are nobody's concern. They have to wait until they are 15, which is when they become another target group that the health system recognizes - "women in the reproductive age-group". Perhaps it is time to enlarge the scope of ICDS projects so that they can include girls between the ages of 6 and 14 years. This is an important period in a girl's life, when major biological, psychological and social changes take place. . . . repeated adolescent pregnancies, common in many parts of rural India, arrest this growth spurt and prevent full physical maturation of the girl, affecting not only her own health, but also the survival and development of her offspring."
Although the book is specific to India, the issue extends far wider. Indeed, the same thoughts are exactly right for many other places, whatever the child's gender. The book finishes like this.
"An integrated and holistic approach to the girl-child's development is essential for the creation of a new environment in which she can be valued and nurtured. Our search for brave new efforts to give the girl-child her due, to allow her to evolve to her full potential, involves a process of social mobilization that will make her everyone's concern: the media, the family and the community, as well as government and voluntary agencies. By supplementing formal schooling with non-formal education that conforms to local needs and constraints; by enlarging the ambit of child development programmes with the creation of new channels to reach adolescent and pre-adolescent girls; by reinforcing constitutional mandates through widespread awareness of the rights of girls: these are only some of the ways in which we can empower the girl child to enter the mainstream of economic and social activity. And help her to walk out of the maze of neglect in which she has been lost for centuries."
Source: "The Lesser Child", Dept. of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India, with assistance from UNICEF. | [
91,
11627,
974,
82,
422,
6374,
45,
3000,
357,
4944,
5432,
44175,
11,
10249,
11,
807,
279,
2014,
91,
198,
464,
8408,
319,
674,
3002,
318,
31906,
13,
6023,
5156,
2576,
10564,
38347,
13,
383,
2732,
286,
5932,
7712,
11,
5070,
286,
3794,
11,
351,
6829,
422,
4725,
8476,
37,
11,
468,
4635,
257,
13206,
1848,
286,
262,
29383,
286,
366,
464,
12892,
263,
5932,
1911,
198,
1,
818,
257,
3968,
326,
21580,
4340,
11989,
290,
15157,
82,
262,
4082,
286,
257,
4957,
11,
284,
307,
4642,
4048,
2058,
25830,
3481,
1969,
286,
852,
4642,
1342,
621,
1692,
13,
6288,
262,
17927,
286,
262,
19125,
2576,
460,
2221,
772,
878,
607,
4082,
25,
43228,
1714,
12123,
5254,
3940,
416,
2068,
19985,
11005,
4138,
286,
4048,
11511,
316,
2664,
878,
484,
460,
1716,
14850,
13,
5845,
4813,
508,
6687,
284,
7866,
10597,
4082,
290,
3675,
1064,
326,
262,
17963,
318,
7272,
9639,
1028,
606,
287,
257,
995,
326,
18866,
606,
4961,
1895,
284,
2057,
11,
1535,
11,
1337,
11,
3707,
11,
7184,
290,
2829,
1692,
16247,
13,
198,
1,
28524,
656,
34324,
290,
302,
1144,
319,
17985,
11,
262,
2576,
1200,
318,
4978,
287,
257,
3992,
286,
6467,
6593,
290,
39800,
326,
41905,
607,
286,
607,
48960,
290,
35370,
607,
656,
257,
850,
33532,
2116,
12,
30584,
81,
811,
278,
4957,
290,
3656,
13,
2332,
10515,
19047,
262,
9441,
290,
880,
12,
11873,
286,
607,
1641,
475,
686,
1443,
607,
407,
691,
286,
607,
9963,
475,
635,
286,
607,
826,
284,
307,
1479,
286,
16460,
11,
17010,
11,
4369,
290,
8098,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
1607,
284,
3020,
6254,
338,
2415,
284,
1716,
262,
30355,
286,
1919,
1487,
290,
2478,
13,
6430,
1909,
356,
41613,
607,
286,
607,
43133,
2648,
286,
2057,
11,
36946,
11,
1535,
1337,
290,
7184,
11,
788,
22672,
326,
673,
857,
407,
1282,
2491,
284,
651,
607,
1751,
16217,
1143,
11,
393,
618,
673,
17567,
284,
3758,
606,
284,
1524,
393,
3357,
922,
16633,
11,
33306,
290,
4082,
1630,
2644,
17486,
262,
2576,
4329,
257,
8475,
287,
1535,
11,
16633,
290,
3707,
4788,
11,
460,
612,
307,
3893,
329,
1439,
416,
4751,
11,
393,
10112,
19823,
3707,
11,
393,
1919,
5316,
290,
10537,
30,
632,
318,
1541,
2739,
13,
887,
3737,
407,
1165,
2739,
526,
198,
32,
1271,
286,
1994,
7869,
389,
973,
284,
19418,
262,
1917,
13,
383,
1714,
8064,
357,
69,
368,
2040,
583,
7319,
10835,
8,
318,
3402,
284,
423,
7392,
1141,
428,
4289,
11,
329,
1672,
422,
860,
4761,
287,
39923,
11,
38384,
287,
34625,
11,
290,
866,
284,
860,
2091,
287,
14745,
26,
12291,
287,
262,
1714,
8064,
1022,
2585,
318,
635,
18542,
11,
351,
257,
1029,
1988,
286,
838,
2624,
287,
34649,
11,
12047,
284,
2174,
10460,
772,
287,
617,
2585,
357,
16670,
13472,
743,
1848,
329,
617,
286,
428,
11,
340,
4084,
857,
407,
1848,
329,
477,
737,
32898,
16996,
1366,
635,
1560,
257,
6507,
12838,
25,
1366,
10947,
422,
530,
1989,
905,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
777,
1180,
8231,
329,
3349,
42964,
341,
357,
26872,
11607,
11,
10768,
11,
290,
6049,
737,
554,
18775,
11,
262,
16815,
1871,
12366,
373,
6108,
379,
9225,
7441,
9051,
5946,
4,
287,
10835,
532,
2048,
4274,
26,
287,
530,
284,
734,
614,
44979,
11,
777,
5538,
2627,
9849,
4,
3688,
351,
8093,
26525,
290,
38725,
364,
7724,
4,
1028,
6135,
7225,
770,
635,
21290,
326,
262,
3048,
389,
3573,
6049,
287,
262,
717,
614,
286,
1204,
11,
290,
5644,
326,
4813,
1716,
5365,
1365,
1498,
284,
804,
706,
2405,
355,
484,
1663,
4697,
13,
383,
34813,
414,
7572,
10947,
11,
422,
10016,
32519,
46917,
11,
905,
881,
2440,
18349,
286,
10040,
884,
355,
22949,
16079,
1871,
1862,
4813,
26,
745,
570,
3875,
11,
262,
691,
4006,
287,
543,
6510,
389,
517,
5676,
621,
4813,
318,
22727,
1097,
444,
11,
3737,
7186,
422,
262,
13432,
925,
287,
366,
464,
12892,
263,
5932,
1,
326,
366,
16670,
612,
389,
1049,
13991,
287,
13017,
6593,
1973,
262,
1499,
11,
340,
318,
4143,
2081,
326,
6510,
4483,
1365,
621,
4813,
772,
287,
21929,
4172,
13,
27989,
389,
517,
1884,
284,
307,
1813,
7545,
11,
9653,
11,
6174,
290,
8234,
287,
511,
5496,
13,
1081,
484,
1663,
4697,
11,
6510,
4341,
636,
286,
511,
12042,
319,
2057,
290,
28487,
981,
4813,
2555,
284,
4483,
262,
976,
555,
7785,
798,
5496,
379,
1363,
526,
198,
1,
15046,
257,
42772,
286,
4894,
290,
2356,
11,
311,
1530,
2611,
23180,
262,
288,
1872,
4517,
353,
705,
6610,
4957,
6,
290,
29404,
656,
39483,
540,
523,
1443,
13,
24581,
607,
2368,
10241,
673,
468,
3049,
276,
290,
32168,
329,
257,
3367,
13,
347,
2799,
2945,
416,
262,
14934,
286,
1719,
734,
14850,
11,
673,
468,
802,
677,
515,
790,
26462,
673,
4206,
11,
26002,
284,
33995,
11,
284,
10844,
13704,
45332,
11,
772,
6155,
284,
262,
30140,
286,
262,
7404,
284,
386,
23104,
5223,
379,
262,
12296,
286,
262,
10334,
12400,
64,
13,
2735,
262,
2128,
286,
607,
2802,
12,
259,
12,
6270,
338,
266,
11608,
23816,
262,
1633,
35713,
198,
7416,
25,
366,
464,
12892,
263,
5932,
1600,
279,
13,
604,
13,
198,
464,
1492,
11,
996,
1790,
11,
1838,
262,
13206,
966,
845,
4084,
290,
7830,
13,
887,
340,
4477,
284,
1950,
326,
407,
691,
890,
3381,
2458,
1276,
307,
3181,
546,
11,
3573,
832,
3707,
11,
475,
326,
612,
389,
635,
23698,
326,
460,
307,
4050,
783,
13,
366,
464,
29097,
30137,
1022,
4257,
290,
4048,
11212,
12430,
3965,
11,
611,
37515,
319,
257,
3975,
11,
2523,
257,
1598,
10999,
2491,
1973,
262,
5093,
12,
14197,
636,
286,
262,
1499,
11,
351,
257,
1178,
16511,
8057,
11,
290,
428,
318,
810,
7103,
1535,
290,
16633,
19901,
1276,
783,
2133,
29569,
526,
198,
1,
464,
12460,
5258,
357,
34500,
4111,
5932,
7712,
6168,
8,
3127,
318,
4084,
530,
4050,
2882,
284,
262,
1917,
286,
1903,
17985,
286,
1862,
1751,
13,
9561,
663,
16217,
1634,
11,
24000,
30306,
290,
662,
12,
14347,
3707,
6805,
357,
4758,
783,
3151,
3478,
1510,
1751,
8,
340,
460,
11677,
262,
8839,
257,
2576,
6698,
379,
1363,
290,
460,
3830,
262,
8489,
329,
5448,
3518,
290,
5110,
2478,
13,
887,
281,
18039,
3280,
468,
284,
307,
1043,
329,
3249,
262,
2476,
286,
4813,
287,
262,
718,
12,
1415,
614,
2479,
12,
8094,
11,
329,
428,
318,
618,
484,
423,
2035,
5710,
503,
286,
1524,
393,
389,
1165,
1468,
329,
12460,
5258,
290,
389,
8168,
338,
2328,
13,
1119,
423,
284,
4043,
1566,
484,
389,
1315,
11,
543,
318,
618,
484,
1716,
1194,
2496,
1448,
326,
262,
1535,
1080,
21570,
532,
366,
25878,
287,
262,
18391,
2479,
12,
8094,
1911,
8673,
340,
318,
640,
284,
27475,
262,
8354,
286,
12460,
5258,
4493,
523,
326,
484,
460,
2291,
4813,
1022,
262,
9337,
286,
718,
290,
1478,
812,
13,
770,
318,
281,
1593,
2278,
287,
257,
2576,
338,
1204,
11,
618,
1688,
10685,
11,
10590,
290,
1919,
2458,
1011,
1295,
13,
764,
764,
764,
5100,
28680,
33593,
11,
2219,
287,
867,
3354,
286,
10016,
3794,
11,
3251,
428,
3349,
599,
3325,
290,
2948,
1336,
3518,
285,
36921,
286,
262,
2576,
11,
13891,
407,
691,
607,
898,
1535,
11,
475,
635,
262,
9441,
290,
2478,
286,
607,
20791,
526,
198,
7003,
262,
1492,
318,
2176,
284,
3794,
11,
262,
2071,
14582,
1290,
10595,
13,
9676,
11,
262,
976,
6066,
389,
3446,
826,
329,
867,
584,
4113,
11,
4232,
262,
1200,
338,
5279,
13,
383,
1492,
20271,
588,
428,
13,
198,
1,
2025,
11521,
290,
42923,
3164,
284,
262,
2576,
12,
9410,
338,
2478,
318,
6393,
329,
262,
6282,
286,
257,
649,
2858,
287,
543,
673,
460,
307,
17560,
290,
23868,
1522,
13,
3954,
2989,
329,
14802,
649,
4040,
284,
1577,
262,
2576,
12,
9410,
607,
2233,
11,
284,
1249,
607,
284,
18101,
284,
607,
1336,
2785,
11,
9018,
257,
1429,
286,
1919,
46762,
326,
481,
787,
607,
2506,
338,
2328,
25,
262,
2056,
11,
262,
1641,
290,
262,
2055,
11,
355,
880,
355,
1230,
290,
16171,
5942,
13,
2750,
10327,
278,
8766,
36946,
351,
1729,
12,
687,
282,
3707,
326,
17216,
82,
284,
1957,
2476,
290,
17778,
26,
416,
26537,
278,
262,
716,
2545,
286,
1200,
2478,
23698,
351,
262,
6282,
286,
649,
9619,
284,
3151,
28680,
290,
662,
12,
324,
23406,
4813,
26,
416,
40991,
9758,
33568,
832,
10095,
9359,
286,
262,
2489,
286,
4813,
25,
777,
389,
691,
617,
286,
262,
2842,
287,
543,
356,
460,
17549,
262,
2576,
1200,
284,
3802,
262,
8661,
286,
3034,
290,
1919,
3842,
13,
843,
1037,
607,
284,
2513,
503,
286,
262,
31237,
286,
17985,
287,
543,
673,
468,
587,
2626,
329,
10675,
526,
198,
7416,
25,
366,
464,
12892,
263,
5932,
1600,
28786,
13,
286,
6926,
290,
5932,
7712,
11,
9475,
286,
5524,
20857,
7712,
11,
10964,
83,
13,
286,
3794,
11,
351,
6829,
422,
4725,
8476,
37,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,469 |
U.S. sees increase in shark attacks
Published: Monday, February 11, 2013 at 9:37 p.m.
Last Modified: Monday, February 11, 2013 at 9:37 p.m.
Shark attacks in the U.S. increased last year, and Florida led the way, claiming nearly half of those attacks. But don't panic — that could actually be a good sign, said scientists who released a report Monday on worldwide shark attacks.
According to the University of Florida's International Shark Attack File, out of 80 shark attacks worldwide last year, 53 occurred in the U.S. — the most since 2000. Florida had 26 of them, with most in Volusia and Brevard counties because of the high surfing activity there.
George Burgess, the director of the Florida Program for Shark Research at the Florida Museum of Natural History, said these numbers follow a typical pattern.
"Florida, with this extremely long coastline, warm to subtropical climate, large population, and of course a massive tourism base, means that we put lots of people into the water year-round," Burgess said. "The opportunities for a human and shark to get together have gotten greater."
And so, the actual shark attack rate has not increased, but human activity has.
Shark preservation efforts — to stave off the overall decline in sharks' populations since the 1970s — have also improved in the U.S., increasing both the shark population and sharks' contact with humans, said Christopher Lowe, a professor of marine biology at California State University at Long Beach and director of the shark lab there.
"My personal feeling is that I wouldn't be surprised to see things creep up over time … overall we are getting more sharks back because of better fishing management," Lowe said. "But at the same time we are putting more people in the water … increasing the potential for an encounter."
Burgess said that sharks like to hang out close to points of entry for surfers, at water depths as shallow as 5 or 6 feet. They also like the same fishing-rich environments as humans.
"Every time we go to the beach, we are invading a natural world that is already occupied by animals and plants in that area," Burgess said. "We need to remember that when we enter the sea it's not the equivalent of going to the YMCA pools here in Gainesville. It's a wild world out there."
Most shark attacks, however, are relatively benign — and not the kind of terror-inducing episodes inspired by the movie Jaws. There are more than 400 species of sharks, and most have teeth designed to hold and swallow fish whole — not sheer and bite things like humans, especially if the sharks are smaller than humans, which many are, Lowe said.
"The amazing thing is surfers are bitten 200 yards offshore, and they manage to paddle to the beach. If sharks were intent on eating humans, (surfers) would not ever be able to make it back to the beach. For whatever reason, sharks give up."
Lowe added that the chances of a shark attack are also very low.
"Your chances of dying driving to the beach are so much greater that it's just unbelievable, and we don't think twice about jumping in our car and going someplace," Lowe said.
"I know a lot of surfers and their philosophy is, ‘I love surfing and I'm going to keep doing it.' "
One person in the U.S. died last year due to a white shark attack — in California. White sharks also killed three people in South Africa and two in Australia; and bull sharks killed two people in the island of Reunion.
"As a rich nation, we are blessed with the ability to take care of our victims on the beach very quickly," Burgess said.
The U.S. also leads in efforts to counter the decline of sharks because of overfishing them — mostly for their valuable fins, said Sonja Fordham, the president of Shark Advocates International, a project of the Ocean Foundation in D.C.
And regulatory efforts aim to preserve the important role that sharks play in the sea. "We think their disappearance would have negative cascading consequences for the ecosystem," Fordham said, adding, "There's also growing interest in a decent number of sharks for eco-tourism such as whale sharks and hammerheads … which brings significant revenue to coastal communities."
Contact Kristine Crane at 338-3119 or [email protected].
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged. | [
52,
13,
50,
13,
7224,
2620,
287,
21027,
3434,
198,
24492,
25,
3321,
11,
3945,
1367,
11,
2211,
379,
860,
25,
2718,
279,
13,
76,
13,
198,
5956,
40499,
25,
3321,
11,
3945,
1367,
11,
2211,
379,
860,
25,
2718,
279,
13,
76,
13,
198,
2484,
668,
3434,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
3220,
938,
614,
11,
290,
4744,
2957,
262,
835,
11,
8512,
3016,
2063,
286,
883,
3434,
13,
887,
836,
470,
13619,
851,
326,
714,
1682,
307,
257,
922,
1051,
11,
531,
5519,
508,
2716,
257,
989,
3321,
319,
8688,
21027,
3434,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
262,
2059,
286,
4744,
338,
4037,
28616,
8307,
9220,
11,
503,
286,
4019,
21027,
3434,
8688,
938,
614,
11,
7192,
5091,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
851,
262,
749,
1201,
4751,
13,
4744,
550,
2608,
286,
606,
11,
351,
749,
287,
4709,
385,
544,
290,
3719,
10187,
14683,
780,
286,
262,
1029,
36254,
3842,
612,
13,
198,
20191,
46744,
11,
262,
3437,
286,
262,
4744,
6118,
329,
28616,
4992,
379,
262,
4744,
9594,
286,
12068,
7443,
11,
531,
777,
3146,
1061,
257,
7226,
3912,
13,
198,
1,
31135,
11,
351,
428,
4457,
890,
43415,
11,
5814,
284,
13284,
1773,
605,
4258,
11,
1588,
3265,
11,
290,
286,
1781,
257,
4858,
19277,
2779,
11,
1724,
326,
356,
1234,
6041,
286,
661,
656,
262,
1660,
614,
12,
744,
553,
46744,
531,
13,
366,
464,
6443,
329,
257,
1692,
290,
21027,
284,
651,
1978,
423,
7891,
3744,
526,
198,
1870,
523,
11,
262,
4036,
21027,
1368,
2494,
468,
407,
3220,
11,
475,
1692,
3842,
468,
13,
198,
2484,
668,
22459,
4040,
851,
284,
336,
1015,
572,
262,
4045,
7794,
287,
27476,
6,
9684,
1201,
262,
8069,
82,
851,
423,
635,
6596,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
1539,
3649,
1111,
262,
21027,
3265,
290,
27476,
6,
2800,
351,
5384,
11,
531,
12803,
34241,
11,
257,
6240,
286,
16050,
17219,
379,
3442,
1812,
2059,
379,
5882,
8511,
290,
3437,
286,
262,
21027,
2248,
612,
13,
198,
1,
3666,
2614,
4203,
318,
326,
314,
3636,
470,
307,
6655,
284,
766,
1243,
13972,
510,
625,
640,
3926,
4045,
356,
389,
1972,
517,
27476,
736,
780,
286,
1365,
12478,
4542,
553,
34241,
531,
13,
366,
1537,
379,
262,
976,
640,
356,
389,
5137,
517,
661,
287,
262,
1660,
3926,
3649,
262,
2785,
329,
281,
8791,
526,
198,
33,
3686,
408,
531,
326,
27476,
588,
284,
8181,
503,
1969,
284,
2173,
286,
5726,
329,
9053,
364,
11,
379,
1660,
21593,
355,
19337,
355,
642,
393,
718,
3625,
13,
1119,
635,
588,
262,
976,
12478,
12,
7527,
12493,
355,
5384,
13,
198,
1,
6109,
640,
356,
467,
284,
262,
10481,
11,
356,
389,
33827,
257,
3288,
995,
326,
318,
1541,
12030,
416,
4695,
290,
6134,
287,
326,
1989,
553,
46744,
531,
13,
366,
1135,
761,
284,
3505,
326,
618,
356,
3802,
262,
5417,
340,
338,
407,
262,
7548,
286,
1016,
284,
262,
575,
44,
8141,
20354,
994,
287,
21686,
19641,
13,
632,
338,
257,
4295,
995,
503,
612,
526,
198,
6943,
21027,
3434,
11,
2158,
11,
389,
5365,
32293,
851,
290,
407,
262,
1611,
286,
3246,
12,
48016,
8640,
7867,
416,
262,
3807,
449,
8356,
13,
1318,
389,
517,
621,
7337,
4693,
286,
27476,
11,
290,
749,
423,
9941,
3562,
284,
1745,
290,
26633,
5916,
2187,
851,
407,
15163,
290,
13197,
1243,
588,
5384,
11,
2592,
611,
262,
27476,
389,
4833,
621,
5384,
11,
543,
867,
389,
11,
34241,
531,
13,
198,
1,
464,
4998,
1517,
318,
9053,
364,
389,
38854,
939,
5695,
18479,
11,
290,
484,
6687,
284,
39517,
284,
262,
10481,
13,
1002,
27476,
547,
6824,
319,
6600,
5384,
11,
357,
11793,
69,
364,
8,
561,
407,
1683,
307,
1498,
284,
787,
340,
736,
284,
262,
10481,
13,
1114,
4232,
1738,
11,
27476,
1577,
510,
526,
198,
20535,
68,
2087,
326,
262,
8395,
286,
257,
21027,
1368,
389,
635,
845,
1877,
13,
198,
1,
7120,
8395,
286,
9950,
5059,
284,
262,
10481,
389,
523,
881,
3744,
326,
340,
338,
655,
24479,
11,
290,
356,
836,
470,
892,
5403,
546,
14284,
287,
674,
1097,
290,
1016,
617,
5372,
553,
34241,
531,
13,
198,
1,
40,
760,
257,
1256,
286,
9053,
364,
290,
511,
8876,
318,
11,
564,
246,
40,
1842,
36254,
290,
314,
1101,
1016,
284,
1394,
1804,
340,
2637,
366,
198,
3198,
1048,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
3724,
938,
614,
2233,
284,
257,
2330,
21027,
1368,
851,
287,
3442,
13,
2635,
27476,
635,
2923,
1115,
661,
287,
2520,
5478,
290,
734,
287,
4505,
26,
290,
6473,
27476,
2923,
734,
661,
287,
262,
7022,
286,
797,
24592,
13,
198,
1,
1722,
257,
5527,
3277,
11,
356,
389,
18259,
351,
262,
2694,
284,
1011,
1337,
286,
674,
4970,
319,
262,
10481,
845,
2952,
553,
46744,
531,
13,
198,
464,
471,
13,
50,
13,
635,
5983,
287,
4040,
284,
3753,
262,
7794,
286,
27476,
780,
286,
625,
69,
3929,
606,
851,
4632,
329,
511,
8119,
42080,
11,
531,
6295,
6592,
8092,
2763,
11,
262,
1893,
286,
28616,
37866,
689,
4037,
11,
257,
1628,
286,
262,
10692,
5693,
287,
360,
13,
34,
13,
198,
1870,
11344,
4040,
4031,
284,
12201,
262,
1593,
2597,
326,
27476,
711,
287,
262,
5417,
13,
366,
1135,
892,
511,
22375,
561,
423,
4633,
49164,
4980,
6948,
329,
262,
13187,
553,
8092,
2763,
531,
11,
4375,
11,
366,
1858,
338,
635,
3957,
1393,
287,
257,
7709,
1271,
286,
27476,
329,
34286,
12,
83,
454,
1042,
884,
355,
22206,
27476,
290,
15554,
16600,
3926,
543,
6774,
2383,
6426,
284,
17475,
5348,
526,
198,
17829,
14912,
500,
38376,
379,
40736,
12,
3132,
1129,
393,
3053,
31,
20688,
13,
785,
13,
198,
33634,
3651,
4481,
284,
428,
2708,
743,
307,
3199,
287,
674,
3601,
8313,
13,
1439,
2489,
10395,
13,
770,
33696,
2587,
743,
407,
307,
302,
12,
30271,
1231,
7170,
13,
21691,
389,
10085,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 968 |
The coastal cactus wren builds its nests in patches of old-growth prickly pear cactus, providing itself protection from predators.
However, recent fires and past land uses have eliminated most of the mature cactus, which in turn threatens local cactus wren populations.
Irvine Ranch Conservancy Docent Lynda Armbruster plants a cactus bulb during a restoration project.
JEFFREY ANTENORE, FOR THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Organizations such as the non-profit Nature Reserve of Orange County, the city of Irvine and the Irvine Ranch Conservancy are working together to expand the wren's habitat, by connecting isolated patches of prickly pear cactus with each other to over time create a larger, contiguous habitat for the coastal cactus wren.
But why go to all this effort? It's just one bird, and one plant.
"If you think of a strong, bio-diverse ecosystem as a building and individual species as bricks, each brick you remove makes the building weaker," said Michael O'Connell, executive director of Irvine Ranch Conservancy. "If enough bricks disappear, the building crumbles. This is what happens in ecosystems too."
The conservancy works with landowners such as OC Parks and the city of Irvine and other partners to help them manage their lands and obligations under the Natural Community Conservation Plan.
One such project underway in the Shady Canyon area of Irvine is the Mule Deer Restoration Project, named for its proximity to the Mule Deer trail in the city of Irvine's Open Space Preserve.
The conservancy is restoring more than two acres of habitat, including a number of cactus plantings.
The area was grazed by cattle until the end of the last century, leaving non-native grasses and other weeds that inhibit re-growth of native plants.
The coastal cactus wren is not a strong flier, so young birds looking for their own place to live don't really fly too far from the nest. Patches of cactus have to be relatively close to each other for wrens to move among them.
This restoration project is part of an overall plan for "habitat linkages," which will eventually connect patches of existing coastal cactus wren habitat in the James Dilley Reserve off Laguna Canyon Road to these in Shady Canyon.
In addition to native grasses and shrubs, planting plans include 4,500 prickly pear cactus "pads" (oval flat segments of the cactus sometimes called "nopales"), along with 20 large, mature cactus plants to anchor the cactus islands.
By incorporating mature plants, the conservancy hopes to encourage a faster return of coastal cactus wrens and nesting.
The project includes before-and-after monitoring of both the cactus patches and coastal cactus wren to track growth and population expansion.
Along with conservancy staff, the UC Irvine Center for Environmental Biology is also partnering in the project. A UCI scientist tests soil before planting and during the project to track changes, and environmental science students are participating in planting and data collection.
The public is also welcome to join in the Mule Deer Restoration project and help build the habitat linkage. To learn more about these activities or to register, visit irlandmarks.org/activities.
- This story was submitted by Jenn Starnes of the Irvine Ranch Conservancy | [
464,
17475,
269,
34144,
266,
918,
12188,
663,
44382,
287,
16082,
286,
1468,
12,
27922,
41409,
306,
25286,
269,
34144,
11,
4955,
2346,
4800,
422,
23311,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
2274,
12252,
290,
1613,
1956,
3544,
423,
15254,
749,
286,
262,
15345,
269,
34144,
11,
543,
287,
1210,
20201,
1957,
269,
34144,
266,
918,
9684,
13,
198,
23820,
26818,
24576,
7162,
3883,
14432,
298,
33561,
64,
7057,
1671,
5819,
6134,
257,
269,
34144,
28287,
1141,
257,
19414,
1628,
13,
198,
41,
37267,
2200,
56,
3537,
51,
1677,
6965,
11,
7473,
3336,
6375,
27746,
41012,
23337,
41517,
198,
26121,
4582,
884,
355,
262,
1729,
12,
9183,
10362,
12224,
286,
11942,
3418,
11,
262,
1748,
286,
37277,
290,
262,
37277,
24576,
7162,
3883,
389,
1762,
1978,
284,
4292,
262,
266,
918,
338,
20018,
11,
416,
14320,
11557,
16082,
286,
41409,
306,
25286,
269,
34144,
351,
1123,
584,
284,
625,
640,
2251,
257,
4025,
11,
48627,
20018,
329,
262,
17475,
269,
34144,
266,
918,
13,
198,
1537,
1521,
467,
284,
477,
428,
3626,
30,
632,
338,
655,
530,
6512,
11,
290,
530,
4618,
13,
198,
1,
1532,
345,
892,
286,
257,
1913,
11,
13401,
12,
67,
3997,
13187,
355,
257,
2615,
290,
1981,
4693,
355,
28902,
11,
1123,
17214,
345,
4781,
1838,
262,
2615,
17642,
553,
531,
3899,
440,
6,
15559,
11,
4640,
3437,
286,
37277,
24576,
7162,
3883,
13,
366,
1532,
1576,
28902,
10921,
11,
262,
2615,
1067,
25329,
13,
770,
318,
644,
4325,
287,
30020,
1165,
526,
198,
464,
4055,
3883,
2499,
351,
44868,
884,
355,
24775,
20604,
290,
262,
1748,
286,
37277,
290,
584,
4887,
284,
1037,
606,
6687,
511,
8604,
290,
13675,
739,
262,
12068,
8108,
23702,
5224,
13,
198,
3198,
884,
1628,
17715,
287,
262,
911,
4597,
22099,
1989,
286,
37277,
318,
262,
337,
2261,
34022,
36155,
4935,
11,
3706,
329,
663,
20387,
284,
262,
337,
2261,
34022,
8025,
287,
262,
1748,
286,
37277,
338,
4946,
4687,
1763,
3760,
13,
198,
464,
4055,
3883,
318,
25646,
517,
621,
734,
16051,
286,
20018,
11,
1390,
257,
1271,
286,
269,
34144,
4618,
654,
13,
198,
464,
1989,
373,
32703,
276,
416,
17025,
1566,
262,
886,
286,
262,
938,
4289,
11,
4305,
1729,
12,
30191,
8701,
274,
290,
584,
36708,
326,
26776,
302,
12,
27922,
286,
6868,
6134,
13,
198,
464,
17475,
269,
34144,
266,
918,
318,
407,
257,
1913,
781,
959,
11,
523,
1862,
10087,
2045,
329,
511,
898,
1295,
284,
2107,
836,
470,
1107,
6129,
1165,
1290,
422,
262,
16343,
13,
3208,
2052,
286,
269,
34144,
423,
284,
307,
5365,
1969,
284,
1123,
584,
329,
266,
918,
82,
284,
1445,
1871,
606,
13,
198,
1212,
19414,
1628,
318,
636,
286,
281,
4045,
1410,
329,
366,
5976,
270,
265,
2792,
1095,
553,
543,
481,
4191,
2018,
16082,
286,
4683,
17475,
269,
34144,
266,
918,
20018,
287,
262,
3700,
29328,
1636,
12224,
572,
21003,
9613,
22099,
5567,
284,
777,
287,
911,
4597,
22099,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
284,
6868,
8701,
274,
290,
10157,
23161,
11,
26630,
3352,
2291,
604,
11,
4059,
41409,
306,
25286,
269,
34144,
366,
79,
5643,
1,
357,
8325,
6228,
17894,
286,
262,
269,
34144,
3360,
1444,
366,
77,
404,
2040,
12340,
1863,
351,
1160,
1588,
11,
15345,
269,
34144,
6134,
284,
18021,
262,
269,
34144,
14807,
13,
198,
3886,
29927,
15345,
6134,
11,
262,
4055,
3883,
7176,
284,
7898,
257,
5443,
1441,
286,
17475,
269,
34144,
266,
918,
82,
290,
46282,
13,
198,
464,
1628,
3407,
878,
12,
392,
12,
8499,
9904,
286,
1111,
262,
269,
34144,
16082,
290,
17475,
269,
34144,
266,
918,
284,
2610,
3349,
290,
3265,
7118,
13,
198,
24035,
351,
4055,
3883,
3085,
11,
262,
14417,
37277,
3337,
329,
13272,
24698,
318,
635,
41759,
287,
262,
1628,
13,
317,
14417,
40,
11444,
5254,
9260,
878,
26630,
290,
1141,
262,
1628,
284,
2610,
2458,
11,
290,
6142,
3783,
2444,
389,
11983,
287,
26630,
290,
1366,
4947,
13,
198,
464,
1171,
318,
635,
7062,
284,
4654,
287,
262,
337,
2261,
34022,
36155,
1628,
290,
1037,
1382,
262,
20018,
45945,
13,
1675,
2193,
517,
546,
777,
4568,
393,
284,
7881,
11,
3187,
4173,
1044,
14306,
13,
2398,
14,
15791,
871,
13,
198,
12,
770,
1621,
373,
8948,
416,
9777,
520,
1501,
274,
286,
262,
37277,
24576,
7162,
3883,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 703 |
Trees are amazing organisms. They are tall, massive, mighty and upright. But trees can be really really unusual. From deadly trees that throw exploding fruits, to those with rainbow branches and trunks, here are some of the strangest trees which will change the way you looked at these beautiful creatures.
Animals have always accompanied men at war. They have carried our soldiers and pulled our cannons. If you think that's all, then check out these stories of some of the craziest uses of animals in war.
This is one of the worst examples of war brutality. Anti tank dogs were first developed by the Soviet Union to take down German tanks during World War II. The idea was simple yet effective. Dogs were trained to find food under tanks and then starved before a battle. The dogs were then released in battle, jumping under tanks hoping for food. Each dog carried a 10-12 kg bomb which had a lever that detonated the bomb when the dog dived under the tank.
Anti tank Dogs
Socotra is a collection of 4 islands cut away from the rest of the world about 6 million years ago. It is one of the most isolated places on earth. Socotra's long isolation and fierce climate has given birth to a unique variety of endemic flora, giving Socotra the distinction of being 'the most alien looking place on earth'. | [
51,
6037,
389,
4998,
20296,
13,
1119,
389,
7331,
11,
4858,
11,
18680,
290,
24826,
13,
887,
7150,
460,
307,
1107,
1107,
8468,
13,
3574,
10309,
7150,
326,
3714,
30990,
15921,
11,
284,
883,
351,
27223,
13737,
290,
491,
14125,
11,
994,
389,
617,
286,
262,
36666,
395,
7150,
543,
481,
1487,
262,
835,
345,
3114,
379,
777,
4950,
8109,
13,
198,
35320,
874,
423,
1464,
11791,
1450,
379,
1175,
13,
1119,
423,
5281,
674,
5795,
290,
5954,
674,
37577,
13,
1002,
345,
892,
326,
338,
477,
11,
788,
2198,
503,
777,
3923,
286,
617,
286,
262,
27627,
6386,
3544,
286,
4695,
287,
1175,
13,
198,
1212,
318,
530,
286,
262,
5290,
6096,
286,
1175,
24557,
13,
12297,
6873,
6844,
547,
717,
4166,
416,
262,
7570,
4479,
284,
1011,
866,
2679,
11657,
1141,
2159,
1810,
2873,
13,
383,
2126,
373,
2829,
1865,
4050,
13,
21367,
547,
8776,
284,
1064,
2057,
739,
11657,
290,
788,
47224,
878,
257,
3344,
13,
383,
6844,
547,
788,
2716,
287,
3344,
11,
14284,
739,
11657,
7725,
329,
2057,
13,
5501,
3290,
5281,
257,
838,
12,
1065,
14211,
5194,
543,
550,
257,
17124,
326,
38754,
262,
5194,
618,
262,
3290,
288,
1572,
739,
262,
6873,
13,
198,
28795,
6873,
21367,
198,
37949,
313,
430,
318,
257,
4947,
286,
604,
14807,
2005,
1497,
422,
262,
1334,
286,
262,
995,
546,
718,
1510,
812,
2084,
13,
632,
318,
530,
286,
262,
749,
11557,
4113,
319,
4534,
13,
3345,
313,
430,
338,
890,
15133,
290,
14800,
4258,
468,
1813,
4082,
284,
257,
3748,
4996,
286,
42560,
48037,
11,
3501,
3345,
313,
430,
262,
12941,
286,
852,
705,
1169,
749,
8756,
2045,
1295,
319,
4534,
4458,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 277 |
Quarrel with the King: The Story of an English Family on the High Road to Civil War : Quarrel with the King tells the story of the first four earls of Pembroke, their wives, children, estates, tenants, and allies, following their high and glamorous trajectory from the 1520s through 1650 - the most turbulent and dramatic years of English history - across three generations of change, ambition, resistance, and war. The Pembrokes were at the heart of it all: the richest family in England, with old blood and new drive, led as much by a succession of extraordinary women as by their husbands and sons. It is also the story of a power struggle, over a long century, between the family and the growing strength of the English Crown. For decades, questions of loyalty simmered: Was government about agreement and respect, or authority and compulsion? What status did traditional rights have in a changing world? Did a national emergency mean those rights could be ignored or overturned? These were the issues that in 1642 would lead to a brutal civil war, the bloodiest conflict England has ever experienced, in which the earl of Pembroke - who had been loyal till then - had no choice but to rebel against a king who he felt had betrayed both him and his country. At other times, the Pembrokes both threatened the Crown and acted as its bruisingly efficient and violent agents. They were ambivalent figures: flag bearers for an ancient England and time servers in some of the most corrupt courts England has ever known; fawning courtiers and indulgent landlords; puritanical aristocrats and rebel grandees. Nicolson's book amounts to a study in all the ambiguities involved in the exercise and maintenance of power and status.
|History & Geography||Modern| | [
4507,
283,
2411,
351,
262,
2677,
25,
383,
8362,
286,
281,
3594,
7884,
319,
262,
3334,
5567,
284,
7511,
1810,
1058,
2264,
283,
2411,
351,
262,
2677,
4952,
262,
1621,
286,
262,
717,
1440,
1027,
7278,
286,
350,
368,
7957,
365,
11,
511,
17743,
11,
1751,
11,
42252,
11,
21445,
11,
290,
7681,
11,
1708,
511,
1029,
290,
46185,
22942,
422,
262,
1315,
1238,
82,
832,
1467,
1120,
532,
262,
749,
42291,
290,
10092,
812,
286,
3594,
2106,
532,
1973,
1115,
10439,
286,
1487,
11,
20505,
11,
6625,
11,
290,
1175,
13,
383,
350,
368,
7957,
5209,
547,
379,
262,
2612,
286,
340,
477,
25,
262,
24348,
1641,
287,
4492,
11,
351,
1468,
2910,
290,
649,
3708,
11,
2957,
355,
881,
416,
257,
22435,
286,
11359,
1466,
355,
416,
511,
27742,
290,
11989,
13,
632,
318,
635,
262,
1621,
286,
257,
1176,
6531,
11,
625,
257,
890,
4289,
11,
1022,
262,
1641,
290,
262,
3957,
4202,
286,
262,
3594,
12223,
13,
1114,
4647,
11,
2683,
286,
15843,
985,
76,
1068,
25,
8920,
1230,
546,
4381,
290,
2461,
11,
393,
4934,
290,
48672,
30,
1867,
3722,
750,
4569,
2489,
423,
287,
257,
5609,
995,
30,
7731,
257,
2260,
6334,
1612,
883,
2489,
714,
307,
9514,
393,
27153,
30,
2312,
547,
262,
2428,
326,
287,
1467,
3682,
561,
1085,
284,
257,
12399,
3026,
1175,
11,
262,
2910,
6386,
5358,
4492,
468,
1683,
5924,
11,
287,
543,
262,
1027,
75,
286,
350,
368,
7957,
365,
532,
508,
550,
587,
9112,
10597,
788,
532,
550,
645,
3572,
475,
284,
14034,
1028,
257,
5822,
508,
339,
2936,
550,
26281,
1111,
683,
290,
465,
1499,
13,
1629,
584,
1661,
11,
262,
350,
368,
7957,
5209,
1111,
8556,
262,
12223,
290,
13134,
355,
663,
45468,
306,
6942,
290,
6590,
6554,
13,
1119,
547,
4915,
29540,
5538,
25,
6056,
307,
34231,
329,
281,
6156,
4492,
290,
640,
9597,
287,
617,
286,
262,
749,
10622,
8028,
4492,
468,
1683,
1900,
26,
277,
3832,
278,
2184,
3183,
290,
19441,
6783,
30658,
26,
1308,
18642,
605,
28631,
21988,
290,
14034,
4490,
2841,
13,
8377,
32836,
338,
1492,
6867,
284,
257,
2050,
287,
477,
262,
18203,
84,
871,
2950,
287,
262,
5517,
290,
9262,
286,
1176,
290,
3722,
13,
198,
91,
18122,
1222,
2269,
4867,
15886,
31439,
91,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 377 |
Avery Coonley Gardens
The Coonley Estate was built by Frank Lloyd Wright and originally included the House, the Stable, The Gardener’s Cottage and extensive gardens. Jens Jensen designed and implemented a landscape plan in 1913 for the property which utilized Wright’s hardscape plan.
Today the landscape contains a number of oak trees predating the house and hawthorns planted by Jensen. The restored landscapes of the main part of the Coonley House and the Stable (Coach House) include Jensen’s landmark features: hawthorns, oaks, red bud, sumac, blackberries and mature shrubs, flowers, ferns and grasses. A grove of birch trees and ferns has been recreated on the front grounds of the house.
The living room unit and its walled garden are the center of the house. The garden features a terrace with 10 planters, a pergola and a reflecting pool. Nasturtiums grow in the planters and native water lilies bloom in the pool in summer. Wright created a walled sunken garden to unify the Coonley House and the Stable.
The walled garden was restored in 2007. Wright’s original sidewalk garden plan and concrete hotbeds were recovered by removal of extensive invasive species trees and shrubs, construction debris, and incorrect patio tile and dirt. The entire original sidewalk system was restored or, in places, recreated. Jensen’s design for a pool with eight surrounding iris beds was implemented. Other beds in the sunken garden and the stable yard and front yard were planted with native plants.
The Prairie School represented here by both Wright and Jensen was an important part of the American Arts and Crafts movement of the early 20th Century. | [
32,
548,
1766,
261,
1636,
29330,
198,
464,
1766,
261,
1636,
23015,
373,
3170,
416,
5278,
22361,
12206,
290,
6198,
3017,
262,
2097,
11,
262,
520,
540,
11,
383,
12790,
877,
447,
247,
82,
327,
29480,
290,
7667,
25476,
13,
449,
641,
32623,
3562,
290,
9177,
257,
10747,
1410,
287,
35145,
329,
262,
3119,
543,
21487,
12206,
447,
247,
82,
1327,
6794,
1410,
13,
198,
8888,
262,
10747,
4909,
257,
1271,
286,
26210,
7150,
2747,
803,
262,
2156,
290,
23185,
400,
19942,
18969,
416,
32623,
13,
383,
15032,
32964,
286,
262,
1388,
636,
286,
262,
1766,
261,
1636,
2097,
290,
262,
520,
540,
357,
40677,
2097,
8,
2291,
32623,
447,
247,
82,
20533,
3033,
25,
23185,
400,
19942,
11,
267,
4730,
11,
2266,
3600,
11,
2160,
330,
11,
2042,
20853,
290,
15345,
10157,
23161,
11,
12734,
11,
277,
1142,
82,
290,
8701,
274,
13,
317,
7128,
303,
286,
35122,
354,
7150,
290,
277,
1142,
82,
468,
587,
11027,
515,
319,
262,
2166,
9384,
286,
262,
2156,
13,
198,
464,
2877,
2119,
4326,
290,
663,
3355,
276,
11376,
389,
262,
3641,
286,
262,
2156,
13,
383,
11376,
3033,
257,
8812,
558,
351,
838,
1410,
1010,
11,
257,
583,
70,
5708,
290,
257,
20252,
5933,
13,
399,
459,
3325,
1505,
82,
1663,
287,
262,
1410,
1010,
290,
6868,
1660,
300,
3922,
29955,
287,
262,
5933,
287,
3931,
13,
12206,
2727,
257,
3355,
276,
24790,
268,
11376,
284,
555,
1958,
262,
1766,
261,
1636,
2097,
290,
262,
520,
540,
13,
198,
464,
3355,
276,
11376,
373,
15032,
287,
4343,
13,
12206,
447,
247,
82,
2656,
24058,
11376,
1410,
290,
10017,
3024,
3077,
82,
547,
11911,
416,
9934,
286,
7667,
27376,
4693,
7150,
290,
10157,
23161,
11,
5103,
16468,
11,
290,
11491,
39660,
17763,
290,
13647,
13,
383,
2104,
2656,
24058,
1080,
373,
15032,
393,
11,
287,
4113,
11,
11027,
515,
13,
32623,
447,
247,
82,
1486,
329,
257,
5933,
351,
3624,
7346,
4173,
271,
20237,
373,
9177,
13,
3819,
20237,
287,
262,
24790,
268,
11376,
290,
262,
8245,
12699,
290,
2166,
12699,
547,
18969,
351,
6868,
6134,
13,
198,
464,
41196,
3961,
7997,
994,
416,
1111,
12206,
290,
32623,
373,
281,
1593,
636,
286,
262,
1605,
11536,
290,
15745,
82,
3356,
286,
262,
1903,
1160,
400,
13641,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 376 |
The Storyline of the operetta follows that of Wilde's brilliant play. The plot hinges on two young men - John (Jack) Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff - who both use the name "Ernest" to woo two young ladies - Gwendolyn and Cecily - who have made up their minds they can only marry men by the name "Ernest". The hidden identity plot is the source of much comic confusion for the young couples and much laughter for audiences.
To further complicate matters (and add to the comedy), the consent of the formidable Lady Bracknell (Algernon's aunt) must be obtained before the young couples can marry. In the process Jack discovers his parentage - that his true name is Ernest, that Algernon is his brother, and the Lady Bracknell is his aunt. Naturally, she consents to the marriage of Jack/Ernest to Gwendolyn and the two young couples will now live happily ever after.
courtesy of Mr. Davies and Mr. Benson
|Character List (Major):
Lady Bracknell (low mz)
Gwendolyn (high mz)
Cecily (high s)
a chamber version of this opera for just these 5 characters is available under the title The Importance of Being Earnest
|Character List (Minor):
Miss Prism (lyr s)
Dr. Chasuble (high bar)
Lane, Man Servant (b-bar)
Merryman, Butler (b-bar)
Toronto Star, John Terauds, 02-21-2008; Whole Note Magazine, 02-2008; Greek Press, James Karas; Globe and Mail, Ken Winters, 2-25-2008; classical963fm.com, Paula Citron | [
464,
8362,
1370,
286,
262,
267,
431,
11489,
64,
5679,
326,
286,
45622,
338,
10457,
711,
13,
383,
7110,
41442,
319,
734,
1862,
1450,
532,
1757,
357,
14295,
8,
16597,
1197,
290,
978,
70,
1142,
261,
2892,
66,
5034,
487,
532,
508,
1111,
779,
262,
1438,
366,
9139,
77,
395,
1,
284,
36440,
734,
1862,
17308,
532,
39661,
437,
34742,
290,
23367,
813,
532,
508,
423,
925,
510,
511,
9017,
484,
460,
691,
12479,
1450,
416,
262,
1438,
366,
9139,
77,
395,
1911,
383,
7104,
5369,
7110,
318,
262,
2723,
286,
881,
9048,
10802,
329,
262,
1862,
11886,
290,
881,
20263,
329,
15579,
13,
198,
2514,
2252,
45058,
6067,
357,
392,
751,
284,
262,
10997,
828,
262,
8281,
286,
262,
24599,
11182,
1709,
441,
10076,
357,
2348,
70,
1142,
261,
338,
25949,
8,
1276,
307,
6492,
878,
262,
1862,
11886,
460,
12479,
13,
554,
262,
1429,
3619,
27472,
465,
2560,
496,
532,
326,
465,
2081,
1438,
318,
34705,
11,
326,
978,
70,
1142,
261,
318,
465,
3956,
11,
290,
262,
11182,
1709,
441,
10076,
318,
465,
25949,
13,
30413,
11,
673,
762,
658,
284,
262,
4845,
286,
3619,
14,
9139,
77,
395,
284,
39661,
437,
34742,
290,
262,
734,
1862,
11886,
481,
783,
2107,
18177,
1683,
706,
13,
198,
43220,
27090,
286,
1770,
13,
26618,
290,
1770,
13,
33940,
198,
91,
27275,
7343,
357,
24206,
2599,
198,
38887,
1709,
441,
10076,
357,
9319,
285,
89,
8,
198,
38,
86,
437,
34742,
357,
8929,
285,
89,
8,
198,
34,
721,
813,
357,
8929,
264,
8,
198,
64,
11847,
2196,
286,
428,
27296,
329,
655,
777,
642,
3435,
318,
1695,
739,
262,
3670,
383,
17267,
590,
286,
11204,
22535,
395,
198,
91,
27275,
7343,
357,
39825,
2599,
198,
17140,
35417,
357,
306,
81,
264,
8,
198,
6187,
13,
609,
292,
26664,
357,
8929,
2318,
8,
198,
43,
1531,
11,
1869,
3116,
415,
357,
65,
12,
5657,
8,
198,
44,
6996,
805,
11,
17389,
357,
65,
12,
5657,
8,
198,
31359,
2907,
11,
1757,
3813,
3885,
82,
11,
7816,
12,
2481,
12,
11528,
26,
23431,
5740,
11175,
11,
7816,
12,
11528,
26,
8312,
4332,
11,
3700,
9375,
292,
26,
18260,
290,
11099,
11,
7148,
7178,
1010,
11,
362,
12,
1495,
12,
11528,
26,
15993,
4846,
18,
38353,
13,
785,
11,
36025,
15792,
1313,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 381 |
Malaria is a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes and is estimated to kill one person every 30 seconds, according to the World Health Organization. The majority victimized by this disease are children under the age of five, living in impoverished conditions throughout Africa . Yet, as the epidemic continues to escalate, more than 1.5 million people die from malaria disease each year, and more than 300 million cases are reported in over 90 countries worldwide.
In spite of these staggering statistics, an ancient Chinese herb known as artemisinin (also called ginghaosu) is proving to be a new weapon in the fight against this deadly disease. In recent test trials performed by the WHO, artemisinin-based drugs quickly reduced fevers and rapidly lowered blood-parasite levels, which can keep small outbreaks in mosquito-infested areas from becoming epidemics. Additional research findings showed the use of artemisinin was a cure for malaria in more than 90 percent of cases in certain countries.
It is estimated by the WHO that 40 percent of the world's population is at risk for malaria disease each year. While Westernized countries eradicated malaria back in the 1940's, third world countries constantly battle infections, primarily because they lack the medical resources to properly fight epidemic outbreaks. Countries where malaria disease can be predominately found include parts of Mexico , Central and South America , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian Subcontinent, China , and Oceana.
In the indigent areas where the disease runs rampant, malaria is easily transmitted from person to person by a simple mosquito bite. Once bitten by a mosquito carrying the malaria infection, the iron rich blood cells in the host are attacked by the parasite through the bloodstream. The parasite then multiplies and causes the red blood cells in the human host to rupture, thus instigating immediate malaria symptom such as extreme exhaustion, high fever, shaking, chills, and severe sweating. Additional malaria symptom can include: fatigue, dizziness, headache, dry cough, nausea/vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and body aches.
However, artemisinin is not only a treatment for the disease, but a viable solution to the epidemic, as each patient treated with artemisinin then contains a sterile form of malaria disease, reducing the diseases intensity.
According to Jack Miller, licensed acupuncturist and President of Pacific College of Oriental Medicine, "This is another example of science confirming the tremendous value of Chinese herbal medicine. It is very important that we make other herbs a part of mainstream treatments, for example antibiotic herbs. As more bacterial strains become resistant to pharmaceutical antibiotics, some reliance on herbs will become very important."
Discovery of the Healing Chinese Herb
The Chinese first extracted artemisinin from the sweet wormwood plant for medicinal use more than 2,000 years ago. In 340 AD a Taoist scribe finely grinded the wormwood plant, in order to extract the purifying agents to create an herb remedy for treating a high fever. Over a thousand years later, a Chinese sage known as Li Shizen discovered elements of the herb helped to ameliorate malaria symptom. Since this time, artemisinin's beneficial agents have continually been used by those practicing Traditional Chinese Medicine, applying the Chinese herb remedy to a variety of ailments including hemorrhoids, coughs and fevers as well as malaria.
However, Western medicine did not discover the healing properties of the herb until the 1960's. Chinese scientists became interested in the plant's reputed qualities and started to look at ancient Chinese herb remedies, only after testing traditional medicines had failed to produce an effective cure for malaria disease.
Once scientists discovered artemisinin was used as an herb remedy for fever, they set about distilling the herb into a tea, and then added chemicals trying to isolate the active compound in the plant. Next, the herb was manufactured in drug form and used to conduct tests on malaria patients in the 1980's. Their water-soluble form of artemisinin, called artesunate, was found to clear malaria parasites from patient's bodies faster than any drug in history. Before the Chinese launched their massive antimalarial drive, several million Chinese were infected with the disease each year. Now fewer than 100,000 fall victim to the disease.
Despite the success the Chinese had with transforming the herb into drug form, their accomplishments were not published outside of the country for more than two decades. Once the extraordinary powers of the herb become public information, researchers across the globe have become focused on how to manipulate artemisinin with modern synthetic drugs so they can inexpensively manufacture and mass-produce the remedy all across the world.
Providing a Crucial Cure for Malaria
In rural Africa , children suffer from as many as six bouts of malaria a year. In the past, this disease has been poorly treated, and the children affected by this disease die slowly of anemia. Those who survive are affected both mentally and developmentally in their growth. The primary reason these children are continually affected is because the current drug treatment Chloroquine, used since 1970, is practically useless as resistance is up to 90 percent in some areas and continuing to spread.
Artemisinin may prove to be the final solution to malaria disease as researchers are looking at the possibility that a patient may never develop resistance to the treatment.
According to Todd Luger, L.Ac., Director of Chinese Herb Academy, " Artemisinin shows promise in the treatment of malaria as well as other diseases as serious as cancer. It appears to affect the life cycle of the malaria parasite as well as the life cycle of cancer cells."
What makes this herb different from past remedies such as the drug Chloroquine, is that it kills the parasite before it has time to recognize the drug's structures. In order to prevent patients from becoming resistant to artemisinin, researchers are developing multi-drug cocktails. Using two drugs in conjunction with one another ensures destruction of the malaria parasite; therefore, if the virus was resistant to one drug, the other drug should prove to be effective. This has proven to be an effective method in treating other diseases that produce resistant strains such as AIDS and cancer.
Artemisinin is particularly effective because it acts like a bomb when introduced into the blood stream. The two main oxygen atoms that break apart in the presence of iron, filter into the red blood cells where the malaria parasite inhabits, and explodes, releasing lethal toxins that destroy the parasite. This process rapidly reduces the number of parasite in the blood to extremely small numbers. In fact, test trials have shown that artemisinin is an effective cure for malaria, killing 99 percent of malaria parasites within 48 hours, but to completely cure the infection the drug must be taken for week.
In a large scaled assault on the malaria epidemic, the WHO has dedicated itself to cutting the number of deaths from malaria over the next decade in half. This campaign will push the WHO to acquire more than 100 million doses of artemisinin it estimates it will need by late 2005. | [
15029,
10312,
318,
257,
10309,
4369,
4104,
416,
35573,
290,
318,
6108,
284,
1494,
530,
1048,
790,
1542,
4201,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
2159,
3893,
12275,
13,
383,
3741,
47414,
416,
428,
4369,
389,
1751,
739,
262,
2479,
286,
1936,
11,
2877,
287,
35014,
3403,
3690,
5478,
764,
6430,
11,
355,
262,
18195,
4477,
284,
38302,
11,
517,
621,
352,
13,
20,
1510,
661,
4656,
422,
33917,
4369,
1123,
614,
11,
290,
517,
621,
5867,
1510,
2663,
389,
2098,
287,
625,
4101,
2678,
8688,
13,
198,
818,
15275,
286,
777,
23508,
7869,
11,
281,
6156,
3999,
21047,
1900,
355,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
357,
14508,
1444,
308,
278,
3099,
418,
84,
8,
318,
17742,
284,
307,
257,
649,
4282,
287,
262,
1907,
1028,
428,
10309,
4369,
13,
554,
2274,
1332,
9867,
6157,
416,
262,
19494,
11,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
12,
3106,
5010,
2952,
5322,
730,
690,
290,
8902,
17788,
2910,
12,
1845,
292,
578,
2974,
11,
543,
460,
1394,
1402,
35198,
287,
35446,
12,
10745,
7287,
3006,
422,
5033,
24574,
873,
13,
15891,
2267,
6373,
3751,
262,
779,
286,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
373,
257,
13996,
329,
33917,
287,
517,
621,
4101,
1411,
286,
2663,
287,
1728,
2678,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
6108,
416,
262,
19494,
326,
2319,
1411,
286,
262,
995,
338,
3265,
318,
379,
2526,
329,
33917,
4369,
1123,
614,
13,
2893,
4885,
1143,
2678,
23011,
3474,
33917,
736,
287,
262,
16236,
338,
11,
2368,
995,
2678,
7558,
3344,
16079,
11,
7525,
780,
484,
3092,
262,
3315,
4133,
284,
6105,
1907,
18195,
35198,
13,
34906,
810,
33917,
4369,
460,
307,
15960,
1286,
1043,
2291,
3354,
286,
5828,
837,
5694,
290,
2520,
2253,
837,
32022,
2066,
837,
25051,
837,
6046,
3687,
11,
5478,
11,
21199,
7229,
11,
3942,
3834,
3642,
7233,
11,
2807,
837,
290,
440,
344,
2271,
13,
198,
818,
262,
773,
47096,
3006,
810,
262,
4369,
4539,
26262,
11,
33917,
318,
3538,
18307,
422,
1048,
284,
1048,
416,
257,
2829,
35446,
13197,
13,
4874,
38854,
416,
257,
35446,
6872,
262,
33917,
10280,
11,
262,
6953,
5527,
2910,
4778,
287,
262,
2583,
389,
7384,
416,
262,
38473,
832,
262,
46005,
13,
383,
38473,
788,
15082,
444,
290,
5640,
262,
2266,
2910,
4778,
287,
262,
1692,
2583,
284,
46836,
11,
4145,
916,
29129,
7103,
33917,
25993,
884,
355,
3257,
32493,
11,
1029,
17372,
11,
17275,
11,
442,
2171,
11,
290,
6049,
38912,
13,
15891,
33917,
25993,
460,
2291,
25,
18787,
11,
29527,
1272,
11,
24902,
11,
5894,
22094,
11,
32122,
14,
85,
296,
1780,
11,
2994,
286,
20788,
11,
32692,
1067,
9430,
11,
36004,
11,
290,
1767,
936,
956,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
318,
407,
691,
257,
3513,
329,
262,
4369,
11,
475,
257,
13971,
4610,
284,
262,
18195,
11,
355,
1123,
5827,
5716,
351,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
788,
4909,
257,
38697,
1296,
286,
33917,
4369,
11,
8868,
262,
10040,
12245,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
3619,
7920,
11,
11971,
936,
929,
16260,
333,
396,
290,
1992,
286,
8211,
5535,
286,
39713,
11558,
11,
366,
1212,
318,
1194,
1672,
286,
3783,
23366,
262,
12465,
1988,
286,
3999,
35867,
9007,
13,
632,
318,
845,
1593,
326,
356,
787,
584,
25411,
257,
636,
286,
8661,
13820,
11,
329,
1672,
29883,
25411,
13,
1081,
517,
23462,
21245,
1716,
18290,
284,
18423,
22392,
11,
617,
24126,
319,
25411,
481,
1716,
845,
1593,
526,
198,
35,
40821,
286,
262,
22508,
3999,
34858,
198,
464,
3999,
717,
21242,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
422,
262,
6029,
23849,
3822,
4618,
329,
30381,
779,
517,
621,
362,
11,
830,
812,
2084,
13,
554,
28560,
5984,
257,
32120,
396,
629,
4892,
32566,
20078,
276,
262,
23849,
3822,
4618,
11,
287,
1502,
284,
7925,
262,
1308,
4035,
6554,
284,
2251,
281,
21047,
21210,
329,
13622,
257,
1029,
17372,
13,
3827,
257,
7319,
812,
1568,
11,
257,
3999,
35021,
1900,
355,
7455,
911,
33977,
5071,
4847,
286,
262,
21047,
4193,
284,
716,
417,
1504,
378,
33917,
25993,
13,
4619,
428,
640,
11,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
338,
13205,
6554,
423,
17451,
587,
973,
416,
883,
18207,
29065,
3999,
11558,
11,
11524,
262,
3999,
21047,
21210,
284,
257,
4996,
286,
42549,
1390,
42203,
10994,
11,
22094,
82,
290,
730,
690,
355,
880,
355,
33917,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
4885,
9007,
750,
407,
7073,
262,
11516,
6608,
286,
262,
21047,
1566,
262,
9507,
338,
13,
3999,
5519,
2627,
4609,
287,
262,
4618,
338,
1128,
7241,
14482,
290,
2067,
284,
804,
379,
6156,
3999,
21047,
29604,
11,
691,
706,
4856,
4569,
23533,
550,
4054,
284,
4439,
281,
4050,
13996,
329,
33917,
4369,
13,
198,
7454,
5519,
5071,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
373,
973,
355,
281,
21047,
21210,
329,
17372,
11,
484,
900,
546,
1233,
4509,
262,
21047,
656,
257,
8887,
11,
290,
788,
2087,
12910,
2111,
284,
28091,
262,
4075,
13061,
287,
262,
4618,
13,
7406,
11,
262,
21047,
373,
15943,
287,
2563,
1296,
290,
973,
284,
3189,
5254,
319,
33917,
3871,
287,
262,
7169,
338,
13,
5334,
1660,
12,
34453,
26664,
1296,
286,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
11,
1444,
1242,
274,
403,
378,
11,
373,
1043,
284,
1598,
33917,
36643,
422,
5827,
338,
5920,
5443,
621,
597,
2563,
287,
2106,
13,
7413,
262,
3999,
5611,
511,
4858,
1885,
4402,
36098,
3708,
11,
1811,
1510,
3999,
547,
14112,
351,
262,
4369,
1123,
614,
13,
2735,
7380,
621,
1802,
11,
830,
2121,
3117,
284,
262,
4369,
13,
198,
8332,
262,
1943,
262,
3999,
550,
351,
25449,
262,
21047,
656,
2563,
1296,
11,
511,
26516,
547,
407,
3199,
2354,
286,
262,
1499,
329,
517,
621,
734,
4647,
13,
4874,
262,
11359,
5635,
286,
262,
21047,
1716,
1171,
1321,
11,
4837,
1973,
262,
13342,
423,
1716,
5670,
319,
703,
284,
18510,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
351,
3660,
18512,
5010,
523,
484,
460,
24475,
306,
6161,
290,
2347,
12,
18230,
344,
262,
21210,
477,
1973,
262,
995,
13,
198,
15946,
2530,
257,
6472,
2413,
36947,
329,
4434,
10312,
198,
818,
10016,
5478,
837,
1751,
8659,
422,
355,
867,
355,
2237,
41764,
286,
33917,
257,
614,
13,
554,
262,
1613,
11,
428,
4369,
468,
587,
13455,
5716,
11,
290,
262,
1751,
5676,
416,
428,
4369,
4656,
6364,
286,
281,
22859,
13,
5845,
508,
7866,
389,
5676,
1111,
14946,
290,
2478,
453,
287,
511,
3349,
13,
383,
4165,
1738,
777,
1751,
389,
17451,
5676,
318,
780,
262,
1459,
2563,
3513,
609,
4685,
22696,
500,
11,
973,
1201,
8069,
11,
318,
14547,
13894,
355,
6625,
318,
510,
284,
4101,
1411,
287,
617,
3006,
290,
8282,
284,
4104,
13,
198,
8001,
30561,
259,
259,
743,
5879,
284,
307,
262,
2457,
4610,
284,
33917,
4369,
355,
4837,
389,
2045,
379,
262,
5885,
326,
257,
5827,
743,
1239,
1205,
6625,
284,
262,
3513,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
14377,
31541,
263,
11,
406,
13,
12832,
1539,
5890,
286,
3999,
34858,
8581,
11,
366,
36137,
259,
259,
2523,
6991,
287,
262,
3513,
286,
33917,
355,
880,
355,
584,
10040,
355,
2726,
355,
4890,
13,
632,
3568,
284,
2689,
262,
1204,
6772,
286,
262,
33917,
38473,
355,
880,
355,
262,
1204,
6772,
286,
4890,
4778,
526,
198,
2061,
1838,
428,
21047,
1180,
422,
1613,
29604,
884,
355,
262,
2563,
609,
4685,
22696,
500,
11,
318,
326,
340,
12847,
262,
38473,
878,
340,
468,
640,
284,
7564,
262,
2563,
338,
8573,
13,
554,
1502,
284,
2948,
3871,
422,
5033,
18290,
284,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
11,
4837,
389,
5922,
5021,
12,
30349,
34281,
13,
8554,
734,
5010,
287,
17856,
351,
530,
1194,
19047,
8166,
286,
262,
33917,
38473,
26,
4361,
11,
611,
262,
9471,
373,
18290,
284,
530,
2563,
11,
262,
584,
2563,
815,
5879,
284,
307,
4050,
13,
770,
468,
9157,
284,
307,
281,
4050,
2446,
287,
13622,
584,
10040,
326,
4439,
18290,
21245,
884,
355,
20408,
290,
4890,
13,
198,
8001,
30561,
259,
259,
318,
3573,
4050,
780,
340,
6529,
588,
257,
5194,
618,
5495,
656,
262,
2910,
4269,
13,
383,
734,
1388,
11863,
23235,
326,
2270,
5475,
287,
262,
4931,
286,
6953,
11,
8106,
656,
262,
2266,
2910,
4778,
810,
262,
33917,
38473,
11381,
896,
11,
290,
38711,
11,
13011,
17769,
31930,
326,
4117,
262,
38473,
13,
770,
1429,
8902,
12850,
262,
1271,
286,
38473,
287,
262,
2910,
284,
4457,
1402,
3146,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
1332,
9867,
423,
3402,
326,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
318,
281,
4050,
13996,
329,
33917,
11,
5170,
7388,
1411,
286,
33917,
36643,
1626,
4764,
2250,
11,
475,
284,
3190,
13996,
262,
10280,
262,
2563,
1276,
307,
2077,
329,
1285,
13,
198,
818,
257,
1588,
27464,
4641,
319,
262,
33917,
18195,
11,
262,
19494,
468,
7256,
2346,
284,
7720,
262,
1271,
286,
7040,
422,
33917,
625,
262,
1306,
5707,
287,
2063,
13,
770,
1923,
481,
4574,
262,
19494,
284,
12831,
517,
621,
1802,
1510,
16376,
286,
1242,
30561,
259,
259,
340,
7746,
340,
481,
761,
416,
2739,
5075,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,455 |
The History of Information (III)
Get flash to fully experience Pearltrees
A waste book was one of the books traditionally used in bookkeeping . It comprised a daily diary of all transactions in chronological order. [ 1 ] It differs from a daybook in that only a single waste book is kept, rather than a separate daybook for each of several categories. The waste book was intended for temporary use only; the information needed to be transcribed into a journal in order to begin to balance one's accounts. [ 2 ] The name of the book derives from the fact that, once its information was transferred to the journal, the waste book was unneeded. [ 3 ] The use of the waste book has declined with the advent of double-entry accounting .
Why Study Accounting History? The history of accounting is as old as civilization, key to important phases of history, among the most important professions in economics and business, and fascinating. Accountants participated in the development of cities, trade, and the concepts of wealth and numbers. Accountants invented writing, participated in the development of money and banking, invented double entry bookkeeping that fueled the Italian Renaissance, saved many Industrial Revolution inventors and entrepreneurs from bankruptcy, helped develop the confidence in capital markets necessary for western capitalism, and are central to the information revolution that is transforming the global economy. There are no household names among the accounting innovators; in fact, virtually no names survive before the Italian Renaissance.
John Harrison (24 March 1693 – 24 March 1776) was a self-educated English carpenter and later a clockmaker . He invented the marine chronometer , a long-sought device in solving the problem of establishing the East-West position or longitude of a ship at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the Age of Sail . The problem was considered so intractable that the British Parliament offered a prize of £ 20,000 (comparable to £2.87 million in modern currency) for the solution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 (c.23) (also known as Chesterfield's Act after Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield ) is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain . It reformed the calendar of England and British Dominions so that a new year began on 1 January rather than 25 March ( Lady Day ) and would run according to the Gregorian calendar , as used in most of western Europe . [ edit ] Reasons for change
A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time , typically days , weeks , months , and years . A date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon . Many civilizations and societies have devised a calendar, usually derived from other calendars on which they model their systems, suited to their particular needs. A calendar is also a physical device (often paper).
The Gregorian calendar , also called the Western calendar and the Christian calendar , is internationally the most widely accepted and used civil calendar . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It has been the unofficial global standard for decades, adopted for pragmatic interests of international communication, transportation, and commercial integration, and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union . [ 4 ] The calendar was a reform in 1582 to the Julian calendar . [ 5 ] The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which the First Council of Nicaea had agreed upon in 325. Because the spring equinox was tied to the celebration of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered this steady movement in the date of the equinox undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe.
Manuel Castells ( Spanish : Manuel Castells Oliván ; born 1942, Hellín , Albacete , Spain ) is a Spanish sociologist especially associated with research on the information society , communication and globalization . The 2000–09 research survey of the Social Sciences Citation Index ranks him as the world’s fifth most-cited social science scholar, and the foremost-cited communication scholar. [ 1 ] He was awarded the 2012 Holberg Prize , [ 2 ] for having "shaped our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society." [ 3 ] [ edit ] Life
The term Network Society describes several different phenomena related to the social, political, economic and cultural changes caused by the spread of networked, digital information and communications technologies. A number of academics (see below) are credited with coining the term since the 1980s and several competing definitions exist. The intellectual origins of the idea can be traced back to the work of early social theorists such as Georg Simmel who analyzed the effect of modernization and industrial capitalism on complex patterns of affiliation, organization, production and experience. [ edit ] Origins
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (15 May 1689 – 21 August 1762) was an English aristocrat and writer. Montagu is today chiefly remembered for her letters, particularly her letters from Turkey, as wife to the British ambassador, which have been described by Billie Melman as “the very first example of a secular work by a woman about the Muslim Orient”. [ 1 ] [ edit ] Early life Lady Mary Pierrepont was born in London on May 15, 1689; her baptism took place on May 26 at St.
The first issue of the Journal des sçavans (title page) The Journal des sçavans (later renamed Journal des savants ), established by Denis de Sallo , was the earliest academic journal published in Europe. Its content included obituaries of famous men, church history, and legal reports. [ 1 ] The first issue appeared as a twelve page quarto pamphlet [ 2 ] on Monday, 5 January 1665. [ 3 ] This was shortly before the first appearance of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , on 6 March 1665. [ 4 ] The journal ceased publication in 1792, during the French Revolution , and, although it very briefly reappeared in 1797 under the updated title Journal des savants , it did not re-commence regular publication until 1816. From then on, the Journal des savants became more of a literary journal , and ceased to carry significant scientific material. [ 1 ] [ 5 ]
Joseph Moxon (8 August 1627 - February 1691 [ 1 ] ), hydrographer to Charles II , was an English printer of mathematical books and maps, a maker of globes and mathematical instruments , and mathematical lexicographer . He produced the first English language dictionary devoted to mathematics. In November 1678, he became the first tradesman to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society . [ edit ] Life Between the ages of around 9 and 11, Moxon accompanied his father, James Moxon, to Delft and Rotterdam where he was printing English Bibles.
Cover of the first volume of Phil. Trans. , covering the years 1665 and 1666 The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( Phil. Trans. ) is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society of London. It was established in 1665, [ 1 ] making it the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science, and it has remained in continuous publication ever since, making it the world's longest-running scientific journal.
John Graunt (24 April 1620 – 18 April 1674) was one of the first demographers , though by profession he was a haberdasher . Born in London , the eldest of seven or eight children of Henry and Mary Graunt. His father was a draper who had moved to London from Hampshire. In February 1641, Graunt married Mary Scott, with whom he had one son (Henry) and three daughters. Graunt, along with William Petty , developed early human statistical and census methods that later provided a framework for modern demography. He is credited with producing the first life table , giving probabilities of survival to each age.
In the philosophy of science , a protoscience is a new science trying to establish its legitimacy. [ 1 ] Protoscience is distinguished from pseudoscience by its standard practices of good science, such as a willingness to be disproven by new evidence, or to be replaced by a more predictive theory. [ citation needed ] Compare fringe science , which is considered highly speculative or even strongly refuted. [ 2 ] Some protosciences go on to become an accepted part of mainstream science . [ 3 ] All sciences would have qualified as protosciences before the Age of Enlightenment , since the scientific method still hadn't been developed, and there was no structured way to prove legitimacy. A standard example is alchemy , which from the 18th century became chemistry , or pre-modern astrology which from the 17th century became astronomy . [ edit ] Definitions
Robert Boyle , FRS , (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was a 17th-century natural philosopher , chemist , physicist , and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology . He has been variously described as Irish, English and Anglo-Irish , his father having come to Ireland from England during the time of the Plantations . Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry , and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method . | [
464,
7443,
286,
6188,
357,
10855,
8,
198,
3855,
7644,
284,
3938,
1998,
11830,
2528,
6037,
198,
32,
7030,
1492,
373,
530,
286,
262,
3835,
16083,
973,
287,
1492,
19934,
764,
632,
19869,
257,
4445,
26339,
286,
477,
8945,
287,
45946,
1502,
13,
685,
352,
2361,
632,
24242,
422,
257,
1110,
2070,
287,
326,
691,
257,
2060,
7030,
1492,
318,
4030,
11,
2138,
621,
257,
4553,
1110,
2070,
329,
1123,
286,
1811,
9376,
13,
383,
7030,
1492,
373,
5292,
329,
8584,
779,
691,
26,
262,
1321,
2622,
284,
307,
23589,
8725,
656,
257,
3989,
287,
1502,
284,
2221,
284,
5236,
530,
338,
5504,
13,
685,
362,
2361,
383,
1438,
286,
262,
1492,
37453,
422,
262,
1109,
326,
11,
1752,
663,
1321,
373,
11172,
284,
262,
3989,
11,
262,
7030,
1492,
373,
555,
27938,
13,
685,
513,
2361,
383,
779,
286,
262,
7030,
1492,
468,
7392,
351,
262,
19980,
286,
4274,
12,
13000,
14317,
764,
198,
5195,
12481,
40964,
7443,
30,
383,
2106,
286,
14317,
318,
355,
1468,
355,
14355,
11,
1994,
284,
1593,
21164,
286,
2106,
11,
1871,
262,
749,
1593,
34423,
287,
12446,
290,
1597,
11,
290,
13899,
13,
10781,
1187,
14888,
287,
262,
2478,
286,
4736,
11,
3292,
11,
290,
262,
10838,
286,
5129,
290,
3146,
13,
10781,
1187,
15646,
3597,
11,
14888,
287,
262,
2478,
286,
1637,
290,
11754,
11,
15646,
4274,
5726,
1492,
19934,
326,
24959,
262,
8200,
29396,
11,
7448,
867,
19034,
9303,
8067,
669,
290,
17038,
422,
17235,
11,
4193,
1205,
262,
6628,
287,
3139,
5939,
3306,
329,
8830,
12129,
11,
290,
389,
4318,
284,
262,
1321,
5854,
326,
318,
25449,
262,
3298,
3773,
13,
1318,
389,
645,
6641,
3891,
1871,
262,
14317,
6237,
2024,
26,
287,
1109,
11,
9826,
645,
3891,
7866,
878,
262,
8200,
29396,
13,
198,
7554,
17281,
357,
1731,
2805,
1467,
6052,
784,
1987,
2805,
1596,
4304,
8,
373,
257,
2116,
12,
27317,
3594,
1097,
26419,
290,
1568,
257,
8801,
10297,
764,
679,
15646,
262,
16050,
16199,
15635,
837,
257,
890,
12,
82,
2917,
3335,
287,
18120,
262,
1917,
286,
15010,
262,
3687,
12,
15045,
2292,
393,
890,
3984,
286,
257,
4074,
379,
5417,
11,
4145,
5854,
1710,
290,
16610,
262,
5885,
286,
3338,
890,
5253,
5417,
3067,
287,
262,
7129,
286,
27783,
764,
383,
1917,
373,
3177,
523,
493,
974,
540,
326,
262,
3517,
8411,
4438,
257,
11596,
286,
4248,
1160,
11,
830,
357,
785,
37064,
284,
4248,
17,
13,
5774,
1510,
287,
3660,
7395,
8,
329,
262,
4610,
13,
685,
352,
2361,
685,
362,
2361,
198,
464,
26506,
357,
3791,
17738,
8,
2191,
1596,
1120,
357,
66,
13,
1954,
8,
357,
14508,
1900,
355,
26943,
3245,
338,
2191,
706,
14576,
7299,
71,
3008,
11,
604,
400,
21647,
286,
26943,
3245,
1267,
318,
281,
2191,
286,
262,
8411,
286,
3878,
5491,
764,
632,
42878,
262,
11845,
286,
4492,
290,
3517,
11817,
507,
523,
326,
257,
649,
614,
2540,
319,
352,
3269,
2138,
621,
1679,
2805,
357,
11182,
3596,
1267,
290,
561,
1057,
1864,
284,
262,
8547,
22618,
11845,
837,
355,
973,
287,
749,
286,
8830,
2031,
764,
685,
4370,
2361,
44923,
329,
1487,
198,
32,
11845,
318,
257,
1080,
286,
16924,
1528,
329,
1919,
11,
4158,
11,
5068,
11,
393,
11553,
4959,
13,
770,
318,
1760,
416,
3501,
3891,
284,
9574,
286,
640,
837,
6032,
1528,
837,
2745,
837,
1933,
837,
290,
812,
764,
317,
3128,
318,
262,
22566,
286,
257,
2060,
11,
2176,
1110,
1626,
884,
257,
1080,
13,
18581,
82,
287,
257,
11845,
357,
10508,
355,
812,
290,
1933,
8,
389,
3221,
11,
996,
407,
6646,
11,
47192,
351,
262,
6772,
286,
262,
4252,
393,
262,
8824,
764,
4650,
35928,
290,
14515,
423,
28964,
257,
11845,
11,
3221,
10944,
422,
584,
50215,
319,
543,
484,
2746,
511,
3341,
11,
16662,
284,
511,
1948,
2476,
13,
317,
11845,
318,
635,
257,
3518,
3335,
357,
28950,
3348,
737,
198,
464,
8547,
22618,
11845,
837,
635,
1444,
262,
4885,
11845,
290,
262,
4302,
11845,
837,
318,
19765,
262,
749,
6768,
6292,
290,
973,
3026,
11845,
764,
685,
352,
2361,
685,
362,
2361,
685,
513,
2361,
632,
468,
587,
262,
27220,
3298,
3210,
329,
4647,
11,
8197,
329,
33119,
5353,
286,
3230,
6946,
11,
9358,
11,
290,
5068,
11812,
11,
290,
8018,
416,
3230,
6712,
884,
355,
262,
1578,
7973,
290,
262,
14499,
32881,
4479,
764,
685,
604,
2361,
383,
11845,
373,
257,
4975,
287,
1315,
6469,
284,
262,
18322,
11845,
764,
685,
642,
2361,
383,
14052,
329,
262,
4975,
373,
284,
2222,
262,
3128,
329,
262,
14395,
286,
20111,
284,
262,
640,
286,
262,
614,
287,
543,
262,
3274,
4281,
286,
8377,
44705,
550,
4987,
2402,
287,
29524,
13,
4362,
262,
6076,
1602,
259,
1140,
373,
8165,
284,
262,
14395,
286,
20111,
11,
262,
7993,
7835,
4564,
3177,
428,
11831,
3356,
287,
262,
3128,
286,
262,
1602,
259,
1140,
38117,
13,
383,
4975,
373,
8197,
7317,
416,
262,
7835,
2678,
286,
2031,
13,
198,
5124,
2731,
5833,
19187,
357,
7897,
1058,
25995,
5833,
19187,
40019,
21162,
2162,
4642,
22458,
11,
5783,
39588,
837,
17399,
330,
14471,
837,
8602,
1267,
318,
257,
7897,
1307,
31599,
2592,
3917,
351,
2267,
319,
262,
1321,
3592,
837,
6946,
290,
39155,
764,
383,
4751,
1906,
2931,
2267,
5526,
286,
262,
5483,
13473,
42317,
12901,
9803,
683,
355,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
8150,
749,
12,
66,
863,
1919,
3783,
15606,
11,
290,
262,
20976,
12,
66,
863,
6946,
15606,
13,
685,
352,
2361,
679,
373,
11343,
262,
2321,
6479,
3900,
15895,
837,
685,
362,
2361,
329,
1719,
366,
16760,
674,
4547,
286,
262,
1964,
17262,
286,
7876,
290,
3298,
16533,
287,
262,
3127,
3592,
526,
685,
513,
2361,
685,
4370,
2361,
5155,
198,
464,
3381,
7311,
7023,
8477,
1811,
1180,
19428,
3519,
284,
262,
1919,
11,
1964,
11,
3034,
290,
6467,
2458,
4073,
416,
262,
4104,
286,
3127,
276,
11,
4875,
1321,
290,
8062,
8514,
13,
317,
1271,
286,
22321,
357,
3826,
2174,
8,
389,
18141,
351,
763,
3191,
262,
3381,
1201,
262,
7169,
82,
290,
1811,
11780,
17336,
2152,
13,
383,
9028,
15587,
286,
262,
2126,
460,
307,
23246,
736,
284,
262,
670,
286,
1903,
1919,
33142,
884,
355,
6850,
3184,
17694,
508,
15475,
262,
1245,
286,
49400,
290,
7593,
12129,
319,
3716,
7572,
286,
26218,
11,
4009,
11,
3227,
290,
1998,
13,
685,
4370,
2361,
24079,
198,
38887,
5335,
370,
419,
1636,
5575,
11433,
357,
1314,
1737,
1467,
4531,
784,
2310,
2932,
1596,
5237,
8,
373,
281,
3594,
28631,
35128,
290,
6260,
13,
5575,
11433,
318,
1909,
36305,
12086,
329,
607,
7475,
11,
3573,
607,
7475,
422,
7137,
11,
355,
3656,
284,
262,
3517,
14791,
11,
543,
423,
587,
3417,
416,
3941,
494,
5616,
805,
355,
564,
250,
1169,
845,
717,
1672,
286,
257,
14589,
670,
416,
257,
2415,
546,
262,
3765,
35275,
447,
251,
13,
685,
352,
2361,
685,
4370,
2361,
12556,
1204,
11182,
5335,
13762,
7856,
756,
373,
4642,
287,
3576,
319,
1737,
1315,
11,
1467,
4531,
26,
607,
33422,
1718,
1295,
319,
1737,
2608,
379,
520,
13,
198,
464,
717,
2071,
286,
262,
4913,
748,
264,
16175,
615,
504,
357,
7839,
2443,
8,
383,
4913,
748,
264,
16175,
615,
504,
357,
36760,
25121,
4913,
748,
6799,
1187,
10612,
4920,
416,
33089,
390,
311,
49457,
837,
373,
262,
14555,
8233,
3989,
3199,
287,
2031,
13,
6363,
2695,
3017,
909,
34272,
3166,
286,
5863,
1450,
11,
4928,
2106,
11,
290,
2742,
3136,
13,
685,
352,
2361,
383,
717,
2071,
4120,
355,
257,
14104,
2443,
28176,
78,
42919,
685,
362,
2361,
319,
3321,
11,
642,
3269,
1467,
2996,
13,
685,
513,
2361,
770,
373,
8972,
878,
262,
717,
5585,
286,
262,
18880,
49256,
46192,
286,
262,
8111,
7023,
837,
319,
718,
2805,
1467,
2996,
13,
685,
604,
2361,
383,
3989,
24368,
9207,
287,
1596,
5892,
11,
1141,
262,
4141,
9303,
837,
290,
11,
3584,
340,
845,
11589,
24578,
3380,
287,
1596,
5607,
739,
262,
6153,
3670,
4913,
748,
6799,
1187,
837,
340,
750,
407,
302,
12,
9503,
594,
3218,
9207,
1566,
1248,
1433,
13,
3574,
788,
319,
11,
262,
4913,
748,
6799,
1187,
2627,
517,
286,
257,
16716,
3989,
837,
290,
24368,
284,
3283,
2383,
5654,
2587,
13,
685,
352,
2361,
685,
642,
2361,
198,
29458,
337,
1140,
261,
357,
23,
2932,
1467,
1983,
532,
3945,
1467,
6420,
685,
352,
2361,
10612,
7409,
3828,
2416,
372,
284,
7516,
2873,
837,
373,
281,
3594,
20632,
286,
18069,
3835,
290,
8739,
11,
257,
16009,
286,
15095,
274,
290,
18069,
12834,
837,
290,
18069,
31191,
291,
18539,
764,
679,
4635,
262,
717,
3594,
3303,
22155,
13378,
284,
19473,
13,
554,
3389,
1467,
3695,
11,
339,
2627,
262,
717,
17674,
805,
284,
307,
7018,
355,
257,
29764,
286,
262,
8111,
7023,
764,
685,
4370,
2361,
5155,
14307,
262,
9337,
286,
1088,
860,
290,
1367,
11,
337,
1140,
261,
11791,
465,
2988,
11,
3700,
337,
1140,
261,
11,
284,
4216,
701,
290,
18481,
353,
11043,
810,
339,
373,
13570,
3594,
347,
18764,
13,
198,
27245,
286,
262,
717,
6115,
286,
4543,
13,
3602,
13,
837,
9505,
262,
812,
1467,
2996,
290,
1467,
2791,
383,
18880,
49256,
46192,
286,
262,
8111,
7023,
357,
4543,
13,
3602,
13,
1267,
318,
257,
5654,
3989,
3199,
416,
262,
8111,
7023,
286,
3576,
13,
632,
373,
4920,
287,
1467,
2996,
11,
685,
352,
2361,
1642,
340,
262,
717,
3989,
287,
262,
995,
11541,
13378,
284,
3783,
11,
290,
340,
468,
6150,
287,
12948,
9207,
1683,
1201,
11,
1642,
340,
262,
995,
338,
14069,
12,
20270,
5654,
3989,
13,
198,
7554,
7037,
2797,
357,
1731,
3035,
1467,
1238,
784,
1248,
3035,
1467,
4524,
8,
373,
530,
286,
262,
717,
1357,
34063,
837,
996,
416,
7573,
339,
373,
257,
387,
527,
67,
31218,
764,
18889,
287,
3576,
837,
262,
34331,
286,
3598,
393,
3624,
1751,
286,
8616,
290,
5335,
7037,
2797,
13,
2399,
2988,
373,
257,
28841,
525,
508,
550,
3888,
284,
3576,
422,
13910,
13,
554,
3945,
1467,
3901,
11,
7037,
2797,
6405,
5335,
4746,
11,
351,
4150,
339,
550,
530,
3367,
357,
32476,
8,
290,
1115,
14850,
13,
7037,
2797,
11,
1863,
351,
3977,
41505,
837,
4166,
1903,
1692,
13905,
290,
21649,
5050,
326,
1568,
2810,
257,
9355,
329,
3660,
1357,
4867,
13,
679,
318,
18141,
351,
9194,
262,
717,
1204,
3084,
837,
3501,
39522,
286,
9441,
284,
1123,
2479,
13,
198,
818,
262,
8876,
286,
3783,
837,
257,
1237,
418,
4234,
318,
257,
649,
3783,
2111,
284,
4474,
663,
22726,
13,
685,
352,
2361,
5038,
418,
4234,
318,
18876,
422,
25038,
418,
4234,
416,
663,
3210,
6593,
286,
922,
3783,
11,
884,
355,
257,
16826,
284,
307,
15493,
574,
416,
649,
2370,
11,
393,
284,
307,
6928,
416,
257,
517,
33344,
4583,
13,
685,
27860,
2622,
2361,
27814,
26821,
3783,
837,
543,
318,
3177,
4047,
28991,
393,
772,
7634,
49402,
13,
685,
362,
2361,
2773,
1237,
418,
979,
3007,
467,
319,
284,
1716,
281,
6292,
636,
286,
8661,
3783,
764,
685,
513,
2361,
1439,
19838,
561,
423,
10617,
355,
1237,
418,
979,
3007,
878,
262,
7129,
286,
39057,
837,
1201,
262,
5654,
2446,
991,
8020,
470,
587,
4166,
11,
290,
612,
373,
645,
20793,
835,
284,
5879,
22726,
13,
317,
3210,
1672,
318,
435,
26599,
837,
543,
422,
262,
1248,
400,
4289,
2627,
16585,
837,
393,
662,
12,
23922,
6468,
31142,
543,
422,
262,
1596,
400,
4289,
2627,
37145,
764,
685,
4370,
2361,
45205,
198,
19156,
37619,
837,
376,
6998,
837,
357,
1495,
3269,
1467,
1983,
784,
3261,
3426,
1467,
6420,
8,
373,
257,
1596,
400,
12,
14792,
3288,
23723,
837,
47898,
837,
33013,
837,
290,
33475,
11,
635,
4367,
329,
465,
19336,
287,
24383,
764,
679,
468,
587,
2972,
306,
3417,
355,
8685,
11,
3594,
290,
27525,
12,
43293,
837,
465,
2988,
1719,
1282,
284,
7517,
422,
4492,
1141,
262,
640,
286,
262,
16561,
602,
764,
4900,
465,
2267,
4084,
468,
663,
11135,
287,
262,
435,
31379,
6761,
11,
37619,
318,
5688,
11987,
1909,
355,
262,
717,
3660,
47898,
11,
290,
4361,
530,
286,
262,
22202,
286,
3660,
16585,
837,
290,
530,
286,
262,
40547,
286,
3660,
11992,
5654,
2446,
764,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,991 |
In 1900, The Prohibition Act, sometimes called the "Scott Act", and described as "An Act Prohibiting the Sale of Intoxicating Liquor", was passed by the Provincial Legislature.
This Act replaced all previous legislation dealing with liquor and totally prohibited the use or sale of any form of liquor for beverage purposes. It did provide however, for the sale at wholesale, by persons known as "Vendors" to physicians, chemists, druggists, and persons engaged in art or trade in which alcohol was used. The physicians, chemists and druggists could in turn sell the liquor so purchased to any person presenting a physician prescription prescribing liquor for medicinal use.
The enforcement of the Act was in the hands of a Chief Inspector and such other Inspectors as were required. It would appear that these Inspectors had very broad powers to arrest, search and prosecute. It is noted in the minutes of the Council that there was a fairly large turnover in Inspectors. In a number of cases the dismissal would be based on a complaint from the Temperance Alliance or a petition from a community. During this period also, there were a number of disputes between the Alliance and the Government as to the advisability of granting vendors licenses to certain persons or in certain places.
In 1901, a further source of supply was established by an amendment to the Act permitting persons to establish themselves as dealers in liquor and to transact business both within and without the Province. As a result of this amendment, several warehouses were established - to sell to the wholesale Vendors and to export to other points.
Although a number of amendments were made to the Act in ensuing years, it was not until 1918 that any major changes took place. In that year, the Act was completely re-written. It provided for the establishments of a six-member Board of Commissioners to be appointed for a three year term by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council to administer the Act. The Commission were given the power to license one wholesale Vendor and as many retail Vendors as were deemed necessary. These retail Vendors were to replace the physicians and druggists who, up to this time had filled the role.
The Vendors were to be paid on a commission basis varying from 10% to 50% with the percentage increasing with the volume. The retail Vendors could sell to any person presenting a prescription 24 oz of wine or spirits or 12 quarts of ale not oftener than once a day. However, this quantity could be doubled if the person lived more than ten miles from the Vendor.
In 1919, an amendment to the Act introduced what came to be known as "Scripts". These were, in effect, pre-printed prescriptions, to be supplied to the physicians by the Prohibited Commission. They were serially numbered and it is believed that the number issued to each physician was controlled as previously there had been no limit to the number of prescriptions a physician could write and abuses were creeping in to the system.
The 1919 Amendment also provided for the holding, in 1920, of a referendum on the whole question of Prohibition. However, the Government changed before the end of the year, and as the incoming Government had campaigned on a Prohibition plank, the referendum was never held.
In 1920, funds were made available to the Commission to be used by the wholesale Vendor for the purchase of liquor. Salaried retail Vendors were established at Charlottetown, Summerside, Montague and Alberton selling at prices set by the Commission.
A list of the six Commissioners in 1920, shows them all to be clergymen.
The Act was again revised in 1928. The six member Commission was abolished and in its place, a new Commission consisting of a Chairman and two members, all salaried, was established. This Commission, like the previous one, was appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council. This continued until 1937, when in another revision, the entire operation was placed under the direct control of the Attorney-General.
It was in 1945 however, that an amendment was introduced that marked the beginning of the end of Prohibition. This amendment stated that provided a physician felt that the use of liquor over an extended period would benefit the health of a patient, he could prescribe 26 oz of spirits, or 104 oz of wine, or nine full quarts of ale, to be delivered weekly over a six month period. Upon receiving such a prescription, the patient could exchange it for a warrant which had coupons on it redeemable weekly for the quantity above. These were not accumulative and had to be redeemed on the due date.
This particular amendment was refused Royal Assent at the conclusion of the Session on May 5th, but with the appointment of a new Lieutenant Governor, received the necessary assent in October, and came into effect.
This system prevailed, until a new Act, known as the "Temperance Act" was introduced in the 1948 Session. This Act provided for the repeal of the Prohibition Act and the establishment of a Government Liquor Control System similar to the other Provinces, with the rather curious difference that the Commission to be established to administer the Act, would be known as the "Temperance Commission". Under the Act, residents would require a permit to purchase liquor and a special permit would be available to visitors. The quantity an individual could purchase at any one time remained unchanged. A number of the permits were introduced for other specific uses of liquor. Among these was a permit permitting liquor in messes, canteens, Legion branches and non-profit clubs. The quantity that could be purchased was specified on the permit as were the hours of consumption.
This new Act was subject to the approval of the electorate by means of a plebiscite, held on June 28th, 1948. The result was in favour of the new Act, and the sale of liquor for beverage purposes became legal on July 6th, 1948.
The Temperance Act received a number of amendments in the next thirteen years. Two were of major significance to the public. In 1952, an amendment permitted four weekly rations to be purchased at any one time in the month; and in 1960, all quantity restrictions were removed.
The word "Temperance" finally disappeared in 1961, when the Act became "The Liquor Control Act", and the Commission, "the Liquor Control Commission".
As the result of a case in 1963, the Courts found that the special permits issued to clubs and canteens permitted possession only by the organization and any such liquor could not be re-sold. However, action was withheld until an amendment to the Act was passim in the 1964 Session providing for the regular licensing of premises as practiced in other Provinces. The outstanding special permits were then resigned and applications received and licenses issued to those qualified under the new legislation.
The last major amendment was in 1967, when the Individual and Tourist Permits were abolished. | [
818,
21489,
11,
383,
43091,
2191,
11,
3360,
1444,
262,
366,
19040,
2191,
1600,
290,
3417,
355,
366,
2025,
2191,
1041,
3145,
1780,
262,
16467,
286,
2558,
1140,
12364,
35515,
273,
1600,
373,
3804,
416,
262,
46719,
20815,
13,
198,
1212,
2191,
6928,
477,
2180,
5520,
7219,
351,
20030,
290,
6635,
12244,
262,
779,
393,
5466,
286,
597,
1296,
286,
20030,
329,
24968,
4959,
13,
632,
750,
2148,
2158,
11,
329,
262,
5466,
379,
24005,
11,
416,
6506,
1900,
355,
366,
53,
437,
669,
1,
284,
17206,
11,
4607,
1023,
11,
37215,
1130,
1023,
11,
290,
6506,
7953,
287,
1242,
393,
3292,
287,
543,
5548,
373,
973,
13,
383,
17206,
11,
4607,
1023,
290,
37215,
1130,
1023,
714,
287,
1210,
3677,
262,
20030,
523,
8155,
284,
597,
1048,
17728,
257,
14325,
15077,
39973,
20030,
329,
30381,
779,
13,
198,
464,
5394,
286,
262,
2191,
373,
287,
262,
2832,
286,
257,
5953,
24625,
290,
884,
584,
20904,
669,
355,
547,
2672,
13,
632,
561,
1656,
326,
777,
20904,
669,
550,
845,
3154,
5635,
284,
3251,
11,
2989,
290,
26057,
13,
632,
318,
4367,
287,
262,
2431,
286,
262,
4281,
326,
612,
373,
257,
6547,
1588,
25079,
287,
20904,
669,
13,
554,
257,
1271,
286,
2663,
262,
25693,
561,
307,
1912,
319,
257,
8224,
422,
262,
48125,
590,
10302,
393,
257,
8853,
422,
257,
2055,
13,
5856,
428,
2278,
635,
11,
612,
547,
257,
1271,
286,
18563,
1022,
262,
10302,
290,
262,
5070,
355,
284,
262,
8503,
1799,
286,
21787,
17192,
16625,
284,
1728,
6506,
393,
287,
1728,
4113,
13,
198,
818,
39923,
11,
257,
2252,
2723,
286,
5127,
373,
4920,
416,
281,
11326,
284,
262,
2191,
29256,
6506,
284,
4474,
2405,
355,
15737,
287,
20030,
290,
284,
48878,
1597,
1111,
1626,
290,
1231,
262,
22783,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
286,
428,
11326,
11,
1811,
43675,
547,
4920,
532,
284,
3677,
284,
262,
24005,
44220,
669,
290,
284,
10784,
284,
584,
2173,
13,
198,
7003,
257,
1271,
286,
17835,
547,
925,
284,
262,
2191,
287,
29543,
812,
11,
340,
373,
407,
1566,
25859,
326,
597,
1688,
2458,
1718,
1295,
13,
554,
326,
614,
11,
262,
2191,
373,
3190,
302,
12,
15266,
13,
632,
2810,
329,
262,
33228,
286,
257,
2237,
12,
19522,
5926,
286,
48053,
284,
307,
9899,
329,
257,
1115,
614,
3381,
416,
262,
21586,
12,
29168,
273,
12,
259,
12,
40940,
284,
21766,
262,
2191,
13,
383,
4513,
547,
1813,
262,
1176,
284,
5964,
530,
24005,
39896,
290,
355,
867,
6308,
44220,
669,
355,
547,
10762,
3306,
13,
2312,
6308,
44220,
669,
547,
284,
6330,
262,
17206,
290,
37215,
1130,
1023,
508,
11,
510,
284,
428,
640,
550,
5901,
262,
2597,
13,
198,
464,
44220,
669,
547,
284,
307,
3432,
319,
257,
5810,
4308,
15874,
422,
838,
4,
284,
2026,
4,
351,
262,
5873,
3649,
351,
262,
6115,
13,
383,
6308,
44220,
669,
714,
3677,
284,
597,
1048,
17728,
257,
15077,
1987,
15649,
286,
8237,
393,
13747,
393,
1105,
627,
5889,
286,
31341,
407,
28639,
877,
621,
1752,
257,
1110,
13,
2102,
11,
428,
12040,
714,
307,
15229,
611,
262,
1048,
5615,
517,
621,
3478,
4608,
422,
262,
39896,
13,
198,
818,
30992,
11,
281,
11326,
284,
262,
2191,
5495,
644,
1625,
284,
307,
1900,
355,
366,
7391,
82,
1911,
2312,
547,
11,
287,
1245,
11,
662,
12,
49695,
34092,
11,
284,
307,
14275,
284,
262,
17206,
416,
262,
1041,
44139,
4513,
13,
1119,
547,
1055,
1927,
25840,
290,
340,
318,
4762,
326,
262,
1271,
4884,
284,
1123,
14325,
373,
6856,
355,
4271,
612,
550,
587,
645,
4179,
284,
262,
1271,
286,
34092,
257,
14325,
714,
3551,
290,
19544,
547,
38598,
287,
284,
262,
1080,
13,
198,
464,
30992,
8441,
635,
2810,
329,
262,
4769,
11,
287,
14062,
11,
286,
257,
11467,
319,
262,
2187,
1808,
286,
43091,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
5070,
3421,
878,
262,
886,
286,
262,
614,
11,
290,
355,
262,
15619,
5070,
550,
32853,
319,
257,
43091,
39599,
11,
262,
11467,
373,
1239,
2714,
13,
198,
818,
14062,
11,
5153,
547,
925,
1695,
284,
262,
4513,
284,
307,
973,
416,
262,
24005,
39896,
329,
262,
5001,
286,
20030,
13,
4849,
283,
798,
6308,
44220,
669,
547,
4920,
379,
6258,
1252,
316,
593,
11,
36776,
485,
11,
5575,
2064,
290,
978,
527,
1122,
6301,
379,
4536,
900,
416,
262,
4513,
13,
198,
32,
1351,
286,
262,
2237,
48053,
287,
14062,
11,
2523,
606,
477,
284,
307,
26014,
3653,
13,
198,
464,
2191,
373,
757,
15556,
287,
35768,
13,
383,
2237,
2888,
4513,
373,
32424,
290,
287,
663,
1295,
11,
257,
649,
4513,
17747,
286,
257,
12787,
290,
734,
1866,
11,
477,
3664,
283,
798,
11,
373,
4920,
13,
770,
4513,
11,
588,
262,
2180,
530,
11,
373,
9899,
416,
262,
21586,
12,
29168,
273,
12,
259,
12,
40940,
13,
770,
3767,
1566,
28684,
11,
618,
287,
1194,
18440,
11,
262,
2104,
4905,
373,
4624,
739,
262,
1277,
1630,
286,
262,
8123,
12,
12218,
13,
198,
1026,
373,
287,
15761,
2158,
11,
326,
281,
11326,
373,
5495,
326,
7498,
262,
3726,
286,
262,
886,
286,
43091,
13,
770,
11326,
5081,
326,
2810,
257,
14325,
2936,
326,
262,
779,
286,
20030,
625,
281,
7083,
2278,
561,
4414,
262,
1535,
286,
257,
5827,
11,
339,
714,
32651,
2608,
15649,
286,
13747,
11,
393,
14436,
15649,
286,
8237,
11,
393,
5193,
1336,
627,
5889,
286,
31341,
11,
284,
307,
6793,
10273,
625,
257,
2237,
1227,
2278,
13,
14438,
6464,
884,
257,
15077,
11,
262,
5827,
714,
5163,
340,
329,
257,
8084,
543,
550,
45972,
319,
340,
26509,
540,
10273,
329,
262,
12040,
2029,
13,
2312,
547,
407,
10507,
13628,
290,
550,
284,
307,
42013,
319,
262,
2233,
3128,
13,
198,
1212,
1948,
11326,
373,
6520,
8111,
2195,
298,
379,
262,
7664,
286,
262,
23575,
319,
1737,
642,
400,
11,
475,
351,
262,
12557,
286,
257,
649,
21586,
10807,
11,
2722,
262,
3306,
840,
298,
287,
3267,
11,
290,
1625,
656,
1245,
13,
198,
1212,
1080,
34429,
11,
1566,
257,
649,
2191,
11,
1900,
355,
262,
366,
12966,
525,
590,
2191,
1,
373,
5495,
287,
262,
21794,
23575,
13,
770,
2191,
2810,
329,
262,
14634,
286,
262,
43091,
2191,
290,
262,
9323,
286,
257,
5070,
35515,
273,
6779,
4482,
2092,
284,
262,
584,
1041,
7114,
728,
11,
351,
262,
2138,
11040,
3580,
326,
262,
4513,
284,
307,
4920,
284,
21766,
262,
2191,
11,
561,
307,
1900,
355,
262,
366,
12966,
525,
590,
4513,
1911,
4698,
262,
2191,
11,
5085,
561,
2421,
257,
8749,
284,
5001,
20030,
290,
257,
2041,
8749,
561,
307,
1695,
284,
9692,
13,
383,
12040,
281,
1981,
714,
5001,
379,
597,
530,
640,
6150,
21588,
13,
317,
1271,
286,
262,
13892,
547,
5495,
329,
584,
2176,
3544,
286,
20030,
13,
9754,
777,
373,
257,
8749,
29256,
20030,
287,
2085,
274,
11,
269,
12427,
641,
11,
15778,
13737,
290,
1729,
12,
9183,
9784,
13,
383,
12040,
326,
714,
307,
8155,
373,
7368,
319,
262,
8749,
355,
547,
262,
2250,
286,
7327,
13,
198,
1212,
649,
2191,
373,
2426,
284,
262,
7546,
286,
262,
23879,
416,
1724,
286,
257,
3339,
65,
2304,
578,
11,
2714,
319,
2795,
2579,
400,
11,
21794,
13,
383,
1255,
373,
287,
7075,
286,
262,
649,
2191,
11,
290,
262,
5466,
286,
20030,
329,
24968,
4959,
2627,
2742,
319,
2901,
718,
400,
11,
21794,
13,
198,
464,
48125,
590,
2191,
2722,
257,
1271,
286,
17835,
287,
262,
1306,
28306,
812,
13,
4930,
547,
286,
1688,
12085,
284,
262,
1171,
13,
554,
26352,
11,
281,
11326,
10431,
1440,
10273,
374,
602,
284,
307,
8155,
379,
597,
530,
640,
287,
262,
1227,
26,
290,
287,
9507,
11,
477,
12040,
8733,
547,
4615,
13,
198,
464,
1573,
366,
12966,
525,
590,
1,
3443,
12120,
287,
20510,
11,
618,
262,
2191,
2627,
366,
464,
35515,
273,
6779,
2191,
1600,
290,
262,
4513,
11,
366,
1169,
35515,
273,
6779,
4513,
1911,
198,
1722,
262,
1255,
286,
257,
1339,
287,
19342,
11,
262,
32631,
1043,
326,
262,
2041,
13892,
4884,
284,
9784,
290,
269,
12427,
641,
10431,
7797,
691,
416,
262,
4009,
290,
597,
884,
20030,
714,
407,
307,
302,
12,
24120,
13,
2102,
11,
2223,
373,
31453,
1566,
281,
11326,
284,
262,
2191,
373,
1208,
320,
287,
262,
17575,
23575,
4955,
329,
262,
3218,
15665,
286,
17095,
355,
19893,
287,
584,
1041,
7114,
728,
13,
383,
11660,
2041,
13892,
547,
788,
16542,
290,
5479,
2722,
290,
16625,
4884,
284,
883,
10617,
739,
262,
649,
5520,
13,
198,
464,
938,
1688,
11326,
373,
287,
15904,
11,
618,
262,
18629,
290,
9852,
396,
2448,
24883,
547,
32424,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,415 |
Inflammation of the Middle Ear and External Ear Canal in Dogs
Otitis externa and Otitis media in Dogs
Otitis externa is a chronic inflammation of a dog external ear canal. Otitis media, meanwhile, is an inflammation of the dog's middle ear. Both of these terms are used to describe clinical symptoms and are not diseases in themselves.
Otitis externa often results when a change in the normal environment of the ear canal causes the glands lining the canal to enlarge and produce excessive wax. Gradually, the outer skin (epidermis) and the inner skin (dermis) produce excessive fibrous tissue (fibrosis) and the canal becomes narrowed. It is normally a secondary symptom of another underlying disease, such as an infection. Otitis externa causes pain, itching, and redness, and when the condition is chronic, it often results in a ruptured ear drum (tympanum) and otitis media.
Otitis media typically occurs as an extension of otitis externa, causing a ruptured membrane (tympanum) that separates the external ear and the middle ear. Otitis externa and otitis media affect dogs and cats of any age and breed, but long-eared dogs, such as spaniels and retrievers, and dogs with hairy external canals, such as terriers and poodles, are more susceptible.
The two conditions described in this medical article affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how they affect cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
Symptoms and Types
The most common symptoms of otitis externa and otitis media are pain, head shaking, scratching at the external ear flaps, and bad odor. In a physical examination by a veterinarian, a dog with the condition may exhibit redness and swelling of the external ear canal, scaling skin or obstruction of the ear canal. Signs such as tilting the head, anorexia, uncoordination, and occasional vomiting may indicate the development of otitis media, or otitis interna, if the infection and inflammation spreads to the inner ear.
Otitis externa and otitis media can be caused by a variety of things. The primary causes are parasites, food allergies, drug reactions, foreign bodies (e.g., plant awns), accumulation of hair, dead skin buildup (keratinization), and autoimmune diseases.
Other factors that may contribute to the onset of the inflammatory conditions include bacterial infections, mixed infections caused by bacteria and fungal species, and progressive changes in the environment of the outer ear canal. Excessive moisture caused by swimming, or overzealous, abrasive, and improper ear cleaning may also lead to otitis externa and otitis media.
These two conditions can be diagnosed in several ways. For instance, X-rays may be used to diagnose otitis media; an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may also be used to identify an accumulation of fluid or soft tissue growth in the middle ear.
Other ways of diagnosing these conditions include skin scrapings from the dog's ear flaps to test for parasites, and skin biopsies to check for autoimmune diseases. However, the single most important tool for diagnosing otitis externa and otitis media is a microscopic examination of the ear discharge (aural exudate).
Inflammation of the external parts of the ear
A medical condition in which the ear becomes inflamed
Inflammation of the inner part of the ear
Inflammation of the middle parts of the ear
A type of fungus that produces buds
A bundle of fibers that are used in the process of sending impulses through the body
The outside layer of the skin
Any drug that kills organisms in an animal's tissue or prevents the growth of more.
Referring to the ear.
Loss of hearing in whole or in part.
The skin; also referred to as the corium
Used to refer to any drug or medical substance that has the ability to slow down or stop the growth of bacteria and other such organisms.
Latest In Dog Nutrition
Five Life-Lengthening Health Tips for Your ...
Anyone who has ever had a dog or cat wishes just one thing — that he or she has a...
Does My Senior Dog Need Special Dog Food?
Whether or not your senior dog needs special dog food depends, to a large extent,... | [
18943,
11199,
341,
286,
262,
6046,
2905,
290,
34579,
2905,
31314,
287,
21367,
198,
46,
83,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
290,
19740,
11815,
2056,
287,
21367,
198,
46,
83,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
318,
257,
10726,
20881,
286,
257,
3290,
7097,
1027,
29365,
13,
19740,
11815,
2056,
11,
15066,
11,
318,
281,
20881,
286,
262,
3290,
338,
3504,
1027,
13,
5747,
286,
777,
2846,
389,
973,
284,
6901,
8668,
7460,
290,
389,
407,
10040,
287,
2405,
13,
198,
46,
83,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
1690,
2482,
618,
257,
1487,
287,
262,
3487,
2858,
286,
262,
1027,
29365,
5640,
262,
42093,
20883,
262,
29365,
284,
27475,
290,
4439,
13181,
20302,
13,
17701,
935,
11,
262,
12076,
4168,
357,
538,
1304,
25413,
8,
290,
262,
8434,
4168,
357,
1082,
25413,
8,
4439,
13181,
12900,
7596,
10712,
357,
69,
571,
37172,
8,
290,
262,
29365,
4329,
33214,
13,
632,
318,
7685,
257,
9233,
25993,
286,
1194,
10238,
4369,
11,
884,
355,
281,
10280,
13,
19740,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
5640,
2356,
11,
48140,
11,
290,
2266,
1108,
11,
290,
618,
262,
4006,
318,
10726,
11,
340,
1690,
2482,
287,
257,
31580,
1522,
1027,
13026,
357,
774,
3149,
272,
388,
8,
290,
30972,
11815,
2056,
13,
198,
46,
83,
11815,
2056,
6032,
8833,
355,
281,
7552,
286,
30972,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
11,
6666,
257,
31580,
1522,
25019,
357,
774,
3149,
272,
388,
8,
326,
31555,
262,
7097,
1027,
290,
262,
3504,
1027,
13,
19740,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
290,
30972,
11815,
2056,
2689,
6844,
290,
11875,
286,
597,
2479,
290,
15939,
11,
475,
890,
12,
3380,
6844,
11,
884,
355,
599,
3216,
1424,
290,
13236,
690,
11,
290,
6844,
351,
43873,
7097,
460,
874,
11,
884,
355,
1059,
8910,
290,
279,
702,
829,
11,
389,
517,
22084,
13,
198,
464,
734,
3403,
3417,
287,
428,
3315,
2708,
2689,
1111,
6844,
290,
11875,
13,
1002,
345,
561,
588,
284,
2193,
517,
546,
703,
484,
2689,
11875,
11,
3387,
3187,
428,
2443,
287,
262,
4767,
12740,
1535,
5888,
13,
198,
43094,
35533,
290,
24897,
198,
464,
749,
2219,
7460,
286,
30972,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
290,
30972,
11815,
2056,
389,
2356,
11,
1182,
17275,
11,
34688,
379,
262,
7097,
1027,
781,
1686,
11,
290,
2089,
28192,
13,
554,
257,
3518,
12452,
416,
257,
41404,
11,
257,
3290,
351,
262,
4006,
743,
15866,
2266,
1108,
290,
29844,
286,
262,
7097,
1027,
29365,
11,
20796,
4168,
393,
28118,
286,
262,
1027,
29365,
13,
37027,
884,
355,
21502,
889,
262,
1182,
11,
281,
382,
36072,
11,
555,
37652,
1883,
11,
290,
12209,
30874,
743,
7603,
262,
2478,
286,
30972,
11815,
2056,
11,
393,
30972,
11815,
1788,
64,
11,
611,
262,
10280,
290,
20881,
26779,
284,
262,
8434,
1027,
13,
198,
46,
83,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
290,
30972,
11815,
2056,
460,
307,
4073,
416,
257,
4996,
286,
1243,
13,
383,
4165,
5640,
389,
36643,
11,
2057,
36665,
11,
2563,
12737,
11,
3215,
5920,
357,
68,
13,
70,
1539,
4618,
257,
675,
82,
828,
24106,
286,
4190,
11,
2636,
4168,
40502,
357,
6122,
10680,
1634,
828,
290,
46938,
10040,
13,
198,
6395,
5087,
326,
743,
8676,
284,
262,
21228,
286,
262,
23760,
3403,
2291,
23462,
16079,
11,
7668,
16079,
4073,
416,
11492,
290,
1257,
13528,
4693,
11,
290,
10393,
2458,
287,
262,
2858,
286,
262,
12076,
1027,
29365,
13,
1475,
45428,
20160,
4073,
416,
14899,
11,
393,
625,
89,
15746,
11,
49514,
425,
11,
290,
18992,
1027,
12724,
743,
635,
1085,
284,
30972,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
290,
30972,
11815,
2056,
13,
198,
4711,
734,
3403,
460,
307,
14641,
287,
1811,
2842,
13,
1114,
4554,
11,
1395,
12,
20477,
743,
307,
973,
284,
37489,
30972,
11815,
2056,
26,
281,
14091,
29371,
19560,
357,
40952,
8,
743,
635,
307,
973,
284,
5911,
281,
24106,
286,
11711,
393,
2705,
10712,
3349,
287,
262,
3504,
1027,
13,
198,
6395,
2842,
286,
6689,
2752,
777,
3403,
2291,
4168,
15881,
654,
422,
262,
3290,
338,
1027,
781,
1686,
284,
1332,
329,
36643,
11,
290,
4168,
3182,
2840,
444,
284,
2198,
329,
46938,
10040,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
2060,
749,
1593,
2891,
329,
6689,
2752,
30972,
11815,
409,
759,
64,
290,
30972,
11815,
2056,
318,
257,
41858,
12452,
286,
262,
1027,
17655,
357,
64,
1523,
409,
463,
378,
737,
198,
18943,
11199,
341,
286,
262,
7097,
3354,
286,
262,
1027,
198,
32,
3315,
4006,
287,
543,
262,
1027,
4329,
28472,
2434,
198,
18943,
11199,
341,
286,
262,
8434,
636,
286,
262,
1027,
198,
18943,
11199,
341,
286,
262,
3504,
3354,
286,
262,
1027,
198,
32,
2099,
286,
39526,
326,
11073,
36402,
198,
32,
18537,
286,
26742,
326,
389,
973,
287,
262,
1429,
286,
7216,
37505,
832,
262,
1767,
198,
464,
2354,
7679,
286,
262,
4168,
198,
7149,
2563,
326,
12847,
20296,
287,
281,
5044,
338,
10712,
393,
15174,
262,
3349,
286,
517,
13,
198,
46238,
1806,
284,
262,
1027,
13,
198,
43,
793,
286,
4854,
287,
2187,
393,
287,
636,
13,
198,
464,
4168,
26,
635,
6412,
284,
355,
262,
1162,
1505,
198,
38052,
284,
3522,
284,
597,
2563,
393,
3315,
9136,
326,
468,
262,
2694,
284,
3105,
866,
393,
2245,
262,
3349,
286,
11492,
290,
584,
884,
20296,
13,
198,
39478,
554,
8532,
23285,
198,
20029,
5155,
12,
43,
1516,
20563,
3893,
27558,
329,
3406,
2644,
198,
21129,
508,
468,
1683,
550,
257,
3290,
393,
3797,
12802,
655,
530,
1517,
851,
326,
339,
393,
673,
468,
257,
986,
198,
13921,
2011,
14017,
8532,
10664,
6093,
8532,
7318,
30,
198,
15354,
393,
407,
534,
4664,
3290,
2476,
2041,
3290,
2057,
8338,
11,
284,
257,
1588,
6287,
42303,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 923 |
More Slideshows From petMD
Image: Ngo Thye Aun / via Shutterstock
Image: Annette Shaff / via Shutterstock
Image: Elena Stepanova / via Shutterstock
Image: berna namoglu / via Shutterstock
What's New Dog Cat
The Cure for Achy Joints
Just because your pet has arthritis doesn't mean they are necessarily incapable of exercising. Staying active actually helps many arthritic pets that suffer from achy bones and joints. It is, however, vital you follow these five exercise tips before you begin an exercise routine with your pet.
1. Consult Your Veterinarian First
A veterinarian will be better able to assist you in combining of exercise, diet, and medications or therapies which are targeted for your pet's individual needs. A veterinarian can also help monitor your pet's progress and identify any serious changes in health.
2. Go Low-impact
Light activities such as walking and swimming help strengthen muscles, keep ligaments and tendons flexible, prevent obesity and circulate blood to stiff joints. Keep them short but regular — 15-30 minutes of activities five days a week is a great start. Swimming is especially great for dogs with arthritis because the water supports much of the bodyweight and inhibits sudden excessive movements. Cats with arthritis, meanwhile, may not be as keen to get in the water but can participate in short sessions of gentle play. Just remember to avoid activities in which your dog or cat has to leap, jump, turn quickly or run. They can cause damage to your pet's joints.
3. Warm Up
A minute or two of walking or gentle playing before initiating low-impact exercise activities will help pets with arthritis move easier. It also helps reduce sprains, cramps, and muscle injuries as well as gradually increases their heart rate. If your pet is reluctant to start moving because of aching joints, try a little incentive like a small healthy treat or positive affection (petting, hugging, etc.). A positive exercise experience is a happy one.
4. Cool Down
Cool down periods are just as important as warming up for exercise. As your pet completes the exercise routine, they may be all wound up — jumping, running, or rough-housing. This is not good and can in fact be harmful. Try to calm them down and gradually reduce their heart rate to an optimal resting place. Cooling down also reduces stiffness and soreness by assisting the removal of lactic acids in the body. Massaging during "cool downs" improves the stiffness and muscle pain associated with arthritis too.
5. Watch for Signs of Exertion
Be sure to watch for heavy panting, pain or other signs of overexertion. If they do occur stop the activity immediately and consult a veterinarian. Pushing forward with the exercising can cause injury, especially if your pet isn't accustomed to a lot of activity.
Most Read Health Articles | [
5167,
3454,
1460,
71,
1666,
3574,
4273,
12740,
198,
5159,
25,
399,
2188,
536,
5948,
317,
403,
1220,
2884,
37356,
198,
5159,
25,
1052,
48115,
911,
2001,
1220,
2884,
37356,
198,
5159,
25,
37254,
5012,
40993,
1220,
2884,
37356,
198,
5159,
25,
275,
1142,
64,
299,
321,
49006,
1220,
2884,
37356,
198,
2061,
338,
968,
8532,
5181,
198,
464,
36947,
329,
26219,
88,
16798,
82,
198,
5703,
780,
534,
4273,
468,
37954,
1595,
470,
1612,
484,
389,
6646,
23402,
286,
25352,
13,
520,
8369,
4075,
1682,
5419,
867,
610,
400,
46015,
17252,
326,
8659,
422,
257,
29658,
11945,
290,
24039,
13,
632,
318,
11,
2158,
11,
9204,
345,
1061,
777,
1936,
5517,
9040,
878,
345,
2221,
281,
5517,
8027,
351,
534,
4273,
13,
198,
16,
13,
21651,
3406,
13525,
259,
3699,
3274,
198,
32,
41404,
481,
307,
1365,
1498,
284,
3342,
345,
287,
19771,
286,
5517,
11,
5496,
11,
290,
17638,
393,
29596,
543,
389,
7977,
329,
534,
4273,
338,
1981,
2476,
13,
317,
41404,
460,
635,
1037,
5671,
534,
4273,
338,
4371,
290,
5911,
597,
2726,
2458,
287,
1535,
13,
198,
17,
13,
1514,
7754,
12,
48240,
198,
15047,
4568,
884,
355,
6155,
290,
14899,
1037,
12160,
12749,
11,
1394,
26106,
12604,
290,
4327,
684,
12846,
11,
2948,
13825,
290,
49306,
2910,
284,
15175,
24039,
13,
9175,
606,
1790,
475,
3218,
851,
1315,
12,
1270,
2431,
286,
4568,
1936,
1528,
257,
1285,
318,
257,
1049,
923,
13,
2451,
27428,
318,
2592,
1049,
329,
6844,
351,
37954,
780,
262,
1660,
6971,
881,
286,
262,
1767,
6551,
290,
49543,
4802,
13181,
8650,
13,
28997,
351,
37954,
11,
15066,
11,
743,
407,
307,
355,
13795,
284,
651,
287,
262,
1660,
475,
460,
8277,
287,
1790,
10991,
286,
10296,
711,
13,
2329,
3505,
284,
3368,
4568,
287,
543,
534,
3290,
393,
3797,
468,
284,
16470,
11,
4391,
11,
1210,
2952,
393,
1057,
13,
1119,
460,
2728,
2465,
284,
534,
4273,
338,
24039,
13,
198,
18,
13,
25692,
3205,
198,
32,
5664,
393,
734,
286,
6155,
393,
10296,
2712,
878,
40150,
1877,
12,
48240,
5517,
4568,
481,
1037,
17252,
351,
37954,
1445,
4577,
13,
632,
635,
5419,
4646,
7500,
1299,
11,
1067,
9430,
11,
290,
8280,
6821,
355,
880,
355,
11835,
5732,
511,
2612,
2494,
13,
1002,
534,
4273,
318,
18416,
284,
923,
3867,
780,
286,
257,
10813,
24039,
11,
1949,
257,
1310,
15660,
588,
257,
1402,
5448,
2190,
393,
3967,
17696,
357,
6449,
889,
11,
46292,
11,
3503,
15729,
317,
3967,
5517,
1998,
318,
257,
3772,
530,
13,
198,
19,
13,
15226,
5588,
198,
34530,
866,
9574,
389,
655,
355,
1593,
355,
9917,
510,
329,
5517,
13,
1081,
534,
4273,
32543,
262,
5517,
8027,
11,
484,
743,
307,
477,
11699,
510,
851,
14284,
11,
2491,
11,
393,
5210,
12,
50028,
13,
770,
318,
407,
922,
290,
460,
287,
1109,
307,
13568,
13,
9993,
284,
9480,
606,
866,
290,
11835,
4646,
511,
2612,
2494,
284,
281,
16586,
19186,
1295,
13,
15226,
278,
866,
635,
12850,
49586,
290,
19597,
1108,
416,
26508,
262,
9934,
286,
300,
12009,
17045,
287,
262,
1767,
13,
5674,
3039,
1141,
366,
24494,
21838,
1,
19575,
262,
49586,
290,
8280,
2356,
3917,
351,
37954,
1165,
13,
198,
20,
13,
6305,
329,
37027,
286,
1475,
861,
295,
198,
3856,
1654,
284,
2342,
329,
4334,
15857,
278,
11,
2356,
393,
584,
5895,
286,
43656,
87,
861,
295,
13,
1002,
484,
466,
3051,
2245,
262,
3842,
3393,
290,
5725,
257,
41404,
13,
350,
8023,
2651,
351,
262,
25352,
460,
2728,
5095,
11,
2592,
611,
534,
4273,
2125,
470,
23840,
284,
257,
1256,
286,
3842,
13,
198,
6943,
4149,
3893,
22698,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 597 |
Poisonous to: Dogs
Level of toxicity: Generally moderate to severe
Common signs to watch for:
- Abnormal drinking or urination
Grapes, raisins, and even currants (some currants are actually small, black grapes) are toxic to your dog! In fact, there have been anecdotal reports of cats and ferrets being affected by these also. Ingestion of even a small amount of grapes, raisins, or currants can result in severe, acute kidney failure. All types of grape- or raisin-containing products (including grape juice, trail mix, bagels, etc.) can result in this. Even organic, pesticide-free, grapes grown in home gardens can result in toxicity. Although the mechanism of action is not clearly understood on how grapes, raisins and currants are poisonous at this time, this common fruit can result in anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and potentially severe acute renal failure (which develops several days later). The toxicity is not necessarily dose-dependent, and symptoms can occur with even small ingestions. Decontamination (e.g., inducing vomiting, decontaminating with activated charcoal, etc.), aggressive supportive care, aggressive IV fluid therapy, and kidney function (e.g., BUN/creatinine) monitoring is recommended.
If you suspect your pet ingested grapes, raisins, or currants, call your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline for treatment recommendations.
Poison type: Foods
Alternate names: Vitis, raisins, currants, sultanas | [
18833,
1653,
516,
284,
25,
21367,
198,
4971,
286,
28152,
25,
23904,
10768,
284,
6049,
198,
17227,
5895,
284,
2342,
329,
25,
198,
12,
2275,
11265,
7722,
393,
2956,
1883,
198,
38,
2416,
274,
11,
2179,
271,
1040,
11,
290,
772,
1090,
15087,
357,
11246,
1090,
15087,
389,
1682,
1402,
11,
2042,
36656,
8,
389,
11422,
284,
534,
3290,
0,
554,
1109,
11,
612,
423,
587,
41666,
3136,
286,
11875,
290,
11354,
8004,
852,
5676,
416,
777,
635,
13,
554,
3495,
295,
286,
772,
257,
1402,
2033,
286,
36656,
11,
2179,
271,
1040,
11,
393,
1090,
15087,
460,
1255,
287,
6049,
11,
14352,
21919,
5287,
13,
1439,
3858,
286,
30777,
12,
393,
2179,
45763,
12,
38301,
3186,
357,
8201,
30777,
13135,
11,
8025,
5022,
11,
6131,
1424,
11,
3503,
2014,
460,
1255,
287,
428,
13,
3412,
10469,
11,
36466,
12,
5787,
11,
36656,
7334,
287,
1363,
25476,
460,
1255,
287,
28152,
13,
4900,
262,
9030,
286,
2223,
318,
407,
4084,
7247,
319,
703,
36656,
11,
2179,
271,
1040,
290,
1090,
15087,
389,
32199,
379,
428,
640,
11,
428,
2219,
8234,
460,
1255,
287,
281,
382,
36072,
11,
30874,
11,
36004,
11,
290,
6196,
6049,
14352,
44375,
5287,
357,
4758,
21126,
1811,
1528,
1568,
737,
383,
28152,
318,
407,
6646,
10742,
12,
21186,
11,
290,
7460,
460,
3051,
351,
772,
1402,
26151,
507,
13,
4280,
756,
24979,
357,
68,
13,
70,
1539,
44561,
30874,
11,
875,
756,
5669,
803,
351,
13906,
33512,
11,
3503,
12179,
8361,
16443,
1337,
11,
8361,
8363,
11711,
9102,
11,
290,
21919,
2163,
357,
68,
13,
70,
1539,
347,
4944,
14,
20123,
259,
500,
8,
9904,
318,
7151,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
4099,
534,
4273,
44694,
36656,
11,
2179,
271,
1040,
11,
393,
1090,
15087,
11,
869,
534,
41404,
393,
4767,
19357,
5053,
489,
500,
329,
3513,
10763,
13,
198,
18833,
1653,
2099,
25,
23201,
198,
23081,
378,
3891,
25,
569,
11815,
11,
2179,
271,
1040,
11,
1090,
15087,
11,
264,
586,
15991,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 327 |
Fourth Pennsylvania CavalryMade in United States, North and Central America
Artist/maker unknown, American
Oil on canvas
Currently not on view
1968-222-3The Collection of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, 1968
LabelThe troops of the Fourth Pennsylvania Cavalry were mustered into service between August and October of 1861, under the leadership of commanding officer Colonel David Campbell, with orders to assist in the defense of Washington, D.C. The regiment's military successes were notably attributed to Colonel Campbell's strict discipline and personal supervision of drills, parades, and guard mounts, evident in this painting. The Fourth Pennsylvania Cavalry went on to serve in the Battle of Gettysburg, the Wilderness Campaign, two of Sheridan's raids, and the Appomattox Campaign, and were present at Lee's surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. | [
45530,
9589,
21753,
563,
24616,
287,
1578,
1829,
11,
2258,
290,
5694,
2253,
198,
43020,
14,
10297,
6439,
11,
1605,
198,
44142,
319,
21978,
198,
21327,
407,
319,
1570,
198,
42246,
12,
23148,
12,
18,
464,
12251,
286,
29166,
3977,
290,
6206,
501,
36477,
7164,
65,
25308,
11,
15963,
198,
33986,
464,
6553,
286,
262,
15692,
9589,
21753,
563,
547,
1276,
1068,
656,
2139,
1022,
2932,
290,
3267,
286,
45278,
11,
739,
262,
5531,
286,
25771,
3818,
21636,
3271,
14327,
11,
351,
6266,
284,
3342,
287,
262,
3761,
286,
2669,
11,
360,
13,
34,
13,
383,
34792,
338,
2422,
23682,
547,
14660,
14183,
284,
21636,
14327,
338,
7646,
12883,
290,
2614,
20865,
286,
26721,
11,
1582,
2367,
11,
290,
4860,
30790,
11,
10678,
287,
428,
12036,
13,
383,
15692,
9589,
21753,
563,
1816,
319,
284,
4691,
287,
262,
5838,
286,
7136,
30359,
11,
262,
40432,
13718,
11,
734,
286,
47813,
338,
20371,
11,
290,
262,
2034,
296,
1078,
1140,
13718,
11,
290,
547,
1944,
379,
5741,
338,
16908,
379,
262,
2034,
296,
1078,
1140,
2734,
23931,
319,
3035,
860,
11,
47801,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 183 |
S-1. Sunlight & Earth
S-1B. Global Climate
S-3.The Magnetic Sun
S-4. Colors of Sunlight
Optional: Doppler Effect
S-4A-1 Speed of Light
S-4A-2. Frequency Shift
S-4A-3 Rotating Galaxies
and Dark Matter
S-5.Waves & Photons
Optional: Quantum Physics
Q3. Energy Levels
Q4. Radiation from
One widely used property of waves is the shift in frequency when the source approaches or recedes. If the engine of a train blows its whistle as it passes by, a listener standing near the track cannot help but notice that the tone of the whistle drops as it passes.
Actually, the tone is already raised above its normal note as the engine approaches, and then drops below it as it recedes. This shift in frequency, also noted in electromagnetic waves such as light or radio, is named the Doppler Effect after its discoverer, the Austrian Christian Doppler, born in 1803.
Earlier, a somewhat similar phenomenon was discovered by the Dane Ole Roemer in 1676. The story deserves to be told because it also led to the first determination of the velocity of light.
Those were the times when the sailing ships of seafaring nations – especially, France, Spain, Britain and the Netherlands (Holland) – fought to dominate the oceans and to establish (and protect) trade routes and distant bases. In such a struggle, one technology was crucial: commanders of ships had to somehow know at all times their position in mid-ocean, that is, their latitude and longitude.
Latitude was relatively easy: the elevation of the celestial pole above the horizon (deduced, for instance, from the position of the pole star) gave that. Or else, the elevation of the Sun when it was most distant from the horizon ("solar noon"), i.e. made the greatest angle between it and the horizon, gave the latitude (after being adjusted for the day of the year). The cross staff, or a later more accurate instrument, the marine sextant (or the octant) allowed "shooting the Sun," i.e. finding its elevation above the horizon, and by combining several timed observations, its greatest elevation for that day could be derived.
Longitude was much harder. It required knowledge of the time at Greenwhich (longitude zero) when a cross staff or sextant determined that the Sun was passing local noon. For example, if the Sun passed local noon when it was 1 p.m. at Greenwich, the ship was 15° west of Greenwich, because
To get this information, the captain needed a clock which kept accurate time for a many months: it could be set in Greenwich (or set to Greenwich time at a location of known longitude), and used later to give "Greenwich time" of local noon. Such clocks ("chronometers") were in fact developed in the 1700s, but clocks of the 1600s were not accurate enough, especially on a ship that rolled and pitched, and their errors accumulated rapidly.
A less precise clock may be used, if somehow it can be constantly corrected, reset to the correct "Greenwich time" at frequent intervals. In a later era this was done using time signals obtained by radio, but in the 1600s accurately timed celestial phenomena held the greatest promise. One class of such phenomena were the eclipses of the four large moons of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo and easily seen through even a small telescope.
In particular, Io, the innermost moon of Jupiter, seemed suitable: being closest to Jupiter, Kepler's 3rd law assured that it had the fastest motion, making its entry into eclipses and out of them particularly rapid. With an orbital period of 1.77 days, Io also offered the largest number of eclipses, and every one of its orbits crossed Jupiter's shadow. (In the satellite age Io was found to have other unique features, such as sulfur volcanoes.)
Giovanni Domenico Cassini, an Italian astronomer who headed of the Paris Observatory, therefore assigned Roemer to make a table of the predicted times of Io eclipses, allowing sailors at sea to set their clocks (within a minute or so, deemed accurate enough). Roemer did so, but soon discovered that the period was not constant. When Earth (which moves faster than Jupiter) was approaching Jupiter, the observed period was shorter, and when it was receding, longer.
He guessed the reason: light did not spread instantly, but (like sound) did so at a certain speed. If Earth and Jupiter maintained a constant distance, the eclipses would have been spaced at regular intervals, equal to the orbital period of Io. When Earth is approaching, however, the return trip is shortened, compared to the time it would have taken if the distance stayed constant. When Earth is receding, the return trip is longer, and the time between eclipses is longer too
That gave Roemer convincing evidence that light spread in space with a certain velocity--later denoted by the letter c (lower case, not capital). However, he and his contemporaries had only a vague idea how big c was, because the dimensions of the solar system were uncertain. About that same time, the French astronomer Jean Richer used a telescope to estimate of the distance of Mars, and gradually, the value of c was obtained with increasing accuracy. Today it is known to an accuracy of 9 decimals, and has therefore been used to define the metre, the unit of length, replacing optical wavelengths or scratches on a metal bar kept in a vault (supposedly derived from the size of our globe).
And the problem of longitude?
It turned out that observing the eclipses of Io from a constantly moving ship, even in a calm sea, was a difficult task. Even a small telescope magnifies all motions tremendously, and early telescopes in particular showed only a small patch of the sky. Also, the method required a sky free of clouds. On the other hand, the method proved very useful for determining the longitude of ports, capes, islands and other features on land.
Consistent determinations of longitude from a moving ship had to wait for sophisticated clocks, using a balance wheel compensated for changes due to variation of temperature. One early model of such a "chronometer" accompanied Captain James Cook on his journey around the world.
(S-4A-2) The Frequency Shift and the Expanding Universe
(S-5) Waves and Photons
Timeline Glossary Back to the Master List
Author and Curator: Dr. David P. Stern
Mail to Dr.Stern: stargaze("at" symbol)phy6.org .
Last updated: 9 December 2006 | [
50,
12,
16,
13,
3825,
2971,
1222,
3668,
198,
50,
12,
16,
33,
13,
8060,
13963,
198,
50,
12,
18,
13,
464,
44629,
3825,
198,
50,
12,
19,
13,
29792,
286,
3825,
2971,
198,
30719,
25,
2141,
381,
1754,
7896,
198,
50,
12,
19,
32,
12,
16,
8729,
286,
4401,
198,
50,
12,
19,
32,
12,
17,
13,
31902,
15576,
198,
50,
12,
19,
32,
12,
18,
18481,
803,
5027,
25472,
198,
392,
3801,
16900,
198,
50,
12,
20,
13,
54,
3080,
1222,
5919,
684,
198,
30719,
25,
29082,
23123,
198,
48,
18,
13,
6682,
28248,
198,
48,
19,
13,
47532,
422,
198,
3198,
6768,
973,
3119,
286,
9813,
318,
262,
6482,
287,
8373,
618,
262,
2723,
10581,
393,
664,
37507,
13,
1002,
262,
3113,
286,
257,
4512,
20385,
663,
16121,
355,
340,
8318,
416,
11,
257,
24783,
5055,
1474,
262,
2610,
2314,
1037,
475,
4003,
326,
262,
8216,
286,
262,
16121,
10532,
355,
340,
8318,
13,
198,
26417,
11,
262,
8216,
318,
1541,
4376,
2029,
663,
3487,
3465,
355,
262,
3113,
10581,
11,
290,
788,
10532,
2174,
340,
355,
340,
664,
37507,
13,
770,
6482,
287,
8373,
11,
635,
4367,
287,
31094,
9813,
884,
355,
1657,
393,
5243,
11,
318,
3706,
262,
2141,
381,
1754,
7896,
706,
663,
1221,
659,
11751,
11,
262,
25691,
4302,
2141,
381,
1754,
11,
4642,
287,
1248,
3070,
13,
198,
13689,
11,
257,
6454,
2092,
10733,
373,
5071,
416,
262,
42999,
30093,
5564,
24677,
287,
1467,
4304,
13,
383,
1621,
14071,
284,
307,
1297,
780,
340,
635,
2957,
284,
262,
717,
12123,
286,
262,
15432,
286,
1657,
13,
198,
9627,
547,
262,
1661,
618,
262,
28499,
7937,
286,
25127,
1723,
7027,
784,
2592,
11,
4881,
11,
8602,
11,
5491,
290,
262,
12671,
357,
39,
692,
392,
8,
784,
8350,
284,
17863,
262,
23744,
290,
284,
4474,
357,
392,
1805,
8,
3292,
11926,
290,
12899,
12536,
13,
554,
884,
257,
6531,
11,
530,
3037,
373,
8780,
25,
22576,
286,
7937,
550,
284,
7599,
760,
379,
477,
1661,
511,
2292,
287,
3095,
12,
78,
5829,
11,
326,
318,
11,
511,
32477,
290,
890,
3984,
13,
198,
24220,
3984,
373,
5365,
2562,
25,
262,
22910,
286,
262,
33258,
16825,
2029,
262,
17810,
357,
9395,
19513,
11,
329,
4554,
11,
422,
262,
2292,
286,
262,
16825,
3491,
8,
2921,
326,
13,
1471,
2073,
11,
262,
22910,
286,
262,
3825,
618,
340,
373,
749,
12899,
422,
262,
17810,
5855,
82,
6192,
19613,
12340,
1312,
13,
68,
13,
925,
262,
6000,
9848,
1022,
340,
290,
262,
17810,
11,
2921,
262,
32477,
357,
8499,
852,
12328,
329,
262,
1110,
286,
262,
614,
737,
383,
3272,
3085,
11,
393,
257,
1568,
517,
7187,
8875,
11,
262,
16050,
384,
742,
415,
357,
273,
262,
19318,
415,
8,
3142,
366,
1477,
12494,
262,
3825,
553,
1312,
13,
68,
13,
4917,
663,
22910,
2029,
262,
17810,
11,
290,
416,
19771,
1811,
28805,
13050,
11,
663,
6000,
22910,
329,
326,
1110,
714,
307,
10944,
13,
198,
14617,
3984,
373,
881,
7069,
13,
632,
2672,
3725,
286,
262,
640,
379,
3469,
4758,
357,
6511,
3984,
6632,
8,
618,
257,
3272,
3085,
393,
384,
742,
415,
5295,
326,
262,
3825,
373,
6427,
1957,
19613,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
611,
262,
3825,
3804,
1957,
19613,
618,
340,
373,
352,
279,
13,
76,
13,
379,
46339,
11,
262,
4074,
373,
1315,
7200,
7421,
286,
46339,
11,
780,
198,
2514,
651,
428,
1321,
11,
262,
10654,
2622,
257,
8801,
543,
4030,
7187,
640,
329,
257,
867,
1933,
25,
340,
714,
307,
900,
287,
46339,
357,
273,
900,
284,
46339,
640,
379,
257,
4067,
286,
1900,
890,
3984,
828,
290,
973,
1568,
284,
1577,
366,
13719,
11451,
640,
1,
286,
1957,
19613,
13,
8013,
29906,
5855,
11413,
40077,
4943,
547,
287,
1109,
4166,
287,
262,
35665,
82,
11,
475,
29906,
286,
262,
26143,
82,
547,
407,
7187,
1576,
11,
2592,
319,
257,
4074,
326,
11686,
290,
21730,
11,
290,
511,
8563,
22425,
8902,
13,
198,
32,
1342,
7141,
8801,
743,
307,
973,
11,
611,
7599,
340,
460,
307,
7558,
19267,
11,
13259,
284,
262,
3376,
366,
13719,
11451,
640,
1,
379,
10792,
20016,
13,
554,
257,
1568,
6980,
428,
373,
1760,
1262,
640,
10425,
6492,
416,
5243,
11,
475,
287,
262,
26143,
82,
14351,
28805,
33258,
19428,
2714,
262,
6000,
6991,
13,
1881,
1398,
286,
884,
19428,
547,
262,
39097,
274,
286,
262,
1440,
1588,
31093,
286,
22721,
11,
5071,
416,
45860,
290,
3538,
1775,
832,
772,
257,
1402,
24344,
13,
198,
818,
1948,
11,
27853,
11,
262,
8434,
1712,
8824,
286,
22721,
11,
3947,
11080,
25,
852,
11706,
284,
22721,
11,
40294,
338,
513,
4372,
1099,
13933,
326,
340,
550,
262,
14162,
6268,
11,
1642,
663,
5726,
656,
39097,
274,
290,
503,
286,
606,
3573,
5801,
13,
2080,
281,
32362,
2278,
286,
352,
13,
3324,
1528,
11,
27853,
635,
4438,
262,
4387,
1271,
286,
39097,
274,
11,
290,
790,
530,
286,
663,
37015,
12606,
22721,
338,
9082,
13,
357,
818,
262,
11210,
2479,
27853,
373,
1043,
284,
423,
584,
3748,
3033,
11,
884,
355,
37402,
17516,
3028,
2014,
198,
38,
16664,
31296,
360,
3674,
3713,
14154,
5362,
11,
281,
8200,
47603,
508,
9153,
286,
262,
6342,
25758,
11,
4361,
8686,
5564,
24677,
284,
787,
257,
3084,
286,
262,
11001,
1661,
286,
27853,
39097,
274,
11,
5086,
29996,
379,
5417,
284,
900,
511,
29906,
357,
33479,
257,
5664,
393,
523,
11,
10762,
7187,
1576,
737,
5564,
24677,
750,
523,
11,
475,
2582,
5071,
326,
262,
2278,
373,
407,
6937,
13,
1649,
3668,
357,
4758,
6100,
5443,
621,
22721,
8,
373,
13885,
22721,
11,
262,
6515,
2278,
373,
12238,
11,
290,
618,
340,
373,
664,
8228,
11,
2392,
13,
198,
1544,
25183,
262,
1738,
25,
1657,
750,
407,
4104,
11101,
11,
475,
357,
2339,
2128,
8,
750,
523,
379,
257,
1728,
2866,
13,
1002,
3668,
290,
22721,
9456,
257,
6937,
5253,
11,
262,
39097,
274,
561,
423,
587,
38980,
379,
3218,
20016,
11,
4961,
284,
262,
32362,
2278,
286,
27853,
13,
1649,
3668,
318,
13885,
11,
2158,
11,
262,
1441,
5296,
318,
34464,
11,
3688,
284,
262,
640,
340,
561,
423,
2077,
611,
262,
5253,
9658,
6937,
13,
1649,
3668,
318,
664,
8228,
11,
262,
1441,
5296,
318,
2392,
11,
290,
262,
640,
1022,
39097,
274,
318,
2392,
1165,
198,
2504,
2921,
5564,
24677,
17101,
2370,
326,
1657,
4104,
287,
2272,
351,
257,
1728,
15432,
438,
36760,
2853,
5191,
416,
262,
3850,
269,
357,
21037,
1339,
11,
407,
3139,
737,
2102,
11,
339,
290,
465,
46028,
550,
691,
257,
13443,
2126,
703,
1263,
269,
373,
11,
780,
262,
15225,
286,
262,
6591,
1080,
547,
8627,
13,
7994,
326,
976,
640,
11,
262,
4141,
47603,
11320,
15868,
372,
973,
257,
24344,
284,
8636,
286,
262,
5253,
286,
8706,
11,
290,
11835,
11,
262,
1988,
286,
269,
373,
6492,
351,
3649,
9922,
13,
6288,
340,
318,
1900,
284,
281,
9922,
286,
860,
875,
320,
874,
11,
290,
468,
4361,
587,
973,
284,
8160,
262,
42760,
11,
262,
4326,
286,
4129,
11,
13586,
18480,
45656,
393,
37627,
319,
257,
6147,
2318,
4030,
287,
257,
22563,
357,
18608,
1335,
306,
10944,
422,
262,
2546,
286,
674,
13342,
737,
198,
1870,
262,
1917,
286,
890,
3984,
30,
198,
1026,
2900,
503,
326,
21769,
262,
39097,
274,
286,
27853,
422,
257,
7558,
3867,
4074,
11,
772,
287,
257,
9480,
5417,
11,
373,
257,
2408,
4876,
13,
3412,
257,
1402,
24344,
7842,
6945,
477,
25530,
34355,
11,
290,
1903,
42067,
287,
1948,
3751,
691,
257,
1402,
8529,
286,
262,
6766,
13,
4418,
11,
262,
2446,
2672,
257,
6766,
1479,
286,
15114,
13,
1550,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
262,
2446,
8302,
845,
4465,
329,
13213,
262,
890,
3984,
286,
14090,
11,
1451,
274,
11,
14807,
290,
584,
3033,
319,
1956,
13,
198,
9444,
7609,
3416,
602,
286,
890,
3984,
422,
257,
3867,
4074,
550,
284,
4043,
329,
13767,
29906,
11,
1262,
257,
5236,
7825,
34304,
329,
2458,
2233,
284,
12291,
286,
5951,
13,
1881,
1903,
2746,
286,
884,
257,
366,
11413,
15635,
1,
11791,
8599,
3700,
8261,
319,
465,
7002,
1088,
262,
995,
13,
198,
7,
50,
12,
19,
32,
12,
17,
8,
383,
31902,
15576,
290,
262,
5518,
27225,
11950,
198,
7,
50,
12,
20,
8,
42733,
290,
5919,
684,
198,
14967,
4470,
45970,
560,
5157,
284,
262,
5599,
7343,
198,
13838,
290,
4424,
1352,
25,
1583,
13,
3271,
350,
13,
22990,
198,
25804,
284,
1583,
13,
50,
759,
25,
336,
853,
6201,
7203,
265,
1,
6194,
8,
6883,
21,
13,
2398,
764,
198,
5956,
6153,
25,
860,
3426,
4793,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,411 |
Mechanics: Circular Motion and Gravitation
Circular Motion and Gravitation: Audio Guided Solution
A loop de loop track is built for a 938-kg car. It is a completely circular loop - 14.2 m tall at its highest point. The driver successfully completes the loop with an entry speed (at the bottom) of 22.1 m/s.
a. Using energy conservation, determine the speed of the car at the top of the loop.
b. Determine the acceleration of the car at the top of the loop.
c. Determine the normal force acting upon the car at the top of the loop.
Audio Guided Solution
Click to show or hide the answer!
b. 30. m/s/s
c. 1.9 x 104 N
Habits of an Effective Problem Solver
- Read the problem carefully and develop a mental picture of the physical situation. If necessary, sketch a simple diagram of the physical situation to help you visualize it.
- Identify the known and unknown quantities in an organized manner. Equate given values to the symbols used to represent the corresponding quantity - e.g., m = 61.7 kg, v= 18.5 m/s, R = 30.9 m, Fnorm = ???.
- Use physics formulas and conceptual reasoning to plot a strategy for solving for the unknown quantity.
- Identify the appropriate formula(s) to use.
- Perform substitutions and algebraic manipulations in order to solve for the unknown quantity.
Read About It!
Get more information on the topic of Circular Motion and Gravitation at The Physics Classroom Tutorial.
- Mathematics of Circular Motion
- Newton's Second Law - Revisited
- Situations Involving Energy Conservation
Return to Problem Set
Return to Overview | [
28452,
272,
873,
25,
7672,
934,
20843,
290,
32599,
3780,
198,
31560,
934,
20843,
290,
32599,
3780,
25,
13491,
1962,
1384,
28186,
198,
32,
9052,
390,
9052,
2610,
318,
3170,
329,
257,
860,
2548,
12,
10025,
1097,
13,
632,
318,
257,
3190,
18620,
9052,
532,
1478,
13,
17,
285,
7331,
379,
663,
4511,
966,
13,
383,
4639,
7675,
32543,
262,
9052,
351,
281,
5726,
2866,
357,
265,
262,
4220,
8,
286,
2534,
13,
16,
285,
14,
82,
13,
198,
64,
13,
8554,
2568,
14903,
11,
5004,
262,
2866,
286,
262,
1097,
379,
262,
1353,
286,
262,
9052,
13,
198,
65,
13,
45559,
3810,
262,
20309,
286,
262,
1097,
379,
262,
1353,
286,
262,
9052,
13,
198,
66,
13,
45559,
3810,
262,
3487,
2700,
7205,
2402,
262,
1097,
379,
262,
1353,
286,
262,
9052,
13,
198,
21206,
1962,
1384,
28186,
198,
8164,
284,
905,
393,
7808,
262,
3280,
0,
198,
65,
13,
1542,
13,
285,
14,
82,
14,
82,
198,
66,
13,
352,
13,
24,
2124,
14436,
399,
198,
39,
397,
896,
286,
281,
29455,
20647,
4294,
332,
198,
12,
4149,
262,
1917,
7773,
290,
1205,
257,
5110,
4286,
286,
262,
3518,
3074,
13,
1002,
3306,
11,
17548,
257,
2829,
16362,
286,
262,
3518,
3074,
284,
1037,
345,
38350,
340,
13,
198,
12,
11440,
1958,
262,
1900,
290,
6439,
17794,
287,
281,
8389,
5642,
13,
7889,
378,
1813,
3815,
284,
262,
14354,
973,
284,
2380,
262,
11188,
12040,
532,
304,
13,
70,
1539,
285,
796,
8454,
13,
22,
14211,
11,
410,
28,
1248,
13,
20,
285,
14,
82,
11,
371,
796,
1542,
13,
24,
285,
11,
376,
27237,
796,
34913,
13,
198,
12,
5765,
11887,
32126,
290,
23355,
14607,
284,
7110,
257,
4811,
329,
18120,
329,
262,
6439,
12040,
13,
198,
12,
11440,
1958,
262,
5035,
10451,
7,
82,
8,
284,
779,
13,
198,
12,
35006,
21436,
3508,
290,
37139,
291,
7704,
5768,
287,
1502,
284,
8494,
329,
262,
6439,
12040,
13,
198,
5569,
7994,
632,
0,
198,
3855,
517,
1321,
319,
262,
7243,
286,
7672,
934,
20843,
290,
32599,
3780,
379,
383,
23123,
5016,
3823,
36361,
13,
198,
12,
39448,
286,
7672,
934,
20843,
198,
12,
17321,
338,
5498,
3854,
532,
46146,
863,
198,
12,
21131,
6055,
10001,
10890,
6682,
23702,
198,
13615,
284,
20647,
5345,
198,
13615,
284,
28578,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 381 |
Should I write: [itex](1-t)[(1-t)(2-t)-2 = -(t-3)(t-1)(t)[/itex]. This is the characteristic polynomial. Thus, the roots are 3,1,0. These are the eigenvalues. If I have equations,
(1-t)x + 2y = 0
1x + (2-t)y = 0
(1-t)z = 0,
and I plug in for t=0,1,3, I find for t=3 that eigenvectors are multiples of (1,1,0). For t=1, eigenvectors are multiples of (0,0,1). For t=0, eigenvectors are multiples of (-2,1,0). The matrix is diagonalizable because T has three linearly indep. eigenvectors.
Because these vectors are linearly independent, and because the number of vectors = dim(R3), these vectors span R3. Thus, R3 is the eigenspace of T (???)
How does that look? | [
19926,
314,
3551,
25,
685,
578,
87,
16151,
16,
12,
83,
38381,
7,
16,
12,
83,
5769,
17,
12,
83,
13219,
17,
796,
532,
7,
83,
12,
18,
5769,
83,
12,
16,
5769,
83,
8,
13412,
578,
87,
4083,
770,
318,
262,
16704,
745,
6213,
49070,
13,
6660,
11,
262,
11135,
389,
513,
11,
16,
11,
15,
13,
2312,
389,
262,
304,
9324,
27160,
13,
1002,
314,
423,
27490,
11,
198,
7,
16,
12,
83,
8,
87,
1343,
362,
88,
796,
657,
198,
16,
87,
1343,
357,
17,
12,
83,
8,
88,
796,
657,
198,
7,
16,
12,
83,
8,
89,
796,
657,
11,
198,
392,
314,
6107,
287,
329,
256,
28,
15,
11,
16,
11,
18,
11,
314,
1064,
329,
256,
28,
18,
326,
304,
9324,
303,
5217,
389,
5021,
2374,
286,
357,
16,
11,
16,
11,
15,
737,
1114,
256,
28,
16,
11,
304,
9324,
303,
5217,
389,
5021,
2374,
286,
357,
15,
11,
15,
11,
16,
737,
1114,
256,
28,
15,
11,
304,
9324,
303,
5217,
389,
5021,
2374,
286,
13841,
17,
11,
16,
11,
15,
737,
383,
17593,
318,
40039,
13821,
780,
309,
468,
1115,
9493,
11458,
773,
538,
13,
304,
9324,
303,
5217,
13,
198,
8128,
777,
30104,
389,
9493,
11458,
4795,
11,
290,
780,
262,
1271,
286,
30104,
796,
5391,
7,
49,
18,
828,
777,
30104,
11506,
371,
18,
13,
6660,
11,
371,
18,
318,
262,
304,
328,
641,
10223,
286,
309,
357,
3548,
10091,
198,
2437,
857,
326,
804,
30,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 248 |
|Oct17-07, 09:45 PM||#1|
p value (stats)
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
Measurements o the percentage of enrichment of 12 fuel rods used in a nuclear reactor were reported with a sample mean of 3.26. Test the hypothesis H_0: [tex]\mu[/tex]=2.95 versus H_1: [tex]\mu\neq[/tex]2.95, and draw appropriate conclusions. Use the p-value approach.
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
I honestly don't know where to begin since the variance is unknown. Can someone help me out?
|Similar Threads for: p value (stats)|
|Stats||Precalculus Mathematics Homework||3|
|stats||Precalculus Mathematics Homework||1|
|stats help please||Set Theory, Logic, Probability, Statistics||3|
|stats help||Introductory Physics Homework||1| | [
91,
12349,
1558,
12,
2998,
11,
7769,
25,
2231,
3122,
15886,
2,
16,
91,
198,
79,
1988,
357,
34242,
8,
198,
16,
13,
383,
1917,
2643,
11,
477,
9633,
290,
1813,
14,
4002,
1366,
198,
47384,
902,
267,
262,
5873,
286,
36513,
286,
1105,
5252,
32858,
973,
287,
257,
4523,
21905,
547,
2098,
351,
257,
6291,
1612,
286,
513,
13,
2075,
13,
6208,
262,
14078,
367,
62,
15,
25,
685,
16886,
60,
59,
30300,
13412,
16886,
22241,
17,
13,
3865,
9051,
367,
62,
16,
25,
685,
16886,
60,
59,
30300,
59,
710,
80,
13412,
16886,
60,
17,
13,
3865,
11,
290,
3197,
5035,
13242,
13,
5765,
262,
279,
12,
8367,
3164,
13,
198,
17,
13,
797,
14938,
27490,
198,
18,
13,
383,
2230,
379,
257,
4610,
198,
40,
12698,
836,
470,
760,
810,
284,
2221,
1201,
262,
24198,
318,
6439,
13,
1680,
2130,
1037,
502,
503,
30,
198,
91,
18925,
14122,
82,
329,
25,
279,
1988,
357,
34242,
14726,
198,
91,
29668,
15886,
6719,
9948,
17576,
39448,
8074,
6433,
15886,
18,
91,
198,
91,
34242,
15886,
6719,
9948,
17576,
39448,
8074,
6433,
15886,
16,
91,
198,
91,
34242,
1037,
3387,
15886,
7248,
17003,
11,
30146,
11,
30873,
1799,
11,
14370,
15886,
18,
91,
198,
91,
34242,
1037,
15886,
15005,
25977,
23123,
8074,
6433,
15886,
16,
91,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 217 |
Article Archive >> Community
Reflections: Why was the hatter mad?
Why was the hatter mad?
By William L. Bulla
What is a Mad Hatter? He is not something we experience in our every day life. However, he is something we read about, even as children, in the story of "Alice in Wonderland", and again, "Through the Looking Glass."
Over the years we have read about both the Mad Hatter and his partner the March Hare. Both of these characters have seemed a bit mad.
Recently my friend Sean asked, "why do they say 'mad as a hatter'?" I said I thought it came from Lewis Carroll's "Alice In Wonderland". He told me I was wrong. He said it had to do with the mercury used in preserving the furs from which they made the hats. Of course, I didn't believe him so I decided I should look into the issue. Sean was right. It was the chemicals used in preserving the fur used in making hats that caused the hatter's to go "mad".
The most famous Mad Hatter, of course, is the one from the Mad Tea Party in Alice in Wonderland, the partner of the March Hare. Both mad, of course. But Lewis Carroll did not invent the phrase, although he did create the character. The phrases "mad as a hatter" and "mad as a March hare" were common at the time Lewis Carroll wrote the first publication of Alice In Wonderland in 1865. The phrase had been in common use in 1837, almost 30 years earlier. Carroll frequently used common expressions, songs, nursery rhymes, etc., as the basis for characters in his stories.
The origin of the phrase, it's believed, is that hatters really did go mad. The chemicals used in hat-making included mercury nitrate, used in curing felt. Prolonged exposure to the mercury vapors caused mercury poisoning. Victims developed severe and uncontrollable muscular tremors and twitching limbs, which became known as "hatter's shakes"; other symptoms included distorted vision and confused speech. Advanced cases developed hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms.
The victims were the hatters, not the wearers of hats. The hatters were exposed to the mercury fumes, which would have been long dissipated, or of insignificant strength, by the time the hat was worn. This use of mercury is now subject to severe legal restrictions (if not banned) in the U.S. and Europe.
The March Hare and the Hatter make a brief reappearance in Alice Through the Looking Glass as the King's messengers, "Haigha" and "Hatta." These names are the only hint as to their identities other than the illustrations from the book published in 1871.
"In that direction," the Cat said, waving its right paw round, "lives a Hatter: and in that direction," waving the other paw, "lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they're both mad."
"But I don't want to go among mad people," Alice remarked.
"Oh, you can't help that," said the Cat: "we're all mad here. I'm mad. You're mad."
"How do you know I'm mad?" said Alice.
"You must be, said the Cat, "or you wouldn't have come here."
So, who knows for sure? Maybe we all become a bit mad in March.
William L. Bulla is a freelance writer residing in Washington County.
<< back to Articles on Community
<< back to All Articles | [
14906,
20816,
9609,
8108,
198,
8134,
26448,
25,
4162,
373,
262,
289,
1436,
8805,
30,
198,
5195,
373,
262,
289,
1436,
8805,
30,
198,
3886,
3977,
406,
13,
8266,
64,
198,
2061,
318,
257,
4627,
367,
1436,
30,
679,
318,
407,
1223,
356,
1998,
287,
674,
790,
1110,
1204,
13,
2102,
11,
339,
318,
1223,
356,
1100,
546,
11,
772,
355,
1751,
11,
287,
262,
1621,
286,
366,
44484,
287,
42713,
1600,
290,
757,
11,
366,
15046,
262,
15616,
12158,
526,
198,
5886,
262,
812,
356,
423,
1100,
546,
1111,
262,
4627,
367,
1436,
290,
465,
5212,
262,
2805,
42285,
13,
5747,
286,
777,
3435,
423,
3947,
257,
1643,
8805,
13,
198,
24661,
616,
1545,
11465,
1965,
11,
366,
22850,
466,
484,
910,
705,
9937,
355,
257,
289,
1436,
6,
1701,
314,
531,
314,
1807,
340,
1625,
422,
10174,
21298,
338,
366,
44484,
554,
42713,
1911,
679,
1297,
502,
314,
373,
2642,
13,
679,
531,
340,
550,
284,
466,
351,
262,
27394,
973,
287,
23934,
262,
277,
1834,
422,
543,
484,
925,
262,
23910,
13,
3226,
1781,
11,
314,
1422,
470,
1975,
683,
523,
314,
3066,
314,
815,
804,
656,
262,
2071,
13,
11465,
373,
826,
13,
632,
373,
262,
12910,
973,
287,
23934,
262,
9230,
973,
287,
1642,
23910,
326,
4073,
262,
289,
1436,
338,
284,
467,
366,
9937,
1911,
198,
464,
749,
5863,
4627,
367,
1436,
11,
286,
1781,
11,
318,
262,
530,
422,
262,
4627,
15777,
3615,
287,
14862,
287,
42713,
11,
262,
5212,
286,
262,
2805,
42285,
13,
5747,
8805,
11,
286,
1781,
13,
887,
10174,
21298,
750,
407,
8067,
262,
9546,
11,
3584,
339,
750,
2251,
262,
2095,
13,
383,
20144,
366,
9937,
355,
257,
289,
1436,
1,
290,
366,
9937,
355,
257,
2805,
387,
260,
1,
547,
2219,
379,
262,
640,
10174,
21298,
2630,
262,
717,
9207,
286,
14862,
554,
42713,
287,
47801,
13,
383,
9546,
550,
587,
287,
2219,
779,
287,
1248,
2718,
11,
2048,
1542,
812,
2961,
13,
21298,
6777,
973,
2219,
14700,
11,
7259,
11,
41326,
9529,
22009,
11,
3503,
1539,
355,
262,
4308,
329,
3435,
287,
465,
3923,
13,
198,
464,
8159,
286,
262,
9546,
11,
340,
338,
4762,
11,
318,
326,
6877,
1010,
1107,
750,
467,
8805,
13,
383,
12910,
973,
287,
6877,
12,
8601,
3017,
27394,
13759,
4873,
11,
973,
287,
46053,
2936,
13,
1041,
6511,
276,
7111,
284,
262,
27394,
38187,
669,
4073,
27394,
22475,
13,
39028,
4166,
6049,
290,
39483,
540,
27014,
10023,
669,
290,
665,
19811,
21755,
11,
543,
2627,
1900,
355,
366,
71,
1436,
338,
29959,
8172,
584,
7460,
3017,
26987,
5761,
290,
10416,
4046,
13,
13435,
2663,
4166,
40371,
290,
584,
37162,
7460,
13,
198,
464,
4970,
547,
262,
6877,
1010,
11,
407,
262,
356,
34231,
286,
23910,
13,
383,
6877,
1010,
547,
7362,
284,
262,
27394,
47301,
11,
543,
561,
423,
587,
890,
32008,
515,
11,
393,
286,
32081,
4202,
11,
416,
262,
640,
262,
6877,
373,
12666,
13,
770,
779,
286,
27394,
318,
783,
2426,
284,
6049,
2742,
8733,
357,
361,
407,
9301,
8,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
290,
2031,
13,
198,
464,
2805,
42285,
290,
262,
367,
1436,
787,
257,
4506,
24578,
23435,
287,
14862,
9561,
262,
15616,
12158,
355,
262,
2677,
338,
2085,
9302,
11,
366,
23303,
394,
64,
1,
290,
366,
39,
25014,
526,
2312,
3891,
389,
262,
691,
9254,
355,
284,
511,
18413,
584,
621,
262,
27128,
422,
262,
1492,
3199,
287,
1248,
4869,
13,
198,
1,
818,
326,
4571,
553,
262,
5181,
531,
11,
25849,
663,
826,
41827,
2835,
11,
366,
75,
1083,
257,
367,
1436,
25,
290,
287,
326,
4571,
553,
25849,
262,
584,
41827,
11,
366,
75,
1083,
257,
2805,
42285,
13,
16440,
2035,
345,
588,
25,
484,
821,
1111,
8805,
526,
198,
1,
1537,
314,
836,
470,
765,
284,
467,
1871,
8805,
661,
553,
14862,
24998,
13,
198,
1,
5812,
11,
345,
460,
470,
1037,
326,
553,
531,
262,
5181,
25,
366,
732,
821,
477,
8805,
994,
13,
314,
1101,
8805,
13,
921,
821,
8805,
526,
198,
1,
2437,
466,
345,
760,
314,
1101,
8805,
1701,
531,
14862,
13,
198,
1,
1639,
1276,
307,
11,
531,
262,
5181,
11,
366,
273,
345,
3636,
470,
423,
1282,
994,
526,
198,
2396,
11,
508,
4206,
329,
1654,
30,
6674,
356,
477,
1716,
257,
1643,
8805,
287,
2805,
13,
198,
17121,
406,
13,
8266,
64,
318,
257,
27449,
6260,
35173,
287,
2669,
3418,
13,
198,
16791,
736,
284,
22698,
319,
8108,
198,
16791,
736,
284,
1439,
22698,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 744 |
|Sat August 11, 2012 08:59PM (PDT)|
A map displaying historical seismicity within 50 Km of a queried earthquake.
Historic Map Legend
The sizes of symbols scale with earthquake magnitude, and their color with either the age of the earthquake relative to the one starred or its depth, as shown in the legend below, and selected in the panel to the right of the map. Clicking on an earthquake symbol shows its basic information and a link to a page with more details about the individual earthquake. Probable surface explosions (usually due to quarrying or road building) are shown as stars.
Historic Eqs Map Panel
Using the tools in this panel you can control the earthquakes shown on the map. The minimum magnitude to plot is selected by the slider. The "Time" and "Depth" determines whether earthquake age or depth are used to color the symbol.
- 1) To begin, click the "Draw" button
- 2) Click a point on the map, this will be the left side of the cross-section.
- 3)Click a second point on the map, this will be the right side of the cross-section.
- 4) Drag square on line to include events to plot.
- 5) Select plot type and depth constraint if any.
- 6) Click "Plot"
Events on map
|Mag||Time (Local)||Depth (Km)| | [
91,
20245,
2932,
1367,
11,
2321,
8487,
25,
3270,
5868,
357,
5760,
51,
14726,
198,
32,
3975,
19407,
6754,
30518,
8467,
1626,
2026,
509,
76,
286,
257,
42517,
798,
16295,
13,
198,
13749,
8146,
9347,
9883,
198,
464,
10620,
286,
14354,
5046,
351,
16295,
14735,
11,
290,
511,
3124,
351,
2035,
262,
2479,
286,
262,
16295,
3585,
284,
262,
530,
31636,
393,
663,
6795,
11,
355,
3402,
287,
262,
8177,
2174,
11,
290,
6163,
287,
262,
6103,
284,
262,
826,
286,
262,
3975,
13,
6914,
278,
319,
281,
16295,
6194,
2523,
663,
4096,
1321,
290,
257,
2792,
284,
257,
2443,
351,
517,
3307,
546,
262,
1981,
16295,
13,
30873,
540,
4417,
23171,
357,
23073,
2233,
284,
47780,
278,
393,
2975,
2615,
8,
389,
3402,
355,
5788,
13,
198,
13749,
8146,
412,
48382,
9347,
18810,
198,
12814,
262,
4899,
287,
428,
6103,
345,
460,
1630,
262,
29781,
3402,
319,
262,
3975,
13,
383,
5288,
14735,
284,
7110,
318,
6163,
416,
262,
28982,
13,
383,
366,
7575,
1,
290,
366,
48791,
1,
15947,
1771,
16295,
2479,
393,
6795,
389,
973,
284,
3124,
262,
6194,
13,
198,
12,
352,
8,
1675,
2221,
11,
3904,
262,
366,
25302,
1,
4936,
198,
12,
362,
8,
6914,
257,
966,
319,
262,
3975,
11,
428,
481,
307,
262,
1364,
1735,
286,
262,
3272,
12,
5458,
13,
198,
12,
513,
8,
8164,
257,
1218,
966,
319,
262,
3975,
11,
428,
481,
307,
262,
826,
1735,
286,
262,
3272,
12,
5458,
13,
198,
12,
604,
8,
12697,
6616,
319,
1627,
284,
2291,
2995,
284,
7110,
13,
198,
12,
642,
8,
9683,
7110,
2099,
290,
6795,
32315,
611,
597,
13,
198,
12,
718,
8,
6914,
366,
43328,
1,
198,
37103,
319,
3975,
198,
91,
13436,
15886,
7575,
357,
14565,
14726,
91,
48791,
357,
42,
76,
14726,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 297 |
Malcolm X (May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. Detractors accused him of preaching racism, black ... more »
Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets.
Quotationsmore quotations »
The day that the Black man takes an uncompromising step and realizes that he is within his rights, when his own freedom is being jeopardized, to use any means necessary to bring about his freedom or p...Malcolm X (1925-1965), U.S. African-American leader. Oxford Union Society Debate, Dec. 3, 1964. Malcolm X Talks to Young People, ed. Steve Clark (1991...
If violence is wrong in America, violence is wrong abroad. If it is wrong to be violent defending black women and black children and black babies and black men, then it is wrong for America to draft u...Malcolm X (1925-1965), U.S. African-American leader. speech, Nov. 1963, New York City.
''The Negro revolution is controlled by foxy white liberals, by the Government itself. But the Black Revolution is controlled only by God.''Malcolm X (1925-1965), U.S. black leader. speech, Dec. 1, 1963, New York City.
If you're born in America with a black skin, you're born in prison, and the masses of black people in America today are beginning to regard our plight or predicament in this society as one of a prison...Malcolm X (1925-1965), U.S. African-American leader. Interview June 1963. Malcolm X: The Man and His Times, pt. 3, "Malcolm X Talks with Kenneth B. Cl...
Comments about Malcolm X
Happy Birthday Naim Frashëri!
(1846-1900) Albanian poet and writer
World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
celebrated on May 21st every year
Your Favorite Poets’ Favorite Books of Poetry
Daily Rituals of Famous Authors
Writers seem to be the most prone to unshakeable routines and elaborate superstitions. | [
15029,
18414,
1395,
357,
6747,
678,
11,
36864,
784,
3945,
2310,
11,
17672,
828,
4642,
20002,
7703,
290,
635,
1900,
355,
2574,
12,
39,
1228,
73,
31745,
2574,
12,
2484,
397,
8101,
11,
373,
281,
5510,
12,
7437,
3765,
5342,
290,
1692,
2489,
11276,
13,
1675,
465,
21099,
3808,
11,
339,
373,
257,
34010,
12811,
329,
262,
2489,
286,
15102,
11,
257,
582,
508,
27847,
2330,
2253,
287,
262,
37883,
3634,
2846,
329,
663,
6741,
1028,
2042,
3399,
13,
4614,
974,
669,
5371,
683,
286,
32037,
10713,
11,
2042,
2644,
517,
13355,
198,
8164,
994,
284,
751,
428,
21810,
284,
534,
2011,
33992,
7695,
1039,
13,
198,
4507,
313,
602,
3549,
50056,
13355,
198,
464,
1110,
326,
262,
2619,
582,
2753,
281,
34318,
47112,
2239,
290,
23660,
326,
339,
318,
1626,
465,
2489,
11,
618,
465,
898,
4925,
318,
852,
22451,
1143,
11,
284,
779,
597,
1724,
3306,
284,
2222,
546,
465,
4925,
393,
279,
986,
15029,
18414,
1395,
357,
1129,
1495,
12,
45271,
828,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5510,
12,
7437,
3554,
13,
13643,
4479,
7023,
41029,
11,
4280,
13,
513,
11,
17575,
13,
20002,
1395,
47595,
284,
6960,
4380,
11,
1225,
13,
6542,
11264,
357,
24529,
986,
198,
1532,
3685,
318,
2642,
287,
2253,
11,
3685,
318,
2642,
10522,
13,
1002,
340,
318,
2642,
284,
307,
6590,
11749,
2042,
1466,
290,
2042,
1751,
290,
2042,
11903,
290,
2042,
1450,
11,
788,
340,
318,
2642,
329,
2253,
284,
4538,
334,
986,
15029,
18414,
1395,
357,
1129,
1495,
12,
45271,
828,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5510,
12,
7437,
3554,
13,
4046,
11,
5267,
13,
19342,
11,
968,
1971,
2254,
13,
198,
7061,
464,
27115,
5854,
318,
6856,
416,
21831,
88,
2330,
17194,
11,
416,
262,
5070,
2346,
13,
887,
262,
2619,
9303,
318,
6856,
691,
416,
1793,
13531,
15029,
18414,
1395,
357,
1129,
1495,
12,
45271,
828,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2042,
3554,
13,
4046,
11,
4280,
13,
352,
11,
19342,
11,
968,
1971,
2254,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
821,
4642,
287,
2253,
351,
257,
2042,
4168,
11,
345,
821,
4642,
287,
3770,
11,
290,
262,
14568,
286,
2042,
661,
287,
2253,
1909,
389,
3726,
284,
2754,
674,
29383,
393,
44472,
287,
428,
3592,
355,
530,
286,
257,
3770,
986,
15029,
18414,
1395,
357,
1129,
1495,
12,
45271,
828,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5510,
12,
7437,
3554,
13,
19371,
2795,
19342,
13,
20002,
1395,
25,
383,
1869,
290,
2399,
3782,
11,
42975,
13,
513,
11,
366,
15029,
18414,
1395,
47595,
351,
23632,
347,
13,
1012,
986,
198,
23903,
546,
20002,
1395,
198,
25082,
33511,
399,
1385,
1305,
1077,
26689,
380,
0,
198,
7,
1507,
3510,
12,
48104,
8,
27001,
666,
21810,
290,
6260,
198,
10603,
3596,
329,
23897,
36188,
329,
34709,
290,
7712,
198,
49840,
1671,
515,
319,
1737,
2310,
301,
790,
614,
198,
7120,
33992,
7695,
1039,
447,
247,
33992,
13661,
286,
7695,
11973,
198,
28545,
35179,
82,
286,
43261,
46665,
198,
20257,
364,
1283,
284,
307,
262,
749,
17592,
284,
555,
32431,
540,
31878,
290,
15962,
23510,
1756,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 502 |
What is Ipecac Syrup?
Ipecac syrup is a medicine that causes vomiting.
In the past it was used to partially empty a person’s stomach after a poison.
It is now rarely recommended.
It is NOT necessary to keep ipecac syrup in your home.
In case of poisoning, call the poison center right away at.......
What Happened to Ipecac Syrup?
For years, parents were told to keep
ipecac syrup at home. This medicine could be used to make a child vomit
after swallowing poison. Now, your doctor doesn’t tell you to keep it. The
poison center doesn’t tell you to use it. You can’t even buy ipecac in the
What happened? And NOW what should
The short story: Call the
poison center right away at 1-800-222-1222 if you think someone has been
poisoned. If the poison was swallowed, breathed in, or splashed on someone’s
skin or eyes, the poison center experts will tell you what to do right away.
Local experts will answer your phone call, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Most of the time, you can stay safely at home with the poison center’s
advice. But, be prepared:
Click here to order phone stickers and magnets with the poison
center’s emergency number.
Click here for first aid instructions for poisoning.
The longer story: It seemed
to make sense. If someone swallowed poison and then threw up, they shouldn’t
get sick. This treatment approach was used for decades.
At first, people who swallowed
poison were given many ineffective remedies:
- raw egg white;
- the "universal antidote" of burnt toast, tannic
acid and milk of magnesia;
- salt water;
- tickling the back of the throat.
Sometimes, these remedies did cause
vomiting. But they often caused problems of their own. For example, too much
salt caused sodium poisoning, seizures and even death. Gagging someone often
caused throat bleeding and swelling. Also, these home remedies were never
reliable enough to be used to treat poisoning. And complicated charts about
what remedy went with what poisoning were confusing.
Small brown bottles of ipecac syrup
seemed to solve these problems. When given to children or adults, ipecac
made most of them throw up within 20-30 minutes. Since at least the 1960’s,
standard parenting advice included keeping a bottle of ipecac syrup at home.
In fact, many pediatricians and health clinics gave ipecac to parents, “just
What we know now: It turns
out that a big piece of the picture was missing. Yes, ipecac made people
throw up, whether or not they swallowed poison. But did throwing up keep
them from actually getting sick from the poison?
Recently, researchers looked at all
of the evidence about ipecac syrup. They agreed that ipecac syrup reliably
caused vomiting. They also agreed that this didn’t make any difference! In
other words, there was little research to show that people who swallowed
ipecac after poisoning did any better than others.
In addition, this review
highlighted some problems with ipecac:
- There are times when ipecac is unsafe. It
shouldn't be given to someone who swallowed chemicals that cause burns
on contact or medicines that can cause seizures very quickly. It
can be dangerous to people with some types of medical problems.
When such poisoning victims got ipecac anyway, they developed serious
complications or even died.
- More and more people with eating disorders were
using ipecac to make themselves throw up. Regular use of ipecac
syrup is dangerous; for example, chronic users have died from heart
- Sometimes people vomiting after ipecac could not
keep down other drugs they needed to treat their poisonings.
Based on these facts,
pediatricians, poison centers, and federal regulators have re-evaluated the
use of ipecac. Follow the links at the end for the fine print.
Should you keep ipecac at home?
- The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends
that ipecac syrup NOT be stocked at home.
- Likewise, the American Association of Poison
Control Centers no longer recommends that parents keep ipecac syrup at
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is
considering a recommendation from one of its expert panels to make
ipecac syrup a prescription-only drug. To date, FDA has not acted
on the panel recommendation.
- In the Washington, DC metropolitan area, the
National Capital Poison Center does not recommend that parents stock
ipecac syrup at home. In fact, most pharmacies no longer stock ipecac
I hear about activated charcoal…Activated
charcoal is a medicine that is used to treat some serious poisonings. It is
often given in emergency departments and sometimes, but rarely, at home.
The National Capital Poison Center
does NOT recommend that parents keep activated charcoal at home. It goes
back to research. Most studies do not show a benefit to keeping and giving
activated charcoal at home.
The bottom line: Parents,
child care providers, and everyone who spends time with children should post
the poison center phone number on or near every phone. Call 1-800-222-1222
right away for a possible poisoning. Trained experts will guide you: if
treatment is needed, they’ll tell you what to do. They will call you back to
be sure that everything is all right.
For more information:
- In 2003, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FDA Nonprescription Drug Advisory Council held a hearing about the
over-the-counter status of ipecac syrup. The advisory panel then
recommended to FDA that ipecac syrup no longer be available as a
non-prescription drug. FDA has not made a decision (as of 12/05),
but documents from the hearing are available on the web site. Go
to www.fda.gov and enter the search
term "ipecac". You will find the regulatory history of ipecac and
presentations and submissions for and against the over-the-counter
availability of ipecac syrup.
- In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics
issued a policy statement "Poison
Treatment in the Home" which concluded that ipecac syrup should no
longer be routinely used in the home. Instead, they recommended
that the first action of a caregiver of a child who may have swallowed a
poison is to call the local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222.
- In 2004, an expert panel of toxicologists issued
on the Use of Ipecac Syrup in the Out-of-Hospital Management of Ingested
Poisons." Panel members from the American Association of
Poison Control Centers, the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and
the American College of Medical Toxicology concluded that ipecac is
rarely useful in treating childhood poisoning. | [
2061,
318,
314,
43106,
330,
1632,
12618,
30,
198,
40,
43106,
330,
24208,
318,
257,
9007,
326,
5640,
30874,
13,
198,
818,
262,
1613,
340,
373,
973,
284,
12387,
6565,
257,
1048,
447,
247,
82,
11384,
706,
257,
8764,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
783,
8365,
7151,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
5626,
3306,
284,
1394,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
287,
534,
1363,
13,
198,
818,
1339,
286,
22475,
11,
869,
262,
8764,
3641,
826,
1497,
379,
25780,
198,
2061,
18321,
2945,
284,
314,
43106,
330,
1632,
12618,
30,
198,
1890,
812,
11,
3397,
547,
1297,
284,
1394,
198,
3757,
66,
330,
24208,
379,
1363,
13,
770,
9007,
714,
307,
973,
284,
787,
257,
1200,
44542,
198,
8499,
45590,
8764,
13,
2735,
11,
534,
6253,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
1560,
345,
284,
1394,
340,
13,
383,
198,
7501,
1653,
3641,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
1560,
345,
284,
779,
340,
13,
921,
460,
447,
247,
83,
772,
2822,
1312,
43106,
330,
287,
262,
198,
2061,
3022,
30,
843,
20229,
644,
815,
198,
464,
1790,
1621,
25,
4889,
262,
198,
7501,
1653,
3641,
826,
1497,
379,
352,
12,
7410,
12,
23148,
12,
1065,
1828,
611,
345,
892,
2130,
468,
587,
198,
7501,
1653,
276,
13,
1002,
262,
8764,
373,
27961,
11,
39545,
287,
11,
393,
4328,
5263,
319,
2130,
447,
247,
82,
198,
20407,
393,
2951,
11,
262,
8764,
3641,
6154,
481,
1560,
345,
644,
284,
466,
826,
1497,
13,
198,
14565,
6154,
481,
3280,
534,
3072,
869,
11,
1987,
2250,
257,
1110,
11,
767,
1528,
257,
1285,
13,
198,
6943,
286,
262,
640,
11,
345,
460,
2652,
11512,
379,
1363,
351,
262,
8764,
3641,
447,
247,
82,
198,
324,
28281,
13,
887,
11,
307,
5597,
25,
198,
8164,
994,
284,
1502,
3072,
28568,
290,
37446,
351,
262,
8764,
198,
16159,
447,
247,
82,
6334,
1271,
13,
198,
8164,
994,
329,
717,
6133,
7729,
329,
22475,
13,
198,
464,
2392,
1621,
25,
632,
3947,
198,
1462,
787,
2565,
13,
1002,
2130,
27961,
8764,
290,
788,
9617,
510,
11,
484,
6584,
447,
247,
83,
198,
1136,
6639,
13,
770,
3513,
3164,
373,
973,
329,
4647,
13,
198,
2953,
717,
11,
661,
508,
27961,
198,
7501,
1653,
547,
1813,
867,
23693,
29604,
25,
198,
12,
8246,
5935,
2330,
26,
198,
12,
262,
366,
40082,
50131,
1,
286,
22999,
27805,
11,
256,
1236,
291,
198,
46309,
290,
7545,
286,
2153,
31401,
26,
198,
12,
8268,
1660,
26,
198,
12,
4378,
1359,
262,
736,
286,
262,
13589,
13,
198,
15468,
11,
777,
29604,
750,
2728,
198,
85,
296,
1780,
13,
887,
484,
1690,
4073,
2761,
286,
511,
898,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
1165,
881,
198,
82,
2501,
4073,
21072,
22475,
11,
24715,
290,
772,
1918,
13,
402,
16406,
2130,
1690,
198,
6888,
1484,
13589,
16832,
290,
29844,
13,
4418,
11,
777,
1363,
29604,
547,
1239,
198,
2411,
3379,
1576,
284,
307,
973,
284,
2190,
22475,
13,
843,
8253,
15907,
546,
198,
10919,
21210,
1816,
351,
644,
22475,
547,
15337,
13,
198,
18712,
7586,
14096,
286,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
198,
325,
9006,
284,
8494,
777,
2761,
13,
1649,
1813,
284,
1751,
393,
6490,
11,
1312,
43106,
330,
198,
9727,
749,
286,
606,
3714,
510,
1626,
1160,
12,
1270,
2431,
13,
4619,
379,
1551,
262,
9507,
447,
247,
82,
11,
198,
20307,
26174,
5608,
3017,
5291,
257,
9294,
286,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
379,
1363,
13,
198,
818,
1109,
11,
867,
29775,
1547,
290,
1535,
21434,
2921,
1312,
43106,
330,
284,
3397,
11,
564,
250,
3137,
198,
2061,
356,
760,
783,
25,
632,
4962,
198,
448,
326,
257,
1263,
3704,
286,
262,
4286,
373,
4814,
13,
3363,
11,
1312,
43106,
330,
925,
661,
198,
16939,
510,
11,
1771,
393,
407,
484,
27961,
8764,
13,
887,
750,
9644,
510,
1394,
198,
18855,
422,
1682,
1972,
6639,
422,
262,
8764,
30,
198,
24661,
11,
4837,
3114,
379,
477,
198,
1659,
262,
2370,
546,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
13,
1119,
4987,
326,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
26995,
198,
6888,
1484,
30874,
13,
1119,
635,
4987,
326,
428,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
787,
597,
3580,
0,
554,
198,
847,
2456,
11,
612,
373,
1310,
2267,
284,
905,
326,
661,
508,
27961,
198,
3757,
66,
330,
706,
22475,
750,
597,
1365,
621,
1854,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
428,
2423,
198,
8929,
2971,
276,
617,
2761,
351,
1312,
43106,
330,
25,
198,
12,
1318,
389,
1661,
618,
1312,
43106,
330,
318,
21596,
13,
632,
198,
21754,
77,
470,
307,
1813,
284,
2130,
508,
27961,
12910,
326,
2728,
20246,
198,
261,
2800,
393,
23533,
326,
460,
2728,
24715,
845,
2952,
13,
632,
198,
5171,
307,
4923,
284,
661,
351,
617,
3858,
286,
3315,
2761,
13,
198,
2215,
884,
22475,
4970,
1392,
1312,
43106,
330,
6949,
11,
484,
4166,
2726,
198,
23855,
3736,
393,
772,
3724,
13,
198,
12,
3125,
290,
517,
661,
351,
6600,
11916,
547,
198,
3500,
1312,
43106,
330,
284,
787,
2405,
3714,
510,
13,
23603,
779,
286,
1312,
43106,
330,
198,
1837,
12618,
318,
4923,
26,
329,
1672,
11,
10726,
2985,
423,
3724,
422,
2612,
198,
12,
8975,
661,
30874,
706,
1312,
43106,
330,
714,
407,
198,
14894,
866,
584,
5010,
484,
2622,
284,
2190,
511,
8764,
654,
13,
198,
15001,
319,
777,
6419,
11,
198,
9124,
11439,
1547,
11,
8764,
10399,
11,
290,
2717,
17199,
423,
302,
12,
18206,
6605,
262,
198,
1904,
286,
1312,
43106,
330,
13,
7281,
262,
6117,
379,
262,
886,
329,
262,
3734,
3601,
13,
198,
19926,
345,
1394,
1312,
43106,
330,
379,
1363,
30,
198,
12,
383,
1605,
8581,
286,
46776,
20829,
198,
5562,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
5626,
307,
42070,
379,
1363,
13,
198,
12,
22660,
11,
262,
1605,
5396,
286,
19357,
198,
15988,
22223,
645,
2392,
20829,
326,
3397,
1394,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
379,
198,
12,
383,
471,
13,
50,
13,
7318,
290,
11095,
8694,
318,
198,
44353,
278,
257,
15602,
422,
530,
286,
663,
5887,
13043,
284,
787,
198,
3757,
66,
330,
24208,
257,
15077,
12,
8807,
2563,
13,
1675,
3128,
11,
14672,
468,
407,
13134,
198,
261,
262,
6103,
15602,
13,
198,
12,
554,
262,
2669,
11,
6257,
27953,
1989,
11,
262,
198,
16186,
9747,
19357,
3337,
857,
407,
4313,
326,
3397,
4283,
198,
3757,
66,
330,
24208,
379,
1363,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
749,
49661,
645,
2392,
4283,
1312,
43106,
330,
198,
40,
3285,
546,
13906,
33512,
1399,
25526,
515,
198,
10641,
25140,
318,
257,
9007,
326,
318,
973,
284,
2190,
617,
2726,
8764,
654,
13,
632,
318,
198,
28950,
1813,
287,
6334,
13346,
290,
3360,
11,
475,
8365,
11,
379,
1363,
13,
198,
464,
2351,
9747,
19357,
3337,
198,
22437,
5626,
4313,
326,
3397,
1394,
13906,
33512,
379,
1363,
13,
632,
2925,
198,
1891,
284,
2267,
13,
4042,
3640,
466,
407,
905,
257,
4414,
284,
5291,
290,
3501,
198,
33106,
33512,
379,
1363,
13,
198,
464,
4220,
1627,
25,
28231,
11,
198,
9410,
1337,
9549,
11,
290,
2506,
508,
16887,
640,
351,
1751,
815,
1281,
198,
1169,
8764,
3641,
3072,
1271,
319,
393,
1474,
790,
3072,
13,
4889,
352,
12,
7410,
12,
23148,
12,
1065,
1828,
198,
3506,
1497,
329,
257,
1744,
22475,
13,
833,
1328,
6154,
481,
5698,
345,
25,
611,
198,
42487,
318,
2622,
11,
484,
447,
247,
297,
1560,
345,
644,
284,
466,
13,
1119,
481,
869,
345,
736,
284,
198,
1350,
1654,
326,
2279,
318,
477,
826,
13,
198,
1890,
517,
1321,
25,
198,
12,
554,
5816,
11,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
7318,
290,
11095,
8694,
198,
37,
5631,
8504,
18302,
6820,
11095,
23943,
4281,
2714,
257,
4854,
546,
262,
198,
2502,
12,
1169,
12,
24588,
3722,
286,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
13,
383,
20852,
6103,
788,
198,
47335,
1631,
284,
14672,
326,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
645,
2392,
307,
1695,
355,
257,
198,
13159,
12,
18302,
6820,
2563,
13,
14672,
468,
407,
925,
257,
2551,
357,
292,
286,
1105,
14,
2713,
828,
198,
4360,
4963,
422,
262,
4854,
389,
1695,
319,
262,
3992,
2524,
13,
1514,
198,
1462,
7324,
13,
69,
6814,
13,
9567,
290,
3802,
262,
2989,
198,
4354,
366,
3757,
66,
330,
1911,
921,
481,
1064,
262,
11344,
2106,
286,
1312,
43106,
330,
290,
198,
25579,
602,
290,
22129,
329,
290,
1028,
262,
625,
12,
1169,
12,
24588,
198,
47274,
286,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
13,
198,
12,
554,
5816,
11,
262,
1605,
8581,
286,
46776,
198,
39361,
257,
2450,
2643,
366,
18833,
1653,
198,
51,
21731,
287,
262,
5995,
1,
543,
8391,
326,
1312,
43106,
330,
24208,
815,
645,
198,
6511,
263,
307,
16231,
973,
287,
262,
1363,
13,
5455,
11,
484,
7151,
198,
5562,
262,
717,
2223,
286,
257,
32386,
1428,
286,
257,
1200,
508,
743,
423,
27961,
257,
198,
7501,
1653,
318,
284,
869,
262,
1957,
8764,
1630,
3641,
379,
352,
12,
7410,
12,
23148,
12,
1065,
1828,
13,
198,
12,
554,
5472,
11,
281,
5887,
6103,
286,
11422,
9251,
4884,
198,
261,
262,
5765,
286,
314,
43106,
330,
1632,
12618,
287,
262,
3806,
12,
1659,
12,
39,
3531,
8549,
286,
554,
3495,
276,
198,
18833,
9886,
526,
18810,
1866,
422,
262,
1605,
5396,
286,
198,
18833,
1653,
6779,
22223,
11,
262,
1605,
8581,
286,
21234,
29274,
1435,
290,
198,
1169,
1605,
5535,
286,
8366,
29274,
1435,
8391,
326,
1312,
43106,
330,
318,
198,
430,
38015,
4465,
287,
13622,
9963,
22475,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,535 |
Liquid armor has been shown to stop bullets more effectively than plain Kevlar, according to British firm BAE Systems. The material could be used to make thinner, lighter armor for military personnel and police officers, the BBC reports.
Materials scientists combined a shear-thickening liquid with traditional Kevlar to make a bulletproof material that absorbs the force of a bullet strike by becoming thicker and stickier.
Its molecules lock together more tightly when it is struck, the scientists explained -- they described it as "bulletproof custard," the BBC reports.Shear-thickening liquids are composed of hard nanoparticles suspended in a liquid, which turns rigid after being struck with a bullet or shrapnel. BAE says their tests provide the first clear evidence that it can actually protect people.
In the tests, BAE scientists used a gas gun to fire ball-bearing bullets at nearly 1,000 feet per second at two test materials -- 31 layers of regular Kevlar and 10 layers of Kevlar combined with the shear-thickening liquid.
The shear-thickening liquid stopped the bullets more quickly and prevented them from penetrating as deeply, the BBC says. British media got a preview of the materials at a BAE facility in Bristol, England.
The U.S. Army Research Laboratory has studied using liquid armor to replace traditional Kevlar armor, which is heavy and bulky.
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more. | [
41966,
8328,
468,
587,
3402,
284,
2245,
16043,
517,
6840,
621,
8631,
46105,
21681,
11,
1864,
284,
3517,
4081,
347,
14242,
11998,
13,
383,
2587,
714,
307,
973,
284,
787,
30125,
11,
14871,
8328,
329,
2422,
8213,
290,
1644,
3790,
11,
262,
7823,
3136,
13,
198,
41657,
5519,
5929,
257,
673,
283,
12,
400,
624,
3101,
8122,
351,
4569,
46105,
21681,
284,
787,
257,
10492,
13288,
2587,
326,
42909,
262,
2700,
286,
257,
10492,
5587,
416,
5033,
29175,
290,
4859,
959,
13,
198,
20459,
17745,
5793,
1978,
517,
17707,
618,
340,
318,
7425,
11,
262,
5519,
4893,
1377,
484,
3417,
340,
355,
366,
15065,
1616,
13288,
9378,
446,
553,
262,
7823,
3136,
13,
3347,
283,
12,
400,
624,
3101,
38236,
389,
13160,
286,
1327,
46661,
26845,
9951,
287,
257,
8122,
11,
543,
4962,
20831,
706,
852,
7425,
351,
257,
10492,
393,
427,
48766,
13,
347,
14242,
1139,
511,
5254,
2148,
262,
717,
1598,
2370,
326,
340,
460,
1682,
1805,
661,
13,
198,
818,
262,
5254,
11,
347,
14242,
5519,
973,
257,
3623,
2485,
284,
2046,
2613,
12,
28655,
16043,
379,
3016,
352,
11,
830,
3625,
583,
1218,
379,
734,
1332,
5696,
1377,
3261,
11685,
286,
3218,
46105,
21681,
290,
838,
11685,
286,
46105,
21681,
5929,
351,
262,
673,
283,
12,
400,
624,
3101,
8122,
13,
198,
464,
673,
283,
12,
400,
624,
3101,
8122,
5025,
262,
16043,
517,
2952,
290,
13351,
606,
422,
41456,
355,
7744,
11,
262,
7823,
1139,
13,
3517,
2056,
1392,
257,
12714,
286,
262,
5696,
379,
257,
347,
14242,
6841,
287,
25040,
11,
4492,
13,
198,
464,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5407,
4992,
18643,
468,
9713,
1262,
8122,
8328,
284,
6330,
4569,
46105,
21681,
8328,
11,
543,
318,
4334,
290,
39392,
13,
198,
20029,
4998,
11,
3424,
8514,
326,
481,
900,
514,
1479,
11,
287,
428,
1227,
338,
2568,
12,
18143,
2071,
13,
4418,
25,
703,
284,
1382,
257,
1365,
5194,
31029,
11,
262,
25810,
14958,
326,
389,
8620,
534,
1751,
11,
257,
1692,
48786,
11,
262,
995,
338,
18197,
27210,
11,
290,
881,
517,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 341 |
For a few short weeks last September, the Northwest and Northeast passages through the Arctic Ocean were simultaneously ice-free from end to end, the first such clearing in the time that satellites have monitored the region. Merchants have long sought routes through the ice packed waters that link the pacific and Atlantic. But researchers at the Naval postgraduate school in Monterey, California, say that we could now see an entire Arctic Ocean, not just passages along the coasts, with icefree summers, as soon as 2016.
That is a bleak environmental scenario. but it also means that cargo ships could shave thousands of miles off their journeys. Already, Russia is touting the Northeast Passage (a.k.a. the Northern Sea Route), which hugs its Arctic Coast, as a shorter, safer alternative to the pirate-infested waters near Egypt’s Suez Canal. The country’s fleet of for-hire, icebreaker escorts are on duty, and more are on order. although the major container shipping lines have yet to test the icy waters, more local cargo ships and tankers have been traversing the passage recently.
Equally desired is a shipping lane through the less-developed Northwest passage on the Canadian side of the Arctic. Although a labyrinth of frozen islands makes transit more challenging, China could get goods to the East coast of the U.S. without a lengthy detour through the Panama Canal or an overland trip by railroad. Similarly, travel between the Northwest U.S. and Europe would be 2,300 miles shorter. Many climate scientists say the Northwest could become passable on a regular basis by 2020.
Designers such as Aker Arctic, a Finnish firm, are developing ships that could travel the new routes even in the off-season, including icebreakers that can move sideways to blast channels for big cargo ships, and container ships with reinforced sterns that plow through ice rearend first so they don’t need an icebreaker to accompany them. Meanwhile, the Arctic Regional Hydrographic Commission, formed last October, is coordinating efforts to map the more than 90 percent of Arctic waters for which nautical charts are decades out of date or nonexistent.
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more. | [
1890,
257,
1178,
1790,
2745,
938,
2693,
11,
262,
20572,
290,
26315,
22674,
832,
262,
15723,
10692,
547,
11640,
4771,
12,
5787,
422,
886,
284,
886,
11,
262,
717,
884,
17304,
287,
262,
640,
326,
20372,
423,
20738,
262,
3814,
13,
44682,
423,
890,
7194,
11926,
832,
262,
4771,
11856,
10150,
326,
2792,
262,
23503,
811,
290,
10596,
13,
887,
4837,
379,
262,
20818,
1281,
17680,
1524,
287,
5575,
48023,
11,
3442,
11,
910,
326,
356,
714,
783,
766,
281,
2104,
15723,
10692,
11,
407,
655,
22674,
1863,
262,
48598,
11,
351,
4771,
5787,
43285,
11,
355,
2582,
355,
1584,
13,
198,
2504,
318,
257,
30942,
6142,
8883,
13,
475,
340,
635,
1724,
326,
15892,
7937,
714,
34494,
4138,
286,
4608,
572,
511,
35724,
13,
27511,
11,
3284,
318,
48120,
262,
26315,
46169,
357,
64,
13,
74,
13,
64,
13,
262,
8342,
6896,
18956,
828,
543,
40657,
663,
15723,
8545,
11,
355,
257,
12238,
11,
14178,
5559,
284,
262,
25868,
12,
10745,
7287,
10150,
1474,
6365,
447,
247,
82,
311,
14870,
31314,
13,
383,
1499,
447,
247,
82,
11026,
286,
329,
12,
10695,
11,
4771,
25766,
3671,
2096,
389,
319,
7077,
11,
290,
517,
389,
319,
1502,
13,
3584,
262,
1688,
9290,
8440,
3951,
423,
1865,
284,
1332,
262,
30284,
10150,
11,
517,
1957,
15892,
7937,
290,
6873,
364,
423,
587,
33038,
278,
262,
10066,
2904,
13,
198,
23588,
453,
10348,
318,
257,
8440,
11193,
832,
262,
1342,
12,
33082,
20572,
10066,
319,
262,
5398,
1735,
286,
262,
15723,
13,
4900,
257,
41553,
286,
12912,
14807,
1838,
11168,
517,
9389,
11,
2807,
714,
651,
7017,
284,
262,
3687,
7051,
286,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1231,
257,
16452,
1062,
454,
832,
262,
23519,
31314,
393,
281,
625,
1044,
5296,
416,
24337,
13,
15298,
11,
3067,
1022,
262,
20572,
471,
13,
50,
13,
290,
2031,
561,
307,
362,
11,
6200,
4608,
12238,
13,
4650,
4258,
5519,
910,
262,
20572,
714,
1716,
1208,
540,
319,
257,
3218,
4308,
416,
12131,
13,
198,
23067,
364,
884,
355,
317,
6122,
15723,
11,
257,
26838,
4081,
11,
389,
5922,
7937,
326,
714,
3067,
262,
649,
11926,
772,
287,
262,
572,
12,
6230,
11,
1390,
4771,
49295,
326,
460,
1445,
35303,
284,
11975,
9619,
329,
1263,
15892,
7937,
11,
290,
9290,
7937,
351,
23738,
26370,
82,
326,
458,
322,
832,
4771,
302,
533,
358,
717,
523,
484,
836,
447,
247,
83,
761,
281,
4771,
25766,
284,
13873,
606,
13,
11214,
11,
262,
15723,
15994,
15084,
3828,
22262,
4513,
11,
7042,
938,
3267,
11,
318,
35449,
4040,
284,
3975,
262,
517,
621,
4101,
1411,
286,
15723,
10150,
329,
543,
299,
37073,
15907,
389,
4647,
503,
286,
3128,
393,
42601,
13,
198,
20029,
4998,
11,
3424,
8514,
326,
481,
900,
514,
1479,
11,
287,
428,
1227,
338,
2568,
12,
18143,
2071,
13,
4418,
25,
703,
284,
1382,
257,
1365,
5194,
31029,
11,
262,
25810,
14958,
326,
389,
8620,
534,
1751,
11,
257,
1692,
48786,
11,
262,
995,
338,
18197,
27210,
11,
290,
881,
517,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 498 |
Causes of Spotting at 26th Week of Pregnancy
| December 1, 2011
It is only natural for a woman to get highly concerned on noticing spots of blood on tissue or her underwear during the course of pregnancy. This is because spotting could be a sign that something is wrong with the baby or the pregnancy. Fortunately, since the 26th week of pregnancy falls in the second trimester, the risks of losing the baby are considerably lower.
Spotting in the 26th week of pregnancy could occur because of several reasons, some of which include vaginal exams, physical exertion or sexual intercourse. However, at times, spotting at 26 weeks pregnant could also be an indication of a problem with the placenta, or an infection. Therefore, it is always advisable to speak to a health care provider about it and preferably undergo a checkup. In case the spotting is accompanied by cramps, or turns to light or heavy bleeding, it needs to be checked by a doctor immediately.
Brown discharge at 26 weeks pregnant
The appearance of brown discharge could occur at any time during the course of pregnancy. Brown discharge usually means that the body is getting rid of old blood, which is rarely a cause for concern. In case it happens during the first few weeks, it is a sign of implantation, which is the fertilized egg attaching itself to the wall of the uterus. However, in the second trimester, brown vaginal discharge can be seen after engaging in sex or undertaking any other form of strenuous physical activity. However, a doctor should be informed in case of spotting at any time of during the pregnancy. If the discharge is heavy or pinkish in appearance, it is a cause for concern and should be checked by a doctor immediately.
Cramping at 26 weeks pregnant
It is a well-known fact that abdominal cramps are a common occurrence during the first trimester of pregnancy. However, most women are not sure if cramps during the 26th week are a normal occurrence or not. Mild and occasional cramping in the second trimester is not a cause for concern, as long as it is not accompanied by spotting, bleeding, vaginal discharge or diarrhea. However, in case the cramping is persistent, severe or goes on for a long time (more than a couple of hours), consult a doctor without any delay.
Implantation bleeding at 26 weeks pregnant
Implantation bleeding occurs during the initial stages of pregnancy, when an egg that has been fertilized gets implanted into the uterine wall lining. This is a very common sign of pregnancy and is not a cause for concern. However, it is important to remember that implantation bleeding occurs only in the initial stages. Bleeding in the 26th week of pregnancy cannot be caused by implantation and may indeed be a sign of a major complication, or perhaps even miscarriage. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to visit a doctor in case bleeding is noticed in the 26th week.
Pregnancy and Baby Care Questions | [
24334,
2664,
286,
15899,
889,
379,
2608,
400,
6119,
286,
350,
39982,
198,
91,
3426,
352,
11,
2813,
198,
1026,
318,
691,
3288,
329,
257,
2415,
284,
651,
4047,
5213,
319,
28107,
10222,
286,
2910,
319,
10712,
393,
607,
26170,
1141,
262,
1781,
286,
10241,
13,
770,
318,
780,
43853,
714,
307,
257,
1051,
326,
1223,
318,
2642,
351,
262,
5156,
393,
262,
10241,
13,
20525,
11,
1201,
262,
2608,
400,
1285,
286,
10241,
8953,
287,
262,
1218,
491,
47484,
11,
262,
7476,
286,
6078,
262,
5156,
389,
15394,
2793,
13,
198,
32565,
889,
287,
262,
2608,
400,
1285,
286,
10241,
714,
3051,
780,
286,
1811,
3840,
11,
617,
286,
543,
2291,
30131,
26420,
11,
3518,
17596,
295,
393,
3206,
22409,
13,
2102,
11,
379,
1661,
11,
43853,
379,
2608,
2745,
10423,
714,
635,
307,
281,
12955,
286,
257,
1917,
351,
262,
458,
12643,
64,
11,
393,
281,
10280,
13,
8447,
11,
340,
318,
1464,
46511,
284,
2740,
284,
257,
1535,
1337,
10131,
546,
340,
290,
29203,
17777,
257,
2198,
929,
13,
554,
1339,
262,
43853,
318,
11791,
416,
1067,
9430,
11,
393,
4962,
284,
1657,
393,
4334,
16832,
11,
340,
2476,
284,
307,
10667,
416,
257,
6253,
3393,
13,
198,
20644,
17655,
379,
2608,
2745,
10423,
198,
464,
5585,
286,
7586,
17655,
714,
3051,
379,
597,
640,
1141,
262,
1781,
286,
10241,
13,
4373,
17655,
3221,
1724,
326,
262,
1767,
318,
1972,
5755,
286,
1468,
2910,
11,
543,
318,
8365,
257,
2728,
329,
2328,
13,
554,
1339,
340,
4325,
1141,
262,
717,
1178,
2745,
11,
340,
318,
257,
1051,
286,
29016,
341,
11,
543,
318,
262,
19078,
1143,
5935,
39550,
2346,
284,
262,
3355,
286,
262,
41303,
13,
2102,
11,
287,
262,
1218,
491,
47484,
11,
7586,
30131,
17655,
460,
307,
1775,
706,
11932,
287,
1714,
393,
25971,
597,
584,
1296,
286,
43071,
5623,
3518,
3842,
13,
2102,
11,
257,
6253,
815,
307,
7981,
287,
1339,
286,
43853,
379,
597,
640,
286,
1141,
262,
10241,
13,
1002,
262,
17655,
318,
4334,
393,
11398,
680,
287,
5585,
11,
340,
318,
257,
2728,
329,
2328,
290,
815,
307,
10667,
416,
257,
6253,
3393,
13,
198,
13916,
37843,
379,
2608,
2745,
10423,
198,
1026,
318,
257,
880,
12,
4002,
1109,
326,
32692,
1067,
9430,
389,
257,
2219,
19810,
1141,
262,
717,
491,
47484,
286,
10241,
13,
2102,
11,
749,
1466,
389,
407,
1654,
611,
1067,
9430,
1141,
262,
2608,
400,
1285,
389,
257,
3487,
19810,
393,
407,
13,
29087,
290,
12209,
1067,
37843,
287,
262,
1218,
491,
47484,
318,
407,
257,
2728,
329,
2328,
11,
355,
890,
355,
340,
318,
407,
11791,
416,
43853,
11,
16832,
11,
30131,
17655,
393,
36004,
13,
2102,
11,
287,
1339,
262,
1067,
37843,
318,
16218,
11,
6049,
393,
2925,
319,
329,
257,
890,
640,
357,
3549,
621,
257,
3155,
286,
2250,
828,
5725,
257,
6253,
1231,
597,
5711,
13,
198,
3546,
15060,
341,
16832,
379,
2608,
2745,
10423,
198,
3546,
15060,
341,
16832,
8833,
1141,
262,
4238,
9539,
286,
10241,
11,
618,
281,
5935,
326,
468,
587,
19078,
1143,
3011,
40740,
656,
262,
31500,
500,
3355,
20883,
13,
770,
318,
257,
845,
2219,
1051,
286,
10241,
290,
318,
407,
257,
2728,
329,
2328,
13,
2102,
11,
340,
318,
1593,
284,
3505,
326,
29016,
341,
16832,
8833,
691,
287,
262,
4238,
9539,
13,
17175,
8228,
287,
262,
2608,
400,
1285,
286,
10241,
2314,
307,
4073,
416,
29016,
341,
290,
743,
5600,
307,
257,
1051,
286,
257,
1688,
45185,
11,
393,
3737,
772,
45931,
13,
8447,
11,
340,
318,
5543,
6393,
284,
3187,
257,
6253,
287,
1339,
16832,
318,
6810,
287,
262,
2608,
400,
1285,
13,
198,
47,
39982,
290,
14801,
7276,
20396,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 606 |
Sometimes bread machines can be tricky. We were trying to help a customer whose bread did not rise enough. It seemed that he did everything right. Come to find out, he had an older model and a brand that we were not familiar with. (Bread machines are becoming more standardized but there are still different requirements for different machines.) So we tried to help him fine tune his mix to work perfectly with his machine.
Fine tuning may be required either because the mix does not perfectly match the machine or because of environmental conditions in your kitchen—humidity, temperature, or altitude. (Since temperature is a variable, make sure that both the mix and machine are at room temperature before beginning.)Bread machines work on a timer. They mix, allow time for the bread to rise, and then bake. If the dough does not rise fast enough, then the loaf is dense with poor volume. If the dough rises too fast, it collapses with a depression in the middle. To fine tune a mix, we want to adjust the rising so that it is at peak height when the baking cycle begins. In fine tuning, there are two variables to work with. The first is hydration, the ratio of water to dry ingredients. A more hydrated dough is softer and will rise easier. If it is too firm, it won't rise enough and will be dense. If it is too soft, it will rise too quickly and collapse as baking begins. A little difference in the amount of water added will change the loaf so measure carefully with a reliable measuring cup designed for liquids. Check the dough ball at the end of the kneading cycle. Poke it with your finger. It should be soft but not too sticky. If you think it is too soft or too firm, pull it out of the machine, form a loaf, let it rise, and bake it in the oven. Then next time, add or subtract water. Usually a one tablespoon adjustment is all that is needed.The other method for fine tuning is adjusting the temperature of the water. All of our bread machine mixes are developed with water at 80 degrees and a specified water temperature range of 75 to 85 degrees. As a rule of thumb, if your kitchen is chilly, use water at 85 degrees. If hot, use water at 75 degrees. Increasing or decreasing the water temperature will change the rate of the yeast growth substantially. So if the dough ball indicates the right consistency, then you can speed or retard the rising of the bread quite handily by adjusting the water temperature--warmer water will speed the rising and cooler water will slow the rising. Usually an adjustment of ten degrees is adequate. We hope this helps you fine tune any mix for your bread machine and the conditions in your kitchen. What works for one mix, should work for all mixes of that same brand. Once you find what works, stick with it. Consistently turning out perfect loaves is usually no more difficult than carefully measuring the water and controlling water temperature.
Copyright © The Prepared Pantry, LLC | 1-866-745-7892 | 2 North Landmark Lane, Rigby, Idaho 83442 Baking Mixes | Ingredients & Supplies | Gourmet Food | Kitchen Tools | Gifts | Gift Registries | Specials Free How to Bake Book | Free Baking Lessons | Free eBooks | Free Newsletter | Recipes | How-To Articles | Cooking Videos | More Baking Info Free Local Classes | Your Account | Employment | About Us | Contact Us | Free Recipe Newsletter Home | Recipes | The Baker's Library | Contact Us Bread Mixes Category | The Pancake Mix Shoppe | Cookie Mixes Category | Free Food Newsletter | Past Newsletters | Bakers' Library | Free Recipes | Free Articles Browse All Products | Browse All Info | Free Baking Book | Free Baking Lessons | Site Map Mixes | Site Map Tools | Site Map Recipes | [
15468,
8509,
8217,
460,
307,
17198,
13,
775,
547,
2111,
284,
1037,
257,
6491,
3025,
8509,
750,
407,
4485,
1576,
13,
632,
3947,
326,
339,
750,
2279,
826,
13,
7911,
284,
1064,
503,
11,
339,
550,
281,
4697,
2746,
290,
257,
4508,
326,
356,
547,
407,
5385,
351,
13,
357,
33,
961,
8217,
389,
5033,
517,
25713,
475,
612,
389,
991,
1180,
5359,
329,
1180,
8217,
2014,
1406,
356,
3088,
284,
1037,
683,
3734,
14009,
465,
5022,
284,
670,
7138,
351,
465,
4572,
13,
198,
34389,
24549,
743,
307,
2672,
2035,
780,
262,
5022,
857,
407,
7138,
2872,
262,
4572,
393,
780,
286,
6142,
3403,
287,
534,
9592,
960,
17047,
17995,
11,
5951,
11,
393,
20334,
13,
357,
6385,
5951,
318,
257,
7885,
11,
787,
1654,
326,
1111,
262,
5022,
290,
4572,
389,
379,
2119,
5951,
878,
3726,
2014,
33,
961,
8217,
670,
319,
257,
19781,
13,
1119,
5022,
11,
1249,
640,
329,
262,
8509,
284,
4485,
11,
290,
788,
28450,
13,
1002,
262,
15756,
857,
407,
4485,
3049,
1576,
11,
788,
262,
40134,
318,
15715,
351,
3595,
6115,
13,
1002,
262,
15756,
16736,
1165,
3049,
11,
340,
35752,
351,
257,
8862,
287,
262,
3504,
13,
1675,
3734,
14009,
257,
5022,
11,
356,
765,
284,
4532,
262,
7396,
523,
326,
340,
318,
379,
9103,
6001,
618,
262,
16871,
6772,
6140,
13,
554,
3734,
24549,
11,
612,
389,
734,
9633,
284,
670,
351,
13,
383,
717,
318,
7409,
1358,
11,
262,
8064,
286,
1660,
284,
5894,
9391,
13,
317,
517,
7409,
4111,
15756,
318,
32359,
290,
481,
4485,
4577,
13,
1002,
340,
318,
1165,
4081,
11,
340,
1839,
470,
4485,
1576,
290,
481,
307,
15715,
13,
1002,
340,
318,
1165,
2705,
11,
340,
481,
4485,
1165,
2952,
290,
9807,
355,
16871,
6140,
13,
317,
1310,
3580,
287,
262,
2033,
286,
1660,
2087,
481,
1487,
262,
40134,
523,
3953,
7773,
351,
257,
9314,
15964,
6508,
3562,
329,
38236,
13,
6822,
262,
15756,
2613,
379,
262,
886,
286,
262,
638,
1329,
278,
6772,
13,
41163,
340,
351,
534,
7660,
13,
632,
815,
307,
2705,
475,
407,
1165,
23408,
13,
1002,
345,
892,
340,
318,
1165,
2705,
393,
1165,
4081,
11,
2834,
340,
503,
286,
262,
4572,
11,
1296,
257,
40134,
11,
1309,
340,
4485,
11,
290,
28450,
340,
287,
262,
14361,
13,
3244,
1306,
640,
11,
751,
393,
34128,
1660,
13,
19672,
257,
530,
33107,
15068,
318,
477,
326,
318,
2622,
13,
464,
584,
2446,
329,
3734,
24549,
318,
22000,
262,
5951,
286,
262,
1660,
13,
1439,
286,
674,
8509,
4572,
33237,
389,
4166,
351,
1660,
379,
4019,
7370,
290,
257,
7368,
1660,
5951,
2837,
286,
5441,
284,
7600,
7370,
13,
1081,
257,
3896,
286,
15683,
11,
611,
534,
9592,
318,
49018,
11,
779,
1660,
379,
7600,
7370,
13,
1002,
3024,
11,
779,
1660,
379,
5441,
7370,
13,
38921,
393,
24030,
262,
1660,
5951,
481,
1487,
262,
2494,
286,
262,
20146,
3349,
13788,
13,
1406,
611,
262,
15756,
2613,
9217,
262,
826,
15794,
11,
788,
345,
460,
2866,
393,
42964,
262,
7396,
286,
262,
8509,
2407,
1021,
813,
416,
22000,
262,
1660,
5951,
438,
5767,
647,
1660,
481,
2866,
262,
7396,
290,
19346,
1660,
481,
3105,
262,
7396,
13,
19672,
281,
15068,
286,
3478,
7370,
318,
12872,
13,
775,
2911,
428,
5419,
345,
3734,
14009,
597,
5022,
329,
534,
8509,
4572,
290,
262,
3403,
287,
534,
9592,
13,
1867,
2499,
329,
530,
5022,
11,
815,
670,
329,
477,
33237,
286,
326,
976,
4508,
13,
4874,
345,
1064,
644,
2499,
11,
4859,
351,
340,
13,
3515,
396,
1473,
6225,
503,
2818,
2376,
3080,
318,
3221,
645,
517,
2408,
621,
7773,
15964,
262,
1660,
290,
12755,
1660,
5951,
13,
198,
15269,
10673,
383,
19141,
1144,
11427,
563,
11,
11419,
930,
352,
12,
42240,
12,
50150,
12,
3695,
5892,
930,
362,
2258,
6379,
4102,
15016,
11,
24666,
1525,
11,
20071,
9698,
39506,
347,
868,
15561,
274,
930,
33474,
1222,
8105,
13508,
930,
402,
39094,
7318,
930,
22541,
20003,
930,
48462,
930,
21208,
13811,
1678,
930,
6093,
82,
3232,
1374,
284,
38493,
4897,
930,
3232,
347,
868,
46885,
930,
3232,
304,
30650,
930,
3232,
35798,
930,
44229,
930,
1374,
12,
2514,
22698,
930,
33774,
18637,
930,
3125,
347,
868,
14151,
3232,
10714,
38884,
930,
3406,
10781,
930,
24656,
930,
7994,
4021,
930,
14039,
4021,
930,
3232,
26694,
35798,
5995,
930,
44229,
930,
383,
14372,
338,
10074,
930,
14039,
4021,
28731,
15561,
274,
21743,
930,
383,
49957,
539,
15561,
911,
10365,
68,
930,
39606,
15561,
274,
21743,
930,
3232,
7318,
35798,
930,
11303,
3000,
15653,
930,
347,
3979,
6,
10074,
930,
3232,
44229,
930,
3232,
22698,
44775,
1439,
18675,
930,
44775,
1439,
14151,
930,
3232,
347,
868,
4897,
930,
3232,
347,
868,
46885,
930,
14413,
9347,
15561,
274,
930,
14413,
9347,
20003,
930,
14413,
9347,
44229,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 789 |
The number of people aged 65 and over living with cancer in the UK is set to treble by 2040, Macmillan Cancer Support is warning today.
According to new research funded by Macmillan and carried out by King’s College London, the number of older people with cancer will increase to 4.1 million by 2040, up from 1.3 million in 2010, due to a number of factors including the ageing population and increasing survival rates.
The figures are almost four times higher than for people in the 45-64 age bracket.
The greatest increase in incidence is expected to be seen in lung cancer in older women.
This is forecast to more than double between 2010 and 2040, from 319 people per 100,000 to 831.
On the other hand, lung cancer prevalence in older men is expected to fall, due to a dramatic decline in smoking among men since the 1970s.
Professor Henrik Møller, one of the study’s authors at King’s College London, said the large increases expected to be seen in the oldest age groups in the coming decades will bring with them increasing pressures upon health services.
Ciarán Devane, chief executive at Macmillan Cancer Support, described the care of older cancer patients as a “ticking time bomb” for society.
He said: “These stark predictions should act as a warning to the NHS and social care providers of the problems ahead if older cancer patients are not offered the best treatment and support.
“We have a moral duty to give people the best chance of beating cancer, regardless of their age. For cancer survival to improve, older people must be given the right treatment at the correct level of intensity, together with the practical support to enable them to take it up.”
Macmillan says that older cancer patients currently face a multitude of barriers to getting the best care and treatment, which include a lack of practical support at home and poor management of non-cancer related health problems.
Macmillan is calling for a more effective way of assessing older people for treatment, more short-term practical support to enable them to take up recommended treatment and training for professionals working with older people within the NHS to promote age equality.
Macmillan, in partnership with Age UK and the Department of Health, has set up five pilots to test new models of older people’s care. They will report in December 2012.
Would you like to know more about affordable cashplans including worldwide cover without obligation? Contact Private Healthcare Bureau NOW | [
464,
1271,
286,
661,
9722,
6135,
290,
625,
2877,
351,
4890,
287,
262,
3482,
318,
900,
284,
2054,
903,
416,
1160,
1821,
11,
4100,
17805,
272,
15523,
7929,
318,
6509,
1909,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
649,
2267,
10588,
416,
4100,
17805,
272,
290,
5281,
503,
416,
2677,
447,
247,
82,
5535,
3576,
11,
262,
1271,
286,
4697,
661,
351,
4890,
481,
2620,
284,
604,
13,
16,
1510,
416,
1160,
1821,
11,
510,
422,
352,
13,
18,
1510,
287,
3050,
11,
2233,
284,
257,
1271,
286,
5087,
1390,
262,
41310,
3265,
290,
3649,
9441,
3965,
13,
198,
464,
5538,
389,
2048,
1440,
1661,
2440,
621,
329,
661,
287,
262,
4153,
12,
2414,
2479,
19096,
13,
198,
464,
6000,
2620,
287,
18349,
318,
2938,
284,
307,
1775,
287,
12317,
4890,
287,
4697,
1466,
13,
198,
1212,
318,
11092,
284,
517,
621,
4274,
1022,
3050,
290,
1160,
1821,
11,
422,
40385,
661,
583,
1802,
11,
830,
284,
807,
3132,
13,
198,
2202,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
12317,
4890,
16815,
287,
4697,
1450,
318,
2938,
284,
2121,
11,
2233,
284,
257,
10092,
7794,
287,
9216,
1871,
1450,
1201,
262,
8069,
82,
13,
198,
25031,
6752,
12602,
337,
24172,
6051,
11,
530,
286,
262,
2050,
447,
247,
82,
7035,
379,
2677,
447,
247,
82,
5535,
3576,
11,
531,
262,
1588,
5732,
2938,
284,
307,
1775,
287,
262,
13325,
2479,
2628,
287,
262,
2406,
4647,
481,
2222,
351,
606,
3649,
18895,
2402,
1535,
2594,
13,
198,
34,
12571,
21162,
6245,
1531,
11,
4039,
4640,
379,
4100,
17805,
272,
15523,
7929,
11,
3417,
262,
1337,
286,
4697,
4890,
3871,
355,
257,
564,
250,
83,
7958,
640,
5194,
447,
251,
329,
3592,
13,
198,
1544,
531,
25,
564,
250,
4711,
19278,
16277,
815,
719,
355,
257,
6509,
284,
262,
18183,
290,
1919,
1337,
9549,
286,
262,
2761,
4058,
611,
4697,
4890,
3871,
389,
407,
4438,
262,
1266,
3513,
290,
1104,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1135,
423,
257,
6573,
7077,
284,
1577,
661,
262,
1266,
2863,
286,
11226,
4890,
11,
7692,
286,
511,
2479,
13,
1114,
4890,
9441,
284,
2987,
11,
4697,
661,
1276,
307,
1813,
262,
826,
3513,
379,
262,
3376,
1241,
286,
12245,
11,
1978,
351,
262,
8472,
1104,
284,
7139,
606,
284,
1011,
340,
510,
13,
447,
251,
198,
14155,
17805,
272,
1139,
326,
4697,
4890,
3871,
3058,
1986,
257,
24124,
286,
14725,
284,
1972,
262,
1266,
1337,
290,
3513,
11,
543,
2291,
257,
3092,
286,
8472,
1104,
379,
1363,
290,
3595,
4542,
286,
1729,
12,
48870,
3519,
1535,
2761,
13,
198,
14155,
17805,
272,
318,
4585,
329,
257,
517,
4050,
835,
286,
24171,
4697,
661,
329,
3513,
11,
517,
1790,
12,
4354,
8472,
1104,
284,
7139,
606,
284,
1011,
510,
7151,
3513,
290,
3047,
329,
11153,
1762,
351,
4697,
661,
1626,
262,
18183,
284,
7719,
2479,
10537,
13,
198,
14155,
17805,
272,
11,
287,
10413,
351,
7129,
3482,
290,
262,
2732,
286,
3893,
11,
468,
900,
510,
1936,
14982,
284,
1332,
649,
4981,
286,
4697,
661,
447,
247,
82,
1337,
13,
1119,
481,
989,
287,
3426,
2321,
13,
198,
17353,
345,
588,
284,
760,
517,
546,
10935,
5003,
489,
504,
1390,
8688,
3002,
1231,
12990,
30,
14039,
15348,
30289,
9840,
20229,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 527 |
Anxiety, Panic and Phobias
Health: have you been affected by the recession? We
would welcome your views.
Anxiety is a feeling we all get in a situation
that is threatening or difficult. The anxiety stops when you
get used to the situation, when the situation changes, or
if you just leave.
But if you feel anxious all the time, or for no obvious reason,
it can make life difficult.
This leaflet deals with three particular kinds of anxiety:
- general anxiety disorder
- panic attacks
We hope it will be helpful for anyone who finds their
anxiety is a problem - but also for any friends and relatives
who want to understand more about it.
What is anxiety?
Anxiety feels like fear. When it's there a lot of the time,
caused by a problem in our life that can't be solved, like money
difficulties, we call it worry. If is a sudden reaction to a
threat, like looking over a cliff or being confronted by an angry
dog, we call it fear.
Although worry, fear and anxiety are unpleasant, they can all be
- psychologically - they keep us alert and give us the 'get up
and go' to deal with problems
- physically - they make our body ready for action - to run away
from danger or to attack it - the 'fight or flight'
These feelings become a problem when they are too strong or when
they carry on even when we don't need them anymore. They can make
you uncomfortable, stop you from doing the things you want to - and
can generally make life difficult.
Isn't anxiety just 'stress'?
In English, 'stress' can mean two different things:
- the things that make us anxious - "my work is stressful"
- our anxious reaction to them - "I feel really stressed
This can make things confusing, so we don't use this term much
in this leaflet.
Isn't anxiety/stress bad for you?
Some anxiety is good for you. It keeps you alert and can help
you to perform well. But only some. If it gets too intense, or goes
on for too long, it can make you feel bad and interfere with your
life. It can make you depressed and damage your physical
What does anxiety feel like?
- Feeling worried all the time
- Fast or irregular heartbeats (palpitations)
- Numbness or tingling in fingers, toes or lips
It's easy to worry that these feelings are the signs of a
serious physical illness - and this can make the symptoms even
worse. When anxiety and panic go on for a while, it's easy to start
to feel depressed - you start to feel down, lose your appetite and
see the future as bleak and hopeless.
Anxiety seems to take three main forms, but they overlap and
most people will probably experience more than one type.
- Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
You have the symptoms of anxiety most of the time.
You get unpredictable, sudden and intense attacks of
anxiety - often in a situation that is likely to make you anxious.
The feelings come on suddenly and reach a peak in 10 minutes or
less. You may also feel:
- that you are going to die
- frightened or 'going crazy' or losing control
- short of breath and that you are choking.
About a quarter of people who go to an emergency department with
chest pain thinking that they may be having a heart attack are
actually having a panic attack. Although the symptoms are much the
same as those for GAD, they are much more powerful and only last a
You feel really frightened of something that is not actually
dangerous and which most people do not find troublesome. The nearer
you get to the thing that makes you anxious, the more anxious you
get ... and so you tend to avoid it. Away from it you feel
Common phobias include:
- agoraphobia - a fear of going where there are
other people - which can stop you from leaving the house
- social phobias - a fear of being with other
people - which can make it hard to talk to other people.
Are these problems common?
About 1 in every 10 people will have troublesome
anxiety or phobias at some point in their lives. However, most
people with these problems never ask for treatment.
What causes these kinds of anxiety?
Some of us seem to be born a bit anxious - research suggests
that it can be inherited through our genes. However, even if
you aren't naturally anxious, you can become anxious if you are
under enough pressure.
A psychological explanation suggests that, for some people, it
is because they start to believe that the physical symptoms of mild
anxiety are symptoms of serious physical disease. This makes them
worry more, so the symptoms get worse, so they worry more ... and
Sometimes it is obvious what is causing anxiety. When the
problem disappears, so does the anxiety. However, there are
some circumstances that are so upsetting and threatening that the
anxiety they cause can go on long after the event. These are often
life threatening situations like car crashes, train crashes or
fires. If this happens to you, you can feel nervous for
months or years after the event, even if you weren't physically
It can also happen:
- if you have been neglected or abused in childhood
- if you have been abused, persistently mistreated or tortured as
This is part of post-traumatic stress
Street drugs like amphetamines, LSD or Ecstasy don't help. Even
the caffeine in coffee can be enough to make some of us feel
Many mental health problems can make you anxious. About
half the people with depression get panic attacks at some
Some physical problems, like thyroid disease, can make you feel
- Some or all the above ...
On the other hand, it may not be clear at all why you feel
anxious. It's a mixture of your personality, the things that have
happened to you, or big changes in your life.
Anxiety is very common and many of us overcome it or cope with
it without professional help. However, if it is severe or goes on
for a long time, anxiety can affect your physical health,
and stop you doing the things you want to do. The good
news is that there are ways to help yourself.
- Talk about it. This can help when the anxiety
comes from recent knocks, like a partner leaving, a child becoming
ill or losing a job. Who should you talk to? Try a friend or
relative who you trust and respect, and who is a good listener.
They may have had the same problem themselves, or know someone else
- Self-help groups. These are a good way of
getting in touch with people who have similar problems. They can
understand what you are going through. As well as having the chance
to talk, you may be able to find out how other people have
coped. Some of these groups are specifically about anxieties
and phobias. Others may be for people who have been
through similar experiences - women's groups, bereaved parents'
groups, survivors of abuse.
- Learning to relax. It sounds too obvious -
surely everyone can relax? But if your anxiety just won't go away,
it can be really helpful to learn some special ways of relaxing, to
be a bit more in control of your anxiety and tension. You can learn
these through groups, with professionals, but there are
several books and self-help materials you can use to teach
yourself. It's a good idea to practice relaxation regularly, not
just at times of crisis.
- Using a self-help book. This works well for
many people. Most of the books use the principles of Cognitive
Behavioural Therapy (CBT) - see below.
Family and friends
Someone with troublesome anxiety or a phobia may not talk
about their feelings, even with family or close friends. Even so,
it is usually obvious that things are not right. The sufferer will
tend to look pale and tense, and may easily be startled by normal
sounds such as a door-bell ringing or a car's horn. They may be
irritable and this can cause arguments with those around them,
especially if they don't understand why the person feels that they
cannot do certain things. Although friends and family can
understand the distress of an anxious person, they can find them
difficult to live with, especially if the fear seems
If you have an anxiety problem which just won't go away, you may
not ask for help because you worry that people might think that you
are "mad". They won't. It's a common problems and it's much better
to get help rather than suffer in silence.
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
This is a talking treatment which can help you to
understand how some of your 'habits of thinking' can make anxiety
worse - or even cause it - and to come to terms with reasons for
your anxieties that you may not have recognised yourself. The
treatment can take place in groups or individually, and is usually
weekly for several weeks or months.
There are now a number of computer programmes which you can use
to give yourself CBT. The National Institute for Health
and Care Excellence (NICE) recommend a programme called
for panic or phobia. You can get this through your GP.
If this is not enough, there are several different kinds of
professionals who may be able to help - the GP, psychiatrist,
psychologist, social worker, nurse or counsellor. Psychotherapists
may or may not be medically qualified.
Medication can play a part in the treatment of some people with
anxiety or phobias, The most common tranquillisers are the
valium-like drugs, the benzodiazepines (most
sleeping tablets also belong to this class of drug). They are very
effective in relieving anxiety, but they are also very addictive
after four weeks regular use. When people try to stop taking them,
they may experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms which can go on
for some time. These drugs should only be used for short periods,
usually up to 2 weeks, perhaps to help during a crisis.
- They should not be used for longer-term treatment
- They should not be used at all
in panic disorder.
Antidepressants can help
to relieve anxiety, as well as the depression for which they are
usually prescribed. They usually take 2 to 4 weeks and have
to be taken regularly to work properly. One of the newer SSRI
antidepressants would usually be tried first - if that is not
helpful, one of the older tricyclic antidepressants can be tried or
a newer antidepressant called Venlafaxine.
Beta-blockers in low doses can sometimes
control the physical shaking of anxiety. They can be taken shortly
before meeting people or before speaking in public, or having to
Studies suggest that Valeriana officinalis (valerian) does not
seem to be helpful in anxiety, although Matricaria recutitat
(German chamomile) and Melissa
officinalis (lemon balm) 'show promise'. Piper
methysticum (kava) does seem to be effective, but is currently
banned in the UK because of worries that it can cause liver
Which treatments work best?
The treatments that seem to work for the longest time are, in
- psychological therapy (CBT)
- pharmacological therapy (an SSRI)
- self-help (books based on CBT principles).
Anxiety and phobias in children
Most children go through times when they feel very frightened
about things. It's a normal part of growing up. For instance, a
toddler will be very attached to their parents or the people who
look after them. Separation from them, for any reason, can make
them very anxious and upset.
Many children are scared of the dark or of imaginary
monsters. These fears usually disappear as the child grows
older, but they do not usually spoil the child's life or interfere
with their development. Most will feel anxious about important
events like their first day at school. Once it is over, the child
stops being frightened and is able to get on and enjoy the new
Teenagers often feel anxious. They tend to be worried about how
they look, what other people think of them, how they get on with
people in general, but especially about forming close
relationships. These worries can usually be helped by talking
about them. However, if they are too strong, other people may
notice that they are doing badly at school, behaving differently,
or feeling physically unwell.
If a child or teenager feels so anxious or fearful that it is
spoiling their life, it's a good thing to ask your GP for
Helpline: 08444 775 774. Charity formed 30 years ago by a sufferer
of agoraphobia for those affected by anxiety disorders.
British Association for Behavioural
and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP)
Has a UK register of accredited
Helpline: 0800 138 8889. National Organisation for Phobias , Anxiety, Neurosis, Information and Care. Support for sufferers of Panic
Attacks, Phobias, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Generalised
Anxiety Disorder and Tranquilliser Withdrawal.
- Overcoming Anxiety by Helen Kennerley,
Constable & Robinson
- Overcoming Anxiety, Stress and Panic: A Five Areas Approach by
Chris Williams, CRC Press
- Feel the Fear and Do It Anyway by Susan Jeffers,
- Overcoming Panic and Agoraphobia by Derrick Silove and Vijaya
Manicavasagar, Constable & Robinson
- Panic Attacks: What They Are, Why They Happen and What You Can
Do About Them by Christine Ingram, HarperCollins
- An Introduction to Coping with Phobias by Brenda Hogan,
Constable & Robinson.
Free online CBT resources
Life to the Full: Free online life skills course
for people feeling distressed and their carers. Helps you
understand why you feel as you do and make changes in your
thinking, activities, sleep and relationships.
- FearFighter: (free
access can only be prescribed by your doctor in England and
- Barr Taylor, C. (2006) Panic disorder. BMJ: 332:
- Cohen, A. (2008) The primary care management
of anxiety and depression: a GP’s perspective. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 14: 98-105.
- Ernst, E. (2007) Herbal remedies for depression and anxiety.
Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 13, 312–316.
(January 2011) Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder
(with or without agoraphobia): Management in primary, secondary and
community care: Quick Reference Guide.
(2008) Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and
anxiety. Review of Technology Appraisal 51. National Institute for
Health and Clinical Excellence: London.
- Sareen, J. et al (2006) Disability and poor
quality of life associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and
physical conditions. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166,
- Scott, A., Davidson, A. & Palmer, K.
(2001) Antidepressant drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7, 275–282.
This leaflet was produced by the Royal College of
Psychiatrists' Public Education Editorial Board.
Series editor: Dr Philip Timms
Expert review: Dr Paul
Illustration by Lo Cole; www.locole.co.uk
This leaflet reflects the best available evidence available at
the time of writing.
© April 2013. Due for review April 2015. or review. Royal
College of Psychiatrists.This leaflet may be downloaded,
printed out, photocopied and distributed free of charge as long as
the Royal College of Psychiatrists is properly credited and no
profit gained from its use. Permission to reproduce it in any other
way must be obtained from the Head of Publications.
does not allow reposting of its leaflets on other sites, but
allows them to be linked directly.
For a catalogue of public education materials or copies of our
leaflets contact: Leaflets Department
Royal College of Psychiatrists, 17 Belgrave
Square, London SW1X 8PG, Telephone: 020 7235 2351 x
Charity registration number (England and Wales) 228636
and in Scotland SC038369.
Please note that we are unable to offer advice on individual cases. Please see our
advice on getting help.
Please answer the following questions and press 'submit' to send your answers OR
E-mail your responses to [email protected]
On each line, click on the mark which most closely reflects how you feel about the
statement in the left hand column.
Your answers will help us to make this leaflet more useful - please try to rate
Did you look at this leaflet because you are a (maximum of 2 categories please):
Age group (please tick correct box) | [
2025,
35753,
11,
34478,
290,
1380,
672,
4448,
198,
18081,
25,
423,
345,
587,
5676,
416,
262,
16457,
30,
775,
198,
19188,
7062,
534,
5009,
13,
198,
2025,
35753,
318,
257,
4203,
356,
477,
651,
287,
257,
3074,
198,
5562,
318,
11123,
393,
2408,
13,
383,
9751,
9911,
618,
345,
198,
1136,
973,
284,
262,
3074,
11,
618,
262,
3074,
2458,
11,
393,
198,
361,
345,
655,
2666,
13,
198,
1537,
611,
345,
1254,
18116,
477,
262,
640,
11,
393,
329,
645,
3489,
1738,
11,
198,
270,
460,
787,
1204,
2408,
13,
198,
1212,
12835,
1616,
7529,
351,
1115,
1948,
6982,
286,
9751,
25,
198,
12,
2276,
9751,
8967,
198,
12,
13619,
3434,
198,
1135,
2911,
340,
481,
307,
7613,
329,
2687,
508,
7228,
511,
198,
272,
35753,
318,
257,
1917,
532,
475,
635,
329,
597,
2460,
290,
12772,
198,
8727,
765,
284,
1833,
517,
546,
340,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
9751,
30,
198,
2025,
35753,
5300,
588,
3252,
13,
1649,
340,
338,
612,
257,
1256,
286,
262,
640,
11,
198,
6888,
1484,
416,
257,
1917,
287,
674,
1204,
326,
460,
470,
307,
16019,
11,
588,
1637,
198,
26069,
2249,
444,
11,
356,
869,
340,
5490,
13,
1002,
318,
257,
4802,
6317,
284,
257,
198,
19971,
11,
588,
2045,
625,
257,
19516,
393,
852,
16675,
416,
281,
7954,
198,
9703,
11,
356,
869,
340,
3252,
13,
198,
7003,
5490,
11,
3252,
290,
9751,
389,
22029,
11,
484,
460,
477,
307,
198,
12,
39705,
532,
484,
1394,
514,
7995,
290,
1577,
514,
262,
705,
1136,
510,
198,
392,
467,
6,
284,
1730,
351,
2761,
198,
12,
10170,
532,
484,
787,
674,
1767,
3492,
329,
2223,
532,
284,
1057,
1497,
198,
6738,
3514,
393,
284,
1368,
340,
532,
262,
705,
15481,
393,
5474,
6,
198,
4711,
7666,
1716,
257,
1917,
618,
484,
389,
1165,
1913,
393,
618,
198,
9930,
3283,
319,
772,
618,
356,
836,
470,
761,
606,
7471,
13,
1119,
460,
787,
198,
5832,
12916,
11,
2245,
345,
422,
1804,
262,
1243,
345,
765,
284,
532,
290,
198,
5171,
4143,
787,
1204,
2408,
13,
198,
41451,
470,
9751,
655,
705,
41494,
30960,
198,
818,
3594,
11,
705,
41494,
6,
460,
1612,
734,
1180,
1243,
25,
198,
12,
262,
1243,
326,
787,
514,
18116,
532,
366,
1820,
670,
318,
27177,
1,
198,
12,
674,
18116,
6317,
284,
606,
532,
366,
40,
1254,
1107,
15033,
198,
1212,
460,
787,
1243,
15337,
11,
523,
356,
836,
470,
779,
428,
3381,
881,
198,
259,
428,
12835,
1616,
13,
198,
41451,
470,
9751,
14,
41494,
2089,
329,
345,
30,
198,
4366,
9751,
318,
922,
329,
345,
13,
632,
7622,
345,
7995,
290,
460,
1037,
198,
5832,
284,
1620,
880,
13,
887,
691,
617,
13,
1002,
340,
3011,
1165,
8157,
11,
393,
2925,
198,
261,
329,
1165,
890,
11,
340,
460,
787,
345,
1254,
2089,
290,
18135,
351,
534,
198,
6042,
13,
632,
460,
787,
345,
19095,
290,
2465,
534,
3518,
198,
2061,
857,
9751,
1254,
588,
30,
198,
12,
39635,
7960,
477,
262,
640,
198,
12,
12549,
393,
21388,
2612,
1350,
1381,
357,
18596,
15544,
602,
8,
198,
12,
399,
2178,
1108,
393,
256,
278,
1359,
287,
9353,
11,
23932,
393,
11914,
198,
1026,
338,
2562,
284,
5490,
326,
777,
7666,
389,
262,
5895,
286,
257,
198,
34009,
3518,
8526,
532,
290,
428,
460,
787,
262,
7460,
772,
198,
86,
7615,
13,
1649,
9751,
290,
13619,
467,
319,
329,
257,
981,
11,
340,
338,
2562,
284,
923,
198,
1462,
1254,
19095,
532,
345,
923,
284,
1254,
866,
11,
4425,
534,
20788,
290,
198,
3826,
262,
2003,
355,
30942,
290,
23292,
13,
198,
2025,
35753,
2331,
284,
1011,
1115,
1388,
5107,
11,
475,
484,
21721,
290,
198,
1712,
661,
481,
2192,
1998,
517,
621,
530,
2099,
13,
198,
12,
3611,
1417,
9751,
8967,
357,
38,
2885,
8,
198,
1639,
423,
262,
7460,
286,
9751,
749,
286,
262,
640,
13,
198,
1639,
651,
22900,
11,
4802,
290,
8157,
3434,
286,
198,
272,
35753,
532,
1690,
287,
257,
3074,
326,
318,
1884,
284,
787,
345,
18116,
13,
198,
464,
7666,
1282,
319,
6451,
290,
3151,
257,
9103,
287,
838,
2431,
393,
198,
1203,
13,
921,
743,
635,
1254,
25,
198,
12,
326,
345,
389,
1016,
284,
4656,
198,
12,
24776,
393,
705,
5146,
7165,
6,
393,
6078,
1630,
198,
12,
1790,
286,
8033,
290,
326,
345,
389,
39302,
13,
198,
8585,
257,
3860,
286,
661,
508,
467,
284,
281,
6334,
5011,
351,
198,
46713,
2356,
3612,
326,
484,
743,
307,
1719,
257,
2612,
1368,
389,
198,
37739,
1719,
257,
13619,
1368,
13,
4900,
262,
7460,
389,
881,
262,
198,
31642,
355,
883,
329,
402,
2885,
11,
484,
389,
881,
517,
3665,
290,
691,
938,
257,
198,
1639,
1254,
1107,
24776,
286,
1223,
326,
318,
407,
1682,
198,
38537,
516,
290,
543,
749,
661,
466,
407,
1064,
35778,
13,
383,
40671,
198,
5832,
651,
284,
262,
1517,
326,
1838,
345,
18116,
11,
262,
517,
18116,
345,
198,
1136,
2644,
290,
523,
345,
4327,
284,
3368,
340,
13,
21986,
422,
340,
345,
1254,
198,
17227,
872,
672,
4448,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
556,
273,
6570,
30665,
532,
257,
3252,
286,
1016,
810,
612,
389,
198,
847,
661,
532,
543,
460,
2245,
345,
422,
4305,
262,
2156,
198,
12,
1919,
872,
672,
4448,
532,
257,
3252,
286,
852,
351,
584,
198,
15332,
532,
543,
460,
787,
340,
1327,
284,
1561,
284,
584,
661,
13,
198,
8491,
777,
2761,
2219,
30,
198,
8585,
352,
287,
790,
838,
661,
481,
423,
35778,
198,
272,
35753,
393,
872,
672,
4448,
379,
617,
966,
287,
511,
3160,
13,
2102,
11,
749,
198,
15332,
351,
777,
2761,
1239,
1265,
329,
3513,
13,
198,
2061,
5640,
777,
6982,
286,
9751,
30,
198,
4366,
286,
514,
1283,
284,
307,
4642,
257,
1643,
18116,
532,
2267,
5644,
198,
5562,
340,
460,
307,
19552,
832,
674,
10812,
13,
2102,
11,
772,
611,
198,
5832,
3588,
470,
8752,
18116,
11,
345,
460,
1716,
18116,
611,
345,
389,
198,
4625,
1576,
3833,
13,
198,
32,
10590,
7468,
5644,
326,
11,
329,
617,
661,
11,
340,
198,
271,
780,
484,
923,
284,
1975,
326,
262,
3518,
7460,
286,
11607,
198,
272,
35753,
389,
7460,
286,
2726,
3518,
4369,
13,
770,
1838,
606,
198,
86,
5152,
517,
11,
523,
262,
7460,
651,
4785,
11,
523,
484,
5490,
517,
2644,
290,
198,
15468,
340,
318,
3489,
644,
318,
6666,
9751,
13,
1649,
262,
198,
45573,
27934,
11,
523,
857,
262,
9751,
13,
2102,
11,
612,
389,
198,
11246,
5917,
326,
389,
523,
38423,
290,
11123,
326,
262,
198,
272,
35753,
484,
2728,
460,
467,
319,
890,
706,
262,
1785,
13,
2312,
389,
1690,
198,
6042,
11123,
7445,
588,
1097,
17616,
11,
4512,
17616,
393,
198,
27312,
13,
1002,
428,
4325,
284,
345,
11,
345,
460,
1254,
10927,
329,
198,
41537,
393,
812,
706,
262,
1785,
11,
772,
611,
345,
6304,
470,
10170,
198,
1026,
460,
635,
1645,
25,
198,
12,
611,
345,
423,
587,
24007,
393,
15519,
287,
9963,
198,
12,
611,
345,
423,
587,
15519,
11,
21160,
1473,
4020,
15978,
393,
22485,
355,
198,
1212,
318,
636,
286,
1281,
12,
41521,
5503,
198,
34356,
5010,
588,
20766,
3202,
41047,
11,
27483,
393,
14003,
31695,
836,
470,
1037,
13,
3412,
198,
1169,
22511,
287,
6891,
460,
307,
1576,
284,
787,
617,
286,
514,
1254,
198,
7085,
5110,
1535,
2761,
460,
787,
345,
18116,
13,
7994,
198,
13959,
262,
661,
351,
8862,
651,
13619,
3434,
379,
617,
198,
4366,
3518,
2761,
11,
588,
30523,
4369,
11,
460,
787,
345,
1254,
198,
12,
2773,
393,
477,
262,
2029,
2644,
198,
2202,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
340,
743,
407,
307,
1598,
379,
477,
1521,
345,
1254,
198,
272,
48392,
13,
632,
338,
257,
11710,
286,
534,
8806,
11,
262,
1243,
326,
423,
198,
71,
1324,
2945,
284,
345,
11,
393,
1263,
2458,
287,
534,
1204,
13,
198,
2025,
35753,
318,
845,
2219,
290,
867,
286,
514,
10980,
340,
393,
19271,
351,
198,
270,
1231,
4708,
1037,
13,
2102,
11,
611,
340,
318,
6049,
393,
2925,
319,
198,
1640,
257,
890,
640,
11,
9751,
460,
2689,
534,
3518,
1535,
11,
198,
392,
2245,
345,
1804,
262,
1243,
345,
765,
284,
466,
13,
383,
922,
198,
10827,
318,
326,
612,
389,
2842,
284,
1037,
3511,
13,
198,
12,
12167,
546,
340,
13,
770,
460,
1037,
618,
262,
9751,
198,
8988,
422,
2274,
36539,
11,
588,
257,
5212,
4305,
11,
257,
1200,
5033,
198,
359,
393,
6078,
257,
1693,
13,
5338,
815,
345,
1561,
284,
30,
9993,
257,
1545,
393,
198,
43762,
508,
345,
3774,
290,
2461,
11,
290,
508,
318,
257,
922,
24783,
13,
198,
2990,
743,
423,
550,
262,
976,
1917,
2405,
11,
393,
760,
2130,
2073,
198,
12,
12189,
12,
16794,
2628,
13,
2312,
389,
257,
922,
835,
286,
198,
37210,
287,
3638,
351,
661,
508,
423,
2092,
2761,
13,
1119,
460,
198,
4625,
1481,
644,
345,
389,
1016,
832,
13,
1081,
880,
355,
1719,
262,
2863,
198,
1462,
1561,
11,
345,
743,
307,
1498,
284,
1064,
503,
703,
584,
661,
423,
198,
66,
19458,
13,
2773,
286,
777,
2628,
389,
5734,
546,
7296,
9545,
198,
392,
872,
672,
4448,
13,
12691,
743,
307,
329,
661,
508,
423,
587,
198,
9579,
2092,
6461,
532,
1466,
338,
2628,
11,
45303,
9586,
3397,
6,
198,
24432,
11,
13644,
286,
5076,
13,
198,
12,
18252,
284,
8960,
13,
632,
5238,
1165,
3489,
532,
198,
19532,
306,
2506,
460,
8960,
30,
887,
611,
534,
9751,
655,
1839,
470,
467,
1497,
11,
198,
270,
460,
307,
1107,
7613,
284,
2193,
617,
2041,
2842,
286,
28175,
11,
284,
198,
1350,
257,
1643,
517,
287,
1630,
286,
534,
9751,
290,
12097,
13,
921,
460,
2193,
198,
27218,
832,
2628,
11,
351,
11153,
11,
475,
612,
389,
198,
28116,
282,
3835,
290,
2116,
12,
16794,
5696,
345,
460,
779,
284,
4545,
198,
14108,
944,
13,
632,
338,
257,
922,
2126,
284,
3357,
34205,
7987,
11,
407,
198,
3137,
379,
1661,
286,
4902,
13,
198,
12,
8554,
257,
2116,
12,
16794,
1492,
13,
770,
2499,
880,
329,
198,
21834,
661,
13,
4042,
286,
262,
3835,
779,
262,
7811,
286,
38655,
198,
25267,
37716,
282,
30878,
357,
34,
19313,
8,
532,
766,
2174,
13,
198,
24094,
290,
2460,
198,
28211,
351,
35778,
9751,
393,
257,
872,
30665,
743,
407,
1561,
198,
10755,
511,
7666,
11,
772,
351,
1641,
393,
1969,
2460,
13,
3412,
523,
11,
198,
270,
318,
3221,
3489,
326,
1243,
389,
407,
826,
13,
383,
3027,
11882,
481,
198,
83,
437,
284,
804,
14005,
290,
20170,
11,
290,
743,
3538,
307,
36249,
416,
3487,
198,
82,
3733,
884,
355,
257,
3420,
12,
7923,
32333,
393,
257,
1097,
338,
12718,
13,
1119,
743,
307,
198,
343,
799,
540,
290,
428,
460,
2728,
7159,
351,
883,
1088,
606,
11,
198,
16480,
611,
484,
836,
470,
1833,
1521,
262,
1048,
5300,
326,
484,
198,
66,
34574,
466,
1728,
1243,
13,
4900,
2460,
290,
1641,
460,
198,
4625,
1481,
262,
17087,
286,
281,
18116,
1048,
11,
484,
460,
1064,
606,
198,
26069,
2249,
284,
2107,
351,
11,
2592,
611,
262,
3252,
2331,
198,
1532,
345,
423,
281,
9751,
1917,
543,
655,
1839,
470,
467,
1497,
11,
345,
743,
198,
1662,
1265,
329,
1037,
780,
345,
5490,
326,
661,
1244,
892,
326,
345,
198,
533,
366,
9937,
1911,
1119,
1839,
470,
13,
632,
338,
257,
2219,
2761,
290,
340,
338,
881,
1365,
198,
1462,
651,
1037,
2138,
621,
8659,
287,
9550,
13,
198,
12,
38655,
10407,
37716,
282,
30878,
198,
1212,
318,
257,
3375,
3513,
543,
460,
1037,
345,
284,
198,
4625,
1481,
703,
617,
286,
534,
705,
5976,
896,
286,
3612,
6,
460,
787,
9751,
198,
86,
7615,
532,
393,
772,
2728,
340,
532,
290,
284,
1282,
284,
2846,
351,
3840,
329,
198,
14108,
7296,
9545,
326,
345,
743,
407,
423,
20915,
3511,
13,
383,
198,
42487,
460,
1011,
1295,
287,
2628,
393,
17033,
11,
290,
318,
3221,
198,
45291,
329,
1811,
2745,
393,
1933,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
783,
257,
1271,
286,
3644,
23698,
543,
345,
460,
779,
198,
1462,
1577,
3511,
10078,
51,
13,
383,
2351,
5136,
329,
3893,
198,
392,
7276,
42525,
357,
45,
8476,
8,
4313,
257,
11383,
1444,
198,
1640,
13619,
393,
872,
30665,
13,
921,
460,
651,
428,
832,
534,
14714,
13,
198,
1532,
428,
318,
407,
1576,
11,
612,
389,
1811,
1180,
6982,
286,
198,
5577,
2521,
874,
508,
743,
307,
1498,
284,
1037,
532,
262,
14714,
11,
31207,
11,
198,
23947,
7451,
11,
1919,
8383,
11,
15849,
393,
2289,
7255,
273,
13,
7562,
847,
499,
1023,
198,
11261,
393,
743,
407,
307,
35031,
10617,
13,
198,
9921,
3299,
460,
711,
257,
636,
287,
262,
3513,
286,
617,
661,
351,
198,
272,
35753,
393,
872,
672,
4448,
11,
383,
749,
2219,
31882,
359,
21572,
389,
262,
198,
2100,
1505,
12,
2339,
5010,
11,
262,
39601,
375,
48826,
1127,
357,
1712,
198,
26738,
7213,
17255,
635,
5594,
284,
428,
1398,
286,
2563,
737,
1119,
389,
845,
198,
16803,
287,
15705,
1075,
9751,
11,
475,
484,
389,
635,
845,
28389,
198,
8499,
1440,
2745,
3218,
779,
13,
1649,
661,
1949,
284,
2245,
2263,
606,
11,
198,
9930,
743,
1998,
22029,
15220,
7460,
543,
460,
467,
319,
198,
1640,
617,
640,
13,
2312,
5010,
815,
691,
307,
973,
329,
1790,
9574,
11,
198,
23073,
510,
284,
362,
2745,
11,
3737,
284,
1037,
1141,
257,
4902,
13,
198,
12,
1119,
815,
407,
307,
973,
329,
2392,
12,
4354,
3513,
198,
12,
1119,
815,
407,
307,
973,
379,
477,
198,
259,
13619,
8967,
13,
198,
13217,
25895,
1187,
460,
1037,
198,
1462,
26958,
9751,
11,
355,
880,
355,
262,
8862,
329,
543,
484,
389,
198,
23073,
14798,
13,
1119,
3221,
1011,
362,
284,
604,
2745,
290,
423,
198,
1462,
307,
2077,
7987,
284,
670,
6105,
13,
1881,
286,
262,
15064,
6723,
7112,
198,
415,
25895,
1187,
561,
3221,
307,
3088,
717,
532,
611,
326,
318,
407,
198,
16794,
913,
11,
530,
286,
262,
4697,
491,
4611,
565,
291,
41587,
460,
307,
3088,
393,
198,
64,
15064,
41897,
1444,
9932,
75,
1878,
897,
500,
13,
198,
43303,
12,
9967,
364,
287,
1877,
16376,
460,
3360,
198,
13716,
262,
3518,
17275,
286,
9751,
13,
1119,
460,
307,
2077,
8972,
198,
19052,
3249,
661,
393,
878,
5486,
287,
1171,
11,
393,
1719,
284,
198,
45833,
1950,
326,
3254,
263,
7484,
1163,
1292,
271,
357,
2100,
263,
666,
8,
857,
407,
198,
325,
368,
284,
307,
7613,
287,
9751,
11,
3584,
6550,
1173,
10312,
664,
315,
270,
265,
198,
7,
16010,
442,
321,
296,
576,
8,
290,
24164,
198,
14406,
1292,
271,
357,
293,
2144,
3652,
76,
8,
705,
12860,
6991,
4458,
33503,
198,
76,
33077,
11268,
388,
357,
74,
4170,
8,
857,
1283,
284,
307,
4050,
11,
475,
318,
3058,
198,
65,
3577,
287,
262,
3482,
780,
286,
18572,
326,
340,
460,
2728,
14383,
198,
13828,
13820,
670,
1266,
30,
198,
464,
13820,
326,
1283,
284,
670,
329,
262,
14069,
640,
389,
11,
287,
198,
12,
10590,
9102,
357,
34,
19313,
8,
198,
12,
25702,
2770,
9102,
357,
272,
6723,
7112,
8,
198,
12,
2116,
12,
16794,
357,
12106,
1912,
319,
10078,
51,
7811,
737,
198,
2025,
35753,
290,
872,
672,
4448,
287,
1751,
198,
6943,
1751,
467,
832,
1661,
618,
484,
1254,
845,
24776,
198,
10755,
1243,
13,
632,
338,
257,
3487,
636,
286,
3957,
510,
13,
1114,
4554,
11,
257,
198,
83,
5088,
1754,
481,
307,
845,
7223,
284,
511,
3397,
393,
262,
661,
508,
198,
5460,
706,
606,
13,
8621,
10186,
422,
606,
11,
329,
597,
1738,
11,
460,
787,
198,
18855,
845,
18116,
290,
9247,
13,
198,
7085,
1751,
389,
12008,
286,
262,
3223,
393,
286,
26726,
198,
2144,
5937,
13,
2312,
10251,
3221,
10921,
355,
262,
1200,
13676,
198,
19892,
11,
475,
484,
466,
407,
3221,
20851,
262,
1200,
338,
1204,
393,
18135,
198,
4480,
511,
2478,
13,
4042,
481,
1254,
18116,
546,
1593,
198,
31534,
588,
511,
717,
1110,
379,
1524,
13,
4874,
340,
318,
625,
11,
262,
1200,
198,
301,
2840,
852,
24776,
290,
318,
1498,
284,
651,
319,
290,
2883,
262,
649,
198,
45639,
10321,
1690,
1254,
18116,
13,
1119,
4327,
284,
307,
7960,
546,
703,
198,
9930,
804,
11,
644,
584,
661,
892,
286,
606,
11,
703,
484,
651,
319,
351,
198,
15332,
287,
2276,
11,
475,
2592,
546,
14583,
1969,
198,
39468,
5748,
13,
2312,
18572,
460,
3221,
307,
4193,
416,
3375,
198,
10755,
606,
13,
2102,
11,
611,
484,
389,
1165,
1913,
11,
584,
661,
743,
198,
42138,
326,
484,
389,
1804,
11234,
379,
1524,
11,
37722,
10338,
11,
198,
273,
4203,
10170,
555,
4053,
13,
198,
1532,
257,
1200,
393,
15287,
5300,
523,
18116,
393,
26844,
326,
340,
318,
198,
2777,
78,
4386,
511,
1204,
11,
340,
338,
257,
922,
1517,
284,
1265,
534,
14714,
329,
198,
12621,
489,
500,
25,
8487,
30272,
767,
2425,
767,
4524,
13,
37575,
7042,
1542,
812,
2084,
416,
257,
3027,
11882,
198,
1659,
556,
273,
6570,
30665,
329,
883,
5676,
416,
9751,
11916,
13,
198,
25631,
5396,
329,
10407,
37716,
282,
198,
392,
38655,
7562,
847,
499,
444,
357,
4339,
2749,
47,
8,
198,
19242,
257,
3482,
7881,
286,
37237,
198,
12621,
489,
500,
25,
657,
7410,
21503,
807,
39121,
13,
2351,
30801,
329,
1380,
672,
4448,
837,
48276,
11,
13782,
13429,
11,
6188,
290,
7276,
13,
7929,
329,
3027,
19288,
286,
34478,
198,
8086,
4595,
11,
1380,
672,
4448,
11,
11086,
408,
425,
3082,
22220,
31162,
11,
3611,
1417,
198,
2025,
35753,
31162,
290,
833,
26184,
359,
5847,
2080,
19334,
282,
13,
198,
12,
3827,
4976,
48276,
416,
22695,
7148,
1008,
1636,
11,
198,
3103,
31284,
1222,
12652,
198,
12,
3827,
4976,
48276,
11,
36957,
290,
34478,
25,
317,
10579,
38662,
38066,
416,
198,
15645,
6484,
11,
45623,
4332,
198,
12,
18571,
262,
16132,
290,
2141,
632,
21836,
416,
14919,
5502,
364,
11,
198,
12,
3827,
4976,
34478,
290,
2449,
273,
6570,
30665,
416,
32979,
4243,
659,
290,
49219,
11729,
198,
5124,
291,
615,
292,
32452,
11,
42077,
1222,
12652,
198,
12,
34478,
24647,
25,
1867,
1119,
4231,
11,
4162,
1119,
18321,
268,
290,
1867,
921,
1680,
198,
5211,
7994,
26460,
416,
26088,
44211,
11,
12686,
49645,
198,
12,
1052,
22395,
284,
6955,
278,
351,
1380,
672,
4448,
416,
49495,
25316,
11,
198,
3103,
31284,
1222,
12652,
13,
198,
11146,
2691,
10078,
51,
4133,
198,
14662,
284,
262,
6462,
25,
3232,
2691,
1204,
4678,
1781,
198,
1640,
661,
4203,
36233,
290,
511,
1337,
3808,
13,
5053,
862,
345,
198,
4625,
1481,
1521,
345,
1254,
355,
345,
466,
290,
787,
2458,
287,
534,
198,
28973,
11,
4568,
11,
3993,
290,
6958,
13,
198,
12,
16132,
37,
4799,
25,
357,
5787,
198,
15526,
460,
691,
307,
14798,
416,
534,
6253,
287,
4492,
290,
198,
12,
27883,
8121,
11,
327,
13,
357,
13330,
8,
34478,
8967,
13,
29944,
41,
25,
41423,
25,
198,
12,
17154,
11,
317,
13,
357,
11528,
8,
383,
4165,
1337,
4542,
198,
1659,
9751,
290,
8862,
25,
257,
14714,
447,
247,
82,
6650,
13,
8007,
1817,
287,
46404,
21415,
11,
1478,
25,
9661,
12,
13348,
13,
198,
12,
38129,
11,
412,
13,
357,
12726,
8,
2332,
6893,
29604,
329,
8862,
290,
9751,
13,
198,
22856,
1817,
287,
46404,
21415,
11,
1511,
11,
34465,
1906,
33400,
13,
198,
7,
21339,
2813,
8,
3611,
1417,
9751,
8967,
290,
13619,
8967,
198,
7,
4480,
393,
1231,
556,
273,
6570,
30665,
2599,
8549,
287,
4165,
11,
9233,
290,
198,
28158,
1337,
25,
12029,
20984,
10005,
13,
198,
7,
11528,
8,
13851,
1417,
10870,
9172,
9102,
329,
8862,
290,
198,
272,
35753,
13,
6602,
286,
8987,
2034,
430,
28456,
6885,
13,
2351,
5136,
329,
198,
18081,
290,
21234,
42525,
25,
3576,
13,
198,
12,
311,
533,
268,
11,
449,
13,
2123,
435,
357,
13330,
8,
46454,
290,
3595,
198,
13237,
286,
1204,
3917,
351,
401,
273,
14065,
9751,
11916,
290,
198,
42854,
3403,
13,
22275,
286,
18628,
11558,
11,
26753,
11,
198,
12,
4746,
11,
317,
1539,
27905,
11,
317,
13,
1222,
18918,
11,
509,
13,
198,
7,
14585,
8,
3738,
25895,
415,
5010,
287,
262,
3513,
286,
9751,
11916,
13,
198,
22856,
1817,
287,
46404,
21415,
11,
767,
11,
25829,
1906,
32568,
13,
198,
1212,
12835,
1616,
373,
4635,
416,
262,
8111,
5535,
286,
198,
31923,
5375,
37326,
6,
5094,
7868,
39525,
5926,
13,
198,
27996,
5464,
25,
1583,
14576,
5045,
907,
198,
3109,
11766,
2423,
25,
1583,
3362,
198,
21478,
44027,
416,
6706,
11768,
26,
7324,
13,
17946,
2305,
13,
1073,
13,
2724,
198,
1212,
12835,
1616,
12497,
262,
1266,
1695,
2370,
1695,
379,
198,
1169,
640,
286,
3597,
13,
198,
16224,
3035,
2211,
13,
14444,
329,
2423,
3035,
1853,
13,
393,
2423,
13,
8111,
198,
38951,
286,
26357,
37326,
13,
1212,
12835,
1616,
743,
307,
15680,
11,
198,
49695,
503,
11,
49857,
404,
798,
290,
9387,
1479,
286,
3877,
355,
890,
355,
198,
1169,
8111,
5535,
286,
26357,
37326,
318,
6105,
18141,
290,
645,
198,
9183,
8618,
422,
663,
779,
13,
2448,
3411,
284,
22919,
340,
287,
597,
584,
198,
1014,
1276,
307,
6492,
422,
262,
7123,
286,
40865,
13,
198,
22437,
407,
1249,
1128,
455,
278,
286,
663,
48409,
319,
584,
5043,
11,
475,
198,
47205,
606,
284,
307,
6692,
3264,
13,
198,
1890,
257,
34614,
286,
1171,
3707,
5696,
393,
9088,
286,
674,
198,
33201,
5289,
2800,
25,
14697,
5289,
2732,
198,
41861,
5535,
286,
26357,
37326,
11,
1596,
10952,
5758,
198,
48011,
11,
3576,
12672,
16,
55,
807,
6968,
11,
44735,
25,
657,
1238,
767,
22370,
2242,
4349,
2124,
198,
1925,
6806,
9352,
1271,
357,
39163,
290,
11769,
8,
362,
27033,
2623,
198,
392,
287,
8838,
6374,
15,
2548,
30803,
13,
198,
5492,
3465,
326,
356,
389,
5906,
284,
2897,
5608,
319,
1981,
2663,
13,
4222,
766,
674,
198,
324,
28281,
319,
1972,
1037,
13,
198,
5492,
3280,
262,
1708,
2683,
290,
1803,
705,
46002,
6,
284,
3758,
534,
7429,
6375,
198,
36,
12,
4529,
534,
9109,
284,
717,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
198,
2202,
1123,
1627,
11,
3904,
319,
262,
1317,
543,
749,
7173,
12497,
703,
345,
1254,
546,
262,
198,
26090,
287,
262,
1364,
1021,
5721,
13,
198,
7120,
7429,
481,
1037,
514,
284,
787,
428,
12835,
1616,
517,
4465,
532,
3387,
1949,
284,
2494,
198,
11633,
345,
804,
379,
428,
12835,
1616,
780,
345,
389,
257,
357,
47033,
286,
362,
9376,
3387,
2599,
198,
23396,
1448,
357,
29688,
4378,
3376,
3091,
8,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 3,709 |
If you look back on your own days as a student, you can recall with ease teachers who made learning fun. You wanted to be in their classes. Best of all, you were certain that those teachers liked you and missed you on those days when you had to be absent. If you succeed at nothing else in your career, you should aim to create that same effect on your students. What makes certain teachers gifted? Charisma. According to a standard definition, charisma is "a unique personal power belonging to those individuals who secure the allegiance of large numbers of people." Fortunately, classroom charisma is a learned trait. It is something that you should begin working on the first day you teach to your last.
How do you rate your classroom charisma? How do you create an environment in your classroom in which your students are made to feel that they are accepted and necessary to the proper functioning of the class? How do you create a nurturing, and positive climate in your classroom? Be specific. For example, I smile and greet students as they come into the classroom. I use questioning techniques that engage all students. My lessons are packed with a variety of interesting activities. I dress professionally. I use techniques that appeal to all of my students' learning styles. I establish procedures and routines and stick to them. | [
1532,
345,
804,
736,
319,
534,
898,
1528,
355,
257,
3710,
11,
345,
460,
10014,
351,
10152,
7799,
508,
925,
4673,
1257,
13,
921,
2227,
284,
307,
287,
511,
6097,
13,
6705,
286,
477,
11,
345,
547,
1728,
326,
883,
7799,
8288,
345,
290,
6825,
345,
319,
883,
1528,
618,
345,
550,
284,
307,
13717,
13,
1002,
345,
6758,
379,
2147,
2073,
287,
534,
3451,
11,
345,
815,
4031,
284,
2251,
326,
976,
1245,
319,
534,
2444,
13,
1867,
1838,
1728,
7799,
22527,
30,
44859,
13,
4784,
284,
257,
3210,
6770,
11,
45581,
318,
366,
64,
3748,
2614,
1176,
16686,
284,
883,
3925,
508,
5713,
262,
25696,
286,
1588,
3146,
286,
661,
526,
20525,
11,
15806,
45581,
318,
257,
4499,
16708,
13,
632,
318,
1223,
326,
345,
815,
2221,
1762,
319,
262,
717,
1110,
345,
4545,
284,
534,
938,
13,
198,
2437,
466,
345,
2494,
534,
15806,
45581,
30,
1374,
466,
345,
2251,
281,
2858,
287,
534,
15806,
287,
543,
534,
2444,
389,
925,
284,
1254,
326,
484,
389,
6292,
290,
3306,
284,
262,
1774,
15025,
286,
262,
1398,
30,
1374,
466,
345,
2251,
257,
47416,
11,
290,
3967,
4258,
287,
534,
15806,
30,
1355,
2176,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
314,
8212,
290,
12589,
2444,
355,
484,
1282,
656,
262,
15806,
13,
314,
779,
14085,
7605,
326,
8209,
477,
2444,
13,
2011,
11658,
389,
11856,
351,
257,
4996,
286,
3499,
4568,
13,
314,
6576,
28049,
13,
314,
779,
7605,
326,
5198,
284,
477,
286,
616,
2444,
6,
4673,
12186,
13,
314,
4474,
9021,
290,
31878,
290,
4859,
284,
606,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 261 |
Learn All Year Long
ReadWriteThink has a variety of resources for out-of-school use. Visit our Parent & Afterschool Resources section to learn more.
Telling My Story: Make a Bio-Cube
|Grades||3 – 5|
|Activity Time||20 to 30 minutes to create and construct the cube, plus time to write and discuss|
The Bio-Cube tool asks children to describe a person using key pieces of information. Constructing an “All About Me” cube gives children a chance to share interesting details and thoughts about themselves, including their biggest obstacles and important quotations. Get into the spirit by making a Bio-Cube about yourself before sharing the activity. Children can also use the cubes as the basis for a short writing task.
Successful students can do more than just understand what they’ve read; they can also boil it down to the essential information. The Bio-Cube tool helps children condense what they want to say about themselves. The cube activity also offers a chance for self-discovery, allowing children to see how complex they are.
This activity was modified from the ReadWriteThink lesson plan “Getting to Know You: Developing Short Biographies to Build Community.” | [
20238,
1439,
6280,
5882,
198,
5569,
16594,
22073,
468,
257,
4996,
286,
4133,
329,
503,
12,
1659,
12,
14347,
779,
13,
16440,
674,
16774,
1222,
2293,
14347,
13864,
2665,
284,
2193,
517,
13,
198,
51,
9417,
2011,
8362,
25,
6889,
257,
16024,
12,
29071,
198,
91,
8642,
2367,
15886,
18,
784,
642,
91,
198,
91,
16516,
3862,
15886,
1238,
284,
1542,
2431,
284,
2251,
290,
5678,
262,
23441,
11,
5556,
640,
284,
3551,
290,
2112,
91,
198,
464,
16024,
12,
29071,
2891,
7893,
1751,
284,
6901,
257,
1048,
1262,
1994,
5207,
286,
1321,
13,
28407,
278,
281,
564,
250,
3237,
7994,
2185,
447,
251,
23441,
3607,
1751,
257,
2863,
284,
2648,
3499,
3307,
290,
6066,
546,
2405,
11,
1390,
511,
4094,
17648,
290,
1593,
50056,
13,
3497,
656,
262,
4437,
416,
1642,
257,
16024,
12,
29071,
546,
3511,
878,
7373,
262,
3842,
13,
8990,
460,
635,
779,
262,
34896,
355,
262,
4308,
329,
257,
1790,
3597,
4876,
13,
198,
33244,
913,
2444,
460,
466,
517,
621,
655,
1833,
644,
484,
447,
247,
303,
1100,
26,
484,
460,
635,
20667,
340,
866,
284,
262,
6393,
1321,
13,
383,
16024,
12,
29071,
2891,
5419,
1751,
1779,
1072,
644,
484,
765,
284,
910,
546,
2405,
13,
383,
23441,
3842,
635,
4394,
257,
2863,
329,
2116,
12,
67,
40821,
11,
5086,
1751,
284,
766,
703,
3716,
484,
389,
13,
198,
1212,
3842,
373,
9518,
422,
262,
4149,
16594,
22073,
11483,
1410,
564,
250,
20570,
284,
9365,
921,
25,
6013,
278,
10073,
8436,
41480,
284,
10934,
8108,
13,
447,
251,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 256 |
The thirty-third day of the Omer, is a festival known by the phonetic sound of the number thirty-three in Hebrew, Lag b’Omer. Bonfires are lit and ecstatic dancing and mystical studies are undertaken in honor of the memory of the luminary of Jewish mysticism, Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai, known by the acronym Rashbi.
Rashbi is recorded as having died on day of the thirty-third day of the Omer after telling the secrets of his mystical practices. He is traditionally considered to be the author of the primary Jewish mystical text, the Zohar, which means radiance. And that very text says that Rabbi Shimom and his home were filled with a dramatic radiance while he shared his final secrets on the day of his death. The many teachings we have in his name shed light to this day on practices which support a core tenet of Judaism: our capacity to evolve as people; which is why special customs for children and families also prevail on this day including: | [
464,
12277,
12,
17089,
1110,
286,
262,
440,
647,
11,
318,
257,
10876,
1900,
416,
262,
32896,
5139,
2128,
286,
262,
1271,
12277,
12,
15542,
287,
16505,
11,
21003,
275,
447,
247,
46,
647,
13,
7979,
27312,
389,
6578,
290,
45782,
15360,
290,
29746,
3640,
389,
21846,
287,
7522,
286,
262,
4088,
286,
262,
46390,
3219,
286,
5582,
37311,
1042,
11,
31807,
911,
20473,
2318,
575,
1219,
1872,
11,
1900,
416,
262,
38787,
27620,
8482,
13,
198,
49,
1077,
8482,
318,
6264,
355,
1719,
3724,
319,
1110,
286,
262,
12277,
12,
17089,
1110,
286,
262,
440,
647,
706,
5149,
262,
13141,
286,
465,
29746,
6593,
13,
679,
318,
16083,
3177,
284,
307,
262,
1772,
286,
262,
4165,
5582,
29746,
2420,
11,
262,
1168,
1219,
283,
11,
543,
1724,
2511,
3610,
13,
843,
326,
845,
2420,
1139,
326,
31807,
31698,
296,
290,
465,
1363,
547,
5901,
351,
257,
10092,
2511,
3610,
981,
339,
4888,
465,
2457,
13141,
319,
262,
1110,
286,
465,
1918,
13,
383,
867,
19564,
356,
423,
287,
465,
1438,
14999,
1657,
284,
428,
1110,
319,
6593,
543,
1104,
257,
4755,
3478,
316,
286,
26976,
25,
674,
5339,
284,
18101,
355,
661,
26,
543,
318,
1521,
2041,
17112,
329,
1751,
290,
4172,
635,
28615,
319,
428,
1110,
1390,
25,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 211 |
Pakistan’s National Mammal Is Making A Comeback
The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) announced today that the markhor – a majestic wild goat species – is making a remarkable comeback in Pakistan due to conservation efforts.
WCS-led community surveys have revealed that markhor populations in northern Pakistan’s Kargah region in Gilgit-Baltistan have increased from a low of approximately 40-50 individuals in 1991 to roughly 300 this year. These community surveys suggest that the total markhor population where WCS works in Gilgit-Baltistan may now be as high as 1,500 animals, a dramatic increase since the last government estimate of less than 1,000 in 1999.
Pakistan’s national mammal, markhor are known for their spectacular, corkscrew horns that can reach nearly five feet in length. They are an important prey species for large carnivores such as wolves and snow leopards. Markhor have been listed as Endangered by IUCN since 1994, with a 2008 global population estimate of less than 2,500 animals across five countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and India. They are threatened by illegal hunting, habitat destruction, and competition from domestic goats and sheep.
“We are thrilled that markhor conservation efforts in Pakistan are paying off,” said Peter Zahler, WCS Deputy Director of Asia programs. “Markhor are part of Pakistan’s natural heritage, and we are proud to be assisting the communities of Gilgit-Baltistan and the Government of Pakistan to safeguard this iconic species.”
WCS, led by Program Manager Mayoor Khan, has developed a conservation program that helps create community conservation committees and trains wildlife rangers throughout Gilgit-Baltistan. Rangers focus on monitoring wildlife and enforcing both local and national laws and regulations related to hunting and other resource use. Illegal hunting and logging have stopped in most of the valleys where the community rangers are active. WCS has been the only conservation organization working in Diamer District of GB since the program’s inception in 1997.
Altogether, there are now 53 community conservation committees within the WCS Pakistan program covering four districts. WCS has helped many of these committees form a larger conservation institution, the Mountain Conservation and Development Programme, which brings together members from each committee with government officials to help co-manage the region’s wildlife and forests.
WCS has recently developed a new management structure called “markhor conservancies” that use markhor herd home ranges to link different village resource committees together for coordinated monitoring and protection. This ensures that markhor are safeguarded as they travel across steep-sided mountains into different areas.
WCS has been active in research and conservation of markhor dating back to Dr. George Schaller’s seminal field work in the 1970s that led to the publication of the book Mountain Monarchs in 1977. WCS opened the Pakistan Country Program in 1997 aimed at helping communities protect markhor and other wildlife in the region such as snow leopards and Asiatic black bear. WCS also works on markhor conservation in Afghanistan.
On The Net: | [
38485,
447,
247,
82,
2351,
39502,
282,
1148,
16427,
317,
7911,
1891,
198,
464,
18006,
23702,
7023,
357,
54,
7902,
8,
3414,
1909,
326,
262,
1317,
17899,
784,
257,
45308,
4295,
26917,
4693,
784,
318,
1642,
257,
11004,
21933,
287,
7648,
2233,
284,
14903,
4040,
13,
198,
54,
7902,
12,
992,
2055,
16255,
423,
4602,
326,
1317,
17899,
9684,
287,
7840,
7648,
447,
247,
82,
509,
853,
993,
3814,
287,
10689,
18300,
12,
41312,
4103,
423,
3220,
422,
257,
1877,
286,
6702,
2319,
12,
1120,
3925,
287,
10249,
284,
7323,
5867,
428,
614,
13,
2312,
2055,
16255,
1950,
326,
262,
2472,
1317,
17899,
3265,
810,
45410,
2499,
287,
10689,
18300,
12,
41312,
4103,
743,
783,
307,
355,
1029,
355,
352,
11,
4059,
4695,
11,
257,
10092,
2620,
1201,
262,
938,
1230,
8636,
286,
1342,
621,
352,
11,
830,
287,
7358,
13,
198,
38485,
447,
247,
82,
2260,
46103,
11,
1317,
17899,
389,
1900,
329,
511,
15013,
11,
1162,
591,
42276,
26771,
326,
460,
3151,
3016,
1936,
3625,
287,
4129,
13,
1119,
389,
281,
1593,
15974,
4693,
329,
1588,
41919,
2850,
884,
355,
23214,
290,
6729,
443,
404,
1371,
13,
2940,
17899,
423,
587,
5610,
355,
5268,
19041,
416,
314,
9598,
45,
1201,
9162,
11,
351,
257,
3648,
3298,
3265,
8636,
286,
1342,
621,
362,
11,
4059,
4695,
1973,
1936,
2678,
25,
7648,
11,
8037,
11,
32490,
1134,
4103,
11,
42619,
4103,
11,
290,
3794,
13,
1119,
389,
8556,
416,
5293,
10988,
11,
20018,
8166,
11,
290,
5449,
422,
5928,
35199,
290,
15900,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1135,
389,
20536,
326,
1317,
17899,
14903,
4040,
287,
7648,
389,
5989,
572,
11,
447,
251,
531,
5613,
49063,
1754,
11,
45410,
15110,
5890,
286,
7229,
4056,
13,
564,
250,
9704,
17899,
389,
636,
286,
7648,
447,
247,
82,
3288,
15012,
11,
290,
356,
389,
6613,
284,
307,
26508,
262,
5348,
286,
10689,
18300,
12,
41312,
4103,
290,
262,
5070,
286,
7648,
284,
30925,
428,
14133,
4693,
13,
447,
251,
198,
54,
7902,
11,
2957,
416,
6118,
9142,
1737,
2675,
11356,
11,
468,
4166,
257,
14903,
1430,
326,
5419,
2251,
2055,
14903,
17460,
290,
13404,
15599,
374,
6606,
3690,
10689,
18300,
12,
41312,
4103,
13,
13804,
2962,
319,
9904,
15599,
290,
26587,
1111,
1957,
290,
2260,
3657,
290,
6647,
3519,
284,
10988,
290,
584,
8271,
779,
13,
42272,
10988,
290,
18931,
423,
5025,
287,
749,
286,
262,
43088,
810,
262,
2055,
374,
6606,
389,
4075,
13,
45410,
468,
587,
262,
691,
14903,
4009,
1762,
287,
360,
1789,
263,
5665,
286,
13124,
1201,
262,
1430,
447,
247,
82,
30839,
287,
8309,
13,
198,
29161,
8236,
11,
612,
389,
783,
7192,
2055,
14903,
17460,
1626,
262,
45410,
7648,
1430,
9505,
1440,
12815,
13,
45410,
468,
4193,
867,
286,
777,
17460,
1296,
257,
4025,
14903,
9901,
11,
262,
9638,
23702,
290,
7712,
35232,
11,
543,
6774,
1978,
1866,
422,
1123,
5583,
351,
1230,
2828,
284,
1037,
763,
12,
805,
496,
262,
3814,
447,
247,
82,
15599,
290,
17039,
13,
198,
54,
7902,
468,
2904,
4166,
257,
649,
4542,
4645,
1444,
564,
250,
4102,
17899,
4055,
16183,
447,
251,
326,
779,
1317,
17899,
27638,
1363,
16069,
284,
2792,
1180,
7404,
8271,
17460,
1978,
329,
22080,
9904,
290,
4800,
13,
770,
19047,
326,
1317,
17899,
389,
17937,
10676,
355,
484,
3067,
1973,
14559,
12,
22339,
12269,
656,
1180,
3006,
13,
198,
54,
7902,
468,
587,
4075,
287,
2267,
290,
14903,
286,
1317,
17899,
10691,
736,
284,
1583,
13,
4502,
3059,
439,
263,
447,
247,
82,
38915,
2214,
670,
287,
262,
8069,
82,
326,
2957,
284,
262,
9207,
286,
262,
1492,
9638,
2892,
34592,
287,
15589,
13,
45410,
4721,
262,
7648,
12946,
6118,
287,
8309,
8998,
379,
5742,
5348,
1805,
1317,
17899,
290,
584,
15599,
287,
262,
3814,
884,
355,
6729,
443,
404,
1371,
290,
1081,
72,
1512,
2042,
6842,
13,
45410,
635,
2499,
319,
1317,
17899,
14903,
287,
8037,
13,
198,
2202,
383,
3433,
25,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 647 |
How to Animate Photos
While several computer programs allow you to turn still photographic images into animated films, the process is also possible using simple handheld devices. Optical toys popular in the 19th century brought to life still photographic images. The thaumatrope (a card that spins), flip book, and zoetrope (a drum that spins) depend on the persistence of vision to blend individual images, thereby creating the illusion of continuous motion.
In our web resources, How to Make a Zoetrope provides detailed information to build a zoetrope drum and animation strips. You can watch examples of thaumatropes and flpbooks in Photographic Flip Books and Photographic Thaumatropes, and can view historic and contemporary stereo cards in Stereo Cards.
The Reframing Photography book provides step-by-step instructions for making thaumatropes and flip books. For additional resources and examples of pre-cinematic animation devices, check out the Pre-Cinematic Animation Devices page in our Resources > Topics section of this website. | [
2437,
284,
1052,
1920,
9434,
198,
3633,
1811,
3644,
4056,
1249,
345,
284,
1210,
991,
35788,
4263,
656,
15108,
7328,
11,
262,
1429,
318,
635,
1744,
1262,
2829,
33811,
4410,
13,
49593,
14958,
2968,
287,
262,
678,
400,
4289,
3181,
284,
1204,
991,
35788,
4263,
13,
383,
294,
26043,
47756,
431,
357,
64,
2657,
326,
37621,
828,
14283,
1492,
11,
290,
40565,
316,
305,
431,
357,
64,
13026,
326,
37621,
8,
4745,
319,
262,
30802,
286,
5761,
284,
13516,
1981,
4263,
11,
12839,
4441,
262,
17878,
286,
12948,
6268,
13,
198,
818,
674,
3992,
4133,
11,
1374,
284,
6889,
257,
31645,
316,
305,
431,
3769,
6496,
1321,
284,
1382,
257,
40565,
316,
305,
431,
13026,
290,
11034,
22670,
13,
921,
460,
2342,
6096,
286,
294,
26043,
265,
1773,
274,
290,
781,
79,
12106,
287,
5919,
6826,
29583,
13661,
290,
5919,
6826,
536,
26043,
265,
1773,
274,
11,
290,
460,
1570,
9566,
290,
11811,
24820,
4116,
287,
520,
32934,
15824,
13,
198,
464,
6524,
859,
278,
32461,
1492,
3769,
2239,
12,
1525,
12,
9662,
7729,
329,
1642,
294,
26043,
265,
1773,
274,
290,
14283,
3835,
13,
1114,
3224,
4133,
290,
6096,
286,
662,
12,
66,
7749,
1512,
11034,
4410,
11,
2198,
503,
262,
3771,
12,
34,
7749,
1512,
23535,
29362,
2443,
287,
674,
13864,
1875,
34440,
2665,
286,
428,
3052,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 221 |
ABSTRACT - DELIVERABLE 196
Report on the restoration success of two lowland streams following re-meandering projects
Lowland streams are characterised by a gentle slope of terrain (zero to five per mill) and sandy soil. They occur in the flat lowland areas of the Western European plain. Lowland streams are fed by rainwater; they often lack a well-defined source. Thus, their discharge shows a smoothed relation with the amount and frequency of precipitation in the various seasons.
Lowland streams occur in the eastern and southern part of the Netherlands. Their current velocity varies from 5-30 cm s-1 in summer and early autumn and from 30-60 cm s-1 in late autumn to spring. Often the rainwater fed upper courses dry up in summer, though sometimes they are fed by a helocrene spring and then show a more constant discharge pattern (Verdonschot, 1990).
After a long period of adapting lowland streams and their catchments to agricultural, domestic, drinking water and industrial needs, awareness of the damages of these alterations has increased. In the Netherlands, only about 4% of the streams still have a natural hydro-morphology. On the last ten years, the ecological importance of streams has become more and more apparent.
Currently, stream restoration is one of the answers to the lowland stream deterioration. In order to make the proper choices in stream restoration; one firstly has to understand the complex spatial and temporal interactions between physical, chemical and biological components. The success of restoration depends on steering the appropriate key factor(s). Whichever factor this is, differs for each stream and each site.
To provide a more detailed idea of the status of the ecological effects of lowland stream restoration projects a pragmatic approach is to analyse current project. This means learning by doing!. The examples analysed examples represent an average overview of stream restoration in The Netherlands. They make clear what can be expected looking more in detail at the positive and negative aspects from an ecological point of view.
Download deliverable report [82 kB] | [
6242,
18601,
10659,
532,
28163,
38757,
17534,
28817,
198,
19100,
319,
262,
19414,
1943,
286,
734,
1877,
1044,
15190,
1708,
302,
12,
1326,
42454,
4493,
198,
20535,
1044,
15190,
389,
2095,
1417,
416,
257,
10296,
22638,
286,
15510,
357,
22570,
284,
1936,
583,
3939,
8,
290,
44039,
9260,
13,
1119,
3051,
287,
262,
6228,
1877,
1044,
3006,
286,
262,
4885,
3427,
8631,
13,
7754,
1044,
15190,
389,
11672,
416,
6290,
7050,
26,
484,
1690,
3092,
257,
880,
12,
23211,
2723,
13,
6660,
11,
511,
17655,
2523,
257,
32746,
704,
8695,
351,
262,
2033,
290,
8373,
286,
32025,
287,
262,
2972,
7028,
13,
198,
20535,
1044,
15190,
3051,
287,
262,
10183,
290,
8372,
636,
286,
262,
12671,
13,
5334,
1459,
15432,
17806,
422,
642,
12,
1270,
12067,
264,
12,
16,
287,
3931,
290,
1903,
23608,
290,
422,
1542,
12,
1899,
12067,
264,
12,
16,
287,
2739,
23608,
284,
6076,
13,
18023,
262,
6290,
7050,
11672,
6727,
10902,
5894,
510,
287,
3931,
11,
996,
3360,
484,
389,
11672,
416,
257,
932,
420,
25924,
6076,
290,
788,
905,
257,
517,
6937,
17655,
3912,
357,
13414,
67,
684,
354,
313,
11,
6303,
737,
198,
3260,
257,
890,
2278,
286,
35135,
1877,
1044,
15190,
290,
511,
4929,
902,
284,
14240,
11,
5928,
11,
7722,
1660,
290,
7593,
2476,
11,
9359,
286,
262,
12616,
286,
777,
29858,
468,
3220,
13,
554,
262,
12671,
11,
691,
546,
604,
4,
286,
262,
15190,
991,
423,
257,
3288,
17173,
12,
24503,
1435,
13,
1550,
262,
938,
3478,
812,
11,
262,
25047,
6817,
286,
15190,
468,
1716,
517,
290,
517,
4156,
13,
198,
21327,
11,
4269,
19414,
318,
530,
286,
262,
7429,
284,
262,
1877,
1044,
4269,
38495,
13,
554,
1502,
284,
787,
262,
1774,
7747,
287,
4269,
19414,
26,
530,
717,
306,
468,
284,
1833,
262,
3716,
21739,
290,
21964,
12213,
1022,
3518,
11,
5931,
290,
10685,
6805,
13,
383,
1943,
286,
19414,
8338,
319,
19702,
262,
5035,
1994,
5766,
7,
82,
737,
854,
22617,
5766,
428,
318,
11,
24242,
329,
1123,
4269,
290,
1123,
2524,
13,
198,
2514,
2148,
257,
517,
6496,
2126,
286,
262,
3722,
286,
262,
25047,
3048,
286,
1877,
1044,
4269,
19414,
4493,
257,
33119,
3164,
318,
284,
39552,
1459,
1628,
13,
770,
1724,
4673,
416,
1804,
43179,
383,
6096,
34763,
6096,
2380,
281,
2811,
16700,
286,
4269,
19414,
287,
383,
12671,
13,
1119,
787,
1598,
644,
460,
307,
2938,
2045,
517,
287,
3703,
379,
262,
3967,
290,
4633,
7612,
422,
281,
25047,
966,
286,
1570,
13,
198,
10002,
5203,
540,
989,
685,
6469,
479,
33,
60,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 423 |
THE BAN ON
Anti-personnel landmines are an insidious weapon of war. They are simple and cheap
to produce, costing only about $30.00 U.S. to manufacture. They either maim or kill anyone
who steps on one. They remain active for decades. They keep on injuring and killing people
long after the war has ended.
They are usually buried underground or left above ground, camouflaged. When tripped,
the resultant explosion will often either slice off the victims limbs or cause sufficient
injury to require the amputation of one or more limbs.
Some facts about landmines:
|The U.S. campaign to eliminate landmines estimates that there are up to 70 million
landmines scattered throughout 68 countries.|
|About 26,000 people are killed or maimed each year. This is one injury or death every 20
|Children under the age of 15 form about 30 to 40% of the casualties.|
|Countries with significant numbers of uncleared mines include: Afghanistan,
Angola, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Germany,
Guatemala, Honduras, Jordan, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Somalia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe.|
|Hurricane Mitch in late 1998 flooded much of the land in Nicaragua. This has moved
landmines left over from the Contra wars in the 1980's from their original locations and
scattered them around the countryside. Often, they have become covered with mud and are
now very difficult to detect.|
|China and Russia are the main manufacturers of landmines.|
|The process of de-mining will take many decades.
Signing of the landmine treaty:
The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution in 1996 calling for
vigorous pursuit of negotiations on a ban treaty "as soon as possible."
The landmine treaty, popularly known as "The Ottawa Treaty" was drawn
up in 1997-DEC. It bans the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel
landmines. "The 1997 Mine Ban Treaty...comprehensively bans all antipersonnel
mines, requires destruction of stockpiled mines within four years, requires
destruction of mines already in the ground within ten years and urges extensive programs
to assist the victims of landmines." 3
By the end of 1999-FEB, 134 nations had signed the treaty. This includes most of the
countries of the world, including Canada, France, Germany, Nicaragua, South Africa, the
United Kingdom, and Vatican City. The few nations that have not signed the treaty include
China, Iran, South Korea, Pakistan, Turkey, the United States and Yugoslavia. All of the
countries in NATO except for the U.S. and Turkey have signed the treaty. 67 nations had
ratified the treaty by 1999-FEB-28.
1998-DEC-30 was chosen to be a national call-in day to persuade President Clinton to sign
the treaty. 1 Marissa Vitagliano, is the coordinator of the U.S.
Campaign to Ban landmines, a coalition of over 300 groups. He asked that people:
"Put calls into the president. Demonstrate that we haven't forgotten the
issue. Say that we want him to sign now." Although the national call-in
day has passed, interested individuals can still call the White House comment line at
(202) 456-1111 or send e-mails to [email protected]
Implementation of the landmine treaty:
The Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty came into effect throughout most of the world on
1999-MAR-1. The biggest bell-ringing event in history occurred at noon on that day, as
churches around the world ring their bells. 2 Churches in
Brazil, France, Italy, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom had agreed to celebrate. The
International Campaign to Ban LandMines brought on-line churches from other countries.
Rebecca Larson, secretary for research and development education at the Lutheran
World Federation's (LWF) headquarters in Geneva, commented on 1999-FEB-17: "There's
a very active campaign in the U.S., and on March 1 there will be pressure on President
[Bill] Clinton for the US to sign...Throughout the past five years there has been
a significant spiritual element in the campaign, and at the intergovernmental meetings
regarding the treaty there has been ecumenical and interfaith prayer for the ban on
land-mines, for the de-miners, and for the victims and survivors of land-mines."
Over 1,000 non-governmental organizations have formed the International Campaign. More
than a third of these are faith groups.
U.S. reluctance to sign:
landmines currently provide the only feasible way of preventing passage through the
buffer zone that separates North and South Korea. President Clinton believes that it would
be irresponsible of him to sign the treaty at this time. He has suggested the date of
2006. By that time, alternatice weapon systems should have been developed.
President Clinton's proposed goal of the year 2006 is conditional on the development of
a substitute defensive system. In them meantime, the Pentagon is seeking nearly $50
million from Congress in 1999 to develop a new landmine system called
Stephen Goose, Program Director for the Arms Division of Human Rights
Watch commented: "The goal of 2006 is already unconscionably distant...RADAM
is the latest of a growing number of indicators that the Pentagon is not serious about the
2006 deadline, and that it is very unlikely to be met."
On 2001-DEC-3, the fourth anniversary of the opening for signature of the
Mine Ban Treaty, Human Rights Watch issued a press release which
revealed that "45 percent of the 1.2 million long-lasting "dumb"
(non-self-destructing) antipersonnel mines retained for use in Korea are stored
at depots in the continental U.S. Another 50 percent are in Korea, but at the
onset of conflict will be handed over to South Korean troops for their use. The
U.S. earmarks only the remaining 5 percent of the mines for immediate use by
U.S. troops in South Korea." 4 Steve Goose, program
director of Human Rights Watch's arms division commented: "This new
information seriously calls into question the major rationale put forth by the
Pentagon for not banning anti-personnel mines. The U.S. has repeatedly said that
these mines are needed to stop a massive surprise attack by North Korea.
Obviously, they are not needed for that if they are sitting in warehouses in the
U.S." 4 Human Rights Watch has issued a Memorandum
for U.S. Policymakers o Landmines, dated 2001-NOV. 5
- Alexa Smith, "Call-In Day Set to Push For Landmine Ban," PCUSA NEWS,
- Edmund Doogue, "Churches Are Asked to Ring Bells on March 1 for Land-Mine Ban,"
PCUSA NEWS, #99069, 1999-FEB-17
- News release, "Historic Land Mine Ban Treaty Takes Effect: U.S. Plans for New
Mine system Criticized," Human Rights Watch, 1999-MAR-1.
- News release, "Landmines: Almost Half of Korea Mines in U.S.,"
Human Rights Watch, 2001-DEC-3
- "Memorandum for U.S. Policymakers on Landmines. November 2001. Subject:
Issues and Questions for the Landmine Policy Review," Human Rights Watch,
Copyright © 1998 to 2001 incl. by Ontario
Consultants on Religious Tolerance
Latest update: 2000-DEC-4
Author: B.A. Robinson | [
10970,
347,
1565,
6177,
198,
28795,
12,
6259,
4954,
1956,
1084,
274,
389,
281,
43732,
4282,
286,
1175,
13,
1119,
389,
2829,
290,
7026,
198,
1462,
4439,
11,
25894,
691,
546,
720,
1270,
13,
405,
471,
13,
50,
13,
284,
6161,
13,
1119,
2035,
285,
1385,
393,
1494,
2687,
198,
8727,
4831,
319,
530,
13,
1119,
3520,
4075,
329,
4647,
13,
1119,
1394,
319,
34361,
290,
5170,
661,
198,
6511,
706,
262,
1175,
468,
4444,
13,
198,
2990,
389,
3221,
11694,
11447,
393,
1364,
2029,
2323,
11,
31962,
1886,
13,
1649,
1333,
1496,
11,
198,
1169,
43440,
11278,
481,
1690,
2035,
16416,
572,
262,
4970,
21755,
393,
2728,
6751,
198,
259,
21871,
284,
2421,
262,
40338,
341,
286,
530,
393,
517,
21755,
13,
198,
4366,
6419,
546,
1956,
1084,
274,
25,
198,
91,
464,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1923,
284,
11005,
1956,
1084,
274,
7746,
326,
612,
389,
510,
284,
4317,
1510,
198,
1044,
1084,
274,
16830,
3690,
8257,
2678,
13,
91,
198,
91,
8585,
2608,
11,
830,
661,
389,
2923,
393,
285,
1385,
276,
1123,
614,
13,
770,
318,
530,
5095,
393,
1918,
790,
1160,
198,
91,
26829,
739,
262,
2479,
286,
1315,
1296,
546,
1542,
284,
2319,
4,
286,
262,
18499,
13,
91,
198,
91,
12332,
1678,
351,
2383,
3146,
286,
7711,
1144,
18446,
2291,
25,
8037,
11,
198,
13450,
5708,
11,
31057,
11,
18133,
31656,
11,
28975,
11,
27885,
11,
2574,
26482,
11,
31592,
11,
4486,
11,
198,
8205,
23900,
6081,
11,
32982,
11,
8078,
11,
16849,
11,
38252,
11,
23918,
11,
19610,
11,
290,
28589,
13,
91,
198,
91,
42633,
11551,
20472,
287,
2739,
7795,
21050,
881,
286,
262,
1956,
287,
38252,
13,
770,
468,
3888,
198,
1044,
1084,
274,
1364,
625,
422,
262,
46243,
9976,
287,
262,
7169,
338,
422,
511,
2656,
7064,
290,
198,
1416,
10228,
606,
1088,
262,
25708,
13,
18023,
11,
484,
423,
1716,
5017,
351,
17492,
290,
389,
198,
2197,
845,
2408,
284,
4886,
13,
91,
198,
91,
14581,
290,
3284,
389,
262,
1388,
11372,
286,
1956,
1084,
274,
13,
91,
198,
91,
464,
1429,
286,
390,
12,
45374,
481,
1011,
867,
4647,
13,
198,
11712,
278,
286,
262,
1956,
3810,
15775,
25,
198,
464,
1578,
7973,
3611,
10006,
3804,
257,
6323,
287,
8235,
4585,
329,
198,
85,
328,
9610,
14748,
286,
9825,
319,
257,
3958,
15775,
366,
292,
2582,
355,
1744,
526,
198,
464,
1956,
3810,
15775,
11,
2968,
306,
1900,
355,
366,
464,
14074,
21345,
1,
373,
7428,
198,
929,
287,
8309,
12,
41374,
13,
632,
20075,
262,
779,
11,
29534,
4386,
11,
3227,
290,
4351,
286,
3098,
12,
6259,
4954,
198,
1044,
1084,
274,
13,
366,
464,
8309,
11517,
10274,
21345,
986,
785,
3866,
5135,
2280,
20075,
477,
32867,
882,
4954,
198,
1084,
274,
11,
4433,
8166,
286,
29534,
3902,
18446,
1626,
1440,
812,
11,
4433,
198,
16520,
2762,
286,
18446,
1541,
287,
262,
2323,
1626,
3478,
812,
290,
28804,
7667,
4056,
198,
1462,
3342,
262,
4970,
286,
1956,
1084,
274,
526,
513,
198,
3886,
262,
886,
286,
7358,
12,
15112,
33,
11,
22352,
7027,
550,
4488,
262,
15775,
13,
770,
3407,
749,
286,
262,
198,
9127,
1678,
286,
262,
995,
11,
1390,
3340,
11,
4881,
11,
4486,
11,
38252,
11,
2520,
5478,
11,
262,
198,
17013,
7526,
11,
290,
19057,
2254,
13,
383,
1178,
7027,
326,
423,
407,
4488,
262,
15775,
2291,
198,
14581,
11,
4068,
11,
2520,
4969,
11,
7648,
11,
7137,
11,
262,
1578,
1829,
290,
37777,
13,
1439,
286,
262,
198,
9127,
1678,
287,
11332,
2845,
329,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
290,
7137,
423,
4488,
262,
15775,
13,
8275,
7027,
550,
198,
10366,
1431,
262,
15775,
416,
7358,
12,
15112,
33,
12,
2078,
13,
198,
21113,
12,
41374,
12,
1270,
373,
7147,
284,
307,
257,
2260,
869,
12,
259,
1110,
284,
20999,
1992,
2605,
284,
1051,
198,
1169,
15775,
13,
352,
1526,
13808,
18271,
363,
75,
10115,
11,
318,
262,
16052,
286,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
198,
46102,
284,
10274,
1956,
1084,
274,
11,
257,
9906,
286,
625,
5867,
2628,
13,
679,
1965,
326,
661,
25,
198,
1,
11588,
3848,
656,
262,
1893,
13,
7814,
23104,
326,
356,
4398,
470,
11564,
262,
198,
21949,
13,
13816,
326,
356,
765,
683,
284,
1051,
783,
526,
4900,
262,
2260,
869,
12,
259,
198,
820,
468,
3804,
11,
4609,
3925,
460,
991,
869,
262,
2635,
2097,
2912,
1627,
379,
198,
7,
19004,
8,
604,
3980,
12,
26259,
393,
3758,
304,
12,
26165,
284,
717,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
198,
3546,
32851,
286,
262,
1956,
3810,
15775,
25,
198,
464,
14074,
11517,
10274,
21345,
1625,
656,
1245,
3690,
749,
286,
262,
995,
319,
198,
18946,
12,
40569,
12,
16,
13,
383,
4094,
8966,
12,
1806,
278,
1785,
287,
2106,
5091,
379,
19613,
319,
326,
1110,
11,
355,
198,
354,
12730,
1088,
262,
995,
5858,
511,
30987,
13,
362,
46446,
287,
198,
39190,
11,
4881,
11,
8031,
11,
14679,
11,
290,
262,
1578,
7526,
550,
4987,
284,
10648,
13,
383,
198,
24274,
13718,
284,
10274,
6379,
44,
1127,
3181,
319,
12,
1370,
14422,
422,
584,
2678,
13,
198,
3041,
20627,
42630,
11,
7705,
329,
2267,
290,
2478,
3707,
379,
262,
43772,
198,
10603,
11937,
338,
357,
43,
48397,
8,
10043,
287,
20552,
11,
16476,
319,
7358,
12,
15112,
33,
12,
1558,
25,
366,
1858,
338,
198,
64,
845,
4075,
1923,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
1539,
290,
319,
2805,
352,
612,
481,
307,
3833,
319,
1992,
198,
58,
17798,
60,
2605,
329,
262,
1294,
284,
1051,
986,
26797,
262,
1613,
1936,
812,
612,
468,
587,
198,
64,
2383,
8557,
5002,
287,
262,
1923,
11,
290,
379,
262,
987,
31353,
8292,
198,
2301,
13493,
262,
15775,
612,
468,
587,
9940,
20080,
605,
290,
9556,
3921,
11443,
329,
262,
3958,
319,
198,
1044,
12,
1084,
274,
11,
329,
262,
390,
12,
1084,
364,
11,
290,
329,
262,
4970,
290,
13644,
286,
1956,
12,
1084,
274,
526,
198,
5886,
352,
11,
830,
1729,
12,
31353,
5745,
423,
7042,
262,
4037,
13718,
13,
3125,
198,
14813,
257,
2368,
286,
777,
389,
4562,
2628,
13,
198,
52,
13,
50,
13,
33506,
284,
1051,
25,
198,
1044,
1084,
274,
3058,
2148,
262,
691,
23498,
835,
286,
12174,
10066,
832,
262,
198,
22252,
6516,
326,
31555,
2258,
290,
2520,
4969,
13,
1992,
2605,
5804,
326,
340,
561,
198,
1350,
28726,
286,
683,
284,
1051,
262,
15775,
379,
428,
640,
13,
679,
468,
5220,
262,
3128,
286,
198,
13330,
13,
2750,
326,
640,
11,
3983,
265,
501,
4282,
3341,
815,
423,
587,
4166,
13,
198,
10364,
2605,
338,
5150,
3061,
286,
262,
614,
4793,
318,
26340,
319,
262,
2478,
286,
198,
64,
15373,
6110,
1080,
13,
554,
606,
14324,
11,
262,
12651,
318,
6095,
3016,
720,
1120,
198,
14100,
422,
3162,
287,
7358,
284,
1205,
257,
649,
1956,
3810,
1080,
1444,
198,
24920,
46317,
11,
6118,
5890,
329,
262,
18368,
7458,
286,
5524,
6923,
198,
10723,
16476,
25,
366,
464,
3061,
286,
4793,
318,
1541,
13962,
66,
295,
1346,
12899,
986,
49,
2885,
2390,
198,
271,
262,
3452,
286,
257,
3957,
1271,
286,
21337,
326,
262,
12651,
318,
407,
2726,
546,
262,
198,
13330,
12508,
11,
290,
326,
340,
318,
845,
7485,
284,
307,
1138,
526,
198,
2202,
5878,
12,
41374,
12,
18,
11,
262,
5544,
11162,
286,
262,
4756,
329,
9877,
286,
262,
198,
24461,
10274,
21345,
11,
5524,
6923,
6305,
4884,
257,
1803,
2650,
543,
198,
36955,
3021,
326,
366,
2231,
1411,
286,
262,
352,
13,
17,
1510,
890,
12,
24810,
366,
67,
2178,
1,
198,
7,
13159,
12,
944,
12,
35678,
278,
8,
32867,
882,
4954,
18446,
17383,
329,
779,
287,
4969,
389,
8574,
198,
265,
1207,
1747,
287,
262,
29843,
471,
13,
50,
13,
6023,
2026,
1411,
389,
287,
4969,
11,
475,
379,
262,
198,
684,
316,
286,
5358,
481,
307,
10158,
625,
284,
2520,
6983,
6553,
329,
511,
779,
13,
383,
198,
52,
13,
50,
13,
1027,
14306,
691,
262,
5637,
642,
1411,
286,
262,
18446,
329,
7103,
779,
416,
198,
52,
13,
50,
13,
6553,
287,
2520,
4969,
526,
604,
6542,
46317,
11,
1430,
198,
35248,
286,
5524,
6923,
6305,
338,
5101,
7297,
16476,
25,
366,
1212,
649,
198,
17018,
6411,
3848,
656,
1808,
262,
1688,
25738,
1234,
6071,
416,
262,
198,
47,
298,
1840,
329,
407,
19479,
3098,
12,
6259,
4954,
18446,
13,
383,
471,
13,
50,
13,
468,
7830,
531,
326,
198,
27218,
18446,
389,
2622,
284,
2245,
257,
4858,
5975,
1368,
416,
2258,
4969,
13,
198,
20670,
11,
484,
389,
407,
2622,
329,
326,
611,
484,
389,
5586,
287,
43675,
287,
262,
198,
52,
13,
50,
526,
604,
5524,
6923,
6305,
468,
4884,
257,
41157,
25933,
198,
1640,
471,
13,
50,
13,
7820,
6620,
267,
6379,
1084,
274,
11,
14567,
5878,
12,
45,
8874,
13,
642,
198,
12,
34630,
4176,
11,
366,
14134,
12,
818,
3596,
5345,
284,
23691,
1114,
6379,
3810,
10274,
553,
4217,
14053,
28840,
11,
198,
12,
35646,
2141,
5119,
11,
366,
1925,
12730,
4231,
26220,
284,
12569,
7459,
82,
319,
2805,
352,
329,
6379,
12,
24461,
10274,
553,
198,
5662,
14053,
28840,
11,
1303,
2079,
3312,
24,
11,
7358,
12,
15112,
33,
12,
1558,
198,
12,
3000,
2650,
11,
366,
13749,
8146,
6379,
11517,
10274,
21345,
33687,
7896,
25,
471,
13,
50,
13,
30305,
329,
968,
198,
24461,
1080,
10056,
291,
1143,
553,
5524,
6923,
6305,
11,
7358,
12,
40569,
12,
16,
13,
198,
12,
3000,
2650,
11,
366,
22342,
1084,
274,
25,
16699,
13139,
286,
4969,
33466,
287,
471,
13,
50,
44388,
198,
20490,
6923,
6305,
11,
5878,
12,
41374,
12,
18,
198,
12,
366,
13579,
273,
25933,
329,
471,
13,
50,
13,
7820,
6620,
319,
6379,
1084,
274,
13,
3389,
5878,
13,
15540,
25,
198,
27738,
947,
290,
20396,
329,
262,
6379,
3810,
7820,
6602,
553,
5524,
6923,
6305,
11,
198,
15269,
10673,
7795,
284,
5878,
13358,
13,
416,
10553,
198,
9444,
586,
1187,
319,
23945,
309,
37668,
198,
39478,
4296,
25,
4751,
12,
41374,
12,
19,
198,
13838,
25,
347,
13,
32,
13,
12652,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,660 |
Everyone has heard of coccidia at some point or another or have been the owners of reptiles with this bothersome parasite. For those who don't know, coccidia is a protozoan parasite that affects reptiles of all species and tends to cause a bad runny diarrhea usually of yellow coloration. The parasite attaches to the intestinal mucosa and prevents the proper absorption of nutrients by the reptile host, thus causing weight loss, diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia and eventually death. It is highly contagious and can be passed by contact with infected reptiles. Treatment is possible and involves thorough cleaning and disinfection of the habitat as well as proper medications that are only legally available through a licensed veterinarian. Holistic medications are rumored to be effective against coccidia but it has been my personal experience that this isn't always the case. The good news is that the holistic meds rarely, if ever, harm the reptile so you can't go wrong trying them if you wish to. However, if money is tight, you might want to consider the benefits of spending $30 on a product that may help vs. using the money towards paying for a consult and medications that will help. So with all that said, let me introduce you to Coccidia: This species is likely in the genus Eimeria. This sample was taken from a Leopard Gecko. For the following pics, let's count from 1-4: One Two Three Four You have just seen the development of another species of Coccidia, likely Isospora sp., from a Panther Chameleon. The 4 celled oocyst (or "egg") seen in the last pic is the more common form we see in full blown infections but this particular guy had an infection so severe that all stages of development of the oocysts were seen. This chameleon has already been through a trial of holistic medications for 21 days according to the owner. We treated the chameleon with traditional medications and the recovery was successful. He was weak and almost didn't make it but the owner did a great job nursing him back to health during the treatment. Despite what has been said in many forums on the internet, coccidia is quite easy to acquire and can be quite prevalent in many species, such as Bearded Dragons. It can be transmitted via feeder insects and reptiles that appear fat and healthy can be infected with coccidia as well. Parasites are just another occupational hazard we have to deal with in the reptile hobby and your best bet is to have your reptiles checked for parasites at least every 6 months so you can be on top of any infection that might show up. | [
16190,
468,
2982,
286,
8954,
66,
38513,
379,
617,
966,
393,
1194,
393,
423,
587,
262,
4393,
286,
46617,
351,
428,
11393,
11246,
38473,
13,
1114,
883,
508,
836,
470,
760,
11,
8954,
66,
38513,
318,
257,
1237,
8590,
24611,
38473,
326,
10975,
46617,
286,
477,
4693,
290,
12444,
284,
2728,
257,
2089,
1057,
3281,
36004,
3221,
286,
7872,
3124,
341,
13,
383,
38473,
48262,
284,
262,
32031,
30322,
8546,
290,
15174,
262,
1774,
24774,
286,
20901,
416,
262,
28761,
576,
2583,
11,
4145,
6666,
3463,
2994,
11,
36004,
11,
45481,
853,
88,
11,
281,
382,
36072,
290,
4191,
1918,
13,
632,
318,
4047,
43944,
290,
460,
307,
3804,
416,
2800,
351,
14112,
46617,
13,
21415,
318,
1744,
290,
9018,
9321,
12724,
290,
48511,
295,
286,
262,
20018,
355,
880,
355,
1774,
17638,
326,
389,
691,
11119,
1695,
832,
257,
11971,
41404,
13,
6479,
2569,
17638,
389,
29586,
284,
307,
4050,
1028,
8954,
66,
38513,
475,
340,
468,
587,
616,
2614,
1998,
326,
428,
2125,
470,
1464,
262,
1339,
13,
383,
922,
1705,
318,
326,
262,
42923,
1117,
82,
8365,
11,
611,
1683,
11,
4419,
262,
28761,
576,
523,
345,
460,
470,
467,
2642,
2111,
606,
611,
345,
4601,
284,
13,
2102,
11,
611,
1637,
318,
5381,
11,
345,
1244,
765,
284,
2074,
262,
4034,
286,
4581,
720,
1270,
319,
257,
1720,
326,
743,
1037,
3691,
13,
1262,
262,
1637,
3371,
5989,
329,
257,
5725,
290,
17638,
326,
481,
1037,
13,
1406,
351,
477,
326,
531,
11,
1309,
502,
10400,
345,
284,
327,
13966,
38513,
25,
770,
4693,
318,
1884,
287,
262,
34306,
412,
320,
5142,
13,
770,
6291,
373,
2077,
422,
257,
49072,
2269,
37549,
13,
1114,
262,
1708,
27618,
11,
1309,
338,
954,
422,
352,
12,
19,
25,
1881,
4930,
7683,
6675,
921,
423,
655,
1775,
262,
2478,
286,
1194,
4693,
286,
327,
13966,
38513,
11,
1884,
1148,
418,
38851,
599,
1539,
422,
257,
30364,
609,
480,
38970,
13,
383,
604,
2685,
276,
267,
13733,
301,
357,
273,
366,
33856,
4943,
1775,
287,
262,
938,
8301,
318,
262,
517,
2219,
1296,
356,
766,
287,
1336,
16318,
16079,
475,
428,
1948,
3516,
550,
281,
10280,
523,
6049,
326,
477,
9539,
286,
2478,
286,
262,
267,
13733,
6448,
547,
1775,
13,
770,
442,
480,
38970,
468,
1541,
587,
832,
257,
4473,
286,
42923,
17638,
329,
2310,
1528,
1864,
284,
262,
4870,
13,
775,
5716,
262,
442,
480,
38970,
351,
4569,
17638,
290,
262,
7628,
373,
4388,
13,
679,
373,
4939,
290,
2048,
1422,
470,
787,
340,
475,
262,
4870,
750,
257,
1049,
1693,
19167,
683,
736,
284,
1535,
1141,
262,
3513,
13,
7945,
644,
468,
587,
531,
287,
867,
14216,
319,
262,
5230,
11,
8954,
66,
38513,
318,
2407,
2562,
284,
12831,
290,
460,
307,
2407,
21854,
287,
867,
4693,
11,
884,
355,
1355,
10676,
19075,
13,
632,
460,
307,
18307,
2884,
3745,
263,
19435,
290,
46617,
326,
1656,
3735,
290,
5448,
460,
307,
14112,
351,
8954,
66,
38513,
355,
880,
13,
45020,
2737,
389,
655,
1194,
34266,
15834,
356,
423,
284,
1730,
351,
287,
262,
28761,
576,
20005,
290,
534,
1266,
731,
318,
284,
423,
534,
46617,
10667,
329,
36643,
379,
1551,
790,
718,
1933,
523,
345,
460,
307,
319,
1353,
286,
597,
10280,
326,
1244,
905,
510,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 541 |
Egypt's Mubarak -- from presidency to prison
REUTERS - Here is a look at Hosni Mubarak from the start of his presidency to when he was sentenced to life imprisonment on Saturday for his role in killing protesters involved in a uprising that toppled him from power last year:
October 6, 1981 - Vice-President Mubarak is thrust into office when Islamist radicals gun down President Anwar Sadat at a military parade. He is approved as president in a referendum in November.
June 26, 1995 - Gunmen attack Mubarak's car as he arrives at an African summit in Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa. He escapes unhurt and returns to Egypt.
November 17, 1997 - Islamist militant group al-Gama'a al-Islamiya (Islamic Group) kills 58 tourists and four Egyptians at an ancient temple near Luxor. It is the most dramatic act in a 1990s rebellion by Islamists seeking to establish an Islamic state. The revolt is eventually crushed by state security.
March 2005 - Street protests by the Kefaya (Enough) Movement draw hundreds across Egypt to oppose a fifth six-year term for Mubarak or any attempt to install his son Gamal in his place.
May 11, 2005 - Parliament votes to change the constitution to allow contested presidential elections, dismissing opposition complaints that strict rules would prevent genuine competition.
September 27, 2005 - Mubarak is sworn in for a fifth consecutive term after winning the first multi-candidate presidential vote on September 7. Rights groups say the vote was marred by abuses. His closest rival, Ayman Nour, comes a distant second and is later jailed on charges he says are politically motivated.
December 8, 2005 - The Muslim Brotherhood wins 20 percent of the seats in parliament, its best showing. Rights groups say the vote was vitiated by irregularities to ensure Mubarak's ruling party retains a big majority.
April 2008 - Riots erupt in a number of cities over wages, rising prices and shortages of subsidised bread.
March 27, 2010 - Mubarak reassumes presidential powers after three weeks recovering from gallbladder surgery in Germany.
November 29, 2010 - A parliamentary election virtually eliminates opposition to Mubarak's ruling party in the assembly before a 2011 presidential vote. The Brotherhood and several other opposition groups boycott the parliamentary election.
January 25, 2011 - Anti-government protests begin across Egypt, driven by discontent over poverty, repression and corruption.
January 28 - Mubarak orders troops and tanks into cities overnight to quell the demonstrations.
January 31 - Egypt swears in a new government. New Vice-President Omar Suleiman says Mubarak has asked him to start dialogue with all political forces.
February 10 - Mubarak says national dialogue under way, transfers powers to vice-president but refuses to leave office immediately. Protesters in Cairo's Tahrir Square are enraged.
February 11 - Mubarak steps down and a military council takes control.
April 12 - Mubarak is hospitalised after being questioned by prosecutors. The next day, Egypt orders Mubarak detained for questioning on accusations he abused his power, embezzled funds and had protesters killed.
August 3 - Mubarak, wheeled into a courtroom cage on a bed to face trial, denies the charges against him. His two sons, Gamal and Alaa, also deny the charges. In subsequent sessions, Mubarak always appears on a hospital stretcher.
June 2, 2012 - Mubarak is sentenced to life in prison for his role in the killing of protesters and is flown from the Cairo court to Tora prison on the outskirts of the capital, where he is admitted to a hospital facility.
(Reporting by David Cutler, London Editorial Reference Unit)
- Tweet this
- Share this
- Digg this | [
39299,
338,
46544,
1377,
422,
12112,
284,
3770,
198,
2200,
14974,
532,
3423,
318,
257,
804,
379,
30789,
8461,
46544,
422,
262,
923,
286,
465,
12112,
284,
618,
339,
373,
11897,
284,
1204,
16510,
319,
3909,
329,
465,
2597,
287,
5170,
9584,
2950,
287,
257,
26312,
326,
48757,
683,
422,
1176,
938,
614,
25,
198,
18517,
718,
11,
14745,
532,
11079,
12,
10364,
46544,
318,
14613,
656,
2607,
618,
17780,
32842,
2485,
866,
1992,
1052,
5767,
14668,
265,
379,
257,
2422,
16134,
13,
679,
318,
6325,
355,
1893,
287,
257,
11467,
287,
3389,
13,
198,
15749,
2608,
11,
8735,
532,
6748,
3653,
1368,
46544,
338,
1097,
355,
339,
14443,
379,
281,
5510,
14237,
287,
31592,
338,
3139,
3060,
271,
2275,
15498,
13,
679,
32695,
14274,
3325,
290,
5860,
284,
6365,
13,
198,
21159,
1596,
11,
8309,
532,
17780,
18614,
1448,
435,
12,
38,
1689,
6,
64,
435,
12,
16991,
21008,
357,
26723,
4912,
8,
12847,
7618,
15930,
290,
1440,
32658,
379,
281,
6156,
12505,
1474,
17145,
273,
13,
632,
318,
262,
749,
10092,
719,
287,
257,
6303,
82,
21540,
416,
34434,
6095,
284,
4474,
281,
5533,
1181,
13,
383,
27360,
318,
4191,
18577,
416,
1181,
2324,
13,
198,
16192,
5075,
532,
3530,
8536,
416,
262,
509,
891,
11729,
357,
47323,
8,
15477,
3197,
5179,
1973,
6365,
284,
12856,
257,
8150,
2237,
12,
1941,
3381,
329,
46544,
393,
597,
2230,
284,
2721,
465,
3367,
14014,
282,
287,
465,
1295,
13,
198,
6747,
1367,
11,
5075,
532,
8411,
5690,
284,
1487,
262,
11784,
284,
1249,
24163,
4787,
7024,
11,
37514,
5471,
9687,
326,
7646,
3173,
561,
2948,
8768,
5449,
13,
198,
17543,
2681,
11,
5075,
532,
46544,
318,
20990,
287,
329,
257,
8150,
12785,
3381,
706,
5442,
262,
717,
5021,
12,
46188,
20540,
4787,
3015,
319,
2693,
767,
13,
6923,
2628,
910,
262,
3015,
373,
1667,
445,
416,
19544,
13,
2399,
11706,
8976,
11,
13709,
805,
399,
454,
11,
2058,
257,
12899,
1218,
290,
318,
1568,
22159,
319,
4530,
339,
1139,
389,
11889,
13338,
13,
198,
20588,
807,
11,
5075,
532,
383,
3765,
17987,
7864,
1160,
1411,
286,
262,
8632,
287,
8540,
11,
663,
1266,
4478,
13,
6923,
2628,
910,
262,
3015,
373,
410,
8846,
515,
416,
48302,
284,
4155,
46544,
338,
6922,
2151,
27452,
257,
1263,
3741,
13,
198,
16784,
3648,
532,
371,
16228,
17866,
287,
257,
1271,
286,
4736,
625,
9400,
11,
7396,
4536,
290,
28791,
286,
7905,
1417,
8509,
13,
198,
16192,
2681,
11,
3050,
532,
46544,
12719,
8139,
4787,
5635,
706,
1115,
2745,
20222,
422,
7976,
2436,
26676,
8185,
287,
4486,
13,
198,
21159,
2808,
11,
3050,
532,
317,
17521,
3071,
9826,
32311,
5471,
284,
46544,
338,
6922,
2151,
287,
262,
10474,
878,
257,
2813,
4787,
3015,
13,
383,
17987,
290,
1811,
584,
5471,
2628,
23659,
262,
17521,
3071,
13,
198,
21339,
1679,
11,
2813,
532,
12297,
12,
14480,
8536,
2221,
1973,
6365,
11,
7986,
416,
39784,
625,
8098,
11,
28279,
290,
9253,
13,
198,
21339,
2579,
532,
46544,
6266,
6553,
290,
11657,
656,
4736,
13417,
284,
627,
695,
262,
18721,
13,
198,
21339,
3261,
532,
6365,
1509,
4127,
287,
257,
649,
1230,
13,
968,
11079,
12,
10364,
24980,
1778,
293,
24086,
1139,
46544,
468,
1965,
683,
284,
923,
10721,
351,
477,
1964,
3386,
13,
198,
21816,
838,
532,
46544,
1139,
2260,
10721,
739,
835,
11,
16395,
5635,
284,
7927,
12,
22540,
475,
17567,
284,
2666,
2607,
3393,
13,
46574,
287,
23732,
338,
26293,
29283,
9276,
389,
37530,
13,
198,
21816,
1367,
532,
46544,
4831,
866,
290,
257,
2422,
6745,
2753,
1630,
13,
198,
16784,
1105,
532,
46544,
318,
4436,
1417,
706,
852,
11434,
416,
11947,
13,
383,
1306,
1110,
11,
6365,
6266,
46544,
14847,
329,
14085,
319,
14227,
339,
15519,
465,
1176,
11,
795,
1350,
3019,
992,
5153,
290,
550,
9584,
2923,
13,
198,
17908,
513,
532,
46544,
11,
7825,
276,
656,
257,
24832,
17186,
319,
257,
3996,
284,
1986,
4473,
11,
18866,
262,
4530,
1028,
683,
13,
2399,
734,
11989,
11,
14014,
282,
290,
978,
7252,
11,
635,
10129,
262,
4530,
13,
554,
8840,
10991,
11,
46544,
1464,
3568,
319,
257,
4436,
5759,
2044,
13,
198,
15749,
362,
11,
2321,
532,
46544,
318,
11897,
284,
1204,
287,
3770,
329,
465,
2597,
287,
262,
5170,
286,
9584,
290,
318,
22371,
422,
262,
23732,
2184,
284,
4022,
64,
3770,
319,
262,
30140,
286,
262,
3139,
11,
810,
339,
318,
6848,
284,
257,
4436,
6841,
13,
198,
7,
42159,
416,
3271,
37194,
11,
3576,
39525,
20984,
11801,
8,
198,
12,
18752,
428,
198,
12,
8734,
428,
198,
12,
360,
6950,
428,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 753 |
An Internet of Food
March 03, 2006
Innovation Lab coordinates a new pilot demonstrating future uses of RFID in the prepared food sector. RFID tags are poised to replace the traditional bar code, not least because the tags allow producers and retailers to manage inventory and the supply chain more efficiently. But what might this technology mean for consumers? The project, which is funded by the Danish Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation, will explore how RFID tagging of ordinary supermarket purchases will affect how ordinary families experience their food, all the way from the shopping cart to the frying pan.
The project will trial a wide range of the new services which RFID tagging of food products will make possible:
• Expiry management: the refrigerator monitors product expiry dates, helping consumers avoid waste.
• Dietary and nutritional guidance.
• Food safety: direct information to consumers in case of product recall.
• Inspiration: Recipes and suggestions based on actual contents of refrigerator/cupboard.
• Inventory management: the contents of the refrigerator can be ‘seen’ without opening the door, even from the local supermarket.
• Marketing of related and/or complementary producter.
Each of the 20 participating families will be given a ‘kitchen console’ and RFID reader through which the digital product information linked to the RFID tags can be accessed. The console can also be used as an internet terminal (for recipe surfing and downloading, watching movies, playing video games, planning of family activities). Every week each family will receive a shopping basket of groceries in which each item is marked with an RFID ‘bar code’.
The project is a collaboration between Denmark’s leading packaged food producers and both public and private information and communications technology specialists.
RFID takes the Internet-based dialogue that has revolutionized marketing and product information to a new level of honesty, detail, and accessibility. Simply put, RFID tags make it possible to paste an entire homepage/website on the side of a milk carton or bunch of broccoli. Because the amount of information that can be shared isn’t limited by the physical boundaries of a product’s packaging, producers can communicate much more detailed and varied messages to consumers.
• The RFID tag links to a database on the internet. By pointing a reader at the tag, a user can download the information linked to that specific tag. The product’s label is in fact virtual, consisting of the information that appears on the display connected to the reader.
• The virtual product label can contain sound and video as well as text, which allows producers to experiment with multimedia content for different audiences and situations.
• The virtual product label isn’t static – it can be changed by updating the database on the net. This enables producers to update information even after the consumer has purchased the product.
The project ends in November 2006.
Posted by joakim-ditlev | [
2025,
4455,
286,
7318,
198,
16192,
7643,
11,
4793,
198,
818,
77,
17882,
3498,
22715,
257,
649,
8022,
21135,
2003,
3544,
286,
20445,
2389,
287,
262,
5597,
2057,
6567,
13,
20445,
2389,
15940,
389,
24357,
284,
6330,
262,
4569,
2318,
2438,
11,
407,
1551,
780,
262,
15940,
1249,
11408,
290,
16167,
284,
6687,
13184,
290,
262,
5127,
6333,
517,
18306,
13,
887,
644,
1244,
428,
3037,
1612,
329,
7008,
30,
383,
1628,
11,
543,
318,
10588,
416,
262,
20849,
9475,
286,
5800,
8987,
290,
27724,
11,
481,
7301,
703,
20445,
2389,
49620,
286,
8850,
26454,
13339,
481,
2689,
703,
8850,
4172,
1998,
511,
2057,
11,
477,
262,
835,
422,
262,
9735,
6383,
284,
262,
45366,
3425,
13,
198,
464,
1628,
481,
4473,
257,
3094,
2837,
286,
262,
649,
2594,
543,
20445,
2389,
49620,
286,
2057,
3186,
481,
787,
1744,
25,
198,
3581,
1475,
4063,
88,
4542,
25,
262,
30500,
19374,
1720,
1033,
9045,
9667,
11,
5742,
7008,
3368,
7030,
13,
198,
3581,
40767,
290,
24000,
11154,
13,
198,
3581,
7318,
3747,
25,
1277,
1321,
284,
7008,
287,
1339,
286,
1720,
10014,
13,
198,
3581,
25300,
15297,
25,
44229,
290,
11776,
1912,
319,
4036,
10154,
286,
30500,
14,
25244,
3526,
13,
198,
3581,
35772,
4542,
25,
262,
10154,
286,
262,
30500,
460,
307,
564,
246,
15898,
447,
247,
1231,
4756,
262,
3420,
11,
772,
422,
262,
1957,
26454,
13,
198,
3581,
22137,
286,
3519,
290,
14,
273,
32150,
1720,
263,
13,
198,
10871,
286,
262,
1160,
11983,
4172,
481,
307,
1813,
257,
564,
246,
15813,
6607,
8624,
447,
247,
290,
20445,
2389,
9173,
832,
543,
262,
4875,
1720,
1321,
6692,
284,
262,
20445,
2389,
15940,
460,
307,
17535,
13,
383,
8624,
460,
635,
307,
973,
355,
281,
5230,
12094,
357,
1640,
8364,
36254,
290,
22023,
11,
4964,
6918,
11,
2712,
2008,
1830,
11,
5410,
286,
1641,
4568,
737,
3887,
1285,
1123,
1641,
481,
3328,
257,
9735,
7988,
286,
38464,
287,
543,
1123,
2378,
318,
7498,
351,
281,
20445,
2389,
564,
246,
5657,
2438,
447,
247,
13,
198,
464,
1628,
318,
257,
12438,
1022,
16490,
447,
247,
82,
3756,
25555,
2057,
11408,
290,
1111,
1171,
290,
2839,
1321,
290,
8062,
3037,
22447,
13,
198,
32754,
2389,
2753,
262,
4455,
12,
3106,
10721,
326,
468,
5854,
1143,
7124,
290,
1720,
1321,
284,
257,
649,
1241,
286,
24345,
11,
3703,
11,
290,
28969,
13,
17973,
1234,
11,
20445,
2389,
15940,
787,
340,
1744,
284,
17008,
281,
2104,
34940,
14,
732,
12485,
319,
262,
1735,
286,
257,
7545,
6383,
261,
393,
7684,
286,
44653,
13,
4362,
262,
2033,
286,
1321,
326,
460,
307,
4888,
2125,
447,
247,
83,
3614,
416,
262,
3518,
13215,
286,
257,
1720,
447,
247,
82,
16846,
11,
11408,
460,
10996,
881,
517,
6496,
290,
15641,
6218,
284,
7008,
13,
198,
3581,
383,
20445,
2389,
7621,
6117,
284,
257,
6831,
319,
262,
5230,
13,
2750,
10609,
257,
9173,
379,
262,
7621,
11,
257,
2836,
460,
4321,
262,
1321,
6692,
284,
326,
2176,
7621,
13,
383,
1720,
447,
247,
82,
6167,
318,
287,
1109,
7166,
11,
17747,
286,
262,
1321,
326,
3568,
319,
262,
3359,
5884,
284,
262,
9173,
13,
198,
3581,
383,
7166,
1720,
6167,
460,
3994,
2128,
290,
2008,
355,
880,
355,
2420,
11,
543,
3578,
11408,
284,
6306,
351,
40162,
2695,
329,
1180,
15579,
290,
7445,
13,
198,
3581,
383,
7166,
1720,
6167,
2125,
447,
247,
83,
9037,
784,
340,
460,
307,
3421,
416,
19698,
262,
6831,
319,
262,
2010,
13,
770,
13536,
11408,
284,
4296,
1321,
772,
706,
262,
7172,
468,
8155,
262,
1720,
13,
198,
464,
1628,
5645,
287,
3389,
4793,
13,
198,
14231,
416,
2525,
461,
320,
12,
67,
2578,
85,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 605 |
Photo: Getty Images
The fly half is the pivotal attacking position in the team. With the full compliment of running, passing and kicking skills, they decide what to do and when to do it.
The fly half position on the field is crucial to how they mount an attack; they decide when to run and break through the opposition defence or bring the centres, wings and forwards into play with a variety of passes or kicks.
They are also often responsible for organising the back line defence for set pieces.
They should be a competent kicker out of hand, placing high or diagonal kicks or threading chip or grubber kicks to keep possession and threaten the opposition try line. Also, they may have to make long clearing kicks to ‘touch’ to relive pressure on their defensive line.
Often the place kicker too, a fly half should be nerveless when they kick for goal.
Practices should include:
Running – receiving passes from different angles and distances, while static and on the move
Running – making explosive breaks with ball in hand, with evasive running skills to avoid contact
Kicking – all types of kicks with both feet, varying the amounts of pressure and the difficulty of target
Kicking – place kicking for goal from different angles and distances
Passing – range of passing while on the run | [
6191,
25,
7136,
5382,
198,
464,
6129,
2063,
318,
262,
28992,
9274,
2292,
287,
262,
1074,
13,
2080,
262,
1336,
19370,
286,
2491,
11,
6427,
290,
17997,
4678,
11,
484,
5409,
644,
284,
466,
290,
618,
284,
466,
340,
13,
198,
464,
6129,
2063,
2292,
319,
262,
2214,
318,
8780,
284,
703,
484,
3817,
281,
1368,
26,
484,
5409,
618,
284,
1057,
290,
2270,
832,
262,
5471,
9366,
393,
2222,
262,
19788,
11,
12098,
290,
22052,
656,
711,
351,
257,
4996,
286,
8318,
393,
17364,
13,
198,
2990,
389,
635,
1690,
4497,
329,
46729,
262,
736,
1627,
9366,
329,
900,
5207,
13,
198,
2990,
815,
307,
257,
19701,
38297,
503,
286,
1021,
11,
12560,
1029,
393,
40039,
17364,
393,
4704,
278,
11594,
393,
1036,
549,
527,
17364,
284,
1394,
7797,
290,
16180,
262,
5471,
1949,
1627,
13,
4418,
11,
484,
743,
423,
284,
787,
890,
17304,
17364,
284,
564,
246,
29332,
447,
247,
284,
823,
425,
3833,
319,
511,
6110,
1627,
13,
198,
37288,
262,
1295,
38297,
1165,
11,
257,
6129,
2063,
815,
307,
17156,
626,
408,
618,
484,
4829,
329,
3061,
13,
198,
49515,
1063,
815,
2291,
25,
198,
28768,
784,
6464,
8318,
422,
1180,
18333,
290,
18868,
11,
981,
9037,
290,
319,
262,
1445,
198,
28768,
784,
1642,
13835,
9457,
351,
2613,
287,
1021,
11,
351,
819,
17443,
2491,
4678,
284,
3368,
2800,
198,
42,
7958,
784,
477,
3858,
286,
17364,
351,
1111,
3625,
11,
15874,
262,
6867,
286,
3833,
290,
262,
8722,
286,
2496,
198,
42,
7958,
784,
1295,
17997,
329,
3061,
422,
1180,
18333,
290,
18868,
198,
14478,
278,
784,
2837,
286,
6427,
981,
319,
262,
1057,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 272 |
Rabies is still a threat worldwide and in Missouri. In the U.S., it has been reported in nearly every state. This summer, the Missouri Health Department reported that one of the showhorses, shown in the Saddlebred Show and stabled in Barn C, had contracted the disease. The horse was noticeably sick on Aug. 17 and died two days later.
This year, U.S. experts on rabies are warning that there is more reason to be vigilant than ever. In Medical News Today, Aug. 27, 2008, Dr. Charles Rupprecht, chief of the rabies program at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, said that due to a variety of regulatory and manufacturing issues, there is, temporarily, a limited supply of rabies vaccine for humans. It is more important than ever to vaccinate pets.
“The best way to limit the need for human rabies vaccine is simply to make sure pets are vaccinated. We know that dogs and cats are not the most common animals found rabid in the United States, but they are the animals most frequently involved in multiple human exposures,” he explains. “Your local veterinarian plays a key role in controlling rabies.’
Unfortunately, cats are less likely than dogs to be vaccinated against the virus and Dr. Rupprecht added that cat owners are more likely to be exposed to rabies. The American Veterinary Medical Association’s “U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook” states that only 64 percent of cats visit a veterinarian every year, compared to 83 percent of dogs.
Any mammal can get rabies, including humans. Infected bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, dogs or cats provide the greatest risk to humans, however the disease can also spread through exposure to infected domestic farm animals. The disease is 100 percent deadly in any species once the animal starts showing signs of the disease.
Over 90 percent of reported rabies cases in the United States are wild animals commonly seen in neighborhoods and backyards, such as raccoons, skunks and bats. (A person can be bitten by a bat and not even feel it, so awareness is important.) Pets are the barrier between those animals and loved ones. By protecting pets, individuals are also protecting their loved ones.
Besides ensuring that all dogs, cats and ferrets get vaccinated, other precautionary measures include: don’t let pets roam free, don’t feed or water pets outside as stray animals are attracted even to empty bowls, and cover your garbage cans securely to keep raccoons away.
If any animal bites your pet, take it to the veterinarian immediately and contact Animal Control if it was from a stray animal. Report any stray animals and any strange behavior among animals to city or county animal control officers. If you are bitten or scratched, wash the wound thoroughly and see your physician immediately. You should also report the bite to your local health department.
Rabies kills over 55,000 people every year, mostly in Africa and Asia. Over half of those killed are children under the age of 15. Millions of animals die after contracting the virus through a bite, or saliva from an infected animal entering a wound. The virus is 100 percent preventable and that prevention is available through getting pets vaccinated. | [
49,
43256,
318,
991,
257,
2372,
8688,
290,
287,
11565,
13,
554,
262,
471,
13,
50,
1539,
340,
468,
587,
2098,
287,
3016,
790,
1181,
13,
770,
3931,
11,
262,
11565,
3893,
2732,
2098,
326,
530,
286,
262,
905,
71,
11836,
11,
3402,
287,
262,
20454,
293,
36074,
5438,
290,
336,
4510,
287,
11842,
327,
11,
550,
23407,
262,
4369,
13,
383,
8223,
373,
33752,
6639,
319,
2447,
13,
1596,
290,
3724,
734,
1528,
1568,
13,
198,
1212,
614,
11,
471,
13,
50,
13,
6154,
319,
27998,
444,
389,
6509,
326,
612,
318,
517,
1738,
284,
307,
30257,
621,
1683,
13,
554,
8366,
3000,
6288,
11,
2447,
13,
2681,
11,
3648,
11,
1583,
13,
7516,
371,
7211,
260,
21474,
11,
4039,
286,
262,
27998,
444,
1430,
379,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
287,
9371,
11,
531,
326,
2233,
284,
257,
4996,
286,
11344,
290,
9138,
2428,
11,
612,
318,
11,
13413,
11,
257,
3614,
5127,
286,
27998,
444,
12319,
329,
5384,
13,
632,
318,
517,
1593,
621,
1683,
284,
7041,
4559,
17252,
13,
198,
447,
250,
464,
1266,
835,
284,
4179,
262,
761,
329,
1692,
27998,
444,
12319,
318,
2391,
284,
787,
1654,
17252,
389,
37663,
13,
775,
760,
326,
6844,
290,
11875,
389,
407,
262,
749,
2219,
4695,
1043,
49666,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
11,
475,
484,
389,
262,
4695,
749,
6777,
2950,
287,
3294,
1692,
32185,
11,
447,
251,
339,
6688,
13,
564,
250,
7120,
1957,
41404,
5341,
257,
1994,
2597,
287,
12755,
27998,
444,
13,
447,
247,
198,
13898,
11,
11875,
389,
1342,
1884,
621,
6844,
284,
307,
37663,
1028,
262,
9471,
290,
1583,
13,
371,
7211,
260,
21474,
2087,
326,
3797,
4393,
389,
517,
1884,
284,
307,
7362,
284,
27998,
444,
13,
383,
1605,
48928,
8366,
5396,
447,
247,
82,
564,
250,
52,
13,
50,
13,
4767,
33147,
1056,
1222,
1897,
24188,
8090,
2070,
447,
251,
2585,
326,
691,
5598,
1411,
286,
11875,
3187,
257,
41404,
790,
614,
11,
3688,
284,
9698,
1411,
286,
6844,
13,
198,
7149,
46103,
460,
651,
27998,
444,
11,
1390,
5384,
13,
26065,
276,
19553,
11,
26697,
11,
3444,
1073,
684,
11,
21831,
274,
11,
1341,
14125,
11,
6844,
393,
11875,
2148,
262,
6000,
2526,
284,
5384,
11,
2158,
262,
4369,
460,
635,
4104,
832,
7111,
284,
14112,
5928,
5318,
4695,
13,
383,
4369,
318,
1802,
1411,
10309,
287,
597,
4693,
1752,
262,
5044,
4940,
4478,
5895,
286,
262,
4369,
13,
198,
5886,
4101,
1411,
286,
2098,
27998,
444,
2663,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
389,
4295,
4695,
8811,
1775,
287,
14287,
290,
736,
33750,
11,
884,
355,
3444,
1073,
684,
11,
1341,
14125,
290,
19553,
13,
357,
32,
1048,
460,
307,
38854,
416,
257,
7365,
290,
407,
772,
1254,
340,
11,
523,
9359,
318,
1593,
2014,
43578,
389,
262,
13054,
1022,
883,
4695,
290,
6151,
3392,
13,
2750,
10192,
17252,
11,
3925,
389,
635,
10192,
511,
6151,
3392,
13,
198,
23937,
13359,
326,
477,
6844,
11,
11875,
290,
11354,
8004,
651,
37663,
11,
584,
32992,
560,
5260,
2291,
25,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1309,
17252,
35563,
1479,
11,
836,
447,
247,
83,
3745,
393,
1660,
17252,
2354,
355,
28583,
4695,
389,
12725,
772,
284,
6565,
34796,
11,
290,
3002,
534,
15413,
23916,
30835,
284,
1394,
3444,
1073,
684,
1497,
13,
198,
1532,
597,
5044,
26081,
534,
4273,
11,
1011,
340,
284,
262,
41404,
3393,
290,
2800,
13792,
6779,
611,
340,
373,
422,
257,
28583,
5044,
13,
6358,
597,
28583,
4695,
290,
597,
6283,
4069,
1871,
4695,
284,
1748,
393,
7968,
5044,
1630,
3790,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
38854,
393,
37468,
11,
13502,
262,
11699,
13770,
290,
766,
534,
14325,
3393,
13,
921,
815,
635,
989,
262,
13197,
284,
534,
1957,
1535,
5011,
13,
198,
49,
43256,
12847,
625,
5996,
11,
830,
661,
790,
614,
11,
4632,
287,
5478,
290,
7229,
13,
3827,
2063,
286,
883,
2923,
389,
1751,
739,
262,
2479,
286,
1315,
13,
39830,
286,
4695,
4656,
706,
29148,
262,
9471,
832,
257,
13197,
11,
393,
40333,
422,
281,
14112,
5044,
8218,
257,
11699,
13,
383,
9471,
318,
1802,
1411,
2948,
540,
290,
326,
14196,
318,
1695,
832,
1972,
17252,
37663,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 689 |
Thank you for visiting our past auction result archives. If you have an item identical (or similar) to this auction lot, please call, write or contact us to discuss. We will be able to help you.
1787 A Little Pretty Pocket Book-First Book To Mention Baseball
Starting Bid - $5,000.00, Sold For - $22,040.00
Offered here is the rarest and arguably the most significant early baseball book in existence: A Little Pretty Pocket Book, authored by John Newbery and published in 1787 by Isaiah Thomas, Worcester, Massachusetts. This particular book (3 x 4.75 inches) is the earliest available American edition of this important work, which was first published in London, England in 1744 (although no extant copies of that edition are known). Its great significance to both baseball historians and bibliophiles alike lies in the fact that the book contains the first known reference to the game and the first appearance of the word "base-ball" in print. Additionally, it is also considered to be the very first children's book devoted primarily to games and juvenile entertainment. The small book describes, in verse, thirty-two children's games and pastimes (one to a page), each accompanied by a woodcut illustration and brief moral. Also included are various fables, rules for behavior, and a tutorial on the alphabet. As noted earlier, the most important game described within its pages is that titled "Base-Ball." The verse reads: The ball once struck off; Away flies the boy; To the next destined post; And then home with joy. The illustration above the verse pictures three young boys and three bases marked by posts. While none of the players is depicted holding a bat, one of the youths stands ready to pitch the ball. Neighboring pages describe the games of stool-ball, trap-ball, and tip-cat, respectively, with each accompanying woodcut engraving also representing the earliest known illustrations for each of those games. In our thirty-six years of specializing in nineteenth-century baseball items, we have never once handled this book, or seen or heard of one available in a sports or baseball auction. In every attempt at compiling a complete bibliography of baseball literature (there have been many, from Anton Grobani to David Block), this is the first American volume with baseball content, and the first to use the word "Base-Ball." Very few copies of the 1787 first American edition exist today, probably fewer than five, with all residing in public institutions or the world's most prominent private collections. It should be noted that no extant copies of the original 1744 English edition, nor any of the subsequent eight English editions, are known. Single copies of the 10th (1760), 11th (1763) and 12th (1767) English editions exist in institutional library collections, as do two of the 1770 editions. There were two earlier pirated American editions published. One was printed in 1762 (New York; Hugh Gaine) and the other in 1786 (Philadelphia; W. Spotswood). Of those two reported printings, only one example (the 1762 Gaine edition) is known and it resides in a public institution. This particular example once resided in the famed Bradley Martin collection, one of the most prestigious book collections ever assembled. (The Martin collection was later sold in 1990 at Sotheby's, where this particular book appeared as Lot 2411.) 122pp. (2pp. ads). The untrimmed sheets are rebound in three-quarter blue morocco with marbled paper covered boards (most likely a nineteenth-century rebinding). The binding joints are rubbed, the cover is otherwise in Excellent condition. A bookplate from a former owner is affixed to the interior cover. Light pencil notations on front flyleaf. The book is housed in a beautiful custom-made leather slipcase. This is an outstanding copy of this great and most significant rarity. This is perhaps the only copy we will ever see available. This is a museum-quality relic, and a worthy centerpiece to the most advanced collection or library. Reserve $5000. Estimate $10,000++. SOLD FOR $22,040.00
(Click the smaller thumbnails to the left and right (if any) to cycle through each photo in the gallery of images for this lot.) | [
10449,
345,
329,
10013,
674,
1613,
14389,
1255,
22415,
13,
1002,
345,
423,
281,
2378,
10411,
357,
273,
2092,
8,
284,
428,
14389,
1256,
11,
3387,
869,
11,
3551,
393,
2800,
514,
284,
2112,
13,
775,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
1037,
345,
13,
198,
1558,
5774,
317,
7703,
20090,
27290,
4897,
12,
5962,
4897,
1675,
337,
1463,
17362,
198,
22851,
43484,
532,
720,
20,
11,
830,
13,
405,
11,
12324,
1114,
532,
720,
1828,
11,
36676,
13,
405,
198,
9362,
1068,
994,
318,
262,
4071,
301,
290,
15242,
262,
749,
2383,
1903,
9283,
1492,
287,
6224,
25,
317,
7703,
20090,
27290,
4897,
11,
33941,
416,
1757,
968,
13001,
290,
3199,
287,
1596,
5774,
416,
29756,
5658,
11,
50075,
11,
10140,
13,
770,
1948,
1492,
357,
18,
2124,
604,
13,
2425,
8331,
8,
318,
262,
14555,
1695,
1605,
8313,
286,
428,
1593,
670,
11,
543,
373,
717,
3199,
287,
3576,
11,
4492,
287,
1596,
2598,
357,
16670,
645,
47862,
9088,
286,
326,
8313,
389,
1900,
737,
6363,
1049,
12085,
284,
1111,
9283,
21262,
290,
275,
29142,
2522,
2915,
12936,
7363,
287,
262,
1109,
326,
262,
1492,
4909,
262,
717,
1900,
4941,
284,
262,
983,
290,
262,
717,
5585,
286,
262,
1573,
366,
8692,
12,
1894,
1,
287,
3601,
13,
12032,
11,
340,
318,
635,
3177,
284,
307,
262,
845,
717,
1751,
338,
1492,
13378,
7525,
284,
1830,
290,
21904,
9739,
13,
383,
1402,
1492,
8477,
11,
287,
18527,
11,
12277,
12,
11545,
1751,
338,
1830,
290,
1613,
999,
357,
505,
284,
257,
2443,
828,
1123,
11791,
416,
257,
4898,
8968,
20936,
290,
4506,
6573,
13,
4418,
3017,
389,
2972,
277,
2977,
11,
3173,
329,
4069,
11,
290,
257,
11808,
319,
262,
24830,
13,
1081,
4367,
2961,
11,
262,
749,
1593,
983,
3417,
1626,
663,
5468,
318,
326,
11946,
366,
14881,
12,
23410,
526,
383,
18527,
9743,
25,
383,
2613,
1752,
7425,
572,
26,
21986,
17607,
262,
2933,
26,
1675,
262,
1306,
23985,
1281,
26,
843,
788,
1363,
351,
8716,
13,
383,
20936,
2029,
262,
18527,
5986,
1115,
1862,
6510,
290,
1115,
12536,
7498,
416,
6851,
13,
2893,
4844,
286,
262,
1938,
318,
18904,
4769,
257,
7365,
11,
530,
286,
262,
28247,
6296,
3492,
284,
7078,
262,
2613,
13,
28708,
278,
5468,
6901,
262,
1830,
286,
38753,
12,
1894,
11,
12840,
12,
1894,
11,
290,
8171,
12,
9246,
11,
8148,
11,
351,
1123,
19249,
4898,
8968,
1786,
430,
1075,
635,
10200,
262,
14555,
1900,
27128,
329,
1123,
286,
883,
1830,
13,
554,
674,
12277,
12,
19412,
812,
286,
40847,
287,
29666,
12,
14792,
9283,
3709,
11,
356,
423,
1239,
1752,
12118,
428,
1492,
11,
393,
1775,
393,
2982,
286,
530,
1695,
287,
257,
5701,
393,
9283,
14389,
13,
554,
790,
2230,
379,
33393,
257,
1844,
275,
45689,
286,
9283,
9285,
357,
8117,
423,
587,
867,
11,
422,
9261,
10299,
65,
3216,
284,
3271,
9726,
828,
428,
318,
262,
717,
1605,
6115,
351,
9283,
2695,
11,
290,
262,
717,
284,
779,
262,
1573,
366,
14881,
12,
23410,
526,
9576,
1178,
9088,
286,
262,
1596,
5774,
717,
1605,
8313,
2152,
1909,
11,
2192,
7380,
621,
1936,
11,
351,
477,
35173,
287,
1171,
6712,
393,
262,
995,
338,
749,
9208,
2839,
17268,
13,
632,
815,
307,
4367,
326,
645,
47862,
9088,
286,
262,
2656,
1596,
2598,
3594,
8313,
11,
4249,
597,
286,
262,
8840,
3624,
3594,
23713,
11,
389,
1900,
13,
14206,
9088,
286,
262,
838,
400,
357,
1558,
1899,
828,
1367,
400,
357,
1558,
5066,
8,
290,
1105,
400,
357,
1558,
3134,
8,
3594,
23713,
2152,
287,
15855,
5888,
17268,
11,
355,
466,
734,
286,
262,
1596,
2154,
23713,
13,
1318,
547,
734,
2961,
12276,
515,
1605,
23713,
3199,
13,
1881,
373,
10398,
287,
1596,
5237,
357,
3791,
1971,
26,
25464,
402,
5718,
8,
290,
262,
584,
287,
1596,
4521,
357,
42349,
26,
370,
13,
1338,
1747,
3822,
737,
3226,
883,
734,
2098,
3601,
654,
11,
691,
530,
1672,
357,
1169,
1596,
5237,
402,
5718,
8313,
8,
318,
1900,
290,
340,
29076,
287,
257,
1171,
9901,
13,
770,
1948,
1672,
1752,
49330,
287,
262,
28331,
16182,
5780,
4947,
11,
530,
286,
262,
749,
23566,
1492,
17268,
1683,
16030,
13,
357,
464,
5780,
4947,
373,
1568,
2702,
287,
6303,
379,
311,
20388,
1525,
338,
11,
810,
428,
1948,
1492,
4120,
355,
15099,
1987,
1157,
2014,
19409,
381,
13,
357,
17,
381,
13,
9011,
737,
383,
1418,
3036,
1150,
15747,
389,
23623,
287,
1115,
12,
24385,
4171,
2146,
420,
1073,
351,
1667,
9342,
3348,
5017,
11490,
357,
1712,
1884,
257,
29666,
12,
14792,
3405,
6020,
737,
383,
12765,
24039,
389,
31862,
11,
262,
3002,
318,
4306,
287,
30932,
4006,
13,
317,
1492,
6816,
422,
257,
1966,
4870,
318,
1527,
2966,
284,
262,
11087,
3002,
13,
4401,
21613,
407,
602,
319,
2166,
6129,
33201,
13,
383,
1492,
318,
23707,
287,
257,
4950,
2183,
12,
9727,
11620,
13819,
7442,
13,
770,
318,
281,
11660,
4866,
286,
428,
1049,
290,
749,
2383,
32823,
13,
770,
318,
3737,
262,
691,
4866,
356,
481,
1683,
766,
1695,
13,
770,
318,
257,
13257,
12,
13237,
26341,
11,
290,
257,
12733,
44595,
284,
262,
749,
6190,
4947,
393,
5888,
13,
12224,
720,
27641,
13,
10062,
1920,
720,
940,
11,
830,
4880,
13,
48671,
7473,
720,
1828,
11,
36676,
13,
405,
198,
7,
8164,
262,
4833,
294,
13668,
284,
262,
1364,
290,
826,
357,
361,
597,
8,
284,
6772,
832,
1123,
4590,
287,
262,
15604,
286,
4263,
329,
428,
1256,
2014,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 898 |
Many years ago if you wanted to design something that used a microprocessor, you pretty much had to use some standard package provided by a vendor who had specialized software specific for that processor. You would use a non-standard interface to generate non-standard code to do the non-standard things that your product needed to do.
If you were to upgrade your product to use a different processor, you would start all over again. The typical product lifetime of a processor-based piece of equipment is three years, and the typical software development cycle may exceed a year. If you were trying to keep three products in the manufacturing pipeline, this would require the undivided attention of a dedicated software engineer just to keep up.
POSIX to the rescue
Every software based product requires a basic set of code plus some special code that uniquely defines your product. Most of the unique code consists of drivers and some product-specific routines. Everything else duplicates what has already been done for previous products. To help prevent duplication, a set of rules has been developed by the software community. It’s called POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface). Once code has been written to this standard, it can be reused in many other products. Linux, even at the kernel level, provides a POSIX interface for the basic functions. This is further enhanced by a runtime library which is linked with your software.
Linux and POSIX
Because of Linux and POSIX, not all of your code has to be changed if you change the hardware. Let me give you an example. Suppose you were making a weigh-scale. It is a box that is connected to a strain-gage. It has some calibration, tare, linearization, and temperature-compensation routines. It is nearly identical to last year’s model but you couldn’t get the processor anymore and, since it was a new product, you decided to change the display.
Just some drivers
If you had used Linux and the POSIX interface with the old product, you’d need to write a new display driver, and new hardware interface to the strain-gage. That’s it. Perhaps there might be a few code changes to take advantage of the new display, but otherwise major portions of last year’s code could be reused.
This might not work
If the code for the last product isn’t available anymore, isn’t documented, or was poorly written, you can’t reuse it. That’s where Route 495 Software can be helpful. We know how to write reusable code. We also know how to document it so it will not only pass your QC department’s inspection, but also use the methods, words, and interfaces about which the software community has been trained. This makes it appealing to the software engineer who is expected to reuse significant portions of it.
This webpage copyright © 2009, Route 495 Software, LLC | [
7085,
812,
2084,
611,
345,
2227,
284,
1486,
1223,
326,
973,
257,
4580,
41341,
11,
345,
2495,
881,
550,
284,
779,
617,
3210,
5301,
2810,
416,
257,
18371,
508,
550,
16976,
3788,
2176,
329,
326,
12649,
13,
921,
561,
779,
257,
1729,
12,
20307,
7071,
284,
7716,
1729,
12,
20307,
2438,
284,
466,
262,
1729,
12,
20307,
1243,
326,
534,
1720,
2622,
284,
466,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
547,
284,
8515,
534,
1720,
284,
779,
257,
1180,
12649,
11,
345,
561,
923,
477,
625,
757,
13,
383,
7226,
1720,
10869,
286,
257,
12649,
12,
3106,
3704,
286,
5112,
318,
1115,
812,
11,
290,
262,
7226,
3788,
2478,
6772,
743,
7074,
257,
614,
13,
1002,
345,
547,
2111,
284,
1394,
1115,
3186,
287,
262,
9138,
11523,
11,
428,
561,
2421,
262,
3318,
452,
1384,
3241,
286,
257,
7256,
3788,
11949,
655,
284,
1394,
510,
13,
198,
37997,
10426,
284,
262,
9992,
198,
6109,
3788,
1912,
1720,
4433,
257,
4096,
900,
286,
2438,
5556,
617,
2041,
2438,
326,
24139,
15738,
534,
1720,
13,
4042,
286,
262,
3748,
2438,
10874,
286,
6643,
290,
617,
1720,
12,
11423,
31878,
13,
11391,
2073,
14184,
16856,
644,
468,
1541,
587,
1760,
329,
2180,
3186,
13,
1675,
1037,
2948,
50124,
11,
257,
900,
286,
3173,
468,
587,
4166,
416,
262,
3788,
2055,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
1444,
28069,
10426,
357,
13924,
540,
24850,
4482,
26491,
737,
4874,
2438,
468,
587,
3194,
284,
428,
3210,
11,
340,
460,
307,
46823,
287,
867,
584,
3186,
13,
7020,
11,
772,
379,
262,
9720,
1241,
11,
3769,
257,
28069,
10426,
7071,
329,
262,
4096,
5499,
13,
770,
318,
2252,
13105,
416,
257,
19124,
5888,
543,
318,
6692,
351,
534,
3788,
13,
198,
19314,
290,
28069,
10426,
198,
8128,
286,
7020,
290,
28069,
10426,
11,
407,
477,
286,
534,
2438,
468,
284,
307,
3421,
611,
345,
1487,
262,
6890,
13,
3914,
502,
1577,
345,
281,
1672,
13,
39200,
345,
547,
1642,
257,
10164,
12,
9888,
13,
632,
318,
257,
3091,
326,
318,
5884,
284,
257,
14022,
12,
10502,
13,
632,
468,
617,
36537,
11,
256,
533,
11,
14174,
1634,
11,
290,
5951,
12,
5589,
25742,
31878,
13,
632,
318,
3016,
10411,
284,
938,
614,
447,
247,
82,
2746,
475,
345,
3521,
447,
247,
83,
651,
262,
12649,
7471,
290,
11,
1201,
340,
373,
257,
649,
1720,
11,
345,
3066,
284,
1487,
262,
3359,
13,
198,
5703,
617,
6643,
198,
1532,
345,
550,
973,
7020,
290,
262,
28069,
10426,
7071,
351,
262,
1468,
1720,
11,
345,
447,
247,
67,
761,
284,
3551,
257,
649,
3359,
4639,
11,
290,
649,
6890,
7071,
284,
262,
14022,
12,
10502,
13,
1320,
447,
247,
82,
340,
13,
8673,
612,
1244,
307,
257,
1178,
2438,
2458,
284,
1011,
4621,
286,
262,
649,
3359,
11,
475,
4306,
1688,
16690,
286,
938,
614,
447,
247,
82,
2438,
714,
307,
46823,
13,
198,
1212,
1244,
407,
670,
198,
1532,
262,
2438,
329,
262,
938,
1720,
2125,
447,
247,
83,
1695,
7471,
11,
2125,
447,
247,
83,
12395,
11,
393,
373,
13455,
3194,
11,
345,
460,
447,
247,
83,
32349,
340,
13,
1320,
447,
247,
82,
810,
18956,
604,
3865,
10442,
460,
307,
7613,
13,
775,
760,
703,
284,
3551,
42339,
2438,
13,
775,
635,
760,
703,
284,
3188,
340,
523,
340,
481,
407,
691,
1208,
534,
36070,
5011,
447,
247,
82,
15210,
11,
475,
635,
779,
262,
5050,
11,
2456,
11,
290,
20314,
546,
543,
262,
3788,
2055,
468,
587,
8776,
13,
770,
1838,
340,
16403,
284,
262,
3788,
11949,
508,
318,
2938,
284,
32349,
2383,
16690,
286,
340,
13,
198,
1212,
35699,
6634,
10673,
3717,
11,
18956,
604,
3865,
10442,
11,
11419,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 604 |
Excursus on the Public Discipline or Exomologesis of the Early Church.
(Taken chiefly from Morinus, De Disciplina in Administratione Sacramenti Pœnitentiæ; Bingham, Antiquities; and Hammond, The Definitions of Faith, etc. Note to Canon XI. of Nice.)
“In the Primitive Church there was a godly discipline, that at the beginning of Lent, such persons as stood convicted of notorious sin were put to open penance, and punished in this world that their souls might be saved in the day of the Lord; and that others, admonished by their example, might be the more afraid to offend.”
The foregoing words from the Commination Service of the Church of England may serve well to introduce this subject. In the history of the public administration of discipline in the Church, there are three periods sufficiently distinctly marked. The first of these ends at the rise of Novatianism in the middle of the second century; the second stretches down to about the eighth century; and the third period shews its gradual decline to its practical abandonment in the eleventh century. The period with which we are concerned is the second, when it was in full force.
In the first period it would seem that public penance was required only of those convicted of what then were called by pre-eminence “mortal sins” (crimena mortalia 75 ), viz: idolatry, murder, and adultery. But in the second period the list of mortal sins was greatly enlarged, and Morinus says that “Many Fathers who wrote after Augustines time, extended the necessity of public penance to all crimes which the civil law punished with death, exile, or other grave corporal penalty.” 76 In the penitential canons ascribed to St. Basil and those which pass by the name of St. Gregory Nyssen, this increase of offences requiring public penance will be found intimated.
From the fourth century the penitents of the Church were divided into four classes. Three of these are mentioned in the eleventh canon, the fourth, which is not here referred to, was composed of those styled συγκλαίοντες, flentes or weepers. These were not allowed to enter into the body of the church at all, but stood or lay outside the gates, sometimes covered with sackcloth and ashes. This is the class which is sometimes styled χειμοζομένοι, hybernantes, on account of their being obliged to endure the inclemency of the weather.
It may help to the better understanding of this and other canons which notice the different orders of penitents, to give a brief account of the usual form and arrangement of the ancient churches as well as of the different orders of the penitents.
Before the church there was commonly either an open area surrounded with porticoes, called μεσάυλιον or atrium, with a font of water in the centre, styled a cantharus or phiala, or sometimes only an open portico, or προπύλαιον. The first variety may still be seen at S. Ambrogios in Milan, and the latter in Rome at S. Lorenzos, and in Ravenna at the two S. Apollinares. This was the place at which the first and lowest order of penitents, the weepers, already referred to, stood exposed to the weather. Of these, St. Gregory Thaumaturgus says: “Weeping takes place outside the door of the church, where the sinner must stand and beg the prayers of the faithful as they go in.”
The church itself usually consisted of three divisions within, besides these exterior courts p. 26 and porch. The first part after passing through “the great gates,” or doors of the building, was called the Narthex in Greek, and Færula in Latin, and was a narrow vestibule extending the whole width of the church. In this part, to which Jews and Gentiles, and in most places even heretics and schismatics were admitted, stood the Catechumens, and the Energumens or those afflicted with evil spirits, and the second class of penitents (the first mentioned in the Canon), who were called the ἀκοῶμενοι, audientes, or hearers. These were allowed to hear the Scriptures read, and the Sermon preached, but were obliged to depart before the celebration of the Divine Mysteries, with the Catechumens, and the others who went by the general name of hearers only.
The second division, or main body of the church, was called the Naos or Nave. This was separated from the Narthex by rails of wood, with gates in the centre, which were called “the beautiful or royal gates.” In the middle of the Nave, but rather toward the lower or entrance part of it, stood the Ambo, or reading-desk, the place for the readers and singers, to which they went up by steps, whence the name, Ambo. Before coming to the Ambo, in the lowest part of the Nave, and just after passing the royal gates, was the place for the third order of penitents, called in Greek γονυκλίνοντες, or ὑποπίπτοντες,and in Latin Genuflectentes or Prostrati, i.e., kneelers or prostrators, because they were allowed to remain and join in certain prayers particularly made for them. Before going out they prostrated themselves to receive the imposition of the bishops hands with prayer. This class of penitents left with the Catechumens.
In the other parts of the Nave stood the believers or faithful, i.e., those persons who were in full communion with the Church, the men and women generally on opposite sides, though in some places the men were below, and the women in galleries above. Amongst these were the fourth class of penitents, who were called συνεστῶτες, consistentes, i.e., co-standers, because they were allowed to stand with the faithful, and to remain and hear the prayers of the Church, after the Catechumens and the other penitents were dismissed, and to be present while the faithful offered and communicated, though they might not themselves make their offerings, nor partake of the Holy Communion. This class of penitents are frequently mentioned in the canons, as “communicating in prayers,” or “without the oblation;” and it was the last grade to be passed through previous to the being admitted again to full communion. The practice of “hearing mass” or “non-communicating attendance” clearly had its origin in this stage of discipline. At the upper end of the body of the church, and divided from it by rails which were called Cancelli, was that part which we now call the Chancel. This was anciently called by several names, as Bema or tribunal, from its being raised above the body of the church, and Sacrarium or Sanctuary. It was also called Apsis and Concha Bematis, from its semicircular end. In this part stood the Altar, or Holy Table (which names were indifferently used in the primitive Church), behind which, and against the wall of the chancel, was the Bishops throne, with the seats of the Presbyters on each side of it, called synthronus. On one side of the chancel was the repository for the sacred utensils and vestments, called the Diaconicum, and answering to our Vestry; and on the other the Prothesis, a side-table, or place, where the bread and wine were deposited before they were offered on the Altar. The gates in the chancel rail were called the holy gates, and none but the higher orders of the clergy, i.e., Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, were allowed to enter within them. The Emperor indeed was permitted to do so for the purpose of making his offering at the Altar, but then he was obliged to retire immediately, and to receive the communion without.
(Thomassin. Ancienne et Nouvelle Discipline de lEglise. Tom. I. Livre II. chap. xvj. somewhat abridged.)
p. 27 In the West there existed always many cases of public penance, but in the East it is more difficult to find any traces of it, after it was abolished by the Patriarch Nectarius in the person of the Grand Penitentiary.
However, the Emperor Alexis Comnenus, who took the empire in the year 1080, did a penance like that of older days, and one which may well pass for miraculous. He called together a large number of bishops with the patriarch, and some holy religious; he presented himself before them in the garb of a criminal; he confessed to them his crime of usurpation with all its circumstances. They condemned the Emperor and all his accomplices to fasting, to lying prostrate upon the earth, to wearing haircloth, and to all the other ordinary austerities of penance. Their wives desired to share their griefs and their sufferings, although they had had no share in their crime. The whole palace became a theatre of sorrow and public penance. The emperor wore the hairshirt under the purple, and lay upon the earth for forty days, having only a stone for a pillow.
To all practical purposes Public Penance was a general institution but for a short while in the Church. But the reader must be careful to distinguish between this Public Penance and the private confession which in the Catholic Church both East and West is universally practised. What Nectarius did was to abolish the office of Penitentiary, whose duty it had been to assign public penance for secret sin; 77 a thing wholly different from what Catholics understand by the “Sacrament of Penance.” It would be out of place to do more in this place than to call the readers attention to the bare fact, and to supply him, from a Roman Catholic point of view, with an explanation of why Public Penance died out. “It came to an end because it was of human institution. But sacramental confession, being of divine origin, lasted when the penitential discipline had been changed, and continues to this day among the Greeks and Oriental sects.” 78 That the reader may judge of the absolute candour of the writer just quoted, I give a few sentences from the same article: “An opinion, however, did prevail to some extent in the middle ages, even among Catholics, that confession to God alone sufficed. The Council of Châlons in 813 (canon xxxiij.), says: Some assert that we should confess our sins to God alone, but some think that they should be confessed to the priest, each of which practices is followed not without great fruit in Holy Church.…Confession made to God purges sins, but that made to the priest teaches how they are to be purged. This former opinion is also mentioned without reprobation by Peter Lombard (In Sentent. Lib. iv. dist. xvij.).”
Cyprian. De Bono Patient., cap. xiv.25:76
Morinus, De Pœnitent., lib. v., cap. 5.27:77
Vide, Thomassin. Lib. cit. Livre II. Chapitre vii. § xiii. where the whole matter of Nectariuss action is discussed.27:78
Addis and Arnold. A Catholic Dictionary; sub voce Penance, Sacrament of. | [
40127,
1834,
385,
319,
262,
5094,
48532,
393,
1475,
296,
928,
9339,
286,
262,
12556,
4564,
13,
198,
7,
51,
1685,
36305,
422,
3461,
35237,
11,
1024,
3167,
6671,
1437,
287,
8694,
68,
18114,
72,
350,
129,
241,
77,
48324,
72,
21241,
26,
21631,
2763,
11,
47789,
871,
26,
290,
26649,
11,
383,
45205,
286,
16463,
11,
3503,
13,
5740,
284,
19507,
30554,
13,
286,
18460,
2014,
198,
447,
250,
818,
262,
11460,
1800,
4564,
612,
373,
257,
5770,
306,
12883,
11,
326,
379,
262,
3726,
286,
43751,
11,
884,
6506,
355,
6204,
9118,
286,
18192,
7813,
547,
1234,
284,
1280,
3112,
590,
11,
290,
16851,
287,
428,
995,
326,
511,
15625,
1244,
307,
7448,
287,
262,
1110,
286,
262,
4453,
26,
290,
326,
1854,
11,
37202,
1348,
416,
511,
1672,
11,
1244,
307,
262,
517,
7787,
284,
35117,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
41660,
2456,
422,
262,
955,
17928,
4809,
286,
262,
4564,
286,
4492,
743,
4691,
880,
284,
10400,
428,
2426,
13,
554,
262,
2106,
286,
262,
1171,
3662,
286,
12883,
287,
262,
4564,
11,
612,
389,
1115,
9574,
17338,
30911,
7498,
13,
383,
717,
286,
777,
5645,
379,
262,
4485,
286,
5267,
265,
666,
1042,
287,
262,
3504,
286,
262,
1218,
4289,
26,
262,
1218,
23687,
866,
284,
546,
262,
16974,
4289,
26,
290,
262,
2368,
2278,
673,
18504,
663,
24972,
7794,
284,
663,
8472,
38968,
287,
262,
9766,
20987,
4289,
13,
383,
2278,
351,
543,
356,
389,
5213,
318,
262,
1218,
11,
618,
340,
373,
287,
1336,
2700,
13,
198,
818,
262,
717,
2278,
340,
561,
1283,
326,
1171,
3112,
590,
373,
2672,
691,
286,
883,
9118,
286,
644,
788,
547,
1444,
416,
662,
12,
14857,
594,
564,
250,
76,
16906,
18377,
447,
251,
357,
50086,
8107,
5596,
9752,
5441,
10612,
48569,
25,
21580,
265,
563,
11,
5123,
11,
290,
38713,
13,
887,
287,
262,
1218,
2278,
262,
1351,
286,
22122,
18377,
373,
9257,
37287,
11,
290,
3461,
35237,
1139,
326,
564,
250,
7085,
30969,
508,
2630,
706,
2932,
1127,
640,
11,
7083,
262,
14564,
286,
1171,
3112,
590,
284,
477,
6741,
543,
262,
3026,
1099,
16851,
351,
1918,
11,
24329,
11,
393,
584,
12296,
3990,
282,
7389,
13,
447,
251,
8684,
554,
262,
3112,
270,
1843,
460,
684,
10570,
8725,
284,
520,
13,
32520,
290,
883,
543,
1208,
416,
262,
1438,
286,
520,
13,
20653,
17735,
824,
268,
11,
428,
2620,
286,
20819,
10616,
1171,
3112,
590,
481,
307,
1043,
10683,
515,
13,
198,
4863,
262,
5544,
4289,
262,
3112,
270,
658,
286,
262,
4564,
547,
9086,
656,
1440,
6097,
13,
7683,
286,
777,
389,
4750,
287,
262,
9766,
20987,
18061,
11,
262,
5544,
11,
543,
318,
407,
994,
6412,
284,
11,
373,
13160,
286,
883,
45552,
18074,
225,
139,
227,
42063,
43000,
39377,
17394,
138,
107,
26517,
26180,
32830,
30950,
35558,
11,
781,
298,
274,
393,
49671,
364,
13,
2312,
547,
407,
3142,
284,
3802,
656,
262,
1767,
286,
262,
4928,
379,
477,
11,
475,
6204,
393,
3830,
2354,
262,
17435,
11,
3360,
5017,
351,
23704,
44905,
290,
29914,
13,
770,
318,
262,
1398,
543,
318,
3360,
45552,
18074,
229,
30950,
29945,
34703,
26517,
138,
114,
26517,
34703,
138,
255,
26180,
26517,
29945,
11,
2537,
527,
22057,
274,
11,
319,
1848,
286,
511,
852,
23278,
284,
21178,
262,
753,
10671,
1387,
286,
262,
6193,
13,
198,
1026,
743,
1037,
284,
262,
1365,
4547,
286,
428,
290,
584,
460,
684,
543,
4003,
262,
1180,
6266,
286,
3112,
270,
658,
11,
284,
1577,
257,
4506,
1848,
286,
262,
6678,
1296,
290,
13888,
286,
262,
6156,
14422,
355,
880,
355,
286,
262,
1180,
6266,
286,
262,
3112,
270,
658,
13,
198,
8421,
262,
4928,
612,
373,
8811,
2035,
281,
1280,
1989,
11191,
351,
2493,
291,
3028,
11,
1444,
18919,
30950,
38392,
138,
105,
139,
227,
39377,
29945,
26517,
26180,
393,
379,
19172,
11,
351,
257,
10369,
286,
1660,
287,
262,
7372,
11,
45552,
257,
460,
400,
20272,
393,
872,
498,
64,
11,
393,
3360,
691,
281,
1280,
2493,
3713,
11,
393,
18074,
222,
33643,
26517,
46582,
139,
235,
39377,
17394,
29945,
26517,
26180,
13,
383,
717,
4996,
743,
991,
307,
1775,
379,
311,
13,
12457,
3828,
4267,
287,
21574,
11,
290,
262,
6846,
287,
10598,
379,
311,
13,
15639,
27305,
418,
11,
290,
287,
12552,
2616,
379,
262,
734,
311,
13,
5949,
692,
1437,
411,
13,
770,
373,
262,
1295,
379,
543,
262,
717,
290,
9016,
1502,
286,
3112,
270,
658,
11,
262,
49671,
364,
11,
1541,
6412,
284,
11,
6204,
7362,
284,
262,
6193,
13,
3226,
777,
11,
520,
13,
20653,
536,
26043,
2541,
70,
385,
1139,
25,
564,
250,
1135,
7213,
2753,
1295,
2354,
262,
3420,
286,
262,
4928,
11,
810,
262,
264,
5083,
1276,
1302,
290,
4123,
262,
15707,
286,
262,
17074,
355,
484,
467,
287,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
4928,
2346,
3221,
19954,
286,
1115,
17397,
1626,
11,
13769,
777,
20897,
8028,
279,
13,
2608,
290,
33179,
13,
383,
717,
636,
706,
6427,
832,
564,
250,
1169,
1049,
17435,
11,
447,
251,
393,
8215,
286,
262,
2615,
11,
373,
1444,
262,
399,
433,
33095,
287,
8312,
11,
290,
376,
21241,
81,
4712,
287,
9133,
11,
290,
373,
257,
7135,
19750,
571,
2261,
16610,
262,
2187,
9647,
286,
262,
4928,
13,
554,
428,
636,
11,
284,
543,
6771,
290,
27391,
2915,
11,
290,
287,
749,
4113,
772,
994,
14094,
290,
5513,
1042,
23372,
547,
6848,
11,
6204,
262,
327,
40340,
388,
641,
11,
290,
262,
412,
25649,
388,
641,
393,
883,
39785,
351,
6181,
13747,
11,
290,
262,
1218,
1398,
286,
3112,
270,
658,
357,
1169,
717,
4750,
287,
262,
19507,
828,
508,
547,
1444,
262,
28053,
120,
222,
43000,
26517,
157,
123,
114,
34703,
30950,
26180,
26517,
29945,
11,
2709,
1153,
274,
11,
393,
339,
34231,
13,
2312,
547,
3142,
284,
3285,
262,
41622,
1100,
11,
290,
262,
2930,
2144,
38737,
11,
475,
547,
23278,
284,
6313,
878,
262,
14395,
286,
262,
13009,
28298,
11,
351,
262,
327,
40340,
388,
641,
11,
290,
262,
1854,
508,
1816,
416,
262,
2276,
1438,
286,
339,
34231,
691,
13,
198,
464,
1218,
7297,
11,
393,
1388,
1767,
286,
262,
4928,
11,
373,
1444,
262,
399,
7495,
393,
399,
1015,
13,
770,
373,
11266,
422,
262,
399,
433,
33095,
416,
27587,
286,
4898,
11,
351,
17435,
287,
262,
7372,
11,
543,
547,
1444,
564,
250,
1169,
4950,
393,
15100,
17435,
13,
447,
251,
554,
262,
3504,
286,
262,
399,
1015,
11,
475,
2138,
3812,
262,
2793,
393,
10384,
636,
286,
340,
11,
6204,
262,
1703,
2127,
11,
393,
3555,
12,
8906,
74,
11,
262,
1295,
329,
262,
7183,
290,
39113,
11,
284,
543,
484,
1816,
510,
416,
4831,
11,
44012,
262,
1438,
11,
1703,
2127,
13,
7413,
2406,
284,
262,
1703,
2127,
11,
287,
262,
9016,
636,
286,
262,
399,
1015,
11,
290,
655,
706,
6427,
262,
15100,
17435,
11,
373,
262,
1295,
329,
262,
2368,
1502,
286,
3112,
270,
658,
11,
1444,
287,
8312,
7377,
111,
26517,
26180,
139,
227,
43000,
39377,
138,
107,
26180,
26517,
26180,
32830,
30950,
35558,
11,
393,
28053,
121,
239,
46582,
26517,
46582,
138,
107,
46582,
32830,
26517,
26180,
32830,
30950,
35558,
11,
392,
287,
9133,
5215,
3046,
801,
298,
274,
393,
1041,
2536,
7246,
11,
1312,
13,
68,
1539,
24813,
417,
364,
393,
386,
2536,
2024,
11,
780,
484,
547,
3142,
284,
3520,
290,
4654,
287,
1728,
15707,
3573,
925,
329,
606,
13,
7413,
1016,
503,
484,
386,
2536,
515,
2405,
284,
3328,
262,
38091,
286,
262,
27538,
2832,
351,
11443,
13,
770,
1398,
286,
3112,
270,
658,
1364,
351,
262,
327,
40340,
388,
641,
13,
198,
818,
262,
584,
3354,
286,
262,
399,
1015,
6204,
262,
23142,
393,
17074,
11,
1312,
13,
68,
1539,
883,
6506,
508,
547,
287,
1336,
41419,
351,
262,
4564,
11,
262,
1450,
290,
1466,
4143,
319,
6697,
5389,
11,
996,
287,
617,
4113,
262,
1450,
547,
2174,
11,
290,
262,
1466,
287,
38462,
2029,
13,
9754,
301,
777,
547,
262,
5544,
1398,
286,
3112,
270,
658,
11,
508,
547,
1444,
18074,
225,
139,
227,
26180,
30950,
38392,
32830,
157,
123,
114,
32830,
30950,
35558,
11,
6414,
274,
11,
1312,
13,
68,
1539,
763,
12,
1481,
364,
11,
780,
484,
547,
3142,
284,
1302,
351,
262,
17074,
11,
290,
284,
3520,
290,
3285,
262,
15707,
286,
262,
4564,
11,
706,
262,
327,
40340,
388,
641,
290,
262,
584,
3112,
270,
658,
547,
11126,
11,
290,
284,
307,
1944,
981,
262,
17074,
4438,
290,
28412,
11,
996,
484,
1244,
407,
2405,
787,
511,
18369,
11,
4249,
48513,
286,
262,
7439,
4440,
295,
13,
770,
1398,
286,
3112,
270,
658,
389,
6777,
4750,
287,
262,
460,
684,
11,
355,
564,
250,
10709,
12364,
287,
15707,
11,
447,
251,
393,
564,
250,
19419,
262,
909,
7592,
26,
447,
251,
290,
340,
373,
262,
938,
9559,
284,
307,
3804,
832,
2180,
284,
262,
852,
6848,
757,
284,
1336,
41419,
13,
383,
3357,
286,
564,
250,
258,
1723,
2347,
447,
251,
393,
564,
250,
13159,
12,
10709,
12364,
14858,
447,
251,
4084,
550,
663,
8159,
287,
428,
3800,
286,
12883,
13,
1629,
262,
6727,
886,
286,
262,
1767,
286,
262,
4928,
11,
290,
9086,
422,
340,
416,
27587,
543,
547,
1444,
43780,
15516,
11,
373,
326,
636,
543,
356,
783,
869,
262,
11809,
75,
13,
770,
373,
281,
979,
1473,
1444,
416,
1811,
3891,
11,
355,
347,
19687,
393,
30105,
11,
422,
663,
852,
4376,
2029,
262,
1767,
286,
262,
4928,
11,
290,
9295,
81,
17756,
393,
27036,
13,
632,
373,
635,
1444,
317,
862,
271,
290,
1482,
11693,
347,
368,
37749,
11,
422,
663,
39290,
1980,
934,
886,
13,
554,
428,
636,
6204,
262,
12344,
283,
11,
393,
7439,
8655,
357,
4758,
3891,
547,
31655,
306,
973,
287,
262,
20049,
4564,
828,
2157,
543,
11,
290,
1028,
262,
3355,
286,
262,
2863,
75,
11,
373,
262,
347,
21863,
19262,
11,
351,
262,
8632,
286,
262,
1763,
1525,
1010,
319,
1123,
1735,
286,
340,
11,
1444,
33549,
1313,
385,
13,
1550,
530,
1735,
286,
262,
2863,
75,
373,
262,
16099,
329,
262,
13626,
3384,
641,
4487,
290,
19750,
902,
11,
1444,
262,
6031,
7807,
39901,
11,
290,
18877,
284,
674,
39034,
563,
26,
290,
319,
262,
584,
262,
5038,
8497,
11,
257,
1735,
12,
11487,
11,
393,
1295,
11,
810,
262,
8509,
290,
8237,
547,
27163,
878,
484,
547,
4438,
319,
262,
12344,
283,
13,
383,
17435,
287,
262,
2863,
75,
6787,
547,
1444,
262,
11386,
17435,
11,
290,
4844,
475,
262,
2440,
6266,
286,
262,
26014,
11,
1312,
13,
68,
1539,
347,
21863,
11,
4389,
3558,
11,
290,
1024,
37256,
11,
547,
3142,
284,
3802,
1626,
606,
13,
383,
10851,
5600,
373,
10431,
284,
466,
523,
329,
262,
4007,
286,
1642,
465,
6011,
379,
262,
12344,
283,
11,
475,
788,
339,
373,
23278,
284,
8058,
3393,
11,
290,
284,
3328,
262,
41419,
1231,
13,
198,
7,
37582,
44961,
13,
1052,
979,
29727,
2123,
44599,
626,
293,
48532,
390,
300,
36,
4743,
786,
13,
4186,
13,
314,
13,
32020,
260,
2873,
13,
28022,
13,
2124,
85,
73,
13,
6454,
450,
6058,
2004,
2014,
198,
79,
13,
2681,
554,
262,
2688,
612,
11196,
1464,
867,
2663,
286,
1171,
3112,
590,
11,
475,
287,
262,
3687,
340,
318,
517,
2408,
284,
1064,
597,
20675,
286,
340,
11,
706,
340,
373,
32424,
416,
262,
48665,
399,
478,
19897,
287,
262,
1048,
286,
262,
5675,
7507,
48324,
8042,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
262,
10851,
31078,
955,
38572,
385,
11,
508,
1718,
262,
13735,
287,
262,
614,
17729,
11,
750,
257,
3112,
590,
588,
326,
286,
4697,
1528,
11,
290,
530,
543,
743,
880,
1208,
329,
40336,
13,
679,
1444,
1978,
257,
1588,
1271,
286,
27538,
351,
262,
28915,
11,
290,
617,
11386,
4158,
26,
339,
5545,
2241,
878,
606,
287,
262,
5482,
65,
286,
257,
4301,
26,
339,
25623,
284,
606,
465,
4065,
286,
39954,
79,
341,
351,
477,
663,
5917,
13,
1119,
15006,
262,
10851,
290,
477,
465,
6424,
1063,
284,
24845,
11,
284,
9105,
386,
23104,
2402,
262,
4534,
11,
284,
5762,
4190,
44905,
11,
290,
284,
477,
262,
584,
8850,
257,
5819,
871,
286,
3112,
590,
13,
5334,
17743,
10348,
284,
2648,
511,
18522,
82,
290,
511,
8659,
654,
11,
3584,
484,
550,
550,
645,
2648,
287,
511,
4065,
13,
383,
2187,
20562,
2627,
257,
21421,
286,
24140,
290,
1171,
3112,
590,
13,
383,
23129,
12408,
262,
4190,
15600,
739,
262,
14032,
11,
290,
3830,
2402,
262,
4534,
329,
16571,
1528,
11,
1719,
691,
257,
7815,
329,
257,
28774,
13,
198,
2514,
477,
8472,
4959,
5094,
7507,
590,
373,
257,
2276,
9901,
475,
329,
257,
1790,
981,
287,
262,
4564,
13,
887,
262,
9173,
1276,
307,
8161,
284,
15714,
1022,
428,
5094,
7507,
590,
290,
262,
2839,
24250,
543,
287,
262,
7835,
4564,
1111,
3687,
290,
2688,
318,
26208,
1970,
1417,
13,
1867,
399,
478,
19897,
750,
373,
284,
35531,
262,
2607,
286,
7507,
48324,
8042,
11,
3025,
7077,
340,
550,
587,
284,
8333,
1171,
3112,
590,
329,
3200,
7813,
26,
8541,
257,
1517,
18174,
1180,
422,
644,
21374,
1833,
416,
262,
564,
250,
38318,
15141,
286,
7507,
590,
13,
447,
251,
632,
561,
307,
503,
286,
1295,
284,
466,
517,
287,
428,
1295,
621,
284,
869,
262,
7183,
3241,
284,
262,
6247,
1109,
11,
290,
284,
5127,
683,
11,
422,
257,
7993,
7835,
966,
286,
1570,
11,
351,
281,
7468,
286,
1521,
5094,
7507,
590,
3724,
503,
13,
564,
250,
1026,
1625,
284,
281,
886,
780,
340,
373,
286,
1692,
9901,
13,
887,
5360,
859,
2470,
24250,
11,
852,
286,
11871,
8159,
11,
15436,
618,
262,
3112,
270,
1843,
12883,
550,
587,
3421,
11,
290,
4477,
284,
428,
1110,
1871,
262,
25059,
290,
39713,
48027,
13,
447,
251,
8699,
1320,
262,
9173,
743,
5052,
286,
262,
4112,
2658,
454,
286,
262,
6260,
655,
10947,
11,
314,
1577,
257,
1178,
13439,
422,
262,
976,
2708,
25,
564,
250,
2025,
4459,
11,
2158,
11,
750,
28615,
284,
617,
6287,
287,
262,
3504,
9337,
11,
772,
1871,
21374,
11,
326,
24250,
284,
1793,
3436,
424,
2108,
276,
13,
383,
4281,
286,
609,
22940,
75,
684,
287,
807,
1485,
357,
49883,
2124,
5324,
72,
2926,
12179,
1139,
25,
2773,
6818,
326,
356,
815,
22127,
674,
18377,
284,
1793,
3436,
11,
475,
617,
892,
326,
484,
815,
307,
25623,
284,
262,
11503,
11,
1123,
286,
543,
6593,
318,
3940,
407,
1231,
1049,
8234,
287,
7439,
4564,
13,
1399,
18546,
2521,
925,
284,
1793,
1308,
3212,
18377,
11,
475,
326,
925,
284,
262,
11503,
17324,
703,
484,
389,
284,
307,
1308,
2004,
13,
770,
1966,
4459,
318,
635,
4750,
1231,
1128,
22609,
341,
416,
5613,
28503,
446,
357,
818,
11352,
298,
13,
7980,
13,
21628,
13,
1233,
13,
2124,
85,
2926,
15729,
447,
251,
198,
20418,
3448,
272,
13,
1024,
7979,
78,
35550,
1539,
1451,
13,
2124,
452,
13,
1495,
25,
4304,
198,
20044,
35237,
11,
1024,
350,
129,
241,
77,
48324,
1539,
9195,
13,
410,
1539,
1451,
13,
642,
13,
1983,
25,
3324,
198,
53,
485,
11,
4323,
44961,
13,
7980,
13,
15433,
13,
32020,
260,
2873,
13,
15954,
270,
260,
410,
4178,
13,
8460,
2124,
15479,
13,
810,
262,
2187,
2300,
286,
399,
478,
2743,
1046,
2223,
318,
6693,
13,
1983,
25,
3695,
198,
4550,
271,
290,
21418,
13,
317,
7835,
28261,
26,
850,
7608,
344,
7507,
590,
11,
18114,
286,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,540 |
The SAGE idea is modeled after interscholastic sports. It works like this. A team of at least three teenagers is formed, either by the teens themselves or in conjunction with an entrepreneurial coach or adult ally (e.g., teacher, business leader, or sponsoring organization). If the team is affiliated with a high school, it can be part of an existing class, or it can be co-curricular. In the late spring or early summer of each year, the teams travel to a tournament to present the results of their innovations to a panel of jurists recruited from the business and civic community.
The ticket to enter the competition? A SAGE team must enter one of two categories. It must choose to operate either a:
By operating an SRB or an SEB, the team earns the right to travel to a regional or national tournament. At the national tournament, the best team in each category wins the right to represent their country at the SAGE World Cup.
If SAGE teams are searching for new ideas, they are advised to learn about the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals. The eight goal recognizes the importance of cooperation to develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth. Moreover, in his book, The World is Flat, journalist Thomas Friedman (2005) commented on the importance of youth empowerment.
His comments apply to SAGE’s goals:
“Give young people a context where they can translate a positive imagination into reality, give them a context in which someone with a grievance can have it adjudicated in a court of law without having to bribe the judge with a goat, give them a context in which they can pursue an entrepreneurial idea and become the richest or the most creative or most respected people in their own country, no matter what their background, give them a context in which any complaint or idea can be published in the newspaper, give them a context in which anyone can run for office—and guess what? They usually don’t want to blow up the world. They usually want to be part of it.”
SAGE is premised on the compelling usefulness of assisting youths to plan and operate businesses, as a means to for them to use their classroom learning and develop self-reliance. Entrepreneurship is a ke y element; according to C.K. Prahalad, author of The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid [Wharton School Publishing, 2005]: “Companies, academics and NGOs are beginning to see that the private sector can play a key role in improving the quality of life for many people, including poverty reduction.” Collaboration is crucial between the private and public sectors, and market development at the “bottom of the pyramid” can create millions of new entrepreneurs at the grass roots level—from women working as distributors and entrepreneurs to village-level micro enterprises. “Entrepreneurship on a massive scale is the key,” he said [p. 2].
Our program fills an unmet need at the high school level because many young people who want to become entrepreneurs may never be able to realize their dreams. They do not have the necessary knowledge or skills to act on that knowledge; they are missing role models or personal relationships to see what it means to be a successful entrepreneur; and they lack encouragement needed to undertake a new venture.” (Walstad, W. & Kourilsy, M.L. (1998), Entrepreneurial attitudes and knowledge of black youth, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 23(2), 5-18. | [
464,
311,
11879,
2126,
318,
29563,
706,
987,
20601,
349,
3477,
5701,
13,
632,
2499,
588,
428,
13,
317,
1074,
286,
379,
1551,
1115,
17366,
318,
7042,
11,
2035,
416,
262,
15508,
2405,
393,
287,
17856,
351,
281,
39365,
3985,
393,
4044,
12525,
357,
68,
13,
70,
1539,
4701,
11,
1597,
3554,
11,
393,
42569,
4009,
737,
1002,
262,
1074,
318,
18552,
351,
257,
1029,
1524,
11,
340,
460,
307,
636,
286,
281,
4683,
1398,
11,
393,
340,
460,
307,
763,
12,
22019,
41001,
13,
554,
262,
2739,
6076,
393,
1903,
3931,
286,
1123,
614,
11,
262,
3466,
3067,
284,
257,
7756,
284,
1944,
262,
2482,
286,
511,
25438,
284,
257,
6103,
286,
8174,
1023,
18774,
422,
262,
1597,
290,
23265,
2055,
13,
198,
464,
7846,
284,
3802,
262,
5449,
30,
317,
311,
11879,
1074,
1276,
3802,
530,
286,
734,
9376,
13,
632,
1276,
3853,
284,
8076,
2035,
257,
25,
198,
3886,
5361,
281,
16808,
33,
393,
281,
7946,
33,
11,
262,
1074,
29339,
262,
826,
284,
3067,
284,
257,
7915,
393,
2260,
7756,
13,
1629,
262,
2260,
7756,
11,
262,
1266,
1074,
287,
1123,
6536,
7864,
262,
826,
284,
2380,
511,
1499,
379,
262,
311,
11879,
2159,
5454,
13,
198,
1532,
311,
11879,
3466,
389,
10342,
329,
649,
4213,
11,
484,
389,
13030,
284,
2193,
546,
262,
1578,
8741,
447,
247,
82,
26139,
7712,
28510,
13,
383,
3624,
3061,
21570,
262,
6817,
286,
11113,
284,
1205,
290,
3494,
10064,
329,
7709,
290,
12973,
670,
329,
6205,
13,
10968,
11,
287,
465,
1492,
11,
383,
2159,
318,
21939,
11,
10099,
5658,
25865,
357,
14315,
8,
16476,
319,
262,
6817,
286,
6205,
39309,
13,
198,
6653,
3651,
4174,
284,
311,
11879,
447,
247,
82,
4661,
25,
198,
447,
250,
23318,
1862,
661,
257,
4732,
810,
484,
460,
15772,
257,
3967,
13843,
656,
3950,
11,
1577,
606,
257,
4732,
287,
543,
2130,
351,
257,
47645,
460,
423,
340,
33719,
3474,
287,
257,
2184,
286,
1099,
1231,
1719,
284,
40879,
262,
5052,
351,
257,
26917,
11,
1577,
606,
257,
4732,
287,
543,
484,
460,
10660,
281,
39365,
2126,
290,
1716,
262,
24348,
393,
262,
749,
7325,
393,
749,
14462,
661,
287,
511,
898,
1499,
11,
645,
2300,
644,
511,
4469,
11,
1577,
606,
257,
4732,
287,
543,
597,
8224,
393,
2126,
460,
307,
3199,
287,
262,
7533,
11,
1577,
606,
257,
4732,
287,
543,
2687,
460,
1057,
329,
2607,
960,
392,
4724,
644,
30,
1119,
3221,
836,
447,
247,
83,
765,
284,
6611,
510,
262,
995,
13,
1119,
3221,
765,
284,
307,
636,
286,
340,
13,
447,
251,
198,
4090,
8264,
318,
4199,
1417,
319,
262,
13206,
37496,
286,
26508,
28247,
284,
1410,
290,
8076,
5692,
11,
355,
257,
1724,
284,
329,
606,
284,
779,
511,
15806,
4673,
290,
1205,
2116,
12,
2411,
3610,
13,
42071,
1834,
1056,
318,
257,
885,
331,
5002,
26,
1864,
284,
327,
13,
42,
13,
350,
11392,
282,
324,
11,
1772,
286,
383,
20425,
379,
262,
24530,
286,
262,
41450,
685,
1199,
41328,
3961,
23499,
11,
5075,
5974,
564,
250,
49111,
11,
22321,
290,
32507,
389,
3726,
284,
766,
326,
262,
2839,
6567,
460,
711,
257,
1994,
2597,
287,
10068,
262,
3081,
286,
1204,
329,
867,
661,
11,
1390,
8098,
7741,
13,
447,
251,
37322,
341,
318,
8780,
1022,
262,
2839,
290,
1171,
16020,
11,
290,
1910,
2478,
379,
262,
564,
250,
22487,
286,
262,
27944,
447,
251,
460,
2251,
5242,
286,
649,
17038,
379,
262,
8701,
11135,
1241,
960,
6738,
1466,
1762,
355,
32612,
290,
17038,
284,
7404,
12,
5715,
4580,
23941,
13,
564,
250,
14539,
10406,
1834,
1056,
319,
257,
4858,
5046,
318,
262,
1994,
11,
447,
251,
339,
531,
685,
79,
13,
362,
4083,
198,
5122,
1430,
23816,
281,
555,
4164,
761,
379,
262,
1029,
1524,
1241,
780,
867,
1862,
661,
508,
765,
284,
1716,
17038,
743,
1239,
307,
1498,
284,
6537,
511,
10625,
13,
1119,
466,
407,
423,
262,
3306,
3725,
393,
4678,
284,
719,
319,
326,
3725,
26,
484,
389,
4814,
2597,
4981,
393,
2614,
6958,
284,
766,
644,
340,
1724,
284,
307,
257,
4388,
19500,
26,
290,
484,
3092,
27529,
2622,
284,
25340,
257,
649,
13189,
13,
447,
251,
357,
21902,
24107,
11,
370,
13,
1222,
509,
454,
346,
1837,
11,
337,
13,
43,
13,
357,
21113,
828,
42071,
333,
498,
14479,
290,
3725,
286,
2042,
6205,
11,
42071,
1834,
1056,
17003,
1222,
19939,
11,
2242,
7,
17,
828,
642,
12,
1507,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 732 |
What is Obesity?
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an increase in 20 percent or more above your ideal body weight is the point at which excess weight becomes a health risk. Today 97 million Americans, more than one-third of the adult population, are overweight or obese. An estimated 5 to 10 million of those are considered morbidly obese.
Obesity becomes "morbid" when it reaches the point of significantly increasing the risk of one or more obesity-related health conditions or serious diseases (also known as co-morbidities) that result either in significant physical disability or even death.
According to the National Institutes of Health Consensus Report, morbid obesity is a serious disease and must be treated as such. It is a chronic disease, meaning that its symptoms build slowly over an extended period of time. Morbid obesity can cause many life-threatening health problems and ultimately lead to a shorter life. The risk of an early death for those who are obese is two times that of a non-obese person.
There are several medically accepted criteria for defining morbid obesity. You are likely morbidly obese if you are one or more of the following:
- more than 100 lbs. over your ideal body weight, or
- have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of over 40, or
- have a BMI of over 35 and are experiencing severe negative health effects, such as high blood pressure or diabetes, related to being severely overweight
If you are struggling with morbid obesity, and have been unable to achieve a healthy body weight for a sustained period of time, even through medically supervised dieting and exercise; gastric bypass surgery or lap band surgery may be right for you. Together, you and your bariatric surgeon take steps to determine:
- If surgery is the right treatment for you
- Which type of procedure is right for you
- If you are mentally and emotionally prepared to make lifelong lifestyle changes
- That you have, or will have, the necessary support system around you
Once you and your surgeon have determined that weight loss surgery is an option for you, you will begin the prequalification process. This includes a series of tests and meetings with a nutritionist, psychologist, and other support staff members in sessions leading up to surgery. Each healthcare professional will help you prepare for the changes and challenges that lie ahead. | [
2061,
318,
41936,
30,
198,
4821,
284,
262,
2351,
33656,
286,
3893,
357,
22125,
39,
828,
281,
2620,
287,
1160,
1411,
393,
517,
2029,
534,
7306,
1767,
3463,
318,
262,
966,
379,
543,
6992,
3463,
4329,
257,
1535,
2526,
13,
6288,
10111,
1510,
3399,
11,
517,
621,
530,
12,
17089,
286,
262,
4044,
3265,
11,
389,
22652,
393,
20779,
13,
1052,
6108,
642,
284,
838,
1510,
286,
883,
389,
3177,
34813,
306,
20779,
13,
198,
5944,
11924,
4329,
366,
4491,
14065,
1,
618,
340,
12229,
262,
966,
286,
5566,
3649,
262,
2526,
286,
530,
393,
517,
13825,
12,
5363,
1535,
3403,
393,
2726,
10040,
357,
14508,
1900,
355,
763,
12,
4491,
14065,
871,
8,
326,
1255,
2035,
287,
2383,
3518,
14013,
393,
772,
1918,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
262,
2351,
33656,
286,
3893,
3515,
7314,
6358,
11,
34813,
13825,
318,
257,
2726,
4369,
290,
1276,
307,
5716,
355,
884,
13,
632,
318,
257,
10726,
4369,
11,
3616,
326,
663,
7460,
1382,
6364,
625,
281,
7083,
2278,
286,
640,
13,
3461,
14065,
13825,
460,
2728,
867,
1204,
12,
26159,
1535,
2761,
290,
6165,
1085,
284,
257,
12238,
1204,
13,
383,
2526,
286,
281,
1903,
1918,
329,
883,
508,
389,
20779,
318,
734,
1661,
326,
286,
257,
1729,
12,
672,
2771,
1048,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
1811,
35031,
6292,
9987,
329,
16215,
34813,
13825,
13,
921,
389,
1884,
34813,
306,
20779,
611,
345,
389,
530,
393,
517,
286,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
12,
517,
621,
1802,
15785,
13,
625,
534,
7306,
1767,
3463,
11,
393,
198,
12,
423,
257,
12290,
5674,
12901,
357,
33,
8895,
8,
286,
625,
2319,
11,
393,
198,
12,
423,
257,
22456,
286,
625,
3439,
290,
389,
13456,
6049,
4633,
1535,
3048,
11,
884,
355,
1029,
2910,
3833,
393,
12593,
11,
3519,
284,
852,
15052,
22652,
198,
1532,
345,
389,
9648,
351,
34813,
13825,
11,
290,
423,
587,
5906,
284,
4620,
257,
5448,
1767,
3463,
329,
257,
12605,
2278,
286,
640,
11,
772,
832,
35031,
28679,
5496,
278,
290,
5517,
26,
21956,
1173,
17286,
8185,
393,
14779,
4097,
8185,
743,
307,
826,
329,
345,
13,
17083,
11,
345,
290,
534,
2318,
11439,
23923,
1011,
4831,
284,
5004,
25,
198,
12,
1002,
8185,
318,
262,
826,
3513,
329,
345,
198,
12,
9022,
2099,
286,
8771,
318,
826,
329,
345,
198,
12,
1002,
345,
389,
14946,
290,
17991,
5597,
284,
787,
25837,
12263,
2458,
198,
12,
1320,
345,
423,
11,
393,
481,
423,
11,
262,
3306,
1104,
1080,
1088,
345,
198,
7454,
345,
290,
534,
23923,
423,
5295,
326,
3463,
2994,
8185,
318,
281,
3038,
329,
345,
11,
345,
481,
2221,
262,
662,
13255,
2649,
1429,
13,
770,
3407,
257,
2168,
286,
5254,
290,
8292,
351,
257,
16633,
396,
11,
23540,
11,
290,
584,
1104,
3085,
1866,
287,
10991,
3756,
510,
284,
8185,
13,
5501,
11409,
4708,
481,
1037,
345,
8335,
329,
262,
2458,
290,
6459,
326,
6486,
4058,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 481 |
14 June 2007. Two recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies support the notion that many genetic variants each contribute a little to the risk of developing bipolar disorder. The largest of the new studies, published in Nature on June 7, comes from The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, a collaboration of genetics researchers in the United Kingdom, including lead author Peter Donnelly of the University of Oxford, England, and Nick Craddock of Cardiff University, Wales. It comes on the heels of another study, directed by Francis J. McMahon of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), that appeared online in Molecular Psychiatry on May 8.
Some of the markers implicate genes or chromosomal regions that have previously been tied to schizophrenia, which will add grist to the argument that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share too many symptoms and genes to justify defining them as distinct syndromes (see SRF Live Discussion led by Nick Craddock and Mike Owen; Maier et al., 2006).
In their study, McMahon, first author Amber E. Baum of NIMH, and colleagues in Germany and the United States searched for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to the risk of having bipolar l disorder. This “classic” form of bipolar disorder features one or more manic or manic-depressive episodes, and sometimes psychosis or episodes of major depression (see NIMH information about the different forms of bipolar disorder). Baum and colleagues recruited 461 unrelated people with bipolar l disorder who had affected siblings, and 563 controls without major depression or a history of bipolar disorder or psychosis; all had solely European ancestry. As a check against the false positives that can compromise GWA studies, the researchers replicated their findings in a German sample of 772 people with bipolar l disorder, identified through hospital admissions and linkage studies, and 876 controls with no history of affective disorder or schizophrenia.
To control costs, the investigators used pooled DNA from many subjects to detect genes related to bipolar disorder and used individual genotyping to confirm the associations. This process detected 10 genes that were associated with bipolar disorder in both samples when analyzed separately and an extra 15 in the combined samples. Several mapped to areas previously tied to bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Controls as well as cases had risk alleles, but cases typically carried nine or more.
Calling the effect sizes “modest,” Baum and colleagues write that the highest odds ratio based on individual genotyping, 1.67 (95 percent CI 1.32-2.13), was for a SNP in SORCS2, “which maps to a region on chromosome 4p that has been widely linked to bipolar disorder.” Three SNPs in SORCS2 and three in the gene encoding diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH) showed significant associations in both samples. The enzyme DGKH is notable in that it acts in a lithium-sensitive pathway.
The Wellcome Trust study searched for genetic ties to seven diseases in residents of Great Britain and addressed methodological issues that affect GWA studies. It enrolled 2,000 cases each for bipolar disorder, coronary artery disease, Crohn’s disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Bipolar disorder cases had contacted mental health services and met Research Diagnostic Criteria for a lifetime diagnosis of the disorder. Half of the 3,000 controls were born during one week in 1958; the others gave blood anonymously for the study. Analyses omitted people of non-Caucasian descent.
Case-control comparisons found 24 independent associations that met the consortium’s strictest criteria (P <5 x 10-7), including one each for bipolar disorder and coronary artery disease, nine for Crohn’s disease, three for rheumatoid arthritis, seven for type 1 diabetes, and three for type 2 diabetes. According to the researchers, many coincide with prior findings, and others have been backed by later studies, validating the GWA approach.
As Craddock, who led the bipolar part of the study, tells SRF via e-mail, “The data suggest that, at least as currently defined, there are fewer susceptibility genes of relatively large effect in bipolar disorder than for several of the other diseases studied, but more genes of smaller effect.” One SNP on chromosome 16p12 stands out for its strong evidence of a link with bipolar disorder, though this finding did not receive additional support in comparisons that used an expanded reference group of nearly 15,000 subjects, which was created by adding cases from the other six disease groups to the controls. While acknowledging the need for replication, the authors note that several genes at that site could affect bipolar disorder, including DCTN5 or dynactin 5, which “encodes a protein involved in intracellular transport that is known to interact with the gene ‘disrupted in schizophrenia 1’ (DISC1).” Other genome regions topping the list as possibly important for bipolar disorder (P values in the 10-5 range) contain genes affecting voltage-gated potassium channels and synaptic function, as well as GABA and glutamate neurotransmission. The marker in SYN3, the gene for synapsin 3, is notable in this regard, as synapsin 3 has been linked to schizophrenia in association and expression studies.
At first glance, it may seem that the NIMH and Wellcome papers implicate different genes in bipolar disorder. However, Craddock explains that the data sets have yet to be perused in enough detail to warrant that conclusion, since the papers focused on the “top hits.”
To Baum and colleagues, GWA studies serve as “a powerful alternative to genetic linkage studies, which are often underpowered to detect genes contributing to complex phenotypes, and to candidate gene association studies, which are biased by the choice of genes included.” Even so, Craddock warns, “There are opportunities for problems at every stage from sample preparation, through running chips, to cleaning and managing data. With such large data sets, small errors can generate highly significant differences between cases and controls. Such spurious positives must be weeded out ruthlessly before the data set is analyzed.”
Despite the large samples needed to adequately power GWA studies, methods used in the NIMH and Wellcome studies, such as pooling DNA and sharing control groups, can make them more manageable. Researchers intrigued by the possibilities can dive into the data sets themselves: just surf to the NIMH or WTCCC websites and apply for access to compare and contrast the results.—Victoria L. Wilcox.
Baum AE, Akula N, Cabanero M, Cardona I, Corona W, Klemens B, Schulze TG, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Georgi A, Schumacher J, Schwarz M, Abou Jamra R, Höfels S, Propping P, Satagopan J, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Hardy J, McMahon FJ. A genome-wide association study implicates diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH) and several other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. May 8, 2007. Advance online publication. Abstract
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. June 7, 2007;447(7145):661-678. Abstract
Q&A with Nick Craddock. SRF questions by Hakon Heimer and Victoria L. Wilcox.
Q: What do you see as the most important findings of the Wellcome Trust study regarding the genetic underpinnings of bipolar disorder?
A: This data set, and others that will become available in the near future, open up the possibility for systematic identification of the biological systems influencing bipolar and related disorders. The most significant association signals are obviously of great interest, and many are likely to implicate specific genes in pathogenesis. However, the great strength is having genotypes available on all individuals for all SNPs because this allows (a) sets of genes to be examined for association (rather than just one SNP at a time), and (b) subsets of patients to be examined according to their clinical characteristics (rather than just treating them as a “case”).
Q: How do the findings relate to schizophrenia and other psychoses?
A: We have also examined an additional set of 700 mood-psychosis spectrum cases using the same approach (not yet published) and are currently undertaking analyses that will inform understanding of the relationship among bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and related psychoses.
Q: Do the Wellcome Trust results alter or strengthen ideas about breaking down the “Kraepelinian divide”?
A: The published findings related to a specific definition of bipolar disorder and used only a case-control analysis and so, themselves, do not directly address the issue of the relationship between mood disorders and psychosis. Our ongoing analyses will.
Q: The study included patients with bipolar disorder classified by “Research Diagnostic Criteria.” How would this group differ from patients diagnosed in clinics in the UK or in the U.S.? Is this group of patients likely to be different from the Baum study population?
A: The vast majority of the sample also meets DSM-IV criteria for bipolar l disorder. The main difference is that about 9 percent of the sample meets criteria for bipolar II disorder. (Research Diagnostic Criteria were developed in the U.S., and DSM-III was largely based on them.)
Q: It seems that the Wellcome study and the Baum study differed in the genes they found linked to bipolar disorder. What might account for that?
A: That is a premature conclusion. The important question is whether, when the two data sets are compared in detail, there is evidence of support for loci across the studies. I think it likely that when this is done there will be genes that receive support from both data sets.
It is wrong to focus just on top hit(s) because in complex genetics you do not expect the same top signals to arise in each data set examined. This is the experience in diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, where several susceptibility genes are robustly known. Even in very large data sets (larger than that of Baum et al.), a particular robustly known gene may not show a strong signal.
Q: When will the data become available to other researchers?
A: Researchers can apply for access to the data, and details are given in the paper. The process should not take long. | [
1415,
2795,
4343,
13,
4930,
2274,
19270,
12,
4421,
8112,
357,
38,
15543,
8,
3640,
1104,
262,
9495,
326,
867,
8513,
17670,
1123,
8676,
257,
1310,
284,
262,
2526,
286,
5922,
31170,
8967,
13,
383,
4387,
286,
262,
649,
3640,
11,
3199,
287,
10362,
319,
2795,
767,
11,
2058,
422,
383,
3894,
2958,
9870,
8913,
6779,
42727,
11,
257,
12438,
286,
25862,
4837,
287,
262,
1578,
7526,
11,
1390,
1085,
1772,
5613,
48007,
6148,
286,
262,
2059,
286,
13643,
11,
4492,
11,
290,
8047,
3864,
35509,
286,
34910,
2059,
11,
11769,
13,
632,
2058,
319,
262,
18728,
286,
1194,
2050,
11,
7924,
416,
12155,
449,
13,
33984,
286,
262,
2351,
5136,
286,
21235,
3893,
357,
45,
3955,
39,
828,
326,
4120,
2691,
287,
38275,
28897,
319,
1737,
807,
13,
198,
4366,
286,
262,
19736,
4114,
5344,
10812,
393,
22630,
18048,
7652,
326,
423,
4271,
587,
8165,
284,
22794,
11,
543,
481,
751,
1036,
396,
284,
262,
4578,
326,
22794,
290,
31170,
8967,
2648,
1165,
867,
7460,
290,
10812,
284,
12051,
16215,
606,
355,
7310,
11150,
398,
274,
357,
3826,
16808,
37,
7547,
27766,
2957,
416,
8047,
3864,
35509,
290,
4995,
22605,
26,
6669,
959,
2123,
435,
1539,
4793,
737,
198,
818,
511,
2050,
11,
33984,
11,
717,
1772,
21896,
412,
13,
8999,
388,
286,
399,
3955,
39,
11,
290,
7810,
287,
4486,
290,
262,
1578,
1829,
16499,
329,
2060,
12,
77,
14913,
45608,
34196,
6583,
357,
15571,
12016,
8,
6692,
284,
262,
2526,
286,
1719,
31170,
300,
8967,
13,
770,
564,
250,
49421,
447,
251,
1296,
286,
31170,
8967,
3033,
530,
393,
517,
38705,
393,
38705,
12,
10378,
3314,
8640,
11,
290,
3360,
37926,
393,
8640,
286,
1688,
8862,
357,
3826,
399,
3955,
39,
1321,
546,
262,
1180,
5107,
286,
31170,
8967,
737,
8999,
388,
290,
7810,
18774,
604,
5333,
19938,
661,
351,
31170,
300,
8967,
508,
550,
5676,
20569,
11,
290,
642,
5066,
6973,
1231,
1688,
8862,
393,
257,
2106,
286,
31170,
8967,
393,
37926,
26,
477,
550,
9944,
3427,
29171,
13,
1081,
257,
2198,
1028,
262,
3991,
38548,
326,
460,
13110,
402,
15543,
3640,
11,
262,
4837,
35108,
511,
6373,
287,
257,
2679,
6291,
286,
767,
4761,
661,
351,
31170,
300,
8967,
11,
5174,
832,
4436,
25349,
290,
45945,
3640,
11,
290,
807,
4304,
6973,
351,
645,
2106,
286,
2689,
425,
8967,
393,
22794,
13,
198,
2514,
1630,
3484,
11,
262,
10093,
973,
44762,
7446,
422,
867,
7481,
284,
4886,
10812,
3519,
284,
31170,
8967,
290,
973,
1981,
2429,
17183,
278,
284,
6216,
262,
15814,
13,
770,
1429,
12326,
838,
10812,
326,
547,
3917,
351,
31170,
8967,
287,
1111,
8405,
618,
15475,
13869,
290,
281,
3131,
1315,
287,
262,
5929,
8405,
13,
12168,
27661,
284,
3006,
4271,
8165,
284,
31170,
8967,
393,
22794,
13,
36357,
355,
880,
355,
2663,
550,
2526,
28654,
829,
11,
475,
2663,
6032,
5281,
5193,
393,
517,
13,
198,
48593,
262,
1245,
10620,
564,
250,
4666,
395,
11,
447,
251,
8999,
388,
290,
7810,
3551,
326,
262,
4511,
10402,
8064,
1912,
319,
1981,
2429,
17183,
278,
11,
352,
13,
3134,
357,
3865,
1411,
14514,
352,
13,
2624,
12,
17,
13,
1485,
828,
373,
329,
257,
25632,
287,
311,
1581,
7902,
17,
11,
564,
250,
4758,
8739,
284,
257,
3814,
319,
34348,
604,
79,
326,
468,
587,
6768,
6692,
284,
31170,
8967,
13,
447,
251,
7683,
11346,
12016,
287,
311,
1581,
7902,
17,
290,
1115,
287,
262,
9779,
21004,
2566,
1590,
75,
10853,
2189,
349,
18967,
589,
2123,
64,
357,
35,
38,
42,
39,
8,
3751,
2383,
15814,
287,
1111,
8405,
13,
383,
27679,
46133,
42,
39,
318,
12411,
287,
326,
340,
6529,
287,
257,
28444,
12,
30176,
21182,
13,
198,
464,
3894,
2958,
9870,
2050,
16499,
329,
8513,
8470,
284,
3598,
10040,
287,
5085,
286,
3878,
5491,
290,
9469,
47935,
2428,
326,
2689,
402,
15543,
3640,
13,
632,
18724,
362,
11,
830,
2663,
1123,
329,
31170,
8967,
11,
37151,
37646,
4369,
11,
9325,
21116,
447,
247,
82,
4369,
11,
37454,
11,
374,
258,
27798,
1868,
37954,
11,
2099,
352,
12593,
11,
290,
2099,
362,
12593,
13,
347,
49133,
8967,
2663,
550,
11237,
5110,
1535,
2594,
290,
1138,
4992,
31549,
15132,
10056,
5142,
329,
257,
10869,
13669,
286,
262,
8967,
13,
13139,
286,
262,
513,
11,
830,
6973,
547,
4642,
1141,
530,
1285,
287,
24648,
26,
262,
1854,
2921,
2910,
35373,
329,
262,
2050,
13,
1052,
43710,
22532,
661,
286,
1729,
12,
34,
25205,
666,
18598,
13,
198,
20448,
12,
13716,
17909,
1043,
1987,
4795,
15814,
326,
1138,
262,
36451,
447,
247,
82,
7646,
395,
9987,
357,
47,
1279,
20,
2124,
838,
12,
22,
828,
1390,
530,
1123,
329,
31170,
8967,
290,
37151,
37646,
4369,
11,
5193,
329,
9325,
21116,
447,
247,
82,
4369,
11,
1115,
329,
374,
258,
27798,
1868,
37954,
11,
3598,
329,
2099,
352,
12593,
11,
290,
1115,
329,
2099,
362,
12593,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
4837,
11,
867,
37319,
351,
3161,
6373,
11,
290,
1854,
423,
587,
9763,
416,
1568,
3640,
11,
4938,
803,
262,
402,
15543,
3164,
13,
198,
1722,
3864,
35509,
11,
508,
2957,
262,
31170,
636,
286,
262,
2050,
11,
4952,
16808,
37,
2884,
304,
12,
4529,
11,
564,
250,
464,
1366,
1950,
326,
11,
379,
1551,
355,
3058,
5447,
11,
612,
389,
7380,
43304,
10812,
286,
5365,
1588,
1245,
287,
31170,
8967,
621,
329,
1811,
286,
262,
584,
10040,
9713,
11,
475,
517,
10812,
286,
4833,
1245,
13,
447,
251,
1881,
25632,
319,
34348,
1467,
79,
1065,
6296,
503,
329,
663,
1913,
2370,
286,
257,
2792,
351,
31170,
8967,
11,
996,
428,
4917,
750,
407,
3328,
3224,
1104,
287,
17909,
326,
973,
281,
9902,
4941,
1448,
286,
3016,
1315,
11,
830,
7481,
11,
543,
373,
2727,
416,
4375,
2663,
422,
262,
584,
2237,
4369,
2628,
284,
262,
6973,
13,
2893,
25937,
262,
761,
329,
30330,
11,
262,
7035,
3465,
326,
1811,
10812,
379,
326,
2524,
714,
2689,
31170,
8967,
11,
1390,
360,
4177,
45,
20,
393,
37860,
529,
259,
642,
11,
543,
564,
250,
12685,
4147,
257,
7532,
2950,
287,
9913,
558,
32771,
4839,
326,
318,
1900,
284,
9427,
351,
262,
9779,
564,
246,
6381,
31590,
287,
22794,
352,
447,
247,
357,
26288,
34,
16,
737,
447,
251,
3819,
19270,
7652,
34366,
262,
1351,
355,
5457,
1593,
329,
31170,
8967,
357,
47,
3815,
287,
262,
838,
12,
20,
2837,
8,
3994,
10812,
13891,
15004,
12,
70,
515,
33156,
9619,
290,
46679,
2163,
11,
355,
880,
355,
47046,
290,
48402,
39307,
3411,
13,
383,
18364,
287,
19704,
45,
18,
11,
262,
9779,
329,
6171,
1686,
259,
513,
11,
318,
12411,
287,
428,
2754,
11,
355,
6171,
1686,
259,
513,
468,
587,
6692,
284,
22794,
287,
8112,
290,
5408,
3640,
13,
198,
2953,
717,
16086,
11,
340,
743,
1283,
326,
262,
399,
3955,
39,
290,
3894,
2958,
9473,
4114,
5344,
1180,
10812,
287,
31170,
8967,
13,
2102,
11,
3864,
35509,
6688,
326,
262,
1366,
5621,
423,
1865,
284,
307,
583,
1484,
287,
1576,
3703,
284,
8084,
326,
7664,
11,
1201,
262,
9473,
5670,
319,
262,
564,
250,
4852,
7127,
13,
447,
251,
198,
2514,
8999,
388,
290,
7810,
11,
402,
15543,
3640,
4691,
355,
564,
250,
64,
3665,
5559,
284,
8513,
45945,
3640,
11,
543,
389,
1690,
739,
12293,
284,
4886,
10812,
14329,
284,
3716,
6566,
13567,
11,
290,
284,
4540,
9779,
8112,
3640,
11,
543,
389,
21925,
416,
262,
3572,
286,
10812,
3017,
13,
447,
251,
3412,
523,
11,
3864,
35509,
22145,
11,
564,
250,
1858,
389,
6443,
329,
2761,
379,
790,
3800,
422,
6291,
11824,
11,
832,
2491,
12014,
11,
284,
12724,
290,
11149,
1366,
13,
2080,
884,
1588,
1366,
5621,
11,
1402,
8563,
460,
7716,
4047,
2383,
5400,
1022,
2663,
290,
6973,
13,
8013,
49062,
38548,
1276,
307,
356,
15395,
503,
23562,
8613,
878,
262,
1366,
900,
318,
15475,
13,
447,
251,
198,
8332,
262,
1588,
8405,
2622,
284,
22668,
1176,
402,
15543,
3640,
11,
5050,
973,
287,
262,
399,
3955,
39,
290,
3894,
2958,
3640,
11,
884,
355,
5933,
278,
7446,
290,
7373,
1630,
2628,
11,
460,
787,
606,
517,
36426,
13,
26685,
33720,
416,
262,
12779,
460,
15647,
656,
262,
1366,
5621,
2405,
25,
655,
9053,
284,
262,
399,
3955,
39,
393,
41281,
46361,
9293,
290,
4174,
329,
1895,
284,
8996,
290,
6273,
262,
2482,
13402,
49898,
406,
13,
5187,
40359,
13,
198,
33,
26043,
25603,
11,
9084,
4712,
399,
11,
15976,
272,
3529,
337,
11,
5172,
4450,
314,
11,
44574,
370,
11,
509,
10671,
641,
347,
11,
3059,
377,
2736,
44121,
11,
327,
488,
261,
311,
11,
371,
27955,
29232,
337,
11,
399,
9101,
8524,
20806,
11,
6850,
72,
317,
11,
3059,
388,
3493,
449,
11,
34835,
337,
11,
2275,
280,
9986,
430,
371,
11,
367,
9101,
69,
1424,
311,
11,
1041,
2105,
350,
11,
7031,
363,
404,
272,
449,
11,
45559,
64,
12,
54,
35166,
394,
9834,
11,
27583,
449,
11,
33984,
376,
41,
13,
317,
19270,
12,
4421,
8112,
2050,
4114,
16856,
2566,
1590,
75,
10853,
2189,
349,
18967,
589,
2123,
64,
357,
35,
38,
42,
39,
8,
290,
1811,
584,
10812,
287,
262,
2123,
12371,
286,
31170,
8967,
13,
38275,
28897,
13,
1737,
807,
11,
4343,
13,
25170,
2691,
9207,
13,
27741,
198,
464,
3894,
2958,
9870,
8913,
6779,
42727,
13,
5215,
462,
12,
4421,
8112,
2050,
286,
1478,
11,
830,
2663,
286,
3598,
2219,
10040,
290,
513,
11,
830,
4888,
6973,
13,
10362,
13,
2795,
767,
11,
4343,
26,
34825,
7,
22,
18781,
2599,
47159,
12,
30924,
13,
27741,
198,
48,
5,
32,
351,
8047,
3864,
35509,
13,
16808,
37,
2683,
416,
24734,
261,
679,
22723,
290,
12313,
406,
13,
5187,
40359,
13,
198,
48,
25,
1867,
466,
345,
766,
355,
262,
749,
1593,
6373,
286,
262,
3894,
2958,
9870,
2050,
5115,
262,
8513,
739,
79,
3732,
654,
286,
31170,
8967,
30,
198,
32,
25,
770,
1366,
900,
11,
290,
1854,
326,
481,
1716,
1695,
287,
262,
1474,
2003,
11,
1280,
510,
262,
5885,
329,
17895,
11795,
286,
262,
10685,
3341,
32596,
31170,
290,
3519,
11916,
13,
383,
749,
2383,
8112,
10425,
389,
6189,
286,
1049,
1393,
11,
290,
867,
389,
1884,
284,
4114,
5344,
2176,
10812,
287,
3108,
25908,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
1049,
4202,
318,
1719,
2429,
13567,
1695,
319,
477,
3925,
329,
477,
11346,
12016,
780,
428,
3578,
357,
64,
8,
5621,
286,
10812,
284,
307,
11068,
329,
8112,
357,
34330,
621,
655,
530,
25632,
379,
257,
640,
828,
290,
357,
65,
8,
6352,
1039,
286,
3871,
284,
307,
11068,
1864,
284,
511,
8668,
9695,
357,
34330,
621,
655,
13622,
606,
355,
257,
564,
250,
7442,
447,
251,
737,
198,
48,
25,
1374,
466,
262,
6373,
15124,
284,
22794,
290,
584,
3795,
4629,
30,
198,
32,
25,
775,
423,
635,
11068,
281,
3224,
900,
286,
13037,
10038,
12,
23947,
5958,
10958,
2663,
1262,
262,
976,
3164,
357,
1662,
1865,
3199,
8,
290,
389,
3058,
25971,
13523,
326,
481,
4175,
4547,
286,
262,
2776,
1871,
31170,
8967,
11,
22794,
290,
3519,
3795,
4629,
13,
198,
48,
25,
2141,
262,
3894,
2958,
9870,
2482,
8343,
393,
12160,
4213,
546,
7163,
866,
262,
564,
250,
42,
430,
538,
417,
24605,
14083,
447,
251,
30,
198,
32,
25,
383,
3199,
6373,
3519,
284,
257,
2176,
6770,
286,
31170,
8967,
290,
973,
691,
257,
1339,
12,
13716,
3781,
290,
523,
11,
2405,
11,
466,
407,
3264,
2209,
262,
2071,
286,
262,
2776,
1022,
10038,
11916,
290,
37926,
13,
3954,
7044,
13523,
481,
13,
198,
48,
25,
383,
2050,
3017,
3871,
351,
31170,
8967,
10090,
416,
564,
250,
25104,
31549,
15132,
10056,
5142,
13,
447,
251,
1374,
561,
428,
1448,
13238,
422,
3871,
14641,
287,
21434,
287,
262,
3482,
393,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
40791,
1148,
428,
1448,
286,
3871,
1884,
284,
307,
1180,
422,
262,
8999,
388,
2050,
3265,
30,
198,
32,
25,
383,
5909,
3741,
286,
262,
6291,
635,
11185,
37297,
12,
3824,
9987,
329,
31170,
300,
8967,
13,
383,
1388,
3580,
318,
326,
546,
860,
1411,
286,
262,
6291,
11185,
9987,
329,
31170,
2873,
8967,
13,
357,
25104,
31549,
15132,
10056,
5142,
547,
4166,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
1539,
290,
37297,
12,
10855,
373,
5688,
1912,
319,
606,
2014,
198,
48,
25,
632,
2331,
326,
262,
3894,
2958,
2050,
290,
262,
8999,
388,
2050,
36337,
287,
262,
10812,
484,
1043,
6692,
284,
31170,
8967,
13,
1867,
1244,
1848,
329,
326,
30,
198,
32,
25,
1320,
318,
257,
19905,
7664,
13,
383,
1593,
1808,
318,
1771,
11,
618,
262,
734,
1366,
5621,
389,
3688,
287,
3703,
11,
612,
318,
2370,
286,
1104,
329,
1179,
72,
1973,
262,
3640,
13,
314,
892,
340,
1884,
326,
618,
428,
318,
1760,
612,
481,
307,
10812,
326,
3328,
1104,
422,
1111,
1366,
5621,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
2642,
284,
2962,
655,
319,
1353,
2277,
7,
82,
8,
780,
287,
3716,
25862,
345,
466,
407,
1607,
262,
976,
1353,
10425,
284,
15058,
287,
1123,
1366,
900,
11068,
13,
770,
318,
262,
1998,
287,
10040,
11,
884,
355,
2099,
362,
12593,
11,
810,
1811,
43304,
10812,
389,
12373,
306,
1900,
13,
3412,
287,
845,
1588,
1366,
5621,
357,
15521,
263,
621,
326,
286,
8999,
388,
2123,
435,
12179,
257,
1948,
12373,
306,
1900,
9779,
743,
407,
905,
257,
1913,
6737,
13,
198,
48,
25,
1649,
481,
262,
1366,
1716,
1695,
284,
584,
4837,
30,
198,
32,
25,
26685,
460,
4174,
329,
1895,
284,
262,
1366,
11,
290,
3307,
389,
1813,
287,
262,
3348,
13,
383,
1429,
815,
407,
1011,
890,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,218 |
|Product #: EMC0765008_TQ|
Australia: Introduction (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 3|Grade 4|Grade 5|Grade 6
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
This geography unit for grades 3-6+ provides information and activities for students to begin learning about Australia, including thinking about what they know already, location activities, directions and forms for creating a geography center, and answer key. (Find additional units by searching 'Australia Geography.')
Submit a review | [
91,
15667,
1303,
25,
412,
9655,
2998,
2996,
25257,
62,
51,
48,
91,
198,
27429,
25,
22395,
357,
26198,
4897,
5514,
8,
46566,
42233,
513,
91,
42233,
604,
91,
42233,
642,
91,
42233,
718,
198,
5492,
5740,
25,
770,
47179,
318,
257,
4875,
4321,
11,
5626,
257,
3518,
1720,
13,
2293,
5001,
11,
345,
481,
307,
2810,
257,
530,
640,
2792,
284,
4321,
304,
12106,
284,
534,
3644,
13,
30689,
3432,
416,
22525,
2421,
510,
284,
807,
1597,
2250,
284,
11767,
6074,
290,
2650,
7914,
2056,
13,
1114,
7103,
21333,
11,
6074,
351,
3884,
2657,
318,
2672,
13,
198,
1212,
27876,
4326,
329,
19051,
513,
12,
21,
10,
3769,
1321,
290,
4568,
329,
2444,
284,
2221,
4673,
546,
4505,
11,
1390,
3612,
546,
644,
484,
760,
1541,
11,
4067,
4568,
11,
11678,
290,
5107,
329,
4441,
257,
27876,
3641,
11,
290,
3280,
1994,
13,
357,
16742,
3224,
4991,
416,
10342,
705,
27429,
2269,
4867,
2637,
8,
198,
45135,
257,
2423,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 161 |
The National Football League is facing lawsuits by 4,000 former players who allege the organizations failed to protect them from the long-term consequences of concussions.
A psychologist that consulted with the Montreal Canadiens hockey team and treated players with concussions for 15 years undertook research into the effects of concussions on children and young athletes as well as older athletes.
To study the effects of concussions,
Dr. Maryse Lassonde, a neuropsychologist and the scientific director of the Quebec Nature and Technologies Granting Agency
had athletes perform specific visual and auditory tasks and also mapped their brains with the help of EEG and MRI equipment, in addition to testing brain chemistry. | [
464,
2351,
9957,
4041,
318,
6476,
17785,
416,
604,
11,
830,
1966,
1938,
508,
33831,
262,
5745,
4054,
284,
1805,
606,
422,
262,
890,
12,
4354,
6948,
286,
1673,
21585,
13,
198,
32,
23540,
326,
26889,
351,
262,
12871,
33664,
12217,
1074,
290,
5716,
1938,
351,
1673,
21585,
329,
1315,
812,
45730,
2267,
656,
262,
3048,
286,
1673,
21585,
319,
1751,
290,
1862,
10856,
355,
880,
355,
4697,
10856,
13,
198,
2514,
2050,
262,
3048,
286,
1673,
21585,
11,
198,
6187,
13,
5335,
325,
406,
562,
14378,
11,
257,
7669,
23947,
7451,
290,
262,
5654,
3437,
286,
262,
14778,
10362,
290,
21852,
12181,
278,
7732,
198,
18108,
10856,
1620,
2176,
5874,
290,
38949,
8861,
290,
635,
27661,
511,
14290,
351,
262,
1037,
286,
48749,
290,
30278,
5112,
11,
287,
3090,
284,
4856,
3632,
16585,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 136 |
Mar. 18, 1998 One in 10 health care workers frequently exposed to rubber surgical and examination gloves is on the cusp of developing allergy symptoms that could seriously affect both their health and their careers, according to a new study from Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
Tests show that 2.5 percent of the group are already having allergic reactions to proteins from the gloves, but another 10 percent are "sensitized" to the proteins: they have special antibodies linked to allergies and specific for the rubber proteins, but no allergy symptoms yet.
"They have produced IgE antibodies, and when these antibodies re-encounter rubber proteins under the right circumstances, they can set off a potentially serious allergic reaction," says Robert G. Hamilton, Ph.D., associate professor of medicine, who led what is believed to be the first definitive U.S. prevalence study of allergies to rubber proteins.
Hamilton presents his group's results, funded by the National Institutes of Health, on March 15 at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.
Hamilton has been a leader in efforts to reduce hospital use of products containing rubber, sometimes called latex, for health care professionals and patients. He is concerned that the potentially life-threatening consequences of this allergy are still very underappreciated. Reactions can range from a localized skin rash or sneezing to respiratory distress or death.
"These reactions become progressively worse with repeated exposures, so it's important to identify both those who are sensitized and those who already have allergy symptoms," says Hamilton. "By stopping exposure, we should be able to stop the sensitized but asymptomatic group from developing symptoms."
Examination and surgical gloves are believed to be the main risk factors for health care workers, but other stretchable rubber objects, such as balloons or condoms, can cause a reaction. Rubber proteins from the gloves can be absorbed through direct skin contact. They also can attach to corn-starch donning powder inside the gloves and enter the body through inhalation when the gloves are pulled off and the powder becomes airborne.
Hamilton's group studied 168 Hopkins anesthesiologists, first identifying those already allergic with "real life" exposure: wearing a glove and inhaling the powder after removal. Two-and-a-half percent had clinical symptoms.
He also gave subjects a "skin-prick" test with a rubber extract and a blood test to see if IgE antibodies specific for rubber proteins were present.
Twelve-and-a-half percent were positive, meaning that a full 10 percent have become sensitized but are not symptomatic yet.
Performance data for the extract Hamilton used in the skin test, which his team developed, are undergoing review by the Food and Drug Administration. Approval for nationwide distribution is possible within a few months, which would make the extract the basis of the first characterized latex skin test reagent in the United States.
A task force to study use of the gloves and other products containing rubber at Hopkins has led to the use of alternative gloves made from vinyl and nitrile.
Co-authors on the study were Robert Brown, M.D., and James Schauble, M.D.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
7676,
13,
1248,
11,
7795,
1881,
287,
838,
1535,
1337,
3259,
6777,
7362,
284,
14239,
21998,
290,
12452,
18051,
318,
319,
262,
269,
17723,
286,
5922,
36197,
7460,
326,
714,
6411,
2689,
1111,
511,
1535,
290,
511,
16179,
11,
1864,
284,
257,
649,
2050,
422,
25824,
21183,
8366,
37931,
3508,
13,
198,
51,
3558,
905,
326,
362,
13,
20,
1411,
286,
262,
1448,
389,
1541,
1719,
31856,
12737,
284,
15568,
422,
262,
18051,
11,
475,
1194,
838,
1411,
389,
366,
82,
641,
36951,
1,
284,
262,
15568,
25,
484,
423,
2041,
30869,
6692,
284,
36665,
290,
2176,
329,
262,
14239,
15568,
11,
475,
645,
36197,
7460,
1865,
13,
198,
1,
2990,
423,
4635,
28818,
36,
30869,
11,
290,
618,
777,
30869,
302,
12,
12685,
6828,
14239,
15568,
739,
262,
826,
5917,
11,
484,
460,
900,
572,
257,
6196,
2726,
31856,
6317,
553,
1139,
5199,
402,
13,
11582,
11,
1380,
13,
35,
1539,
11602,
6240,
286,
9007,
11,
508,
2957,
644,
318,
4762,
284,
307,
262,
717,
17347,
471,
13,
50,
13,
16815,
2050,
286,
36665,
284,
14239,
15568,
13,
198,
45405,
10969,
465,
1448,
338,
2482,
11,
10588,
416,
262,
2351,
33656,
286,
3893,
11,
319,
2805,
1315,
379,
262,
5079,
3249,
286,
262,
1605,
8581,
286,
1439,
26079,
11,
8304,
21720,
290,
25445,
1435,
13,
198,
45405,
468,
587,
257,
3554,
287,
4040,
284,
4646,
4436,
779,
286,
3186,
7268,
14239,
11,
3360,
1444,
47038,
11,
329,
1535,
1337,
11153,
290,
3871,
13,
679,
318,
5213,
326,
262,
6196,
1204,
12,
26159,
6948,
286,
428,
36197,
389,
991,
845,
739,
1324,
29102,
515,
13,
797,
4658,
460,
2837,
422,
257,
36618,
4168,
28509,
393,
10505,
8471,
278,
284,
22949,
17087,
393,
1918,
13,
198,
1,
4711,
12737,
1716,
34322,
4785,
351,
5100,
32185,
11,
523,
340,
338,
1593,
284,
5911,
1111,
883,
508,
389,
3054,
36951,
290,
883,
508,
1541,
423,
36197,
7460,
553,
1139,
11582,
13,
366,
3886,
12225,
7111,
11,
356,
815,
307,
1498,
284,
2245,
262,
3054,
36951,
475,
355,
4948,
457,
13730,
1448,
422,
5922,
7460,
526,
198,
3109,
24979,
290,
21998,
18051,
389,
4762,
284,
307,
262,
1388,
2526,
5087,
329,
1535,
1337,
3259,
11,
475,
584,
7539,
540,
14239,
5563,
11,
884,
355,
35485,
393,
33298,
11,
460,
2728,
257,
6317,
13,
42972,
15568,
422,
262,
18051,
460,
307,
19233,
832,
1277,
4168,
2800,
13,
1119,
635,
460,
10199,
284,
11676,
12,
301,
998,
836,
768,
11913,
2641,
262,
18051,
290,
3802,
262,
1767,
832,
40982,
341,
618,
262,
18051,
389,
5954,
572,
290,
262,
11913,
4329,
32726,
13,
198,
45405,
338,
1448,
9713,
23378,
21183,
281,
29678,
72,
9251,
11,
717,
13720,
883,
1541,
31856,
351,
366,
5305,
1204,
1,
7111,
25,
5762,
257,
29144,
290,
25783,
4272,
262,
11913,
706,
9934,
13,
4930,
12,
392,
12,
64,
12,
13959,
1411,
550,
8668,
7460,
13,
198,
1544,
635,
2921,
7481,
257,
366,
20407,
12,
1050,
624,
1,
1332,
351,
257,
14239,
7925,
290,
257,
2910,
1332,
284,
766,
611,
28818,
36,
30869,
2176,
329,
14239,
15568,
547,
1944,
13,
198,
5080,
9954,
12,
392,
12,
64,
12,
13959,
1411,
547,
3967,
11,
3616,
326,
257,
1336,
838,
1411,
423,
1716,
3054,
36951,
475,
389,
407,
6585,
13730,
1865,
13,
198,
32273,
1366,
329,
262,
7925,
11582,
973,
287,
262,
4168,
1332,
11,
543,
465,
1074,
4166,
11,
389,
23247,
2423,
416,
262,
7318,
290,
11095,
8694,
13,
20010,
2100,
329,
13673,
6082,
318,
1744,
1626,
257,
1178,
1933,
11,
543,
561,
787,
262,
7925,
262,
4308,
286,
262,
717,
16264,
47038,
4168,
1332,
302,
25781,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
198,
32,
4876,
2700,
284,
2050,
779,
286,
262,
18051,
290,
584,
3186,
7268,
14239,
379,
21183,
468,
2957,
284,
262,
779,
286,
5559,
18051,
925,
422,
23275,
290,
13759,
380,
293,
13,
198,
7222,
12,
41617,
319,
262,
2050,
547,
5199,
4373,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
290,
3700,
35756,
26664,
11,
337,
13,
35,
13,
198,
6395,
1919,
44007,
278,
290,
7373,
4899,
25,
198,
464,
2029,
1621,
318,
44362,
422,
5696,
2810,
416,
25824,
21183,
8366,
37931,
3508,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
24310,
743,
307,
13012,
329,
2695,
290,
4129,
13,
1114,
2252,
1321,
11,
3387,
2800,
262,
2723,
9181,
2029,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
1002,
645,
1772,
318,
1813,
11,
262,
2723,
318,
9181,
2427,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 719 |
Sep. 28, 2008 Auctions are an old and widely used method for allocating goods that have become increasingly common with the advent of internet auctions sites such as Ebay. Previous economic research has shown that in an auction people tend to bid "too high," or overbid, given the value of the item for sale.
By combining brain imaging techniques with behavioral economic research, neuroscientists and economists at New York University were able to provide new insight into this tendency to overbid. Specifically, they show that the fear of losing the social competition inherent in an auction may, in part, cause people to pay too much. The research, which suggests an expanded role for neuroscience in understanding economic behavior, appears in the latest issue of the journal Science.
The goal of the study was to provide insight into the neural circuitry of experimental auctions, and then to use this insight to generate and test a novel economic approach to understand overbidding. It was conducted by a team of NYU neuroscientsts and economists. The neuroscientists were NYU Professor Elizabeth Phelps and Mauricio Delgado, now an assistant professor at Rutgers University in Newark, N.J. The economists were Andrew Schotter, a professor in NYU's Department of Economics, and Erkut Ozbay, a former NYU doctoral student and now an assistant professor in the University of Maryland's Department of Economics.
The researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine patterns of brain activation as participants played either an auction game with a partner or a lottery game. In both games participants could win money, but in the auction game winning depended on outbidding a partner. An examination of activation in the striatum, part of the brain's reward circuitry, showed the primary difference when winning or losing in the auction vs. lottery games was an exaggerated response to losses in the auction game. The magnitude of this exaggerated loss response in the striatum during the auction game correlated with the tendency to overbid, suggesting the intriguing hypothesis that perhaps the prospect of losing the social competition inherent in an auction may lead people to bid "too high."
To confirm this hypothesis, a follow-up behavioral economic study was conducted. Three groups of participants played an auction game against a partner under different circumstances. The control group was simply given values and asked to make bids. The Bonus-Frame group was told that if they won the auction, they would also receive a bonus of 15 experimental dollars. The Loss-Frame group was given 15 experimental dollars prior to the auction, but participants were told they would lose the 15 dollars if they failed to win the auction.
In both the Loss and Bonus-Frame conditions, only the winners would get an additional 15 experimental dollars, so the auctions were strategically identical. The difference was simply the way it was framed to emphasize losing or winning. Consistent with the hypothesis that contemplation of loss may, in part, drive overbidding, participants in the Loss-Frame condition consistently bid higher than the other two groups, resulting in a greater potential profit for a hypothetical auctioneer.
According to Schotter, "such a result would not have been predicted by existing economic theory. While there have been investigations of overbidding which have attributed the phenomenon to either risk aversion or the 'joy of winning,' it was the use of imaging data which allowed us to distinguish between these conflicting explanations and actually arrive at a new and different one, the 'fear of losing.' Our results provide evidence of how an understanding of the neural systems of economic behavior might inform economic theory."
"These results highlight a role for the contemplation of social loss in understanding the tendency to bid 'too high' in auctions and emphasize the importance of considering social factors in economic decisions," Phelps explained. "By combining neuroeconomic and behavioral economic techniques we were able to provide novel insight into a classic economic problem."
"Although there have been a number of neuroeconomic studies that have used economic games to further our understanding of brain function, the benefits to traditional behavioral economics as a result are unclear," Delgado added. "Because of recent advances in neuroeconomics and our knowledge of the neural circuitry related to reward, we were able to use neuroimaging results to highlight the importance of framing, and specifically the contemplated loss, as an explanation for overbidding during experimental auctions."
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
19117,
13,
2579,
11,
3648,
317,
20847,
389,
281,
1468,
290,
6768,
973,
2446,
329,
477,
27123,
7017,
326,
423,
1716,
6481,
2219,
351,
262,
19980,
286,
5230,
48043,
5043,
884,
355,
12119,
323,
13,
21801,
3034,
2267,
468,
3402,
326,
287,
281,
14389,
661,
4327,
284,
8406,
366,
18820,
1029,
553,
393,
625,
14065,
11,
1813,
262,
1988,
286,
262,
2378,
329,
5466,
13,
198,
3886,
19771,
3632,
19560,
7605,
351,
17211,
3034,
2267,
11,
7669,
25346,
1023,
290,
16816,
379,
968,
1971,
2059,
547,
1498,
284,
2148,
649,
11281,
656,
428,
13542,
284,
625,
14065,
13,
22426,
11,
484,
905,
326,
262,
3252,
286,
6078,
262,
1919,
5449,
11519,
287,
281,
14389,
743,
11,
287,
636,
11,
2728,
661,
284,
1414,
1165,
881,
13,
383,
2267,
11,
543,
5644,
281,
9902,
2597,
329,
39738,
287,
4547,
3034,
4069,
11,
3568,
287,
262,
3452,
2071,
286,
262,
3989,
5800,
13,
198,
464,
3061,
286,
262,
2050,
373,
284,
2148,
11281,
656,
262,
17019,
42344,
286,
11992,
48043,
11,
290,
788,
284,
779,
428,
11281,
284,
7716,
290,
1332,
257,
5337,
3034,
3164,
284,
1833,
625,
65,
13494,
13,
632,
373,
5952,
416,
257,
1074,
286,
48166,
7669,
25346,
6448,
290,
16816,
13,
383,
7669,
25346,
1023,
547,
48166,
8129,
10674,
40587,
290,
18867,
46441,
4216,
50054,
11,
783,
281,
8796,
6240,
379,
30595,
2059,
287,
30970,
11,
399,
13,
41,
13,
383,
16816,
547,
6858,
3059,
313,
353,
11,
257,
6240,
287,
48166,
338,
2732,
286,
18963,
11,
290,
5256,
74,
315,
440,
14969,
323,
11,
257,
1966,
48166,
40995,
3710,
290,
783,
281,
8796,
6240,
287,
262,
2059,
286,
10769,
338,
2732,
286,
18963,
13,
198,
464,
4837,
973,
10345,
14091,
29371,
19560,
357,
69,
40952,
8,
284,
10716,
7572,
286,
3632,
14916,
355,
6809,
2826,
2035,
281,
14389,
983,
351,
257,
5212,
393,
257,
22098,
983,
13,
554,
1111,
1830,
6809,
714,
1592,
1637,
11,
475,
287,
262,
14389,
983,
5442,
33785,
319,
503,
65,
13494,
257,
5212,
13,
1052,
12452,
286,
14916,
287,
262,
2338,
21307,
11,
636,
286,
262,
3632,
338,
6721,
42344,
11,
3751,
262,
4165,
3580,
618,
5442,
393,
6078,
287,
262,
14389,
3691,
13,
22098,
1830,
373,
281,
25291,
2882,
284,
9089,
287,
262,
14389,
983,
13,
383,
14735,
286,
428,
25291,
2994,
2882,
287,
262,
2338,
21307,
1141,
262,
14389,
983,
23551,
351,
262,
13542,
284,
625,
14065,
11,
9524,
262,
19827,
14078,
326,
3737,
262,
6034,
286,
6078,
262,
1919,
5449,
11519,
287,
281,
14389,
743,
1085,
661,
284,
8406,
366,
18820,
1029,
526,
198,
2514,
6216,
428,
14078,
11,
257,
1061,
12,
929,
17211,
3034,
2050,
373,
5952,
13,
7683,
2628,
286,
6809,
2826,
281,
14389,
983,
1028,
257,
5212,
739,
1180,
5917,
13,
383,
1630,
1448,
373,
2391,
1813,
3815,
290,
1965,
284,
787,
27837,
13,
383,
18770,
12,
19778,
1448,
373,
1297,
326,
611,
484,
1839,
262,
14389,
11,
484,
561,
635,
3328,
257,
7202,
286,
1315,
11992,
5054,
13,
383,
22014,
12,
19778,
1448,
373,
1813,
1315,
11992,
5054,
3161,
284,
262,
14389,
11,
475,
6809,
547,
1297,
484,
561,
4425,
262,
1315,
5054,
611,
484,
4054,
284,
1592,
262,
14389,
13,
198,
818,
1111,
262,
22014,
290,
18770,
12,
19778,
3403,
11,
691,
262,
14591,
561,
651,
281,
3224,
1315,
11992,
5054,
11,
523,
262,
48043,
547,
34235,
10411,
13,
383,
3580,
373,
2391,
262,
835,
340,
373,
23665,
284,
21322,
6078,
393,
5442,
13,
3515,
7609,
351,
262,
14078,
326,
50152,
286,
2994,
743,
11,
287,
636,
11,
3708,
625,
65,
13494,
11,
6809,
287,
262,
22014,
12,
19778,
4006,
9835,
8406,
2440,
621,
262,
584,
734,
2628,
11,
7186,
287,
257,
3744,
2785,
7630,
329,
257,
25345,
14389,
28153,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
3059,
313,
353,
11,
366,
10508,
257,
1255,
561,
407,
423,
587,
11001,
416,
4683,
3034,
4583,
13,
2893,
612,
423,
587,
10986,
286,
625,
65,
13494,
543,
423,
14183,
262,
10733,
284,
2035,
2526,
41608,
393,
262,
705,
2633,
286,
5442,
4032,
340,
373,
262,
779,
286,
19560,
1366,
543,
3142,
514,
284,
15714,
1022,
777,
24916,
18681,
290,
1682,
9240,
379,
257,
649,
290,
1180,
530,
11,
262,
705,
69,
451,
286,
6078,
2637,
3954,
2482,
2148,
2370,
286,
703,
281,
4547,
286,
262,
17019,
3341,
286,
3034,
4069,
1244,
4175,
3034,
4583,
526,
198,
1,
4711,
2482,
7238,
257,
2597,
329,
262,
50152,
286,
1919,
2994,
287,
4547,
262,
13542,
284,
8406,
705,
18820,
1029,
6,
287,
48043,
290,
21322,
262,
6817,
286,
6402,
1919,
5087,
287,
3034,
5370,
553,
40587,
4893,
13,
366,
3886,
19771,
7669,
17079,
290,
17211,
3034,
7605,
356,
547,
1498,
284,
2148,
5337,
11281,
656,
257,
6833,
3034,
1917,
526,
198,
1,
7003,
612,
423,
587,
257,
1271,
286,
7669,
17079,
3640,
326,
423,
973,
3034,
1830,
284,
2252,
674,
4547,
286,
3632,
2163,
11,
262,
4034,
284,
4569,
17211,
12446,
355,
257,
1255,
389,
10061,
553,
4216,
50054,
2087,
13,
366,
8128,
286,
2274,
14901,
287,
7669,
13926,
873,
290,
674,
3725,
286,
262,
17019,
42344,
3519,
284,
6721,
11,
356,
547,
1498,
284,
779,
7669,
320,
3039,
2482,
284,
7238,
262,
6817,
286,
30811,
11,
290,
5734,
262,
39496,
2994,
11,
355,
281,
7468,
329,
625,
65,
13494,
1141,
11992,
48043,
526,
198,
6395,
1919,
44007,
278,
290,
7373,
4899,
25,
198,
6425,
25,
24310,
743,
307,
13012,
329,
2695,
290,
4129,
13,
1114,
2252,
1321,
11,
3387,
2800,
262,
2723,
9181,
2029,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
1002,
645,
1772,
318,
1813,
11,
262,
2723,
318,
9181,
2427,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 920 |
Apr. 26, 2009 During these trying financial times, the cost of healthcare and how much we are willing to pay for it is at the top of our economic concerns. The financial value of pain has a wide ranging influence, affecting drug prices and injury compensation. But what about on an individual level — is it possible to place a value on our health, to prevent pain and suffering?
University College London psychologists Ivo Vlaev and Nick Chater, and neuroscientists Ben Seymour and Raymond J. Dolan were interested in just how much money volunteers were willing to pay to avoid pain and discomfort.
Study participants were given money, with the understanding that they could keep for themselves whatever cash remained. They experienced one pulse of electric shock and then had to indicate how much money they would pay in order to avoid receiving 15 more shocks of the same intensity.
Then, a computer program would determine how much the volunteers would actually have to pay. The program would randomly select a dollar amount — if that amount was higher than what the participants were willing to pay, then the participants would be shocked. However, if the computer's price was lower than the participant's price, then they would pay the computer's price and avoid the pain.
The volunteers were informed that the computer selection would be completely random, so it was really in their best interest to select a price that accurately reflected how they value the pain from the electric shock. For each volunteer, this process was repeated a number of times, with differing intensities of shocks.
The results, described in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, reveal that demand for pain relief is almost completely dependent on pain experienced in the recent past and the available cash on hand. That is, the participants were willing to pay more money to avoid pain if that pain was more intense compared to previous trials. In addition, the price they were willing to pay was based on what they were given (money-in-the-pocket) rather than on their overall wealth.
These findings suggest that the value we place on relief from suffering is flexible and that activity of health markets cannot be predicted by the behavior of individuals. This is the first scientific study showing that our reaction towards pain is a relative judgment, based on our previous experience with that pain. The authors conclude that pain is a major health issue and with around $60 billion spent on painkillers worldwide each year, they note that these findings "are likely to have substantial economic implications."
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- Ivo Vlaev, Ben Seymour, Raymond J. Dolan, Nick Chater. The Price of Pain and the Value of Suffering. Psychological Science, 2009; 20 (3): 309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02304.x
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
13680,
13,
2608,
11,
3717,
5856,
777,
2111,
3176,
1661,
11,
262,
1575,
286,
11409,
290,
703,
881,
356,
389,
4684,
284,
1414,
329,
340,
318,
379,
262,
1353,
286,
674,
3034,
4786,
13,
383,
3176,
1988,
286,
2356,
468,
257,
3094,
12897,
4588,
11,
13891,
2563,
4536,
290,
5095,
9836,
13,
887,
644,
546,
319,
281,
1981,
1241,
851,
318,
340,
1744,
284,
1295,
257,
1988,
319,
674,
1535,
11,
284,
2948,
2356,
290,
7195,
30,
198,
21009,
5535,
3576,
30842,
314,
13038,
569,
5031,
1990,
290,
8047,
609,
729,
11,
290,
7669,
25346,
1023,
3932,
42843,
290,
24238,
449,
13,
360,
16617,
547,
4609,
287,
655,
703,
881,
1637,
11661,
547,
4684,
284,
1414,
284,
3368,
2356,
290,
23597,
13,
198,
39841,
6809,
547,
1813,
1637,
11,
351,
262,
4547,
326,
484,
714,
1394,
329,
2405,
4232,
5003,
6150,
13,
1119,
5924,
530,
19445,
286,
5186,
6380,
290,
788,
550,
284,
7603,
703,
881,
1637,
484,
561,
1414,
287,
1502,
284,
3368,
6464,
1315,
517,
32392,
286,
262,
976,
12245,
13,
198,
6423,
11,
257,
3644,
1430,
561,
5004,
703,
881,
262,
11661,
561,
1682,
423,
284,
1414,
13,
383,
1430,
561,
15456,
2922,
257,
8872,
2033,
851,
611,
326,
2033,
373,
2440,
621,
644,
262,
6809,
547,
4684,
284,
1414,
11,
788,
262,
6809,
561,
307,
11472,
13,
2102,
11,
611,
262,
3644,
338,
2756,
373,
2793,
621,
262,
18399,
338,
2756,
11,
788,
484,
561,
1414,
262,
3644,
338,
2756,
290,
3368,
262,
2356,
13,
198,
464,
11661,
547,
7981,
326,
262,
3644,
6356,
561,
307,
3190,
4738,
11,
523,
340,
373,
1107,
287,
511,
1266,
1393,
284,
2922,
257,
2756,
326,
14351,
12548,
703,
484,
1988,
262,
2356,
422,
262,
5186,
6380,
13,
1114,
1123,
13904,
11,
428,
1429,
373,
5100,
257,
1271,
286,
1661,
11,
351,
28742,
17509,
871,
286,
32392,
13,
198,
464,
2482,
11,
3417,
287,
30583,
5800,
11,
257,
3989,
286,
262,
5396,
329,
30583,
5800,
11,
7766,
326,
3512,
329,
2356,
8259,
318,
2048,
3190,
10795,
319,
2356,
5924,
287,
262,
2274,
1613,
290,
262,
1695,
5003,
319,
1021,
13,
1320,
318,
11,
262,
6809,
547,
4684,
284,
1414,
517,
1637,
284,
3368,
2356,
611,
326,
2356,
373,
517,
8157,
3688,
284,
2180,
9867,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
262,
2756,
484,
547,
4684,
284,
1414,
373,
1912,
319,
644,
484,
547,
1813,
357,
26316,
12,
259,
12,
1169,
12,
31991,
8,
2138,
621,
319,
511,
4045,
5129,
13,
198,
4711,
6373,
1950,
326,
262,
1988,
356,
1295,
319,
8259,
422,
7195,
318,
12846,
290,
326,
3842,
286,
1535,
5939,
2314,
307,
11001,
416,
262,
4069,
286,
3925,
13,
770,
318,
262,
717,
5654,
2050,
4478,
326,
674,
6317,
3371,
2356,
318,
257,
3585,
8492,
11,
1912,
319,
674,
2180,
1998,
351,
326,
2356,
13,
383,
7035,
13796,
326,
2356,
318,
257,
1688,
1535,
2071,
290,
351,
1088,
720,
1899,
2997,
3377,
319,
2356,
43492,
8688,
1123,
614,
11,
484,
3465,
326,
777,
6373,
366,
533,
1884,
284,
423,
8904,
3034,
10939,
526,
198,
6395,
1919,
44007,
278,
290,
7373,
4899,
25,
198,
6425,
25,
24310,
743,
307,
13012,
329,
2695,
290,
4129,
13,
1114,
2252,
1321,
11,
3387,
2800,
262,
2723,
9181,
2029,
13,
198,
12,
314,
13038,
569,
5031,
1990,
11,
3932,
42843,
11,
24238,
449,
13,
360,
16617,
11,
8047,
609,
729,
13,
383,
7886,
286,
15627,
290,
262,
11052,
286,
24974,
1586,
13,
30583,
5800,
11,
3717,
26,
1160,
357,
18,
2599,
40286,
40722,
25,
838,
13,
26259,
14,
73,
13,
1415,
3134,
12,
5892,
1795,
13,
10531,
13,
2999,
21288,
13,
87,
198,
6425,
25,
1002,
645,
1772,
318,
1813,
11,
262,
2723,
318,
9181,
2427,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 612 |
This Site is
ICRA and SafeSurf
For All Ages!
Descriptions of the Fields of Science
Chemistry is the science of matter at or near the atomic scale. (Matter is the substance of which all physical objects are made.)
Chemistry deals with the properties of matter, and the transformation and interactions of matter and energy. Central to chemistry is the interaction of one substance with another, such as in a chemical reaction, where a substance or substances are transformed into another. Chemistry primarily studies atoms and collections of atoms such as molecules, crystals or metals that make up ordinary matter. According to modern chemistry it is the structure of matter at the atomic scale that determines the nature of a material.
Chemistry has many specialized areas that overlap with other sciences, such as physics, biology or geology. Scientists who study chemistry are called chemists. Historically, the science of chemistry is a recent development but has its roots in alchemy which has been practiced for millennia throughout the world. The word chemistry is directly derived from the word alchemy.
Link to us
Over $7 Billion
lost MONEY now.
Free Name Search | [
1212,
14413,
318,
198,
2149,
3861,
290,
19978,
14214,
69,
198,
1890,
1439,
21449,
0,
198,
24564,
1968,
507,
286,
262,
23948,
286,
5800,
198,
41829,
4592,
318,
262,
3783,
286,
2300,
379,
393,
1474,
262,
17226,
5046,
13,
357,
44,
1436,
318,
262,
9136,
286,
543,
477,
3518,
5563,
389,
925,
2014,
198,
41829,
4592,
7529,
351,
262,
6608,
286,
2300,
11,
290,
262,
13389,
290,
12213,
286,
2300,
290,
2568,
13,
5694,
284,
16585,
318,
262,
10375,
286,
530,
9136,
351,
1194,
11,
884,
355,
287,
257,
5931,
6317,
11,
810,
257,
9136,
393,
15938,
389,
14434,
656,
1194,
13,
27867,
7525,
3640,
23235,
290,
17268,
286,
23235,
884,
355,
17745,
11,
24770,
393,
21782,
326,
787,
510,
8850,
2300,
13,
4784,
284,
3660,
16585,
340,
318,
262,
4645,
286,
2300,
379,
262,
17226,
5046,
326,
15947,
262,
3450,
286,
257,
2587,
13,
198,
41829,
4592,
468,
867,
16976,
3006,
326,
21721,
351,
584,
19838,
11,
884,
355,
11887,
11,
17219,
393,
4903,
1435,
13,
23782,
508,
2050,
16585,
389,
1444,
4607,
1023,
13,
48153,
11,
262,
3783,
286,
16585,
318,
257,
2274,
2478,
475,
468,
663,
11135,
287,
435,
26599,
543,
468,
587,
19893,
329,
38710,
3690,
262,
995,
13,
383,
1573,
16585,
318,
3264,
10944,
422,
262,
1573,
435,
26599,
13,
198,
11280,
284,
514,
198,
5886,
720,
22,
37085,
198,
33224,
337,
48399,
783,
13,
198,
11146,
6530,
11140,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 235 |
Download the Exhibit Descriptions in Portable Document Format (PDF)
Exhibition consists of a set of connected wall panels of different building materials in a mock "earthquake zone," setting the stage for all of the interactive components. The Shake Table is freestanding; the rest of the exhibits are attached to the wall panels.
Try to replicate the motion of any of three different historic earthquakes by bouncing up and down on a platform; see your own seismogram on the monitor in real time as you attempt to match the original seismogram. You'll even get a score! How well did you do?
How quickly can you assemble a map of the Earth according to its plate tectonic boundaries? Press the button to begin, then put the puzzle pieces in place on the big panel. Hurry, you have two minutes before the pieces fall!
Plates in Motion
Spin the dial and watch stunning tectonic motion as the plates move around, break up and reassemble. You can start at 600 million years ago, spin to the present, and then go all the way to 200 million years into the future. Go backward and forward in time. Can you find our current tectonic plate arrangement? You won't even recognize the continents as they'll be 200 million years into the future.
See a real-time display, updated every fifteen minutes, that shows the hundreds of earthquakes of the past two weeks. Look for larger-magnitude quakes with their bigger circles. Notice how the quakes cluster around the tectonic plate boundaries.
Earthquake Shake Table
Be an engineer! Design and build model structures of blocks and reinforcing rods, then turn the dial to test the results against earthquake forces on the shake table. Did your structure stand up? Can you make it safer?
Visitors can choose from five fast-paced award-winning videos of a diverse group of real engineers working to make our world safer during earthquakes. Watch footage of earthquakes and find out what can happen when the earth shakes; learn what causes earthquakes and see how engineers are using amazing tools and technology to test and improve building techniques and materials, even shaking full-size bridges or bending 16-meter (50') pipe sections. (Each video is about 1 1/2 minutes long.)
Engineering Research Centers
At this touch screen station, learn about the National Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) network, a group of fourteen university research facilities where engineers test buildings and structures with giant shake tables, centrifuges, tsunami tanks, and other large-scale equipment. See some of the different experiments that take place at each of the sites! | [
10002,
262,
35880,
2935,
24370,
287,
44685,
16854,
18980,
357,
20456,
8,
198,
3109,
24108,
10874,
286,
257,
900,
286,
5884,
3355,
13043,
286,
1180,
2615,
5696,
287,
257,
15290,
366,
16442,
421,
539,
6516,
553,
4634,
262,
3800,
329,
477,
286,
262,
14333,
6805,
13,
383,
41113,
8655,
318,
2030,
395,
27225,
26,
262,
1334,
286,
262,
27508,
389,
7223,
284,
262,
3355,
13043,
13,
198,
23433,
284,
24340,
262,
6268,
286,
597,
286,
1115,
1180,
9566,
29781,
416,
30713,
510,
290,
866,
319,
257,
3859,
26,
766,
534,
898,
30518,
21857,
319,
262,
5671,
287,
1103,
640,
355,
345,
2230,
284,
2872,
262,
2656,
30518,
21857,
13,
921,
1183,
772,
651,
257,
4776,
0,
1374,
880,
750,
345,
466,
30,
198,
2437,
2952,
460,
345,
25432,
257,
3975,
286,
262,
3668,
1864,
284,
663,
7480,
256,
478,
9229,
13215,
30,
4332,
262,
4936,
284,
2221,
11,
788,
1234,
262,
15027,
5207,
287,
1295,
319,
262,
1263,
6103,
13,
10077,
563,
11,
345,
423,
734,
2431,
878,
262,
5207,
2121,
0,
198,
3646,
689,
287,
20843,
198,
4561,
259,
262,
5980,
290,
2342,
13393,
256,
478,
9229,
6268,
355,
262,
13375,
1445,
1088,
11,
2270,
510,
290,
302,
292,
15140,
13,
921,
460,
923,
379,
10053,
1510,
812,
2084,
11,
7906,
284,
262,
1944,
11,
290,
788,
467,
477,
262,
835,
284,
939,
1510,
812,
656,
262,
2003,
13,
1514,
19528,
290,
2651,
287,
640,
13,
1680,
345,
1064,
674,
1459,
256,
478,
9229,
7480,
13888,
30,
921,
1839,
470,
772,
7564,
262,
33431,
355,
484,
1183,
307,
939,
1510,
812,
656,
262,
2003,
13,
198,
6214,
257,
1103,
12,
2435,
3359,
11,
6153,
790,
17280,
2431,
11,
326,
2523,
262,
5179,
286,
29781,
286,
262,
1613,
734,
2745,
13,
6803,
329,
4025,
12,
76,
4660,
3984,
627,
1124,
351,
511,
5749,
13332,
13,
17641,
703,
262,
627,
1124,
13946,
1088,
262,
256,
478,
9229,
7480,
13215,
13,
198,
22840,
421,
539,
41113,
8655,
198,
3856,
281,
11949,
0,
8495,
290,
1382,
2746,
8573,
286,
7021,
290,
40991,
32858,
11,
788,
1210,
262,
5980,
284,
1332,
262,
2482,
1028,
16295,
3386,
319,
262,
13279,
3084,
13,
7731,
534,
4645,
1302,
510,
30,
1680,
345,
787,
340,
14178,
30,
198,
15854,
6742,
460,
3853,
422,
1936,
3049,
12,
32416,
5764,
12,
14463,
5861,
286,
257,
10084,
1448,
286,
1103,
12037,
1762,
284,
787,
674,
995,
14178,
1141,
29781,
13,
6305,
9640,
286,
29781,
290,
1064,
503,
644,
460,
1645,
618,
262,
4534,
29959,
26,
2193,
644,
5640,
29781,
290,
766,
703,
12037,
389,
1262,
4998,
4899,
290,
3037,
284,
1332,
290,
2987,
2615,
7605,
290,
5696,
11,
772,
17275,
1336,
12,
7857,
19432,
393,
30808,
1467,
12,
27231,
357,
1120,
11537,
12656,
9004,
13,
357,
10871,
2008,
318,
546,
352,
352,
14,
17,
2431,
890,
2014,
198,
13798,
1586,
4992,
22223,
198,
2953,
428,
3638,
3159,
4429,
11,
2193,
546,
262,
2351,
45591,
14044,
41798,
357,
12161,
1546,
8,
3127,
11,
257,
1448,
286,
29167,
6403,
2267,
7291,
810,
12037,
1332,
6832,
290,
8573,
351,
6175,
13279,
8893,
11,
41563,
1018,
274,
11,
31019,
11657,
11,
290,
584,
1588,
12,
9888,
5112,
13,
4091,
617,
286,
262,
1180,
10256,
326,
1011,
1295,
379,
1123,
286,
262,
5043,
0,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 539 |
IN THE TANK: The Daya Bay experiment currently employs six detectors, with a total of 120 metric tons of liquid detector material, to register passing neutrinos. Image: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Neutrinos are devious little particles. Only in the late 1990s were they shown to have mass, after decades of head-scratching hints to that effect. They can oscillate between three neutrino types, or "flavors," changing their identity on the fly. And, perhaps most famously, they were accused just last year of breaking cosmic law by traveling faster than light. (The jury is out, but an acquittal appears imminent.)
Now investigators are just a bit closer to figuring out the neutrino's modus operandi. A collaboration of physicists says it has measured one of the key descriptors of the neutrino's flavor-changing behavior—a number called theta 13 (pronounced "theta one three"). That number, known as a mixing angle, describes the probability that an electron neutrino's antiparticle, the electron antineutrino, will oscillate into another flavor over a relatively short distance. (Each of the three neutrino flavors—electron, tau and muon—has its own antiparticle partner.) Two other neutrino oscillation parameters, or mixing angles, have already been measured, but theta 13 is relatively small compared with the other two and has proved harder to pin down.
Since last year a group of physicists has been trying to measure theta 13 by tracking antineutrinos given off by a large Chinese nuclear power plant. The Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment collaboration built a series of six detectors, some near the reactors and some more than a kilometer farther away, to track how electron antineutrinos morph into other flavors as they travel through space. Because the detectors are tuned to identify only electron antineutrinos, any oscillation means that the neutrinos will escape detection—that is, they will seem to disappear. Other experiments have taken the opposite tack, looking for the appearance of electron neutrinos in a beam carrying other types of neutrinos.
In just two months of data, the distant set of detectors registered more than 10,000 hits by electron antineutrinos. But that is only 94 percent as many as would be naively expected by extrapolating from the detectors closest to the nuclear reactors. That means that a substantial fraction had oscillated to another flavor on their relatively short journey. "What we're seeing now is this disappearance of [electron antineutrinos] is at the 6 percent level," says neutrino physicist Karsten Heeger of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, a member of the Daya Bay collaboration. "It's a fairly large effect." Heeger presented the experimental results March 8 at a symposium at Duke University, and the group has submitted its study to Physical Review Letters.
The experiment is not even fully built yet—a seventh and eighth detector are in the works—but already the Daya Bay team has observed enough disappearances to quantify how the process works. The new estimate, which falls within previous limits set by other experiments, establishes that theta 13 is not equal to zero, and in fact is relatively large compared with what was plausible in light of other recent results. A zero value for theta 13 would mean that electron neutrinos would not appear in beams of muon neutrinos or, in the Daya Bay case, that electron antineutrinos would not disappear by the time they reached the far detectors. Another reactor experiment, called KamLAND, has also registered the disappearance of antineutrinos over much larger distances, where the oscillation is described by the mixing angle theta 12, rather than theta 13.
"We are the first experiment that measures it and shows that it is nonzero," Heeger says of theta 13. "There have been recent indications, but none of the other results were significant enough to match what we physicists call a discovery." The Daya Bay group claims better than 5-sigma evidence in support of a nonzero value for theta 13. 5 sigma, or five standard deviations, implies that the finding has only a one-in-several-million chance of being caused by a statistical fluke. | [
1268,
3336,
309,
15154,
25,
383,
3596,
64,
4696,
6306,
3058,
24803,
2237,
40471,
11,
351,
257,
2472,
286,
7982,
18663,
10860,
286,
8122,
31029,
2587,
11,
284,
7881,
6427,
22190,
81,
11996,
13,
7412,
25,
9817,
12612,
912,
354,
21184,
11,
13914,
14727,
2351,
18643,
198,
8199,
315,
81,
11996,
389,
390,
1442,
1310,
13166,
13,
5514,
287,
262,
2739,
6303,
82,
547,
484,
3402,
284,
423,
2347,
11,
706,
4647,
286,
1182,
12,
1416,
81,
19775,
20269,
284,
326,
1245,
13,
1119,
460,
24969,
378,
1022,
1115,
22190,
81,
2879,
3858,
11,
393,
366,
2704,
615,
669,
553,
5609,
511,
5369,
319,
262,
6129,
13,
843,
11,
3737,
749,
20524,
11,
484,
547,
5371,
655,
938,
614,
286,
7163,
23464,
1099,
416,
11300,
5443,
621,
1657,
13,
357,
464,
9002,
318,
503,
11,
475,
281,
4078,
39979,
3568,
21161,
2014,
198,
3844,
10093,
389,
655,
257,
1643,
5699,
284,
22714,
503,
262,
22190,
81,
2879,
338,
953,
385,
1515,
26800,
13,
317,
12438,
286,
37898,
1139,
340,
468,
8630,
530,
286,
262,
1994,
12145,
669,
286,
262,
22190,
81,
2879,
338,
9565,
12,
22954,
4069,
960,
64,
1271,
1444,
262,
8326,
1511,
357,
31186,
8918,
366,
1169,
8326,
530,
1115,
11074,
1320,
1271,
11,
1900,
355,
257,
17090,
9848,
11,
8477,
262,
12867,
326,
281,
11538,
22190,
81,
2879,
338,
32867,
20205,
11,
262,
11538,
1885,
500,
315,
81,
2879,
11,
481,
24969,
378,
656,
1194,
9565,
625,
257,
5365,
1790,
5253,
13,
357,
10871,
286,
262,
1115,
22190,
81,
2879,
17361,
960,
9509,
1313,
11,
256,
559,
290,
38779,
261,
960,
10134,
663,
898,
32867,
20205,
5212,
2014,
4930,
584,
22190,
81,
2879,
24969,
341,
10007,
11,
393,
17090,
18333,
11,
423,
1541,
587,
8630,
11,
475,
262,
8326,
1511,
318,
5365,
1402,
3688,
351,
262,
584,
734,
290,
468,
8302,
7069,
284,
6757,
866,
13,
198,
6385,
938,
614,
257,
1448,
286,
37898,
468,
587,
2111,
284,
3953,
262,
8326,
1511,
416,
9646,
1885,
500,
315,
81,
11996,
1813,
572,
416,
257,
1588,
3999,
4523,
1176,
4618,
13,
383,
3596,
64,
4696,
797,
11218,
3169,
315,
81,
2879,
29544,
12438,
3170,
257,
2168,
286,
2237,
40471,
11,
617,
1474,
262,
28502,
290,
617,
517,
621,
257,
11866,
263,
18485,
1497,
11,
284,
2610,
703,
11538,
1885,
500,
315,
81,
11996,
17488,
656,
584,
17361,
355,
484,
3067,
832,
2272,
13,
4362,
262,
40471,
389,
16524,
284,
5911,
691,
11538,
1885,
500,
315,
81,
11996,
11,
597,
24969,
341,
1724,
326,
262,
22190,
81,
11996,
481,
6654,
13326,
960,
5562,
318,
11,
484,
481,
1283,
284,
10921,
13,
3819,
10256,
423,
2077,
262,
6697,
6331,
11,
2045,
329,
262,
5585,
286,
11538,
22190,
81,
11996,
287,
257,
15584,
6872,
584,
3858,
286,
22190,
81,
11996,
13,
198,
818,
655,
734,
1933,
286,
1366,
11,
262,
12899,
900,
286,
40471,
6823,
517,
621,
838,
11,
830,
7127,
416,
11538,
1885,
500,
315,
81,
11996,
13,
887,
326,
318,
691,
10048,
1411,
355,
867,
355,
561,
307,
12385,
2280,
2938,
416,
36804,
349,
803,
422,
262,
40471,
11706,
284,
262,
4523,
28502,
13,
1320,
1724,
326,
257,
8904,
13390,
550,
24969,
515,
284,
1194,
9565,
319,
511,
5365,
1790,
7002,
13,
366,
2061,
356,
821,
4379,
783,
318,
428,
22375,
286,
685,
9509,
1313,
1885,
500,
315,
81,
11996,
60,
318,
379,
262,
718,
1411,
1241,
553,
1139,
22190,
81,
2879,
33013,
9375,
26400,
679,
11893,
286,
262,
2059,
286,
9279,
1906,
46845,
11,
257,
2888,
286,
262,
3596,
64,
4696,
12438,
13,
366,
1026,
338,
257,
6547,
1588,
1245,
526,
679,
11893,
5545,
262,
11992,
2482,
2805,
807,
379,
257,
5659,
35864,
379,
11083,
2059,
11,
290,
262,
1448,
468,
8948,
663,
2050,
284,
16331,
6602,
24501,
13,
198,
464,
6306,
318,
407,
772,
3938,
3170,
1865,
960,
64,
14024,
290,
16974,
31029,
389,
287,
262,
2499,
960,
4360,
1541,
262,
3596,
64,
4696,
1074,
468,
6515,
1576,
10921,
1817,
284,
36336,
703,
262,
1429,
2499,
13,
383,
649,
8636,
11,
543,
8953,
1626,
2180,
7095,
900,
416,
584,
10256,
11,
30742,
326,
262,
8326,
1511,
318,
407,
4961,
284,
6632,
11,
290,
287,
1109,
318,
5365,
1588,
3688,
351,
644,
373,
19756,
287,
1657,
286,
584,
2274,
2482,
13,
317,
6632,
1988,
329,
262,
8326,
1511,
561,
1612,
326,
11538,
22190,
81,
11996,
561,
407,
1656,
287,
26741,
286,
38779,
261,
22190,
81,
11996,
393,
11,
287,
262,
3596,
64,
4696,
1339,
11,
326,
11538,
1885,
500,
315,
81,
11996,
561,
407,
10921,
416,
262,
640,
484,
4251,
262,
1290,
40471,
13,
6023,
21905,
6306,
11,
1444,
12670,
28182,
11,
468,
635,
6823,
262,
22375,
286,
1885,
500,
315,
81,
11996,
625,
881,
4025,
18868,
11,
810,
262,
24969,
341,
318,
3417,
416,
262,
17090,
9848,
262,
8326,
1105,
11,
2138,
621,
262,
8326,
1511,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
389,
262,
717,
6306,
326,
5260,
340,
290,
2523,
326,
340,
318,
1729,
22570,
553,
679,
11893,
1139,
286,
262,
8326,
1511,
13,
366,
1858,
423,
587,
2274,
26496,
11,
475,
4844,
286,
262,
584,
2482,
547,
2383,
1576,
284,
2872,
644,
356,
37898,
869,
257,
9412,
526,
383,
3596,
64,
4696,
1448,
3667,
1365,
621,
642,
12,
82,
13495,
2370,
287,
1104,
286,
257,
1729,
22570,
1988,
329,
262,
8326,
1511,
13,
642,
264,
13495,
11,
393,
1936,
3210,
47060,
11,
15565,
326,
262,
4917,
468,
691,
257,
530,
12,
259,
12,
28116,
282,
12,
14100,
2863,
286,
852,
4073,
416,
257,
13905,
781,
4649,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 910 |
Ritalin Dose Changes Effect
Research with rats finds that Ritalin at low doses encourages neurons to fire together, but at high doses it's just another stimulant. Christopher Intagliata reports
More 60-Second Science
In this engrossing journey into the lives of psychopaths and their infamously crafty behaviors, the renowned psychologist Kevin Dutton reveals that there is a...
Read More »
[The following is an exact transcript of this podcast.]
Doctors prescribe Ritalin to hyperactive kids to calm them down and increase their attention span. And college kids have taken to using Ritalin to concentrate when they hit the books. But it hasn’t been clear how the drug boosts focus. Now a paper in the journal Biological Psychiatry suggests how it might work.
Neuroscientists dosed rats with Ritalin and had them perform the kind of working memory task ADHD patients have trouble with. At the same time they measured neural activity with tiny electrodes implanted in the rats’ brains. At low doses, Ritalin primarily affected the prefrontal cortex, jacking up its sensitivity to signals coming in from the hippocampus. And here’s how the drug seemed to help with attention—it strengthened choruses of neurons firing together and put a damper on scattered, uncoordinated activity.
But at high doses, the prefrontal cortex tuned out, and Ritalin’s effects were similar to those of other stimulants. The rats lost their cognitive edge and they became hyperactive, sniffing and licking repetitively. So Ritalin shows you can indeed have too much of a good thing—to the point of distraction.
60-Second Science is a daily podcast. Subscribe to this Podcast: RSS | iTunes | [
49,
1287,
259,
360,
577,
19179,
7896,
198,
25104,
351,
13623,
7228,
326,
371,
1287,
259,
379,
1877,
16376,
18656,
16890,
284,
2046,
1978,
11,
475,
379,
1029,
16376,
340,
338,
655,
1194,
11591,
415,
13,
12803,
2558,
363,
4528,
1045,
3136,
198,
5167,
3126,
12,
12211,
5800,
198,
818,
428,
1786,
1214,
278,
7002,
656,
262,
3160,
286,
29670,
82,
290,
511,
1167,
321,
3481,
5977,
88,
14301,
11,
262,
22140,
23540,
7939,
360,
21115,
10069,
326,
612,
318,
257,
986,
198,
5569,
3125,
13355,
198,
58,
464,
1708,
318,
281,
2748,
14687,
286,
428,
9905,
8183,
198,
47087,
32651,
371,
1287,
259,
284,
8718,
5275,
3988,
284,
9480,
606,
866,
290,
2620,
511,
3241,
11506,
13,
843,
4152,
3988,
423,
2077,
284,
1262,
371,
1287,
259,
284,
20062,
618,
484,
2277,
262,
3835,
13,
887,
340,
5818,
447,
247,
83,
587,
1598,
703,
262,
2563,
31822,
2962,
13,
2735,
257,
3348,
287,
262,
3989,
32827,
28897,
5644,
703,
340,
1244,
670,
13,
198,
8199,
1434,
25346,
1023,
288,
1335,
13623,
351,
371,
1287,
259,
290,
550,
606,
1620,
262,
1611,
286,
1762,
4088,
4876,
22822,
3871,
423,
5876,
351,
13,
1629,
262,
976,
640,
484,
8630,
17019,
3842,
351,
7009,
39780,
40740,
287,
262,
13623,
447,
247,
14290,
13,
1629,
1877,
16376,
11,
371,
1287,
259,
7525,
5676,
262,
43118,
20223,
11,
474,
5430,
510,
663,
14233,
284,
10425,
2406,
287,
422,
262,
38587,
13,
843,
994,
447,
247,
82,
703,
262,
2563,
3947,
284,
1037,
351,
3241,
960,
270,
27324,
442,
273,
2664,
286,
16890,
9645,
1978,
290,
1234,
257,
1801,
525,
319,
16830,
11,
555,
37652,
3898,
3842,
13,
198,
1537,
379,
1029,
16376,
11,
262,
43118,
20223,
16524,
503,
11,
290,
371,
1287,
259,
447,
247,
82,
3048,
547,
2092,
284,
883,
286,
584,
11591,
1187,
13,
383,
13623,
2626,
511,
10870,
5743,
290,
484,
2627,
8718,
5275,
11,
26300,
278,
290,
43390,
28585,
306,
13,
1406,
371,
1287,
259,
2523,
345,
460,
5600,
423,
1165,
881,
286,
257,
922,
1517,
960,
1462,
262,
966,
286,
24066,
13,
198,
1899,
12,
12211,
5800,
318,
257,
4445,
9905,
13,
19808,
284,
428,
16036,
25,
25012,
930,
4830,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 362 |
The Ultimate Science Project Experimenter's Catapult Kit!
With 400+ possible configurations and tuning options, this historically accurate catapult provides a hands-on example of basic physics, including mechanical advantage, levers, gravity and energy. This kit is perfect for school science fairs!
No glue required: kit assembles using rubber bands (included). You supply the counterweight material.
Completed frame is 14.5” l x 7” w x 11” h. Arm measures 20.25”. Includes 3/4" and 1" wooden projectiles, rubber bands, counterweight box, leather sling pouch, nylon sling twine, welded steel ring. Instructions feature experiments and historical information. Range is from 10 to 40 feet depending on configuration, projectile choice, etc
For a Master carpenter doing a sloppy job: about 30 minutes. A person with no kit building experience being extremely meticulous: about 1 hour.
This kit provides a real world, hands on example of many aspects of basic physics. It exposes the student to concepts of mechanical advantage, levers, gravity and energy, to name a few. It can demonstrate the storage and conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy through levers, and it is equipped with optional wheels, to demonstrate conservation of momentum. All in all, the concepts of efficiency, power and work can be demonstrated and applied.
This kit is useful for teaching engineering, science, design of experiments, problem solving and Cause/Effect relationships. It was designed to get students to think about physics in a real world, tangible context. Theories can be made and tested; this process, and analyzing why the observed results occur can ultimately lead to other, more advanced concepts in physics, mechanics and mathematics. Carrying out the experiments teaches the scientific method, and contextualizes statistics. Analyzing the data can make use of statistical methods from basic averages to much more advanced topics if desired.
With 18 pages of instructions including assembly of every basic configuration, suggested experiments, tuning guidelines, independent and dependent variables to record and measure, data tables, historical information about trebuchets and catapults, and more, it should be easy to get started with this Ultimate Science Project Kit!
WARNING! This is a representative model of a real ancient military weapon. It contains a fast moving arm that can cause injury if you make contact when firing. Use only under strict adult supervision. | [
464,
11165,
5800,
4935,
29544,
263,
338,
5181,
41387,
10897,
0,
198,
3152,
7337,
10,
1744,
25412,
290,
24549,
3689,
11,
428,
15074,
7187,
48786,
3769,
257,
2832,
12,
261,
1672,
286,
4096,
11887,
11,
1390,
12370,
4621,
11,
48872,
11,
13522,
290,
2568,
13,
770,
6220,
318,
2818,
329,
1524,
3783,
3148,
82,
0,
198,
2949,
22749,
2672,
25,
6220,
11156,
829,
1262,
14239,
11760,
357,
259,
10341,
737,
921,
5127,
262,
3753,
6551,
2587,
13,
198,
43768,
5739,
318,
1478,
13,
20,
447,
251,
300,
2124,
767,
447,
251,
266,
2124,
1367,
447,
251,
289,
13,
7057,
5260,
1160,
13,
1495,
447,
251,
13,
29581,
513,
14,
19,
1,
290,
352,
1,
13510,
33281,
11,
14239,
11760,
11,
3753,
6551,
3091,
11,
11620,
46704,
36594,
11,
36104,
46704,
665,
500,
11,
26650,
276,
7771,
5858,
13,
27759,
3895,
10256,
290,
6754,
1321,
13,
13667,
318,
422,
838,
284,
2319,
3625,
6906,
319,
8398,
11,
26489,
3572,
11,
3503,
198,
1890,
257,
5599,
1097,
26419,
1804,
257,
35862,
1693,
25,
546,
1542,
2431,
13,
317,
1048,
351,
645,
6220,
2615,
1998,
852,
4457,
47628,
25,
546,
352,
1711,
13,
198,
1212,
6220,
3769,
257,
1103,
995,
11,
2832,
319,
1672,
286,
867,
7612,
286,
4096,
11887,
13,
632,
32142,
262,
3710,
284,
10838,
286,
12370,
4621,
11,
48872,
11,
13522,
290,
2568,
11,
284,
1438,
257,
1178,
13,
632,
460,
10176,
262,
6143,
290,
11315,
286,
2785,
2568,
284,
37892,
2568,
832,
48872,
11,
290,
340,
318,
10911,
351,
11902,
13666,
11,
284,
10176,
14903,
286,
12858,
13,
1439,
287,
477,
11,
262,
10838,
286,
9332,
11,
1176,
290,
670,
460,
307,
9555,
290,
5625,
13,
198,
1212,
6220,
318,
4465,
329,
7743,
8705,
11,
3783,
11,
1486,
286,
10256,
11,
1917,
18120,
290,
24228,
14,
18610,
6958,
13,
632,
373,
3562,
284,
651,
2444,
284,
892,
546,
11887,
287,
257,
1103,
995,
11,
24607,
4732,
13,
383,
1749,
460,
307,
925,
290,
6789,
26,
428,
1429,
11,
290,
22712,
1521,
262,
6515,
2482,
3051,
460,
6165,
1085,
284,
584,
11,
517,
6190,
10838,
287,
11887,
11,
12933,
290,
19473,
13,
1879,
14992,
503,
262,
10256,
17324,
262,
5654,
2446,
11,
290,
38356,
4340,
7869,
13,
16213,
9510,
262,
1366,
460,
787,
779,
286,
13905,
5050,
422,
4096,
25694,
284,
881,
517,
6190,
10233,
611,
10348,
13,
198,
3152,
1248,
5468,
286,
7729,
1390,
10474,
286,
790,
4096,
8398,
11,
5220,
10256,
11,
24549,
9949,
11,
4795,
290,
10795,
9633,
284,
1700,
290,
3953,
11,
1366,
8893,
11,
6754,
1321,
546,
2054,
65,
1229,
258,
912,
290,
3797,
499,
8376,
11,
290,
517,
11,
340,
815,
307,
2562,
284,
651,
2067,
351,
428,
11165,
5800,
4935,
10897,
0,
198,
31502,
0,
770,
318,
257,
8852,
2746,
286,
257,
1103,
6156,
2422,
4282,
13,
632,
4909,
257,
3049,
3867,
3211,
326,
460,
2728,
5095,
611,
345,
787,
2800,
618,
9645,
13,
5765,
691,
739,
7646,
4044,
20865,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 489 |
Just Add One Enormous Burning Sphere of Hydrogen Gas!
Creating and building their own toys is always fun for kids. Now it's fun for you too, because you don't have to worry about any batteries to equip these toys.
The mini solar building kit features 21 parts to build six different working models, including an airboat, windmill, puppy, and two different planes.
No tools are needed for the snap-together construction (but a diagonal cutter is recommended). While they build and play, your child will learn about the benefits of solar energy. Manufacturer recommended age: 10-15 years.
Solar Panel Output
Assembled Size ( L x W x H / mm)
airboat: 121 x 61 x 86
windmill: 154x 153 x239
puppy: 68 x 46 x 64
car: 70 x 54 x 34
plane: 154 x 61 x 94
revolving plane: 218 x 61 x 166
Unit Weight (g)
Total weight: 202.66 (including box & manual)
revolving plane: 44.72
Solar Cell Life (yrs)
12000 rpm / DC 1.2V
Power Consumption (mA)
revolving plane: 20 | [
5703,
3060,
1881,
2039,
579,
516,
21460,
31798,
286,
15084,
8648,
14345,
0,
198,
32071,
290,
2615,
511,
898,
14958,
318,
1464,
1257,
329,
3988,
13,
2735,
340,
338,
1257,
329,
345,
1165,
11,
780,
345,
836,
470,
423,
284,
5490,
546,
597,
13591,
284,
25725,
777,
14958,
13,
198,
464,
9927,
6591,
2615,
6220,
3033,
2310,
3354,
284,
1382,
2237,
1180,
1762,
4981,
11,
1390,
281,
1633,
24482,
11,
2344,
17805,
11,
26188,
11,
290,
734,
1180,
13016,
13,
198,
2949,
4899,
389,
2622,
329,
262,
11495,
12,
45525,
5103,
357,
4360,
257,
40039,
38121,
318,
7151,
737,
2893,
484,
1382,
290,
711,
11,
534,
1200,
481,
2193,
546,
262,
4034,
286,
6591,
2568,
13,
40218,
7151,
2479,
25,
838,
12,
1314,
812,
13,
198,
38825,
18810,
25235,
198,
1722,
4428,
992,
12849,
357,
406,
2124,
370,
2124,
367,
1220,
8085,
8,
198,
958,
24482,
25,
20416,
2124,
8454,
2124,
9849,
198,
7972,
17805,
25,
24235,
87,
24652,
2124,
23516,
198,
79,
7211,
88,
25,
8257,
2124,
6337,
2124,
5598,
198,
7718,
25,
4317,
2124,
7175,
2124,
4974,
198,
14382,
25,
24235,
2124,
8454,
2124,
10048,
198,
260,
10396,
1075,
6614,
25,
29217,
2124,
8454,
2124,
26753,
198,
26453,
14331,
357,
70,
8,
198,
14957,
3463,
25,
22131,
13,
2791,
357,
8201,
3091,
1222,
10107,
8,
198,
260,
10396,
1075,
6614,
25,
5846,
13,
4761,
198,
38825,
12440,
5155,
357,
48489,
8,
198,
1065,
830,
37542,
1220,
6257,
352,
13,
17,
53,
198,
13434,
42158,
357,
42646,
8,
198,
260,
10396,
1075,
6614,
25,
1160,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 257 |
Rare Disease Day is February 28 [Infographic]
Millions of Americans will join others around the world this month in observing Rare Disease Day (February 28). They hope to help draw attention to rare diseases and the unique challenges faced by the nearly 30 million Americans affected by them. Because of the rarity of their conditions, patients are often challenged to find information, knowledgeable doctors and support for their condition. One such disease is Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS) – a serious, lifelong autoinflammatory disease that affects about one in one million people in the United States. Because there are so few CAPS patients, online resources play an important role in uniting the community. CAPSConnectsUs.com, a new educational website from Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, enables CAPS patients in the United States to connect online to share their stories, encouragement and advice about managing daily challenges. | [
26737,
17344,
3596,
318,
3945,
2579,
685,
18943,
6826,
60,
198,
22603,
507,
286,
3399,
481,
4654,
1854,
1088,
262,
995,
428,
1227,
287,
21769,
14423,
17344,
3596,
357,
21816,
2579,
737,
1119,
2911,
284,
1037,
3197,
3241,
284,
4071,
10040,
290,
262,
3748,
6459,
7452,
416,
262,
3016,
1542,
1510,
3399,
5676,
416,
606,
13,
4362,
286,
262,
32823,
286,
511,
3403,
11,
3871,
389,
1690,
12827,
284,
1064,
1321,
11,
29549,
7519,
290,
1104,
329,
511,
4006,
13,
1881,
884,
4369,
318,
8152,
404,
2417,
259,
12,
29014,
18581,
291,
19148,
398,
274,
357,
33177,
50,
8,
784,
257,
2726,
11,
25837,
8295,
32272,
4369,
326,
10975,
546,
530,
287,
530,
1510,
661,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
4362,
612,
389,
523,
1178,
20176,
50,
3871,
11,
2691,
4133,
711,
281,
1593,
2597,
287,
555,
1780,
262,
2055,
13,
20176,
50,
13313,
82,
5842,
13,
785,
11,
257,
649,
9856,
3052,
422,
5267,
433,
271,
37175,
82,
10501,
11,
13536,
20176,
50,
3871,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
284,
2018,
2691,
284,
2648,
511,
3923,
11,
27529,
290,
5608,
546,
11149,
4445,
6459,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 186 |
Story in the College of Arts & Sciences
Assistant Professor, Biology
Biology professor examines how the rarest plant species evolve over time in the coldest corners of Alaska.
Justen Whittall '96 is an expert on West Coast plants, particularly the ones that are hardest to find. The SCU biology professor, a native of the South Bay, studies the federally endangered Metcalf Jewelflower and California's Torrey Pines, one of the rarest pines in the world.
His early work at SCU set him on this path. "As an undergraduate, I took a course in field botany and discovered I could take what I was learning in the classroom and lab and put it to use in the field," Whittall says. "From that moment, I was hooked."
As an assistant professor in SCU's biology department, he also studies plants in the Arctic Circle; last summer, he traveled to Alaska to better understand the adaptability of plants in cold climates—an unknown factor in understanding global climate change. He and his assistants are researching the genetic basis for Arctic mustard plant adaptations. Next summer, he'll return with several undergraduates.
By putting together a genetic map of plant species, Whittall can track how plants have evolved over time. Students help in his rooftop greenhouse, making hybridizations; in the lab, isolating gene sequences; and out in the field, collecting specimens.
"I see students' eyes just light up when—instead of doing the cookbook labs taught in high school or at other institutions—at Santa Clara they get to take that information directly into a personal experience," Whittall says. "This is real science being done by Santa Clara undergraduates."
Watch a video about research in SCU's biology labs below.
This text will be replaced | [
11605,
287,
262,
5535,
286,
11536,
1222,
13473,
198,
48902,
8129,
11,
24698,
198,
33,
12371,
6240,
28025,
703,
262,
4071,
301,
4618,
4693,
18101,
625,
640,
287,
262,
4692,
395,
14371,
286,
12926,
13,
198,
5703,
268,
854,
715,
439,
705,
4846,
318,
281,
5887,
319,
2688,
8545,
6134,
11,
3573,
262,
3392,
326,
389,
17612,
284,
1064,
13,
383,
6374,
52,
17219,
6240,
11,
257,
6868,
286,
262,
2520,
4696,
11,
3640,
262,
33710,
22700,
3395,
66,
1604,
29151,
25547,
290,
3442,
338,
4022,
4364,
350,
1127,
11,
530,
286,
262,
4071,
301,
279,
1127,
287,
262,
995,
13,
198,
6653,
1903,
670,
379,
6374,
52,
900,
683,
319,
428,
3108,
13,
366,
1722,
281,
22952,
11,
314,
1718,
257,
1781,
287,
2214,
10214,
1092,
290,
5071,
314,
714,
1011,
644,
314,
373,
4673,
287,
262,
15806,
290,
2248,
290,
1234,
340,
284,
779,
287,
262,
2214,
553,
854,
715,
439,
1139,
13,
366,
4863,
326,
2589,
11,
314,
373,
23373,
526,
198,
1722,
281,
8796,
6240,
287,
6374,
52,
338,
17219,
5011,
11,
339,
635,
3640,
6134,
287,
262,
15723,
16291,
26,
938,
3931,
11,
339,
14113,
284,
12926,
284,
1365,
1833,
262,
6068,
1799,
286,
6134,
287,
4692,
45225,
960,
272,
6439,
5766,
287,
4547,
3298,
4258,
1487,
13,
679,
290,
465,
29488,
389,
24114,
262,
8513,
4308,
329,
15723,
33694,
4618,
35030,
13,
7406,
3931,
11,
339,
1183,
1441,
351,
1811,
43485,
12632,
13,
198,
3886,
5137,
1978,
257,
8513,
3975,
286,
4618,
4693,
11,
854,
715,
439,
460,
2610,
703,
6134,
423,
12572,
625,
640,
13,
14882,
1037,
287,
465,
33880,
16325,
11,
1642,
14554,
4582,
26,
287,
262,
2248,
11,
7010,
803,
9779,
16311,
26,
290,
503,
287,
262,
2214,
11,
13157,
27569,
13,
198,
1,
40,
766,
2444,
6,
2951,
655,
1657,
510,
618,
960,
38070,
286,
1804,
262,
4255,
2070,
27887,
7817,
287,
1029,
1524,
393,
379,
584,
6712,
960,
265,
8909,
27443,
484,
651,
284,
1011,
326,
1321,
3264,
656,
257,
2614,
1998,
553,
854,
715,
439,
1139,
13,
366,
1212,
318,
1103,
3783,
852,
1760,
416,
8909,
27443,
43485,
12632,
526,
198,
10723,
257,
2008,
546,
2267,
287,
6374,
52,
338,
17219,
27887,
2174,
13,
198,
1212,
2420,
481,
307,
6928,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 373 |
Malicious programs for computers have been around for more than 20 years. It was the birth of the Internet which really enabled these digital pests to make a breakthrough.
Until now, gaming consoles have been more or less immune to malware. Yes, there're been Trojans for the Nintendo DS console (Trojan.Nintendo.Taihen.a and .b) and for the Sony Portable Playstation (Trojan.PSP.Brick.a) but the number of victims has been small. This is because the user has to tweak the console in order for so-called homebrew software (i.e. software not certified by the console manufacturer) to run.
There's a Linux distribution available for the Sony Playstation 2 (which will also be available for Playstation 3) which just cries out for programming. However, any programs created will only run on Playstations which have the distribution installed.
Microsoft recently announced that in future, users will be able to purchase a development kit with a $99 a year registration fee - no Linux here. Programs developed using the kit will only run on Xboxes where the user has also paid the registration fee, and they can only be copied to another console as source code. From a security point of view, this is a wise decision.
I hope that things won't change much in the near future. If Sony, Microsoft , Nintendo or hackers made it possible to easily download programs developed by users via the Internet, Pandora's box would be opened. The combination of unprotected gaming consoles, the Internet and the possibility of previously unknown vulnerabilities would lead to gamers who had been immune to malware becoming a target for virus writers. | [
15029,
6243,
4056,
329,
9061,
423,
587,
1088,
329,
517,
621,
1160,
812,
13,
632,
373,
262,
4082,
286,
262,
4455,
543,
1107,
9343,
777,
4875,
44283,
284,
787,
257,
19304,
13,
198,
18273,
783,
11,
7776,
22629,
423,
587,
517,
393,
1342,
10900,
284,
18953,
13,
3363,
11,
612,
821,
587,
8498,
73,
504,
329,
262,
9714,
17400,
8624,
357,
44095,
13881,
13,
32348,
13,
47976,
831,
13,
64,
290,
764,
65,
8,
290,
329,
262,
10184,
44685,
44902,
357,
44095,
13881,
13,
3705,
47,
13,
33,
5557,
13,
64,
8,
475,
262,
1271,
286,
4970,
468,
587,
1402,
13,
770,
318,
780,
262,
2836,
468,
284,
25393,
262,
8624,
287,
1502,
329,
523,
12,
7174,
45729,
3788,
357,
72,
13,
68,
13,
3788,
407,
15704,
416,
262,
8624,
11554,
8,
284,
1057,
13,
198,
1858,
338,
257,
7020,
6082,
1695,
329,
262,
10184,
44902,
362,
357,
4758,
481,
635,
307,
1695,
329,
44902,
513,
8,
543,
655,
24691,
503,
329,
8300,
13,
2102,
11,
597,
4056,
2727,
481,
691,
1057,
319,
3811,
301,
602,
543,
423,
262,
6082,
6589,
13,
198,
15905,
2904,
3414,
326,
287,
2003,
11,
2985,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
5001,
257,
2478,
6220,
351,
257,
720,
2079,
257,
614,
9352,
6838,
532,
645,
7020,
994,
13,
26179,
4166,
1262,
262,
6220,
481,
691,
1057,
319,
9445,
274,
810,
262,
2836,
468,
635,
3432,
262,
9352,
6838,
11,
290,
484,
460,
691,
307,
18984,
284,
1194,
8624,
355,
2723,
2438,
13,
3574,
257,
2324,
966,
286,
1570,
11,
428,
318,
257,
10787,
2551,
13,
198,
40,
2911,
326,
1243,
1839,
470,
1487,
881,
287,
262,
1474,
2003,
13,
1002,
10184,
11,
5413,
837,
9714,
393,
17110,
925,
340,
1744,
284,
3538,
4321,
4056,
4166,
416,
2985,
2884,
262,
4455,
11,
28518,
338,
3091,
561,
307,
4721,
13,
383,
6087,
286,
42069,
7776,
22629,
11,
262,
4455,
290,
262,
5885,
286,
4271,
6439,
23805,
561,
1085,
284,
15072,
508,
550,
587,
10900,
284,
18953,
5033,
257,
2496,
329,
9471,
8786,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 336 |
Software is everywhere. We love it when it makes our lives easier. We hate it when it doesn't work the way we expect—or when its design is not sufficiently intuitive or robust. Software is in our military systems—satellites, tanks, aircraft and ships—but it's also in our everyday life: toasters, automobiles, banks, and medical equipment.
Software is important and its importance is growing. Software allows us to personalize and customize many systems. It brings increasingly complex integrated circuits to life and harnesses their power to help us. It allows us to communicate more efficiently, to live in a more connected world, to operate businesses more effectively. Multi-national businesses have software-intensive enterprise systems while small businesses and individuals use the Internet for ever growing applications.
Unfortunately, there is a gap between the state of the art and the state of the practice of software engineering. Many senior managers don't understand software engineering and many software practitioners have lapsed into undisciplined, ad hoc practices. Consequently, software design, development and integration are often plagued by schedule delays, cost increases, performance problems and defects.
Data indicate that 60-80% of the cost of software development is in rework, that is, fixing defects that are found during testing. Fortunately, there is an alternative. We can reduce test and rework costs significantly if we use better design and implementation practices. We can meet schedules and we can reduce the variability and risk in software intensive programs. We can make our software teams more productive and raise the quality of their work experience if we follow disciplined engineering practices.
Commercial software products today are often riddled with defects—commonly known as "bugs"— that are introduced in the software's design and development. As our systems become more and more interconnected in networks, the stakes are rising. Defects in products that are linked to the Internet open vulnerabilities to cyber attack and exploitation. The Internet is only as secure as its weakest link.
Each year, the SEI's CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC) documents thousands of commercial product vulnerabilities. Once again, however, there is an alternative. Most of these vulnerabilities are due to a modest number of root causes. We can avoid these vulnerabilities and greatly reduce the number of successful cyber attacks if software developers use the proven best design techniques of software engineering.
The SEI's core purpose is to improve the state of the art in software engineering, and to transition this work to the community so we improve the state of practice in software engineering as well. Our work is not done unless we do both parts of our job. We believe, and we have the evidence to support us, that the best way to ensure the security of software is to design, develop, and integrate software in a way that does not allow defects into software in the first place. Investments in up-front discipline and sound processes increase quality and security and decrease cost and risk.
We are part of Carnegie Mellon University, one of the nation's premier computer science and engineering institutions. Since 1984, we have been identifying, developing, and advocating practices to improve all aspects of software. At the SEI, we emphasize defect prevention through improvement of process and product quality during the early phases of system development. We believe you should design quality into software, not test and patch it.
At SEI, we're developing innovative software technologies to meet today's challenges and tomorrow's opportunities.
Paul D. Nielsen
Director and Chief Executive Officer
Software Engineering Institute | [
25423,
318,
8347,
13,
775,
1842,
340,
618,
340,
1838,
674,
3160,
4577,
13,
775,
5465,
340,
618,
340,
1595,
470,
670,
262,
835,
356,
1607,
960,
273,
618,
663,
1486,
318,
407,
17338,
19933,
393,
12373,
13,
10442,
318,
287,
674,
2422,
3341,
960,
82,
7528,
2737,
11,
11657,
11,
6215,
290,
7937,
960,
4360,
340,
338,
635,
287,
674,
10908,
1204,
25,
284,
7060,
11,
44820,
11,
6341,
11,
290,
3315,
5112,
13,
198,
25423,
318,
1593,
290,
663,
6817,
318,
3957,
13,
10442,
3578,
514,
284,
2614,
1096,
290,
24184,
867,
3341,
13,
632,
6774,
6481,
3716,
11521,
24907,
284,
1204,
290,
19356,
274,
511,
1176,
284,
1037,
514,
13,
632,
3578,
514,
284,
10996,
517,
18306,
11,
284,
2107,
287,
257,
517,
5884,
995,
11,
284,
8076,
5692,
517,
6840,
13,
15237,
12,
14648,
5692,
423,
3788,
12,
38096,
13953,
3341,
981,
1402,
5692,
290,
3925,
779,
262,
4455,
329,
1683,
3957,
5479,
13,
198,
13898,
11,
612,
318,
257,
7625,
1022,
262,
1181,
286,
262,
1242,
290,
262,
1181,
286,
262,
3357,
286,
3788,
8705,
13,
4650,
4664,
11663,
836,
470,
1833,
3788,
8705,
290,
867,
3788,
24068,
423,
24590,
276,
656,
24149,
6671,
1389,
11,
512,
39158,
6593,
13,
24982,
11,
3788,
1486,
11,
2478,
290,
11812,
389,
1690,
27909,
416,
7269,
16119,
11,
1575,
5732,
11,
2854,
2761,
290,
22448,
13,
198,
6601,
7603,
326,
3126,
12,
1795,
4,
286,
262,
1575,
286,
3788,
2478,
318,
287,
302,
1818,
11,
326,
318,
11,
18682,
22448,
326,
389,
1043,
1141,
4856,
13,
20525,
11,
612,
318,
281,
5559,
13,
775,
460,
4646,
1332,
290,
302,
1818,
3484,
5566,
611,
356,
779,
1365,
1486,
290,
7822,
6593,
13,
775,
460,
1826,
24025,
290,
356,
460,
4646,
262,
25364,
290,
2526,
287,
3788,
18590,
4056,
13,
775,
460,
787,
674,
3788,
3466,
517,
12973,
290,
5298,
262,
3081,
286,
511,
670,
1998,
611,
356,
1061,
30654,
8705,
6593,
13,
198,
48401,
3788,
3186,
1909,
389,
1690,
47655,
351,
22448,
960,
11321,
306,
1900,
355,
366,
32965,
15327,
326,
389,
5495,
287,
262,
3788,
338,
1486,
290,
2478,
13,
1081,
674,
3341,
1716,
517,
290,
517,
40582,
287,
7686,
11,
262,
21147,
389,
7396,
13,
2896,
478,
82,
287,
3186,
326,
389,
6692,
284,
262,
4455,
1280,
23805,
284,
10075,
1368,
290,
17238,
13,
383,
4455,
318,
691,
355,
5713,
355,
663,
34968,
2792,
13,
198,
10871,
614,
11,
262,
7946,
40,
338,
327,
17395,
22819,
1883,
3337,
357,
34,
17395,
14,
4093,
8,
4963,
4138,
286,
5068,
1720,
23805,
13,
4874,
757,
11,
2158,
11,
612,
318,
281,
5559,
13,
4042,
286,
777,
23805,
389,
2233,
284,
257,
12949,
1271,
286,
6808,
5640,
13,
775,
460,
3368,
777,
23805,
290,
9257,
4646,
262,
1271,
286,
4388,
10075,
3434,
611,
3788,
6505,
779,
262,
9157,
1266,
1486,
7605,
286,
3788,
8705,
13,
198,
464,
7946,
40,
338,
4755,
4007,
318,
284,
2987,
262,
1181,
286,
262,
1242,
287,
3788,
8705,
11,
290,
284,
6801,
428,
670,
284,
262,
2055,
523,
356,
2987,
262,
1181,
286,
3357,
287,
3788,
8705,
355,
880,
13,
3954,
670,
318,
407,
1760,
4556,
356,
466,
1111,
3354,
286,
674,
1693,
13,
775,
1975,
11,
290,
356,
423,
262,
2370,
284,
1104,
514,
11,
326,
262,
1266,
835,
284,
4155,
262,
2324,
286,
3788,
318,
284,
1486,
11,
1205,
11,
290,
19386,
3788,
287,
257,
835,
326,
857,
407,
1249,
22448,
656,
3788,
287,
262,
717,
1295,
13,
46568,
287,
510,
12,
8534,
12883,
290,
2128,
7767,
2620,
3081,
290,
2324,
290,
10070,
1575,
290,
2526,
13,
198,
1135,
389,
636,
286,
33976,
49808,
2059,
11,
530,
286,
262,
3277,
338,
18256,
3644,
3783,
290,
8705,
6712,
13,
4619,
12844,
11,
356,
423,
587,
13720,
11,
5922,
11,
290,
24950,
6593,
284,
2987,
477,
7612,
286,
3788,
13,
1629,
262,
7946,
40,
11,
356,
21322,
11855,
14196,
832,
9025,
286,
1429,
290,
1720,
3081,
1141,
262,
1903,
21164,
286,
1080,
2478,
13,
775,
1975,
345,
815,
1486,
3081,
656,
3788,
11,
407,
1332,
290,
8529,
340,
13,
198,
2953,
7946,
40,
11,
356,
821,
5922,
13097,
3788,
8514,
284,
1826,
1909,
338,
6459,
290,
9439,
338,
6443,
13,
198,
12041,
360,
13,
31154,
198,
28702,
290,
5953,
10390,
10391,
198,
25423,
14044,
5136,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 711 |
"World Must Plan For Climate Emergency: Report"
"LONDON -- Humans may have to reset the Earth's natural thermostat and develop new technologies like reflecting sunlight back into space if climate talks fail, Britain's top science academy said on Tuesday.
So-called geoengineering was not a quick fix but may be needed to head off planetary catastrophe and so deserved more research as an insurance policy, the Royal Society said in a report, "Geoengineering the climate."
Such technologies were not an alternative to cutting emissions, however, the report stressed.
Political efforts to curb greenhouse gases are in the spotlight three months before a U.N-led meeting meant to clinch a new climate treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol.
"Nothing should divert us from the priority of reducing global carbon dioxide emissions and ensuring that the December meeting in Copenhagen does lead to real progress," said Royal Society President Martin Rees.
"But if such reductions achieve too little too late there will be surely pressure to contemplate a plan B," he told an audience at the launch of the report in central London."
Source: Reuters, 09/02/2009 | [
1,
10603,
12039,
5224,
1114,
13963,
18154,
25,
6358,
1,
198,
1,
43,
47383,
1377,
27411,
743,
423,
284,
13259,
262,
3668,
338,
3288,
10811,
1712,
265,
290,
1205,
649,
8514,
588,
20252,
19606,
736,
656,
2272,
611,
4258,
6130,
2038,
11,
5491,
338,
1353,
3783,
21531,
531,
319,
3431,
13,
198,
2396,
12,
7174,
40087,
40321,
373,
407,
257,
2068,
4259,
475,
743,
307,
2622,
284,
1182,
572,
27047,
27767,
290,
523,
20143,
517,
2267,
355,
281,
5096,
2450,
11,
262,
8111,
7023,
531,
287,
257,
989,
11,
366,
10082,
78,
40321,
262,
4258,
526,
198,
16678,
8514,
547,
407,
281,
5559,
284,
7720,
8971,
11,
2158,
11,
262,
989,
15033,
13,
198,
35443,
4040,
284,
20799,
16325,
21678,
389,
287,
262,
17838,
1115,
1933,
878,
257,
471,
13,
45,
12,
992,
3249,
4001,
284,
45963,
257,
649,
4258,
15775,
284,
6330,
262,
36298,
20497,
13,
198,
1,
18465,
815,
36583,
514,
422,
262,
8475,
286,
8868,
3298,
6588,
17556,
8971,
290,
13359,
326,
262,
3426,
3249,
287,
31104,
857,
1085,
284,
1103,
4371,
553,
531,
8111,
7023,
1992,
5780,
797,
274,
13,
198,
1,
1537,
611,
884,
20691,
4620,
1165,
1310,
1165,
2739,
612,
481,
307,
10403,
3833,
284,
39248,
257,
1410,
347,
553,
339,
1297,
281,
5386,
379,
262,
4219,
286,
262,
989,
287,
4318,
3576,
526,
198,
7416,
25,
8428,
11,
7769,
14,
2999,
14,
10531,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 231 |
Health Tip: Does My Pain Mean Endometriosis?
Some common symptoms of the gynecological disorder
(HealthDay News) -- Endometriosis occurs when uterine tissue grows outside of the uterus, commonly in the ovaries or fallopian tubes.
The womenshealth.gov website mentions these typical symptoms of endometriosis:
- Abdominal, lower back, or pelvic pain during menstruation or prior to it.
- Bleeding or spotting between periods.
- Pain in the intestines, bloating, constipation or diarrhea.
- Pain during or just after sexual intercourse.
- Pain during a bowel movement.
- Health Tip: Am I at Risk for Endometriosis?
October 18, 2012
- Early Study Hints at Link Between Certain Sunscreens, Endometriosis
May 17, 2012
Learn More About Sharp
Sharp HealthCare is San Diego's health care leader with seven hospitals, two medical groups and a health plan. Learn more about our San Diego hospitals, choose a Sharp-affiliated San Diego doctor or browse our comprehensive medical services.
Copyright © 2011 HealthDay. All rights reserved. | [
18081,
23095,
25,
8314,
2011,
15627,
22728,
5268,
908,
380,
5958,
30,
198,
4366,
2219,
7460,
286,
262,
21486,
32984,
2770,
8967,
198,
7,
18081,
12393,
3000,
8,
1377,
5268,
908,
380,
5958,
8833,
618,
31500,
500,
10712,
13676,
2354,
286,
262,
41303,
11,
8811,
287,
262,
19643,
3166,
393,
2121,
37548,
21103,
13,
198,
464,
1116,
641,
13948,
13,
9567,
3052,
15802,
777,
7226,
7460,
286,
886,
908,
380,
5958,
25,
198,
12,
2275,
3438,
1292,
11,
2793,
736,
11,
393,
43510,
2356,
1141,
27789,
341,
393,
3161,
284,
340,
13,
198,
12,
17175,
8228,
393,
43853,
1022,
9574,
13,
198,
12,
15627,
287,
262,
20183,
1127,
11,
24924,
803,
11,
1500,
25857,
393,
36004,
13,
198,
12,
15627,
1141,
393,
655,
706,
3206,
22409,
13,
198,
12,
15627,
1141,
257,
35711,
3356,
13,
198,
12,
3893,
23095,
25,
1703,
314,
379,
19602,
329,
5268,
908,
380,
5958,
30,
198,
18517,
1248,
11,
2321,
198,
12,
12556,
12481,
367,
29503,
379,
7502,
14307,
16272,
3825,
1416,
5681,
11,
5268,
908,
380,
5958,
198,
6747,
1596,
11,
2321,
198,
20238,
3125,
7994,
22835,
198,
44336,
3893,
17784,
318,
2986,
9500,
338,
1535,
1337,
3554,
351,
3598,
11301,
11,
734,
3315,
2628,
290,
257,
1535,
1410,
13,
14365,
517,
546,
674,
2986,
9500,
11301,
11,
3853,
257,
22835,
12,
46818,
2986,
9500,
6253,
393,
25675,
674,
9815,
3315,
2594,
13,
198,
15269,
10673,
2813,
3893,
12393,
13,
1439,
2489,
10395,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 241 |
The world is on course to warm as much as 4 degrees Celsius, or 7 degrees Fahrenheit, by 2100, prompting extreme heat-waves, severe drought and major floods as sea-level rises, warns the World Bank in a new report.
All regions would suffer, but the tropics and subtropics are among the most vulnerable and the planet's poorest people would be hit the hardest, according to the study, "Turn Down the Heat," released Sunday. The study says current global efforts, aimed at keeping warming to below a 2-degree change, don't go far enough.
"We don't have time to lose," says Rachel Kyte, the World Bank's vice president for sustainable development, urging drastic action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. She says Superstorm Sandy shows "the fragility of a lot of our infrastructure" and the need for resilient agricultural, transportation and energy systems. Her organization, which promotes growth in developing countries, commissioned the report by the Germany-based Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics.
The report, based on recent climate science, says the planet could reach temperatures 4 degrees Celsius higher than pre-industrial levels as early as 2060 if governments don't meet their promises to fight climate change. Even if they are fully met, it says a 3-degree increase appears likely. Global temperatures have already risen about 0.8 degrees Celsius in the past century.
The study says coastal cities could be inundated with floods, limited food supplies could cause higher malnutrition rates, and biodiversity, including coral reefs, could be irretrievably lost. It says average summer temperatures could rise 6 degrees Celsius in parts of the United States, Mediterranean, North Africa and the Middle East, and sea levels could rise between a half-meter and a full meter, or 39 inches, by 2100.
Skeptics say the report paints an overly dire portrait. "This report is non-science," says Patrick Michaels, director of the libertarian Cato Institute's Center for the Study of Science. He says the 4-degree warming is an "implausible outlier."
David Kreutzer, an energy economist at the conservative Heritage Foundation, agrees. He also says the World Bank's recommendations, including redirecting money now spent on fossil-fuel subsidies toward solar and wind energy production, could ultimately do more harm than good for developing countries.
"Proposing energy killing climate policies for the emerging economies is like telling the emaciated to start their diet now because they may become overweight in 90 years," Kretuzer says.
Yet the World Bank's call to action echoes the urgency of other major studies. Earlier this month, at the request of the CIA, a report by the National Research Council warned that climate change is accelerating and could place unprecedented strains on U.S. military and intelligence agencies. Also this month, the International Energy Agency said the world has only about five years to make changes to avert climate change's most severe impacts.
"The World Bank report confirms that the United States' recent severe storms, droughts, heat waves, and wild fires are no coincidence, but instead are the 'new normal' of unchecked climate change," says Dan Weiss, director of climate strategy at the Center for American Progress, a liberal-leaning think tank.
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon said in a statement that the report "reminds us that climate change is happening ....now." He called on nations to honor their commitment, made last year in Durban, South Africa, to forge a new legally binding climate agreement by 2015.
The more than 190 nations participating in the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change begin a new round of talks Nov. 26 in Qatar.
Kyte says the World Bank sought the report, because its work with developing countries needs to factor in what the future will look like. She says they have the opportunity to build a more resilient infrastructure from the ground up.
"This is not rocket science," she says, adding the knowledge is there but the political will is still needed.
Copyright 2013 USATODAY.com
Read the original story: World Bank: Climate change could cause massive damage | [
464,
995,
318,
319,
1781,
284,
5814,
355,
881,
355,
604,
7370,
34186,
11,
393,
767,
7370,
35935,
11,
416,
38123,
11,
21550,
3257,
4894,
12,
32569,
11,
6049,
18393,
290,
1688,
27283,
355,
5417,
12,
5715,
16736,
11,
22145,
262,
2159,
5018,
287,
257,
649,
989,
13,
198,
3237,
7652,
561,
8659,
11,
475,
262,
14673,
873,
290,
13284,
1773,
873,
389,
1871,
262,
749,
8826,
290,
262,
5440,
338,
27335,
661,
561,
307,
2277,
262,
17612,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
2050,
11,
366,
17278,
5588,
262,
12308,
553,
2716,
3502,
13,
383,
2050,
1139,
1459,
3298,
4040,
11,
8998,
379,
5291,
9917,
284,
2174,
257,
362,
12,
16863,
1487,
11,
836,
470,
467,
1290,
1576,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
836,
470,
423,
640,
284,
4425,
553,
1139,
15984,
11118,
660,
11,
262,
2159,
5018,
338,
7927,
1893,
329,
13347,
2478,
11,
17619,
27069,
2223,
284,
4646,
16325,
3623,
8971,
13,
1375,
1139,
3115,
12135,
17581,
2523,
366,
1169,
7956,
879,
286,
257,
1256,
286,
674,
6884,
1,
290,
262,
761,
329,
30738,
14240,
11,
9358,
290,
2568,
3341,
13,
2332,
4009,
11,
543,
21068,
3349,
287,
5922,
2678,
11,
20462,
262,
989,
416,
262,
4486,
12,
3106,
350,
1747,
11043,
5136,
329,
13963,
17677,
4992,
290,
13963,
30437,
13,
198,
464,
989,
11,
1912,
319,
2274,
4258,
3783,
11,
1139,
262,
5440,
714,
3151,
10101,
604,
7370,
34186,
2440,
621,
662,
12,
31130,
2974,
355,
1903,
355,
1160,
1899,
611,
6905,
836,
470,
1826,
511,
10497,
284,
1907,
4258,
1487,
13,
3412,
611,
484,
389,
3938,
1138,
11,
340,
1139,
257,
513,
12,
16863,
2620,
3568,
1884,
13,
8060,
10101,
423,
1541,
17450,
546,
657,
13,
23,
7370,
34186,
287,
262,
1613,
4289,
13,
198,
464,
2050,
1139,
17475,
4736,
714,
307,
43431,
515,
351,
27283,
11,
3614,
2057,
9416,
714,
2728,
2440,
49290,
3965,
11,
290,
37589,
11,
1390,
29537,
43190,
11,
714,
307,
4173,
1186,
380,
1990,
1346,
2626,
13,
632,
1139,
2811,
3931,
10101,
714,
4485,
718,
7370,
34186,
287,
3354,
286,
262,
1578,
1829,
11,
19517,
11,
2258,
5478,
290,
262,
6046,
3687,
11,
290,
5417,
2974,
714,
4485,
1022,
257,
2063,
12,
27231,
290,
257,
1336,
16430,
11,
393,
5014,
8331,
11,
416,
38123,
13,
198,
50,
45089,
873,
910,
262,
989,
32281,
281,
17698,
19958,
18560,
13,
366,
1212,
989,
318,
1729,
12,
16801,
553,
1139,
9925,
44768,
11,
3437,
286,
262,
19466,
44509,
5136,
338,
3337,
329,
262,
12481,
286,
5800,
13,
679,
1139,
262,
604,
12,
16863,
9917,
318,
281,
366,
23928,
17178,
503,
2505,
526,
198,
11006,
25732,
315,
9107,
11,
281,
2568,
17646,
379,
262,
5940,
18518,
5693,
11,
14386,
13,
679,
635,
1139,
262,
2159,
5018,
338,
10763,
11,
1390,
18941,
278,
1637,
783,
3377,
319,
12584,
12,
25802,
16230,
3812,
6591,
290,
2344,
2568,
3227,
11,
714,
6165,
466,
517,
4419,
621,
922,
329,
5922,
2678,
13,
198,
1,
24331,
2752,
2568,
5170,
4258,
4788,
329,
262,
11823,
16533,
318,
588,
5149,
262,
795,
330,
12931,
284,
923,
511,
5496,
783,
780,
484,
743,
1716,
22652,
287,
4101,
812,
553,
509,
1186,
84,
9107,
1139,
13,
198,
11486,
262,
2159,
5018,
338,
869,
284,
2223,
30346,
262,
25615,
286,
584,
1688,
3640,
13,
20635,
428,
1227,
11,
379,
262,
2581,
286,
262,
7688,
11,
257,
989,
416,
262,
2351,
4992,
4281,
7728,
326,
4258,
1487,
318,
32253,
290,
714,
1295,
13029,
21245,
319,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2422,
290,
4430,
5942,
13,
4418,
428,
1227,
11,
262,
4037,
6682,
7732,
531,
262,
995,
468,
691,
546,
1936,
812,
284,
787,
2458,
284,
45347,
4258,
1487,
338,
749,
6049,
12751,
13,
198,
1,
464,
2159,
5018,
989,
19623,
326,
262,
1578,
1829,
6,
2274,
6049,
20228,
11,
288,
740,
912,
11,
4894,
9813,
11,
290,
4295,
12252,
389,
645,
21083,
11,
475,
2427,
389,
262,
705,
3605,
3487,
6,
286,
40032,
4258,
1487,
553,
1139,
6035,
16152,
11,
3437,
286,
4258,
4811,
379,
262,
3337,
329,
1605,
18387,
11,
257,
7270,
12,
25909,
892,
6873,
13,
198,
52,
13,
45,
13,
4986,
12,
12218,
10274,
21927,
6869,
531,
287,
257,
2643,
326,
262,
989,
366,
2787,
521,
82,
514,
326,
4258,
1487,
318,
5836,
19424,
2197,
526,
679,
1444,
319,
7027,
284,
7522,
511,
7901,
11,
925,
938,
614,
287,
11164,
3820,
11,
2520,
5478,
11,
284,
28325,
257,
649,
11119,
12765,
4258,
4381,
416,
1853,
13,
198,
464,
517,
621,
19884,
7027,
11983,
287,
262,
471,
13,
45,
13,
25161,
11680,
319,
13963,
9794,
2221,
257,
649,
2835,
286,
6130,
5267,
13,
2608,
287,
18286,
13,
198,
30630,
660,
1139,
262,
2159,
5018,
7194,
262,
989,
11,
780,
663,
670,
351,
5922,
2678,
2476,
284,
5766,
287,
644,
262,
2003,
481,
804,
588,
13,
1375,
1139,
484,
423,
262,
3663,
284,
1382,
257,
517,
30738,
6884,
422,
262,
2323,
510,
13,
198,
1,
1212,
318,
407,
10701,
3783,
553,
673,
1139,
11,
4375,
262,
3725,
318,
612,
475,
262,
1964,
481,
318,
991,
2622,
13,
198,
15269,
2211,
1294,
1404,
3727,
4792,
13,
785,
198,
5569,
262,
2656,
1621,
25,
2159,
5018,
25,
13963,
1487,
714,
2728,
4858,
2465,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 854 |
A view of the Pennsylvania Breaker. “Breaker Boys” remove rocks and other debris from the coal by hand as it passes beneath them. The dust is so dense at times as to obscure the view and penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys’ lungs. South Pittston, Pennsylvania. January 1911.
Photograph by Lewis Wickes Hine.
From the 1906 book The Bitter Cry of the Children
by labor reformer John Spargo:
Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”
The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners’ consumption.
I once stood in a breaker for half an hour and tried to do the work a 12-year-old boy was doing day after day, for 10 hours at a stretch, for 60 cents a day. The gloom of the breaker appalled me. Outside the sun shone brightly, the air was pellucid, and the birds sang in chorus with the trees and the rivers. Within the breaker there was blackness, clouds of deadly dust enfolded everything, the harsh, grinding roar of the machinery and the ceaseless rushing of coal through the chutes filled the ears. I tried to pick out the pieces of slate from the hurrying stream of coal, often missing them; my hands were bruised and cut in a few minutes; I was covered from head to foot with coal dust, and for many hours afterwards I was expectorating some of the small particles of anthracite I had swallowed.
I could not do that work and live, but there were boys of 10 and 12 years of age doing it for 50 and 60 cents a day. Some of them had never been inside of a school; few of them could read a child’s primer. True, some of them attended the night schools, but after working 10 hours in the breaker the educational results from attending school were practically nil. “We goes fer a good time, an’ we keeps de guys wot’s dere hoppin’ all de time,” said little Owen Jones, whose work I had been trying to do.
From the breakers the boys graduate to the mine depths, where they become door tenders, switch boys, or mule drivers. Here, far below the surface, work is still more dangerous. At 14 or 15 the boys assume the same risks as the men, and are surrounded by the same perils. Nor is it in Pennsylvania only that these conditions exist. In the bituminous mines of West Virginia, boys of 9 or 10 are frequently employed. I met one little fellow 10 years old in Mount Carbon, West Virginia, last year, who was employed as a “trap boy.” Think of what it means to be a trap boy at 10 years of age. It means to sit alone in a dark mine passage hour after hour, with no human soul near; to see no living creature except the mules as they pass with their loads, or a rat or two seeking to share one’s meal; to stand in water or mud that covers the ankles, chilled to the marrow by the cold draughts that rush in when you open the trap door for the mules to pass through; to work for 14 hours — waiting — opening and shutting a door — then waiting again for 60 cents; to reach the surface when all is wrapped in the mantle of night, and to fall to the earth exhausted and have to be carried away to the nearest “shack” to be revived before it is possible to walk to the farther shack called “home.”
Boys 12 years of age may be legally employed in the mines of West Virginia, by day or by night, and for as many hours as the employers care to make them toil or their bodies will stand the strain. Where the disregard of child life is such that this may be done openly and with legal sanction, it is easy to believe what miners have again and again told me — that there are hundreds of little boys of 9 and 10 years of age employed in the coal mines of this state.
John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children
(New York: Macmillan, 1906) | Click image for Comments. | [
32,
1570,
286,
262,
9589,
44478,
13,
564,
250,
12679,
3110,
17528,
447,
251,
4781,
12586,
290,
584,
16468,
422,
262,
5655,
416,
1021,
355,
340,
8318,
11061,
606,
13,
383,
8977,
318,
523,
15715,
379,
1661,
355,
284,
18611,
262,
1570,
290,
11958,
9700,
262,
27878,
28836,
274,
286,
262,
6510,
447,
247,
21726,
13,
2520,
10276,
3743,
11,
9589,
13,
3269,
32216,
13,
198,
27248,
2384,
416,
10174,
36029,
274,
367,
500,
13,
198,
4863,
262,
40538,
1492,
383,
347,
1967,
8152,
286,
262,
8990,
198,
1525,
4827,
4975,
263,
1757,
1338,
9448,
25,
198,
12468,
287,
262,
5655,
2270,
364,
318,
32436,
1327,
290,
4923,
13,
327,
472,
1740,
625,
262,
442,
1769,
11,
262,
6510,
1650,
1711,
706,
1711,
11,
10868,
503,
262,
5207,
286,
27589,
290,
584,
11148,
422,
262,
5655,
355,
340,
38596,
1613,
284,
262,
373,
7084,
13,
3574,
262,
43295,
2292,
484,
423,
284,
7048,
11,
749,
286,
606,
1716,
517,
393,
1342,
390,
12214,
290,
17157,
12,
17078,
588,
1468,
1450,
13,
1649,
257,
2933,
468,
587,
1762,
329,
617,
640,
290,
6140,
284,
651,
2835,
12,
21754,
1068,
11,
465,
36627,
910,
326,
564,
250,
1544,
447,
247,
82,
1392,
465,
2933,
284,
3283,
2835,
14530,
339,
2925,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
5655,
318,
1327,
11,
290,
17390,
284,
262,
2832,
11,
884,
355,
2005,
11,
5445,
11,
393,
18577,
9353,
11,
389,
2219,
1871,
262,
6510,
13,
8975,
612,
318,
257,
4785,
5778,
25,
257,
22144,
35064,
988,
318,
2982,
11,
290,
257,
2933,
318,
45663,
992,
290,
12445,
287,
262,
20230,
11,
393,
27934,
287,
262,
442,
1133,
284,
307,
6497,
503,
1568,
895,
313,
6083,
290,
2636,
13,
46298,
286,
8977,
6070,
262,
2270,
364,
290,
389,
25783,
3021,
416,
262,
6510,
11,
16299,
262,
19369,
329,
28438,
290,
18295,
447,
247,
7327,
13,
198,
40,
1752,
6204,
287,
257,
46408,
329,
2063,
281,
1711,
290,
3088,
284,
466,
262,
670,
257,
1105,
12,
1941,
12,
727,
2933,
373,
1804,
1110,
706,
1110,
11,
329,
838,
2250,
379,
257,
7539,
11,
329,
3126,
16059,
257,
1110,
13,
383,
30338,
286,
262,
46408,
41586,
502,
13,
22151,
262,
4252,
44193,
35254,
11,
262,
1633,
373,
613,
297,
1229,
312,
11,
290,
262,
10087,
25889,
287,
26441,
351,
262,
7150,
290,
262,
18180,
13,
12511,
262,
46408,
612,
373,
2042,
1108,
11,
15114,
286,
10309,
8977,
551,
11379,
276,
2279,
11,
262,
11859,
11,
28436,
34532,
286,
262,
20230,
290,
262,
2906,
292,
5321,
15795,
286,
5655,
832,
262,
442,
1769,
5901,
262,
11368,
13,
314,
3088,
284,
2298,
503,
262,
5207,
286,
27589,
422,
262,
6990,
14992,
4269,
286,
5655,
11,
1690,
4814,
606,
26,
616,
2832,
547,
44379,
290,
2005,
287,
257,
1178,
2431,
26,
314,
373,
5017,
422,
1182,
284,
2366,
351,
5655,
8977,
11,
290,
329,
867,
2250,
12979,
314,
373,
1607,
273,
803,
617,
286,
262,
1402,
13166,
286,
26794,
11510,
578,
314,
550,
27961,
13,
198,
40,
714,
407,
466,
326,
670,
290,
2107,
11,
475,
612,
547,
6510,
286,
838,
290,
1105,
812,
286,
2479,
1804,
340,
329,
2026,
290,
3126,
16059,
257,
1110,
13,
2773,
286,
606,
550,
1239,
587,
2641,
286,
257,
1524,
26,
1178,
286,
606,
714,
1100,
257,
1200,
447,
247,
82,
33270,
13,
6407,
11,
617,
286,
606,
9141,
262,
1755,
4266,
11,
475,
706,
1762,
838,
2250,
287,
262,
46408,
262,
9856,
2482,
422,
11969,
1524,
547,
14547,
18038,
13,
564,
250,
1135,
2925,
11354,
257,
922,
640,
11,
281,
447,
247,
356,
7622,
390,
3730,
266,
313,
447,
247,
82,
49408,
8169,
381,
259,
447,
247,
477,
390,
640,
11,
447,
251,
531,
1310,
22605,
5437,
11,
3025,
670,
314,
550,
587,
2111,
284,
466,
13,
198,
4863,
262,
2270,
364,
262,
6510,
10428,
284,
262,
6164,
21593,
11,
810,
484,
1716,
3420,
4327,
364,
11,
5078,
6510,
11,
393,
285,
2261,
6643,
13,
3423,
11,
1290,
2174,
262,
4417,
11,
670,
318,
991,
517,
4923,
13,
1629,
1478,
393,
1315,
262,
6510,
7048,
262,
976,
7476,
355,
262,
1450,
11,
290,
389,
11191,
416,
262,
976,
583,
4487,
13,
5414,
318,
340,
287,
9589,
691,
326,
777,
3403,
2152,
13,
554,
262,
1643,
7230,
516,
18446,
286,
2688,
6025,
11,
6510,
286,
860,
393,
838,
389,
6777,
9322,
13,
314,
1138,
530,
1310,
5891,
838,
812,
1468,
287,
5628,
23699,
11,
2688,
6025,
11,
938,
614,
11,
508,
373,
9322,
355,
257,
564,
250,
46670,
2933,
13,
447,
251,
11382,
286,
644,
340,
1724,
284,
307,
257,
12840,
2933,
379,
838,
812,
286,
2479,
13,
632,
1724,
284,
1650,
3436,
287,
257,
3223,
6164,
10066,
1711,
706,
1711,
11,
351,
645,
1692,
5848,
1474,
26,
284,
766,
645,
2877,
7185,
2845,
262,
285,
5028,
355,
484,
1208,
351,
511,
15989,
11,
393,
257,
4227,
393,
734,
6095,
284,
2648,
530,
447,
247,
82,
9799,
26,
284,
1302,
287,
1660,
393,
17492,
326,
8698,
262,
42415,
11,
45550,
284,
262,
44173,
416,
262,
4692,
28841,
6724,
912,
326,
10484,
287,
618,
345,
1280,
262,
12840,
3420,
329,
262,
285,
5028,
284,
1208,
832,
26,
284,
670,
329,
1478,
2250,
851,
4953,
851,
4756,
290,
25136,
257,
3420,
851,
788,
4953,
757,
329,
3126,
16059,
26,
284,
3151,
262,
4417,
618,
477,
318,
12908,
287,
262,
32107,
286,
1755,
11,
290,
284,
2121,
284,
262,
4534,
19064,
290,
423,
284,
307,
5281,
1497,
284,
262,
16936,
564,
250,
1477,
441,
447,
251,
284,
307,
28910,
878,
340,
318,
1744,
284,
2513,
284,
262,
18485,
32772,
1444,
564,
250,
11195,
13,
447,
251,
198,
33,
19417,
1105,
812,
286,
2479,
743,
307,
11119,
9322,
287,
262,
18446,
286,
2688,
6025,
11,
416,
1110,
393,
416,
1755,
11,
290,
329,
355,
867,
2250,
355,
262,
11390,
1337,
284,
787,
606,
284,
346,
393,
511,
5920,
481,
1302,
262,
14022,
13,
6350,
262,
25070,
286,
1200,
1204,
318,
884,
326,
428,
743,
307,
1760,
11764,
290,
351,
2742,
18830,
11,
340,
318,
2562,
284,
1975,
644,
18295,
423,
757,
290,
757,
1297,
502,
851,
326,
612,
389,
5179,
286,
1310,
6510,
286,
860,
290,
838,
812,
286,
2479,
9322,
287,
262,
5655,
18446,
286,
428,
1181,
13,
198,
7554,
1338,
9448,
11,
383,
347,
1967,
8152,
286,
262,
8990,
198,
7,
3791,
1971,
25,
4100,
17805,
272,
11,
40538,
8,
930,
6914,
2939,
329,
19502,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,059 |
Australia: Sustainability and Environmental Action
- How to Choose a Program
- View SIT Study Abroad Undergraduate Research / ISP Collection
- View the 2013 Overview Brochure (PDF, 1MB)
- View the 2013 Semester Catalog (PDF, 4MB)
- View the 2013 Summer Catalog (PDF, 1MB)
- View Our Photo Galleries on Flickr
- Academic Resources/Library
- Track Your Application Online
- US State Department "Students Abroad"
- SIT Study Abroad Gear
Most of the teaching in the program takes place in the field (a total of around 27 days). Excursions are totally integrated with readings, workshops, discussions, and lectures. In each region we visit, students are introduced to the area’s climate, geology, geomorphology, soils, and flora and fauna, as well as its human history and culture in order to instill a sense of place and provide a basis for understanding the unique management issues of each region.
Orientation: Seven Mile Beach
Students spend a five-day orientation at Seven Mile Beach, south of Byron Bay. The group camps at Linnaeus Estate, a 280-acre property with one and a half kilometers of pristine beachfront; it has been recognized as one of the most beautiful privately owned properties on Australia’s east coast. During orientation, the group reviews program goals and safety, learns about Australian cultural norms, and starts the process of establishing a group bond. Students are introduced to iconic Australian flora and fauna present on the property and learn about the climate and coastal processes of northern New South Wales.
Tasmania: A conservation hot spot
Experience stunning scenery and one of Australia’s largest conservation reserves
Tasmania is a geological and biological treasure where a billion years of earth history is exposed to view. Tasmania was the last landmass to break away from the southern supercontinent, Gondwana. Its stunning scenery, Aboriginal heritage, and conservation values have resulted in 40 percent of the state being set aside in nature reserves, including the three and a half million acre Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, one of Australia’s largest conservation reserves and one of only two world heritage areas to be listed under seven different criteria. The southwest of Tasmania is one of the last true wilderness regions of the world.
But Tasmania is a conservation hot spot in more ways than one. It has a history of bitter conflict over the use and preservation of its natural areas that is still very much alive. Tasmania has been the scene of the most epic environmental battles in Australia, which have shaped the national conservation movement. Tasmania was the birthplace of the world’s first green political party and the greens are now part of a coalition state government. The state has the highest green vote in the nation.
The program’s eight-day field trip in Tasmania includes walks in spectacular glaciated scenery and magnificent forests, which include coniferous species of Gondwanan origin, extensive rainforests, and the world’s tallest flowering plants. Students meet forest protestors who are battling to save old growth forests from logging . They also examine the competition between nature conservation and tourism on the one hand and the use of the land and resources for wood, minerals, and energy production on the other. Traveling by bus, the group visits key sites that illustrate these struggles and sustainable solutions. The excursion is led by Dr. Geoff Mosley, former head of the Australian Conservation Foundation. Dr. Mosley has been involved with the study and conservation of Tasmania for over 50 years.
Aboriginal Camping Trip
Acquire traditional ecological knowledge in the quest for sustainability.
Students have a four-day camping trip at Minyami, a large Aboriginal-owned bush property bordering Bundjalung National Park in Northern New South Wales. The excursion is led by Aboriginal guides who have long been associated with the SIT program and who enthusiastically share their knowledge of traditional and contemporary Aboriginal cultures.
While at Minyami students make traditional Aboriginal artifacts, learn traditional hunting and gathering skills, experience Aboriginal customs, and hear stories that contain lessons on how to care for and live in the environment. During this period, students also take short trips to culturally significant sites within Bundjalung National Park.
The Aboriginal Studies component of the program gives students insights into an entirely different way of looking at the environment and resources.
Sydney and Melbourne
Examine urban sustainability in two of the world’s great cities.
On the week-long field trip to Sydney and Melbourne, students see examples of sustainability initiatives in urban settings. These include visiting urban farms, such as the Centre for Education and Research in Environmental Strategies; sustainable houses (read about one remarkable example); and green office buildings such as those in Melbourne. During the spring semester, students attend Melbourne’s Sustainable Living Festival, which features lectures from many of the most prominent sustainability experts in Australia, in addition to displays of sustainable technologies.
With more than half of the world’s population living in urban areas, cities are a vital element in the study of sustainability.
Local field trips around Byron Bay
Students also undertake a number of one-day field excursions around Byron Bay and Lismore to further explore the natural environment. During these field trips, students will explore temperate and sub-tropical rainforests, sustainable house design, organic farming, permaculture, community gardens, and renewable energy technologies.
View Student Evaluations for this program: | [
27429,
25,
311,
19542,
1799,
290,
13272,
7561,
198,
12,
1374,
284,
17489,
257,
6118,
198,
12,
3582,
311,
2043,
12481,
2275,
6344,
4698,
17680,
4992,
1220,
33086,
12251,
198,
12,
3582,
262,
2211,
28578,
2806,
354,
495,
357,
20456,
11,
352,
10744,
8,
198,
12,
3582,
262,
2211,
12449,
7834,
44515,
357,
20456,
11,
604,
10744,
8,
198,
12,
3582,
262,
2211,
10216,
44515,
357,
20456,
11,
352,
10744,
8,
198,
12,
3582,
3954,
5555,
7096,
10640,
319,
27085,
198,
12,
31421,
13864,
14,
23377,
198,
12,
17762,
3406,
15678,
7467,
198,
12,
1294,
1812,
2732,
366,
28239,
2275,
6344,
1,
198,
12,
311,
2043,
12481,
2275,
6344,
10740,
198,
6943,
286,
262,
7743,
287,
262,
1430,
2753,
1295,
287,
262,
2214,
357,
64,
2472,
286,
1088,
2681,
1528,
737,
25268,
42394,
389,
6635,
11521,
351,
24654,
11,
25982,
11,
9984,
11,
290,
25917,
13,
554,
1123,
3814,
356,
3187,
11,
2444,
389,
5495,
284,
262,
1989,
447,
247,
82,
4258,
11,
4903,
1435,
11,
4903,
25831,
1435,
11,
38750,
11,
290,
48037,
290,
277,
32837,
11,
355,
880,
355,
663,
1692,
2106,
290,
3968,
287,
1502,
284,
916,
359,
257,
2565,
286,
1295,
290,
2148,
257,
4308,
329,
4547,
262,
3748,
4542,
2428,
286,
1123,
3814,
13,
198,
46,
8289,
341,
25,
13723,
26004,
8511,
198,
28239,
4341,
257,
1936,
12,
820,
12852,
379,
13723,
26004,
8511,
11,
5366,
286,
36719,
4696,
13,
383,
1448,
11665,
379,
5164,
2616,
27650,
23015,
11,
257,
21355,
12,
12345,
3119,
351,
530,
290,
257,
2063,
18212,
286,
37293,
10481,
8534,
26,
340,
468,
587,
8018,
355,
530,
286,
262,
749,
4950,
17092,
6898,
6608,
319,
4505,
447,
247,
82,
7627,
7051,
13,
5856,
12852,
11,
262,
1448,
8088,
1430,
4661,
290,
3747,
11,
22974,
546,
6638,
6467,
19444,
11,
290,
4940,
262,
1429,
286,
15010,
257,
1448,
6314,
13,
14882,
389,
5495,
284,
14133,
6638,
48037,
290,
277,
32837,
1944,
319,
262,
3119,
290,
2193,
546,
262,
4258,
290,
17475,
7767,
286,
7840,
968,
2520,
11769,
13,
198,
51,
292,
45733,
25,
317,
14903,
3024,
4136,
198,
44901,
13393,
31068,
290,
530,
286,
4505,
447,
247,
82,
4387,
14903,
14072,
198,
51,
292,
45733,
318,
257,
41917,
290,
10685,
14068,
810,
257,
2997,
812,
286,
4534,
2106,
318,
7362,
284,
1570,
13,
46896,
373,
262,
938,
1956,
22208,
284,
2270,
1497,
422,
262,
8372,
2208,
3642,
7233,
11,
402,
623,
49484,
13,
6363,
13393,
31068,
11,
26432,
15012,
11,
290,
14903,
3815,
423,
8724,
287,
2319,
1411,
286,
262,
1181,
852,
900,
7263,
287,
3450,
14072,
11,
1390,
262,
1115,
290,
257,
2063,
1510,
31244,
29958,
666,
40432,
2159,
18518,
9498,
11,
530,
286,
4505,
447,
247,
82,
4387,
14903,
14072,
290,
530,
286,
691,
734,
995,
15012,
3006,
284,
307,
5610,
739,
3598,
1180,
9987,
13,
383,
26283,
286,
46896,
318,
530,
286,
262,
938,
2081,
22775,
7652,
286,
262,
995,
13,
198,
1537,
46896,
318,
257,
14903,
3024,
4136,
287,
517,
2842,
621,
530,
13,
632,
468,
257,
2106,
286,
12922,
5358,
625,
262,
779,
290,
22459,
286,
663,
3288,
3006,
326,
318,
991,
845,
881,
6776,
13,
46896,
468,
587,
262,
3715,
286,
262,
749,
12191,
6142,
10181,
287,
4505,
11,
543,
423,
14292,
262,
2260,
14903,
3356,
13,
46896,
373,
262,
48145,
286,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
717,
4077,
1964,
2151,
290,
262,
30966,
389,
783,
636,
286,
257,
9906,
1181,
1230,
13,
383,
1181,
468,
262,
4511,
4077,
3015,
287,
262,
3277,
13,
198,
464,
1430,
447,
247,
82,
3624,
12,
820,
2214,
5296,
287,
46896,
3407,
11114,
287,
15013,
25169,
12931,
31068,
290,
25023,
17039,
11,
543,
2291,
369,
7087,
516,
4693,
286,
402,
623,
8149,
272,
8159,
11,
7667,
6290,
754,
6448,
11,
290,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
38760,
48573,
6134,
13,
14882,
1826,
8222,
36915,
508,
389,
20581,
284,
3613,
1468,
3349,
17039,
422,
18931,
764,
1119,
635,
10716,
262,
5449,
1022,
3450,
14903,
290,
19277,
319,
262,
530,
1021,
290,
262,
779,
286,
262,
1956,
290,
4133,
329,
4898,
11,
21622,
11,
290,
2568,
3227,
319,
262,
584,
13,
13524,
278,
416,
1323,
11,
262,
1448,
11864,
1994,
5043,
326,
19418,
777,
12766,
290,
13347,
8136,
13,
383,
2859,
24197,
318,
2957,
416,
1583,
13,
24688,
5826,
1636,
11,
1966,
1182,
286,
262,
6638,
23702,
5693,
13,
1583,
13,
5826,
1636,
468,
587,
2950,
351,
262,
2050,
290,
14903,
286,
46896,
329,
625,
2026,
812,
13,
198,
32,
2865,
328,
1292,
5425,
278,
18383,
198,
12832,
29782,
4569,
25047,
3725,
287,
262,
1235,
329,
26809,
13,
198,
28239,
423,
257,
1440,
12,
820,
22498,
5296,
379,
1855,
88,
6277,
11,
257,
1588,
26432,
12,
11990,
24484,
3119,
48622,
13319,
73,
282,
2150,
2351,
3250,
287,
8342,
968,
2520,
11769,
13,
383,
2859,
24197,
318,
2957,
416,
26432,
17555,
508,
423,
890,
587,
3917,
351,
262,
311,
2043,
1430,
290,
508,
42045,
2648,
511,
3725,
286,
4569,
290,
11811,
26432,
13817,
13,
198,
3633,
379,
1855,
88,
6277,
2444,
787,
4569,
26432,
20316,
11,
2193,
4569,
10988,
290,
11228,
4678,
11,
1998,
26432,
17112,
11,
290,
3285,
3923,
326,
3994,
11658,
319,
703,
284,
1337,
329,
290,
2107,
287,
262,
2858,
13,
5856,
428,
2278,
11,
2444,
635,
1011,
1790,
13229,
284,
30573,
2383,
5043,
1626,
13319,
73,
282,
2150,
2351,
3250,
13,
198,
464,
26432,
10422,
7515,
286,
262,
1430,
3607,
2444,
17218,
656,
281,
5000,
1180,
835,
286,
2045,
379,
262,
2858,
290,
4133,
13,
198,
50,
5173,
1681,
290,
14819,
198,
3109,
9862,
7876,
26809,
287,
734,
286,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
1049,
4736,
13,
198,
2202,
262,
1285,
12,
6511,
2214,
5296,
284,
11852,
290,
14819,
11,
2444,
766,
6096,
286,
26809,
15446,
287,
7876,
6460,
13,
2312,
2291,
10013,
7876,
15893,
11,
884,
355,
262,
9072,
329,
7868,
290,
4992,
287,
13272,
40996,
26,
13347,
7777,
357,
961,
546,
530,
11004,
1672,
1776,
290,
4077,
2607,
6832,
884,
355,
883,
287,
14819,
13,
5856,
262,
6076,
24878,
11,
2444,
5262,
14819,
447,
247,
82,
45276,
13728,
11117,
11,
543,
3033,
25917,
422,
867,
286,
262,
749,
9208,
26809,
6154,
287,
4505,
11,
287,
3090,
284,
11298,
286,
13347,
8514,
13,
198,
3152,
517,
621,
2063,
286,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
3265,
2877,
287,
7876,
3006,
11,
4736,
389,
257,
9204,
5002,
287,
262,
2050,
286,
26809,
13,
198,
14565,
2214,
13229,
1088,
36719,
4696,
198,
28239,
635,
25340,
257,
1271,
286,
530,
12,
820,
2214,
2859,
42394,
1088,
36719,
4696,
290,
406,
1042,
382,
284,
2252,
7301,
262,
3288,
2858,
13,
5856,
777,
2214,
13229,
11,
2444,
481,
7301,
4124,
378,
290,
850,
12,
48385,
605,
6290,
754,
6448,
11,
13347,
2156,
1486,
11,
10469,
16035,
11,
9943,
330,
6456,
11,
2055,
25476,
11,
290,
15713,
2568,
8514,
13,
198,
7680,
13613,
26439,
6055,
329,
428,
1430,
25,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,135 |
Aortic insufficiency is a heart valve disease in which the aortic valve does not close tightly. This leads to the backward flow of blood from the aorta (the largest blood vessel) into the left ventricle (a chamber of the heart).
Aortic valve prolapse; Aortic regurgitation
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Aortic insufficiency can result from any condition that keeps the aortic valve from closing all the way. A small amount of blood comes back each time the heart beats.
The condition causes widening (dilation) of the left lower chamber of the heart. Larger amounts of blood leave the heart with each squeeze or contraction. This leads to a strong and forceful pulse (bounding pulse). Over time, the heart becomes less able to pump blood to the body.
In the past, rheumatic fever was the main cause of aortic insufficiency. Now that antibiotics are used to treat rheumatic fever, other causes are more commonly seen.
A chest x-ray may show swelling of the left lower heart chamber.
Lab tests cannot diagnose aortic insufficiency, but they may be used to rule out other disorders or causes.
If there are no symptoms or if symptoms are mild, you may only need to get an echocardiogram from time to time and be monitored by a health care provider.
If your blood pressure is high, then treatment with certain blood pressure medications may help slow the worsening of aortic regurgitation.
ACE inhibitor drugs and diuretics (water pills) may be prescribed for more moderate or severe symptoms.
In the past, most patients with heart valve problems were given antibiotics before dental work or an invasive procedure, such as colonoscopy. The antibiotics were given to prevent an infection of the damaged heart. However, antibiotics are now used much less often before dental work and other procedures.
You may need to limit activity that requires more work from your heart. Talk to your health care provider.
Surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve corrects aortic insufficiency. The decision to have aortic valve replacement depends on your symptoms and the condition and function of your heart.
You may also need surgery to repair the aorta if it is widened.
Aortic insufficiency is curable with surgical repair. This can completely relieve symptoms, unless severe heart failure is present or other complications develop. Without treatment, patients with angina or congestive heart failure due to aortic insufficiency do poorly.
Blood pressure control is very important if you are at risk for aortic regurgitation.
Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr, Faxon DP, Freed MD, et al; 2006 Writing Committee Members; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force. 2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Sosciety of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2008;118:e523-e661.
Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon DP, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guideline update on valvular heart disease: focused update on infective endocarditis: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines endorced by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:676-685.
Otto CM, Bonow RO. Valvular heart disease. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2011:chap 66.
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc. | [
32,
419,
291,
1035,
1648,
19777,
318,
257,
2612,
22580,
4369,
287,
543,
262,
257,
419,
291,
22580,
857,
407,
1969,
17707,
13,
770,
5983,
284,
262,
19528,
5202,
286,
2910,
422,
262,
257,
419,
64,
357,
1169,
4387,
2910,
8837,
8,
656,
262,
1364,
7435,
1173,
293,
357,
64,
11847,
286,
262,
2612,
737,
198,
32,
419,
291,
22580,
13286,
7512,
26,
317,
419,
291,
842,
3686,
3780,
198,
24334,
2664,
11,
18349,
11,
290,
2526,
5087,
198,
32,
419,
291,
1035,
1648,
19777,
460,
1255,
422,
597,
4006,
326,
7622,
262,
257,
419,
291,
22580,
422,
9605,
477,
262,
835,
13,
317,
1402,
2033,
286,
2910,
2058,
736,
1123,
640,
262,
2612,
17825,
13,
198,
464,
4006,
5640,
38118,
357,
67,
10520,
8,
286,
262,
1364,
2793,
11847,
286,
262,
2612,
13,
406,
32270,
6867,
286,
2910,
2666,
262,
2612,
351,
1123,
21229,
393,
36246,
13,
770,
5983,
284,
257,
1913,
290,
42262,
19445,
357,
7784,
278,
19445,
737,
3827,
640,
11,
262,
2612,
4329,
1342,
1498,
284,
8901,
2910,
284,
262,
1767,
13,
198,
818,
262,
1613,
11,
374,
258,
16735,
17372,
373,
262,
1388,
2728,
286,
257,
419,
291,
1035,
1648,
19777,
13,
2735,
326,
22392,
389,
973,
284,
2190,
374,
258,
16735,
17372,
11,
584,
5640,
389,
517,
8811,
1775,
13,
198,
32,
7721,
2124,
12,
2433,
743,
905,
29844,
286,
262,
1364,
2793,
2612,
11847,
13,
198,
17822,
5254,
2314,
37489,
257,
419,
291,
1035,
1648,
19777,
11,
475,
484,
743,
307,
973,
284,
3896,
503,
584,
11916,
393,
5640,
13,
198,
1532,
612,
389,
645,
7460,
393,
611,
7460,
389,
11607,
11,
345,
743,
691,
761,
284,
651,
281,
304,
354,
420,
22490,
21857,
422,
640,
284,
640,
290,
307,
20738,
416,
257,
1535,
1337,
10131,
13,
198,
1532,
534,
2910,
3833,
318,
1029,
11,
788,
3513,
351,
1728,
2910,
3833,
17638,
743,
1037,
3105,
262,
42373,
286,
257,
419,
291,
842,
3686,
3780,
13,
198,
11598,
41704,
5010,
290,
2566,
495,
14094,
357,
7050,
19521,
8,
743,
307,
14798,
329,
517,
10768,
393,
6049,
7460,
13,
198,
818,
262,
1613,
11,
749,
3871,
351,
2612,
22580,
2761,
547,
1813,
22392,
878,
22727,
670,
393,
281,
27376,
8771,
11,
884,
355,
7633,
17500,
11081,
13,
383,
22392,
547,
1813,
284,
2948,
281,
10280,
286,
262,
9694,
2612,
13,
2102,
11,
22392,
389,
783,
973,
881,
1342,
1690,
878,
22727,
670,
290,
584,
9021,
13,
198,
1639,
743,
761,
284,
4179,
3842,
326,
4433,
517,
670,
422,
534,
2612,
13,
12167,
284,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
13,
198,
14214,
7076,
284,
9185,
393,
6330,
262,
257,
419,
291,
22580,
3376,
82,
257,
419,
291,
1035,
1648,
19777,
13,
383,
2551,
284,
423,
257,
419,
291,
22580,
9014,
8338,
319,
534,
7460,
290,
262,
4006,
290,
2163,
286,
534,
2612,
13,
198,
1639,
743,
635,
761,
8185,
284,
9185,
262,
257,
419,
64,
611,
340,
318,
36405,
13,
198,
32,
419,
291,
1035,
1648,
19777,
318,
1090,
540,
351,
21998,
9185,
13,
770,
460,
3190,
26958,
7460,
11,
4556,
6049,
2612,
5287,
318,
1944,
393,
584,
19481,
1205,
13,
9170,
3513,
11,
3871,
351,
3550,
1437,
393,
22791,
425,
2612,
5287,
2233,
284,
257,
419,
291,
1035,
1648,
19777,
466,
13455,
13,
198,
21659,
3833,
1630,
318,
845,
1593,
611,
345,
389,
379,
2526,
329,
257,
419,
291,
842,
3686,
3780,
13,
198,
20682,
322,
15107,
11,
1879,
397,
11109,
23715,
11,
609,
1436,
34589,
509,
11,
390,
10592,
7125,
7504,
11,
376,
897,
261,
27704,
11,
38728,
10670,
11,
2123,
435,
26,
4793,
22183,
4606,
12688,
26,
1605,
5535,
286,
5172,
12371,
14,
7437,
8894,
5396,
15941,
5221,
13,
3648,
376,
13073,
4296,
16560,
656,
262,
15859,
14,
32,
7801,
4793,
9949,
329,
262,
4542,
286,
3871,
351,
1188,
85,
934,
2612,
4369,
25,
257,
989,
286,
262,
1605,
5535,
286,
5172,
12371,
14,
7437,
8894,
5396,
15941,
5221,
319,
19939,
31072,
357,
33874,
4606,
284,
5416,
786,
262,
7795,
31072,
329,
262,
8549,
286,
28021,
2080,
3254,
85,
934,
8894,
17344,
2599,
17441,
416,
262,
311,
418,
979,
2963,
286,
5172,
19381,
1052,
29678,
72,
9251,
11,
7023,
329,
5172,
19381,
2895,
72,
4867,
290,
4225,
16593,
11,
290,
7023,
286,
13002,
330,
291,
4198,
16297,
13,
7672,
1741,
13,
3648,
26,
16817,
25,
68,
49803,
12,
68,
47159,
13,
198,
45,
680,
43817,
17926,
11,
1879,
397,
11109,
23715,
11,
376,
897,
261,
27704,
11,
2123,
435,
13,
15859,
14,
32,
7801,
3648,
37026,
4470,
4296,
319,
1188,
85,
934,
2612,
4369,
25,
5670,
4296,
319,
7580,
425,
886,
44412,
11815,
25,
257,
989,
286,
262,
1605,
5535,
286,
5172,
12371,
14,
7437,
8894,
5396,
15941,
5221,
319,
19939,
31072,
886,
273,
771,
416,
262,
7023,
286,
5172,
19381,
1052,
29678,
72,
9251,
13,
7023,
329,
5172,
19381,
2895,
72,
4867,
290,
4225,
16593,
11,
290,
7023,
286,
13002,
330,
291,
4198,
16297,
13,
449,
1703,
7778,
5172,
1669,
13,
3648,
26,
4309,
25,
42548,
12,
35978,
13,
198,
46,
33955,
16477,
11,
7979,
322,
15107,
13,
3254,
85,
934,
2612,
4369,
13,
554,
25,
7979,
322,
15107,
11,
20291,
23641,
11,
1168,
18636,
27704,
11,
7980,
1525,
350,
11,
34492,
21667,
412,
11,
1225,
82,
13,
34492,
21667,
338,
8894,
17344,
25,
317,
8255,
2070,
286,
5172,
19381,
11558,
13,
860,
400,
1225,
13,
520,
13,
5593,
11,
4270,
25,
36245,
35896,
26,
2813,
25,
354,
499,
7930,
13,
198,
11006,
327,
13,
27436,
14597,
11,
6711,
11,
10670,
11,
8129,
286,
11558,
11,
7458,
286,
3611,
11558,
11,
2732,
286,
11558,
11,
2059,
286,
2669,
3961,
286,
11558,
26,
290,
3899,
317,
13,
12555,
11,
10670,
11,
16394,
11,
15286,
8129,
286,
11558,
11,
7458,
286,
5172,
12371,
11,
21146,
1177,
8366,
3337,
11,
2059,
286,
2669,
8366,
3961,
11,
7312,
11,
2669,
13,
4418,
11765,
416,
3271,
1168,
12311,
11,
10670,
11,
337,
7801,
11,
8366,
5890,
11,
317,
13,
35,
13,
32,
13,
44,
13,
3893,
23555,
11,
12119,
844,
11,
3457,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 996 |
The FAA Rule Affects Canadians, Too
Wednesday June 20th 2012 - by Daryl MacIntosh
Upcoming FAA Requirements
In May of 2010, the FAA published the final rulemaking to adopt ADS-B (automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast) technology as its primary aircraft tracking/locating system. Effective Jan. 1, 2020, aircraft operating in the majority of United States airspace must be equipped with ADS-B Out compliant equipment. Use of ADS–B Out will move air traffic control from a primarily ground-based radar system to a satellite-derived aircraft location system. Benefits to ATC include improved accuracy, wider coverage, better reliability, reduced latency, increased capacity and controller access to more comprehensive aircraft data. The current radar surveillance system that ATC has relied on for more than 50 years has now reached its capacity limits, leading to congestion and delays in some of the busiest U.S. airspace.
ADS-B in Canada
Limited ADS-B service was implemented in Canada on Jan. 15, 2009, bringing surveillance coverage for the first time to 850,000 square kilometres of high level airspace (FL290 to FL410) over Hudson Bay. About 35,000 flights a year use this airspace on routes between North America and Europe or Asia.
One of the most significant benefits ADS-B offers for this airspace is reduced aircraft separation. With appropriately-equipped aircraft, controllers can use five-nautical-mile separation instead of the 80-nautical-mile procedural separation required in non-radar airspace. ATC can handle more aircraft in the same airspace at once and controllers can offer route flexibility and approve altitude-change requests more readily.
Nav Canada expanded its ADS-B coverage over northeastern Canada by an additional 1.9 million square kilometres in 2010, and recently added another 1.3 million square kilometres over the North Atlantic (see p.18). However, the upcoming United States ADS-B requirements will affect many more Canadian aircraft operators than will Nav Canada’s ADS-B requirements. Most of us don’t need to fly over Hudson Bay, but many of us do regularly fly within U.S. airspace.
ADS-B Out Defined
Automatic: Each aircraft equipped with ADS-B Out will Automatically and continuously transmit its precise position, its velocity (vertically and horizontally), as well as its altitude and other relevant information. The system is always on and requires no pilot action for activation.
Dependent: The overall system is Dependent on each aircraft to transmit accurate data including identification (ICAO 24-bit ID), position, and velocity, together with specific integrity/accuracy quality information.
Surveillance: The system provides ATC with Surveillance capability similar to radar.
Broadcast: Each aircraft will continuously Broadcast the required data. The system does not require interrogation from ATC or from another aircraft.
Out: Although the overall ADS-B system is designed to be bi-directional, only ADS-B Out data capability is becoming mandatory.
ADS-B In capability is a key design feature of the overall ADS-B system, but the FAA did not make this capability mandatory. Many operators will, however, choose to install ADS-B In because of the significantly improved situational awareness the available data will provide to flight crews.
TIS-B (traffic information service-broadcast) and FIS-B (flight information services-broadcast offering weather data, airspace information and other services) are available as free uplinks to any aircraft that carries the correct receiving equipment.
Equipment - Technology Choices
The ADS–B Out capability regulation requires operators to install equipment into each aircraft that will provide a data link to ATC to be used for aircraft surveillance. Operators must choose between two completely different types of equipment required under this rule: a 1090 MHz extended squitter (ES) broadcast link or a universal access transceiver (UAT) broadcast link operating on 978 MHz. In addition to the broadcast link, each aircraft must also be equipped with an approved GPS to provide the required aircraft position source data.
Equipment Choice # 1 - 1090 MHz ES
Equipment certified for this option transmits on 1090 MHz, the same frequency as current transponders. Some Mode S transponders with ES can be certified to meet the latest ADS-B Out requirements. The 1090 MHz ES broadcast link is the internationally agreed-upon standard and is required for aircraft that fly into any other jurisdictions that utilize ADS-B. The final FAA rule requires aircraft flying at and above 18,000 feet MSL [flight level (FL) 180, Class A Airspace] to have ADS–B Out performance capabilities using the 1090 MHz ES broadcast link. This rule also specifies that aircraft flying in designated airspace below 18,000 feet MSL may use either the 1090 MHz ES or the UAT broadcast link. There are two significant disadvantages to the 1090 MHz ES system: (1) A separate 1090 MHz receiver must be installed for ADS-B In capability, as current Mode S transponders do not have ADS-B receiver capability; and (2) The 1090 MHz ES broadcast link does not support FIS–B (weather and related flight information) due to bandwidth limitations.
Equipment Choice # 2 – 978 MHz UAT
The 978 MHz UAT broadcast link utilizes a bi-directional 978 MHz transceiver which supports ADS–B In applications, including traffic information and FIS-B data including weather, temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) and notices to airmen (NOTAMs). The 978 MHz UAT is a proven and mature technology which has provided similar services in Alaska since 2001. The UAT may not be used for ADS-B Out on aircraft that fly above 18,000 feet. The FAA does encourage general aviation (GA) pilots whose aircraft always operate below 18,000 feet to opt for the 978 UAT, in order to minimize frequency congestion on 1090 MHz.
Combined Equipment Choice – 1090 Mhz ES Out with 978 Mhz In
Some operators will undoubtedly choose to install a combination solution utilizing 1090 MHz for ADS-B Out, to satisfy the regulatory requirement for flights above 18,000 feet, and using a 978 MHz UAT for ADS-B In, to benefit from its enhanced data-in capability.
Best Equipped – Best Served
ATC service has traditionally been based on a policy of “first come, first served” but the FAA is now moving towards a new policy of “best equipped, best served.” The FAA has explained that this policy change will help to reduce congestion and delays while simultaneously encouraging system users to equip their aircraft earlier than the regulation requires. By providing operational benefits to the early adopters, the FAA hopes they will then have an incentive to accelerate and expand ADS-B equipage to the rest of their fleets. ADS-B is already providing services in South Florida; Louisville, Kentucky; Philadelphia and out over the Gulf of Mexico. The installation of ground stations to serve the rest of the United States is now well underway and is scheduled to be completed by 2013. The system’s 794 ground stations should be substantially operational by 2014. The FAA expects most users will equip their aircraft during the five-year period between 2015 and the 2020 deadline.
The expected cost to equip an aircraft with a compliant system is evolving because most avionics manufacturers are currently working to modify and/or re-qualify their products to meet the latest published specifications. For GA aircraft already equipped with a WAAS GPS and a Garmin Mode S transponder, the upgrade to ADS-B Out is a relatively painless and inexpensive transponder upgrade. Most other GA aircraft owners will need to spend at least $6,000 to meet the minimum ADS-B Out requirements. The fully-installed cost for some GA aircraft will be much higher (perhaps $20,000) when the cost of a new WAAS GPS navigator and/or a new multi-function display is factored in.
The cost to equip Part 25 business and commercial aircraft will likely be much greater (perhaps $150,000) due to much higher equipment and certification costs. Typical modifications will include new (or upgraded) mode S transponders and a modified traffic collision avoidance system. Some aircraft will also require a new FMS and many will require significant wiring modifications.
ADS-B is also being adopted by a variety of countries around the world as the new standard for aircraft surveillance. Canadian operators who choose not to equip, because they don’t fly to the United States or within other ADS-B airspace, may still be affected by the new U.S. regulations. When it comes time to sell their aircraft, they may find that its value is diminished because it can’t fly within the United States. The U.S. ADS-B equipage requirement is real; the deadline is approaching, and it’s time for everyone to start paying attention.
Daryl MacIntosh is founder and president of Maxcraft Avionics. Located at the Pitt Meadows Airport, about 35 kilometres east of Vancouver, Maxcraft is one of the largest full-service avionics shops in Canada, and provides professional avionics services to operators of all types of private and commercial aircraft, including piston, turboprops, jets and helicopters. He can be reached at [email protected].
Did you know?
Trans-Canada Air Lines (later to become Air Canada) first had flight attendants in July, 1938. At first, only single women under 26 were selected, and they served small boxed lunches and cups of coffee and lemonade. | [
464,
26228,
14330,
36931,
82,
14008,
11,
14190,
198,
27150,
2795,
1160,
400,
2321,
532,
416,
44385,
4100,
5317,
3768,
198,
4933,
4976,
26228,
24422,
198,
818,
1737,
286,
3050,
11,
262,
26228,
3199,
262,
2457,
3896,
8601,
284,
11206,
44784,
12,
33,
357,
37800,
10795,
8452,
12,
36654,
2701,
8,
3037,
355,
663,
4165,
6215,
9646,
14,
17946,
803,
1080,
13,
29455,
2365,
13,
352,
11,
12131,
11,
6215,
5361,
287,
262,
3741,
286,
1578,
1829,
34216,
1276,
307,
10911,
351,
44784,
12,
33,
3806,
31332,
5112,
13,
5765,
286,
44784,
1906,
33,
3806,
481,
1445,
1633,
4979,
1630,
422,
257,
7525,
2323,
12,
3106,
13428,
1080,
284,
257,
11210,
12,
34631,
6215,
4067,
1080,
13,
30582,
284,
317,
4825,
2291,
6596,
9922,
11,
10595,
5197,
11,
1365,
17843,
11,
5322,
24812,
11,
3220,
5339,
290,
10444,
1895,
284,
517,
9815,
6215,
1366,
13,
383,
1459,
13428,
8452,
1080,
326,
317,
4825,
468,
17498,
319,
329,
517,
621,
2026,
812,
468,
783,
4251,
663,
5339,
7095,
11,
3756,
284,
28014,
290,
16119,
287,
617,
286,
262,
42745,
471,
13,
50,
13,
34216,
13,
198,
47149,
12,
33,
287,
3340,
198,
37214,
44784,
12,
33,
2139,
373,
9177,
287,
3340,
319,
2365,
13,
1315,
11,
3717,
11,
6079,
8452,
5197,
329,
262,
717,
640,
284,
30607,
11,
830,
6616,
23990,
286,
1029,
1241,
34216,
357,
3697,
24369,
284,
9977,
33289,
8,
625,
19995,
4696,
13,
7994,
3439,
11,
830,
13956,
257,
614,
779,
428,
34216,
319,
11926,
1022,
2258,
2253,
290,
2031,
393,
7229,
13,
198,
3198,
286,
262,
749,
2383,
4034,
44784,
12,
33,
4394,
329,
428,
34216,
318,
5322,
6215,
14139,
13,
2080,
20431,
12,
40617,
6215,
11,
20624,
460,
779,
1936,
12,
77,
37073,
12,
18085,
14139,
2427,
286,
262,
4019,
12,
77,
37073,
12,
18085,
27931,
14139,
2672,
287,
1729,
12,
6335,
283,
34216,
13,
317,
4825,
460,
5412,
517,
6215,
287,
262,
976,
34216,
379,
1752,
290,
20624,
460,
2897,
6339,
13688,
290,
14762,
20334,
12,
3803,
7007,
517,
14704,
13,
198,
30575,
3340,
9902,
663,
44784,
12,
33,
5197,
625,
38131,
3340,
416,
281,
3224,
352,
13,
24,
1510,
6616,
23990,
287,
3050,
11,
290,
2904,
2087,
1194,
352,
13,
18,
1510,
6616,
23990,
625,
262,
2258,
10596,
357,
3826,
279,
13,
1507,
737,
2102,
11,
262,
7865,
1578,
1829,
44784,
12,
33,
5359,
481,
2689,
867,
517,
5398,
6215,
12879,
621,
481,
13244,
3340,
447,
247,
82,
44784,
12,
33,
5359,
13,
4042,
286,
514,
836,
447,
247,
83,
761,
284,
6129,
625,
19995,
4696,
11,
475,
867,
286,
514,
466,
7987,
6129,
1626,
471,
13,
50,
13,
34216,
13,
198,
47149,
12,
33,
3806,
2896,
1389,
198,
16541,
13730,
25,
5501,
6215,
10911,
351,
44784,
12,
33,
3806,
481,
17406,
4142,
290,
17282,
21937,
663,
7141,
2292,
11,
663,
15432,
357,
1851,
1146,
290,
36774,
828,
355,
880,
355,
663,
20334,
290,
584,
5981,
1321,
13,
383,
1080,
318,
1464,
319,
290,
4433,
645,
8022,
2223,
329,
14916,
13,
198,
35,
8682,
25,
383,
4045,
1080,
318,
37947,
298,
319,
1123,
6215,
284,
21937,
7187,
1366,
1390,
11795,
357,
25241,
46,
1987,
12,
2545,
4522,
828,
2292,
11,
290,
15432,
11,
1978,
351,
2176,
11540,
14,
4134,
23843,
3081,
1321,
13,
198,
14214,
303,
7682,
25,
383,
1080,
3769,
317,
4825,
351,
34818,
12971,
2092,
284,
13428,
13,
198,
30507,
2701,
25,
5501,
6215,
481,
17282,
44244,
262,
2672,
1366,
13,
383,
1080,
857,
407,
2421,
24758,
422,
317,
4825,
393,
422,
1194,
6215,
13,
198,
7975,
25,
4900,
262,
4045,
44784,
12,
33,
1080,
318,
3562,
284,
307,
3182,
12,
37295,
282,
11,
691,
44784,
12,
33,
3806,
1366,
12971,
318,
5033,
13677,
13,
198,
47149,
12,
33,
554,
12971,
318,
257,
1994,
1486,
3895,
286,
262,
4045,
44784,
12,
33,
1080,
11,
475,
262,
26228,
750,
407,
787,
428,
12971,
13677,
13,
4650,
12879,
481,
11,
2158,
11,
3853,
284,
2721,
44784,
12,
33,
554,
780,
286,
262,
5566,
6596,
45290,
9359,
262,
1695,
1366,
481,
2148,
284,
5474,
18936,
13,
198,
51,
1797,
12,
33,
357,
9535,
2108,
1321,
2139,
12,
36654,
2701,
8,
290,
376,
1797,
12,
33,
357,
22560,
1321,
2594,
12,
36654,
2701,
6011,
6193,
1366,
11,
34216,
1321,
290,
584,
2594,
8,
389,
1695,
355,
1479,
28996,
2973,
284,
597,
6215,
326,
10732,
262,
3376,
6464,
5112,
13,
198,
23588,
4667,
532,
8987,
10031,
1063,
198,
464,
44784,
1906,
33,
3806,
12971,
9001,
4433,
12879,
284,
2721,
5112,
656,
1123,
6215,
326,
481,
2148,
257,
1366,
2792,
284,
317,
4825,
284,
307,
973,
329,
6215,
8452,
13,
6564,
2024,
1276,
3853,
1022,
734,
3190,
1180,
3858,
286,
5112,
2672,
739,
428,
3896,
25,
257,
838,
3829,
19805,
7083,
2809,
1967,
357,
1546,
8,
7025,
2792,
393,
257,
10112,
1895,
1007,
39729,
357,
52,
1404,
8,
7025,
2792,
5361,
319,
41417,
19805,
13,
554,
3090,
284,
262,
7025,
2792,
11,
1123,
6215,
1276,
635,
307,
10911,
351,
281,
6325,
15472,
284,
2148,
262,
2672,
6215,
2292,
2723,
1366,
13,
198,
23588,
4667,
18502,
1303,
352,
532,
838,
3829,
19805,
13380,
198,
23588,
4667,
15704,
329,
428,
3038,
21595,
896,
319,
838,
3829,
19805,
11,
262,
976,
8373,
355,
1459,
1007,
79,
623,
364,
13,
2773,
10363,
311,
1007,
79,
623,
364,
351,
13380,
460,
307,
15704,
284,
1826,
262,
3452,
44784,
12,
33,
3806,
5359,
13,
383,
838,
3829,
19805,
13380,
7025,
2792,
318,
262,
19765,
4987,
12,
27287,
3210,
290,
318,
2672,
329,
6215,
326,
6129,
656,
597,
584,
25281,
326,
17624,
44784,
12,
33,
13,
383,
2457,
26228,
3896,
4433,
6215,
7348,
379,
290,
2029,
1248,
11,
830,
3625,
6579,
43,
685,
22560,
1241,
357,
3697,
8,
11546,
11,
5016,
317,
3701,
13200,
60,
284,
423,
44784,
1906,
33,
3806,
2854,
9889,
1262,
262,
838,
3829,
19805,
13380,
7025,
2792,
13,
770,
3896,
635,
26052,
326,
6215,
7348,
287,
11032,
34216,
2174,
1248,
11,
830,
3625,
6579,
43,
743,
779,
2035,
262,
838,
3829,
19805,
13380,
393,
262,
471,
1404,
7025,
2792,
13,
1318,
389,
734,
2383,
38457,
284,
262,
838,
3829,
19805,
13380,
1080,
25,
357,
16,
8,
317,
4553,
838,
3829,
19805,
9733,
1276,
307,
6589,
329,
44784,
12,
33,
554,
12971,
11,
355,
1459,
10363,
311,
1007,
79,
623,
364,
466,
407,
423,
44784,
12,
33,
9733,
12971,
26,
290,
357,
17,
8,
383,
838,
3829,
19805,
13380,
7025,
2792,
857,
407,
1104,
376,
1797,
1906,
33,
357,
23563,
290,
3519,
5474,
1321,
8,
2233,
284,
19484,
11247,
13,
198,
23588,
4667,
18502,
1303,
362,
784,
41417,
19805,
471,
1404,
198,
464,
41417,
19805,
471,
1404,
7025,
2792,
34547,
257,
3182,
12,
37295,
282,
41417,
19805,
1007,
39729,
543,
6971,
44784,
1906,
33,
554,
5479,
11,
1390,
4979,
1321,
290,
376,
1797,
12,
33,
1366,
1390,
6193,
11,
8584,
5474,
8733,
357,
10234,
31273,
8,
290,
19748,
284,
1633,
3653,
357,
11929,
2390,
82,
737,
383,
41417,
19805,
471,
1404,
318,
257,
9157,
290,
15345,
3037,
543,
468,
2810,
2092,
2594,
287,
12926,
1201,
5878,
13,
383,
471,
1404,
743,
407,
307,
973,
329,
44784,
12,
33,
3806,
319,
6215,
326,
6129,
2029,
1248,
11,
830,
3625,
13,
383,
26228,
857,
7898,
2276,
22548,
357,
9273,
8,
14982,
3025,
6215,
1464,
8076,
2174,
1248,
11,
830,
3625,
284,
2172,
329,
262,
41417,
471,
1404,
11,
287,
1502,
284,
17775,
8373,
28014,
319,
838,
3829,
19805,
13,
198,
20575,
1389,
22412,
18502,
784,
838,
3829,
337,
32179,
13380,
3806,
351,
41417,
337,
32179,
554,
198,
4366,
12879,
481,
17713,
3853,
284,
2721,
257,
6087,
4610,
25137,
838,
3829,
19805,
329,
44784,
12,
33,
3806,
11,
284,
15959,
262,
11344,
9079,
329,
13956,
2029,
1248,
11,
830,
3625,
11,
290,
1262,
257,
41417,
19805,
471,
1404,
329,
44784,
12,
33,
554,
11,
284,
4414,
422,
663,
13105,
1366,
12,
259,
12971,
13,
198,
13014,
7889,
3949,
784,
6705,
3116,
276,
198,
1404,
34,
2139,
468,
16083,
587,
1912,
319,
257,
2450,
286,
564,
250,
11085,
1282,
11,
717,
4983,
447,
251,
475,
262,
26228,
318,
783,
3867,
3371,
257,
649,
2450,
286,
564,
250,
13466,
10911,
11,
1266,
4983,
13,
447,
251,
383,
26228,
468,
4893,
326,
428,
2450,
1487,
481,
1037,
284,
4646,
28014,
290,
16119,
981,
11640,
12577,
1080,
2985,
284,
25725,
511,
6215,
2961,
621,
262,
9001,
4433,
13,
2750,
4955,
13919,
4034,
284,
262,
1903,
4344,
1010,
11,
262,
26228,
7176,
484,
481,
788,
423,
281,
15660,
284,
22636,
290,
4292,
44784,
12,
33,
25725,
496,
284,
262,
1334,
286,
511,
39439,
13,
44784,
12,
33,
318,
1541,
4955,
2594,
287,
2520,
4744,
26,
21525,
11,
11867,
26,
8857,
290,
503,
625,
262,
12108,
286,
5828,
13,
383,
9988,
286,
2323,
8985,
284,
4691,
262,
1334,
286,
262,
1578,
1829,
318,
783,
880,
17715,
290,
318,
7530,
284,
307,
5668,
416,
2211,
13,
383,
1080,
447,
247,
82,
767,
5824,
2323,
8985,
815,
307,
13788,
13919,
416,
1946,
13,
383,
26228,
13423,
749,
2985,
481,
25725,
511,
6215,
1141,
262,
1936,
12,
1941,
2278,
1022,
1853,
290,
262,
12131,
12508,
13,
198,
464,
2938,
1575,
284,
25725,
281,
6215,
351,
257,
31332,
1080,
318,
21568,
780,
749,
1196,
49900,
11372,
389,
3058,
1762,
284,
13096,
290,
14,
273,
302,
12,
13255,
1958,
511,
3186,
284,
1826,
262,
3452,
3199,
20640,
13,
1114,
14545,
6215,
1541,
10911,
351,
257,
16400,
1921,
15472,
290,
257,
50212,
10363,
311,
1007,
79,
8623,
11,
262,
8515,
284,
44784,
12,
33,
3806,
318,
257,
5365,
2356,
1203,
290,
24475,
1007,
79,
8623,
8515,
13,
4042,
584,
14545,
6215,
4393,
481,
761,
284,
4341,
379,
1551,
720,
21,
11,
830,
284,
1826,
262,
5288,
44784,
12,
33,
3806,
5359,
13,
383,
3938,
12,
37050,
1575,
329,
617,
14545,
6215,
481,
307,
881,
2440,
357,
28998,
720,
1238,
11,
830,
8,
618,
262,
1575,
286,
257,
649,
16400,
1921,
15472,
20436,
1352,
290,
14,
273,
257,
649,
5021,
12,
8818,
3359,
318,
1109,
1850,
287,
13,
198,
464,
1575,
284,
25725,
2142,
1679,
1597,
290,
5068,
6215,
481,
1884,
307,
881,
3744,
357,
28998,
720,
8628,
11,
830,
8,
2233,
284,
881,
2440,
5112,
290,
18094,
3484,
13,
48752,
19008,
481,
2291,
649,
357,
273,
17955,
8,
4235,
311,
1007,
79,
623,
364,
290,
257,
9518,
4979,
17661,
29184,
1080,
13,
2773,
6215,
481,
635,
2421,
257,
649,
376,
5653,
290,
867,
481,
2421,
2383,
29477,
19008,
13,
198,
47149,
12,
33,
318,
635,
852,
8197,
416,
257,
4996,
286,
2678,
1088,
262,
995,
355,
262,
649,
3210,
329,
6215,
8452,
13,
5398,
12879,
508,
3853,
407,
284,
25725,
11,
780,
484,
836,
447,
247,
83,
6129,
284,
262,
1578,
1829,
393,
1626,
584,
44784,
12,
33,
34216,
11,
743,
991,
307,
5676,
416,
262,
649,
471,
13,
50,
13,
6647,
13,
1649,
340,
2058,
640,
284,
3677,
511,
6215,
11,
484,
743,
1064,
326,
663,
1988,
318,
23476,
780,
340,
460,
447,
247,
83,
6129,
1626,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
383,
471,
13,
50,
13,
44784,
12,
33,
25725,
496,
9079,
318,
1103,
26,
262,
12508,
318,
13885,
11,
290,
340,
447,
247,
82,
640,
329,
2506,
284,
923,
5989,
3241,
13,
198,
35,
36822,
4100,
5317,
3768,
318,
9119,
290,
1893,
286,
5436,
3323,
5184,
49900,
13,
40764,
379,
262,
10276,
39943,
12690,
11,
546,
3439,
23990,
7627,
286,
10930,
11,
5436,
3323,
318,
530,
286,
262,
4387,
1336,
12,
15271,
1196,
49900,
12437,
287,
3340,
11,
290,
3769,
4708,
1196,
49900,
2594,
284,
12879,
286,
477,
3858,
286,
2839,
290,
5068,
6215,
11,
1390,
41743,
11,
14830,
404,
305,
862,
11,
20792,
290,
23890,
13,
679,
460,
307,
4251,
379,
717,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
13,
198,
11633,
345,
760,
30,
198,
8291,
12,
17940,
3701,
26299,
357,
36760,
284,
1716,
3701,
3340,
8,
717,
550,
5474,
46337,
287,
2901,
11,
28017,
13,
1629,
717,
11,
691,
2060,
1466,
739,
2608,
547,
6163,
11,
290,
484,
4983,
1402,
46069,
14678,
2052,
290,
14180,
286,
6891,
290,
18873,
671,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,991 |
Biodiversity loss has been identified as one of the great challenges of our time. The potential demise of one-fourth or more of the Earth’s species before the end of this century represents an irreversible loss of nature and may significantly undermine the sustainable use of nature’s services. The continuing expansion of populations and economies and the urgent need to improve human well-being also place increasing pressures on biological diversity.
The need for new understanding and novel approaches to the management of wildlands and protected areas has never been greater. Scientists and practitioners within the field of Conservation Biology need specialized knowledge of their sub-discipline -- forest management, endangered species policy or wildlife ecology, for example. They also need the integrative perspective of a broadly educated scholar-practitioner who is equipped to understand interactions between natural systems and human influences. This field of study combines basic knowledge from the ecological sciences and other disciplines to drive environmental problem solving.
“There is a pressing need for a fundamental reconciliation between the conservation of natural resources and their utilization to meet human needs for food, water, shelter and recreation,†says Professor Bobbi S. Low, coordinator of the Conservation Biology field of study.
What you will study
The curriculum in Conservation Biology focuses on issues related to resource conservation and ecosystem management and creates an interdisciplinary learning environment that includes ecosystem science, social science, policy, environmental design and quantitative analysis. Coursework examines the past and present causes of species extinction and biodiversity loss, as well as the biological principles central to species conservation and sustainable ecosystem management.
As a student, you will develop quantitative and analytical skills in biometrics, economics and computer applications and gain first-hand experience through internships with government agencies and private organizations. You also will learn practical applications, ranging from the design and identification of preserves to the effective management of developed landscapes and the recovery of degraded ecosystems in developed and developing countries.
Your curriculum will educate and train you to become a scientist and practitioner within the field of Conservation Biology, where you will learn to incorporate the recognition that sustainability depends as much on managing people as on managing ecosystems.
Launching your career
The Conservation Biology field of study was developed to address the complex mix of issues related to the conservation of biodiversity and the management of ecosystems. This field of study can lead to a governmental career as a fish and wildlife biologist, remote-sensing specialist, environmental manager or wetlands ecologist. Private-sector occupational options include environmental biologist or fisheries biologist. In addition, graduates also may consider working in the nonprofit sector, where ecologists, urban foresters and habitat-restoration specialists are needed, or in academia, where research and teaching positions are well within reach.
For more information on Conservation Biology, contact [email protected]. | [
33,
2101,
1608,
2994,
468,
587,
5174,
355,
530,
286,
262,
1049,
6459,
286,
674,
640,
13,
383,
2785,
25403,
286,
530,
12,
49393,
393,
517,
286,
262,
3668,
22940,
26391,
8151,
82,
4693,
878,
262,
886,
286,
428,
4289,
6870,
281,
43635,
2994,
286,
3450,
290,
743,
5566,
16637,
262,
13347,
779,
286,
3450,
22940,
26391,
8151,
82,
2594,
13,
383,
8282,
7118,
286,
9684,
290,
16533,
290,
262,
18039,
761,
284,
2987,
1692,
880,
12,
11873,
635,
1295,
3649,
18895,
319,
10685,
9573,
13,
198,
464,
761,
329,
649,
4547,
290,
5337,
10581,
284,
262,
4542,
286,
4295,
4447,
290,
6861,
3006,
468,
1239,
587,
3744,
13,
23782,
290,
24068,
1626,
262,
2214,
286,
23702,
24698,
761,
16976,
3725,
286,
511,
850,
12,
6381,
34647,
1377,
8222,
4542,
11,
22700,
4693,
2450,
393,
15599,
36517,
11,
329,
1672,
13,
1119,
635,
761,
262,
4132,
13260,
6650,
286,
257,
18633,
15657,
15606,
12,
29152,
653,
263,
508,
318,
10911,
284,
1833,
12213,
1022,
3288,
3341,
290,
1692,
16717,
13,
770,
2214,
286,
2050,
21001,
4096,
3725,
422,
262,
25047,
19838,
290,
584,
29861,
284,
3708,
6142,
1917,
18120,
13,
198,
22940,
26391,
129,
241,
1858,
318,
257,
12273,
761,
329,
257,
7531,
27515,
1022,
262,
14903,
286,
3288,
4133,
290,
511,
32121,
284,
1826,
1692,
2476,
329,
2057,
11,
1660,
11,
11772,
290,
27702,
11,
22940,
26391,
1139,
8129,
5811,
8482,
311,
13,
7754,
11,
16052,
286,
262,
23702,
24698,
2214,
286,
2050,
13,
198,
2061,
345,
481,
2050,
198,
464,
20583,
287,
23702,
24698,
13692,
319,
2428,
3519,
284,
8271,
14903,
290,
13187,
4542,
290,
8075,
281,
987,
40625,
4673,
2858,
326,
3407,
13187,
3783,
11,
1919,
3783,
11,
2450,
11,
6142,
1486,
290,
26610,
3781,
13,
20537,
1818,
28025,
262,
1613,
290,
1944,
5640,
286,
4693,
21935,
290,
37589,
2994,
11,
355,
880,
355,
262,
10685,
7811,
4318,
284,
4693,
14903,
290,
13347,
13187,
4542,
13,
198,
1722,
257,
3710,
11,
345,
481,
1205,
26610,
290,
30063,
4678,
287,
3182,
908,
10466,
11,
12446,
290,
3644,
5479,
290,
4461,
717,
12,
4993,
1998,
832,
1788,
26313,
351,
1230,
5942,
290,
2839,
5745,
13,
921,
635,
481,
2193,
8472,
5479,
11,
12897,
422,
262,
1486,
290,
11795,
286,
43759,
284,
262,
4050,
4542,
286,
4166,
32964,
290,
262,
7628,
286,
41604,
30020,
287,
4166,
290,
5922,
2678,
13,
198,
7120,
20583,
481,
20771,
290,
4512,
345,
284,
1716,
257,
11444,
290,
32110,
1626,
262,
2214,
286,
23702,
24698,
11,
810,
345,
481,
2193,
284,
19330,
262,
9465,
326,
26809,
8338,
355,
881,
319,
11149,
661,
355,
319,
11149,
30020,
13,
198,
46182,
10813,
534,
3451,
198,
464,
23702,
24698,
2214,
286,
2050,
373,
4166,
284,
2209,
262,
3716,
5022,
286,
2428,
3519,
284,
262,
14903,
286,
37589,
290,
262,
4542,
286,
30020,
13,
770,
2214,
286,
2050,
460,
1085,
284,
257,
21850,
3451,
355,
257,
5916,
290,
15599,
35261,
11,
6569,
12,
82,
26426,
15670,
11,
6142,
4706,
393,
49297,
9940,
7451,
13,
15348,
12,
34914,
34266,
3689,
2291,
6142,
35261,
393,
41440,
35261,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
19087,
635,
743,
2074,
1762,
287,
262,
15346,
6567,
11,
810,
9940,
9251,
11,
7876,
1674,
5937,
290,
20018,
12,
2118,
6944,
22447,
389,
2622,
11,
393,
287,
34326,
11,
810,
2267,
290,
7743,
6116,
389,
880,
1626,
3151,
13,
198,
1890,
517,
1321,
319,
23702,
24698,
11,
2800,
717,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 570 |
- The Enterprise
- The Recorder
They’re tiny. Minuscule. Full grown, they’re no bigger than a sesame seed.
But they can cause grief of such proportions that physicians are often left confounded.
They are deer ticks, Ixodes scapularis. They transmit a scourge called Lyme disease, a debilitating affliction that shares symptoms with so many other maladies it’s difficult to diagnose. Tests for the disease often turn up negative for as long as a year before registering positive. There is no vaccine. Antibiotics help, but only if the victim is placed on medications early. Otherwise, it’s a long, painful ride.
Sufferers become familiar with drugs like doxycycline (for adults), amoxicillin (for children), erythromycin (for pregnant women) and ceftriaxone, with treatment lasting 10 to 28 days. In later stages, the bacteria spread throughout the body and might cross the blood-brain barrier, making the infection more difficult to treat. Late-diagnosed Lyme is treated with oral or intravenous antibiotics, frequently ceftriaxone for a minimum of four weeks. Minocycline also is used for its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Left untreated, Lyme disease can cause chronic joint inflammation (Lyme arthritis), particularly of the knee; neurological symptoms, such as facial palsy and neuropathy; cognitive defects, such as impaired memory; and heart rhythm irregularities. Other symptoms include chronic fatigue and severe headaches.
Borrelia bacteria belong to a phylum of bacteria called spirochetes that have flagella tiny filaments that enable them to move around, according to information on the University of California, Berkeley website. These tick-spawned microbes invade healthy cells and organs and can transform into two alternative structures inside the body. It’s little wonder treatment is as frustrating for physicians as for the patients.
To contract Lyme disease, the victim must be bitten by an infected deer tick. The bacteria enter the skin through the bite and eventually make their way into the bloodstream. Before bacteria can be transmitted, a deer tick must take a blood meal, which can take more than 48 hours of feeding. Only ticks that are attached and feeding can transmit the bacteria. An attached tick that has a swollen appearance may indicate that enough time has elapsed to transmit bacteria. Removing the tick as soon as possible might prevent infection.
While deer ticks are the primary carriers of the disease, many disagree on an assertion that all ticks might carry some form of Lyme.
Bull’s-eyeThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta features photos on its website of the dreaded “bull’s-eye,” which forms around a tick bite. Yet, in myriad cases, victims report they never see the red circle around the bite.
“I never got a rash,” said Carole Koller of Port Republic, who had her run-in with the disease five years ago. Koller has only found freedom from her symptoms in the past few months. She and her husband, Doug Poole, just had moved to Calvert when she contracted the disease. She has horses and was clearing brush along a fence line.
“I’d heard about Lyme, but I didn’t take it seriously,” Koller said. “I had lots of ticks. I was always pulling ticks off and there were a couple of them I didn’t get. They were tiny little things. I got an itchy red spot that didn’t go away.”
Within two months, Koller was experiencing chronic fatigue and joint pain.
“I attributed it to how hard we were working,” she said. “At the time, we were going seven days a week.”
She then started getting headaches that lasted “all day, every day.” Koller went to a doctor, who prescribed antibiotics.
“I’m sorry now I wasn’t more proactive,” she said. “The doctor didn’t think it was that big of a deal. He told me my chances of getting Lyme disease were one in a thousand.”
Koller persisted in telling the doctor she needed to be tested, and, as in many cases, the test came back negative. By August of the first year, the headaches had gone away, but she began experiencing numbness in her hands.
“I thought I was losing my mind,” she said. “I started thinking, ‘Maybe this is what happens to people in their 40s who have Alzheimer’s in their 80s.’”
Koller was tested for everything from multiple sclerosis to lupus to fibromyalgia.
“By then I’d been tested again and the doctor said, ‘I’m so sorry. You have Lyme,’” she recalled. “I told him, ‘I’m just glad you found out what it was.’”
Her physician initially prescribed doxycycline for three weeks. She took it for five months.
“I had gotten to that point where pain was just shooting out of my extremities,” Koller said. “I’d had six or seven different blood tests. I took antibiotics for three weeks. They weren’t doing any good. I had pain under my fingernails, pain in my fingers, shooting pain all day long in different places. As a follow-up, I went to see Dr. [Paul V.] Pomilla at Calvert Internal Medicine Group. He put me on doxy for 60 days. Everything would initially work, but then the symptoms would come back. It wasn’t going away.”
Doctors put a PICC line port in her arm and she began receiving antibiotics through an IV every day, followed by blood tests every week. Doctors had her start chronicling where the pain was in her system every day.
“It would change every day,” she said. “After a while it all runs together. You get so used to being in pain.”
Finally, after 14 months and a plethora of treatments, she got to where she was “pretty good.” But after eight or nine months, the symptoms all came back.
“But never like that first summer,” she noted.
Koller said her medications cost as much as $1,800 a month. While her insurance paid for much of it, costs associated with her treatment spiraled.
“I don’t know how people who don’t have insurance would ever be able to afford it,” she said.
Koller said infectious disease doctors in the region are overwhelmed by the volume of Lyme cases they are facing.
“One doctor I know of in St. Mary’s is full up,” she said. “They can’t take any more patients.”
The top 10 you don’t want to be in
Maryland ranks fourth in the top 10 states for number of Lyme cases per 100,000 residents, according to information from the Centers for Disease Control for 2010.
More than 95 percent of Lyme cases come from three distinct geographic regions of the United States, including the northeastern U.S. from Maryland to Maine, parts of the upper Midwest in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and parts of northern California and southern Oregon.
Since national statistics were first taken in 1982, the number of cases reported annually has risen twenty-five-fold, and the cumulative number of reported cases now exceeds 128,000. In 1998, 16,801 cases were reported, with approximately 27 percent of cases from New York, 20 percent from Connecticut, 17 percent from Pennsylvania, 11 percent from New Jersey, 5 percent from Rhode Island, and 4 percent each from Maryland, Massachusetts and Wisconsin.
The highest incidence rates in 1998 were found in Connecticut (105 per 100,000), followed by Rhode Island (79.6), New York (25.5), New Jersey (24.0), Pennsylvania (22.9), Maryland (13.1) and Wisconsin (12.8).
More than 2,200 cases of Lyme disease were reported in Maryland in 2007, almost double the number in 2006 and a record for the state. The sharpest increases in recent years occurred in Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll and Montgomery counties, but Lyme remains the top tick-borne disease in Southern Maryland. In 2008, Maryland changed its definition for Lyme disease to confirmed and probable cases.
This shifted the numbers somewhat.
Where Calvert County, for instance, registered in the top 10 counties in the state prior to 2008, its designation fell to 17th and eventually 15th place overall in the state. Charles County cases rose from 44 in 2007 to 67 cases in 2008, then spiked to 82 cases in 2009, but dropped to 33 in 2010. St. Mary’s County had 21 cases in 2008 but jumped to 67 the following year. In 2010, it registered 30 cases.
“Lyme is still a public health concern in Southern Maryland. I would say we need to be vigilant. People want to be careful and concerned,” said Sharon Nazarek, assistant director of nursing for the Calvert County Health Department.
A group formed two years ago in Southern Maryland as a networking avenue for victims of the disease. Lyme Awareness Network member and Calvert County resident Connie Sutton said they haven’t had many meetings in the past year because so many members are suffering with the debilitating effects of the disease.
“The Lyme Awareness Network is an offshoot of [a] Lyme support group that meets at Calvert Memorial Hospital,” Sutton said. “We wanted to be more active in the community, so we put a grassroots group together and would host Lyme awareness events throughout Southern Maryland. Most of us in that group have Lyme. We did pull off a few showings of the movie, ‘Under Our Skin,’ which is a Lyme documentary. We haven’t been active in the past year. A lot of people have the disease and it’s just so hard for everyone to get together and be healthy.”
Round and around“I ended up having it for five years before I even knew what it was,” said Karen Bowling of Newburg. “I went to see the doctor in 2007 for what I thought was a knee injury. The doctor took one look at me and said, ‘You have Lyme disease.’ I didn’t even know what it was. I hadn’t heard of it back then.The test she gave me was the Western blot test. It came back positive.
“I had been bitten by this tick in 2002. ... The reason I know is because I had just started working at the courthouse in St. Mary’s County. I thought it was a spider bite. It was a big, round red circle with a bite in the middle. I never saw a spider, never saw a tick. I actually went to a doctor about something else and I remember him asking me what it was on the back of my arm. I just said, ‘Oh, a spider bit me.’ By then it was almost healed. Ever since then I’ve been back and forth to the doctors. The biggest problem is finding doctors who believe in it.”
Bowling realized that if the doctors couldn’t help with the disease, she had to get help for her pain.
“I started going to pain management,” she said. “They were able to control it. I was on morphine two times a day every day. For two years I wasn’t coherent. I’m on antidepressants now, I believe, from all this crap I’ve been through. What really started it all was pain in my shoulder blade area and under my shoulder. That’s still hurting me to this day. They’ve yet to find out what that is.”
Bowling said she lost her job due to the disease. She has been denied disability by Social Security because they say there’s not enough information.
“The strange thing is, Lyme disease is in this neighborhood,” Bowling said. “I have a German shepherd, he has it also. The thing of it is, they have a vaccine for a dog. They don’t have one for humans.”
‘What chance do we have?’
Kat Cecil of Callaway knows the effects of Lyme disease all too well. Arthritis, headaches, fatigue all came to her about five years ago.
“I think I might have had it for a while before I even realized I’d been bitten by a tick,” Cecil said. “I thought I was getting early arthritis and a bunch of other things about five years ago. I had headaches forever. They would last for days. They were so debilitating I would be in bed for days at a time. I rubbed my head so hard my temples were bruised. That’s how bad they were. I was so tired, I would get up in the morning and I’d be more exhausted than I was when I went to bed. I finally went to my doctor and asked her if she could test me for Lyme. She said, ‘I don’t think you have Lyme,’ and I told her I wanted to be tested anyway. The test came back positive.”
She said she slowly recovered but still has memory loss associated with the disease.
“I’ve slowly gotten rid of the symptoms, everything except the arthritis and the memory loss — that’s the key part of it,” she said. “It’s not like I haven’t been bitten by ticks since. I have horses and a farm. ... And of course, we had ticks all through the winter, because we really didn’t have a winter.”
While Koller had one horse and one of her dogs that contracted Lyme, Cecil has managed to keep her animals free of the disease.
“I give them all their shots every year and check them every day,” she said. “None of my animals showed symptoms of having it.”
She said she put up a fence to keep out deer, which seems to have helped.
She said her cousin, who is a lawyer in Anne Arundel County, got a severe case.
“At one point they were giving him last rites,” she said. “If he, a lawyer, a man who hardly ever goes out in the wild, can get it and get that bad off with it, what chance do the rest of us have?”
Prevention is the best medicine
The Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene recommends the following precautions:
-Wear long pants and long sleeves to help keep ticks off skin.
-Wear light-colored clothing to spot ticks more easily.
-When planning to be in an environment where ticks are often found, use repellent that contains at least 20 percent Diethyl-meta-toluamide DEET on exposed skin for protection that lasts several hours. Parents should apply repellent to children; the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends products with up to 30 percent DEET for kids. Always follow product instructions.
-Treat clothing and gear, such as boots, pants, socks and tents, with the pesticide permethrin, or look for clothing pretreated with permethrin.
-Avoid areas with high grass and leaf litter, and walk in the center of trails when hiking.
-Bathe or shower as soon as possible after coming indoors to wash off and more easily find crawling ticks before they bite.
-Conduct a full-body tick check using a hand-held or full-length mirror to view all parts of the body upon returning from tick-infested areas. Parents should help children check thoroughly for ticks. Remove any ticks right away.
-Remove an attached tick with tweezers by grasping it as close to the skin as possible and pulling firmly and gently straight up and washing the area well with soap and water; and
-Talk to a veterinarian about tick-control products for pets.
Alternative formulas to fight Lyme disease:
-Synergy Formulas, 251 W. Road, Campobello, SC 29322 sells a formula called Lymesode for temporary relief associated with exposure to Lyme. Go to www.synergyformulas.com.
-Teasel root has proven beneficial for people with chronic Lyme disease. Testimonials and product information can be found at www.ladybarbara.net.
-Phyllis A. and James F. Balch’s book, “Prescription for Nutritional Healing” recommends alfalfa, dandelion root, ginseng, hawthorn, horsetail, milk thistle and red clover along with garlic, kelp, Vitamin A with mixed carotenoids, Vitamin C with bioflavonoids, Vitamin E and zinc lozenges.
Websites with more info: | [
12,
383,
14973,
198,
12,
383,
3311,
2875,
198,
2990,
447,
247,
260,
7009,
13,
1855,
16241,
2261,
13,
6462,
7334,
11,
484,
447,
247,
260,
645,
5749,
621,
257,
264,
34038,
9403,
13,
198,
1537,
484,
460,
2728,
18522,
286,
884,
23250,
326,
17206,
389,
1690,
1364,
1013,
6302,
13,
198,
2990,
389,
20096,
36066,
11,
314,
87,
4147,
629,
499,
934,
271,
13,
1119,
21937,
257,
50185,
1444,
46401,
4369,
11,
257,
41378,
1527,
41101,
326,
7303,
7460,
351,
523,
867,
584,
6428,
50192,
340,
447,
247,
82,
2408,
284,
37489,
13,
30307,
329,
262,
4369,
1690,
1210,
510,
4633,
329,
355,
890,
355,
257,
614,
878,
28336,
3967,
13,
1318,
318,
645,
12319,
13,
3738,
571,
18296,
1037,
11,
475,
691,
611,
262,
3117,
318,
4624,
319,
17638,
1903,
13,
15323,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
257,
890,
11,
12132,
6594,
13,
198,
50,
1648,
19288,
1716,
5385,
351,
5010,
588,
466,
5431,
15539,
500,
357,
1640,
6490,
828,
716,
18047,
32672,
357,
1640,
1751,
828,
220,
1924,
400,
50228,
17879,
357,
1640,
10423,
1466,
8,
290,
2906,
701,
380,
897,
505,
11,
351,
3513,
15727,
838,
284,
2579,
1528,
13,
554,
1568,
9539,
11,
262,
11492,
4104,
3690,
262,
1767,
290,
1244,
3272,
262,
2910,
12,
27825,
13054,
11,
1642,
262,
10280,
517,
2408,
284,
2190,
13,
18319,
12,
47356,
1335,
46401,
318,
5716,
351,
12886,
393,
45840,
516,
22392,
11,
6777,
2906,
701,
380,
897,
505,
329,
257,
5288,
286,
1440,
2745,
13,
1855,
13733,
565,
500,
635,
318,
973,
329,
663,
2694,
284,
3272,
262,
2910,
12,
27825,
13054,
13,
198,
18819,
41539,
11,
46401,
4369,
460,
2728,
10726,
6466,
20881,
357,
31633,
1326,
37954,
828,
3573,
286,
262,
10329,
26,
30232,
7460,
11,
884,
355,
16324,
39898,
88,
290,
7669,
16786,
26,
10870,
22448,
11,
884,
355,
22753,
4088,
26,
290,
2612,
18662,
48302,
13,
3819,
7460,
2291,
10726,
18787,
290,
6049,
29432,
13,
198,
33,
273,
2411,
544,
11492,
5594,
284,
257,
872,
11183,
286,
11492,
1444,
599,
7058,
2395,
4879,
326,
423,
781,
496,
8466,
7009,
1226,
12604,
326,
7139,
606,
284,
1445,
1088,
11,
1864,
284,
1321,
319,
262,
2059,
286,
3442,
11,
14727,
3052,
13,
2312,
4378,
12,
48183,
276,
33712,
30419,
5448,
4778,
290,
16613,
290,
460,
6121,
656,
734,
5559,
8573,
2641,
262,
1767,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
1310,
4240,
3513,
318,
355,
16655,
329,
17206,
355,
329,
262,
3871,
13,
198,
2514,
2775,
46401,
4369,
11,
262,
3117,
1276,
307,
38854,
416,
281,
14112,
20096,
4378,
13,
383,
11492,
3802,
262,
4168,
832,
262,
13197,
290,
4191,
787,
511,
835,
656,
262,
46005,
13,
7413,
11492,
460,
307,
18307,
11,
257,
20096,
4378,
1276,
1011,
257,
2910,
9799,
11,
543,
460,
1011,
517,
621,
4764,
2250,
286,
13017,
13,
5514,
36066,
326,
389,
7223,
290,
13017,
460,
21937,
262,
11492,
13,
1052,
7223,
4378,
326,
468,
257,
37327,
5585,
743,
7603,
326,
1576,
640,
468,
42118,
284,
21937,
11492,
13,
3982,
5165,
262,
4378,
355,
2582,
355,
1744,
1244,
2948,
10280,
13,
198,
3633,
20096,
36066,
389,
262,
4165,
16651,
286,
262,
4369,
11,
867,
12546,
319,
281,
19190,
326,
477,
36066,
1244,
3283,
617,
1296,
286,
46401,
13,
198,
39549,
447,
247,
82,
12,
25379,
464,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
287,
9371,
3033,
5205,
319,
663,
3052,
286,
262,
39229,
564,
250,
16308,
447,
247,
82,
12,
25379,
11,
447,
251,
543,
5107,
1088,
257,
4378,
13197,
13,
6430,
11,
287,
24862,
2663,
11,
4970,
989,
484,
1239,
766,
262,
2266,
9197,
1088,
262,
13197,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
1239,
1392,
257,
28509,
11,
447,
251,
531,
1879,
2305,
509,
49252,
286,
4347,
2066,
11,
508,
550,
607,
1057,
12,
259,
351,
262,
4369,
1936,
812,
2084,
13,
509,
49252,
468,
691,
1043,
4925,
422,
607,
7460,
287,
262,
1613,
1178,
1933,
13,
1375,
290,
607,
5229,
11,
15115,
41778,
293,
11,
655,
550,
3888,
284,
2199,
1851,
618,
673,
23407,
262,
4369,
13,
1375,
468,
14260,
290,
373,
17304,
14093,
1863,
257,
13990,
1627,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
447,
247,
67,
2982,
546,
46401,
11,
475,
314,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
1011,
340,
6411,
11,
447,
251,
509,
49252,
531,
13,
564,
250,
40,
550,
6041,
286,
36066,
13,
314,
373,
1464,
10427,
36066,
572,
290,
612,
547,
257,
3155,
286,
606,
314,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
651,
13,
1119,
547,
7009,
1310,
1243,
13,
314,
1392,
281,
340,
29658,
2266,
4136,
326,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
467,
1497,
13,
447,
251,
198,
22005,
734,
1933,
11,
509,
49252,
373,
13456,
10726,
18787,
290,
6466,
2356,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
14183,
340,
284,
703,
1327,
356,
547,
1762,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
2953,
262,
640,
11,
356,
547,
1016,
3598,
1528,
257,
1285,
13,
447,
251,
198,
3347,
788,
2067,
1972,
29432,
326,
15436,
564,
250,
439,
1110,
11,
790,
1110,
13,
447,
251,
509,
49252,
1816,
284,
257,
6253,
11,
508,
14798,
22392,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
447,
247,
76,
7926,
783,
314,
2492,
447,
247,
83,
517,
33943,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
464,
6253,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
892,
340,
373,
326,
1263,
286,
257,
1730,
13,
679,
1297,
502,
616,
8395,
286,
1972,
46401,
4369,
547,
530,
287,
257,
7319,
13,
447,
251,
198,
42,
49252,
33264,
287,
5149,
262,
6253,
673,
2622,
284,
307,
6789,
11,
290,
11,
355,
287,
867,
2663,
11,
262,
1332,
1625,
736,
4633,
13,
2750,
2932,
286,
262,
717,
614,
11,
262,
29432,
550,
3750,
1497,
11,
475,
673,
2540,
13456,
35519,
1108,
287,
607,
2832,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
1807,
314,
373,
6078,
616,
2000,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
40,
2067,
3612,
11,
564,
246,
13300,
428,
318,
644,
4325,
284,
661,
287,
511,
2319,
82,
508,
423,
22434,
447,
247,
82,
287,
511,
4019,
82,
13,
447,
247,
447,
251,
198,
42,
49252,
373,
6789,
329,
2279,
422,
3294,
46225,
284,
300,
929,
385,
284,
12900,
50228,
47111,
13,
198,
447,
250,
3886,
788,
314,
447,
247,
67,
587,
6789,
757,
290,
262,
6253,
531,
11,
564,
246,
40,
447,
247,
76,
523,
7926,
13,
921,
423,
46401,
11,
447,
247,
447,
251,
673,
12433,
13,
564,
250,
40,
1297,
683,
11,
564,
246,
40,
447,
247,
76,
655,
9675,
345,
1043,
503,
644,
340,
373,
13,
447,
247,
447,
251,
198,
9360,
14325,
7317,
14798,
466,
5431,
15539,
500,
329,
1115,
2745,
13,
1375,
1718,
340,
329,
1936,
1933,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
550,
7891,
284,
326,
966,
810,
2356,
373,
655,
4395,
503,
286,
616,
8963,
871,
11,
447,
251,
509,
49252,
531,
13,
564,
250,
40,
447,
247,
67,
550,
2237,
393,
3598,
1180,
2910,
5254,
13,
314,
1718,
22392,
329,
1115,
2745,
13,
1119,
6304,
447,
247,
83,
1804,
597,
922,
13,
314,
550,
2356,
739,
616,
8038,
1142,
1768,
11,
2356,
287,
616,
9353,
11,
4395,
2356,
477,
1110,
890,
287,
1180,
4113,
13,
1081,
257,
1061,
12,
929,
11,
314,
1816,
284,
766,
1583,
13,
685,
12041,
569,
8183,
25505,
5049,
379,
2199,
1851,
18628,
11558,
4912,
13,
679,
1234,
502,
319,
466,
5431,
329,
3126,
1528,
13,
11391,
561,
7317,
670,
11,
475,
788,
262,
7460,
561,
1282,
736,
13,
632,
2492,
447,
247,
83,
1016,
1497,
13,
447,
251,
198,
47087,
1234,
257,
350,
2149,
34,
1627,
2493,
287,
607,
3211,
290,
673,
2540,
6464,
22392,
832,
281,
8363,
790,
1110,
11,
3940,
416,
2910,
5254,
790,
1285,
13,
28274,
550,
607,
923,
10726,
1359,
810,
262,
2356,
373,
287,
607,
1080,
790,
1110,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1026,
561,
1487,
790,
1110,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
3260,
257,
981,
340,
477,
4539,
1978,
13,
921,
651,
523,
973,
284,
852,
287,
2356,
13,
447,
251,
198,
11158,
11,
706,
1478,
1933,
290,
257,
35146,
286,
13820,
11,
673,
1392,
284,
810,
673,
373,
564,
250,
37784,
922,
13,
447,
251,
887,
706,
3624,
393,
5193,
1933,
11,
262,
7460,
477,
1625,
736,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1537,
1239,
588,
326,
717,
3931,
11,
447,
251,
673,
4367,
13,
198,
42,
49252,
531,
607,
17638,
1575,
355,
881,
355,
720,
16,
11,
7410,
257,
1227,
13,
2893,
607,
5096,
3432,
329,
881,
286,
340,
11,
3484,
3917,
351,
607,
3513,
9158,
3021,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
836,
447,
247,
83,
760,
703,
661,
508,
836,
447,
247,
83,
423,
5096,
561,
1683,
307,
1498,
284,
5368,
340,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
198,
42,
49252,
531,
25246,
4369,
7519,
287,
262,
3814,
389,
20974,
416,
262,
6115,
286,
46401,
2663,
484,
389,
6476,
13,
198,
447,
250,
3198,
6253,
314,
760,
286,
287,
520,
13,
5335,
447,
247,
82,
318,
1336,
510,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
2990,
460,
447,
247,
83,
1011,
597,
517,
3871,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
1353,
838,
345,
836,
447,
247,
83,
765,
284,
307,
287,
198,
24119,
1044,
9803,
5544,
287,
262,
1353,
838,
2585,
329,
1271,
286,
46401,
2663,
583,
1802,
11,
830,
5085,
11,
1864,
284,
1321,
422,
262,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
329,
3050,
13,
198,
5167,
621,
6957,
1411,
286,
46401,
2663,
1282,
422,
1115,
7310,
22987,
7652,
286,
262,
1578,
1829,
11,
1390,
262,
38131,
471,
13,
50,
13,
422,
10769,
284,
15080,
11,
3354,
286,
262,
6727,
25701,
287,
9279,
290,
8919,
11,
290,
3354,
286,
7840,
3442,
290,
8372,
8819,
13,
198,
6385,
2260,
7869,
547,
717,
2077,
287,
14489,
11,
262,
1271,
286,
2663,
2098,
13844,
468,
17450,
8208,
12,
13261,
12,
11379,
11,
290,
262,
23818,
1271,
286,
2098,
2663,
783,
21695,
13108,
11,
830,
13,
554,
7795,
11,
1467,
11,
41531,
2663,
547,
2098,
11,
351,
6702,
2681,
1411,
286,
2663,
422,
968,
1971,
11,
1160,
1411,
422,
14493,
11,
1596,
1411,
422,
9589,
11,
1367,
1411,
422,
968,
8221,
11,
642,
1411,
422,
24545,
5451,
11,
290,
604,
1411,
1123,
422,
10769,
11,
10140,
290,
9279,
13,
198,
464,
4511,
18349,
3965,
287,
7795,
547,
1043,
287,
14493,
357,
13348,
583,
1802,
11,
830,
828,
3940,
416,
24545,
5451,
357,
3720,
13,
21,
828,
968,
1971,
357,
1495,
13,
20,
828,
968,
8221,
357,
1731,
13,
15,
828,
9589,
357,
1828,
13,
24,
828,
10769,
357,
1485,
13,
16,
8,
290,
9279,
357,
1065,
13,
23,
737,
198,
5167,
621,
362,
11,
2167,
2663,
286,
46401,
4369,
547,
2098,
287,
10769,
287,
4343,
11,
2048,
4274,
262,
1271,
287,
4793,
290,
257,
1700,
329,
262,
1181,
13,
383,
7786,
395,
5732,
287,
2274,
812,
5091,
287,
15397,
317,
622,
358,
417,
11,
10346,
11,
21298,
290,
21532,
14683,
11,
475,
46401,
3793,
262,
1353,
4378,
12,
13555,
4369,
287,
8050,
10769,
13,
554,
3648,
11,
10769,
3421,
663,
6770,
329,
46401,
4369,
284,
4999,
290,
17939,
2663,
13,
198,
1212,
14869,
262,
3146,
6454,
13,
198,
8496,
2199,
1851,
3418,
11,
329,
4554,
11,
6823,
287,
262,
1353,
838,
14683,
287,
262,
1181,
3161,
284,
3648,
11,
663,
22566,
3214,
284,
1596,
400,
290,
4191,
1315,
400,
1295,
4045,
287,
262,
1181,
13,
7516,
3418,
2663,
8278,
422,
5846,
287,
4343,
284,
8275,
2663,
287,
3648,
11,
788,
38927,
284,
9415,
2663,
287,
3717,
11,
475,
5710,
284,
4747,
287,
3050,
13,
520,
13,
5335,
447,
247,
82,
3418,
550,
2310,
2663,
287,
3648,
475,
11687,
284,
8275,
262,
1708,
614,
13,
554,
3050,
11,
340,
6823,
1542,
2663,
13,
198,
447,
250,
31633,
1326,
318,
991,
257,
1171,
1535,
2328,
287,
8050,
10769,
13,
314,
561,
910,
356,
761,
284,
307,
30257,
13,
4380,
765,
284,
307,
8161,
290,
5213,
11,
447,
251,
531,
26918,
12819,
533,
74,
11,
8796,
3437,
286,
19167,
329,
262,
2199,
1851,
3418,
3893,
2732,
13,
198,
32,
1448,
7042,
734,
812,
2084,
287,
8050,
10769,
355,
257,
19140,
36132,
329,
4970,
286,
262,
4369,
13,
46401,
36735,
7311,
2888,
290,
2199,
1851,
3418,
6623,
48506,
39964,
531,
484,
4398,
447,
247,
83,
550,
867,
8292,
287,
262,
1613,
614,
780,
523,
867,
1866,
389,
7195,
351,
262,
41378,
3048,
286,
262,
4369,
13,
198,
447,
250,
464,
46401,
36735,
7311,
318,
281,
572,
30408,
286,
685,
64,
60,
46401,
1104,
1448,
326,
11185,
379,
2199,
1851,
14861,
9256,
11,
447,
251,
39964,
531,
13,
564,
250,
1135,
2227,
284,
307,
517,
4075,
287,
262,
2055,
11,
523,
356,
1234,
257,
23783,
1448,
1978,
290,
561,
2583,
46401,
9359,
2995,
3690,
8050,
10769,
13,
4042,
286,
514,
287,
326,
1448,
423,
46401,
13,
775,
750,
2834,
572,
257,
1178,
905,
654,
286,
262,
3807,
11,
564,
246,
9203,
3954,
17847,
11,
447,
247,
543,
318,
257,
46401,
11648,
13,
775,
4398,
447,
247,
83,
587,
4075,
287,
262,
1613,
614,
13,
317,
1256,
286,
661,
423,
262,
4369,
290,
340,
447,
247,
82,
655,
523,
1327,
329,
2506,
284,
651,
1978,
290,
307,
5448,
13,
447,
251,
198,
22685,
290,
1088,
447,
250,
40,
4444,
510,
1719,
340,
329,
1936,
812,
878,
314,
772,
2993,
644,
340,
373,
11,
447,
251,
531,
18678,
44748,
286,
968,
7423,
13,
564,
250,
40,
1816,
284,
766,
262,
6253,
287,
4343,
329,
644,
314,
1807,
373,
257,
10329,
5095,
13,
383,
6253,
1718,
530,
804,
379,
502,
290,
531,
11,
564,
246,
1639,
423,
46401,
4369,
13,
447,
247,
314,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
772,
760,
644,
340,
373,
13,
314,
8020,
447,
247,
83,
2982,
286,
340,
736,
788,
13,
464,
1332,
673,
2921,
502,
373,
262,
4885,
43182,
1332,
13,
632,
1625,
736,
3967,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
550,
587,
38854,
416,
428,
4378,
287,
6244,
13,
2644,
383,
1738,
314,
760,
318,
780,
314,
550,
655,
2067,
1762,
379,
262,
33625,
287,
520,
13,
5335,
447,
247,
82,
3418,
13,
314,
1807,
340,
373,
257,
19230,
13197,
13,
632,
373,
257,
1263,
11,
2835,
2266,
9197,
351,
257,
13197,
287,
262,
3504,
13,
314,
1239,
2497,
257,
19230,
11,
1239,
2497,
257,
4378,
13,
314,
1682,
1816,
284,
257,
6253,
546,
1223,
2073,
290,
314,
3505,
683,
4737,
502,
644,
340,
373,
319,
262,
736,
286,
616,
3211,
13,
314,
655,
531,
11,
564,
246,
5812,
11,
257,
19230,
1643,
502,
13,
447,
247,
2750,
788,
340,
373,
2048,
28557,
13,
10776,
1201,
788,
314,
447,
247,
303,
587,
736,
290,
6071,
284,
262,
7519,
13,
383,
4094,
1917,
318,
4917,
7519,
508,
1975,
287,
340,
13,
447,
251,
198,
39961,
1359,
6939,
326,
611,
262,
7519,
3521,
447,
247,
83,
1037,
351,
262,
4369,
11,
673,
550,
284,
651,
1037,
329,
607,
2356,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
2067,
1016,
284,
2356,
4542,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
2990,
547,
1498,
284,
1630,
340,
13,
314,
373,
319,
43948,
734,
1661,
257,
1110,
790,
1110,
13,
1114,
734,
812,
314,
2492,
447,
247,
83,
24870,
13,
314,
447,
247,
76,
319,
41587,
783,
11,
314,
1975,
11,
422,
477,
428,
18824,
314,
447,
247,
303,
587,
832,
13,
1867,
1107,
2067,
340,
477,
373,
2356,
287,
616,
8163,
11865,
1989,
290,
739,
616,
8163,
13,
1320,
447,
247,
82,
991,
21530,
502,
284,
428,
1110,
13,
1119,
447,
247,
303,
1865,
284,
1064,
503,
644,
326,
318,
13,
447,
251,
198,
39961,
1359,
531,
673,
2626,
607,
1693,
2233,
284,
262,
4369,
13,
1375,
468,
587,
6699,
14013,
416,
5483,
4765,
780,
484,
910,
612,
447,
247,
82,
407,
1576,
1321,
13,
198,
447,
250,
464,
6283,
1517,
318,
11,
46401,
4369,
318,
287,
428,
6232,
11,
447,
251,
44748,
531,
13,
564,
250,
40,
423,
257,
2679,
46721,
11,
339,
468,
340,
635,
13,
383,
1517,
286,
340,
318,
11,
484,
423,
257,
12319,
329,
257,
3290,
13,
1119,
836,
447,
247,
83,
423,
530,
329,
5384,
13,
447,
251,
198,
447,
246,
2061,
2863,
466,
356,
423,
30,
447,
247,
198,
25881,
32234,
286,
4889,
8272,
4206,
262,
3048,
286,
46401,
4369,
477,
1165,
880,
13,
943,
34043,
11,
29432,
11,
18787,
477,
1625,
284,
607,
546,
1936,
812,
2084,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
892,
314,
1244,
423,
550,
340,
329,
257,
981,
878,
314,
772,
6939,
314,
447,
247,
67,
587,
38854,
416,
257,
4378,
11,
447,
251,
32234,
531,
13,
564,
250,
40,
1807,
314,
373,
1972,
1903,
37954,
290,
257,
7684,
286,
584,
1243,
546,
1936,
812,
2084,
13,
314,
550,
29432,
8097,
13,
1119,
561,
938,
329,
1528,
13,
1119,
547,
523,
41378,
314,
561,
307,
287,
3996,
329,
1528,
379,
257,
640,
13,
314,
31862,
616,
1182,
523,
1327,
616,
27081,
547,
44379,
13,
1320,
447,
247,
82,
703,
2089,
484,
547,
13,
314,
373,
523,
10032,
11,
314,
561,
651,
510,
287,
262,
3329,
290,
314,
447,
247,
67,
307,
517,
19064,
621,
314,
373,
618,
314,
1816,
284,
3996,
13,
314,
3443,
1816,
284,
616,
6253,
290,
1965,
607,
611,
673,
714,
1332,
502,
329,
46401,
13,
1375,
531,
11,
564,
246,
40,
836,
447,
247,
83,
892,
345,
423,
46401,
11,
447,
247,
290,
314,
1297,
607,
314,
2227,
284,
307,
6789,
6949,
13,
383,
1332,
1625,
736,
3967,
13,
447,
251,
198,
3347,
531,
673,
6364,
11911,
475,
991,
468,
4088,
2994,
3917,
351,
262,
4369,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
447,
247,
303,
6364,
7891,
5755,
286,
262,
7460,
11,
2279,
2845,
262,
37954,
290,
262,
4088,
2994,
851,
326,
447,
247,
82,
262,
1994,
636,
286,
340,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
1026,
447,
247,
82,
407,
588,
314,
4398,
447,
247,
83,
587,
38854,
416,
36066,
1201,
13,
314,
423,
14260,
290,
257,
5318,
13,
2644,
843,
286,
1781,
11,
356,
550,
36066,
477,
832,
262,
7374,
11,
780,
356,
1107,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
423,
257,
7374,
13,
447,
251,
198,
3633,
509,
49252,
550,
530,
8223,
290,
530,
286,
607,
6844,
326,
23407,
46401,
11,
32234,
468,
5257,
284,
1394,
607,
4695,
1479,
286,
262,
4369,
13,
198,
447,
250,
40,
1577,
606,
477,
511,
6934,
790,
614,
290,
2198,
606,
790,
1110,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
14202,
286,
616,
4695,
3751,
7460,
286,
1719,
340,
13,
447,
251,
198,
3347,
531,
673,
1234,
510,
257,
13990,
284,
1394,
503,
20096,
11,
543,
2331,
284,
423,
4193,
13,
198,
3347,
531,
607,
16933,
11,
508,
318,
257,
6853,
287,
15397,
317,
622,
358,
417,
3418,
11,
1392,
257,
6049,
1339,
13,
198,
447,
250,
2953,
530,
966,
484,
547,
3501,
683,
938,
41302,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
1532,
339,
11,
257,
6853,
11,
257,
582,
508,
8941,
1683,
2925,
503,
287,
262,
4295,
11,
460,
651,
340,
290,
651,
326,
2089,
572,
351,
340,
11,
644,
2863,
466,
262,
1334,
286,
514,
423,
30,
447,
251,
198,
6719,
4018,
318,
262,
1266,
9007,
198,
464,
10769,
2732,
286,
3893,
290,
21235,
6707,
28363,
20829,
262,
1708,
31320,
25,
198,
12,
54,
451,
890,
12581,
290,
890,
27409,
284,
1037,
1394,
36066,
572,
4168,
13,
198,
12,
54,
451,
1657,
12,
25717,
9528,
284,
4136,
36066,
517,
3538,
13,
198,
12,
2215,
5410,
284,
307,
287,
281,
2858,
810,
36066,
389,
1690,
1043,
11,
779,
3172,
297,
298,
326,
4909,
379,
1551,
1160,
1411,
16292,
71,
2645,
12,
28961,
12,
83,
349,
84,
37905,
5550,
2767,
319,
7362,
4168,
329,
4800,
326,
20374,
1811,
2250,
13,
28231,
815,
4174,
3172,
297,
298,
284,
1751,
26,
262,
1605,
8581,
286,
46776,
20829,
3186,
351,
510,
284,
1542,
1411,
5550,
2767,
329,
3988,
13,
16622,
1061,
1720,
7729,
13,
198,
12,
51,
630,
9528,
290,
7733,
11,
884,
355,
14412,
11,
12581,
11,
24359,
290,
29804,
11,
351,
262,
36466,
9943,
2788,
12769,
11,
393,
804,
329,
9528,
2181,
15978,
351,
9943,
2788,
12769,
13,
198,
12,
38618,
3006,
351,
1029,
8701,
290,
12835,
25359,
11,
290,
2513,
287,
262,
3641,
286,
19196,
618,
24522,
13,
198,
12,
24541,
258,
393,
14643,
355,
2582,
355,
1744,
706,
2406,
31797,
284,
13502,
572,
290,
517,
3538,
1064,
34499,
36066,
878,
484,
13197,
13,
198,
12,
34,
12920,
257,
1336,
12,
2618,
4378,
2198,
1262,
257,
1021,
12,
10217,
393,
1336,
12,
13664,
10162,
284,
1570,
477,
3354,
286,
262,
1767,
2402,
8024,
422,
4378,
12,
10745,
7287,
3006,
13,
28231,
815,
1037,
1751,
2198,
13770,
329,
36066,
13,
17220,
597,
36066,
826,
1497,
13,
198,
12,
27914,
281,
7223,
4378,
351,
665,
33105,
364,
416,
44787,
340,
355,
1969,
284,
262,
4168,
355,
1744,
290,
10427,
14245,
290,
15165,
3892,
510,
290,
20518,
262,
1989,
880,
351,
19533,
290,
1660,
26,
290,
198,
12,
25685,
284,
257,
41404,
546,
4378,
12,
13716,
3186,
329,
17252,
13,
198,
49788,
32126,
284,
1907,
46401,
4369,
25,
198,
12,
13940,
5877,
5178,
25283,
11,
34489,
370,
13,
5567,
11,
5425,
672,
11109,
11,
6374,
37224,
1828,
16015,
257,
10451,
1444,
406,
22009,
1098,
329,
8584,
8259,
3917,
351,
7111,
284,
46401,
13,
1514,
284,
7324,
13,
1837,
5877,
687,
25283,
13,
785,
13,
198,
12,
6767,
48038,
6808,
468,
9157,
13205,
329,
661,
351,
10726,
46401,
4369,
13,
6208,
20473,
8231,
290,
1720,
1321,
460,
307,
1043,
379,
7324,
13,
75,
4597,
5657,
39389,
13,
3262,
13,
198,
12,
2725,
25727,
271,
317,
13,
290,
3700,
376,
13,
8528,
354,
447,
247,
82,
1492,
11,
564,
250,
25460,
6820,
329,
11959,
21297,
22508,
447,
251,
20829,
435,
69,
1604,
64,
11,
288,
33134,
295,
6808,
11,
308,
1040,
1516,
11,
23185,
400,
1211,
11,
45334,
316,
603,
11,
7545,
294,
12535,
290,
2266,
537,
2502,
1863,
351,
17644,
11,
885,
34431,
11,
27533,
317,
351,
7668,
1097,
313,
268,
10994,
11,
27533,
327,
351,
13401,
2704,
615,
261,
10994,
11,
27533,
412,
290,
31861,
2376,
89,
34120,
13,
198,
1135,
1443,
2737,
351,
517,
7508,
25,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 3,632 |
Not an exhaustive definition, but true to the core meaning of the word:
-serving as, or being an essential part of, a foundation or basis; basic; underlying: fundamental principles; the fundamental structure.
-of, pertaining to, or affecting the foundation or basis: a fundamental revision.
-being an original or primary source: a fundamental idea.
-a basic principle, rule, law, or the like, that serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part: to master the fundamentals of a trade.
-strict adherence to any set of basic ideas or principles
The current connotation to this word applied to beliefs is actually, in many ways, contrary to the actual word itself. Those referred to as fundamentalists or "fundies" are often not fundamental in their beliefs, but actually extremists when compared to those who follow a fundamental value set within the same general belief system. I realize that the current use has grown from the use of the word referring to the fundamentalist movement, but too often the ones that seem to be getting the press are more extremist than fundamentalist in any sense of the word.
This is just something that bugs me when I see the word used this way all the time. | [
3673,
281,
36049,
6770,
11,
475,
2081,
284,
262,
4755,
3616,
286,
262,
1573,
25,
198,
12,
31293,
355,
11,
393,
852,
281,
6393,
636,
286,
11,
257,
8489,
393,
4308,
26,
4096,
26,
10238,
25,
7531,
7811,
26,
262,
7531,
4645,
13,
198,
12,
1659,
11,
27113,
284,
11,
393,
13891,
262,
8489,
393,
4308,
25,
257,
7531,
18440,
13,
198,
12,
11873,
281,
2656,
393,
4165,
2723,
25,
257,
7531,
2126,
13,
198,
12,
64,
4096,
7989,
11,
3896,
11,
1099,
11,
393,
262,
588,
11,
326,
9179,
355,
262,
40641,
286,
257,
1080,
26,
6393,
636,
25,
284,
4958,
262,
33099,
286,
257,
3292,
13,
198,
12,
301,
2012,
34721,
284,
597,
900,
286,
4096,
4213,
393,
7811,
198,
464,
1459,
369,
38983,
284,
428,
1573,
5625,
284,
9056,
318,
1682,
11,
287,
867,
2842,
11,
10388,
284,
262,
4036,
1573,
2346,
13,
5845,
6412,
284,
355,
7531,
1023,
393,
366,
10990,
444,
1,
389,
1690,
407,
7531,
287,
511,
9056,
11,
475,
1682,
20674,
618,
3688,
284,
883,
508,
1061,
257,
7531,
1988,
900,
1626,
262,
976,
2276,
4901,
1080,
13,
314,
6537,
326,
262,
1459,
779,
468,
7334,
422,
262,
779,
286,
262,
1573,
9759,
284,
262,
42277,
3356,
11,
475,
1165,
1690,
262,
3392,
326,
1283,
284,
307,
1972,
262,
1803,
389,
517,
20440,
621,
42277,
287,
597,
2565,
286,
262,
1573,
13,
198,
1212,
318,
655,
1223,
326,
11316,
502,
618,
314,
766,
262,
1573,
973,
428,
835,
477,
262,
640,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 250 |
To have gdb set the working language automatically, use ‘set language local’ or ‘set language auto’. gdb then infers the working language. That is, when your program stops in a frame (usually by encountering a breakpoint), gdb sets the working language to the language recorded for the function in that frame. If the language for a frame is unknown (that is, if the function or block corresponding to the frame was defined in a source file that does not have a recognized extension), the current working language is not changed, and gdb issues a warning.
This may not seem necessary for most programs, which are written entirely in one source language. However, program modules and libraries written in one source language can be used by a main program written in a different source language. Using ‘set language auto’ in this case frees you from having to set the working language manually. | [
2514,
423,
308,
9945,
900,
262,
1762,
3303,
6338,
11,
779,
564,
246,
2617,
3303,
1957,
447,
247,
393,
564,
246,
2617,
3303,
8295,
447,
247,
13,
308,
9945,
788,
1167,
364,
262,
1762,
3303,
13,
1320,
318,
11,
618,
534,
1430,
9911,
287,
257,
5739,
357,
23073,
416,
42398,
257,
2270,
4122,
828,
308,
9945,
5621,
262,
1762,
3303,
284,
262,
3303,
6264,
329,
262,
2163,
287,
326,
5739,
13,
1002,
262,
3303,
329,
257,
5739,
318,
6439,
357,
5562,
318,
11,
611,
262,
2163,
393,
2512,
11188,
284,
262,
5739,
373,
5447,
287,
257,
2723,
2393,
326,
857,
407,
423,
257,
8018,
7552,
828,
262,
1459,
1762,
3303,
318,
407,
3421,
11,
290,
308,
9945,
2428,
257,
6509,
13,
198,
1212,
743,
407,
1283,
3306,
329,
749,
4056,
11,
543,
389,
3194,
5000,
287,
530,
2723,
3303,
13,
2102,
11,
1430,
13103,
290,
12782,
3194,
287,
530,
2723,
3303,
460,
307,
973,
416,
257,
1388,
1430,
3194,
287,
257,
1180,
2723,
3303,
13,
8554,
564,
246,
2617,
3303,
8295,
447,
247,
287,
428,
1339,
2030,
274,
345,
422,
1719,
284,
900,
262,
1762,
3303,
14500,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 189 |
Wild: 10-13 years
Captivity: 20 years
Females: 500 lbs
Males: 710 lbs
Name of Young
- American Elk are the second largest member of the deer family. The males of one subspecies, called the Roosevelt Elk, may reach the weight of 1300 lbs. The largest member of the deer family is the moose.
- Males begin growing antlers at around 11 months of age. Their antlers are fully grown when the elk reaches 4-6 years old. The antlers are 5.6 feet across on average and can weigh up to 40 lbs.
- Newborn elk weigh about 35 lbs at birth, and they are born with spots which fade by the end of the summer. By the time they are 6 months old, they are almost the size of an adult white tailed deer.
- During the mating season male elk bugle and grunt. Females may respond to their calls with a barking noise. Males will roll in mud during the breeding season to become more attractive to the females.
Did You Know?
Elk are important to many Native American tribes. In Lakota culture the spiritual elk was a symbol of strength and courage. Another name for elk is Wapiti. This word means “White Rump” in the Shawnee language. | [
25946,
25,
838,
12,
1485,
812,
198,
19209,
3458,
25,
1160,
812,
198,
37,
368,
2040,
25,
5323,
15785,
198,
44,
2040,
25,
767,
940,
15785,
198,
5376,
286,
6960,
198,
12,
1605,
40151,
389,
262,
1218,
4387,
2888,
286,
262,
20096,
1641,
13,
383,
10835,
286,
530,
850,
35448,
11,
1444,
262,
19297,
40151,
11,
743,
3151,
262,
3463,
286,
36058,
15785,
13,
383,
4387,
2888,
286,
262,
20096,
1641,
318,
262,
6941,
577,
13,
198,
12,
43404,
2221,
3957,
1885,
8116,
379,
1088,
1367,
1933,
286,
2479,
13,
5334,
1885,
8116,
389,
3938,
7334,
618,
262,
1288,
74,
12229,
604,
12,
21,
812,
1468,
13,
383,
1885,
8116,
389,
642,
13,
21,
3625,
1973,
319,
2811,
290,
460,
10164,
510,
284,
2319,
15785,
13,
198,
12,
968,
6286,
1288,
74,
10164,
546,
3439,
15785,
379,
4082,
11,
290,
484,
389,
4642,
351,
10222,
543,
22100,
416,
262,
886,
286,
262,
3931,
13,
2750,
262,
640,
484,
389,
718,
1933,
1468,
11,
484,
389,
2048,
262,
2546,
286,
281,
4044,
2330,
256,
6255,
20096,
13,
198,
12,
5856,
262,
31993,
1622,
4257,
1288,
74,
5434,
293,
290,
45836,
13,
44727,
743,
3031,
284,
511,
3848,
351,
257,
48961,
7838,
13,
43404,
481,
4836,
287,
17492,
1141,
262,
18954,
1622,
284,
1716,
517,
10966,
284,
262,
12366,
13,
198,
11633,
921,
9365,
30,
198,
9527,
74,
389,
1593,
284,
867,
12547,
1605,
15663,
13,
554,
30392,
4265,
3968,
262,
8557,
1288,
74,
373,
257,
6194,
286,
4202,
290,
11917,
13,
6023,
1438,
329,
1288,
74,
318,
370,
499,
8846,
13,
770,
1573,
1724,
564,
250,
12256,
371,
931,
447,
251,
287,
262,
25225,
1453,
3303,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 277 |
Last week NASA astronaut Suni Williams completed 1st Triathlon, Astronomers observed a huge asteroid Vesta covered in hydrogen and private space travel got a big boost. See the top stories of the last week here.<br> FIRST STOP: Farthest Galaxy Revealed
The earliest known confirmed galaxy has been discovered with the help of cosmic lenses formed out of the warped fabric of space and time, researchers say. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17671-farthest-galaxy-discovery-gravitational-lens.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Warp Drive May Be More Feasible Than Thought, Scientists Say
Faster than light travel may actually be possible using a warp drive to bend space around a starship. New calculations suggest such a vehicle would require less energy than once thought. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17628-warp-drive-possible-interstellar-spaceflight.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Space Shuttle Endeavour Lands in L.A.
The last-ever space shuttle to take flight has made its final landing. Space shuttle Endeavour, mounted atop NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), a modified Boeing 747 jumbo jet, touched down at Los Angeles International Airport(LAX) in California Friday (Sept. 21), after three day, cross-country trip from Florida. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17718-space-shuttle-endeavour-lands-los-angeles.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Touchdown! Soyuz Spacecraft Lands Safely
Three astronauts touched down safely on the steppes of Kazakhstan tonight, wrapping up their four-month mission to the International Space Station. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17627-touchdown-soyuz-spacecraft-lands-safely-with-russian-us-crew.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Asteroid Vesta Covered in Hydrogen
Astronomers studying observations of the huge asteroid Vesta by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft have found that the space rock is a rich source of hydrogen, a new study reveals. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17680-giant-asteroid-vesta-hydrogen-dawn-spacecraft.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Roots of Huge Solar Explosions May Lie in 'Coronal Cavities'
NASA’s fleet of sun-watching spacecraft is investigating the causes of huge solar blasts called coronal mass ejections. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17704-solar-storms-causes-coronal-cavities.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Saturday's Fall Equinox Explained
The fall equinox occurs Saturday, Sept. 22. Here’s what exactly happens as the direct rays of the Sun slip south of the equator. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17710-fall-equinox-seasons-change-explained.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Why Humans May Be the Biggest Hurdle for Interstellar Travel
The mission to mount a voyage to another star is officially on, with a new organization, the 100 Year Starship, spearheading the effort to muster the technologies needed within 100 years. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17703-interstellar-spaceflight-challenges-humanity.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Private Space Travel Gets a Big Boost in California
As NASA's space shuttle Endeavour orbiter flew to its retirement home in sunny California today (Sept. 21), Gov. Edmund G. Brown Jr. signed legislation to bolster the commercial spaceflight sector in that state. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17720-private-spaceflight-liability-california-law.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Private Spacecraft to Launch Space Station Cargo On Oct. 7
A private space capsule's first contracted cargo mission to the International Space Station is slated to launch Oct. 7, NASA officials announced today (Sept. 20). [<a href=http://www.space.com/17706-spacex-dragon-space-station-cargo-mission.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: US Scientists to Use Chinese Moon Lander for Space Research
A cooperative deal has been inked between a U.S. group and China to use that country’s moon lander to conduct astronomical imaging from the lunar surface. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17645-us-china-moon-lander-astronomy-deal.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: NASA Astronaut Completes 1st Triathlon in Space
NASA astronaut Suni Williams ran, biked and "swam" the Nautica Malibu Triathlon remotely from the International Space Station in orbit around Earth. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17643-space-triathlon-astronaut-sunita-williams.html>Full Story</a>]<br> NEXT: Newfound Alien Planet a Top Contender to Host Life
A new super-Earth has been found in the habitable zone of a star only 49 light-years from Earth, ranking fifth on the list of best objects of interest for life. [<a href=http://www.space.com/17684-alien-planet-gliese-163c-extraterrestrial-life.html>Full Story</a>]<br> | [
5956,
1285,
8884,
33779,
3825,
72,
6484,
5668,
352,
301,
7563,
50236,
11,
25398,
21499,
6515,
257,
3236,
27460,
569,
18059,
5017,
287,
17669,
290,
2839,
2272,
3067,
1392,
257,
1263,
5750,
13,
4091,
262,
1353,
3923,
286,
262,
938,
1285,
994,
29847,
1671,
29,
31328,
44934,
25,
376,
433,
3634,
9252,
31091,
3021,
198,
464,
14555,
1900,
4999,
16161,
468,
587,
5071,
351,
262,
1037,
286,
23464,
18405,
7042,
503,
286,
262,
43062,
9664,
286,
2272,
290,
640,
11,
4837,
910,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
1558,
46250,
12,
69,
433,
3634,
12,
13528,
6969,
12,
67,
40821,
12,
70,
4108,
22181,
12,
75,
641,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
31382,
9974,
1737,
1355,
3125,
5452,
292,
856,
17924,
27522,
11,
23782,
13816,
198,
37,
1603,
621,
1657,
3067,
743,
1682,
307,
1744,
1262,
257,
25825,
3708,
284,
19396,
2272,
1088,
257,
48744,
13,
968,
16765,
1950,
884,
257,
4038,
561,
2421,
1342,
2568,
621,
1752,
1807,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
24096,
2078,
12,
86,
5117,
12,
19472,
12,
79,
4733,
12,
3849,
28732,
12,
13200,
22560,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
4687,
35143,
5268,
68,
29023,
24182,
287,
406,
13,
32,
13,
198,
464,
938,
12,
964,
2272,
20992,
284,
1011,
5474,
468,
925,
663,
2457,
9581,
13,
4687,
20992,
5268,
68,
29023,
11,
12623,
20156,
8884,
338,
35143,
30252,
30767,
357,
6173,
32,
828,
257,
9518,
17880,
45600,
474,
29309,
12644,
11,
12615,
866,
379,
5401,
5652,
4037,
12690,
7,
13534,
55,
8,
287,
3442,
3217,
357,
14635,
13,
2310,
828,
706,
1115,
1110,
11,
3272,
12,
19315,
5296,
422,
4744,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
22413,
1507,
12,
13200,
12,
49625,
7100,
12,
38396,
29023,
12,
4447,
12,
33280,
12,
8368,
274,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
15957,
2902,
0,
30022,
10277,
4687,
3323,
24182,
19978,
306,
198,
12510,
26835,
12615,
866,
11512,
319,
262,
2876,
381,
274,
286,
34474,
9975,
11,
27074,
510,
511,
1440,
12,
8424,
4365,
284,
262,
4037,
4687,
9327,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
24096,
1983,
12,
29332,
2902,
12,
568,
88,
10277,
12,
13200,
3323,
12,
4447,
12,
21230,
306,
12,
4480,
12,
81,
31562,
12,
385,
12,
42276,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
38484,
1868,
569,
18059,
327,
2557,
287,
15084,
8648,
198,
33751,
1313,
21499,
11065,
13050,
286,
262,
3236,
27460,
569,
18059,
416,
8884,
447,
247,
82,
12258,
16807,
423,
1043,
326,
262,
2272,
3881,
318,
257,
5527,
2723,
286,
17669,
11,
257,
649,
2050,
10069,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
24096,
1795,
12,
70,
3014,
12,
1603,
1868,
12,
4223,
64,
12,
15511,
8648,
12,
67,
3832,
12,
13200,
3323,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
34341,
286,
35225,
12347,
33022,
507,
1737,
12060,
287,
705,
10606,
20996,
19931,
871,
6,
198,
29998,
447,
247,
82,
11026,
286,
4252,
12,
50042,
16807,
318,
10240,
262,
5640,
286,
3236,
6591,
29895,
1444,
1162,
20996,
2347,
22189,
507,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
1558,
32869,
12,
82,
6192,
12,
38563,
12,
6888,
2664,
12,
10215,
20996,
12,
66,
615,
871,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
3909,
338,
7218,
7889,
259,
1140,
5905,
1328,
198,
464,
2121,
1602,
259,
1140,
8833,
3909,
11,
2362,
13,
2534,
13,
3423,
447,
247,
82,
644,
3446,
4325,
355,
262,
1277,
24823,
286,
262,
3825,
13819,
5366,
286,
262,
1602,
1352,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
22413,
940,
12,
7207,
12,
4853,
259,
1140,
12,
325,
2812,
12,
3803,
12,
20676,
1328,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
4162,
27411,
1737,
1355,
262,
4403,
3495,
367,
2799,
293,
329,
49041,
13524,
198,
464,
4365,
284,
3817,
257,
31505,
284,
1194,
3491,
318,
8720,
319,
11,
351,
257,
649,
4009,
11,
262,
1802,
6280,
40172,
11,
17514,
33878,
262,
3626,
284,
36394,
262,
8514,
2622,
1626,
1802,
812,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
1558,
36809,
12,
3849,
28732,
12,
13200,
22560,
12,
36747,
34120,
12,
10734,
414,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
15348,
4687,
13524,
29620,
257,
4403,
19835,
287,
3442,
198,
1722,
8884,
338,
2272,
20992,
5268,
68,
29023,
13066,
263,
13112,
284,
663,
10737,
1363,
287,
27737,
3442,
1909,
357,
14635,
13,
2310,
828,
10964,
13,
35646,
402,
13,
4373,
7504,
13,
4488,
5520,
284,
26091,
262,
5068,
2272,
22560,
6567,
287,
326,
1181,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
22413,
1238,
12,
19734,
12,
13200,
22560,
12,
4528,
1799,
12,
9948,
361,
3317,
12,
6270,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
15348,
4687,
3323,
284,
21225,
4687,
9327,
41061,
1550,
2556,
13,
767,
198,
32,
2839,
2272,
27855,
338,
717,
23407,
15892,
4365,
284,
262,
4037,
4687,
9327,
318,
23488,
284,
4219,
2556,
13,
767,
11,
8884,
2828,
3414,
1909,
357,
14635,
13,
1160,
737,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
1558,
35402,
12,
13200,
87,
12,
14844,
12,
13200,
12,
17529,
12,
66,
9448,
12,
3411,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
1294,
23782,
284,
5765,
3999,
6869,
406,
4066,
329,
4687,
4992,
198,
32,
22849,
1730,
468,
587,
287,
9091,
1022,
257,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1448,
290,
2807,
284,
779,
326,
1499,
447,
247,
82,
8824,
1956,
263,
284,
3189,
37209,
19560,
422,
262,
25572,
4417,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
24096,
2231,
12,
385,
12,
354,
1437,
12,
22977,
12,
16235,
12,
459,
1313,
9145,
12,
31769,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
8884,
25398,
2306,
955,
1154,
4879,
352,
301,
7563,
50236,
287,
4687,
198,
29998,
33779,
3825,
72,
6484,
4966,
11,
275,
17951,
290,
366,
2032,
321,
1,
262,
399,
2306,
3970,
4434,
33828,
7563,
50236,
19863,
422,
262,
4037,
4687,
9327,
287,
13066,
1088,
3668,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
1558,
41813,
12,
13200,
12,
28461,
50236,
12,
459,
1313,
2306,
12,
19155,
5350,
12,
10594,
1789,
82,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
39726,
25,
968,
9275,
17610,
11397,
257,
5849,
2345,
2194,
284,
14504,
5155,
198,
32,
649,
2208,
12,
22840,
468,
587,
1043,
287,
262,
49055,
6516,
286,
257,
3491,
691,
5125,
1657,
12,
19002,
422,
3668,
11,
12759,
8150,
319,
262,
1351,
286,
1266,
5563,
286,
1393,
329,
1204,
13,
685,
27,
64,
13291,
28,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
13200,
13,
785,
14,
1558,
41580,
12,
42690,
12,
47427,
12,
4743,
444,
68,
12,
24136,
66,
12,
2302,
81,
729,
23522,
12,
6042,
13,
6494,
29,
13295,
8362,
3556,
64,
37981,
27,
1671,
29,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,239 |
A group of researchers at DTU Space is developing an observatory to be mounted on the International Space Station. Called ASIM, the observatory will among other things photograph giant lightning discharges above the clouds. The objective is to determine whether giant lightning discharges affect the Earth’s climate.
The question is whether giant lightning discharges, which shoot up from the clouds towards space, are simply a spectacular natural phenomenon, or whether they alter the chemical composition of the atmosphere, affecting the Earth’s climate and the ozone layer.
In recent years, scientists at DTU Space have studied giant lightning using high-altitude mountain cameras. From time to time, the cameras have succeeded in capturing low-altitude lightning flashes which have shot up from a thundercloud. The International Space Station provides a clear view of these giant lightning discharges, and the opportunity to study them will be significantly improved with the introduction of the observatory.
The researchers will also use ASIM to study how natural and man-made events on the ground – such as hurricanes, dust storms, forest fires and volcanic eruptions – influence the atmosphere and climate. | [
32,
1448,
286,
4837,
379,
24311,
52,
4687,
318,
5922,
281,
3799,
2870,
284,
307,
12623,
319,
262,
4037,
4687,
9327,
13,
34099,
7054,
3955,
11,
262,
3799,
2870,
481,
1871,
584,
1243,
8408,
6175,
14357,
595,
34948,
2029,
262,
15114,
13,
383,
9432,
318,
284,
5004,
1771,
6175,
14357,
595,
34948,
2689,
262,
3668,
447,
247,
82,
4258,
13,
198,
464,
1808,
318,
1771,
6175,
14357,
595,
34948,
11,
543,
2686,
510,
422,
262,
15114,
3371,
2272,
11,
389,
2391,
257,
15013,
3288,
10733,
11,
393,
1771,
484,
8343,
262,
5931,
11742,
286,
262,
8137,
11,
13891,
262,
3668,
447,
247,
82,
4258,
290,
262,
37170,
7679,
13,
198,
818,
2274,
812,
11,
5519,
379,
24311,
52,
4687,
423,
9713,
6175,
14357,
1262,
1029,
12,
2501,
3984,
8598,
9073,
13,
3574,
640,
284,
640,
11,
262,
9073,
423,
14131,
287,
21430,
1877,
12,
2501,
3984,
14357,
29227,
543,
423,
2823,
510,
422,
257,
18355,
17721,
13,
383,
4037,
4687,
9327,
3769,
257,
1598,
1570,
286,
777,
6175,
14357,
595,
34948,
11,
290,
262,
3663,
284,
2050,
606,
481,
307,
5566,
6596,
351,
262,
9793,
286,
262,
3799,
2870,
13,
198,
464,
4837,
481,
635,
779,
7054,
3955,
284,
2050,
703,
3288,
290,
582,
12,
9727,
2995,
319,
262,
2323,
784,
884,
355,
40370,
11,
8977,
20228,
11,
8222,
12252,
290,
31513,
13724,
8544,
784,
4588,
262,
8137,
290,
4258,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 232 |
ASK A QUESTION Hi, What is there a difference between "Me gusta" and "Me gustan"?
What is there a difference between "Me gusta" and "Me gustan"? Is one use of the words for speaking properly and the other for casually speaking? Could you give me some examples how the two phrases would be used?
Gusta is used is a singular conjugation of the verb and requires a subject that matches it in number.
Gustan is a plural conjugation and requires a subject that matches it in number
Me gusta el libro
Me gustan los libros
Here is a link to the reference article for this topic Gustar like verbs
Your question can be answered by watching Lesson 1:6 of the Learn Spanish video series.
For now, I will tell you that the difference has nothing to do with being formal or casual. Rather, it has to do with the fact that one is singular and one is plural.
Me gusta means that something is pleasing to you. For example: "Me gusta bailar", which means dancing is pleasing to me. In this case, dancing is singular, so the third person singular conjugation of "gustar" is used.
The second example would be "Me gustan los animales." In this example, animals is plural, so the verb "gustar" is conjugated to the third person plural.
I know this is a very short explanation and I hope it helps. However, you would be much better off having Paralee explain it for you in the video. Believe me, she does a much better job.
They mean the same thing except one refers to a singular topic and one refers to a plural topic.
Me gusta la banana.
Me gustan las frutas.
That was the same question i had about 3 days ago. | [
1921,
42,
317,
43658,
2849,
15902,
11,
1867,
318,
612,
257,
3580,
1022,
366,
5308,
35253,
64,
1,
290,
366,
5308,
35253,
272,
13984,
198,
2061,
318,
612,
257,
3580,
1022,
366,
5308,
35253,
64,
1,
290,
366,
5308,
35253,
272,
13984,
1148,
530,
779,
286,
262,
2456,
329,
5486,
6105,
290,
262,
584,
329,
27793,
5486,
30,
10347,
345,
1577,
502,
617,
6096,
703,
262,
734,
20144,
561,
307,
973,
30,
198,
38,
436,
64,
318,
973,
318,
257,
18032,
11644,
1018,
341,
286,
262,
15942,
290,
4433,
257,
2426,
326,
7466,
340,
287,
1271,
13,
198,
38,
436,
272,
318,
257,
22801,
11644,
1018,
341,
290,
4433,
257,
2426,
326,
7466,
340,
287,
1271,
198,
5308,
35253,
64,
1288,
9195,
305,
198,
5308,
35253,
272,
22346,
9195,
4951,
198,
4342,
318,
257,
2792,
284,
262,
4941,
2708,
329,
428,
7243,
26657,
283,
588,
41781,
198,
7120,
1808,
460,
307,
9373,
416,
4964,
12892,
261,
352,
25,
21,
286,
262,
14365,
7897,
2008,
2168,
13,
198,
1890,
783,
11,
314,
481,
1560,
345,
326,
262,
3580,
468,
2147,
284,
466,
351,
852,
8766,
393,
9341,
13,
11317,
11,
340,
468,
284,
466,
351,
262,
1109,
326,
530,
318,
18032,
290,
530,
318,
22801,
13,
198,
5308,
35253,
64,
1724,
326,
1223,
318,
28790,
284,
345,
13,
1114,
1672,
25,
366,
5308,
35253,
64,
12274,
283,
1600,
543,
1724,
15360,
318,
28790,
284,
502,
13,
554,
428,
1339,
11,
15360,
318,
18032,
11,
523,
262,
2368,
1048,
18032,
11644,
1018,
341,
286,
366,
70,
436,
283,
1,
318,
973,
13,
198,
464,
1218,
1672,
561,
307,
366,
5308,
35253,
272,
22346,
2355,
2040,
526,
554,
428,
1672,
11,
4695,
318,
22801,
11,
523,
262,
15942,
366,
70,
436,
283,
1,
318,
11644,
1018,
515,
284,
262,
2368,
1048,
22801,
13,
198,
40,
760,
428,
318,
257,
845,
1790,
7468,
290,
314,
2911,
340,
5419,
13,
2102,
11,
345,
561,
307,
881,
1365,
572,
1719,
2547,
1000,
68,
4727,
340,
329,
345,
287,
262,
2008,
13,
32018,
502,
11,
673,
857,
257,
881,
1365,
1693,
13,
198,
2990,
1612,
262,
976,
1517,
2845,
530,
10229,
284,
257,
18032,
7243,
290,
530,
10229,
284,
257,
22801,
7243,
13,
198,
5308,
35253,
64,
8591,
25996,
13,
198,
5308,
35253,
272,
39990,
1216,
315,
292,
13,
198,
2504,
373,
262,
976,
1808,
1312,
550,
546,
513,
1528,
2084,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 396 |
Special Olympics rhythmic gymnast Sara Abbott is used to beating the odds. When she was an infant, doctors said she would never walk or talk; she was not supposed to live past the age of 30; and three years ago, she weighed well over 300 pounds.
Three years ago Sara weighed well over 300 pounds and today, because of the power of sport, at age 37, she is 150 lbs. lighter.
Abbott has a rare genetic disorder, Prader-Willi Syndrome, which results in intellectual disability, and is frequently associated with insatiable appetite, low metabolism, and subsequent obesity. Yet today, at age 37, she is 150 lbs. lighter and took home three gold and two silver medals at the summer 2010 Special Olympics USA National Games in Lincoln, NE.
Abbott and her family credit her physical transformation to the dedication and support of the Special Olympics Minnesota coaching staff and the rigorous training schedule for her ball, ribbon, rope and hoop gymnastic routines. For Abbott and others just like her, Special Olympics is about more than sports – it allows people with intellectual disabilities the opportunity to be more fit, make more friends, and be a special part of a team. In the process, Abbott has also become an inspiration to her family and fellow athletes.
"I want them to exercise like I did and lose weight and watch what they eat," Abbott said.
Obesity is a problem for most people with intellectual disabilities. Due to a health condition or the medications they take, the lack of opportunities to exercise and other issues, approximately 75% of adult Special Olympics athletes are overweight. In response, Special Olympics issued a call to action during its National Games Health Symposium in July.
"We have a lot of work to do," said Special Olympics Chairman and CEO Timothy Shriver. "The health condition for people with intellectual disabilities is nothing short of a crisis – one that will not improve on its own. All of us must act. This isn't a problem for a few to handle. The solutions will come when everyone is engaged."
In its call to action, Special Olympics details steps that should be taken by various segments of the population, including the general public, health professionals and elected officials. The organization asks the public to donate their time and push their representatives to support policies that address these concerns. Healthcare providers should increase their knowledge of intellectual disability and welcome these patients into their practices.
Special Olympics hopes that if more people join its fight against obesity, more athletes will be able to find the same healthier lifestyle that enabled Sara Abbott to achieve her goals. | [
13409,
14935,
14405,
9383,
38581,
459,
24799,
16988,
318,
973,
284,
11226,
262,
10402,
13,
1649,
673,
373,
281,
11212,
11,
7519,
531,
673,
561,
1239,
2513,
393,
1561,
26,
673,
373,
407,
4385,
284,
2107,
1613,
262,
2479,
286,
1542,
26,
290,
1115,
812,
2084,
11,
673,
20261,
880,
625,
5867,
8059,
13,
198,
12510,
812,
2084,
24799,
20261,
880,
625,
5867,
8059,
290,
1909,
11,
780,
286,
262,
1176,
286,
6332,
11,
379,
2479,
5214,
11,
673,
318,
6640,
15785,
13,
14871,
13,
198,
4826,
10985,
468,
257,
4071,
8513,
8967,
11,
1736,
5067,
12,
8743,
72,
27109,
11,
543,
2482,
287,
9028,
14013,
11,
290,
318,
6777,
3917,
351,
1035,
265,
3379,
20788,
11,
1877,
20211,
11,
290,
8840,
13825,
13,
6430,
1909,
11,
379,
2479,
5214,
11,
673,
318,
6640,
15785,
13,
14871,
290,
1718,
1363,
1115,
3869,
290,
734,
8465,
28057,
379,
262,
3931,
3050,
6093,
14935,
4916,
2351,
5776,
287,
12406,
11,
10635,
13,
198,
4826,
10985,
290,
607,
1641,
3884,
607,
3518,
13389,
284,
262,
22445,
290,
1104,
286,
262,
6093,
14935,
8919,
13101,
3085,
290,
262,
22888,
3047,
7269,
329,
607,
2613,
11,
29092,
11,
17182,
290,
44792,
38581,
3477,
31878,
13,
1114,
16988,
290,
1854,
655,
588,
607,
11,
6093,
14935,
318,
546,
517,
621,
5701,
784,
340,
3578,
661,
351,
9028,
19358,
262,
3663,
284,
307,
517,
4197,
11,
787,
517,
2460,
11,
290,
307,
257,
2041,
636,
286,
257,
1074,
13,
554,
262,
1429,
11,
16988,
468,
635,
1716,
281,
12141,
284,
607,
1641,
290,
5891,
10856,
13,
198,
1,
40,
765,
606,
284,
5517,
588,
314,
750,
290,
4425,
3463,
290,
2342,
644,
484,
4483,
553,
16988,
531,
13,
198,
5944,
11924,
318,
257,
1917,
329,
749,
661,
351,
9028,
19358,
13,
14444,
284,
257,
1535,
4006,
393,
262,
17638,
484,
1011,
11,
262,
3092,
286,
6443,
284,
5517,
290,
584,
2428,
11,
6702,
5441,
4,
286,
4044,
6093,
14935,
10856,
389,
22652,
13,
554,
2882,
11,
6093,
14935,
4884,
257,
869,
284,
2223,
1141,
663,
2351,
5776,
3893,
15845,
35864,
287,
2901,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
423,
257,
1256,
286,
670,
284,
466,
553,
531,
6093,
14935,
12787,
290,
6123,
22283,
911,
38291,
13,
366,
464,
1535,
4006,
329,
661,
351,
9028,
19358,
318,
2147,
1790,
286,
257,
4902,
784,
530,
326,
481,
407,
2987,
319,
663,
898,
13,
1439,
286,
514,
1276,
719,
13,
770,
2125,
470,
257,
1917,
329,
257,
1178,
284,
5412,
13,
383,
8136,
481,
1282,
618,
2506,
318,
7953,
526,
198,
818,
663,
869,
284,
2223,
11,
6093,
14935,
3307,
4831,
326,
815,
307,
2077,
416,
2972,
17894,
286,
262,
3265,
11,
1390,
262,
2276,
1171,
11,
1535,
11153,
290,
7018,
2828,
13,
383,
4009,
7893,
262,
1171,
284,
16565,
511,
640,
290,
4574,
511,
10826,
284,
1104,
4788,
326,
2209,
777,
4786,
13,
30289,
9549,
815,
2620,
511,
3725,
286,
9028,
14013,
290,
7062,
777,
3871,
656,
511,
6593,
13,
198,
13409,
14935,
7176,
326,
611,
517,
661,
4654,
663,
1907,
1028,
13825,
11,
517,
10856,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
1064,
262,
976,
22841,
12263,
326,
9343,
24799,
16988,
284,
4620,
607,
4661,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 524 |
In 1985, a high school kid is accidentally transported in a Time machine, back to the year 1955. But the actions he takes while he is there create a paradox in the Space-Time continuum. When he returns to the 1985 reality from which he was originally transported, he discovers that the paradox has altered it. This forces him to travel back to the 1955 reality once again in an attempt to rectify the actions of his own Self. He now has two Selves traveling on the same 1955 Timeline, only one of which is aware of the other. None of the people who live in these two realities are aware of anything that is taking place because they’re just characters in a movie.
There is no place in this new kind of physics both for the Field and Matter, for the Field is the only Reality. Albert Einstein
In traditional physics, the dimensions of a system are referred to as its ‘degrees of freedom’. We perceive material objects to be solid because they vibrate very slowly at the atomic level. So solid, three-dimensional matter doesn’t have a lot of freedom. But, the fact of the matter is – there is no matter. The material Universe is nothing more than a very dense form of energy. Everything that exists in this universe, from the most subtle, refined realms of energetic structures, to the densest realms of matter, is aligned in one field of energy.
String theory is a developing branch of physics that combines Quantum Physics and General Relativity into a theory of gravity. This theory attempts to describe the natural forces of gravity, matter, electro-magnetics, and weak and strong interactions, all in a mathematically complete system.
Some physicists believe that this theory is the correct fundamental description of nature. They believe that the building blocks of the Universe are not sub-atomic particles, but rather, they are a more fundamental layer of infinitesimally small filaments of vibrating energy. And these ‘strings of energy’ vibrate at different frequencies. According to this theory, we are living in a universe that has 11 dimensions, with parallel dimensions, such as sub-Space and hyper-Space, which exist alongside it. The mathematics involved in this theory point to the existence of dimensions of reality, or consciousness, which are beyond our familiar world.
Our true role is to create endlessly from the infinite storehouse of possibilities located at the virtual level. Deepak Chopra
In Quantum Physics, material objects are possibilities from which consciousness can choose. Dimensions border one another in the same way that a radio carries many different stations. But we can only experience those dimensions of which we are aware. We can only perceive of the ‘music’ that’s playing on the ‘station’ to which we attune ourselves. And we have been trained to focus on only a very small bandwidth of frequencies.
The higher dimensions are outside of our range of perception. So expanding our consciousness is the way by which we will become multi-dimensional beings. God does not exist in only one place. And neither do you.
As your Light beams in from Home, it splits like a prism and divides you into 11 different dimensions. When you are born, all 11 dimensions come in at once. The 12th dimension is your Higher Self. It remains outside of your physicality, but keeps you connected to Home and to the other 11 dimensions. As you have now moved beyond the year 2012, you will now be able to gain information from the perfect parts of you that are missing. Every one of your 11 selves will begin to become more whole within itself. This is how you will balance yourself.[ii]
On December 21 of this year, a new Earth grid was launched. This new grid is based on an entirely new frequency range, one that allows the filtration of God’s holy energy to be absorbed evenly around the world. And, when the Earth acquired a new cosmic position during the current galactic alignment, our brains automatically opened up to this new range of frequencies.
Space and Time are illusions of the third and fourth dimensions. We need only remove the veil to see the reality. But we must also believe that the reality is here to be seen.
When everyone awakens to the understanding that they have been playing a multi-dimensional character in a movie, humanity will experience the fifth-dimensional reality in which we are all now living. When the collective human consciousness acknowledges and tunes in to the higher dimensional frequencies of this reality.
In the Old Testament, there was once a collection of over one dozen texts called the Apocrypha. Derived from the Greek word apocryphal, it means ‘things that are hidden’.
King James of England imposed heavy fines on anyone who printed the Old Testament without including the Apocrypha. So it was included in the original King James version of the Bible, which was printed in the year 1611. But 250 years later, the Archbishop of Canterbury officially removed it from that version.[ii]
The Book of Ben Sira is a volume of wise proverbs that was discovered in Egypt, in 1896. It is part of these apocryphal texts. Known also as the Book of Wisdom and as The Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, this book was originally written in the language of Hebrew in the second century BC. Eventually, it was included in the Old Testament as the book of Ecclesiastes. But, before its recent discovery, no known Hebrew version existed. Some scholars even doubted its existence.
In your exploration of Bible Truth, see to it that you do not rest satisfied in the yellow clay of a few spiritual discoveries, but press on to the rich blue clay underneath. Emmet Fox
Also part of the apocryphal texts is the Book of Enoch, a massive five-volume manuscript that consists of 108 chapters.
Where the apocalyptic view of the end of Time leaves ‘the damned’ on a hellish Earth, the book of Enoch paints a very different picture.
This ancient book describes an Aquarian age in which Heaven will actually exist on the Earth. The Greek word apocalypse means ‘disclosure of something hidden from the majority of mankind in an era dominated by falsehood and misconception.’
It is interesting to note that the books of Jude and Hebrews, which have both been retained in the Bible, actually quote directly from the Book of Enoch, which has not. In fact, there are over twenty books that are referred to in the Bible, but which have been excluded from it.
Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied about these men: “‘See, the Lord is coming with thousands upon thousands of his holy ones.” Jude 1:14
During World War II, the ancient Gnostic Gospels were discovered in Upper Egypt. These gospels formed the basis of the teachings of the first Jewish Christians who, rather than seeking salvation from sin, sought to achieve salvation from the ignorance of which sin is a consequence.
Since the discovery of these gospels, there have been other ancient scrolls that have been located, the most famous of which were found concealed in caves on the shore of the Dead Sea, near the ruins of an old Essene settlement called Qumran.
Known as the Dead Sea Scrolls, these scrolls consist of roughly 900 texts, twenty-five percent of which is biblical scripture that includes some of the only known copies of first-century biblical documents in existence. Portions of the original Aramaic version of the Book of Enoch were discovered at Qumran. In fact, with the exception of the book of Esther, every single book of the Old Testament was discovered there.[iii] But what is most interesting is that the book of Esther is the only book that does not refer to God.
The mystery that has been kept hidden for ages and generations, but is now disclosed to the Saints.
Many people believe that God would never have allowed the Word to be tampered with or concealed in ways He did not want. And, they’re absolutely correct. God has allowed this to take place. If we had known these truths two-thousand years ago, we would have distorted them to such an extent that, now, when we need them the most, we would not recognize them for what they truly are.
The Judeo-Christian scriptures are a scientific treatise on universal nuclear physics, which were written in a universal metaphysical language that discloses, in minute detail, the precise formula for the attainment of Unity Consciousness.[iv] | [
818,
12863,
11,
257,
1029,
1524,
5141,
318,
14716,
18665,
287,
257,
3862,
4572,
11,
736,
284,
262,
614,
25325,
13,
887,
262,
4028,
339,
2753,
981,
339,
318,
612,
2251,
257,
22226,
287,
262,
4687,
12,
7575,
44422,
13,
1649,
339,
5860,
284,
262,
12863,
3950,
422,
543,
339,
373,
6198,
18665,
11,
339,
27472,
326,
262,
22226,
468,
14294,
340,
13,
770,
3386,
683,
284,
3067,
736,
284,
262,
25325,
3950,
1752,
757,
287,
281,
2230,
284,
13621,
1958,
262,
4028,
286,
465,
898,
12189,
13,
679,
783,
468,
734,
15300,
1158,
11300,
319,
262,
976,
25325,
43040,
11,
691,
530,
286,
543,
318,
3910,
286,
262,
584,
13,
6045,
286,
262,
661,
508,
2107,
287,
777,
734,
22072,
389,
3910,
286,
1997,
326,
318,
2263,
1295,
780,
484,
447,
247,
260,
655,
3435,
287,
257,
3807,
13,
198,
1858,
318,
645,
1295,
287,
428,
649,
1611,
286,
11887,
1111,
329,
262,
7663,
290,
16900,
11,
329,
262,
7663,
318,
262,
691,
22520,
13,
9966,
24572,
198,
818,
4569,
11887,
11,
262,
15225,
286,
257,
1080,
389,
6412,
284,
355,
663,
564,
246,
13500,
6037,
286,
4925,
447,
247,
13,
775,
19973,
2587,
5563,
284,
307,
4735,
780,
484,
12611,
378,
845,
6364,
379,
262,
17226,
1241,
13,
1406,
4735,
11,
1115,
12,
19577,
2300,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
423,
257,
1256,
286,
4925,
13,
887,
11,
262,
1109,
286,
262,
2300,
318,
784,
612,
318,
645,
2300,
13,
383,
2587,
11950,
318,
2147,
517,
621,
257,
845,
15715,
1296,
286,
2568,
13,
11391,
326,
7160,
287,
428,
6881,
11,
422,
262,
749,
11800,
11,
20449,
35423,
286,
26758,
8573,
11,
284,
262,
29509,
395,
35423,
286,
2300,
11,
318,
19874,
287,
530,
2214,
286,
2568,
13,
198,
10100,
4583,
318,
257,
5922,
8478,
286,
11887,
326,
21001,
29082,
23123,
290,
3611,
4718,
22055,
656,
257,
4583,
286,
13522,
13,
770,
4583,
6370,
284,
6901,
262,
3288,
3386,
286,
13522,
11,
2300,
11,
15206,
12,
19726,
3262,
873,
11,
290,
4939,
290,
1913,
12213,
11,
477,
287,
257,
2603,
46558,
1844,
1080,
13,
198,
4366,
37898,
1975,
326,
428,
4583,
318,
262,
3376,
7531,
6764,
286,
3450,
13,
1119,
1975,
326,
262,
2615,
7021,
286,
262,
11950,
389,
407,
850,
12,
47116,
13166,
11,
475,
2138,
11,
484,
389,
257,
517,
7531,
7679,
286,
1167,
259,
2737,
320,
453,
1402,
1226,
12604,
286,
12611,
803,
2568,
13,
843,
777,
564,
246,
37336,
286,
2568,
447,
247,
12611,
378,
379,
1180,
19998,
13,
4784,
284,
428,
4583,
11,
356,
389,
2877,
287,
257,
6881,
326,
468,
1367,
15225,
11,
351,
10730,
15225,
11,
884,
355,
850,
12,
14106,
290,
8718,
12,
14106,
11,
543,
2152,
7848,
340,
13,
383,
19473,
2950,
287,
428,
4583,
966,
284,
262,
6224,
286,
15225,
286,
3950,
11,
393,
10510,
11,
543,
389,
3675,
674,
5385,
995,
13,
198,
5122,
2081,
2597,
318,
284,
2251,
33903,
422,
262,
15541,
3650,
4803,
286,
12779,
5140,
379,
262,
7166,
1241,
13,
10766,
461,
40159,
430,
198,
818,
29082,
23123,
11,
2587,
5563,
389,
12779,
422,
543,
10510,
460,
3853,
13,
41265,
4865,
530,
1194,
287,
262,
976,
835,
326,
257,
5243,
10732,
867,
1180,
8985,
13,
887,
356,
460,
691,
1998,
883,
15225,
286,
543,
356,
389,
3910,
13,
775,
460,
691,
19973,
286,
262,
564,
246,
28965,
447,
247,
326,
447,
247,
82,
2712,
319,
262,
564,
246,
17529,
447,
247,
284,
543,
356,
708,
1726,
6731,
13,
843,
356,
423,
587,
8776,
284,
2962,
319,
691,
257,
845,
1402,
19484,
286,
19998,
13,
198,
464,
2440,
15225,
389,
2354,
286,
674,
2837,
286,
11202,
13,
1406,
11581,
674,
10510,
318,
262,
835,
416,
543,
356,
481,
1716,
5021,
12,
19577,
9791,
13,
1793,
857,
407,
2152,
287,
691,
530,
1295,
13,
843,
6159,
466,
345,
13,
198,
1722,
534,
4401,
26741,
287,
422,
5995,
11,
340,
30778,
588,
257,
46475,
290,
36319,
345,
656,
1367,
1180,
15225,
13,
1649,
345,
389,
4642,
11,
477,
1367,
15225,
1282,
287,
379,
1752,
13,
383,
1105,
400,
15793,
318,
534,
16038,
12189,
13,
632,
3793,
2354,
286,
534,
3518,
414,
11,
475,
7622,
345,
5884,
284,
5995,
290,
284,
262,
584,
1367,
15225,
13,
1081,
345,
423,
783,
3888,
3675,
262,
614,
2321,
11,
345,
481,
783,
307,
1498,
284,
4461,
1321,
422,
262,
2818,
3354,
286,
345,
326,
389,
4814,
13,
3887,
530,
286,
534,
1367,
40823,
481,
2221,
284,
1716,
517,
2187,
1626,
2346,
13,
770,
318,
703,
345,
481,
5236,
3511,
3693,
4178,
60,
198,
2202,
3426,
2310,
286,
428,
614,
11,
257,
649,
3668,
10706,
373,
5611,
13,
770,
649,
10706,
318,
1912,
319,
281,
5000,
649,
8373,
2837,
11,
530,
326,
3578,
262,
1226,
83,
1358,
286,
1793,
447,
247,
82,
11386,
2568,
284,
307,
19233,
21894,
1088,
262,
995,
13,
843,
11,
618,
262,
3668,
9477,
257,
649,
23464,
2292,
1141,
262,
1459,
44280,
19114,
11,
674,
14290,
6338,
4721,
510,
284,
428,
649,
2837,
286,
19998,
13,
198,
14106,
290,
3862,
389,
34739,
286,
262,
2368,
290,
5544,
15225,
13,
775,
761,
691,
4781,
262,
30615,
284,
766,
262,
3950,
13,
887,
356,
1276,
635,
1975,
326,
262,
3950,
318,
994,
284,
307,
1775,
13,
198,
2215,
2506,
3253,
31627,
284,
262,
4547,
326,
484,
423,
587,
2712,
257,
5021,
12,
19577,
2095,
287,
257,
3807,
11,
9265,
481,
1998,
262,
8150,
12,
19577,
3950,
287,
543,
356,
389,
477,
783,
2877,
13,
1649,
262,
10098,
1692,
10510,
23477,
290,
31796,
287,
284,
262,
2440,
38517,
19998,
286,
428,
3950,
13,
198,
818,
262,
5706,
18318,
11,
612,
373,
1752,
257,
4947,
286,
625,
530,
8667,
13399,
1444,
262,
5949,
48103,
7566,
13,
9626,
1572,
422,
262,
8312,
1573,
2471,
48103,
27451,
11,
340,
1724,
564,
246,
27971,
326,
389,
7104,
447,
247,
13,
198,
15708,
3700,
286,
4492,
10893,
4334,
17176,
319,
2687,
508,
10398,
262,
5706,
18318,
1231,
1390,
262,
5949,
48103,
7566,
13,
1406,
340,
373,
3017,
287,
262,
2656,
2677,
3700,
2196,
286,
262,
9111,
11,
543,
373,
10398,
287,
262,
614,
1467,
1157,
13,
887,
8646,
812,
1568,
11,
262,
36746,
286,
43581,
8720,
4615,
340,
422,
326,
2196,
3693,
4178,
60,
198,
464,
4897,
286,
3932,
7361,
64,
318,
257,
6115,
286,
10787,
386,
46211,
326,
373,
5071,
287,
6365,
11,
287,
46723,
13,
632,
318,
636,
286,
777,
2471,
48103,
27451,
13399,
13,
29454,
635,
355,
262,
4897,
286,
24075,
290,
355,
383,
24075,
286,
5803,
3367,
286,
7361,
620,
11,
428,
1492,
373,
6198,
3194,
287,
262,
3303,
286,
16505,
287,
262,
1218,
4289,
11843,
13,
16178,
11,
340,
373,
3017,
287,
262,
5706,
18318,
355,
262,
1492,
286,
38308,
36027,
459,
274,
13,
887,
11,
878,
663,
2274,
9412,
11,
645,
1900,
16505,
2196,
11196,
13,
2773,
9123,
772,
37104,
663,
6224,
13,
198,
818,
534,
13936,
286,
9111,
14056,
11,
766,
284,
340,
326,
345,
466,
407,
1334,
11378,
287,
262,
7872,
21558,
286,
257,
1178,
8557,
24362,
11,
475,
1803,
319,
284,
262,
5527,
4171,
21558,
14638,
13,
2295,
4164,
5426,
198,
7583,
636,
286,
262,
2471,
48103,
27451,
13399,
318,
262,
4897,
286,
2039,
5374,
11,
257,
4858,
1936,
12,
29048,
17116,
326,
10874,
286,
15495,
15754,
13,
198,
8496,
262,
41792,
1570,
286,
262,
886,
286,
3862,
5667,
564,
246,
1169,
28911,
447,
247,
319,
257,
5968,
680,
3668,
11,
262,
1492,
286,
2039,
5374,
32281,
257,
845,
1180,
4286,
13,
198,
1212,
6156,
1492,
8477,
281,
11446,
3699,
2479,
287,
543,
11225,
481,
1682,
2152,
319,
262,
3668,
13,
383,
8312,
1573,
37251,
1724,
564,
246,
6381,
17966,
286,
1223,
7104,
422,
262,
3741,
286,
18019,
287,
281,
6980,
13354,
416,
37110,
290,
43122,
13,
447,
247,
198,
1026,
318,
3499,
284,
3465,
326,
262,
3835,
286,
30044,
290,
16505,
82,
11,
543,
423,
1111,
587,
17383,
287,
262,
9111,
11,
1682,
9577,
3264,
422,
262,
4897,
286,
2039,
5374,
11,
543,
468,
407,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
612,
389,
625,
8208,
3835,
326,
389,
6412,
284,
287,
262,
9111,
11,
475,
543,
423,
587,
15009,
422,
340,
13,
198,
36,
3919,
354,
11,
262,
14024,
422,
7244,
11,
48897,
798,
546,
777,
1450,
25,
564,
250,
447,
246,
6214,
11,
262,
4453,
318,
2406,
351,
4138,
2402,
4138,
286,
465,
11386,
3392,
13,
447,
251,
30044,
352,
25,
1415,
198,
7191,
2159,
1810,
2873,
11,
262,
6156,
18509,
15132,
402,
41908,
547,
5071,
287,
20390,
6365,
13,
2312,
308,
41908,
7042,
262,
4308,
286,
262,
19564,
286,
262,
717,
5582,
9316,
508,
11,
2138,
621,
6095,
21005,
422,
7813,
11,
7194,
284,
4620,
21005,
422,
262,
17010,
286,
543,
7813,
318,
257,
12921,
13,
198,
6385,
262,
9412,
286,
777,
308,
41908,
11,
612,
423,
587,
584,
6156,
32138,
326,
423,
587,
5140,
11,
262,
749,
5863,
286,
543,
547,
1043,
18176,
287,
30923,
319,
262,
15191,
286,
262,
5542,
6896,
11,
1474,
262,
20073,
286,
281,
1468,
11985,
1734,
9443,
1444,
1195,
388,
2596,
13,
198,
29870,
355,
262,
5542,
6896,
28859,
11,
777,
32138,
3473,
286,
7323,
15897,
13399,
11,
8208,
12,
13261,
1411,
286,
543,
318,
24726,
36739,
326,
3407,
617,
286,
262,
691,
1900,
9088,
286,
717,
12,
14792,
24726,
4963,
287,
6224,
13,
4347,
507,
286,
262,
2656,
39026,
18452,
2196,
286,
262,
4897,
286,
2039,
5374,
547,
5071,
379,
1195,
388,
2596,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
351,
262,
6631,
286,
262,
1492,
286,
47533,
11,
790,
2060,
1492,
286,
262,
5706,
18318,
373,
5071,
612,
3693,
15479,
60,
887,
644,
318,
749,
3499,
318,
326,
262,
1492,
286,
47533,
318,
262,
691,
1492,
326,
857,
407,
3522,
284,
1793,
13,
198,
464,
10715,
326,
468,
587,
4030,
7104,
329,
9337,
290,
10439,
11,
475,
318,
783,
16404,
284,
262,
13048,
13,
198,
7085,
661,
1975,
326,
1793,
561,
1239,
423,
3142,
262,
9678,
284,
307,
21885,
13653,
351,
393,
18176,
287,
2842,
679,
750,
407,
765,
13,
843,
11,
484,
447,
247,
260,
5543,
3376,
13,
1793,
468,
3142,
428,
284,
1011,
1295,
13,
1002,
356,
550,
1900,
777,
24279,
734,
12,
400,
29910,
812,
2084,
11,
356,
561,
423,
26987,
606,
284,
884,
281,
6287,
326,
11,
783,
11,
618,
356,
761,
606,
262,
749,
11,
356,
561,
407,
7564,
606,
329,
644,
484,
4988,
389,
13,
198,
464,
30044,
78,
12,
20298,
39782,
389,
257,
5654,
2190,
786,
319,
10112,
4523,
11887,
11,
543,
547,
3194,
287,
257,
10112,
42031,
3303,
326,
5862,
4629,
11,
287,
5664,
3703,
11,
262,
7141,
10451,
329,
262,
40375,
286,
18714,
45595,
1108,
3693,
452,
60,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,756 |
The first thing that comes in our mind when we see cartoon characters is that they are funny, nice and beautiful. In the last few years cartoon characters became very popular and you can see them almost everywhere. Today designers use all their skills, creativeness and of course Adobe Illustrator to make them look really awesome and attractive to us. So, if you’ve got an idea to create your own vector characters, first check our post with 14 new Adobe Illustrator Tutorials! These tutorials will be useful for beginners, intermediate and advance users of Adobe illustrator in creating vector characters and we hope it could help to expand your creativity and imagination.
Follow this step by step Illustrator tutorial to create a cute vector monster character. We’ll create the character from basic shapes to give a cute and friendly appearance then we’ll bring the character to life with gradient colours and a detailed fur effect.
Follow this step by step Adobe Illustrator tutorial to create a simple vector penguin character. We’ll be using many of Illustrator’s basic shapes to create the structure of the character, which makes this tutorial great for beginners. We’ll then make use of various gradients to really bring the character to life with depth and dimension.
Follow this step by step Illustrator tutorial to create a cute vector mushroom character with a Japanese kawaii influence. We’ll create the basic structure using Illustrator’s basic shapes, add variation in the linework to define the character then finish it all off with some vibrant colour fills.
Looking to learn the basics of Adobe Illustrator? In this tutorial we’ll use various tools and techniques to create a simple vector robot character. With this robot being made of lots of basic shapes it makes for a great tutorial for beginners to get to grips with the Illustrator application.
Follow this step by step Illustrator tutorial to create a grumpy Internet troll character. We’ll start the process with a basic pencil sketch then build up a complete vector character design with linework, colour fills and basic shading to create a funny cartoon mascot.
Learn how to create a stylized and simple character face in Adobe Illustrator with Ryan Quintal. It’s all the elipse and pen tool in this one, as we’re going to use solid colors, basic shapes, and use Illustrator’s “Width” tool to create some beautiful lines. Once you’re done, you’ll have a template that’s ready to go for a wide variety of faces for characters and animation.
Coloring a character sketch can sometimes take much longer than anyone expects. With a few layer tricks and Graphic Styles, I will show you how to create a character that is quick to ink, easy to edit and a breeze to re-color.
Make a unique character design of a European Goldfinch with paint splatters and textures. The techniques used will be Live Trace, Pathfinder, Transparency, Distort, Warp and Clipping Masks. We’ll give this character a unique look and fun personality.
Andrew is the chief editor of Splashnology blog. He has many years of experience within the web design industry and has a passion for the latest web technologies.
Subscribe to our email newsletter for useful tips and freebies. | [
464,
717,
1517,
326,
2058,
287,
674,
2000,
618,
356,
766,
16251,
3435,
318,
326,
484,
389,
8258,
11,
3621,
290,
4950,
13,
554,
262,
938,
1178,
812,
16251,
3435,
2627,
845,
2968,
290,
345,
460,
766,
606,
2048,
8347,
13,
6288,
15441,
779,
477,
511,
4678,
11,
1827,
6517,
290,
286,
1781,
21771,
23279,
12392,
284,
787,
606,
804,
1107,
7427,
290,
10966,
284,
514,
13,
1406,
11,
611,
345,
447,
247,
303,
1392,
281,
2126,
284,
2251,
534,
898,
15879,
3435,
11,
717,
2198,
674,
1281,
351,
1478,
649,
21771,
23279,
12392,
36361,
82,
0,
2312,
27992,
481,
307,
4465,
329,
31729,
11,
19898,
290,
5963,
2985,
286,
21771,
6406,
12392,
287,
4441,
15879,
3435,
290,
356,
2911,
340,
714,
1037,
284,
4292,
534,
16389,
290,
13843,
13,
198,
7155,
428,
2239,
416,
2239,
23279,
12392,
11808,
284,
2251,
257,
13779,
15879,
9234,
2095,
13,
775,
447,
247,
297,
2251,
262,
2095,
422,
4096,
15268,
284,
1577,
257,
13779,
290,
8030,
5585,
788,
356,
447,
247,
297,
2222,
262,
2095,
284,
1204,
351,
31312,
18915,
290,
257,
6496,
9230,
1245,
13,
198,
7155,
428,
2239,
416,
2239,
21771,
23279,
12392,
11808,
284,
2251,
257,
2829,
15879,
38373,
259,
2095,
13,
775,
447,
247,
297,
307,
1262,
867,
286,
23279,
12392,
447,
247,
82,
4096,
15268,
284,
2251,
262,
4645,
286,
262,
2095,
11,
543,
1838,
428,
11808,
1049,
329,
31729,
13,
775,
447,
247,
297,
788,
787,
779,
286,
2972,
3915,
2334,
284,
1107,
2222,
262,
2095,
284,
1204,
351,
6795,
290,
15793,
13,
198,
7155,
428,
2239,
416,
2239,
23279,
12392,
11808,
284,
2251,
257,
13779,
15879,
28520,
2095,
351,
257,
4960,
479,
707,
42648,
4588,
13,
775,
447,
247,
297,
2251,
262,
4096,
4645,
1262,
23279,
12392,
447,
247,
82,
4096,
15268,
11,
751,
12291,
287,
262,
9493,
6433,
284,
8160,
262,
2095,
788,
5461,
340,
477,
572,
351,
617,
21266,
9568,
23816,
13,
198,
15784,
284,
2193,
262,
19165,
286,
21771,
23279,
12392,
30,
554,
428,
11808,
356,
447,
247,
297,
779,
2972,
4899,
290,
7605,
284,
2251,
257,
2829,
15879,
9379,
2095,
13,
2080,
428,
9379,
852,
925,
286,
6041,
286,
4096,
15268,
340,
1838,
329,
257,
1049,
11808,
329,
31729,
284,
651,
284,
31323,
351,
262,
23279,
12392,
3586,
13,
198,
7155,
428,
2239,
416,
2239,
23279,
12392,
11808,
284,
2251,
257,
1036,
32152,
4455,
13278,
2095,
13,
775,
447,
247,
297,
923,
262,
1429,
351,
257,
4096,
21613,
17548,
788,
1382,
510,
257,
1844,
15879,
2095,
1486,
351,
9493,
6433,
11,
9568,
23816,
290,
4096,
49065,
284,
2251,
257,
8258,
16251,
37358,
13,
198,
20238,
703,
284,
2251,
257,
22152,
1143,
290,
2829,
2095,
1986,
287,
21771,
23279,
12392,
351,
6047,
33405,
282,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
477,
262,
1288,
541,
325,
290,
3112,
2891,
287,
428,
530,
11,
355,
356,
447,
247,
260,
1016,
284,
779,
4735,
7577,
11,
4096,
15268,
11,
290,
779,
23279,
12392,
447,
247,
82,
564,
250,
30916,
447,
251,
2891,
284,
2251,
617,
4950,
3951,
13,
4874,
345,
447,
247,
260,
1760,
11,
345,
447,
247,
297,
423,
257,
11055,
326,
447,
247,
82,
3492,
284,
467,
329,
257,
3094,
4996,
286,
6698,
329,
3435,
290,
11034,
13,
198,
5216,
3255,
257,
2095,
17548,
460,
3360,
1011,
881,
2392,
621,
2687,
13423,
13,
2080,
257,
1178,
7679,
15910,
290,
43029,
44963,
11,
314,
481,
905,
345,
703,
284,
2251,
257,
2095,
326,
318,
2068,
284,
16882,
11,
2562,
284,
4370,
290,
257,
28633,
284,
302,
12,
8043,
13,
198,
12050,
257,
3748,
2095,
1486,
286,
257,
3427,
3561,
69,
8589,
351,
7521,
4328,
34387,
290,
20028,
13,
383,
7605,
973,
481,
307,
7547,
34912,
11,
37025,
11,
49165,
11,
4307,
419,
11,
31382,
290,
1012,
4501,
337,
6791,
13,
775,
447,
247,
297,
1577,
428,
2095,
257,
3748,
804,
290,
1257,
8806,
13,
198,
20508,
318,
262,
4039,
5464,
286,
45275,
77,
1435,
4130,
13,
679,
468,
867,
812,
286,
1998,
1626,
262,
3992,
1486,
2831,
290,
468,
257,
7506,
329,
262,
3452,
3992,
8514,
13,
198,
27125,
284,
674,
3053,
13129,
329,
4465,
9040,
290,
1479,
29846,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 685 |
When complaints are leveled at most reenactors it's not as much how we dress as how we treat our faces. Facial hair is suppose to be good enough to make a reenactor look like a citizen of the old west. If you wear a hat or period looking bonnet (etc.) to cover your 21st century coiffure we can forgive the hair. Women who part their hair down the center (men part on the side) and keep it tight, make a complete picture of 19th century style. However, no matter how perfect your clothing, hair, head covering, or look, wearing large modern frames destroys that impression completely.
Historically most people didn't wear eyeglasses or spectacles. They were a sign of old age and weakness. Most people lived with their impaired vision unless they could afford spectacles. Then they usually bought a ready made pair from an eye glass salesman. In many cases people never knew they were not seeing clearly.
When looking for period specs here's a simple guide:
Oval lenses generally start just before 1800 and go into the 1920's. Rectangular or oblong lenses are before 1800 to 1890's with octagonal appearing by 1840 to 1890's as well. Round glasses where not worn in the "old West!" Round Lens shapes where from before 1760 up to 1820. These round lenses never came back until about 1910. (The "temples" make the biggest difference when dating, however!)
Bridges between these styles of lenses may differ as well. The most common style of Bridge for the Old West impression spectacles were the crank design (1800 to 1880) an upside-down "u" with straight arms connected to the lens frame. Although the "K" style and the "X" type, with two pieces of the metal crossing in a long "u" shape(1800 to 1900), touching at the center may have had about the same era, it hasn't shown up as much in the samples viewed. An earlier style is a common upside-down long "u" connecting the frames and is called an arch (pre 1750 up to 1860). Styles most commonly available post Civil War include the scroll (1870 to 1920), "W" (1895 to present) and coil spring style 1900 to present). Nose pads did not become common until after 1900 with an exception of the Spring pad that began about 1850.
Temples are the clue to the age of the spectacles in most cases. For our period, and the most common samples surviving is the short lived design of the loop to loop slider (1840 to 1880). Next were the pin & slot slider (1790 to after 1870). and the long straight temple design 1820 to 1880). Pre 1850 are the short and straight temples and the hinged at center style. From 1770 to 1900 there was the "turn pin" style. Any spectacles that have the wrap around the ear or riding bow style, date after 1890 to present!* The temples aren't complete unless they also have a "final" which is the end design.
Temple finals vary also! Two styles in the Old West; small open teardrops (1820 to 1890) and flat beavertails (1770 to 1900). The others are: large round open rings (before 1750 to 1800), small round open rings (1790 to 1830), large open teardrops with wider temples (1770 to 1830), medium open teardrops 1790 to 1850), and small droplets (1890 to present). see previous images.
The connecting hinges where the temple connects to the lens frames will be bulkier in early styles. Most spectacles made before 1870 were hand crafted and numbers may be found stamped on the edges near the hinge that give the salesman a clue to what eye problem the individual may have. Some lenses may even be etched with a number as well.
Colored glass was used and usually for special reasons. The "D" frame glasses with side lenses that swivel to the front are usually dark blue or black and were made for people riding the trains in the 19th century. Shooter's specs were amber colored and "frosted" with a clear center. Green also seems to be surfacing..
I know you spent hundreds of dollars for those modern eyeglasses and
you hate contact lenses, but consider that many of the above eyepieces
or their equivalents can be purchased at an antique store for $20 to
$45 each and your prescription added for another $65 or so. That's
still less than what you paid for your 20th century styles.
(Prices tend to vary depending on the person making them fit modern perscriptions)
This is not the last word on the subject, only a guide. I found much of my research after looking at many original spectacles owned by Jim Miller, William Dunniway and other friends as well as listening to their "expertise" and research from the books listed below.
In regard to wrap around temples on
spectacles, I refer you to U.S. Patent # 139,909 by G.W. Meigs of
Hartford,CT. He received a patent on wrap-around temples on June 17,
1873. He notes in the patent description that these temples were
previously made only in Europe by trained craftsmen who hand forged each
temple from spring steel and then hand-shaped the hinge connection with
files. Meigs method used spring steel wire with the hinge connection
(and ball on the other end) added separately. All single wire
wrap-around temples I have examined appear to have been made using this
method. I have all U. S. patent information on spectacles and eyeglasses
for 1873 and earlier, and wrap-around temples do not appear in any of
the other drawings. Nor do they appear in any trade catalogues prior to
this date. I have verified this information with Dr. William Rosenthal,
author and spectacle consultant to the Smithsonian and owner of the
world's largest collection of spectacles, and with Jeff Handley, curator
of the American Academy of Ophalmology Museum of Opthalmology in San
Francisco, home of the largest museum collection in this country.
Alan has been visiting museums in preparation for his book on spectacles (a brief mention of his project and an article about spectacles appeared in the March 1998 issue of Art and Antiques Magazine.) | [
2215,
9687,
389,
33297,
379,
749,
302,
268,
529,
669,
340,
338,
407,
355,
881,
703,
356,
6576,
355,
703,
356,
2190,
674,
6698,
13,
13585,
498,
4190,
318,
11691,
284,
307,
922,
1576,
284,
787,
257,
302,
268,
11218,
804,
588,
257,
9511,
286,
262,
1468,
7421,
13,
1002,
345,
5806,
257,
6877,
393,
2278,
2045,
5351,
3262,
357,
14784,
2014,
284,
3002,
534,
2310,
301,
4289,
763,
733,
495,
356,
460,
20927,
262,
4190,
13,
6926,
508,
636,
511,
4190,
866,
262,
3641,
357,
3653,
636,
319,
262,
1735,
8,
290,
1394,
340,
5381,
11,
787,
257,
1844,
4286,
286,
678,
400,
4289,
3918,
13,
2102,
11,
645,
2300,
703,
2818,
534,
9528,
11,
4190,
11,
1182,
9505,
11,
393,
804,
11,
5762,
1588,
3660,
13431,
27838,
326,
10647,
3190,
13,
198,
13749,
26847,
749,
661,
1422,
470,
5806,
1926,
1533,
28958,
393,
5444,
9928,
13,
1119,
547,
257,
1051,
286,
1468,
2479,
290,
10453,
13,
4042,
661,
5615,
351,
511,
22753,
5761,
4556,
484,
714,
5368,
5444,
9928,
13,
3244,
484,
3221,
5839,
257,
3492,
925,
5166,
422,
281,
4151,
5405,
42414,
13,
554,
867,
2663,
661,
1239,
2993,
484,
547,
407,
4379,
4084,
13,
198,
2215,
2045,
329,
2278,
25274,
994,
338,
257,
2829,
5698,
25,
198,
46,
2100,
18405,
4143,
923,
655,
878,
21431,
290,
467,
656,
262,
14062,
338,
13,
48599,
21413,
393,
909,
6511,
18405,
389,
878,
21431,
284,
31982,
338,
351,
19318,
27923,
12655,
416,
47784,
284,
31982,
338,
355,
880,
13,
10485,
15232,
810,
407,
12666,
287,
262,
366,
727,
2688,
2474,
10485,
30092,
15268,
810,
422,
878,
1596,
1899,
510,
284,
1248,
1238,
13,
2312,
2835,
18405,
1239,
1625,
736,
1566,
546,
31953,
13,
357,
464,
366,
11498,
2374,
1,
787,
262,
4094,
3580,
618,
10691,
11,
2158,
8133,
198,
33,
32124,
1022,
777,
12186,
286,
18405,
743,
13238,
355,
880,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
3918,
286,
10290,
329,
262,
5706,
2688,
10647,
5444,
9928,
547,
262,
30425,
1486,
357,
39188,
284,
34865,
8,
281,
17196,
12,
2902,
366,
84,
1,
351,
3892,
5101,
5884,
284,
262,
10317,
5739,
13,
4900,
262,
366,
42,
1,
3918,
290,
262,
366,
55,
1,
2099,
11,
351,
734,
5207,
286,
262,
6147,
12538,
287,
257,
890,
366,
84,
1,
5485,
7,
39188,
284,
21489,
828,
15241,
379,
262,
3641,
743,
423,
550,
546,
262,
976,
6980,
11,
340,
5818,
470,
3402,
510,
355,
881,
287,
262,
8405,
9569,
13,
1052,
2961,
3918,
318,
257,
2219,
17196,
12,
2902,
890,
366,
84,
1,
14320,
262,
13431,
290,
318,
1444,
281,
3934,
357,
3866,
1596,
1120,
510,
284,
37637,
737,
44963,
749,
8811,
1695,
1281,
7511,
1810,
2291,
262,
10743,
357,
1507,
2154,
284,
14062,
828,
366,
54,
1,
357,
1507,
3865,
284,
1944,
8,
290,
25661,
6076,
3918,
21489,
284,
1944,
737,
47880,
21226,
750,
407,
1716,
2219,
1566,
706,
21489,
351,
281,
6631,
286,
262,
8225,
14841,
326,
2540,
546,
35745,
13,
198,
12966,
2374,
389,
262,
18437,
284,
262,
2479,
286,
262,
5444,
9928,
287,
749,
2663,
13,
1114,
674,
2278,
11,
290,
262,
749,
2219,
8405,
16997,
318,
262,
1790,
5615,
1486,
286,
262,
9052,
284,
9052,
28982,
357,
1507,
1821,
284,
34865,
737,
7406,
547,
262,
6757,
1222,
10852,
28982,
357,
1558,
3829,
284,
706,
37667,
737,
290,
262,
890,
3892,
12505,
1486,
1248,
1238,
284,
34865,
737,
3771,
35745,
389,
262,
1790,
290,
3892,
27081,
290,
262,
289,
24431,
379,
3641,
3918,
13,
3574,
1596,
2154,
284,
21489,
612,
373,
262,
366,
15344,
6757,
1,
3918,
13,
4377,
5444,
9928,
326,
423,
262,
14441,
1088,
262,
1027,
393,
10311,
9563,
3918,
11,
3128,
706,
31982,
284,
1944,
0,
9,
383,
27081,
3588,
470,
1844,
4556,
484,
635,
423,
257,
366,
20311,
1,
543,
318,
262,
886,
1486,
13,
198,
12966,
1154,
18576,
7565,
635,
0,
4930,
12186,
287,
262,
5706,
2688,
26,
1402,
1280,
573,
446,
305,
862,
357,
1507,
1238,
284,
31982,
8,
290,
6228,
307,
64,
1851,
1768,
357,
1558,
2154,
284,
21489,
737,
383,
1854,
389,
25,
1588,
2835,
1280,
13917,
357,
19052,
1596,
1120,
284,
21431,
828,
1402,
2835,
1280,
13917,
357,
1558,
3829,
284,
45440,
828,
1588,
1280,
573,
446,
305,
862,
351,
10595,
27081,
357,
1558,
2154,
284,
45440,
828,
7090,
1280,
573,
446,
305,
862,
1596,
3829,
284,
35745,
828,
290,
1402,
3102,
46916,
357,
1507,
3829,
284,
1944,
737,
766,
2180,
4263,
13,
198,
464,
14320,
41442,
810,
262,
12505,
20417,
284,
262,
10317,
13431,
481,
307,
11963,
959,
287,
1903,
12186,
13,
4042,
5444,
9928,
925,
878,
37667,
547,
1021,
18025,
290,
3146,
743,
307,
1043,
28305,
319,
262,
13015,
1474,
262,
41968,
326,
1577,
262,
42414,
257,
18437,
284,
644,
4151,
1917,
262,
1981,
743,
423,
13,
2773,
18405,
743,
772,
307,
48755,
351,
257,
1271,
355,
880,
13,
198,
5216,
1850,
5405,
373,
973,
290,
3221,
329,
2041,
3840,
13,
383,
366,
35,
1,
5739,
15232,
351,
1735,
18405,
326,
1509,
425,
75,
284,
262,
2166,
389,
3221,
3223,
4171,
393,
2042,
290,
547,
925,
329,
661,
10311,
262,
13404,
287,
262,
678,
400,
4289,
13,
35334,
338,
25274,
547,
36505,
16396,
290,
366,
69,
23341,
276,
1,
351,
257,
1598,
3641,
13,
3469,
635,
2331,
284,
307,
9053,
4092,
492,
198,
40,
760,
345,
3377,
5179,
286,
5054,
329,
883,
3660,
1926,
1533,
28958,
290,
198,
5832,
5465,
2800,
18405,
11,
475,
2074,
326,
867,
286,
262,
2029,
1926,
538,
494,
728,
198,
273,
511,
40255,
460,
307,
8155,
379,
281,
38504,
3650,
329,
720,
1238,
284,
198,
3,
2231,
1123,
290,
534,
15077,
2087,
329,
1194,
720,
2996,
393,
523,
13,
1320,
338,
198,
24219,
1342,
621,
644,
345,
3432,
329,
534,
1160,
400,
4289,
12186,
13,
198,
7,
6836,
1063,
4327,
284,
7565,
6906,
319,
262,
1048,
1642,
606,
4197,
3660,
2774,
24370,
8,
198,
1212,
318,
407,
262,
938,
1573,
319,
262,
2426,
11,
691,
257,
5698,
13,
314,
1043,
881,
286,
616,
2267,
706,
2045,
379,
867,
2656,
5444,
9928,
6898,
416,
5395,
7920,
11,
3977,
5648,
8461,
1014,
290,
584,
2460,
355,
880,
355,
8680,
284,
511,
366,
1069,
11766,
786,
1,
290,
2267,
422,
262,
3835,
5610,
2174,
13,
198,
818,
2754,
284,
14441,
1088,
27081,
319,
198,
4443,
9928,
11,
314,
3522,
345,
284,
471,
13,
50,
13,
34830,
1303,
23666,
11,
44675,
416,
402,
13,
54,
13,
2185,
9235,
286,
198,
44719,
3841,
11,
4177,
13,
679,
2722,
257,
12701,
319,
14441,
12,
14145,
27081,
319,
2795,
1596,
11,
198,
1507,
4790,
13,
679,
4710,
287,
262,
12701,
6764,
326,
777,
27081,
547,
198,
3866,
8647,
925,
691,
287,
2031,
416,
8776,
28229,
3653,
508,
1021,
24918,
1123,
198,
11498,
1154,
422,
6076,
7771,
290,
788,
1021,
12,
16760,
262,
41968,
4637,
351,
198,
16624,
13,
2185,
9235,
2446,
973,
6076,
7771,
6503,
351,
262,
41968,
4637,
198,
7,
392,
2613,
319,
262,
584,
886,
8,
2087,
13869,
13,
1439,
2060,
6503,
198,
37150,
12,
14145,
27081,
314,
423,
11068,
1656,
284,
423,
587,
925,
1262,
428,
198,
24396,
13,
314,
423,
477,
471,
13,
311,
13,
12701,
1321,
319,
5444,
9928,
290,
1926,
1533,
28958,
198,
1640,
1248,
4790,
290,
2961,
11,
290,
14441,
12,
14145,
27081,
466,
407,
1656,
287,
597,
286,
198,
1169,
584,
23388,
13,
5414,
466,
484,
1656,
287,
597,
3292,
18388,
947,
3161,
284,
198,
5661,
3128,
13,
314,
423,
19000,
428,
1321,
351,
1583,
13,
3977,
49859,
11,
198,
9800,
290,
27519,
17028,
284,
262,
40131,
290,
4870,
286,
262,
198,
6894,
338,
4387,
4947,
286,
5444,
9928,
11,
290,
351,
5502,
7157,
1636,
11,
46132,
198,
1659,
262,
1605,
8581,
286,
440,
27451,
29126,
9594,
286,
8670,
11669,
29126,
287,
2986,
198,
42885,
4861,
11,
1363,
286,
262,
4387,
13257,
4947,
287,
428,
1499,
13,
198,
36235,
468,
587,
10013,
30794,
287,
11824,
329,
465,
1492,
319,
5444,
9928,
357,
64,
4506,
3068,
286,
465,
1628,
290,
281,
2708,
546,
5444,
9928,
4120,
287,
262,
2805,
7795,
2071,
286,
3683,
290,
3738,
6368,
11175,
2014,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,335 |
What is Compression? Compression is the reduction in size of data by converting it to a format that requires fewer bits. Most often compression is used to minimize storage space (on a hard drive, for example) or for reducing transmitted data over a network.
SALARY COMPRESSION It was the consensus of the Committee that specific recommendations for salary increases could only be made after fundamental issues were addressed: 1) What is salary compression?
Using a Compression Gauge These simple devices can tell you a great deal about the health of your engine. In fact, when used properly and interpreted correctly, a compression tester will reveal just about all you could want to know about your vehicle.
An Oracle White Paper . October 2011 . Advanced Compression with Oracle Database 11g
3 Why Compression? •Raw media file sizes tend to be large-Audio •sample-based, with relatively high sampling rates-Audio example: •172.266 KB/sec => 44, 100 Hz sampling rate, 16 bit samples, stereo-Motion video/still images •stores each image (e. g. , frame) in its color space (e. g ...
DCT-based Video Quality Evaluation---Final Project for EE392J Feng Xiao Winter 2000 Abstract Lossy compression methods make the widespread distribution of digital video possible at the cost of introduction of artifacts.
Contents iv Literature Number: BPRA065 List of Figures Figure 1: A copy machine that makes three reduced copies of the input image [Y]..... 2 Figure 2: The first three copies generated on the copying machine Figure 1.
Techniques for Managing Large Data Sets: Compression, Indexing and Summarization
Table Compression in Oracle . Database 10g Release 2 . An Oracle White Paper May 2005
AJR:189, November 2007 1175 AJR 2007; 189:1175-1178 0361-803X/07/1895-1175 © American Roentgen Ray Society Choy et al. MRI of Thoracolumbar Spine Musculoskeletal Imaging•Technical Innovation Axial Compression Frame for MRI of Thoracolumbar Spine Daniel S. J. Choy 1 Gian Paolo Tassi 2 Richard ... | [
2061,
318,
3082,
2234,
30,
3082,
2234,
318,
262,
7741,
287,
2546,
286,
1366,
416,
23202,
340,
284,
257,
5794,
326,
4433,
7380,
10340,
13,
4042,
1690,
19794,
318,
973,
284,
17775,
6143,
2272,
357,
261,
257,
1327,
3708,
11,
329,
1672,
8,
393,
329,
8868,
18307,
1366,
625,
257,
3127,
13,
198,
50,
1847,
13153,
9440,
32761,
2849,
632,
373,
262,
11529,
286,
262,
4606,
326,
2176,
10763,
329,
9588,
5732,
714,
691,
307,
925,
706,
7531,
2428,
547,
9469,
25,
352,
8,
1867,
318,
9588,
19794,
30,
198,
12814,
257,
3082,
2234,
35094,
469,
2312,
2829,
4410,
460,
1560,
345,
257,
1049,
1730,
546,
262,
1535,
286,
534,
3113,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
618,
973,
6105,
290,
16173,
9380,
11,
257,
19794,
256,
7834,
481,
7766,
655,
546,
477,
345,
714,
765,
284,
760,
546,
534,
4038,
13,
198,
2025,
18650,
2635,
14962,
764,
3267,
2813,
764,
13435,
3082,
2234,
351,
18650,
24047,
1367,
70,
198,
18,
4162,
3082,
2234,
30,
5595,
27369,
2056,
2393,
10620,
4327,
284,
307,
1588,
12,
21206,
5595,
39873,
12,
3106,
11,
351,
5365,
1029,
19232,
3965,
12,
21206,
1672,
25,
5595,
23628,
13,
25540,
14204,
14,
2363,
5218,
5846,
11,
1802,
26109,
19232,
2494,
11,
1467,
1643,
8405,
11,
24820,
12,
45740,
2008,
14,
24219,
4263,
5595,
43409,
1123,
2939,
357,
68,
13,
308,
13,
837,
5739,
8,
287,
663,
3124,
2272,
357,
68,
13,
308,
2644,
198,
35,
4177,
12,
3106,
7623,
14156,
34959,
6329,
19006,
4935,
329,
27254,
32321,
41,
18164,
28249,
10633,
4751,
27741,
22014,
88,
19794,
5050,
787,
262,
10095,
6082,
286,
4875,
2008,
1744,
379,
262,
1575,
286,
9793,
286,
20316,
13,
198,
15842,
21628,
33818,
7913,
25,
20997,
3861,
15,
2996,
7343,
286,
36574,
11291,
352,
25,
317,
4866,
4572,
326,
1838,
1115,
5322,
9088,
286,
262,
5128,
2939,
685,
56,
60,
12359,
362,
11291,
362,
25,
383,
717,
1115,
9088,
7560,
319,
262,
23345,
4572,
11291,
352,
13,
198,
25574,
6368,
329,
37108,
13601,
6060,
21394,
25,
3082,
2234,
11,
12901,
278,
290,
5060,
3876,
1634,
198,
10962,
3082,
2234,
287,
18650,
764,
24047,
838,
70,
13868,
362,
764,
1052,
18650,
2635,
14962,
1737,
5075,
198,
32,
44817,
25,
23362,
11,
3389,
4343,
1367,
2425,
25347,
49,
4343,
26,
27230,
25,
1157,
2425,
12,
1157,
3695,
657,
35195,
12,
43564,
55,
14,
2998,
14,
1507,
3865,
12,
1157,
2425,
10673,
1605,
5564,
298,
5235,
7760,
7023,
609,
726,
2123,
435,
13,
30278,
286,
13002,
330,
349,
2178,
283,
1338,
500,
2629,
3129,
418,
365,
47293,
48656,
3581,
45638,
27724,
12176,
498,
3082,
2234,
25184,
329,
30278,
286,
13002,
330,
349,
2178,
283,
1338,
500,
7806,
311,
13,
449,
13,
609,
726,
352,
30851,
11243,
14057,
309,
46527,
362,
6219,
2644,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 456 |
Topics - Topics - Cape Fear Museum
Cape Fear Museum
Cape Fear Museum
The Cape Fear Museum of History and Science is the oldest history museum in the state. Founded in 1898, its first collections included confederate relics and grew to collections of images and artifacts that shaped the history, science and cultures of Southeastern North Carolina.
The museum, which began with one room staffed by volunteers, is accredited by the American Association of Museums and has more than 50,000 objects. It was founded by a group of Wilmington women who wanted to preserve memories of the Civil War.
Collections include objects relating to cultures of the Lower Cape Fear region, which is defined as a 50-mile radius around Wilmington, including all of New Hanover, Brunswick and Pender counties and parts of Columbus, Bladen, Sampson, Duplin and Onslow counties.
Photographs to household items and industrial tools are housed in the museum, and special exhibits are both rotating and ongoing. The Michael Jordan Discovery Gallery is an ongoing exhibit that encourages youth to explore nature and the environment. A Maritime Pavilion, another ongoing exhibit, showcases watercraft people have used in the area.
Hours: Winter: Winter: Closed Monday. Open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday to Saturday and 1-5 p.m. Sunday. Summer (Memorial Day through Labor Day): Open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday to Saturday and 1-5 p.m. Sunday.
Admission: $7 for adults, $6 for seniors, college students and Military personnel, $4 for youth ages 3 to 17 and free for children under 3. The first Sunday of each month is free for New Hanover County residents, and admission is always free for Cape Fear Museum members.
Recent Articles About Cape Fear Museum
Published May 4, 2013
The museum wants to give free admission to all children younger than 5.
Published March 29, 2013
It's clear that the political philosophy is different in Raleigh. What's not clear is that this shift toward “smaller government” will benefit North Carolina.
Published March 25, 2013
It's nothing personal against the N.C. Biotechnology Center, said McCrory's budget director, Art Pope.
Published March 1, 2013
On Sunday, March 3, participating attractions (see list below) open to New Hanover County residents free of charge.
Published February 21, 2013
Cape Fear Museum Associates is hosting Vintage and Vine, an epicurean evening
Published February 15, 2013
The event will feature an array of hors d'oeuvres and desserts from chefs and students, as well as entertainment and auctions. | [
25902,
532,
34440,
532,
15725,
16132,
9594,
198,
34,
1758,
16132,
9594,
198,
34,
1758,
16132,
9594,
198,
464,
15725,
16132,
9594,
286,
7443,
290,
5800,
318,
262,
13325,
2106,
13257,
287,
262,
1181,
13,
4062,
276,
287,
46244,
11,
663,
717,
17268,
3017,
1013,
5702,
378,
40970,
290,
6348,
284,
17268,
286,
4263,
290,
20316,
326,
14292,
262,
2106,
11,
3783,
290,
13817,
286,
311,
27873,
2258,
5913,
13,
198,
464,
13257,
11,
543,
2540,
351,
530,
2119,
47331,
416,
11661,
11,
318,
37237,
416,
262,
1605,
5396,
286,
32887,
5700,
290,
468,
517,
621,
2026,
11,
830,
5563,
13,
632,
373,
9393,
416,
257,
1448,
286,
47251,
1466,
508,
2227,
284,
12201,
9846,
286,
262,
7511,
1810,
13,
198,
5216,
26448,
2291,
5563,
11270,
284,
13817,
286,
262,
16048,
15725,
16132,
3814,
11,
543,
318,
5447,
355,
257,
2026,
12,
18085,
16874,
1088,
47251,
11,
1390,
477,
286,
968,
9530,
2502,
11,
32211,
290,
350,
2194,
14683,
290,
3354,
286,
14939,
11,
1086,
40780,
11,
42168,
1559,
11,
10343,
46982,
290,
1550,
38246,
14683,
13,
198,
27248,
33492,
284,
6641,
3709,
290,
7593,
4899,
389,
23707,
287,
262,
13257,
11,
290,
2041,
27508,
389,
1111,
24012,
290,
7044,
13,
383,
3899,
8078,
23455,
12917,
318,
281,
7044,
15866,
326,
18656,
6205,
284,
7301,
3450,
290,
262,
2858,
13,
317,
45411,
42094,
11,
1194,
7044,
15866,
11,
45064,
1660,
3323,
661,
423,
973,
287,
262,
1989,
13,
198,
39792,
25,
10633,
25,
10633,
25,
30550,
3321,
13,
4946,
860,
257,
13,
76,
13,
284,
642,
279,
13,
76,
13,
3431,
284,
3909,
290,
352,
12,
20,
279,
13,
76,
13,
3502,
13,
10216,
357,
13579,
5132,
3596,
832,
7882,
3596,
2599,
4946,
860,
257,
13,
76,
13,
284,
642,
279,
13,
76,
13,
3321,
284,
3909,
290,
352,
12,
20,
279,
13,
76,
13,
3502,
13,
198,
2782,
3411,
25,
720,
22,
329,
6490,
11,
720,
21,
329,
23481,
11,
4152,
2444,
290,
12842,
8213,
11,
720,
19,
329,
6205,
9337,
513,
284,
1596,
290,
1479,
329,
1751,
739,
513,
13,
383,
717,
3502,
286,
1123,
1227,
318,
1479,
329,
968,
9530,
2502,
3418,
5085,
11,
290,
13938,
318,
1464,
1479,
329,
15725,
16132,
9594,
1866,
13,
198,
26446,
22698,
7994,
15725,
16132,
9594,
198,
24492,
1737,
604,
11,
2211,
198,
464,
13257,
3382,
284,
1577,
1479,
13938,
284,
477,
1751,
7099,
621,
642,
13,
198,
24492,
2805,
2808,
11,
2211,
198,
1026,
338,
1598,
326,
262,
1964,
8876,
318,
1180,
287,
34520,
13,
1867,
338,
407,
1598,
318,
326,
428,
6482,
3812,
564,
250,
17470,
263,
1230,
447,
251,
481,
4414,
2258,
5913,
13,
198,
24492,
2805,
1679,
11,
2211,
198,
1026,
338,
2147,
2614,
1028,
262,
399,
13,
34,
13,
8436,
31201,
3337,
11,
531,
5108,
81,
652,
338,
4466,
3437,
11,
3683,
13258,
13,
198,
24492,
2805,
352,
11,
2211,
198,
2202,
3502,
11,
2805,
513,
11,
11983,
29156,
357,
3826,
1351,
2174,
8,
1280,
284,
968,
9530,
2502,
3418,
5085,
1479,
286,
3877,
13,
198,
24492,
3945,
2310,
11,
2211,
198,
34,
1758,
16132,
9594,
29306,
318,
13662,
34057,
290,
28879,
11,
281,
12191,
495,
272,
6180,
198,
24492,
3945,
1315,
11,
2211,
198,
464,
1785,
481,
3895,
281,
7177,
286,
45334,
288,
6,
37600,
411,
290,
47950,
422,
36236,
290,
2444,
11,
355,
880,
355,
9739,
290,
48043,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 556 |
Skeletal: Bone and Cartilage
UCLA faculty studying stem cell and musculoskeletal disease seek to discover better ways to regenerate bone and cartilage. Our multidisciplinary team has expertise in reconstructive surgery, musculoskeletal, developmental, and stem cell biology, molecular pathology, material and clinical science, and bioengineering. Together, they identified a key growth factor (Nell1) that helps “jumpstart” the body’s own stem cells to repair lost or damaged bone and cartilage tissues. This discovery could have significant implications for treating trauma patients with significant musculoskeletal injuries and can also be used to treat or “reactivate” stem cells in aged populations with osteoporotic bone loss or cartilage loss from “wear and tear” and osteoarthritis.
Our faculty have successfully combined Nell1 with specially engineered scaffolds to activate stem cells in order to regenerate bone in long bone models like the arms and legs, the spine, and parts of the skull in non-human animals. Nell1 also dramatically promotes healing in joint cartilage models. Currently, work is being conducted to identify and develop ways to deliver Nell 1 to injured joints in a minimally invasive way.
Remarkably, Nell1 also significantly harnessed mesenchymal or connective tissue stem cells in bone marrow to form new bone in osteoporotic models. Since most clinical osteoporosis therapies work to prevent bone loss rather than build new bone like Nell1, the Broad Stem Cell Research Center is sponsoring work to develop the promising application of Nell1 to activate bone forming stem cells in osteoporosis patients.
In addition, using unique stem cell isolation protocols, the UCLA team was the first group to efficiently isolate significant numbers of perivascular or specialized blood vessel stem cells from routine cosmetic liposuction material. This finding opens the door for easily obtaining large numbers of purified stem cells for both immediate and future use. Our faculty discovered that combining Nell1 with perivascular stem cells increases stem cell survival and markedly enhances musculoskeletal tissue repair. This finding paves the way for efficiently isolating a patient’s own stem cells from liposuction and then reapplying those cells with Nell1 to maximally “jumpstart” the reparative process after injury. | [
50,
365,
47293,
25,
21717,
290,
13690,
50006,
198,
52,
16827,
12829,
11065,
10717,
2685,
290,
1928,
3129,
418,
365,
47293,
4369,
5380,
284,
7073,
1365,
2842,
284,
43519,
9970,
290,
6383,
50006,
13,
3954,
1963,
29207,
29386,
1074,
468,
13572,
287,
31081,
425,
8185,
11,
1928,
3129,
418,
365,
47293,
11,
23456,
11,
290,
10717,
2685,
17219,
11,
18955,
40572,
11,
2587,
290,
8668,
3783,
11,
290,
13401,
40321,
13,
17083,
11,
484,
5174,
257,
1994,
3349,
5766,
357,
45,
695,
16,
8,
326,
5419,
564,
250,
43327,
9688,
447,
251,
262,
1767,
447,
247,
82,
898,
10717,
4778,
284,
9185,
2626,
393,
9694,
9970,
290,
6383,
50006,
21379,
13,
770,
9412,
714,
423,
2383,
10939,
329,
13622,
14649,
3871,
351,
2383,
1928,
3129,
418,
365,
47293,
6821,
290,
460,
635,
307,
973,
284,
2190,
393,
564,
250,
260,
39022,
447,
251,
10717,
4778,
287,
9722,
9684,
351,
32674,
404,
273,
6210,
9970,
2994,
393,
6383,
50006,
2994,
422,
564,
250,
13927,
290,
11626,
447,
251,
290,
32674,
78,
11999,
27398,
13,
198,
5122,
12829,
423,
7675,
5929,
399,
695,
16,
351,
20905,
23371,
41498,
10119,
284,
15155,
10717,
4778,
287,
1502,
284,
43519,
9970,
287,
890,
9970,
4981,
588,
262,
5101,
290,
7405,
11,
262,
19656,
11,
290,
3354,
286,
262,
14511,
287,
1729,
12,
10734,
4695,
13,
399,
695,
16,
635,
12034,
21068,
11516,
287,
6466,
6383,
50006,
4981,
13,
16888,
11,
670,
318,
852,
5952,
284,
5911,
290,
1205,
2842,
284,
5203,
399,
695,
352,
284,
6686,
24039,
287,
257,
10356,
453,
27376,
835,
13,
198,
8413,
668,
1346,
11,
399,
695,
16,
635,
5566,
19356,
276,
18842,
24421,
4948,
282,
393,
2018,
425,
10712,
10717,
4778,
287,
9970,
44173,
284,
1296,
649,
9970,
287,
32674,
404,
273,
6210,
4981,
13,
4619,
749,
8668,
32674,
404,
273,
5958,
29596,
670,
284,
2948,
9970,
2994,
2138,
621,
1382,
649,
9970,
588,
399,
695,
16,
11,
262,
9765,
520,
368,
12440,
4992,
3337,
318,
42569,
670,
284,
1205,
262,
11781,
3586,
286,
399,
695,
16,
284,
15155,
9970,
14583,
10717,
4778,
287,
32674,
404,
273,
5958,
3871,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
1262,
3748,
10717,
2685,
15133,
19565,
11,
262,
21750,
1074,
373,
262,
717,
1448,
284,
18306,
28091,
2383,
3146,
286,
583,
452,
14767,
393,
16976,
2910,
8837,
10717,
4778,
422,
8027,
27284,
10645,
418,
8110,
2587,
13,
770,
4917,
9808,
262,
3420,
329,
3538,
16727,
1588,
3146,
286,
46075,
10717,
4778,
329,
1111,
7103,
290,
2003,
779,
13,
3954,
12829,
5071,
326,
19771,
399,
695,
16,
351,
583,
452,
14767,
10717,
4778,
5732,
10717,
2685,
9441,
290,
36841,
32479,
1928,
3129,
418,
365,
47293,
10712,
9185,
13,
770,
4917,
279,
3080,
262,
835,
329,
18306,
7010,
803,
257,
5827,
447,
247,
82,
898,
10717,
4778,
422,
10645,
418,
8110,
290,
788,
24578,
3157,
883,
4778,
351,
399,
695,
16,
284,
12991,
453,
564,
250,
43327,
9688,
447,
251,
262,
1128,
283,
876,
1429,
706,
5095,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 491 |
ETO Gitarama Project: Make a Difference (MAD)
Project ER : Education Rwanda
In the summers of 2004,2005 & 2006, a group of youth and adults traveled to Gatenga,Rwanda in Africa on a service project that involved working directly with several villages to primarily address three main issues:
- The training of teachers in the development of moral/educational programs for children, teaching them about unity and peace and how to work with children to apply these and other virtues in their daily lives.
- Working with village elders in the development of agricultural co-ops to assist in the production of food for purposes of more adequately feeding their families and also for providing a means for making a living.
- Teaching mothers and a few interested fathers about health and nutrition and how to provide inexpensive balanced meals for their families and steps to take to prevent disease.
In one village where the group was stationed there is an elementary school with over 800 students. Each small classroom is crowded to overflowing with at least 60 children.
This school is very poor and lacking everything thatwe, in this society consider essential and required as our basic right for the promotion of learning. For example, the school lacks enough desks so there is not enough room for all the children to sit down. Many have to stand up throughout their classes. We are in the process of raising funds for this school and the first priority request from the director of the school is for student desks.
Other financial needs include the building of latrines. Currently the school’s latrines are inadequate - only four latrines for the use of 863 students!
Other needs include pens for writing. Many students lack pens and must wait to borrow a friend’s pen after the friend has finished using it.
Books are another need.The school has no library books or room for housing them.
Many children come from poor families and do not eat all day. The director would like to be able to eventually establish a lunch program. Some help for this latter project might come from the UN World Food Program, but there would still be a need for salaries for cooks to prepare the meal.
As you can see there are many needs. We hope that you will be able to help improve the learning and living environments for these children. Our first project is buying desks. The school uses bench style desks where three children sit on each bench. The principal of the school tells us that they will need 105 more benches to replace those that are old and to add those that are lacking. Each bench costs about $40 Canadian to buy. Cost for all desks would be over $4,000! That is an ambitious goal but we are hopeful. For more information, please contact:
Step One Services Society (SOS) | [
2767,
46,
402,
7940,
1689,
4935,
25,
6889,
257,
43795,
357,
44,
2885,
8,
198,
16775,
13793,
1058,
7868,
38507,
198,
818,
262,
43285,
286,
5472,
11,
14315,
1222,
4793,
11,
257,
1448,
286,
6205,
290,
6490,
14113,
284,
29074,
1516,
64,
11,
49,
86,
5282,
287,
5478,
319,
257,
2139,
1628,
326,
2950,
1762,
3264,
351,
1811,
15425,
284,
7525,
2209,
1115,
1388,
2428,
25,
198,
12,
383,
3047,
286,
7799,
287,
262,
2478,
286,
6573,
14,
18123,
864,
4056,
329,
1751,
11,
7743,
606,
546,
14111,
290,
4167,
290,
703,
284,
670,
351,
1751,
284,
4174,
777,
290,
584,
27494,
287,
511,
4445,
3160,
13,
198,
12,
14594,
351,
7404,
27495,
287,
262,
2478,
286,
14240,
763,
12,
2840,
284,
3342,
287,
262,
3227,
286,
2057,
329,
4959,
286,
517,
22668,
13017,
511,
4172,
290,
635,
329,
4955,
257,
1724,
329,
1642,
257,
2877,
13,
198,
12,
38094,
12289,
290,
257,
1178,
4609,
17150,
546,
1535,
290,
16633,
290,
703,
284,
2148,
24475,
12974,
13840,
329,
511,
4172,
290,
4831,
284,
1011,
284,
2948,
4369,
13,
198,
818,
530,
7404,
810,
262,
1448,
373,
25967,
612,
318,
281,
19823,
1524,
351,
625,
10460,
2444,
13,
5501,
1402,
15806,
318,
18012,
284,
43347,
351,
379,
1551,
3126,
1751,
13,
198,
1212,
1524,
318,
845,
3595,
290,
14394,
2279,
326,
732,
11,
287,
428,
3592,
2074,
6393,
290,
2672,
355,
674,
4096,
826,
329,
262,
12148,
286,
4673,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
262,
1524,
16523,
1576,
44301,
523,
612,
318,
407,
1576,
2119,
329,
477,
262,
1751,
284,
1650,
866,
13,
4650,
423,
284,
1302,
510,
3690,
511,
6097,
13,
775,
389,
287,
262,
1429,
286,
8620,
5153,
329,
428,
1524,
290,
262,
717,
8475,
2581,
422,
262,
3437,
286,
262,
1524,
318,
329,
3710,
44301,
13,
198,
6395,
3176,
2476,
2291,
262,
2615,
286,
3042,
81,
1127,
13,
16888,
262,
1524,
447,
247,
82,
3042,
81,
1127,
389,
20577,
532,
691,
1440,
3042,
81,
1127,
329,
262,
779,
286,
807,
5066,
2444,
0,
198,
6395,
2476,
2291,
29707,
329,
3597,
13,
4650,
2444,
3092,
29707,
290,
1276,
4043,
284,
8804,
257,
1545,
447,
247,
82,
3112,
706,
262,
1545,
468,
5201,
1262,
340,
13,
198,
30650,
389,
1194,
761,
13,
464,
1524,
468,
645,
5888,
3835,
393,
2119,
329,
5627,
606,
13,
198,
7085,
1751,
1282,
422,
3595,
4172,
290,
466,
407,
4483,
477,
1110,
13,
383,
3437,
561,
588,
284,
307,
1498,
284,
4191,
4474,
257,
9965,
1430,
13,
2773,
1037,
329,
428,
6846,
1628,
1244,
1282,
422,
262,
4725,
2159,
7318,
6118,
11,
475,
612,
561,
991,
307,
257,
761,
329,
17058,
329,
38383,
284,
8335,
262,
9799,
13,
198,
1722,
345,
460,
766,
612,
389,
867,
2476,
13,
775,
2911,
326,
345,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
1037,
2987,
262,
4673,
290,
2877,
12493,
329,
777,
1751,
13,
3954,
717,
1628,
318,
7067,
44301,
13,
383,
1524,
3544,
7624,
3918,
44301,
810,
1115,
1751,
1650,
319,
1123,
7624,
13,
383,
10033,
286,
262,
1524,
4952,
514,
326,
484,
481,
761,
13343,
517,
43183,
284,
6330,
883,
326,
389,
1468,
290,
284,
751,
883,
326,
389,
14394,
13,
5501,
7624,
3484,
546,
720,
1821,
5398,
284,
2822,
13,
6446,
329,
477,
44301,
561,
307,
625,
720,
19,
11,
830,
0,
1320,
318,
281,
14742,
3061,
475,
356,
389,
17836,
13,
1114,
517,
1321,
11,
3387,
2800,
25,
198,
8600,
1881,
6168,
7023,
357,
50,
2640,
8,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 569 |
learn about and because it can probably fit 5 pages. My
bibliography is on the ending of the report, my teacher helped me
with it because I didn't
know how to do it. Cancer is the name for
tumors that are malignant. Malignant tumors do not respond to
body mechanisms that limit growing. Malignant tumors show a not
normal cell structure the same functional specialized cells. Also
cancer cells growing in laboratory tissue culture do not stop
growing when they touch each other on a glass or other solid
surface but grow in masses several layers deep they are said to lack
Loss of contact inhibition accounts for two other
characteristics of cancer cells invasiveness of surrounding tissues
and metastasis spreading via the lymph system or blood to other
tissues and organs. Cells are typically controlled by growth factors
competence factors that stimulate cells to enter the beginning phase
of cell replication and progression factors that insure completion of
the replication cycle. The unrestricted growth rates of cells are due
to the activation and lack of inhibition of oncogenes. They are
cancer causing genes.
Cancer tissue that grows without limits competes with normal
tissue for nutrients kills the normal cells by nutritional deprivation.
Cancerous tissue also causes secondary effects with the symptoms
of a malignant growth caused by the pressure of the growing tumor
against surrounding tissue or the metastasis of cancer cells and
their invasion of other organs. Cancers are graded as to degree of
malignancy on a scale of one through four the distinction between
even benign and malignant neoplasms is obscure. All organs and
tissues are susceptible to cancer.
A lot of human cancers may be caused or at least triggered by
various chemical agents. Alkylating agents are thought to have a... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(1999, 10). Cancer. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 10, 1999, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Cancer-19933.html
"Cancer" StudyMode.com. 10 1999. 10 1999 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/Cancer-19933.html>.
"Cancer." StudyMode.com. 10, 1999. Accessed 10, 1999. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Cancer-19933.html. | [
35720,
546,
290,
780,
340,
460,
2192,
4197,
642,
5468,
13,
2011,
198,
65,
45689,
318,
319,
262,
7464,
286,
262,
989,
11,
616,
4701,
4193,
502,
198,
4480,
340,
780,
314,
1422,
470,
198,
16275,
703,
284,
466,
340,
13,
15523,
318,
262,
1438,
329,
198,
83,
388,
669,
326,
389,
6428,
25114,
13,
4434,
25114,
31155,
466,
407,
3031,
284,
198,
2618,
11701,
326,
4179,
3957,
13,
4434,
25114,
31155,
905,
257,
407,
198,
11265,
2685,
4645,
262,
976,
10345,
16976,
4778,
13,
4418,
198,
48870,
4778,
3957,
287,
14010,
10712,
3968,
466,
407,
2245,
198,
25167,
618,
484,
3638,
1123,
584,
319,
257,
5405,
393,
584,
4735,
198,
42029,
475,
1663,
287,
14568,
1811,
11685,
2769,
484,
389,
531,
284,
3092,
198,
43,
793,
286,
2800,
30725,
5504,
329,
734,
584,
198,
22769,
3969,
286,
4890,
4778,
800,
292,
6517,
286,
7346,
21379,
198,
392,
44678,
17765,
14342,
2884,
262,
28837,
1080,
393,
2910,
284,
584,
198,
83,
37165,
290,
16613,
13,
39794,
389,
6032,
6856,
416,
3349,
5087,
198,
5589,
316,
594,
5087,
326,
26020,
4778,
284,
3802,
262,
3726,
7108,
198,
1659,
2685,
30330,
290,
17085,
5087,
326,
38976,
11939,
286,
198,
1169,
30330,
6772,
13,
383,
36263,
3349,
3965,
286,
4778,
389,
2233,
198,
1462,
262,
14916,
290,
3092,
286,
30725,
286,
319,
66,
6644,
274,
13,
1119,
389,
198,
48870,
6666,
10812,
13,
198,
34,
8250,
10712,
326,
13676,
1231,
7095,
2307,
274,
351,
3487,
198,
83,
21949,
329,
20901,
12847,
262,
3487,
4778,
416,
24000,
28922,
13,
198,
34,
8250,
516,
10712,
635,
5640,
9233,
3048,
351,
262,
7460,
198,
1659,
257,
6428,
25114,
3349,
4073,
416,
262,
3833,
286,
262,
3957,
22359,
198,
32826,
7346,
10712,
393,
262,
44678,
17765,
286,
4890,
4778,
290,
198,
24571,
11796,
286,
584,
16613,
13,
327,
20811,
389,
44545,
355,
284,
4922,
286,
198,
7617,
570,
3883,
319,
257,
5046,
286,
530,
832,
1440,
262,
12941,
1022,
198,
10197,
32293,
290,
6428,
25114,
497,
20106,
34432,
318,
18611,
13,
1439,
16613,
290,
198,
83,
37165,
389,
22084,
284,
4890,
13,
198,
32,
1256,
286,
1692,
25217,
743,
307,
4073,
393,
379,
1551,
13973,
416,
198,
7785,
699,
5931,
6554,
13,
978,
2584,
75,
803,
6554,
389,
1807,
284,
423,
257,
986,
685,
18487,
947,
60,
198,
34,
578,
770,
11985,
323,
198,
7,
18946,
11,
838,
737,
15523,
13,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
43024,
838,
11,
7358,
11,
422,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
34,
8250,
12,
19104,
2091,
13,
6494,
198,
1,
34,
8250,
1,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
838,
7358,
13,
838,
7358,
1279,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
34,
8250,
12,
19104,
2091,
13,
6494,
28401,
198,
1,
34,
8250,
526,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
838,
11,
7358,
13,
48547,
838,
11,
7358,
13,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
34,
8250,
12,
19104,
2091,
13,
6494,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 503 |
The value chain analysis describes the activities the organization performs and links them to the organization’s competitive position. Value chain analysis describes the activities within and around an organization, and relates them on analysis of the competitive strength of the organization. Therefore, it evaluates which value each particular activity adds to the organization’s products or services (Recklies 2001). Value chain analysis can be used to describe the activities within and around the organization, and relate them to the competitive strength of the firm (its ability to provide value for money products and services). Thus, the approach rests upon the need to identify separate organizational activities and assess their value added. The importance of organized activities and systems becomes clear. The various resources (people, machinery, information, etc.) must be deployed into activities, routines and systems that produce the necessary value. The ability to perform particular activities and manage the linkages between activities is the key source of competitive advantage (Lowson 2002). Activities that add value are divided into two categories. These are primary and support.
Primary activities are primarily concerned with the creation or delivery of a product or service. They can be grouped into five main areas:
Inbound logistics (receiving, storing and distributing the inputs to an organization)
Operations (transforming inputs into outputs)
Outbound logistics (storing and distribution and delivery of product and service combinations)
Marketing and sales (means by which consumers are made aware of an can purchase products and services)
Service (activities that enhance the value of a product or service)
Each primary activity is linked to support activities, which help to improve their effectiveness or efficiency.
Procurement (the... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2010, 08). Value Chain Analysis. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 08, 2010, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Value-Chain-Analysis-382277.html
"Value Chain Analysis" StudyMode.com. 08 2010. 08 2010 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/Value-Chain-Analysis-382277.html>.
"Value Chain Analysis." StudyMode.com. 08, 2010. Accessed 08, 2010. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Value-Chain-Analysis-382277.html. | [
464,
1988,
6333,
3781,
8477,
262,
4568,
262,
4009,
17706,
290,
6117,
606,
284,
262,
4009,
447,
247,
82,
7606,
2292,
13,
11052,
6333,
3781,
8477,
262,
4568,
1626,
290,
1088,
281,
4009,
11,
290,
18436,
606,
319,
3781,
286,
262,
7606,
4202,
286,
262,
4009,
13,
8447,
11,
340,
47850,
543,
1988,
1123,
1948,
3842,
6673,
284,
262,
4009,
447,
247,
82,
3186,
393,
2594,
357,
3041,
694,
13508,
5878,
737,
11052,
6333,
3781,
460,
307,
973,
284,
6901,
262,
4568,
1626,
290,
1088,
262,
4009,
11,
290,
15124,
606,
284,
262,
7606,
4202,
286,
262,
4081,
357,
896,
2694,
284,
2148,
1988,
329,
1637,
3186,
290,
2594,
737,
6660,
11,
262,
3164,
24013,
2402,
262,
761,
284,
5911,
4553,
26564,
4568,
290,
4659,
511,
1988,
2087,
13,
383,
6817,
286,
8389,
4568,
290,
3341,
4329,
1598,
13,
383,
2972,
4133,
357,
15332,
11,
20230,
11,
1321,
11,
3503,
2014,
1276,
307,
12380,
656,
4568,
11,
31878,
290,
3341,
326,
4439,
262,
3306,
1988,
13,
383,
2694,
284,
1620,
1948,
4568,
290,
6687,
262,
2792,
1095,
1022,
4568,
318,
262,
1994,
2723,
286,
7606,
4621,
357,
20535,
1559,
6244,
737,
36270,
326,
751,
1988,
389,
9086,
656,
734,
9376,
13,
2312,
389,
4165,
290,
1104,
13,
198,
35170,
4568,
389,
7525,
5213,
351,
262,
6282,
393,
7585,
286,
257,
1720,
393,
2139,
13,
1119,
460,
307,
32824,
656,
1936,
1388,
3006,
25,
198,
818,
7784,
26355,
357,
260,
344,
1412,
11,
23069,
290,
25950,
262,
17311,
284,
281,
4009,
8,
198,
18843,
602,
357,
7645,
15464,
17311,
656,
23862,
8,
198,
7975,
7784,
26355,
357,
301,
3255,
290,
6082,
290,
7585,
286,
1720,
290,
2139,
17790,
8,
198,
9704,
13629,
290,
4200,
357,
1326,
504,
416,
543,
7008,
389,
925,
3910,
286,
281,
460,
5001,
3186,
290,
2594,
8,
198,
16177,
357,
15791,
871,
326,
9494,
262,
1988,
286,
257,
1720,
393,
2139,
8,
198,
10871,
4165,
3842,
318,
6692,
284,
1104,
4568,
11,
543,
1037,
284,
2987,
511,
13530,
393,
9332,
13,
198,
2964,
66,
495,
434,
357,
1169,
986,
685,
18487,
947,
60,
198,
34,
578,
770,
11985,
323,
198,
7,
10333,
11,
8487,
737,
11052,
21853,
14691,
13,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
43024,
8487,
11,
3050,
11,
422,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
11395,
12,
35491,
12,
32750,
12,
2548,
1828,
3324,
13,
6494,
198,
1,
11395,
21853,
14691,
1,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
8487,
3050,
13,
8487,
3050,
1279,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
11395,
12,
35491,
12,
32750,
12,
2548,
1828,
3324,
13,
6494,
28401,
198,
1,
11395,
21853,
14691,
526,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
8487,
11,
3050,
13,
48547,
8487,
11,
3050,
13,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
11395,
12,
35491,
12,
32750,
12,
2548,
1828,
3324,
13,
6494,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 485 |
Obesity means having too much body fat. It is not the same as being overweight, which means weighing too much. A person may be overweight from extra muscle, bone, or water, as well as from having too much fat.
Both terms mean that a person's weight is higher than what is thought to be healthy for his or her height.
Morbid obesity; Fat - obese
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
Taking in more calories than you burn can lead to obesity because the body stores unused calories as fat. Obesity can be caused by:
- Eating more food than your body can use
- Drinking too much alcohol
- Not getting enough exercise
Many obese people who lose large amounts of weight and gain it back think it is their fault. They blame themselves for not having the willpower to keep the weight off. Many people regain more weight than they lost.
Today, we know that biology is a big reason why some people cannot keep the weight off. Some people who live in the same place and eat the same foods become obese, while others do not. Our bodies have a complex system to help keep our weight at a healthy level. In some people, this system does not work normally.
The way we eat when we are children can affect the way we eat as adults. The way we eat over many years becomes a habit, affecting what we eat, when we eat, and how much we eat.
We are surrounded by things that make it easy to overeat and hard to stay active.
- Many people do not have time to plan and make healthy meals.
- More people today work desk jobs compared to more active jobs in the past.
- People with less free time have less time to exercise.
The term "eating disorder" means a group of medical conditions that have an unhealthy focus on eating, dieting, losing or gaining weight, and body image. A person may be obese, follow an unhealthy diet, and have an eating disorder all at the same time.
Sometimes, medical problems or treatments cause weight gain, including:
- Underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism )
- Medicines such as birth control pills, antidepressants, and antipsychotics
Other things that can cause weight gain are:
- Quitting smoking. Most people who quit smoking gain 4 - 10 pounds in the first 6 months after quitting. Some people gain as much as 25 - 30 pounds.
- Stress, anxiety, feeling sad, or not sleeping well
- For women:
- Menopause -- women may gain 12-15 pounds during menopause
- Not losing the weight they gained during pregnancy
Signs and tests:
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history, eating habits, and exercise routine.
The two most common ways to assess your weight and measure health risks related to your weight are:
Body mass index (BMI)
- Waist circumference (your waist measurement in inches)
BMI is calculated using height and weight. You and your health care provider can use your BMI to estimate how much body fat you have.
Your waist measurement is another way to estimate how much body fat you have. Extra weight around your middle or stomach area increases your risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. People with "apple-shaped" bodies (meaning their waist is bigger than their hips) also have an increased risk for these diseases.
Skin fold measurements may be taken to check your body fat percentage.
Blood tests may be done to look for thyroid or hormone problems that could lead to weight gain. However, these tests are usually normal.
CHANGING YOUR LIFESTYLE
An active lifestyle and plenty of exercise, along with healthy eating, is the safest way to lose weight. Even modest weight loss can improve your health. You will need a lot of support from family and friends.
When dieting, your main goal should be to learn new, healthy ways of eating and make them a part of your daily routine.
Many people find it hard to change their eating habits and behaviors. You may have practiced some habits for so long that you may not even know they are unhealthy, or you do them without thinking. You need to be motivated to make lifestyle changes. Make the behavior change part of your life over the long term. Know that it takes time to make and keep a change in your lifestyle.
Work with your health care provider and dietitian to set realistic, safe daily calorie counts that help you lose weight while staying healthy. Remember that if you drop pounds slowly and steadily, you are more likely to keep them off. Your dietitian can teach you about:
- Healthy food choices
- Healthy snacks
- How to read nutrition labels
- New ways to prepare food
- Portion sizes
- Sweetened drinks
Extreme diets (fewer than 1,100 calories per day) are not thought to be safe or to work very well. These types of diets often do not contain enough vitamins and minerals. Most people who lose weight this way return to overeating and become obese again.
Learn new ways to manage stress, rather than snacking. Examples may be meditation, yoga, or exercise. If you are depressed or stressed a lot, talk to your health care provider.
MEDICATIONS AND HERBAL REMEDIES
You may see ads for supplements and herbal remedies that claim they will help you lose weight. Many of these claims are not true. Some of these supplements can have serious side effects. Talk to your health care provider before using them.
You can discuss weight loss drugs with your doctor. Most people lose between 5 and 10 pounds by taking these drugs. Most people also regain the weight when they stop taking the medicine, unless they have made lasting lifestyle changes.
Bariatric surgery can reduce the risk of disease in people with severe obesity. These risks include:
- Heart disease
- High blood pressure
- Some cancers
Surgery may help people who have been very obese for 5 years or more and have not lost weight from other treatments, such as diet, exercise, or medicine.
Surgery alone is not the answer for weight loss. It can train you to eat less, but you still have to do much of the work. You must be committed to diet and exercise after surgery. Talk to your doctor to learn if this is a good option for you.
Weight-loss surgeries include:
Many people find it easier to follow a diet and exercise program if they join a group of people with similar problems.
Obesity is a major health threat. The extra weight puts added stress on every part of your body and creates many risks to your health .
Dale KS, McAuley KA, Taylor RW, Williams SM, Farmer VL, Hansen P, et al. Determining optimal approaches for weight maintenance: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2009;180:E39-E46.
Jensen MD. Obesity. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 227.
Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patietns with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012:Epub March 26.
Seagle HM, Strain GW, Makris A, Reeves RS; American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:330-346.
United States Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Accessed April 21, 2012.
Wadden TA, Volger S, Sarwer DB, et al. A two year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1969-1979
|Review Date: 5/12/2012|
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-
A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | [
5944,
11924,
1724,
1719,
1165,
881,
1767,
3735,
13,
632,
318,
407,
262,
976,
355,
852,
22652,
11,
543,
1724,
21990,
1165,
881,
13,
317,
1048,
743,
307,
22652,
422,
3131,
8280,
11,
9970,
11,
393,
1660,
11,
355,
880,
355,
422,
1719,
1165,
881,
3735,
13,
198,
10265,
2846,
1612,
326,
257,
1048,
338,
3463,
318,
2440,
621,
644,
318,
1807,
284,
307,
5448,
329,
465,
393,
607,
6001,
13,
198,
20044,
14065,
13825,
26,
12301,
532,
20779,
198,
24334,
2664,
11,
18349,
11,
290,
2526,
5087,
25,
198,
26556,
287,
517,
14653,
621,
345,
4245,
460,
1085,
284,
13825,
780,
262,
1767,
7000,
21958,
14653,
355,
3735,
13,
41936,
460,
307,
4073,
416,
25,
198,
12,
37537,
517,
2057,
621,
534,
1767,
460,
779,
198,
12,
43963,
1165,
881,
5548,
198,
12,
1892,
1972,
1576,
5517,
198,
7085,
20779,
661,
508,
4425,
1588,
6867,
286,
3463,
290,
4461,
340,
736,
892,
340,
318,
511,
8046,
13,
1119,
8138,
2405,
329,
407,
1719,
262,
50094,
284,
1394,
262,
3463,
572,
13,
4650,
661,
21509,
517,
3463,
621,
484,
2626,
13,
198,
8888,
11,
356,
760,
326,
17219,
318,
257,
1263,
1738,
1521,
617,
661,
2314,
1394,
262,
3463,
572,
13,
2773,
661,
508,
2107,
287,
262,
976,
1295,
290,
4483,
262,
976,
9013,
1716,
20779,
11,
981,
1854,
466,
407,
13,
3954,
5920,
423,
257,
3716,
1080,
284,
1037,
1394,
674,
3463,
379,
257,
5448,
1241,
13,
554,
617,
661,
11,
428,
1080,
857,
407,
670,
7685,
13,
198,
464,
835,
356,
4483,
618,
356,
389,
1751,
460,
2689,
262,
835,
356,
4483,
355,
6490,
13,
383,
835,
356,
4483,
625,
867,
812,
4329,
257,
7947,
11,
13891,
644,
356,
4483,
11,
618,
356,
4483,
11,
290,
703,
881,
356,
4483,
13,
198,
1135,
389,
11191,
416,
1243,
326,
787,
340,
2562,
284,
31471,
630,
290,
1327,
284,
2652,
4075,
13,
198,
12,
4650,
661,
466,
407,
423,
640,
284,
1410,
290,
787,
5448,
13840,
13,
198,
12,
3125,
661,
1909,
670,
6915,
3946,
3688,
284,
517,
4075,
3946,
287,
262,
1613,
13,
198,
12,
4380,
351,
1342,
1479,
640,
423,
1342,
640,
284,
5517,
13,
198,
464,
3381,
366,
30041,
8967,
1,
1724,
257,
1448,
286,
3315,
3403,
326,
423,
281,
27942,
2962,
319,
6600,
11,
5496,
278,
11,
6078,
393,
13977,
3463,
11,
290,
1767,
2939,
13,
317,
1048,
743,
307,
20779,
11,
1061,
281,
27942,
5496,
11,
290,
423,
281,
6600,
8967,
477,
379,
262,
976,
640,
13,
198,
15468,
11,
3315,
2761,
393,
13820,
2728,
3463,
4461,
11,
1390,
25,
198,
12,
4698,
5275,
30523,
37917,
357,
36362,
14863,
3882,
1042,
1267,
198,
12,
5786,
1127,
884,
355,
4082,
1630,
19521,
11,
41587,
11,
290,
32867,
2924,
23891,
198,
6395,
1243,
326,
460,
2728,
3463,
4461,
389,
25,
198,
12,
2264,
2535,
9216,
13,
4042,
661,
508,
11238,
9216,
4461,
604,
532,
838,
8059,
287,
262,
717,
718,
1933,
706,
34161,
13,
2773,
661,
4461,
355,
881,
355,
1679,
532,
1542,
8059,
13,
198,
12,
36957,
11,
9751,
11,
4203,
6507,
11,
393,
407,
11029,
880,
198,
12,
1114,
1466,
25,
198,
12,
6065,
404,
682,
1377,
1466,
743,
4461,
1105,
12,
1314,
8059,
1141,
1450,
404,
682,
198,
12,
1892,
6078,
262,
3463,
484,
8618,
1141,
10241,
198,
11712,
82,
290,
5254,
25,
198,
464,
1535,
1337,
10131,
481,
1620,
257,
3518,
2814,
290,
1265,
2683,
546,
534,
3315,
2106,
11,
6600,
13870,
11,
290,
5517,
8027,
13,
198,
464,
734,
749,
2219,
2842,
284,
4659,
534,
3463,
290,
3953,
1535,
7476,
3519,
284,
534,
3463,
389,
25,
198,
25842,
2347,
6376,
357,
33,
8895,
8,
198,
12,
15329,
396,
38447,
357,
14108,
16139,
15558,
287,
8331,
8,
198,
33,
8895,
318,
10488,
1262,
6001,
290,
3463,
13,
921,
290,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
460,
779,
534,
22456,
284,
8636,
703,
881,
1767,
3735,
345,
423,
13,
198,
7120,
16139,
15558,
318,
1194,
835,
284,
8636,
703,
881,
1767,
3735,
345,
423,
13,
17221,
3463,
1088,
534,
3504,
393,
11384,
1989,
5732,
534,
2526,
329,
2099,
362,
12593,
11,
2612,
4369,
11,
290,
14000,
13,
4380,
351,
366,
18040,
12,
16760,
1,
5920,
357,
24815,
511,
16139,
318,
5749,
621,
511,
21497,
8,
635,
423,
281,
3220,
2526,
329,
777,
10040,
13,
198,
42455,
5591,
13871,
743,
307,
2077,
284,
2198,
534,
1767,
3735,
5873,
13,
198,
21659,
5254,
743,
307,
1760,
284,
804,
329,
30523,
393,
17770,
2761,
326,
714,
1085,
284,
3463,
4461,
13,
2102,
11,
777,
5254,
389,
3221,
3487,
13,
198,
3398,
15567,
2751,
16592,
406,
5064,
6465,
56,
2538,
198,
2025,
4075,
12263,
290,
6088,
286,
5517,
11,
1863,
351,
5448,
6600,
11,
318,
262,
33630,
835,
284,
4425,
3463,
13,
3412,
12949,
3463,
2994,
460,
2987,
534,
1535,
13,
921,
481,
761,
257,
1256,
286,
1104,
422,
1641,
290,
2460,
13,
198,
2215,
5496,
278,
11,
534,
1388,
3061,
815,
307,
284,
2193,
649,
11,
5448,
2842,
286,
6600,
290,
787,
606,
257,
636,
286,
534,
4445,
8027,
13,
198,
7085,
661,
1064,
340,
1327,
284,
1487,
511,
6600,
13870,
290,
14301,
13,
921,
743,
423,
19893,
617,
13870,
329,
523,
890,
326,
345,
743,
407,
772,
760,
484,
389,
27942,
11,
393,
345,
466,
606,
1231,
3612,
13,
921,
761,
284,
307,
13338,
284,
787,
12263,
2458,
13,
6889,
262,
4069,
1487,
636,
286,
534,
1204,
625,
262,
890,
3381,
13,
9365,
326,
340,
2753,
640,
284,
787,
290,
1394,
257,
1487,
287,
534,
12263,
13,
198,
12468,
351,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
290,
5496,
270,
666,
284,
900,
12653,
11,
3338,
4445,
28740,
9853,
326,
1037,
345,
4425,
3463,
981,
10589,
5448,
13,
11436,
326,
611,
345,
4268,
8059,
6364,
290,
18434,
11,
345,
389,
517,
1884,
284,
1394,
606,
572,
13,
3406,
5496,
270,
666,
460,
4545,
345,
546,
25,
198,
12,
30840,
2057,
7747,
198,
12,
30840,
28487,
198,
12,
1374,
284,
1100,
16633,
14722,
198,
12,
968,
2842,
284,
8335,
2057,
198,
12,
4347,
295,
10620,
198,
12,
15335,
2945,
11758,
198,
36716,
18977,
357,
32146,
263,
621,
352,
11,
3064,
14653,
583,
1110,
8,
389,
407,
1807,
284,
307,
3338,
393,
284,
670,
845,
880,
13,
2312,
3858,
286,
18977,
1690,
466,
407,
3994,
1576,
29091,
290,
21622,
13,
4042,
661,
508,
4425,
3463,
428,
835,
1441,
284,
31471,
34567,
290,
1716,
20779,
757,
13,
198,
20238,
649,
2842,
284,
6687,
5503,
11,
2138,
621,
3013,
5430,
13,
21066,
743,
307,
16901,
11,
20351,
11,
393,
5517,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
19095,
393,
15033,
257,
1256,
11,
1561,
284,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
13,
198,
30733,
2149,
18421,
5357,
24906,
33,
1847,
22657,
1961,
11015,
198,
1639,
743,
766,
9011,
329,
20864,
290,
35867,
29604,
326,
1624,
484,
481,
1037,
345,
4425,
3463,
13,
4650,
286,
777,
3667,
389,
407,
2081,
13,
2773,
286,
777,
20864,
460,
423,
2726,
1735,
3048,
13,
12167,
284,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
878,
1262,
606,
13,
198,
1639,
460,
2112,
3463,
2994,
5010,
351,
534,
6253,
13,
4042,
661,
4425,
1022,
642,
290,
838,
8059,
416,
2263,
777,
5010,
13,
4042,
661,
635,
21509,
262,
3463,
618,
484,
2245,
2263,
262,
9007,
11,
4556,
484,
423,
925,
15727,
12263,
2458,
13,
198,
33,
21621,
1173,
8185,
460,
4646,
262,
2526,
286,
4369,
287,
661,
351,
6049,
13825,
13,
2312,
7476,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
8894,
4369,
198,
12,
3334,
2910,
3833,
198,
12,
2773,
25217,
198,
14214,
7076,
743,
1037,
661,
508,
423,
587,
845,
20779,
329,
642,
812,
393,
517,
290,
423,
407,
2626,
3463,
422,
584,
13820,
11,
884,
355,
5496,
11,
5517,
11,
393,
9007,
13,
198,
14214,
7076,
3436,
318,
407,
262,
3280,
329,
3463,
2994,
13,
632,
460,
4512,
345,
284,
4483,
1342,
11,
475,
345,
991,
423,
284,
466,
881,
286,
262,
670,
13,
921,
1276,
307,
5364,
284,
5496,
290,
5517,
706,
8185,
13,
12167,
284,
534,
6253,
284,
2193,
611,
428,
318,
257,
922,
3038,
329,
345,
13,
198,
25844,
12,
22462,
33624,
2291,
25,
198,
7085,
661,
1064,
340,
4577,
284,
1061,
257,
5496,
290,
5517,
1430,
611,
484,
4654,
257,
1448,
286,
661,
351,
2092,
2761,
13,
198,
5944,
11924,
318,
257,
1688,
1535,
2372,
13,
383,
3131,
3463,
7584,
2087,
5503,
319,
790,
636,
286,
534,
1767,
290,
8075,
867,
7476,
284,
534,
1535,
764,
198,
35,
1000,
34172,
11,
40444,
84,
1636,
509,
32,
11,
8121,
33212,
11,
6484,
9447,
11,
37755,
569,
43,
11,
27667,
350,
11,
2123,
435,
13,
360,
13221,
278,
16586,
10581,
329,
3463,
9262,
25,
257,
23925,
6856,
4473,
13,
327,
5673,
41,
13,
3717,
26,
15259,
25,
36,
2670,
12,
36,
3510,
13,
198,
41,
18756,
10670,
13,
41936,
13,
554,
25,
18740,
406,
11,
3059,
34659,
9552,
11,
1225,
82,
13,
32234,
11558,
13,
1987,
400,
1225,
13,
8857,
11,
11243,
25,
35896,
25974,
49663,
26,
2813,
25,
354,
499,
30989,
13,
198,
14874,
16261,
4810,
11,
20578,
88,
499,
16808,
11,
370,
10220,
4106,
509,
11,
2123,
435,
13,
2409,
11439,
8185,
9051,
18590,
3315,
9102,
287,
20779,
1458,
1155,
5907,
351,
12593,
13,
399,
1985,
75,
449,
2019,
13,
2321,
25,
36,
12984,
2805,
2608,
13,
198,
4653,
19345,
25904,
11,
520,
3201,
27164,
11,
15841,
2442,
317,
11,
41533,
19340,
26,
1605,
16292,
5139,
5396,
13,
23158,
286,
262,
1605,
16292,
5139,
5396,
25,
3463,
4542,
13,
449,
1703,
16292,
2195,
420,
13,
3717,
26,
14454,
25,
26073,
12,
30557,
13,
198,
17013,
1829,
2732,
286,
19717,
13,
40767,
31072,
329,
3399,
11,
3050,
13,
48547,
3035,
2310,
11,
2321,
13,
198,
54,
38014,
21664,
11,
4709,
1362,
311,
11,
6866,
15448,
20137,
11,
2123,
435,
13,
317,
734,
614,
23925,
4473,
286,
13825,
3513,
287,
4165,
1337,
3357,
13,
399,
1985,
75,
449,
2019,
13,
2813,
26,
24760,
25,
38391,
12,
33581,
198,
91,
14832,
7536,
25,
642,
14,
1065,
14,
6999,
91,
198,
40266,
2750,
25,
3271,
327,
13,
27436,
14597,
11,
6711,
11,
10670,
11,
8129,
286,
11558,
11,
7458,
286,
3611,
11558,
11,
2732,
286,
11558,
11,
2059,
286,
2669,
3961,
286,
11558,
26,
290,
21776,
449,
13,
44143,
85,
624,
11,
10670,
11,
8366,
5890,
290,
5890,
286,
7731,
12009,
4424,
1173,
14452,
11,
26112,
6369,
20572,
7458,
286,
8687,
6749,
15286,
10422,
11,
2732,
286,
7884,
11558,
11,
33436,
11558,
11,
3961,
286,
11558,
11,
2059,
286,
2669,
13,
4418,
11765,
416,
3271,
1168,
12311,
11,
10670,
11,
337,
7801,
11,
8366,
5890,
11,
317,
13,
35,
13,
32,
13,
44,
13,
3893,
23555,
11,
12119,
844,
11,
3457,
13,
198,
464,
1321,
2810,
24028,
815,
407,
307,
973,
1141,
597,
3315,
6334,
393,
329,
262,
13669,
393,
3513,
286,
597,
3315,
4006,
13,
317,
11971,
3315,
4708,
815,
307,
26889,
329,
13669,
290,
3513,
286,
597,
290,
477,
3315,
3403,
13,
4889,
16679,
329,
477,
3315,
36047,
13,
21691,
284,
584,
5043,
389,
2810,
329,
1321,
691,
1377,
484,
466,
407,
15613,
40614,
286,
883,
584,
5043,
13,
10673,
8309,
12,
198,
32,
13,
35,
13,
32,
13,
44,
1539,
3457,
13,
4377,
50124,
393,
6082,
286,
262,
1321,
7763,
24028,
318,
14084,
12244,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,849 |
Below is an extract from the introduction to my book - hope this provides the explanation you're looking for:"Each word ending is presented on a separate page with the following key principles to help the reader to remember whether the word ending is masculine or feminine.
1. Each word ending is written in blue for masculine words and pink for feminine words.
2. Each page has a tab with the word ending (blue for masculine words, pink for feminine words) so that it can be used like an address book.
3. For masculine words, the page background and tab are blue. For feminine words, they are pink.
4. Each word is accompanied by a memorable drawing of a common item, to connect the word and its ending with either masculine or feminine."
Strangely enough, yesterday evening, quite independently, I was thinking about creating flashcards too! I use them frequently with my French students who are learning English - for most people, used appropriately they are an excellent learning method!
Best wishes - Hilary
Thank you Hilary! Simple and effective!
I'm trying something now - translating book reviews and just selecting two or three common words or phrases to put on flash cards - rather than *every* new word I'm not sure about or don't know. Not so overwhelming that way (read: staying clear of having a method grind to a (temporary) stop).
Have you ever seen the segment on France 2's "En toutes lettres" in which the contestants and celebrity participants have to determine if words are masculine or feminine? You guessed it - they have a heck of a time, too! (They have to answer 9 in a row correctly, or the next participant has to start from scratch.) The show is great for vocabulary. Merci encore, Michael
Sounds like a good idea! I tend to try and learn/ teach about 10 things on flashcards at a time - more than that can become overwhelming! Mind you, one of my students is determined to learn the 300+ most common English verbs, so she's got about 40 flashcards, but we work through them five at a time.
No TV at the moment Michael, waiting until I can afford to buy and install a satellite dish, necessary here to receive any TV apparently. Have TV, orange box, but no satellite dish. They say patience is a virtue :-). So, no, not seen "En toutes lettres" but understand the difficulty many French people have, even having learned them from the year dot!
Bonne continuation et bon courage!! - Hilary (most words ending in ion = F, and age = M)
You can watch episodes of En toutes lettres via the France 2 website. (Not being in France, I obviously have no access to any programmes except via the Internet.) It will be nice to have plenty to choose from, though, when the dish is in place!
Here is an interesting article - obviously applies to any language:
http://ezinearticles.com/?German-Words:-How-to-Use-a-Vocabulary-Box... Maybe it will be helpful to your students!
Now, I'll let you continue the countdown to the New Year (as I type)! Michael | [
21106,
318,
281,
7925,
422,
262,
9793,
284,
616,
1492,
532,
2911,
428,
3769,
262,
7468,
345,
821,
2045,
329,
11097,
10871,
1573,
7464,
318,
5545,
319,
257,
4553,
2443,
351,
262,
1708,
1994,
7811,
284,
1037,
262,
9173,
284,
3505,
1771,
262,
1573,
7464,
318,
27543,
393,
23564,
13,
198,
16,
13,
5501,
1573,
7464,
318,
3194,
287,
4171,
329,
27543,
2456,
290,
11398,
329,
23564,
2456,
13,
198,
17,
13,
5501,
2443,
468,
257,
7400,
351,
262,
1573,
7464,
357,
17585,
329,
27543,
2456,
11,
11398,
329,
23564,
2456,
8,
523,
326,
340,
460,
307,
973,
588,
281,
2209,
1492,
13,
198,
18,
13,
1114,
27543,
2456,
11,
262,
2443,
4469,
290,
7400,
389,
4171,
13,
1114,
23564,
2456,
11,
484,
389,
11398,
13,
198,
19,
13,
5501,
1573,
318,
11791,
416,
257,
18078,
8263,
286,
257,
2219,
2378,
11,
284,
2018,
262,
1573,
290,
663,
7464,
351,
2035,
27543,
393,
23564,
526,
198,
38114,
306,
1576,
11,
7415,
6180,
11,
2407,
14799,
11,
314,
373,
3612,
546,
4441,
7644,
27761,
1165,
0,
314,
779,
606,
6777,
351,
616,
4141,
2444,
508,
389,
4673,
3594,
532,
329,
749,
661,
11,
973,
20431,
484,
389,
281,
6275,
4673,
2446,
0,
198,
13014,
12802,
532,
24410,
560,
198,
10449,
345,
24410,
560,
0,
17427,
290,
4050,
0,
198,
40,
1101,
2111,
1223,
783,
532,
34665,
1492,
8088,
290,
655,
17246,
734,
393,
1115,
2219,
2456,
393,
20144,
284,
1234,
319,
7644,
4116,
532,
2138,
621,
1635,
16833,
9,
649,
1573,
314,
1101,
407,
1654,
546,
393,
836,
470,
760,
13,
1892,
523,
9721,
326,
835,
357,
961,
25,
10589,
1598,
286,
1719,
257,
2446,
20078,
284,
257,
357,
11498,
5551,
8,
2245,
737,
198,
11980,
345,
1683,
1775,
262,
10618,
319,
4881,
362,
338,
366,
4834,
256,
448,
274,
35044,
411,
1,
287,
543,
262,
37851,
290,
16527,
6809,
423,
284,
5004,
611,
2456,
389,
27543,
393,
23564,
30,
921,
25183,
340,
532,
484,
423,
257,
22574,
286,
257,
640,
11,
1165,
0,
357,
2990,
423,
284,
3280,
860,
287,
257,
5752,
9380,
11,
393,
262,
1306,
18399,
468,
284,
923,
422,
12692,
2014,
383,
905,
318,
1049,
329,
25818,
13,
4638,
979,
2207,
382,
11,
3899,
198,
40825,
588,
257,
922,
2126,
0,
314,
4327,
284,
1949,
290,
2193,
14,
4545,
546,
838,
1243,
319,
7644,
27761,
379,
257,
640,
532,
517,
621,
326,
460,
1716,
9721,
0,
10175,
345,
11,
530,
286,
616,
2444,
318,
5295,
284,
2193,
262,
5867,
10,
749,
2219,
3594,
41781,
11,
523,
673,
338,
1392,
546,
2319,
7644,
27761,
11,
475,
356,
670,
832,
606,
1936,
379,
257,
640,
13,
198,
2949,
3195,
379,
262,
2589,
3899,
11,
4953,
1566,
314,
460,
5368,
284,
2822,
290,
2721,
257,
11210,
9433,
11,
3306,
994,
284,
3328,
597,
3195,
5729,
13,
8192,
3195,
11,
10912,
3091,
11,
475,
645,
11210,
9433,
13,
1119,
910,
16336,
318,
257,
14675,
1058,
12,
737,
1406,
11,
645,
11,
407,
1775,
366,
4834,
256,
448,
274,
35044,
411,
1,
475,
1833,
262,
8722,
867,
4141,
661,
423,
11,
772,
1719,
4499,
606,
422,
262,
614,
16605,
0,
198,
20682,
710,
24659,
2123,
5351,
11917,
3228,
532,
24410,
560,
357,
1712,
2456,
7464,
287,
22088,
796,
376,
11,
290,
2479,
796,
337,
8,
198,
1639,
460,
2342,
8640,
286,
2039,
256,
448,
274,
35044,
411,
2884,
262,
4881,
362,
3052,
13,
357,
3673,
852,
287,
4881,
11,
314,
6189,
423,
645,
1895,
284,
597,
23698,
2845,
2884,
262,
4455,
2014,
632,
481,
307,
3621,
284,
423,
6088,
284,
3853,
422,
11,
996,
11,
618,
262,
9433,
318,
287,
1295,
0,
198,
4342,
318,
281,
3499,
2708,
532,
6189,
8991,
284,
597,
3303,
25,
198,
4023,
1378,
8471,
500,
26845,
13,
785,
20924,
16010,
12,
37117,
21912,
2437,
12,
1462,
12,
11041,
12,
64,
12,
53,
420,
22528,
12,
14253,
986,
6674,
340,
481,
307,
7613,
284,
534,
2444,
0,
198,
3844,
11,
314,
1183,
1309,
345,
2555,
262,
33970,
284,
262,
968,
6280,
357,
292,
314,
2099,
31520,
3899,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 670 |
Ticino - Geography
The canton of Ticino is located still quite far from the sea, but its climate is nevertheless greatly influenced by the Mediterranean, which thus distinguishes it greatly from the other regions of Switzerland. The impressive number of sunshine hours and the high average temperatures favour the good maturing of the grapes. The plentiful rainfall, although they are a blessing on one hand, can also be a danger on the other. As the risk of hailstorms is quite important in the region, it forces the winegrowers to take good measures, using anti-hail nets.
January: 1.9°C / 35.4°F
July: 21.3°C / 70.3°F
Year: 11.7°C / 53°F
Rainfall: 1750 mm./yr. (68 in.)
The highest in Switzerland.
The annual hours of sun exposure:
Between 2100-2286 hrs.
More than anywhere else in Switzerland.
Altitudes vary from 220 m.(722 ft.) near Locarno to plots at over 500
m. (1640 ft.) in mountain valleys. | [
51,
291,
2879,
532,
2269,
4867,
198,
464,
18548,
261,
286,
309,
291,
2879,
318,
5140,
991,
2407,
1290,
422,
262,
5417,
11,
475,
663,
4258,
318,
19032,
9257,
12824,
416,
262,
19517,
11,
543,
4145,
45482,
340,
9257,
422,
262,
584,
7652,
286,
14679,
13,
383,
8036,
1271,
286,
34488,
2250,
290,
262,
1029,
2811,
10101,
7075,
262,
922,
2603,
870,
286,
262,
36656,
13,
383,
39976,
25807,
11,
3584,
484,
389,
257,
20027,
319,
530,
1021,
11,
460,
635,
307,
257,
3514,
319,
262,
584,
13,
1081,
262,
2526,
286,
387,
11750,
579,
82,
318,
2407,
1593,
287,
262,
3814,
11,
340,
3386,
262,
8237,
45921,
364,
284,
1011,
922,
5260,
11,
1262,
3098,
12,
71,
603,
31720,
13,
198,
21339,
25,
352,
13,
24,
7200,
34,
1220,
3439,
13,
19,
7200,
37,
198,
16157,
25,
2310,
13,
18,
7200,
34,
1220,
4317,
13,
18,
7200,
37,
198,
17688,
25,
1367,
13,
22,
7200,
34,
1220,
7192,
7200,
37,
198,
31443,
7207,
25,
1596,
1120,
8085,
19571,
2417,
13,
357,
3104,
287,
2014,
198,
464,
4511,
287,
14679,
13,
198,
464,
5079,
2250,
286,
4252,
7111,
25,
198,
25262,
38123,
12,
1828,
4521,
36201,
13,
198,
5167,
621,
6609,
2073,
287,
14679,
13,
198,
29161,
10455,
7565,
422,
15629,
285,
12195,
22,
1828,
10117,
2014,
1474,
15181,
1501,
78,
284,
21528,
379,
625,
5323,
198,
76,
13,
357,
1433,
1821,
10117,
2014,
287,
8598,
43088,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 239 |
Subsets and Splits