Datasets:
sohomghosh
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FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
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Earnings Call
An earnings call is a conference call between the management of a public company, analysts, investors, and the media to discuss the company’s financial results during a given reporting period, such as a quarter or a fiscal year. An earnings call is usually preceded by an earnings report, which contains summary information on financial performance for the period.
investopedia
1
25.12
17
0
13.3
18
10.25
22
19.88
Earnings Credit Rate (ECR)
The earnings credit rate (ECR) is a daily calculation of interest that a bank pays on customer deposits. The earnings credit rate is often correlated with the U.S. Treasury bill (T-bill) rate.
investopedia
1
69.07
6.3
8.8
9.26
7.7
10.09
5.333333
8.03
Earnings Estimate
An earnings estimate is an analyst's estimate for a company's future quarterly or annual earnings per share (EPS). Future earnings estimates are arguably the most important input when attempting to value a firm. By placing estimates on the earnings of a firm for certain periods (quarterly, annually, etc.), analysts can then use cash flow analysis to approximate fair value for a company, which in turn will give a target share price.
investopedia
1
38.96
13.7
16.7
11.78
14.7
9.7
17.5
16.24
Earnings Management
Earnings management is the use of accounting techniques to produce financial statements that present an overly positive view of a company's business activities and financial position. Many accounting rules and principles require that a company's management make judgments in following these principles. Earnings management takes advantage of how accounting rules are applied and creates financial statements that inflate or "smooth" earnings.
investopedia
1
33.95
13.6
17.1
18.39
18.2
10.08
16.166667
14.02
Earnings Multiplier
The earnings multiplier is a financial metric that frames a company's current stock price in terms of the company's earnings per share (EPS) of stock, that's simply computed as price per share/earnings per share. Also known as the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, the earnings multiplier can be used as a simplified valuation tool with which to compare the relative costliness of the stocks of similar companies. It can likewise help investors judge current stock prices against their historical prices on an earnings-relative basis.
investopedia
1
43.77
13.9
16.3
13.76
18.2
10.19
19
16.29
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Earnings per share (EPS) is calculated as a company's profit divided by the outstanding shares of its common stock. The resulting number serves as an indicator of a company's profitability. It is common for a company to report EPS that is adjusted for extraordinary items and potential share dilution.
investopedia
1
38.01
12
15
11.54
11
10.57
12.5
15.5
Earnings Power Value
Earnings power value (EPV) is a technique for valuing stocks by making assumptions about the sustainability of current earnings and the cost of capital but not future growth. Earnings power value (EPV) is derived by dividing a company's adjusted earnings by its weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
investopedia
1
38.66
13.8
0
12.77
15.6
10.42
16
14.6
Earnings Report
A quarterly earnings report is a quarterly filing made by public companies to report their performance. Earnings reports include items such as net income, earnings per share, earnings from continuing operations, and net sales. By analyzing quarterly earnings reports, investors can begin to gauge the financial health of the company and determine whether it deserves their investment.
investopedia
1
35.27
13.1
14.6
15.37
15.2
10.12
13.5
13.92
Earnings Yield
The earnings yield refers to the earnings per share for the most recent 12-month period divided by the current market price per share. The earnings yield (which is the inverse of the P/E ratio) shows the percentage of a company's earnings per share. This metric is used by many investment managers to determine optimal asset allocations and is used by investors to determine which assets seem underpriced or overpriced.
investopedia
1
56.59
11.1
13.6
11.84
14
10.96
14.833333
14.42
Earnout
An earnout is a contractual provision stating that the seller of a business is to obtain additional compensation in the future if the business achieves certain financial goals, which are usually stated as a percentage of gross sales or earnings.
investopedia
1
22.42
20.1
0
12.89
22.8
12.73
27
23
Easement In Gross
An easement in gross is an easement that attaches a particular right to an individual or entity rather than to the property itself. The easement in gross is often considered irrevocable for the life of the individual, but it can be rendered void if the individual sells the property upon which the easement request was based.
investopedia
1
34.6
15.4
0
10.68
15.3
8.97
19
16.2
Eavesdropping Attack
An eavesdropping attack, also known as a sniffing or snooping attack, is a theft of information as it is transmitted over a network by a computer, smartphone, or another connected device.
investopedia
1
31.55
16.6
0
11.96
18.1
10.78
21.5
18.85
EBIT/EV Multiple Definition
The EBIT/EV multiple, shorthand for earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) divided by enterprise value (EV), is a financial ratio used to measure a company's "earnings yield."
investopedia
1
35.61
15
0
13.29
18.6
12.58
19.5
19.69
EBITA
Earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization (EBITA) is a measure of company profitability used by investors. It is helpful for comparison of one company to another in the same line of business. In some cases, it also can provide a more accurate view of the company's real performance over time.
investopedia
1
46.06
11
13.6
10.5
10.5
8.57
11.666667
12.28
EBITDA Margin
The EBITDA margin is a measure of a company's operating profit as a percentage of its revenue. The acronym EBITDA stands for earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. Knowing the EBITDA margin allows for a comparison of one company's real performance to others in its industry.
investopedia
1
30.16
13
13.6
12.76
11.8
11.13
11.166667
13.94
EBITDA/EV Multiple
The EBITDA/EV multiple is a financial valuation ratio that measures a company's return on investment (ROI). The EBITDA/EV ratio may be preferred over other measures of return because it is normalized for differences between companies. Using EBITDA normalizes for differences in capital structure, taxation, and fixed asset accounting. The enterprise value (EV) also normalizes for differences in a company's capital structure.
investopedia
1
30.57
12.8
15.2
15.59
14.5
10.09
12.125
13.99
EBITDA-to-Interest Coverage Ratio
The EBITDA-to-interest coverage ratio is a financial ratio that is used to assess a company's financial durability by examining whether it is at least profitable enough to pay off its interest expenses using its pre-tax income. Specifically it looks to see what proportion of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA), can be used for this purpose.
investopedia
1
25.12
17
0
14.28
19.2
11.06
21.5
19.19
EBITDA-to-Sales Ratio
The EBITDA-to-sales ratio, also known as EBITDA margin, is a financial metric used to assess a company's profitability by comparing its gross revenue with its earnings. More specifically, since EBITDA itself is derived in part from revenue, this metric indicates the percentage of a company's earnings remaining after operating expenses. A higher value indicates the company is able to produce earnings more efficiently by keeping costs low.
investopedia
1
31.92
14.3
15.5
14.51
16.1
10.63
15.833333
15.49
EBITDAR
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and restructuring or rent costs (EBITDAR) is a non-GAAP tool used to measure a company's financial performance. Although EBITDAR does not appear on a company's income statement, it can be calculated using information from the income statement.
investopedia
1
24.27
15.2
0
16.59
18.1
11.31
15.75
16.97
eCash
eCash was a digital-based system that facilitated the transfer of funds anonymously. A pioneer in cryptocurrency, its goal was to secure the privacy of individuals that use the Internet for micropayments. eCash was created by Dr. David Chaum under his company, DigiCash, in 1990. Though there was interest in the platform from large banks, eCash never took off and DigiCash filed for bankruptcy in 1998. DigiCash, along with its eCash patents, was eventually sold off. In 2018, Chaum launched a new startup focused on cryptography.
investopedia
1
57.06
8.8
13
11.65
10.5
10.47
10.083333
12.74
Eclectic Paradigms
An eclectic paradigm, also known as the ownership, location, internalization (OLI) model or OLI framework, is a three-tiered evaluation framework that companies can follow when attempting to determine if it is beneficial to pursue foreign direct investment (FDI). This paradigm assumes that institutions will avoid transactions in the open market if the cost of completing the same actions internally, or in-house, carries a lower price. It is based on internalization theory and was first expounded upon in 1979 by the scholar John H. Dunning.
investopedia
1
26.14
16.6
17.1
13.81
18.5
11.6
20
18.82
ECN Broker
An ECN broker is a financial intermediary that uses electronic communications networks (ECNs) to give clients direct access to other participants in equity and currency markets. Because an ECN broker consolidates price quotations from several market participants, it can generally offer its clients tighter bid/ask spreads than would be otherwise available to them.
investopedia
1
19.2
17.2
0
16.71
19.7
11.21
19.75
18.15
Economic Calendar
The economic calendar refers to the scheduled dates of significant releases or events that may affect movement of individual security prices or markets as a whole. Investors and traders use the economic calendar to plan trades and portfolio reallocations, as well as to be alert to chart patterns and indicators that may be caused or affected by these events. The economic calendar for various countries is available for free on multiple financial and market websites.
investopedia
1
37.64
14.2
16.7
13.18
15.8
10.98
18.166667
16.4
Economic Capital
Economic capital is a measure of risk in terms of capital. More specifically, it's the amount of capital that a company (usually in financial services) needs to ensure that it stays solvent given its risk profile.
investopedia
1
53.21
10.3
0
10.15
10.8
9.79
13
11.64
Economic Collapse
An economic collapse is a breakdown of a national, regional, or territorial economy that typically follows a time of crisis. An economic collapse occurs at the onset of a severe version of an economic contraction, depression, or recession and can last any number of years depending on the severity of the circumstances. An economic collapse can happen rapidly due to an unexpected event, or it may be preceded by several events or signs pointing to fragility in the economy.
investopedia
1
36.32
14.7
17.5
11.49
15.3
10.54
19.5
17.61
Economic Conditions
Economic conditions refer to the present state of the economy in a country or region. These conditions change over time along with the economic and business cycles, as an economy goes through periods of expansion and contraction. Economic conditions are considered to be sound or positive when an economy is expanding and are seen as adverse or negative when an economy is contracting.
investopedia
1
41.7
12.7
17.1
12.3
13.4
8.44
16.5
15.38
Economic Cycle
The economic cycle is the fluctuation of the economy between periods of expansion (growth) and contraction (recession). Factors such as gross domestic product (GDP), interest rates, total employment, and consumer spending, can help to determine the current stage of the economic cycle.
investopedia
1
33.24
13.8
0
14.74
16.4
12.95
16.5
18.88
Economic Depreciation
Economic depreciation is a measure of the decrease in the market value of an asset over time from influential economic factors. This form of depreciation usually pertains to real estate, which can lose value for several reasons such as the addition of unfavorable construction in close proximity to a property, road closures, a decline in the quality of a neighborhood, or other negative influences.
investopedia
1
30.54
17
0
13.88
19.8
10.16
24
20.3
Economic Efficiency
Economic efficiency is when all goods and factors of production in an economy are distributed or allocated to their most valuable uses and waste is eliminated or minimized.
investopedia
1
26.14
16.6
0
12.83
17
10.66
22
22.63
Economic Equilibrium
Economic equilibrium is a condition or state in which economic forces are balanced. In effect, economic variables remain unchanged from their equilibrium values in the absence of external influences. Economic equilibrium is also referred to as market equilibrium.
investopedia
1
33.2
11.8
14.1
15.7
12.9
9.67
9
10.34
Economic Exposure
Economic exposure is a type of foreign exchange exposure caused by the effect of unexpected currency fluctuations on a company’s future cash flows, foreign investments, and earnings. Economic exposure, also known as operating exposure, can have a substantial impact on a company’s market value since it has far-reaching effects and is long-term in nature. Companies can hedge against unexpected currency fluctuations by investing in foreign exchange (FX) trading.
investopedia
1
23.05
15.7
17.9
15.84
17.3
10.57
18
15.55
Economic Forecasting
Economic forecasting is the process of attempting to predict the future condition of the economy using a combination of important and widely followed indicators.
investopedia
1
13.28
17.4
0
16.13
17.7
13.38
20
21.27
Economic Growth
Economic growth is an increase in the production of economic goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. It can be measured in nominal or real (adjusted for inflation) terms. Traditionally, aggregate economic growth is measured in terms of gross national product (GNP) or gross domestic product (GDP), although alternative metrics are sometimes used.
investopedia
1
43.73
11.9
15.5
13.63
14.2
10.95
14.166667
15.32
Economic Growth Rate
An economic growth rate is the percentage change in the value of all of the goods and services produced in a nation during a specific period of time, as compared to an earlier period. The economic growth rate is used to measure the comparative health of an economy over time. The numbers are usually compiled and reported quarterly and annually.
investopedia
1
51.18
11.1
15
9.98
11
9.37
14.333333
15.33
Economic Indicator
An economic indicator is a piece of economic data, usually of macroeconomic scale, that is used by analysts to interpret current or future investment possibilities. These indicators also help to judge the overall health of an economy.
investopedia
1
27.32
14
0
13.11
13
10.96
14.75
18.21
Economic Integration
Economic integration is an arrangement among nations that typically includes the reduction or elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. Economic integration aims to reduce costs for both consumers and producers and to increase trade between the countries involved in the agreement.
investopedia
1
30.7
14.8
0
17.29
18.4
12.19
17.75
17.91
Economic Justice
Economic justice is a component of social justice and welfare economics. It is a set of moral and ethical principles for building economic institutions, where the ultimate goal is to create an opportunity for each person to establish a sufficient material foundation upon which to have a dignified, productive, and creative life.
investopedia
1
28.17
15.8
0
13.58
16.9
11
20.5
21.17
Economic Life
Economic life is the expected period of time during which an asset remains useful to the average owner. When an asset is no longer useful to its owner, then it is said to be past its economic life. The economic life of an asset could be different than its actual physical life. Thus, an asset can be in optimal physical condition but may not be economically useful. For example, technology products often become obsolete when their technology becomes obsolete. The obsolescence of flip phones occurred due to the advent of smartphones and not because they ran out of utility.
investopedia
1
54.73
9.7
13.6
9.92
9.6
8.28
11.583333
12.26
Economic Moat
Conceptualized and named by Warren Buffett, an economic moat is a distinct advantage a company has over its competitors which allows it to protect its market share and profitability. It is often an advantage that is difficult to mimic or duplicate (brand identity, patents) and thus creates an effective barrier against competition from other firms.
investopedia
1
35.1
15.2
0
13.47
17.6
11.6
20.25
19
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
Economic order quantity (EOQ) is the ideal order quantity a company should purchase to minimize inventory costs such as holding costs, shortage costs, and order costs. This production-scheduling model was developed in 1913 by Ford W. Harris and has been refined over time. The formula assumes that demand, ordering, and holding costs all remain constant.
investopedia
1
49.01
9.9
12.2
12.58
11.1
10.92
8.375
12.07
Economic Profit (or Loss)
An economic profit or loss is the difference between the revenue received from the sale of an output and the costs of all inputs used, as well as any opportunity costs. In calculating economic profit, opportunity costs and explicit costs are deducted from revenues earned.
investopedia
1
25.8
20.8
0
12.72
25.1
10.43
15.25
22.44
Economic Recovery
Economic recovery is the business cycle stage following a recession that is characterized by a sustained period of improving business activity. Normally, during an economic recovery, gross domestic product (GDP) grows, incomes rise, and unemployment falls and as the economy rebounds.
investopedia
1
16.83
16
0
16.13
16.8
12.36
17.25
18.93
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA)
The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) was the largest tax cut in U.S. history. Signed by President Ronald Reagan about six months after he took office, ERTA slashed the top income tax rate and allowed for faster expensing of depreciable assets. It included incentives for small business and retirement savings, and established inflation indexing of tax brackets.
investopedia
1
51.48
11
14.6
12.42
13.2
11.3
13.833333
15.34
Economic Rent
Economic rent is an amount of money earned that exceeds that which is economically or socially necessary. This can occur, for example, when a buyer working to attain a good or service that is considered exclusive makes an offer prior to hearing what a seller considers an acceptable price. Market imperfections thus lead to the rise of economic rents; it would not exist if markets were perfect since competitive pressures would drive down prices.
investopedia
1
46.4
12.9
14.6
11.84
14.7
10.62
16.333333
15.83
Economic Shock
An economic shock refers to any change to fundamental macroeconomic variables or relationships that has a substantial effect on macroeconomic outcomes and measures of economic performance, such as unemployment, consumption, and inflation. Shocks are often unpredictable and are usually the result of events thought to be beyond the scope of normal economic transactions.
investopedia
1
27.66
16
0
17.29
20.1
11.8
20.75
19.66
Economic Stimulus
Economic stimulus is action by the government to encourage private sector economic activity by engaging in targeted, expansionary monetary or fiscal policy based on the ideas of Keynesian economics. The term economic stimulus is based on an analogy to the biological process of stimulus and response, with the intention of using government policy as a stimulus to elicit a response from the private sector economy.
investopedia
1
13.11
19.5
0
14.17
20.2
11.32
27.75
22.23
Economic Value
Economic value is the value that person places on an economic good based on the benefit that they derive from the good. It is often estimated based on the person’s willingness to pay for the good, typically measured in units of currency. The economic value should not be confused with market value, which is the market price for a good or service which can be higher or lower than the economic value that any particular person puts on a good.
investopedia
1
52.83
12.5
14.1
8.94
13.3
8.32
17
14.68
Economic Value Added (EVA)
Economic value added (EVA) is a measure of a company's financial performance based on the residual wealth calculated by deducting its cost of capital from its operating profit, adjusted for taxes on a cash basis. EVA can also be referred to as economic profit, as it attempts to capture the true economic profit of a company. This measure was devised by management consulting firm Stern Value Management, originally incorporated as Stern Stewart & Co.
investopedia
1
29.89
15.1
17.1
12.42
15.3
10.68
18.333333
16.84
Economic Value of Equity (EVE)
The economic value of equity (EVE) is a cash flow calculation that takes the present value of all asset cash flows and subtracts the present value of all liability cash flows. Unlike earnings at risk and value at risk (VAR), a bank uses the economic value of equity to manage its assets and liabilities. This is a long-term economic measure used to assess the degree of interest rate risk exposure—as opposed to net-interest income (NII), which reflects short-term interest rate risk.
investopedia
1
44.07
13.8
14.6
11.15
15.7
9.46
17.5
14.26
Economies of Scale
Economies of scale are cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes efficient. Companies can achieve economies of scale by increasing production and lowering costs. This happens because costs are spread over a larger number of goods. Costs can be both fixed and variable.
investopedia
1
68.77
6.4
11.2
13.03
10.1
9.92
6.5
9.85
Economies of Scope
An economy of scope means that the production of one good reduces the cost of producing another related good. Economies of scope occur when producing a wider variety of goods or services in tandem is more cost effective for a firm than producing less of a variety, or producing each good independently. In such a case, the long-run average and marginal cost of a company, organization, or economy decreases due to the production of complementary goods and services.
investopedia
1
36.63
14.6
17.9
11.26
15
8.97
19.666667
16.55
Economist
An economist is an expert who studies the relationship between a society's resources and its production or output. Economists study societies ranging from small, local communities to entire nations and even the global economy.
investopedia
1
37.3
12.3
0
14.67
13.8
12.37
12.5
16.21
Economy
An economy is the large set of inter-related production, consumption, and exchange activities that aid in determining how scarce resources are allocated. The production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services are used to fulfill the needs of those living and operating within the economy, which is also referred to as an economic system.
investopedia
1
27.15
16.2
0
14.05
18
10.53
20
18.21
EdTech
EdTech (a combination of "education" and "technology") refers to hardware and software designed to enhance teacher-led learning in classrooms and improve students' education outcomes.
investopedia
1
21.74
16.2
0
19.5
22
12.72
16
14.6
Education Loan
An education loan is a sum of money borrowed to finance post-secondary education or higher education-related expenses. Education loans are intended to cover the cost of tuition, books and supplies, and living expenses while the borrower is in the process of pursuing a degree. Payments are often deferred while students are in college and, depending on the lender, sometimes they are deferred for an additional six-month period after earning a degree. This period is sometimes referred to as a "grace period."
investopedia
1
42.41
12.4
14.2
12.53
13.7
9.71
13.875
12.56
Education IRA
An education IRA is a tax-advantaged investment account for higher education, now more formally known as a Coverdell Education Savings Account (ESA). Under this educational savings vehicle, parents and guardians are allowed to make nondeductible contributions to an education individual retirement account (IRA) for a child under the age of 18.
investopedia
1
20.21
16.8
0
15.44
18.4
10.47
19.25
18.04
Effective Annual Interest Rate
The effective annual interest rate is the real return on a savings account or any interest-paying investment when the effects of compounding over time are taken into account. It also reveals the real percentage rate owed in interest on a loan, a credit card, or any other debt.
investopedia
1
47.12
12.7
0
10.33
13.2
8.77
16
14.6
Effective Dates
In contract law, the effective date is the date that an agreement or transaction between or among signatories becomes binding. For an initial public offering (IPO), it is the date when shares can first be traded on an exchange.
investopedia
1
60.14
9.7
0
9.92
11.2
9.46
11.75
11.9
Effective Duration
Effective duration is a duration calculation for bonds that have embedded options. This measure of duration takes into account the fact that expected cash flows will fluctuate as interest rates change and is, therefore, a measure of risk. Effective duration can be estimated using modified duration if a bond with embedded options behaves like an option-free bond.
investopedia
1
35.27
13.1
16.3
13.46
13.5
10.12
14.833333
13.92
Effective Gross Income (EGI)
Effective gross income (EGI) is the Potential Gross Rental Income plus other income minus vacancy and credit costs of a rental property.
investopedia
1
49.15
11.9
0
12.53
14.4
12.62
15
16.07
Effective Interest Method Definition
The effective interest method is an accounting standard used to amortize, or discount a bond. This method is used for bonds sold at a discount, where the amount of the bond discount is amortized to interest expense over the bond's life.
investopedia
1
76.05
7.7
0
10.33
11.8
9.27
12.25
11.13
Effective Tax Rate
The effective tax rate is the percent of their income that an individual or a corporation pays in taxes. The effective tax rate for individuals is the average rate at which their earned income, such as wages, and unearned income, such as stock dividends, are taxed. The effective tax rate for a corporation is the average rate at which its pre-tax profits are taxed, while the statutory tax rate is the legal percentage established by law.
investopedia
1
54.26
12
15
10.1
13.8
8.84
17
14.86
Effective Yield
The effective yield is the return on a bond that has its interest payments (or coupons) reinvested at the same rate by the bondholder. Effective yield is the total yield an investor receives, in contrast to the nominal yield—which is the stated interest rate of the bond's coupon. Effective yield takes into account the power of compounding on investment returns, while nominal yield does not.
investopedia
1
57.91
10.6
14.1
11.37
13.2
9.57
14.5
12.99
Efficiency Ratio
The efficiency ratio is typically used to analyze how well a company uses its assets and liabilities internally. An efficiency ratio can calculate the turnover of receivables, the repayment of liabilities, the quantity and usage of equity, and the general use of inventory and machinery. This ratio can also be used to track and analyze the performance of commercial and investment banks.
investopedia
1
25.08
14.9
17.9
12.76
13.7
9.76
17
17.31
Efficient Frontier
The efficient frontier is the set of optimal portfolios that offer the highest expected return for a defined level of risk or the lowest risk for a given level of expected return. Portfolios that lie below the efficient frontier are sub-optimal because they do not provide enough return for the level of risk. Portfolios that cluster to the right of the efficient frontier are sub-optimal because they have a higher level of risk for the defined rate of return.
investopedia
1
44.78
13.5
14.1
10.74
14.6
7.54
16.833333
12.55
Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)
The efficient market hypothesis (EMH), alternatively known as the efficient market theory, is a hypothesis that states that share prices reflect all information and consistent alpha generation is impossible.
investopedia
1
-0.27
20.5
0
18.11
22.1
11.06
24.5
21.26
What Is Egalitarianism?
Egalitarianism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes equality and equal treatment across gender, religion, economic status, and political beliefs. Egalitarianism may focus on income inequality and distribution, which are ideas that influenced the development of various economic and political systems. Egalitarianism also looks at how individuals are treated under the law. Karl Marx used egalitarianism as the starting point in the creation of his Marxist philosophy, and John Locke considered egalitarianism when he proposed that individuals had natural rights.
investopedia
1
9.08
16.9
17.1
18.62
18.1
11.61
15.875
16.53
Elastic
Elastic is a term used in economics to describe a change in the behavior of buyers and sellers in response to a change in price for a good or service. In other words, demand elasticity or inelasticity for a product or good is determined by how much demand for the product changes as the price increases or decreases. An inelastic product is one that consumers continue to purchase even after a change in price. The elasticity of a good or service can vary according to the number of close substitutes available, its relative cost, and the amount of time that has elapsed since the price change occurred.
investopedia
1
61.19
11.4
13.4
9.87
14
8.8
15.75
15.21
Elective-Deferral Contribution
An elective-deferral contribution is made directly from an employee's salary to his or her employer-sponsored retirement plan such as a 401(k) or 403(b) plan. The employee must authorize the transaction before the contribution can be deducted.
investopedia
1
26.48
18.5
0
16.2
24.5
12.88
14.5
25.51
Electronic Bill Payment and Presentment (EBPP)
Electronic bill payment and presentment (EBPP) is a process that companies use to collect payments electronically through systems like the Internet, direct-dial access, and Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). It has become a core component of online banking at many financial institutions today. Other industries—including insurance providers, telecommunications companies, and utilities—depend on EBPP services as well.
investopedia
1
19.06
15.1
15.9
19.84
18.9
12.87
14.166667
17.5
Electronic Check
An electronic check, or e-check, is a form of payment made via the Internet, or another data network, designed to perform the same function as a conventional paper check. Since the check is in an electronic format, it can be processed in fewer steps.
investopedia
1
57.61
10.7
0
8.94
11.7
9.75
13.5
11.53
Electronic Commerce (e-commerce)
Electronic commerce or e-commerce (sometimes written as eCommerce) is a business model that lets firms and individuals buy and sell things over the internet. E-commerce operates in all four of the following major market segments:
investopedia
1
45.25
11.3
0
13.92
13.7
9.92
11.25
11.57
Electronic Communication Network
An electronic communication network (ECN) is a computerized system that automatically matches buy and sell orders for securities in the market. ECN trading is especially helpful when investors in different geographic areas wish to complete a secure transaction without the use of a third party.
investopedia
1
23.26
15.6
0
14.74
16
11.07
15.75
16.11
Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (EDGAR)
EDGAR — Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval — is the electronic filing system created by the Securities and Exchange Commission to increase the efficiency and accessibility of corporate filings. The system is used by all publicly traded companies when submitting required documents to the SEC. Corporate documents are time-sensitive, and the creation of EDGAR has greatly decreased the time it takes for corporate documents to become publicly available.
investopedia
1
31.21
14.6
17.1
16.48
17.7
11.41
17.5
16.74
Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS)
The Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS) is a service provided by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The service allows taxpayers to make tax payments either by telephone or online. This system is accessible every day of the week, 24 hours a day.
investopedia
1
60.31
7.6
10.1
8.97
7.2
9.92
6
9.85
Electronic Filing (E-File)
Electronic filing is the process of submitting tax returns over the internet using tax preparation software that has been preapproved by the relevant tax authority, such as the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the U.S. and the Canada Revenue Agency.
investopedia
1
30.88
18.9
0
13.07
23.4
13.12
27
23
Electronic Fund Transfer Act
The Electronic Fund Transfer Act (EFTA) is a federal law that protects consumers when they transfer funds electronically, including through the use of debit cards, automated teller machines (ATMs), and automatic withdrawals from a bank account. Among other protections, the EFTA provides a way to correct transaction errors and limits the liability resulting from a lost or stolen card.
investopedia
1
33.07
16
0
14.75
19.6
12.06
19.75
18.58
Electronic Money
Electronic money refers to money that exists in banking computer systems that may be used to facilitate electronic transactions. Although its value is backed by fiat currency and may, therefore, be exchanged into a physical, tangible form, electronic money is primarily used for electronic transactions due to the sheer convenience of this methodology.
investopedia
1
27.66
16
0
15.21
18.5
10.91
20.25
18.15
Electronic Payments Network (EPN)
The term Electronic Payments Network (EPN) refers to a financial clearinghouse that handles a variety of electronic funds transfers for the private sector. It is one of the automated clearinghouses (ACHs) in the United States, along with the Reserve Banks. Funds are transferred using the EPN between accounts at the same or different financial institutions. Examples of transfers under the EPN include deposits for payroll, Social Security benefits, and tax refunds, as well as debit transfers like loan payments and insurance premiums.
investopedia
1
42.21
12.5
14.2
14.21
15.1
11.01
14
14.05
Electronic Retailing (E-tailing)
Electronic retailing (E-tailing) is the sale of goods and services through the Internet. E-tailing can include business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) sales of products and services.
investopedia
1
49.82
9.5
0
17.73
16.8
11.57
8
9.82
Elevator Pitch
Elevator pitch is a slang term used to describe a brief speech that outlines an idea for a product, service, or project. The name comes from the notion that the speech should be delivered in the short time period of an elevator ride. A good rule of thumb is that an elevator pitch should be approximately 30 seconds long, with a maximum of 60 seconds.
investopedia
1
66.37
9.4
11.9
7.89
10.3
8.36
13.166667
11.76
Elliott Wave Theory
The term Elliott Wave Theory refers to a theory in technical analysis used to describe price movements in the financial market. The theory was developed by Ralph Nelson Elliott after he observed and identified recurring, fractal wave patterns. Waves can be identified in stock price movements and in consumer behavior. Investors trying to profit from a market trend could be described as riding a wave. A large, strong movement by homeowners to replace their existing mortgages with new ones that have better terms is called a refinancing wave.
investopedia
1
49.15
11.9
13.8
12.47
14.1
10.47
11.6
13.8
Email Money Transfer (EMT)
An email money transfer (EMT) is a retail banking service that allows users to transfer funds between personal accounts, using email and their online banking service. Mostly used in Canada, email money transfers are often called Interac e-Transfers.
investopedia
1
52.19
10.7
0
13.98
14.4
11.64
10.5
9.71
Embargo
An embargo is a government order that restricts commerce with a specified country or the exchange of specific goods. An embargo is usually created as a result of unfavorable political or economic circumstances between nations. It is designed to isolate a country and create difficulties for its governing body, forcing it to act on the issue that led to the embargo.
investopedia
1
42.41
12.4
15.5
11.72
12.6
9.82
14.833333
15.33
Embezzlement
Embezzlement refers to a form of white-collar crime in which a person or entity misappropriates the assets entrusted to them. In this type of fraud, the embezzler attains the assets lawfully and has the right to possess them, but the assets are then used for unintended purposes.
investopedia
1
47.62
12.5
0
11.26
13.8
9.84
15.75
16.21
Emergency Banking Act of 1933
The Emergency Banking Act of 1933 was a bill passed in the midst of the Great Depression that took steps to stabilize and restore confidence in the U.S. banking system. It came in the wake of a series of bank runs following the stock market crash of 1929.
investopedia
1
72.5
9.1
0
7.78
11.1
10.09
14.5
12.93
Emergency Fund
The term “emergency fund” refers to money stashed away that people can use in times of financial distress. The purpose of an emergency fund is to improve financial security by creating a safety net that can be used to meet unanticipated expenses, such as an illness or major home repairs. Assets in an emergency fund tend to be cash or other highly liquid assets. This reduces the need to either draw from high-interest debt options, such as credit cards or unsecured loans, or undermine your future security by tapping into retirement funds.
investopedia
1
48.13
12.3
13.8
11.09
13.2
10.1
15
13.55
Emerging Industry
An emerging industry is a group of companies in a line of business formed around a new product or idea that is in the early stages of development. An emerging industry typically consists of just a few companies and is often centered around new technology. Emerging industries frequently come into existence when one technology begins to eclipse and replace an older technology.
investopedia
1
42
12.5
14.6
12.01
12.9
9.25
14.333333
13.44
Emerging Market Economy
An emerging market economy is the economy of a developing nation that is becoming more engaged with global markets as it grows. Countries classified as emerging market economies are those with some, but not all, of the characteristics of a developed market. As an emerging market economy progresses it typically becomes more integrated with the global economy, as shown by increased liquidity in local debt and equity markets, increased trade volume and foreign direct investment, and the domestic development of modern financial and regulatory institutions. Currently, some notable emerging market economies include India, Mexico, Russia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, China, and Brazil.
investopedia
1
20.42
16.7
16.5
15.5
18.3
11.46
18
17.25
Emerging Markets Bond Index (EMBI)
The emerging markets bond index (EMBI) is a benchmark index for measuring the total return performance of international government and corporate bonds issued by emerging market countries that meet specific liquidity and structural requirements. Despite their increased riskiness relative to developed markets, emerging market bonds offer several potential benefits such as portfolio diversity as their returns are not closely correlated to traditional asset classes.
investopedia
1
5.16
20.5
0
19.56
24.4
13.37
25
22.8
Emerging Markets Index (MSCI)
The MSCI Emerging Markets Index is a selection of stocks that is designed to track the financial performance of key companies in fast-growing nations. It is one of a number of indexes created by MSCI Inc., formerly Morgan Stanley Capital International.
investopedia
1
42.21
12.5
0
12.01
13.2
11.97
15.25
16
Emigration
Emigration is the relocation or process of people leaving one country to reside in another. People emigrate for many reasons, include increasing one's chance of employment or improving quality of life. Emigration affects the economies of the countries involved in both positive and negative ways, depending on the current state of the countries' economies.
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1
44.75
11.5
14.6
14.21
14
10.96
13
14.61
Eminent Domain
Eminent domain is the power of the United States government, states, and municipalities to take private property for public use, following the payment of just compensation.
investopedia
1
28.17
15.8
0
14.92
18.2
8.57
19
16.55
Empire Building
Empire building is the act of attempting to increase the size and scope of an individual or organization's power and influence. In the corporate world, this is seen at the intra-company level when managers or executives are more concerned with expanding their business units, their staffing levels and the dollar value of assets under their control than they are with developing and implementing ways to benefit shareholders.
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1
29.01
17.5
0
13.88
20.6
10.72
22.75
19.97
Empirical Rule
The empirical rule, also referred to as the three-sigma rule or 68-95-99.7 rule, is a statistical rule which states that for a normal distribution, almost all observed data will fall within three standard deviations (denoted by σ) of the mean or average (denoted by µ).
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1
25.8
20.8
0
11.04
24.6
12.54
30.5
23.33
Employee Buyout (EBO)
An employee buyout (EBO) is when an employer offers select employees a voluntary severance package. The package usually includes benefits and pay for a specified period of time. An EBO is often used to reduce costs or avoid or delay layoffs.
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1
49.11
9.8
13
9.85
8.5
11.25
8.833333
14.26
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974 protects the retirement assets of workers in the U.S. by implementing rules that qualified plans must follow to ensure that plan fiduciaries do not misuse plan assets. ERISA also covers some non-retirement accounts, such as employee health plans.
investopedia
1
39.16
13.6
0
14.51
16.7
11.52
16.25
14.51
Employee Stock Option (ESO)
Employee stock options (ESOs) are a type of equity compensation granted by companies to their employees and executives. Rather than granting shares of stock directly, the company gives derivative options on the stock instead. These options come in the form of regular call options and give the employee the right to buy the company's stock at a specified price for a finite period of time. Terms of ESOs will be fully spelled out for an employee in an employee stock options agreement.
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1
50.67
11.3
14.6
10.73
12
9.08
14.25
14.05
Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)
An employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) is an employee benefit plan that gives workers ownership interest in the company. ESOPs give the sponsoring company, the selling shareholder, and participants receive various tax benefits, making them qualified plans. Companies often use ESOPs as a corporate-finance strategy to align the interests of their employees with those of their shareholders.
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1
35.27
13.1
17.9
16.07
15.9
11.23
16.166667
18.83
Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)
An employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) is a company-run program in which participating employees can purchase company stock at a discounted price. Employees contribute to the plan through payroll deductions which build up between the offering date and the purchase date. At the purchase date, the company uses the employee's accumulated funds to purchase stock in the company on behalf of the participating employees.
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1
32.94
14
16.3
14.1
15.3
8.64
16
14.15